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Solar Panels Now Make More Electricity Than They Use
And by 2020, the solar industry will have completely "paid back" the energy it took to produce the world's panels.
Solar panels make energy, but they take energy to make, too. And, until about 2010 or so, the solar panel industry used more electricity than it produced, according to a new analysis. Now, the industry is set to "pay back" the energy it used by 2020.
The study looked at what went into building and installing solar panels all over the world, including everything from home installations to solar farms, says Michael Dale, a climate and energy researcher at Stanford University, in a Stanford-produced video. He and a senior scientist, Sally Benson, thought that because the solar panel industry was growing so quickly, it might actually be using more electricity than it produced. Instead, they found an industry at a crux.
"I think that this paper shows that actually the industry is making positive strides and it's even in spite of its fantastically fast growth rates, it's still producing, or it's just about to start producing, a net energy benefit to society," Dale said.
Most solar panels manufacturers now consume lots of electricity, usually pulled from coal or other fossil fuel-burning plants. Stanford News pointed to the example of melting silica rock to obtain the silicon used in most panels. The melting requires electricity to fire ovens to a temperature of about 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Solar panels' energy balance is now tipping, however, because newer technologies reduce that electricity consumption. For example, some newer panels require less silicon, or waste less material in the manufacturing process. Researchers are also looking to replace silicon with more abundant affordable elements, such as copper, zinc, tin and carbon.
Dale and Benson published their full analysis in the journal Environmental Science & Technology.
[Stanford News via the Verge]
This is lovely good news in deed!
Now if each home and business could be solar energy producing independent, would bring more freedom to all and a cleaner environment and yes create more jobs to maintain the solar producing equipment.
I do approve of course for solar power, and at the same time wish to protect the environment.
Here is an old article, (interesting enough using the same solar panel picture above ), writing about the effect of solar power on the environment:
So... this is basically an admission that most solar panels made up until this point have been detrimental for the environment and a waste of money? Okay then.
Don't get me wrong. Solar power is abundant, and if we can efficiently tap it then there are areas like the US South West that get lots of sun and can make use of solar power. But to improve solar panels, you need research; not volume of production. Volume of production is just to increase profit for research investment money. If you're not actually making a profit... you're just scaling up the pace of wasting money.
If solar panels weren't yet efficient enough to - forget being competitive - but actually being energy-positive at all... then why the hell were companies being encouraged to make them, and us to buy them? Utter waste of money and resources.
Why not refuse to subsidize solar panels that are net-negative, and instead use the money that they wasted encouraging others to fund more material science research?
A lot of us were screaming "Stop subsidizing solar panel production. It's bad for the planet by your own standards, and bad for the economy and tax payers by ours." And now the admission is that we were right.
Thanks for letting us know. Hope you guys learn something. I doubt it though.
You thoughts might apply to the support of batteries and electric cars or hybrid cars, perhaps subsidizing other companies as well. Yes, this point of view is food for thought.
Still, I think for all the money that is dumped into 'fusion-money pit' was put into more hopeful solar panels is still the way to go!
your post confuses me. Everyone knew that solar panels were not gernerating more power than was used to create them. And yes, it was bad for the planet. This was all common knowledge.
But now, as the article states, all the "dirty" energy used to create the panels is about to break even. Very soon, solar panals will be producing more energy than all of the dirty energy used to create them.
This is how all technology works. The first computers were massive, used too much energy, were extremely expensive, and could only do simple calculations that you could do faster in your head.
I'm sure you wish someone was smart enough to stop computers before they wasted too much energy and money on them!
Didn't have time to read the full report. Is the point to show net energy payback within one year as other reports I have read indicate PV recoups its energy costs within at most 4 years.
Is this a science magazine? How about getting some simple facts straight. I particularly liked:
"Researchers are also looking to replace silicon with more abundant elements, such as copper, zinc, tin and carbon."
Excuse me, but if you add up all the copper, zinc, tin, and carbon in the earth's crust you will find that there is about 450 times MORE silicon (by weight) than those four other elements combined!
Lets looks at the facts. Here are the percentages for the earth's crust and the percentages of those elements by mass:
silicon 27.7%
carbon 0.048%
copper 0.005%
zinc 0.0075%
tin 0.00022%
You might be able to make solar panels cheaper with those four other elements but they are NOT more abundant!
Ya correct me if I am wrong but upon skimming the report as well as a couple other reports I think this article is somewhat misleading. First, according the all three sources I reviewed I think the title is flat out wrong as on an individual basis panels have been producing more electricity than they needed to be made for years. What I think the study was saying was that the industry as a whole was a net consumer for years and now it is close to breaking even from all of the past years with negative net energy.
Since we have not one shred of any claimed facts, we can only assume that the panels may at some near time produce more electricity than it took to create them. That still has not addressed true life cycles of the products, effects of rain, hail and such. Still has no mention of storage and inverters used. Not one note of effect of total installed costs or side benefits of panels placed on roofs. Pretty sure replacing a roof would consume more money if one had to remove the panels. The so called claim of 20 year shingles are only in some very limited regions and under steep roofs. Most homes in warm climates won't have roofs lasting much more than 15 years. Unlikely you'd have a new roof and panels at the same time. More roofs would have leaks, more interior leaks and mold.
Guess the authors are trying to get a government grant.
Anyone pay attention to the last few solar companies that took tax dollars and went bankrupt?
I've heard it said that it takes more energy to make solar cells than they make. That's a lie. In theory, a solar cell could last forever. That's an infinite amount of time to collect energy. Infinity times any amount of energy the cell produces, is more than it took to make. Certainly, they would not last forever, but they can last a long time.
Another thought. The energy it took to make and install the solar cells is not free. It's built into the cost of the cells. So, once the cells has made enough energy to equal it's cost, then obviously the cell has produced more energy than it took to make. Otherwise, everyone involved would be going broke.
Yes they can last a very long time many panels have a 25 year warrenty and some panels that are over 35 years old still produce 80% of their originalout put.
The part that ages is not the cells themselves but the ecapsulation material.
If you leave your solar panel running in your garage, no one will die. Some benefits to health and the environment are just a better trade off. We need to do a lot more development towards solar power.
Besides another product produces on the side, is JOBS. It takes more people to maintain solar panels, associated power supply systems and power storage systems. These type of jobs are technical in nature and pay better, thereby giving more people a higher level of money and yes medical benefits. And these benefits also apply to wind and hydroelectric power as well.
Solar, wind and hydroelectric systems do not pollute and are not cancer causing and create jobs with medical benefits!
Should I understand from this story that up to now manufacturing a solar panel (plus the relevant equipment) was taking more energy (in all its forms) than the energy produced along the working life of the panel? It doesn't sound very probable.
I don't think making a one sq mt panel --which generates, conservatively, 100kw during daylight, or about 8200 kWh during its 25 years of useful life-- would require so much energy.
On a purely economic basis, in 99% of applications there is no form of solar (solar thermal, PV solar, etc.) that is currently cost competitive with conventional sources. In most of the world, solar installations must still be subsidized to be economically acceptable to the public.
The most efficient devices, such as silicon PV solar cells, require huge amounts of energy to manufacture. The numbers I've seen for payback on the typical subsidized US residential PV solar installation is currently around 6-8 years. I would also dispute some of the above claims posted regarding service life of PV solar systems. The typical warranty provided is usually 15 years or less. And the warranties I have seen also provide for a significant loss in performance during this period, starting with a couple percent degradation just 5 years after installation and ending with a 25% drop in efficiency after 15 years.
Much in coincidence with riff_raff's observations, an engineer friend of mine --long specialized in heat transfer and biomass combustion-- pointed out the following:
First, while I regard Claudg1950's previous estimates as too optimistic, both in terms of useful life of the solar cells (he assumes 25 years without degradation) and on insolation (he assumes over 3000 hours per year of full sun) I believe the discussion about the manufacturing-delivery energy balance of solar cells has already been surpassed. As I understand, it was a valid argument when cells were made of crystalline silicon, a material which required much energy at manufacturing. But later the amorphous silicon cells arrived, which are slightly less efficient but in turn they require much less energy to make.
A digression: Conceptually, with the exception of nuclear or geothermal energy (and tidal power, which also depends on the moon) almost all forms of energy are solar in nature. Fuel oil, natural gas and coal are solar energy accumulated over millenia: animals and plants grew (and grow) by virtue of solar energy (hence biomass). Wind power and hydropower are also indirect forms of solar energy.
It goes without saying that what we could call Direct Solar Energy is very suitable so far for Low-temperature thermal power generation (hot water) and even cooling (by means of absorption cycles). Tests are being conducted to generate High temperature with solar thermal energy using concentrating mirrors and sun tracking systems (a mechanism "invented" by the sunflower eons ago...) ending up in a turbo-steam cycle. These cycles typically use molten salts, to accumulate high level heat by the heat of fusion, and then they indirectly produce steam.
This technology is often supplemented --for night time or low insolation periods-- with other renewable energies, such as biomass.
However, it is dubious whether solar cells are (or when they will be) economically and energy convenient to generate electricity or mechanical energy --except where energy is needed in locations away from the network or in particular situations, such as the electrification of wire fences. Solar technology is still very expensive, and solar cells are not yet the most efficient and most economical way to convert solar energy into electricity.
I think the first thing to point out is that Solar Energy is not close to breaking even or paying back what it has used. It will take nearly a decade for it to pay back all the energy it has used.
Second, on degradation of cells, a 25% decrease in efficiency is awful for an energy source that is not even over 30% efficient at its peak. Unless I'm not up to date the last few numbers I've seen for solar panel efficiency were somewhere between 21-28% efficient and the most somewhere in the 50s for the ones NASA uses on satellites and rovers.
Last, I think the main issue as someone pointed out earlier is that we've been pushing a technology that did not help the environment, is costly and did not provide any redeemable qualities. For the last 15 years or so we've been using a product that is essentially a waste. This is my entire issue with 'Green Technology'. Why are we forcing them into use before they're actually useful? They should do studies on all of these technologies to see if they really do provide any sort of serious benefit at the moment. I have nothing against going green but I do not approve of forcing inefficient useless technology on people.
When I see solar panel factories running on PV cells alone, I'll start to be impressed.
Places where these panels are made always have very cheap grid power.
I am fully aware that one might go to some of the hottest deserts and use both heat and PV to create panels that would return more energy. As to the actual green use, I couldn't guess. PV panels still have a large environmental impact to make and use. We can't easily use low power DC and we can't depend on the sun day and night.
I just don't understand people who say solar panels can not generate more than the used to manufacture them. just do some basic simple math to see that is not that difficult to achieve:
A 240W panel cost $255 (assuming USA made SolarWorld panels as an example)
Assuming a cost of $.10 per kwh for electricity (which is below the national average), the total kwh it could possibly take to build (assuming no other costs for materials, manufacturing, labor or a profit margin!) is 2550 kwh.
Using and average of 5 peak sun hours per day (which is lower then the average here in San Diego) and a loss of 15% due to inverter loss, etc., the panel will produce 372.3 kwh a year. Even with the 1% degradation in production per year (as warrantied for 20 years) that easily generates enough power to cover the initial 2550 kwh.
In reality the electricity does not even come close to 100% of the $255 cost. So the energy to produce the panels has to be substantially less than 2550khw, etc.
Ah, the predictable solar hate begins. Are there paid trolls who do this, or are people just that naive?
Most of the "problems" associated with solar power relate more to the difficulty of turning solar into a centralized energy production solution where a large company can reap billion-dollar profits.
Solar is more appropriate as distributed power generation that conveniently connects people to their own power needs. Ultimately, the absurd overuse associated with and encouraged by an industry that benefits from higher consumption rates has to end.
Distributed power production incentivizes people to be efficient. That can be done without any pain whatsoever, just better choices.
And solar is far and away the best distributed power generation solution to slot into existing urbanized environments: it is not noisy; the shade on structures reduces cooling requirements; it produces no emissions.
It's easy to equivocate about the lifespan of panels, but improvements in the control electronics are far exceeding any drop-off in productivity of panels over a couple decades. I personally gained a 30% improvement by replacing my 15-year-old charge controller, and I had not noticed any perceptible reduction of output due to panel degradation.
But by all means, keep quibbling over it and paying your fossil-fuel electric bill while the poles melt, people.


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Xếp hạng của Khách hàng trên Hotels.com
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Xếp hạng của Khách tại TripAdvisor
First, the shuttle service was great, you are suppose to call ahead but , I was unaware of this due to the hotels.com website and call center. Luckily... it just happened to be there to fetch me. I got to the hotel early it is clearly a business hotel and the airline aireuropa sends its staff there. I wasn't greeted at all the staff let me check in 1 hour early at no extra cost. But the staff were not very friendly, they will not acknowledge you unless you approach them. The best staff was in the breakfast room I do not recall her name but she was a sweetheart. The room was nice, very modern, but not really luxurious. I was happy just to see a bed after 19 hours of travel. The bathroom was very clean and comfortable equipped with a bade, the only problem was I couldn't figure out how to drain the sink. This is a green hotel with motion lights and when you leave your room everything turns off . I had a view of a charming park and the Madrid skyline in the distance. The breakfast was good a modest variety of items nothing hearty like Americans are use to. The tv channel selection for English speakers consists of about 3 channels cnbc world, RT, and BBC world news. The wifi is a plus I wasn't expecting it to be very good but it helped I used Skype to call home. The piano bar is simply and very clean the menu was small not too much but everything was a good price. bởi James từ Chicago, IL vào 21/06/2013

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Duchess of Cambridge reveals 'baby bump'
Catherine meets with recovering addicts at charity event
UPDATED 8:28 AM MST Feb 19, 2013Catherine, the Duchess of Cambridge, attended a charity event Tuesday, giving the world its first look at her visibly pregnant belly in the process.
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With the Revolution X't PSU series and the Liqtech liquid coolers, Enermax now adds two products to the new "Ahead of the Game" range.
Revolution X't: Massive 12V Rail for High-Performance Gaming Rigs The key components for maximum gaming power are the graphics card and the CPU. Both are supplied by the 12V rail of the PSU. The more amperes the rail provides, the higher is the performance capability at high system load. The new Revolution X't from Enermax comes with one massive 12V rail generating more than 97 per cent of the total power, so that it can easily handle high-performance and overclocked gaming rigs. The manufacturer applies durable, quality components and relies on approved technologies to ensure non-stop 24/7 operation at 40°C ambient temperature.
High Efficiency & low-noise 139mm Twister Fan An advanced electronic circuit minimizes energy losses and ensures an efficiency of 89 to maximum 92 per cent*. Revolution X't therefore achieved the international energy-saving certificate 80 PLUS® Gold. The large 139mm fan with patented Twister bearing (100,000 hours MTBF) runs virtually silent and keeps the temperatures effectively low. The speed is controlled according to the temperature and particular load, so that Enermax guarantees a perfect balance between cooling performance and noise generation. * from 20% to 100% load at 230VAC
Flat Cables & Haswell Support Flexible flat cables simplify the system installation and cable routing. Revolution X't is equipped with a semi-modular cable management with a variety of connectors. Starting from 430 watts, the power supply offers two 8-pin PCI-Express connectors. From 630 watts upwards, four connectors for graphics cards are included. That way, the models of the new series are well prepared for multi-GPU systems. Revolution X't complies with the latest Intel® ATX12V v2.4 standard for desktop PSU and supports all current Intel® and AMD® processors including the new Haswell™ generation. The manufacturer introduces four models with 430, 530, 630 and 730 watts.
Revolution X't is now available on sale. MSRP incl. VAT: 94.90 Euro / £79.00 for the Revolution X't 430W (ERX430AWT), 104.90 Euro / £89.00 for the ERX530AWT, 119.90 Euro / £99.00 for ERX630AWT and 134.90 Euro / £109.00 for ERX730AWT. Revolution X't replaces the low-wattage models of the Revolution87+ series. The Revolution87+ 850W and 1000W (ERV850EWT/ERV1000EWT) will be continued.
More technical detailsat the product page of Revolution X't.
Liqtech: Effective Cooling for Multi-Core Processors High-performance CPUs still generate more heat than usual processors for office workstations. If you overclock the CPU in order to boost the performance, you will definitely need a powerful cooler. Apart from high-end air coolers with bulky heat sinks, compact all-in-one water cooling systems have become increasingly popular during the past years. Compared to air-cooled solutions, they offer a higher performance capability and have the ability to eliminate hot spots more effectively and much quicker.
Shunt-Channel Cold Plate & Innovative Radiator Structure With the Liqtech series, Enermax presents already the second generation of its liquid cooling product range. In comparison with the previous ELC models, the manufacturer has completely redesigned the coolers. The massive water block is made from aluminium and refines not only the appearance of the cooler, but also improves the heat dissipation. The quality pump inside the water block works silently and is based on a durable ceramic bearing. On the other hand, the design of the cold plate remains unchanged: Enermax relies on the patented "Shunt Channel Technology" which significantly increases the water flow rate and speed. A channel breaks through the micro-fin structure and prevents the formation of the so-called Boundary Layer, a physical phenomenon that obstructs the water flow. Apart from that, the cooling specialist introduces a new radiator construction. The fins are soldered to the pipes, which creates a larger, seamless contact area and densifies the radiator structure for a more efficient heat transfer.
The New Twister Pressure Fans with APS Function Liqtech comes with two Twister bearing fans with 100,000 hours MTBF. For the first time, Enermax applies the new Twister Pressure fans that have been particularly designed for CPU coolers and radiators. The special shape of the blades allows for a high static pressure which is essential to ensure an efficient and low noise cooling. Due to the quality and sturdy materials, the fans are also resistant against vibrations – even at high speed. Like the previously launched Cluster Advance and Everest Advance, the Twister Pressure fans are equipped with the "Adjustable Peak Speed (APS)" function. The RPM range can be customized in three steps according to the system requirements: Silent Mode (600 – 1,300 RPM), Performance Mode (600 – 2,000 RPM) and Overclock Mode (600 – 2,500 RPM). The maximum speed can be limited with a small switch at the fan hub. Within the selected mode, the speed is controlled automatically via pulse-width modulation (PWM).
Liqtech supports all current Intel® and AMD® platforms. The cooler comes in two different sizes with extra thick 120mm radiator (Liqtech 120X) or 240mm dual radiator (Liqtech 240). Liqtech 120X is now available on sale, while the 240mm model will be launched until the end of the year. MSRP incl. VAT: 93.90 Euro / £79.90 for the Liqtech 120X (ELC-LT120X-HP) and 118.90 Euro / £109.90 for the Liqtech 240 (ELC-LT240-HP).
More technical details on the product page of Liqtech.
With the Triathlor ECO power supply series, Enermax presents the second long runner generation. A new price structure and modular cable management starting from 350W are the ingredients to expand the market shares in entry-level segment. Durable and quality components as well as an advanced technical design ensure stable and clean output voltages. The Triathlor ECO possess the international energy-saving certification 80 PLUS® Bronze and complies with the EU regulation ErP Lot 6 2013 minimizing the power consumption in standby mode. For the first time, Enermax integrates the "Load Balancer Technology" which ensures a stable operation even at zero watts load. That way, the new PSUs support the latest Intel® Haswell generation with the energy-saving functions C6 and C7. Triathlor ECO is compatible with the most current Intel® ATX12V v2.4 standard for desktop power supplies.
Power for Maximum Performance As usual, Enermax applies high-quality components to make sure that the power supplies work reliably and durably (24/7 @ 40°C) and reach optimal voltage regulation. The main 12V rail is designed for modern system and can therefore generate up to 92 per cent of the total power of the PSU. This actually gives the Triathlor ECO enough capacity to power gaming rigs with overclocked CPUs and graphics cards. The SpeedGuard fan control provides an efficient and quiet cooling of the PSU. Due to the special HeatGuard function, the fan continues rotating up to 60 seconds after the shut-off in order to dissipate the remaining heat from the system and enhance the components' lifetime.
Modular Flat Cables already from 350 Watts The semi-modular cable management with the elastic and easily routable flat cables simplifies the system installation or later system upgrades. Apart from that, the manufacturer fills a market niche: If you are looking for a modular PSU with less than 400W, you can barely find an alternative to the Triathlor ECO with 350W. In combination with the only 140mm deep housing, the possibility to unplug unnecessary cables makes the new Enermax power supply to perfect solution for compact multimedia PC and mini-ITX cases.
Triathlor 300W: The Popular Triathlor Bulk Version still on Sale The Triathlor ECO series comes with 350, 450, 550 or 650 watts and will with immediate effect replace all Triathlor and Triathlor FC power supplies. The only exception is the currently best-selling Enermax power supply in Europe, the Triathlor 300W (ETL300AWT) bulk version. It is not only one of the most-wanted model amongst system integrators, but also recommended by Germany's leading computer magazine "c't". Due to the very low power consumption and full Haswell support, the editors have chosen the Triathlor 300W for their 10W Haswell PC project.* * c't, Issue 19/2013, pp.146.
Manufacturer's Suggest Retail Price (MSRP) Triathlor ECO 350W (ETL350AWT-M): 61.90 Euro / £59.00 incl. VAT Triathlor ECO 450W (ETL450AWT-M): 76.90 Euro / £69.00 incl. VAT Triathlor ECO 550W (ETL550AWT-M): 85.90 Euro / £74.90 incl. VAT Triathlor ECO 650W (ETL650AWT-M): 94.90 Euro / £84.90 incl. VAT
More technical information and product photos you can find at the product pages of the Triathlor ECO.
Enermax introduces the new iVektor series of chassis. The multi-functional ATX midi tower offers maximum usability and expandability for strong gaming rigs and workstations. The race-inspired design of the case allows for an eye-catching presentation of customized gaming rigs. To support higher CPU coolers and reserve more space for the cable routing behind the mainboard tray, iVektor comes with punched side panels.
More Grip thanks to Soft-Grip Coating iVektor is coated with an innovative rubber skin which creates a quality and stylish appearance of the Enermax case. Positive side effect: While a standard steel construction easily transmits vibrations, the new soft-grip coating from Enermax has a shock-absorbing effect, reduces noise and prevents the case from fingerprints and scratches.
Flexible Cooling System for Strong Gaming Machines Once more, Enermax introduces a case that is well-prepared to cool down high-performance workstations very effectively. One 12cm rear fan is included ex works. With additional five fans, users can upgrade the cooling performance according to the system requirements. For that purpose, Enermax offers a wide range of case fans with different specifications and for various applications.
The iVektor chassis is further equipped with a RPM switch at the top which can control the speed of up to two installed fans. Good news for the followers of liquid cooling solutions: The midi tower provides enough space under the top panel to mount 240mm radiators.
Easy Handling Enermax has well considered users' needs and integrated a lot of functions to ease the assembling of the PC. Due to the patented SlideIn™ ODD mounting system, 5.25" drives can be installed completely tool-free: Slide in the ODD into the bay and it will be fixed automatically. For 3.5"/2.5" hard disk and solid state drives, iVektor provides a flexible modular system with a lot of options for different configurations: The size of the upper HDD cage can be adjusted to support either 2.5" or 3.5" drives (SSD or HDD). For longer graphics cards and better air circulation, the cage is completely removable. Two easy accessible USB 3.0 ports and two USB 2.0 ports at the top offer a lightning-fast data transfer with external USB devices.
Availability and Prices The Enermax iVektor comes in two colours, snow white (ECA3311A-W) and jet black (ECA3311A-B) with soft touch coating. The MSRP incl. VAT starts from 79.90 Euro / £69.90 for the black version and 84.90 Euro / £74.90 for the white iVektor tower.
Enermax extends the precious Aeolus notebook cooling series with a new model: The Aeolus Vegas is a high-quality aluminium cooler with an eye-catching four-colour 180mm LED fan. Due to a magnetic mounting system, the fan can be moved directly towards the hot spots of the notebook.
4 Factors for Efficient Notebook Cooling
1. Size Matters In comparison with smaller 120mm or 140mm fans, the integrated 180mm T.B.Vegas Quad fan can achieve a much higher air flow rate at a lower speed. Accordingly, Enermax can ensure an almost silent operation and a strong cooling performance.
2. Well-directed Air Stream Conduction The T.B.Vegas Quad 180mm fan comes with a perfomance-capable Vortex frame. Due to the special shape of the frame, the fan generates a strong air twirl which offers a more focussed cooling of heated noteboook parts. In contrast, fans with an ordinary frame design have a high loss in efficiency.
3. Effective Hot Spot Elimination Each notebook is based on an individual layout, so that the air ventilation and the heat-generating components are located in different areas. Enermax has equipped the Aeolus Vegas with a flexible magnetic fan mounting system so that end users can move the fan directly to the hot spots of their notebook and increase the heat dissipation significantly.
4. Wide Cooling Area The Aeolus Vegas cooling pad is designed for notebooks of maximum 17-inch size. The wide-area steel mesh in combination with the open bottom of the cooler ensures the best possible air circulation. Apart from that, the frame and the edges of the Aeolus Vegas are made from aluminium, a material with high thermal conductivity.
4 Features for Most Comfortable Operation
1. Additional Port for USB Devices Aeolus Vegas is powered by +5V USB. Enermax equipped the USB connector with an adapter for additional USB devices that do not consume much energy such as mouse or USB flash drive (max. 100mA power consumption).
2. Perfect Grip The aluminium edges of the cooler have soft rubber shells. They prevent delicate surfaces from scratches and hold the cooling pad in position. Apart from that, they absorb vibrations very effectively.
3. Stop Cable Tangle The rear rubber edges provide another useful feature: If the USB wire is too long, it can be wind up to avoid cable tangle.
4. Ergonomic Construction The Aeolus Vegas is very flat and slightly tilted which gives users a very comfortable typing experience.
4 Colours for Stylish Appearance The integrated T.B.Vegas Quad fan comes with the patented Enermax LED technology: 24 diodes in blue, red, green and white create an eye-catching illumination. Apart from that, the fan has an integrated micro chip to generate four different light effects. With a small button, users can change the LED mode or just turn off the light.
Availability and Prices The Aeolus Vegas (CP007) is now available for sale in Europe. MSRP incl. VAT: £36.90 / €44.90. In coming months, Enermax will release further notebook coolers for different applications and target groups.
Since its market introduction in 2009, the Staray case series from Enermax has become a long runner. Due to the simple design, the midi tower is suitable for different applications – as chassis for an office workstation as well as for an entry-level gaming rig. Many professional system builders use this Enermax case and appreciate the clear internal structure and user-friendly handling with the comfortable, screwless HDD/ODD mountings and the numerous holes and clips to route the cables efficiently. Apart from that, Staray significantly enhances the air circulation and cooling of the integrated components due to its large front mesh panel. Filters behind the mesh elements shield the system from dust.
New Edition with more Attractive Pricing To occupy more market shares amongst professional system integrators, Enermax comes out with a very attractive pricing for the new edition of the Staray Lite. Instead of 54.90 Euro, the upcoming ECA3178-L will cost just 49.90 Euro – without sacrificing quality or functionality of the case. On the contrary, the midi tower provides the perfect basis for modern office and gaming configuration. Seven PCI slots, four ODD and six HDD bays even allow for future system upgrades. For the data transfer with external USB devices, the Staray Lite is equipped with two easy accessible ports at the front panel (1x USB 3.0, 1x USB 2.0). The comprehensive accessory kit makes the interesting offer complete: It includes amongst others a pre-installed 12cm fan at the back as well as an adapter for mounting 2.5" SSDs and HDDs.
Availability and Prices The new Staray Lite (ECA3178-L) is now available for sale. MSRP incl. VAT: 49.90 Euro.
A small switch at the hub of the new Enermax fans has a big effect: Due to this new feature, end users can individually widen or limit the fan's RPM range according to the system configuration and requirements. The new innovation from Enermax is called "Adjustable Peak Speed" (APS) and enables the adapting of the fan to its field of application. Therefore, the manufacturer can address three different target groups with just one product: At default setting ("Silent Mode"), the fan runs with max. 1,300 to 1,500 RPM, depending on the model. For the installation in a silent PC system, the user can slow the speed down to max. 1,000 or 1,200 RPM ("Ultra Silent Mode") and make sure that the fan will work virtually silent. At "Performance Mode" the noise generation does not play a major role. The new APS fans will run with up to 1,800 RPM and reach the best possible cooling performance with max. 147.29 m3/h.* *Cluster Advance, UCCLA12P
Automatic Speed Regulation & Shift Speed Control Within the selected mode of operation and RPM range, the fans are controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) like the Cluster Advance fan or by a thermal sensor (Everest Advance). The Magma Advance and the 180mm models T.B.Vegas Quad and T.B.Apollish are not equipped with an automatic RPM regulation. Nevertheless, they also come with a small switch at the back which enables the so-called "Shift Speed Control". It will change the fixed maximum speed of these fans in three steps so that end users can select the most suitable cooling mode for their system. As usual, the 120mm fans from Enermax are based on the trusted Twister bearing. The patented technology ensures a smooth and durable operation of up to 100,000 hours MTBF. The Twister bearing further contains a solution for one continuous problem of end users: After a longer period of time, the fan blades are covered with dust which will finally also influence the system cooling. Therefore, end users can detach the rotors of the Twister models and clean them from dust more comfortably.
180mm Fans: Powerful Cooling with Minimum Noise Generation Apart from the standard mounting holes for 12cm and 14cm fans, many cases on the market, including the Enermax towers Fulmo GT, Fulmo, Fulmo ST and Ostrog GT, are equipped with slots for big-size 180 and 200mm fans. Latter offer a much better balance between performance, speed and noise generation than smaller fans. At the same speed, a 180mm or 200mm can pull much more air: Already at 600 RPM, the new Enermax T.B.Apollish 18cm and T.B.Vegas Quad 18cm achieve an air flow rate of 116.55 m3/h. For comparison, to reach a similar cooling performance, the Enermax Cluster 12cm (UCCL12) requires a speed of more than 1,200 RPM! It is hardly surprising that the demand for big-size fans is growing steadily. At the same time, case vendors still apply different assembling standards for these fans. Enermax has therefore integrated two mounting holes in the fan frame – one for 180mm, one for 200mm fan slots. Therefore, T.B.Apollish and T.B.Vegas Quad can support both two prevalent mounting systems.
Overview over the New Enermax Fan Models
Cluster Advance 120mm The Cluster Advance offers the widest RPM range amongst the new 12cm fans and achieves the highest cooling performance with maximum 147.29 m3/h. Cluster belongs to the few white fans at the market. Four switchable white LEDs complete its elegant appearance.
>> Cluster Advance
Everest Advance 120mm The Everest series with its thermal control exists since five years already. Enermax now extends it with a model which is equipped with the new APS function. The thermal sensor can be placed somewhere in the system and ensures an efficient automatic speed control – within the selected APS mode. The blades and the frame of the Everest Advance are transparent. Four blue LEDs with on/off function create a cool illumination of the case.
>> Everest Advance
Magma Advance 120mm If you need a fan for extreme conditions, the Magma Advance is the perfect choice. It is made from high-quality and heat-resistant components, so that it can stand temperatures of up to 85°C. Therefore the fan is suitable especially for servers, high-performance workstations or overclocked systems. With the new "Shift Speed Control", the Magma Advance can be applied much more flexible than the standard UCMA12 version.
>> Magma Advance
T.B.Vegas Quad 180mm / T.B.Apollish 180mmThe new T.B.Vegas Quad 180mm creates real Vegas atmosphere: Four colours (blue/red/green/white) and six LED effects turn even an unpretentious PC case into an eye-catcher. In comparison to the four-colour fan, the blue or red T.B.Apollish 180mm fan appears pure and simple. All new 180mm LED models are based on the patented LED technology from Enermax.
The LED ring with 18 or 24 diodes and reflex strips on the fan blades generate a high luminosity, bright colours and spectacular light effects that are unmatched in the LED fan market. With the new "Shift Speed Control", the speed of the T.B.Vegas Quad and T.B.Apollish can be changed in three steps according to the individual needs and system requirements. To optimize the air flow rate of the 180mm fans, Enermax applies specially shaped turbine blades. Apart from that, the new T.B.Vegas Quad and T.B.Apollish come with a Vortex frame which concentrates the cool air and eliminates hot spots effectively.
>> T.B.Apollish 18cm and T.B.Vegas Quad 18cm
Preview: Further APS Models in Coming Months Enermax will also release new 12cm LED fans with single colour (blue, red & white) as well as with a four-colour LED ring (in blue, red, green & white). The T.B.Vegas Single and T.B.Vegas Quad models are equipped with the innovative APS function and are controlled by PWM. MSRP incl. VAT: 13.99 Euro for the T.B.Vegas Single and 15.99 Euro for the T.B.Vegas Quad. Expected product launch: August 2013 (T.B.Vegas Quad) and October 2013 (T.B.Vegas Single).
Pureoverclock.com AeroOdio Editors Choice
HiTechLegion.com iVektor Gold Award
Gamezoom.net Liqtech 120X Gold Award
Techno-Kitchen.ru iVektor Review
Ferra.ru Ostrog Review


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MARTIN, Tenn. – Donley Canary, the head softball coach at The University of Tennessee at Martin, was looking for some clutch hitting a week ago in the Jimmy John's Lions Classic at Southeastern Louisiana in Hammond.
Canary, in his 12th year as the Skyhawks skipper, found three clutch hits this week in the Kennesaw Classic in Woodstock, Ga., as his team won three out of four games in the two-day tournament this weekend. The Skyhawks opened the tournament with an 11-10 victory over Mercer; suffered a 2-0 setback to Ball State and then knocked off Kennesaw State 5-4 and UAB 2-0.
"We had a bunch of clutch hits," Canary said. "We played well. We pitched well and we played great defense."
Sophomore Kenzi Tate delivered a RBI double as the Skyhawks scored three runs on three hits in the top of the seventh inning to beat Mercer. Senior Leah Taylor delivered the go ahead run with a solo home run to center field in the fifth inning against Kennesaw State. Sophomore Lauren "G" Smith crushed a two-run home run for the offensive burst against UAB.
"Maybe we found some of the answers we have been looking for," Canary said. "Our (batting) averages might not be good, but we had a lot of positives in this tournament."
UT Martin 11, Mercer 10
The Skyhawks tagged Mercer pitchers for 12 hits and stole seven bases in the 11-10 victory. The Skyhawks scored three runs in the top of the seventh inning to claim the come-from-behind victory.
Five Skyhawks had two hits each in the game, Taylor, Smith, Kayla Wade, Katie Reiff and true freshman Deven Wilson.
Taylor scored three runs and stole three bases in the game, while Wade had three RBI. Wilson drove in a pair of runs to go with her two hits.
Skyhawks stole seven bases in the game. In addition to Taylor's three steals, Wade, Reiff, Tate and Kristen Lackey successfully stole bases.
In the circle, the Skyhawks used three pitchers, Morgan Lewis, Autumn Glenn and Tate who picked up the win. Tate pitched two innings, gave up two hits, four runs and five walks. She struck out two batters and now sports a 4-0 won-loss worksheet in the circle.
Ball State 2, UT Martin 0
The Skyhawks managed three hits against Ball State, but it wasn't enough for the victory. Taylor, Stephanie Nidiffer and Becca Williams had one hit each. Sophomore Casey Vincent suffered the loss in the circle despite striking out nine batters. Vincent gave up four hits, four walks and two runs.
UT Martin 5, Kennesaw State 4
Despite having a field day on the base paths in the Kennesaw Classic, Taylor hit a solo home run in the top of the fifth inning to break open a 4-4 tie and give the Skyhawks a 5-4 victory over the tournament host.
The Skyhawks jumped claimed a 4-2 advantage with four runs in the bottom of the third inning. However, Kennesaw State tied the game with two runs in the top of the fourth inning.
The Skyhawks scored their four runs on two hits and two errors. Nidiffer had a single in the inning, while Williams added an RBI double.
Tate earned the win in the circle for the Skyhawks. She pitched seven innings, gave up 10 hits, four runs and a pair of walks. She also struck out five in the game.
UT Martin 2, UAB 0
Smith led the Skyhawks to a 2-0 victory over UAB with a two-run blast to right field in the top of the seventh inning. Her round-tripped plated also played Taylor who reached base on an error by the shortstop.
Vincent earned the win in the circle. She pitched seven innings, gave up eight hits and struck out four. She did not allow a walk.
UAB entered the Kennesaw Classic with a 4-2 win over No. 16 Washington.


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Have a look around Stockholm with our video postcard.
Have a look around Stockholm with our video postcard.
Avg. Rating: 73% Share
What's in our video about Stockholmprint
In our video postcard of Stockholm we take you around the city for a glimpse at some of the top things to see and do while you're here. These include a number of attractions like:
Win free nights, tours and more.
Watch our videos for tips on the world's top cities and more.
Download one of over 110 podcasts for the world's top cities.
Download one of over 90 pocket guides for the world's top cities.


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Toronto throws a 95th birthday party for Nelson Mandela
Toronto throws a 95th birthday party for Nelson Mandela.
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Corsair Flash Padlock® 2 is designed for the protection of confidential or sensitive information. Your data is protected with 256-bit AES hardware encryption, and the durable rubber housing helps protect it from the elements, too. An easy-to-use, integrated PIN pad means no software is needed, so Padlock works with Microsoft®
Windows®, Mac®OSX, and even Linux-based systems.
Grid List
Grid List
June, 2010
"As far as we've seen, the Flash Padlock 2 delivers on its promises: the PIN locking and unlocking system works, the drive doesn't even register on a host system when locked, performance seems very acceptable, and the enclosure can take plenty of punishment."
Read Full ReviewJune, 2010
"So weit wir gesehen haben, erfüllt das Flash Padlock 2, was es verspricht: Das System zum Sperren und Entsperren der PIN funktioniert, das Laufwerk wird, wenn es gesperrt ist, auf einem Hostsystem nicht einmal registriert, die Leistung scheint mehr als annehmbar, und das Gehäuse kann eine Menge einstecken."
Read Full ReviewMay, 2010
For those who take mobile data security very seriously, you may want to consider picking up a Corsair Padlock 2 or at least putting it pretty far up on your consideration list of related pen drive products
Read Full ReviewMay, 2010
Wenn Ihnen die mobile Datensicherheit am Herzen liegt, sollten Sie ein Corsair Padlock 2 anschaffen oder ihm zumindest einen Platz weit oben in der Liste der in Frage kommenden USB-Speichergeräte zuerkennen.
Read Full ReviewApril, 2010
There are plenty of drives out there with 256-bit AES encryption, but very few have an active lock/unlock mechanism in form of a number pad or fingerprint reader. The latter requires active power, having to connect the stick first and then swiping your finger using a software stored on the flash drive itself. This offers various ways to attack the protection to gain access to the stored data. Corsair has gone with the unattached PIN entry with no software required to be run on the host system. This means that there is no way to bypass the system. It is a mystery to me, how Corsair manages to give the user instant access when using VBE, but if that is true, the entire flash memory is encrypted. Even if one opens up the unit and de-solders the flash storage IC and then accesses the data, all the hacker will find is encrypted data.
Read Full ReviewApril, 2010
A big advantage of the PadLock is very simple, it's OS independent. No need to install any software as the PIN system is not tied to a software installation. 256-bit is good, probably not government certified but still really really good.
Read Full Review


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Comments223this wiki
Penny is the show's main female protagonist. She lives in apartment 4B across the hall from Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper, who live in apartment 4A. Her full first name is possibly "Penelope" as implied by "The Barbarian Sublimation", and her surname has not been given so far though for four years she was technically Penny Johnson when accidently married to Zack Johnson.
An aspiring but mostly unsuccessful actress, she was born on a farm near Omaha, Nebraska, and works at The Cheesecake Factory as a waitress. Penny was the original female lead in the show before being joined by Bernadette Rostenkowski and Amy Farrah Fowler.
She has been Leonard's love interest for most of the show, with the two dating briefly in the first episode of the second season, for most of the third season, and they rekindled their romance in "The Recombination Hypothesis". Penny is good friends with Leonard (despite their rocky relationship) and Sheldon, and even though she is considered part of the guys' group, she represents the "average person" for viewer context in the series.
Penny was born on December 2, 1985, making her five years younger than Leonard Hofstadter.
Origin and DevelopmentEdit
Originally, two different female leads were written for the pilot episode. The unaired pilot episode had an alternate version of the female lead named Katie. Katie was bitter and received by audiences to be too mean to Sheldon and Leonard. Kaley Cuoco did not portray this alternate version of the female lead, but instead was hired to do the second version filmed after the unaired pilot, which was sociable and nice and was the one that the producers decided was the most interesting and appealing out of the two.Some of Penny's comedic role in the series is rooted in her ability to execute practical and simple solutions to problems of which the guys try to solve through complicated or scientific means. For example, in the episode The Pants Alternative, Sheldon reveals that in spite of his ability to talk excessively to people in small groups, he has a severe case of stage fright, and wouldn't be able to accept an award. While Leonard tries to get to the root of his problem through a psych evaluation, and Raj attempts to use meditation, Penny solves the problem by buying him a new suit and getting him drunk right before he needs to make his speech.
As the series developed, Penny's character took on the theme of being the virtual polar opposite of Sheldon, which created a unique relationship between the two characters. Penny's relationship with the other guys is usually perceived as something of an older sister, or a mother in some cases with Sheldon. She has also had a romantic, on-and-off relationship with Leonard.
Physical AppearanceEdit
Penny is 5'6" (1.68 m), with blonde hair and green eyes. Her most distinguishing features are her disposition, hair, eyes, smile and slender, hourglass body. Her wardrobe includes casual sportswear, her Cheesecake Factory uniform and glamorous evening gowns. Regardless of attire, her wardrobe, makeup and accessories highlight her best attributes. It's revealed that she has the Chinese character for "courage" tattooed on her right butt cheek, though the character is wrong and it means "soup", according to Sheldon.
Initially, her taste in clothes included short shorts, low-cut tops, and bare midriffs, but over the course of the show, it evolved into more modest and flattering sweaters and pants as she got older. Her hairstyle varies, originally being long and straight, but is currently curly and a darker shade. It has occasionally been put up in a pony tail or pigtails, but normally hangs untied. Also it hinted that Penny may not be a natural blonde. In "The Date Night Variable " she protests that her blonde hair is her natural hair color, but when Amy looks at her confused she finishes saying "now...".
When she first met the guys in the pilot, Penny was writing a screenplay about a girl from Lincoln, Nebraska, who travels to Los Angeles to become an actress, but ends up working at The Cheesecake Factory instead. When Leonard asks if the screenplay was autobiographical, she replies that it isn't, because she is from a small town outside of Omaha, Nebraska.
Penny moved into the apartment building because she split with her boyfriend of 4 years, Kurt. She says she still loved him, and insinuates he cheated on her. The shower in her apartment was broken at the time, so the boys offered her theirs. Her apartment is sloppy and disorganized, but Penny appears to like it that way.
She is either oblivious to or completely aware of her effect on the boys, because within minutes of meeting him, she asked Leonard to retrieve her television set from Kurt's apartment, which he immediately set out to do. Penny is aware of Leonard's crush on her, and it is hinted throughout the series that some of the feelings are reciprocated. At the end of season one, Penny goes on a date with Leonard. Leonard is very nervous, and Penny slightly withdrawn, but they nonetheless share a kiss.In season two, there was some initial enthusiasm between Penny and Leonard. However, they later develop insecurities concerning their relationship. Penny was worried that she was not smart enough for Leonard, and lied about graduating from community college because she thought it would make Leonard respect her. The relationship quickly deteriorated and she goes back to dating different guys. Leonard showed Penny some literature on Pasadena City College and she interpreted it as him wanting a girl with more education and they break up.
She gives relationship advice to Sheldon and Leonard fairly often: Leonard, when he has problems with Priya or Stephanie, and Sheldon when he's with Amy. She also starts to become geekier through the guys. She makes inadvertent references to Star Trek, and, thanks to Sheldon, becomes addicted to Age of Conan. She also dates Stuart, who runs the comic book store. However, when Penny and Stuart are making out, she accidentally calls him
Leonard, and as a result, they stop seeing each other.
When she learns that the guys are going on an Arctic expedition, she is visibly upset, buys Leonard a farewell gift, and tells herself, after speaking with him, that she wishes he wasn't going.
In season three, when the boys get back from the expedition, Penny kisses Leonard the second she sees him. However, Leonard and Penny's relationship has a rocky start because they have some trouble getting used to being more than friends, but they eventually start a relatively stable relationship.FamilyEdit
Penny's sister is mentioned as having shot her husband while both she and her husband were drunk. It is known that she has a nephew who turned 13 in season two, likely the son of Penny's sister, as she is known to be married. When Christy (Penny's friend from Omaha, Nebraska) comes into town, Penny reveals that she has a brother and at least one male cousin, as she claims that Christy slept with the former while being engaged to the latter.
Her brother also works in a meth lab, though it's not clear if it is the same brother Christy slept with. This is first hinted at in "The Pirate Solution" as Penny describes him as 'kind of a chemist' and tells Leonard that he would like him. It is finally confirmed in "The Rhinitis Revelation" when she asks God to make her brother stop cooking meth, but without involving the police. Sheldon implies Penny's mother is fat and in "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition" says that her mother must have smoked pot when she was pregnant with her.
In season two, "The Maternal Capacitance", as Penny is explaining in the final scene that her father stopped playing catch with her, she quotes her mom talking to her dad, and suggests his name is Bob.
Work ExperienceEdit
Penny is described by others and considers herself a waitress/actress though she has told Leonard that she is a "professional" actress despite her short acting resume. Her income/living is derived from working at the Pasadena Cheesecake Factory as a waitress and living off the guys in Apartment 4A. Leonard has never discouraged Penny when she joins them for take-out meals, piggy-backs on their WiFi connection and paying for her movie tickets.
As of S7E05, Her acting career credits consists of
- A topless role in a low budget horror film "Serial Apist". This happened before she moves into Apartment 4B (in the Pilot), but is not revealed to the audience until The Hofstadter Insufficiency (S7E01).
- A one night showcase production of the musical Rent (The Loobenfeld Decay, S1E10).
- A production of The Diary of Anne Frank, performed over a bowling alley; (The Terminator Decoupling, S2E17; later mentioned in The Psychic Vortex, S3E12 and The Recombination Hypothesis, S5E13).
- A hemorrhoid commercial (The Skank Reflex Analysis, S5E01; later mentioned in The Recombination Hypothesis, S5E13; in The Transporter Malfunction, S5E20, she says she gets a residual check from her commercial, which presumably still refers to this one).
- Acting class production of A Streetcar Named Desire (The Monster Isolation, S6E17).
- A bit part in NCIS that was cut from the final show (The Hesitation Ramification, S7E12).
Leonard's and Penny's relationship is one of the primary topics of the series. Leonard became attracted to Penny the moment he met her and it didn't take her long to figure out that he had feelings for her. Penny shows no signs of interest in Leonard until "The Hamburger Postulate", when she hears of his failed attempt at a relationship with Leslie Winkle, though the sign is seen only by the audience. Despite these signs, she continues to date other men as Leonard continued to try and make her give him a chance.She and Leonard went on a date in the finale of the first season, but they broke up not long after because Penny feared he would get bored with her due to his high intelligence compared to her own. They remain friends although signs of their feelings for each other continue to show. After Leonard returns from his three-month research trip at the North Pole, Penny immediately kisses him, having missed him greatly. Leonard welcomes her advances.
They begin dating again and despite another rocky start, they are together for most of Season 3. They break up again after Leonard says he loves her and she doesn't say it back. They again stay friends throughout season 4 but it is strained as Penny struggles to control her feelings for Leonard as well as her jealousy towards Priya. While drunk, she admits to Raj that she shouldn't have ever broken up with Leonard. She even explains this to Sheldon without mentioning Leonard and Sheldon thinks that she has a thing for him.
At the spur of the moment in "The Recombination Hypothesis", Leonard asks Penny out on a date after he imagined what getting back with her might be like. Their real date ends successfully and they agree to take their relationship slow in "The Beta Test Initiation".
In "The Launch Acceleration", Penny suggested that they move up their relationship and get intimate, however, Leonard ruins the mood when he asks her to marry him during their sexual activities. They later meet and Penny, unlike their first break-up, managed to reject his proposal and still stay in a relationship with him. During "The Countdown Reflection", there was some friction between the two of them about the proposal, but when Howard was being launched they were holding hands to comfort each other.
In "The Date Night Variable", Raj, who was butting into their date, insisted that Penny tell Leonard that she loves him, but she was not ready and threw him out of the apartment. Penny expressed doubts about her feelings for Leonard, though she claimed to be happy with the relationship in "The Decoupling Fluctuation". She almost told Leonard about her doubts and then ended up sleeping with him after looking into his sad eyes. In "The Holographic Excitation", Penny revs up their relationship by becoming more acquainted with his work and seducing him in his laboratory, after Amy and Bernadette confront her over her somewhat one-sided view of how her relationship works - that Leonard's job is to make her happy, and her job is to let him make her happy.
In "The 43 Peculiarity", Penny is working with a fellow English student named Cole on an oral class project. Leonard is jealous so he follows him down the apartment stairs and tells him to watch out for "Penny's boyfriend" since he is a gang member. Penny is upset with Leonard and the two later meet in the hallway and have an argument. Penny tells him that she cannot believe that he does not trust her and that he embarrassed her in front of Cole who knew who he was since his picture is on her refrigerator. Penny continues to tell him that he is the one she is with and accidentally mentions that he knows that she loves him. Leonard is stunned and tells her that that is the first time she ever said that she loves him. He then interprets her stunned reaction and asks if they aren't going to make a big deal about this. She agrees and runs off to cry.In "The Egg Salad Equivalency", after Alex asks Leonard out to dinner and didn't tell Penny about it, she begins to feel really insecure about their relationship. Leonard apologizes by showing up at her door playing an apologetic song on his cello. She decides instead of feeling bad, she will do something about it. First, she looks into science classes at college, but they sound boring. Then she buys some geek glasses to look smart, which does affect Leonard as he pulls her into his bedroom.
In "The Bakersfield Expedition" she develops an interest in comic books and Thor's hammer.
In "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation" Leonard suggests that he move in with Penny after he again gets exasperated with Sheldon. He asks her if she's all right with it, but she only agrees not to hurt his feelings and even tells Sheldon. When Amy confronts Penny since she can't move in with Sheldon, Leonard over hears. Penny tells him that he never asked her if she was ready and Leonard ends up back in apartment 4A.
In "The Tangible Affection Proof", Leonard takes Penny out to dinner for Valentine's Day. Penny feels that all the effort never meets the expectations. Penny sees an old boyfriend proposing to the girl that broke them up. Leonard again tries to propose and Penny stops him. That night Leonard tells Penny that she made a mess of the whole evening. Penny finally admits that she has commitment issues and the obvious path of their relationship ending in marriage scares her. Leonard then puts the responsibility of proposing on her and she should do it when she's ready. In the end, she does ask him to be her valentine.
In "The Closure Alternative" Penny was concerned about the passion Leonard showed for science, comics and various television shows while she had no passion in her life. Her dreams had always been to become a famous movie star and live a glamorous life. Anything less than that she felt was settling. Her epiphany comes that she is passionate about her boyfriend Leonard and all her wonderful friends.
In "The Bon Voyage Reaction", Leonard takes a job working on a Stephen Hawking expedition in the North Sea for four months over the summer. Penny will miss him, but knows that it is a good opportunity and sends him off. At the airport, she is fussing over him like his wife sending him off on a business trip. She also has to watch Sheldon over the summer, too.
In "The Hofstadter Insufficiency" Leonard hurts Penny because he seems to be having such a great time on the ship; she thinks that he is not even missing her. In "The Deception Verification", Leonard makes up for it by showing up early and hides in her apartment so that they can spend time together a couple before telling the gang that he's back. It works until Amy and Sheldon find them together after they think that Penny is cheating on Leonard.
In "The Raiders Minimization", Penny purchases a psychology book that Beverly Hofstadter has written about all his problems growing up. Leonard is extremely embarrassed, so Penny does whatever he wants to make him feel better, including having sex in his lab. He mentions this to Howard, so Bernadette tells Penny. She dresses up for sex to tempt him, and then for revenge makes him Skype with his mother to discuss him using his mother's past with him to manipulate elements of his sex life.
Penny and Sheldon constantly argue with each other. Sheldon is quick to take shots at Penny's intelligence, job, and failing career (though he generally doesn't understand that these statements are hurtful) while Penny throws off his personal routines, such as during "The Panty Piñata Polarization" when Penny messes up Sheldon's laundry night. But despite their differences, Sheldon and Penny are very close, and are quick to help each other. They have taken care of each other on multiple occasions; often times doing things they really don't want to do to make each other feel better. Penny has stated that they are friends.Major examples are when Penny takes care of Sheldon when he is sick and when she lets him stay at her apartment when he gets locked out, even letting him sleep in her own bed. Sheldon was also quick to come to Penny's aid when she called for help after falling in the shower and dislocating her shoulder, going so far as to drive her to the hospital, despite not knowing how to drive.
Many of these occurrences end with Penny singing Soft Kitty to Sheldon to make him feel better; Sheldon sang it to her on one occasion as well. One of the biggest examples of their friendship is that despite his own rule of avoiding physical contact with people, Penny was the first person Sheldon hugged on the show. And remains one
of only three people he's hugged who aren't members of his family, the only others being Wil Wheaton and Amy Farrah Fowler. To date, Sheldon and Penny have hugged two times: once in "The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis" and again in "the Large Hadron Collision". Sheldon also is in the habit of insulting Penny when he asks her for a favor.In "The Werewolf Transformation", Penny convinces him to let her cut his hair since his barber is in a coma. She listed times she's taken care of him, saying that she's taken him to Disneyland, kicked a bully in the nuts for him, sings him Soft Kitty when he's sick, and that he's even seen her naked once. Sheldon eventually agrees to let Penny cut his hair.
In The Closure Alternative " Penny decides that she is passionate about her friends and tells Sheldon that she is glad he is in her life.
In "The Bon Voyage Reaction", Leonard asked Penny to keep an eye on Sheldon while he's gone. They hung out together and Penny took him shopping, developing a brother/sister relationship. In "The Hofstadter Insufficiency", they didn't even get on each other's nerves, and Penny played the games that Sheldon wanted to play or usually played with Leonard. Sheldon even tried to comfort a lonely Penny and let her hug him with very little objections. After Sheldon had a nightmare, he knocked on Penny's door early in the morning. He woke Penny up and all she did was ask what he wanted, She was neither mad or disgusted by his intrusion, indicating a good, stable, friendly relationship.
In "The Romance Resonance" Howard makes a romantic gesture to Bernadette by writing her a song. Leonard mentions that Penny never does anything like that, except for sex which doesn't count. Penny is determined to romance Leonard. Raj can only suggest that she cook for him or reenact a scene from a romantic movie. Finally after a candlelight dinner, Penny puts on some romantic music, spreads rose petals into her neatly cleaned bedroom and presents Leonard with a first edition of his favorite book from when he was growing up, The Hitchhiker Guide to the Galaxy. Unfortunately, Leonard had already purchased the book after they had seen it in a used bookstore together. Penny gets upset telling him about all the thoughtful things he had done for her and shows him her collection. An airplane ticket, a rose given to her "just because" and the eleven page letter he wrote her after the first time they slept together. Leonard was very touched that she kept all these things. He then kisses her, showing that Penny did do something romantic.
In "The Thanksgiving Decoupling", Penny reminisces about a Thanksgiving she had in Las Vegas with former boyfriend Zack Johnson which included one of those silly fake weddings. Penny appears devastated when her friends inform her that the wedding was real and she is married. Penny and Leonard argue about how quickly she should get her annulment so Penny invites Zack over to their Thanksgiving dinner at Howard's mother. Zack appears as dimwitted as ever telling them that breaking up can be hard on the kids which they don't have. Finally, Penny and Leonard make up and she tells him that the next time she gets married it will be for real, for life and (jokingly) or for money.
Upon meeting, Howard constantly hit on Penny in ways that made her deem him "disgusting". One point she calls Howard "pathetic and creepy" which breaks his spirit for one episode. Leonard makes Penny go and apologize, however she ends up breaking Howard's nose when he tries to kiss her. Their dynamic remains the same for the most part throughout the series, but begins to change when Howard begins to date her friend Bernadette. Although Penny is not a fan of him, she and Howard maintain a friendship, although they rarely hang out outside the group. Howard flirts with Penny much less and becomes more casual towards her after he begins his relationship with Bernadette, which Penny obviously enjoys, although she still pokes fun at him.RajEdit
Like with all other women except his mother and sister (and thus one would assume all female relatives), Raj is unable to speak to Penny unless he is drunk or on medication. They hang out within the group a lot and Penny occasionally attempts to tease him into talking to her. After she goes to a People magazine reception with him, he introduces her to his parents as his girlfriend, though they want him to find an Indian girl. Raj begins to like Penny as the series goes on and the two end up getting drunk and appear to have slept together.
Later Raj tells Penny that they did not have sex, and in clarification, he tells her that nothing physical happened between them as she straightaway asked if he had protection and then he had trouble putting it on and she tried to help so he ejaculated prematurely. Raj asks Penny not to tell anyone and Penny promises to keep silent. Raj attempts to actually date her but she tells him she just wants to be friends. Despite their rough past, Penny attempts to find a girlfriend for Raj and comforts him when he needs it. She also invites him along to their girls' night out while the guys play their Dungeons and Dragons Christmas game. He discovered he had come over his Selective Mutism when he was able to discuss his break-up, with Penny without being drunk in The Bon Voyage Reaction.
Penny and Bernadette worked together at The Cheesecake Factory until Bernadette received her PhD and became a microbiologist, and are close friends. Penny introduced her to Howard on a blind date. She is the first person outside of the few boyfriends that Penny is seen to hang out with on a regular basis. They enjoy hanging out at Penny's apartment, comforting each other, and going out together.They also hang out with the guys together once Howard starts dating Bernadette. In "The Countdown Reflection", because Bernadette wants to get married to Howard before he goes into space, Penny, along with Amy, Sheldon, Leonard and Raj get ordained as ministers to so they can officiate at the wedding ceremony.
Penny is notably upset when she is in the middle of Bernadette and Amy's fight during "The Parking Spot Escalation". She is really hurt once Amy takes a swing at Bernadette with her purse hitting Penny in the face and breaking her nose.
When Bernadette and Penny were having a girl's night, Amy injected herself into Penny's life by getting herself invited. In no time she claims that she and Penny are best friends and calls her "bestie". When she initially hangs out with Penny and Bernadette her lack of social skills make it somewhat awkward, but as she spends more time with them they bond and the three become their own group as a counterpart to the group of guys.The two gradually form a tight friendship and continue to spend more time together and are quick to aid one another whenever the other needs it. Amy is aware that Penny is the planet that her social life revolves around and quickly reverses her course if she is mad at her or is annoying her. Amy gave Penny a large ugly painting of the two of them to celebrate their friendship. At one point she realizes that Penny hates it, Penny rushes over to Amy's apartment to rescue their friendship and re-hangs the painting in her apartment on the fourth wall (facing the audience).
In "The Shiny Trinket Maneuver", when Amy had her argument with Sheldon, Penny took Sheldon to the jewelry store to buy a gift. Sheldon ends up getting Amy a tiara. Penny is more than happy putting the tiara on Amy, which makes Amy ecstatic. In "The Weekend Vortex", Amy confides in Penny when she had an awful time at her aunt's birthday party because Sheldon backed out on his promise to attend an MMORPG marathon. Penny gets them to play quarters where the loser will need to drink beer. Amy turns out to be very good at the game from all the time she spent as a child throwing coins wishing for friends, and as a result, Penny gets drunk. She convinces Amy to make a scene and the two barge into the guys' apartment as they are in the middle of their marathon. Amy fails to keep up her ruse of leaving Sheldon for a make-believe character named Arman, and Penny comes to her rescue by telling Sheldon the truth. Penny is also very upset to be in the middle of the argument between Amy and Bernadette over
Howard's parking space in "The Parking Lot Escalation", especially after Amy accidentally hit her in the face with her change-filled purse, giving Penny two black eyes and a broken nose.
In "The Cooper/Kripke Inversion" Penny asks Sheldon if he is ever going to sleep with Amy. After Sheldon says that it is a possibility, Penny gets very excited for her friend. In "The Love Spell Potential", Penny tells Sheldon's and Amy's "D&D" characters to "do it" (have sex/coitus) in the game, which upsets Amy and causes her to leave. In "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation" Penny ruins Amy's chance to move in with Sheldon because she is ready for Leonard to move in with Penny. Sheldon also didn't want Amy moving in either. To prove that she could do it, Amy tells everybody that she should move in with Penny which Penny also disapproves of.
Priya was jealous of Penny because of Leonard's previous relationship with her, and eventually asked him to stop communicating with Penny. Though Penny did so, she became angry towards Priya for dating Leonard, as she had only recently realized she still had feelings for him. The friendship is restored when Priya becomes friendly with Penny in the engagement reaction episode where they strike up a friendly conversation and bond in the process, although Penny remains silently jealous. When Priya's relationship with Leonard ended after admitting that she slept with her ex-boyfriend a few weeks ago, Penny and Leonard start dating again.
An image gallery is available for Penny
- Penny was 22 years old at the beginning of the show (in the early fall of 2008, when "The Barbarian Sublimation" aired), which means she is the youngest of the gang. Penny is a Sagittarius, meaning she was born between November 22 and December 21. In "The Prestidigitation Approximation", Howard does a fake magic card trick in which the sum of the digits of one's birth date, excluding the year, are used to get the number of the card to be selected. Penny turns over the fifth card, making her birthday in the span of the Sagittarius one of four possibilities: November 30th, December 2nd, December 11th, or December 20th. If Penny's birthday is November 30th (1+1+3+0=5), it would match the birthday of Kaley Cuoco (Saturday, November 30, 1985) exactly. The only possible birth date of Penny would be Monday, December 2, 1985 if one alternatively interprets the rules of Howard's card trick as requiring one to turn over the card corresponding to the sum of the digits of the month and adding the day. Though David Underhill refers to Penny as a "gorgeous 22-year-old" in "The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis" (airdate December 15, 2008), he could have simply estimated her age, as it certainly appears to be close to Christmas and the episodic events probably span days rather than weeks (if one were to ignore the hypothesis that the airdate is reality in the show). In real life, the 27-year-old Cuoco is the youngest of the group, and approximately 13 years younger than Jim Parsons, who is the oldest of the group.
- In "The Robotic Manipulation", Sheldon calculates that Penny dated an estimate of 193 (±8) men and had sex with approximately 31 of them.
- Penny grew up on a farm and rebuilt an entire tractor engine all by herself when she was 12.
- Penny was a junior rodeo champion.
- The previous occupant of Penny's apartment was a 200-pound transvestite named Louie/Louise with a skin condition, who worked as a police officer, according to Sheldon. He is seen during a flashback in "The Staircase Implementation", where he refers to Sheldon as 'crazy'.
- Penny is the only member of the main set of characters whose last name has not been spoken or revealed, but Bill Prady has said it eventually will be.
- Penny claims to be a vegetarian, but will eat fish and the occasional steak.
- Penny often smells like either vanilla (because she wears vanilla oil) or cheesecake (because she works at The Cheesecake Factory). Sheldon has also stated in "The Decoupling Fluctuation" that she uses green, apple-scented shampoo, insisting that she switch back to that from coconut.
- Penny's acquaintance Christy could be a reference to Kaley Cuoco's time on Charmed. Penny was also the name of the witches' grandmother. The reference may also apply to Penny's father's name, Wyatt.
- Penny eats Chinese food with a fork and double-dips her egg rolls (unappealing attributes, according to Sheldon).
- In "The Staircase Implementation", it is revealed that Penny was almost a teenage mother.
- Penny is very kind and shows great empathy toward others, but can become extremely fierce when provoked. She has yelled at Sheldon, Raj, and Howard when they annoy her too much, and Leonard when she's angry.
- When under pain medication, Penny exhibits some of Sheldon's behaviors.
- Penny has an amazing sense of smell.
- Penny believes in psychics, ghosts, astrology, voodoo, and other 'superstitions', but not healing crystals.
- Penny went to community college, but dropped out for unspecified reasons. She goes back near the beginning of the sixth season, taking one history course. By the middle of the season, she is also taking an acting class, and at the beginning of season 7, she is taking a psychology class as well.
- A running gag of the show involves Sheldon knocking on Penny's door and saying her name after every three knocks. He repeats this thrice or until she answers the door.
- Penny often resorts to freeloading. When Sheldon's mom pointed out her disapproval of a top (shirt) belonging to Penny, she said that she had received free drinks by wearing that top. It is also known that, while she was dating Leonard, she never paid for her movie tickets. She also gets free meals from hanging with the guys since her portions were always paid by Leonard; she said they were loans but she knew Leonard would not ask her to pay it back. She also gets free internet by using Sheldon and Leonard's wi-fi -- leading Sheldon to regularly change the password to ones which accuse her of freeloading.
- She turned down Sheldon's offer for a date (although Sheldon only asked her to make Amy jealous) as Penny was the only other woman that Sheldon knew well.
- Penny was a bully in high school, making fun of a girl with a stutter and taping another girl up and leaving her out in a corn field until the next morning.
- Penny is remarkably adept at games in general, excelling at Halo, Age of Conan, and most recently chess, checkmating Leonard on her first try (though the latter may have been because, as Sheldon has pointed out, Leonard is terrible at chess).
- Penny owns a red 1980s Volkswagen Cabriolet Mk1 convertible car. Featured in several episodes, the car appears to be in a bad condition, which is not helped by Penny, who pays no heed to the warning lights of the car. While sitting in her car, Sheldon will continuously remind her that the 'check engine' warning light is on, an action that irritates Penny tremendously. Penny is a very bad driver: in "The Guitarist Amplification", a point of argument between Penny and Leonard is when Penny finds out that Leonard complains about her driving behind her back. Later in the episode, she runs a stop sign without even noticing it, and then, when Leonard mentions it, she looks back to find it, and Leonard, panicking, shouts "EYES ON THE ROAD, EYES ON THE ROAD!"
- When Penny is shocked she bats her eyelashes several times while considering a reaction.
- Over the course of the series, Penny has exhibited traits of alcoholism. She is often seen drinking wine or other harder beverages while in her apartment, both alone and in the presence of her friends. She often seems to use wine as a means to deal with her issues. She will many times use this method on her friends as well to help them deal with their problems, most notably when she realized alcoholic drinks are able to help Raj overcome his selective mutism, or to help Sheldon overcome his stage fright.
- Often says "OMG" or "Oh My God" when shocked, to the annoyance of Sheldon.
- In "The Closet Reconfiguration", while cleaning Penny's closet, Sheldon finds a thing that "appears to be a battery operated chew toy" which is possibly a vibrator.
- Despite Amy's admiration for Penny, she does realize her limitations in her intelligence and her acting career.
- In "The Scavenger Vortex" no one wanted Penny on their team because she was a "liability".
- Penny thinks that the wedding chapels in Las Vegas perform fake weddings.
- Penny was unknowingly married to Zach Johnson.
- In "The Adhesive Duck Deficiency" when Sheldon was dressing her, due to her dislocated shoulder, he had to put her hurt arm into the sleeve. He grabbed what he thought was her arm, but was actually her boob.