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Henri Szeps (actor) talks to Helen Shield on World Refugee Day
21 June 2012 , 12:53 PM by Julia Harris
Henri Szep's role as the favourite son, (dentist Robert Beare), on the ABC comedy TV show "Mother and Son" is one of his favourite roles and it's also become one of the most iconic TV roles in Australian history. Wednesday the 20th June is a day the world marks an occasion that has a special significance for Henri Szep, because he was born in Switzerland in a WWII refugee camp.
He later immigrated to Australia with his mother and sister in 1951.
Henri says he became an expert at being "foreign", having spent his early years living between his foster family in Switzerland and his mother who was living in France.
These days he's an Ambassador and spokesperson for the Refugee Council of Australia and his message on World Refugee Day is about necessity of coming together as "one planet".
Henri Szeps talks to ABC's Helen Shield about life, his acting career and how his childhood experiences gave him special skills in his chosen field.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Salinas Police
Salinas Police are looking for 29-year-old Ruth Raquel Hernandez.
Police say she is wanted on burglary and resisting arrest charges which originated from an interrupted residential burglary on Chaparral Street last week.
Hernandez is 4'11" tall and weighs about 130 pounds. She has black hair and brown eyes.
Anyone with information on Hernandez's whereabouts is asked to call the Salinas Police Department at (831) 758-7321.
Seaside Police
The Seaside Police Department is looking for 26-year-old Aureliano Cruz Garcia.
Police say he is wanted on a felony no bail warrant for domestic violence.
Garcia is 5'3" tall and weighs approximately 110 pounds. He has brown hair and brown eyes. He has two faded crosses and a heart tattooed on his left arm.
Anyone with information on Garcia's whereabouts is asked to call Seaside Police at 394-6811. Information can also be submitted to the Seaside Police Department's Crime Tip Website at: http://www.tipsoft.com/index.asp?P=WebTips.
Santa Cruz Police
Santa Cruz Police are still looking for 35-year-old Jason Dominic Carucci. He is wanted for three outstanding warrants and one misdemeanor warrant.
Carucci, of Santa Cruz County, is 6'3" tall and weighs about 215 pounds. He has brown hair and hazel eyes.
Police say Carucci's outstanding warrants consist of felony vandalism, felony hit and run resulting in serious bodily injury, stolen vehicle and DUI.
Carucci was featured on Manhunt Monday back on March 18. He still has not been located.
Anyone with information on his whereabouts is asked to call Santa Cruz Police Department Crime Tip Line at 831-420-5995.


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New Research
A study published in Vascular Medicine has found that boiled Greek coffee may increase longevity. Only 0.1 percent of Europeans live past 90, but the number rises to 1 percent for the residents of the Greek island of Ikaria. Researchers studied Ikarians over the age of 65. They found that 87 percent of the participants drank boiled Greek coffee, and that those who did had better function of their endothelium, a layer of cells that lines blood vessels. Endothelial health is affected by lifestyle and aging. The authors of the study suggested more research into the benefits of coffee to heart health.
-- MedicalNewsToday.com
Number to Know
2: The CDC recommends adults between the ages of 18 and 64 do muscle-strengthening exercises at least two days a week.
Kids' Health
The CDC reports that more than 60,000 young children end up in the emergency room each year from wrongly ingesting medicines; but it's not only parents who need to be aware of the risks. Many of these incidents occur outside of the child's home. In fact, in 23 percent of the cases in which a child under 5 mistakenly ingests an oral prescription drug, the medication belonged to someone who did not live with the child.
Paul Reyes, Express Scripts pharmacist and host of Ask the Pharmacist radio series, offers these tips for preventing accidental and unintentional poisonings, and what to do if you suspect your child or teen has ingested a potentially poisonous substance:
Be cautious of colors: Medications are colorful and attractive to children, and can be mistaken for candy. For example, Tums look like SweeTarts, and Advil and Ecotrin resemble Skittles or M&M's. Parents should not encourage children to take their medicine by comparing it to candy, as this may lead to improper use.
When not to share: Be sure to remind children that they should never share their medication. When playing "doctor," friends and younger siblings of those taking a medication are often the recipients; this can lead to accidental poisoning.
Know the signs: Reactions to ingested medications or household products may vary. Look for signs such as vomiting, drowsiness and any residue odor in the child's mouth and teeth. But know that some products cause no immediate symptoms, so if you suspect that your child has ingested a potentially hazardous substance, call the poison hotline immediately.
-- Brandpoint


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Melissa is a homeschooling mama of five. When she's not sandwich making, diaper changing, or finger crocheting, she writes irreverent stories about life with a larger family at her blog and for kindle.
Simple Living Media exists for one purpose: to help people live more simply. Learn more about us here.
• want to advertise with us?
• read our disclosure policy
• don't forget our mission
• oh, and check out our press page
All Simple Living Media sites are built on the Genesis Framework
Design by Tsh Oxenreider · Copyright © 2008–2012


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FREE ECONOMY SHIPPING ON ORDERS OVER $50 THROUGH 12/19*more info
Style: FLS13NCS TMC
North Carolina State Wolfpack Team NCAA Men's Shorts
Be the fan from head to toe with your favorite NCAA team gear on. The NCAA team shorts will help keep you cool and focused. Side panels are accented with contrasting team colors. Team logo embroidered on the lower left leg.
You may also like
Customer Reviews


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Name | Kristin Zhivago |
Job Title | President |
Organisation | Zhivago Management Partners, Inc. |
Registered Since | 21 Apr 2008 |
Areas of Expertise | B2B Marketing, Content Marketing and Strategy, Lead Generation, Social, Strategy & Operations |
Contact Details |
Telephone: 401-423-2400 |
About Me
I am a "revenue coach." I help CEOs and entrepreneurs increase their revenues by understanding what their customers want and making it easy for them to buy. Work on all aspects of marketing and selling, including strategic development, plans, positioning, messaging, best use of digital tools, recruiting, training, lead acquisition and lead conversion.
My Links
Revenue Journal - my blog
Blog for CEOs and entrepreneurs - insights, strategies, and tactics for increasing revenue.
Zhivago Management Partners, Inc. - our website
Revenue growth services.
Career History
President at Zhivago Management Partners, Inc.
From April 1, 1979 and still in this role.
Education and Qualifications
Have helped hundreds of CEOs and entrepreneurs increase their sales. An expert on the customer's buying process. Work mostly in the tech industry, but also travel, pharma, health, food.


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Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health (PACE EH)
NACCHO's Community-Based Environmental Health Assessment Process
Through a multi-year partnership with the National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NACCHO provides technical assistance to local health departments and their constituents in conducting community-based environmental health assessments (CEHA). To this end, NACCHO developed the Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health (PACE EH), a methodology to guide local communities in identifying and addressing environmental health priorities. NACCHO is dedicated to assisting local health officials conduct CEHA.


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- Adult Adventure
- Some Body Parts
- Tools and Tapers
- Straight Barbells
- Curved Barbells
- Accessories
- Earlets & Tunnels
- Ear Plugs
- Replacement Parts
- Captive Bead Rings
- 14k Gold Only
- Segment Rings
- Spirals & Claws
- Organics
- Charms
- Hybrids 14k & Steel
- Circular Barbells
- Hide Your Piercing
- Fixed Rings
- Genuine Diamonds +
- Gift certificate
- Screwball Rings
14K Nickel Free Gold Labret with a Micro Gold Cluster attached. The labret is internally threaded with a removable titanium pad.
The cluster is about 2.5mm in diameter, and 2mm thick.
The cluster is about 2.5mm in diameter, and 2mm thick.
The 14K Gold we use is; Solid 14K Nickel Free Gold. We use Palladium instead of Nickel in the Gold to help insure you of a healthy piercing. The Gold is available in either; 14K Yellow Gold or 14K White Gold, and all of our Gold is 100% Solid.
Customer Reviews
- Untitled Review by SIMONA
Quality Hi there,
Thank you for this order, I am extremely happy with it! It took awhile to get the right size and fit labaret,and this gold cluster is great. Thanks to everyone at the Chain Gang!(Posted on 2/29/12)
- Untitled Review by Guest
Quality Nicely made, threaded back stays on nicely. I was expecting the gold cluster on the front to be much larger. It is smaller than the head of a pin. I wish the photo gave some sense of scale. Aside from that, a fine product.
(Posted on 2/29/12)
- Untitled Review by Leregina
Quality I love this so much.
Thanks you(Posted on 8/11/09)


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The Good Wife's Josh Charles Is The Man
The Good Wife is simply better than ever, so it's fitting that GQ and Tommy Hilfiger...
Sergio Says! Musings From Cosmo (and Beyond...)
Busy doesn't even begin to describe Sergio Kletnoy's life at Cosmo HQ as of late...
2013 December 6
Uniqlo Fits Nigo To A Tee
This week, Uniqlo gave editors a look at their Spring 2014 LifeWear collection including the return of Michael Bastian's men's line (!!!!!!) and the unveiling of the newest collaboration with French style icon, Ines de la Fressange. They've also tapped Nigo, best known as the creator of the line A Bathing Ape aka Bape, to become the first-ever creative director of the UT "Uniqlo T-shirts" brand. We chatted with the renaissance man through his translator to find out about his intriguing new role.
Why did you decide to come to Uniqlo?
They approached; the UT brand has been running for about 12 years, it's really grown, and it has a following. They wanted to set a new standard for what they were doing and they were looking for someone that was going to be able to do it. Uniqlo is doing really huge stuff for the whole world. That sort of set the stage and platform to do something really interesting, so it was immediately an exciting task to take on.
What is your role as creative director?
I'm essentially leading a team. There is a team of people that have been there before, and I'm giving them directions. Obviously on the content side, there are the graphics and that element, but also one element that I've brought in was to change the shirts themselves. It is a T shirt brand, so that was kind of his start point to work with the brand, he wanted to look at the garment itself and change that look.
There are a lot of pop icons on these shirts. Do you have a favorite?
There are actually a thousand styles for this season. Snoopy is one of my long time favorites!
Will you just stay within T shirts for the company, or do you want to design even more?
I do a range of some sweatshirts as well, but that is the nature of the project. I'm working within a t-shirt brand, so that's what I'm is going to concentrate on.
Are you and Pharrell still buddies?
Yes, we meet regularly and text each other.
What do you think of his massive music success in this past year?
I'm super happy about it! And Pharrell is feeling great right now. It's great to be around him!
2013 December 6
What Was Karlie Kloss Doing In St.Barth's With Gilles Bensimon?
Legs, legs, legs! Karlie Kloss showed off her famous figure on the beaches of St. Barth's this week for a shoot for French Vogue with photographer Gilles Bensimon. The 21-year-old model had made a name for herself not only for her fabulous face, but also for those mile-long legs and her lanky 6 foot 1 inch frame. This time around, she was running, not catwalk-strutting, as she rocked some skimpy fitness gear and did a workout routine on the beach for Bensimon's lens. We don't know about you darlings, but this is inspiring us to begin our New Year's resolution early. If only enough hard work would result in gorgeous gams like Ms. Kloss.
2013 December 6
Victor Cruz Is (Basically) A Man Of New York
Last night we braved Fifth Avenue to head to Tommy Hilfiger's flagship store for a celebration of their partnership with GQ to honor "The Men of New York" and benefit The Fresh Air Fund, with 20 percent of sales from the evening going to the charity. This year's honor roll, celebrating the most gifted gents in the city includes The Good Wife's Josh Charles, Carson Daly, The Lion's John DeLucie, and New York Giants wide receiver Victor Cruz. The friendly Giant has become an honorary member of the fashion set due to his dapper duds, last night courtesy of Tommy. We grabbed him for a quick catch-up...
How does it feel to be one of "The Men of New York" this year?
It feels good! I've been a fan of GQ forever. I'm humbled and excited to be with all the other men that are honored.
Where do you live?
I live in New Jersey. Right outside of here.
So, this is a little bit like the New York Giants who actually play in New Jersey.
Exactly. If the Giants played in New York, I'd live in New York.
What's the most New York thing about you?
I have to have a New York slice of pizza any time I'm here. I like Artichoke on 10th Avenue. I love that place. They have all different kinds of pizza. They have a Philly cheese steak pizza. It's crazy.
What movie are you hoping wins the Oscar this year?
Mandela. I know [Nelson Mandela] passed away today which is unfortunate, but the movie definitely deserves some recognition.
What did you learn about him from the film?
He did whatever he had to do for his people. He went above and beyond. The immense amount of love he had for his family and people was amazing.
2013 December 6
Suno Comes To Miami
It's not just about the art at Basel these days... (Bahahaha! As if you didn't know that by now.) Daily faves Max Osterweis and Erin Beatty of Suno are in South Beach to unearth a colorful collaboration with The Webster Miami. As we reported last month the capsule collection includes eight of their most popular silhouettes, a crop top and cutout dress perfect for those haute Miami temps. The duo celebrated the launch yesterday with an event that brought out Donna D'Cruz, Kate Foley, Annette Stephens, Annelise Michelson, and Kyleigh Kuhn, to name a few. One must find something to wear to the record-breaking 356,281 events held during Basel.
2013 December 6
Original Penguin Gets Buttered
For New Yorkers checking out the recently opened midtown location of Butter (at 70 West 45th Street), we have a little din-din small talk for your next meal. The entire staff of the place has been outfitted by Original Penguin, with the boys donning classic oxford in grey and blue, and the girls in burgundy A-line dresses. Very appetizing. As for the Alex Guarnaschelli-helmed menu, selections include a house-made veal bacon with red wine mustard; Hudson Valley duck rillettes with champagne grape mostarda; and organic chicken liver mousse on matzo with a schmaltz vinaigrette. Just don't get anything on your waiter.
2013 December 6
Bravo! Joan Smalls Covers ELLE
Earlier this week we celebrated the Joan Smalls' ELLE cover at a dinner at Indochine, but here's a look at the actual cover of their January issue shot by Michael Thompson. Do we love or do we looooove? No offense to every actress who has fronted ELLE, but it's refreshing and brave of them to go with a real, bona fide mod who we first put on the cover of The Daily in September 2010, but might not be a household name yet in, say, Kansas. We do learn inside the issue that Smalls has intentions to join the ranks of Reese, Katie, and Scarlett and become a thespian. "I want to be clear that I don't want to act just because it's the typical move for a model," Smalls reveals. "My desire comes from a place of wanting to entertain people on a different level." Check out our interview with Smalls where she told us about appearing in a music video with Ricky Martin and her trashy TV habits at the time. You've come a long way, kid.
The Fix
Talking The Business of Modeling With Candice Swanepoel [Vogue... |
An Intimate Holiday Cocktail With Ann Dexter-Jones and Rupert Sanderson There's nothing like a fête in a warm and well-decorated ... |
WHAT: Chorthip Infinity Bangle...WHY: Most good things don't... |


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New York City Manhattan Hotels + MANHATTAN EAST SUITES
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Customers tell us...
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"lovely hotel. great amenities. staff courteous and helpful. mentioned that it was my ... Read more"
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"It was my first time to NY my niece came from uk and wanted to see NY so i went by ot... Read more"
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"My wife and I did a get away in the City. The hotel was nice, we had a room that a s... Read more"
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"First of all the location was excellent. It was walking distance to many attractions ... Read more"
"This is a nice hotel conveniently located in Midtown Manhattan one block from the sub... Read more"
"Hotel was very relaxing and good location in New York. I would go there again, no pro... Read more"
"* kps is a tiny bit faster than dialup but for *$ a day
"Hair on pillows, stains on sheets and towels. Promised internet, never able to connec... Read more"
"This hotel was fine, but I will NEVER stay there again or recommend it to anyone. Why... Read more"
"By booking through travelocity I saved almost $* for a 5 day stay. This made the stay... Read more"
"This place is a gem. Located 1/2 block from Central Park and 2 blocks from Lexington... Read more"
"The Surrey Hotel: Ahhhhh! I went to NYC seeking excitement and erudition, albeit my t... Read more"
"Small but very convenient. Clean, well appointed and with a mini service bar. Not m... Read more"
"The Shoreham is in a great location and the rooms are very small but nice. The lobby... Read more"
"1st room, the shower flooded into bathroom (which isn't hard to flood because it ... Read more"
"Spent November 20-23 at The Mansfield. Attentive, knowledgable, funny, and friendly s... Read more"
"This was our first stay at the Mansfield and, from the reviews posted here, we were e... Read more"
"The Mansfield Hotel was an acceptable lodging by modest NYC standards: small, clean, ... Read more"
"Location perfect for reaching all the upper Manhattan tourist sites such as museums; ... Read more"
"We enjoyed our stay very much. The staff was friendly and helpful, our room was open ... Read more"
"Had a 1 bedroom suite for an overnight in the City. The room size was amazing and ha... Read more"
Note: The nightly rates shown above do not yet include Tax Recovery Charge & Service Fees or (if applicable) Extra Person Fees, Child Fees, Additional Mandatory Hotel Charges or optional incidentals, such as parking, room service or movies.


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What more can you say other then this tool is awesome! Talk about a time saver. I wish I'd thought of it! Best of all it is accurate and well priced, two top considerations for any tool purchase.
Perfect tool for the job. You can not get it wrong with this tool.
A great item. I used to do all nut widths sizes and it took time to get right. Takes the brain work out of the equation. Should have had one years ago.
It takes a little practice to get used to it, but worth the learning curve. I went through my 4 guitars, bass, and ukulele. Found 1 acoustic that is a little off with the nut spacing. It now makes sense that I tend to make more "mistakes" when playing this guitar versus the others. This will be part of my set up tools from now on. Forget the internet "printouts", get this tool for true precision.
I use it for string spacing all over the place. Awesome tool that takes any guess work out and speeds up the job. BUY IT!
This is great tool and absolutely essential. From nuts to tune-o-matics, this makes short and accurate work of string spacing. Get one!!
The String Spacing Ruler makes fabricating nuts from blanks quick and easy with professional results. The tool paid for itself the first time I used it!
I've been luthierin for 50 years and slowly loosin focus , critical measurements are easy with this cool tool!
This is a great tool if you are cutting nuts from blanks. This is especially true on a bass where even spacing makes the low strings feel crowded if not deferentially spaced. Don't know why I didn't buy it years ago. I used to "figure out" the differential spacing, now it's a snap.
I make everything! I shape the body and neck, I build the bridge and of course the nut...everything. this little ruler saves time!! Guitars, basses, whatever your making you set it on it gives you the perfect spacing every time.
To add items to your order, select the check box next to the item you want. You can edit the quantity you wish to purchase here, or in Your Order.
To add items to your saved list, select the check boxes next to the items you want. You can edit the quantity you wish to save here, or in your Saved List.


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By Joni Blecher Follow me on Twitter | Tuesday, March 22, 2011 (permalink)
View more posts for Samsung
Sprint's 20th 4G device - yes, that's number 20 - will be the Samsung Nexus S 4G Android 2.3 Gingerbread smartphone. The phone will be all about Google (so you won't find any kind of overlay UI on the Nexus S 4G) including Google Voice integration built into the Sprint network. If you haven't used Google Voice yet, it can be a pretty powerful tool letting users manage up to six different phone numbers with just one number and that number can be your existing Sprint cell phone number. You can also us Google Voice to receive transcribed voicemails and read or listen to them online.
Back to the Nexus S 4G, which is a good-looking phone with its rounded edges and solid feel. The cell phone has many of the specs that you'd expect including a 1GHz processor, 16GB of internal memory (store tons of apps, music, videos, and pictures), 4-inch Super AMOLED touchscreen display, WiFi b/g/n (that's pretty secure) and of course 4G connectivity that you can share with up to six other WiFi-enabled devices via the Mobile HotSpot feature. There's also a rear-facing 5-megapixel camera/video recorder with flash, and a front-facing VGA camera for video chats. Be on the lookout for this cell phone this Spring.
This is the cool phone better than iphone 4g with extremely useful features. I was looking for it for quite long time.. Now its available.


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Trying Those One Size Fits All Programs
Being Frustrated With Short Term Results
Thinking Nothing Will Work For Me
BioRISTORE Is A Diet & Exercise Program Developed For Your Body AND Your Lifestyle…
Based On Your "Biological Fingerprint"!
If You Have Struggled With Weight Loss, Fitness or Health………..We Are Going To Change Your Life!
Maybe You're Getting Older And Starting To Feel Your Body Is Changing. Guess What? IT IS! No Worries. BioRISTORE Can Change That Too.
The BioRISTORE Program will change your life if you are committed to changing your life….and we will help you stay committed. By joining the BioRISTORE family, your goal will become a reality and you will exceed your own expectations!
Don't be fooled by marketing campaigns and propaganda. The ONLY WAY to achieve the weight loss you desire is to use your body's make up to work for you. If you don't do that, GUARANTEED, you are wasting your time, effort and MONEY!
The BioRISTORE program is the most comprehensive approach to better fitness and wellness. We will develop a diet and exercise program that will work specifically for you. This is not fad dieting and this is not some standard exercise routine that guarantees you will lose weight. This is not South Beach, cabbage soup, 5 minute abs or lose weight while you sleep. Most of these programs on the market today will end up being a waste of time and effort. In some cases, you will see short term results that ultimately bring you back to where you started a few weeks or months earlier.
Your Biological Fingerprint
With BioRISTORE, the goal is not just weight loss. The goal is to achieve the highest level of sustainable health and wellness that you have ever felt. BioRISTORE was developed to provide men and women, from their 20′s to their 60′s, an approach to achieving fitness and wellness based upon each person's biological characteristics. BioRISTORE uses your body's characteristics, along with your current lifestyle and, through many years of clinical research and experience, creates your specific biological fingerprint.
This truly unique approach will help you understand specifically what is required for you to achieve fitness and wellness based upon your body and your lifestyle. This is not a program that is a one size fits all diet or exercise routine. Based upon the science and biological make up of each of us, no two people will have the same reaction to a diet and exercise program. It is just not possible. If that was the case, every person would succeed at the same rate and have consistent results from the hundreds of fad diets that are out there. The BioRISTORE program provides you with your own personal health and fitness approach. The program is designed specifically to utilize an analysis of your body's biological fingerprint to achieve the long term results you desire to living a more fit and healthier lifestyle.
Like the many "one size fits all" programs out there, a calorie is not a calorie!
When you buy clothes, you buy clothes that fit YOU! Your diet and exercise program works the same way! You need one that works and fits YOU! Here's all you need to know about the other one size fit's all programs…a calorie is not a calorie. Fat burning and calorie counting like South Beach and others don't work. They are one hit wonders and short term fixes. Check this out!
Ahi Tuna v. Milk Duds – Who Wins!!!
Ahi Tuna – 220 Calories
Milk Duds – 170 Calories
Which One Do We Recommend?? Not the low calorie choice!
BioRISTORE will work for you if you fit into any of the following categories:
- Women
- Men
- Diabetes
- Heart Condition
- Vegetarians
- Nursing Mothers
- Seniors
- And Many, Many More!
Since we can customize a program for you, there is nothing – including your current health or age – that will stop you from getting in the best shape, and health, of your life. THE ONLY THING STOPPING YOU IS……….YOU!
Let BioRISTORE help start you on your way to a healthier you!
Our body is very complex and many things during the course of our lives affect how it reacts. With BioRISTORE, we can help identify those things and provide a very specific program that can help you develop a healthy lifestyle to live a more energetic, healthy and happy life….AT ANY AGE!
Get your copy today of The BioRISTORE Program.
If you are still on the fence and are deciding if BioRISTORE is for you, the developer and founder of The BioRISTORE Program didn't just decide to put some same old, same old diet program out there. Over the last 10 years, he has developed it and used it. He is 47 years old and has been a competitive body builder. No, this is not a program that is for body builders (it will work for them too)! BUT…based upon the principles of The BioRISTORE Program and the same principles Nick has decided to share with you…HE IS STILL COMPETING AT 47!!! Check him out.
He has a couple PhD's, speaks all over the country and has developed a pretty large network of clinical experts, along with his network of trainers and dietitions that have all contributed to his developement of his personal health and wellness and The BioRISTORE Program. He was always overweight and was subjected to the challenges that come with that both physically and socially. As he was approaching 30, he decided it was time for a change. He used everything and everybody he knew to change his life forever and now he is sharing those with you so you can do the same. He understands what it takes to achieve the results whether you are 30 or 60. He developed BioRISTORE so that it would be, not just a typical diet program, but a diet and exercise AND health and wellness program that could work for everybody. His years of education taught him that everybody's body is different and reacts differently to exercise and food. He, also, wanted to make sure that no matter what your age or gender, you have an opportunity to be healthy and be happy. He is so confident that BioRISTORE will change your life forever that he guarantee's it. If you don't see the results you thought in 60 days, he will refund your money. He has taken the risk out of it for you and so the only thing stopping you from a healthier and happier life is….YOU!
You can start your new happy and healthy life today. It's never too early and it's definitely NEVER TOO LATE!!!


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Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic | |
ⰔⰎⰀⰂⰑⰐⰊⰍ словѣ́ньскъ ѩзꙑ́къ slověnĭskŭ językŭ |
Native to | formerly in Slavic areas, under the influence of Byzantium (both Catholic and Orthodox) |
Region | Eastern Europe |
Era | 9th–11th centuries; then evolved into several variants of Church Slavonic. |
Language family | |
Writing system | Glagolitic, Cyrillic |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | cu (with Church Slavonic) |
ISO 639-2 | chu |
ISO 639-3 | chu (with Church Slavonic) |
Linguasphere | 53-AAA-a |
Old Church Slavonic, also known as Old Church Slavic (often abbreviated to OCS; self-name словѣ́ньскъ ѩзꙑ́къ, slověnĭskŭ językŭ) was the first Slavic literary language. The 9th century Byzantine Greek missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius are credited with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and other Ancient Greek ecclesiastical texts as part of the Christianisation of the Slavic peoples.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] It is thought to have been based primarily on the dialect of the 9th century Byzantine Slavs living in the Province of Thessalonica (now in Greek Macedonia). It played an important role in the history of the Slavic languages and served as a basis and model for later Church Slavonic traditions, and some Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches use this later Church Slavonic as a liturgical language to this day. As the oldest attested Slavic language, OCS provides important evidence for the features of Proto-Slavic, the unattested common ancestor of all Slavic languages.
The language was standardized for the mission of the two apostles to Great Moravia in 863 (see Glagolitic alphabet for details). For that purpose, Cyril and his brother Methodius started to translate religious literature to Old Church Slavonic, allegedly based on Slavic dialects spoken in the hinterland of their home-town, Thessaloniki,[11] in the region of Macedonia.
As part of the preparation for the mission, in 862/863, the Glagolitic alphabet was created and the most important prayers and liturgical books, including the Aprakos Evangeliar (a Gospel Book lectionary containing only feast-day and Sunday readings), the Psalter, and Acts of the Apostles, were translated. (The Gospels were also translated early, but it is unclear whether Sts. Cyril or Methodius had a hand in this). The language and the alphabet were taught at the Great Moravian Academy (Veľkomoravské učilište) and were used for government and religious documents and books between 863 and 885. The texts written during this phase contain characteristics of the Slavic vernaculars in Great Moravia.
In 885, the use of Old Church Slavonic in Great Moravia was prohibited by the Pope in favour of Latin. Students of the two apostles, who were expelled from Great Moravia in 886, brought the Glagolitic alphabet and the Old Church Slavonic language to the then-First Bulgarian Empire. There it was taught at two literary schools: the Preslav Literary School and the Ohrid Literary School.[12][13][14] The Glagolitic script was originally used at both schools, though the Cyrillic script was developed early on at the Preslav Literary School where it superseded Glagolitic. The texts written during this era exhibit certain linguistic features of the vernaculars of the First Bulgarian Empire (see Basis and local influences below). Old Church Slavonic spread to other South-Eastern and Eastern European Slavic territories, most notably to Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Bohemia, Lesser Poland, and principalities of the Kievan Rus' while retaining characteristically South Slavic linguistic features. Later texts written in each of those territories then began to take on characteristics of the local Slavic vernaculars and, by the mid-11th century, Old Church Slavonic had diversified into a number of regional varieties. These local varieties are collectively known as the Church Slavonic language.[15]
Apart from the Slavic countries, Old Church Slavonic has been used as a liturgical language by the Romanian Orthodox Church, as well as a literary and official language of the princedoms of Wallachia and Moldavia (see Old Church Slavonic in Romania), before gradually being replaced by Romanian in the 18th century. Church Slavonic maintained a prestigious status, particularly in Russia, for many centuries – among Slavs in the East it had a status analogous to that of the Latin language in western Europe, but had the advantage of being substantially less divergent from the vernacular tongues of average parishioners. Some Orthodox churches, such as the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, Serbian Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Macedonian Orthodox Church, as well as several Eastern Catholic churches, still use Church Slavonic in their services and chants today.
Initially Old Church Slavonic was written with the Glagolitic alphabet, but later Glagolitic was replaced by Cyrillic,[16] which was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire by a decree of Boris I of Bulgaria in the 9th century. In Bosnia was preserved the local Bosnian Cyrillic alphabet, while in Croatia a variant of the Glagolitic alphabet was preserved. See Early Cyrillic alphabet for a detailed description of the script and information about the sounds it originally expressed.
For Old Church Slavonic the following segments are reconstructible.[17] The sounds are given in Slavic transliterated form rather than in IPA, as the exact realisation is uncertain and often differed depending on the area that a text originated from.
Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | |
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |
Affricate | c dz | č | ||
Fricative | s z | š ž | x | |
Nasal | m | n | n' | |
Lateral | l | l' | ||
Trill | r | r' | ||
Approximant | v | j |
- The letter щ denoted different sounds in different dialects and is not shown in the table. In Bulgaria, it represented the sequence /ʃt/, and it is normally transliterated as št for that reason. Further west and north, it was probably /c(ː)/ or /tɕ/ like in modern Macedonian, Torlakian and Serbian/Croatian.
- /dz/ appears mostly in early texts, becoming /z/ later on.
- The distinction between l, n and r on one hand, and palatal l', n' and r' on the other is not always indicated in writing. When it is, it is shown by a "kamora" diacritic over the letter.
- A two- or three-way distinction in tone (acute, circumflex and "neoacute") and two-way distinction in vowel length (short or long) was almost certainly a phonemic feature in most of the areas in which Old Church Slavonic was written, and may have been close to the accent system found in Chakavian Serbo-Croatian. However, it is not indicated in writing and must be inferred from later languages and from reconstructions of Proto-Slavic.
- The pronunciation of yat ě differed by area. In Bulgaria it was a relatively open vowel, commonly reconstructed as /æ/, but further north its pronunciation was more closed and it eventually became a diphthong /je/ or even /i/ in many areas.
- The yer vowels ĭ and ŭ are often called "ultrashort" and were lower, more centralised and shorter than their counterparts i and y/u. They disappeared in most positions in the word, already sporadically in the earliest texts but more frequently later on. They also tended to merge with other vowels, particularly ĭ with e and ŭ with o, but differently in different areas.
- The exact articulation of the nasal vowels is unclear because different areas tend to merge them with different vowels. ę is occasionally seen to merge with e or ě in South Slavic, but becomes ja early on in East Slavic. ǫ generally merges with u or o, but in Bulgaria, ǫ was apparently unrounded and eventually merged with ŭ.
Several notable constraints on the distribution of the phonemes can be identified, mostly resulting from the tendencies occurring within the Common Slavic period, such as intrasyllabic synharmony and the law of open syllables. For consonant and vowel clusters and for sequences of a consonant and a vowel, the following constraints can be ascertained:[18]
- two adjacent consonants tend not to share identical features of manner of articulation
- no syllable ends in a consonant
- every obstruent agrees in voicing with the following obstruent
- velars do not occur before front vowels
- phonetically palatalized consonants do not occur before certain back vowels
- the back vowels /y/ and /ъ/ as well as front vowels other than /i/ do not occur word-initially: the two back vowels take prothetic /v/ and the front vowels prothetic /j/. Initial /a/ may take either prothetic consonant or none at all.
- vowel sequences are attested in only one lexeme (paǫčina 'spider's web') and in the suffixes /aa/ and /ěa/ of the imperfect
- at morpheme boundaries, the following vowel sequences occur: /ai/, /au/, /ao/, /oi/, /ou/, /oo/, /ěi/, /ěo/
Morphophonemic alternations[edit]
As a result of the first and the second Slavic palatalizations, velars alternate with dentals and palatals. In addition, as a result of a process usually termed iotation (or iodization), velars and dentals alternate with palatals in various inflected forms and in word formation.
original | /k/ | /g/ | /x/ | /sk/ | /zg/ | /sx/ |
first palatalization and iotation | /č/ | /ž/ | /š/ | /št/ | /žd/ | /š/ |
second palatalization | /c/ | /dz/ | /s/ | /sc/, /st/ | /zd/ | /sc/ |
original | /b/ | /p/ | /sp/ | /d/ | /zd/ | /t/ | /st/ | /z/ | /s/ | /l/ | /sl/ | /m/ | /n/ | /sn/ | /zn/ | /r/ | /tr/ | /dr/ |
iotation | /bl'/ | /pl'/ | /žd/ | /žd/ | /št/ | /št/ | /ž/ | /š/ | /l'/ | /šl'/ | /ml'/ | /n'/ | /šn'/ | /žn'/ | /r'/ | /štr'/ | /ždr'/ |
In some forms the alternations of /c/ with /č/ and of /dz/ with /ž/ occur, in which the corresponding velar is missing. The dental alternants of velars occur regularly before /ě/ and /i/ in the declension and in the imperative, and somewhat less regularly in various forms after /i/, /ę/, /ь/ and /rь/.[19] The palatal alternants of velars occur before front vowels in all other environments, where dental alternants do not occur, as well as in various places in inflection and word formation described below.[20]
As a result of earlier alternations between short and long vowels in roots in Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Balto-Slavic and Proto-Slavic times, and of the fronting of vowels after palatalized consonants, the following vowel alternations are attested in OCS: /ь/ : /i/; /ъ/ : /y/ : /u/; /e/ : /ě/ : /i/; /o/ : /a/; /o/ : /e/; /ě/ : /a/; /ъ/ : /ь/; /y/ : /i/; /ě/ : /i/; /y/ : /ę/.[20]
Vowel:∅ alternations sometimes occurred as a result of sporadic loss of weak yer, which later occurred in almost all Slavic dialects. The phonetic value of the corresponding vocalized strong jer is dialect-specific.
As an ancient Indo-European language, OCS has highly inflective morphology. Inflected forms are divided in two groups - nominals, and verbs. Nominals are further divided into nouns, adjectives and pronouns. Numerals inflect either as nouns or pronouns, with one through four also showing gender agreement.
Nominals can be declined in three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), three numbers (singular, plural, dual) and seven cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, dative, genitive, and locative. There are three basic inflectional classes for nouns: o/jo-stems, a/ja-stems, i-stems, u-stems and consonant stems. Forms throughout the inflectional paradigm usually exhibit morhpophonemic alternations. Fronting of vowels after palatals and j yielded dual inflectional class o : jo and a : ja, whereas palatalizations affected stem as a synchronic process (N sg. vlьkъ, V sg. vlьče; L sg. vlьcě). Productive classes are o/jo, a/ja and i-stems. Sample paradigms are given in the table below.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||||||
Gloss | Stem type | Nom | Voc | Acc | Gen | Loc | Dat | Instr | Nom/Voc/Acc | Gen/Loc | Dat/Instr | Nom/Voc | Acc | Gen | Loc | Dat | Instr |
"city" | o m. | gradъ | grade | gradъ | grada | gradě | gradu | gradomь | grada | gradu | gradoma | gradi | grady | gradъ | graděxъ | gradomъ | grady |
"knife" | jo m. | nožь | nožu | nožь | noža | noži | nožu | nožemь | noža | nožu | nožema | noži | nožę | nožь | nožixъ | nožemъ | noži |
"wolf" | o m | vlьkъ | vlьče | vlьkъ | vlьka | vlьcě | vlьku | vlьkomь | vlьka | vlьku | vlьkoma | vlьci | vlьky | vlьkъ | vlьcěxъ | vlьkomъ | vlьky |
"wine" | o n. | vino | vino | vino | vina | vině | vinu | vinomь | vině | vinu | vinoma | vina | vina | vinъ | viněxъ | vinomъ | viny |
"field" | jo n. | polje | polje | polje | polja | polji | polju | poljemь | polji | polju | poljema | polja | polja | poljь | poljixъ | poljemъ | polji |
"woman" | a f. | žena | ženo | ženǫ | ženy | ženě | ženě | ženojǫ | ženě | ženu | ženama | ženy | ženy | ženъ | ženaxъ | ženamъ | ženami |
"soul" | ja f. | duša | duše | dušǫ | dušę | duši | duši | dušejǫ | duši | dušu | dušama | dušę | dušę | dušь | dušaxъ | dušamъ | dušami |
"hand" | a f. | rǫka | rǫko | rǫkǫ | rǫky | rǫcě | rǫcě | rǫkojǫ | rǫcě | rǫku | rǫkama | rǫky | rǫky | rǫkъ | rǫkaxъ | rǫkamъ | rǫkami |
"bone" | i f. | kostь | kosti | kostь | kosti | kosti | kosti | kostьjǫ | kosti | kostьju | kostьma | kosti | kosti | kostьjь | kostьxъ | kostъmъ | kostъmi |
"home" | u m. | domъ | domu | domъ/-a | domu | domu | domovi | domъmь | domy | domovu | domъma | domove | domy | domovъ | domъxъ | domъmъ | domъmi |
Adjectives are inflected as o/jo-stems (masculine and neuter) and a/ja-stems (feminine), in three genders. They could have short (indefinite) or long (definite) variants, the latter being formed by suffixing to the indefinite form the anaphoric third-person pronoun jь.
Synthetic verbal conjugation is expressed in present, aorist and imperfect tenses, while perfect, pluperfect, future and conditional tenses/moods are made by combining auxiliary verbs with participles or synthetic tense forms. Sample conjugation for the verb vesti "to lead" (underlyingly ved-ti) is given in the table below.
person/number | Present | Asigmatic (simple, root) aorist | Sigmatic (s-) aorist | New (ox) aorist | Imperfect | Imperative |
1 sg. | vedǫ | vedъ | věsъ | vedoxъ | veděaxъ | |
2 sg. | vedeši | vede | vede | vede | veděaše | vedi |
3 sg. | vedetъ | vede | vede | vede | veděaše | vedi |
1 dual | vedevě | vedově | věsově | vedoxově | veděaxově | veděvě |
2 dual | vedeta | vedeta | věsta | vedosta | veděašeta | veděta |
3 dual | vedete | vedete | věste | vedoste | veděašete | |
1 plural | vedemъ | vedomъ | věsomъ | vedoxomъ | veděaxomъ | veděmъ |
2 plural | vedete | vedete | věste | vedoste | veděašete | veděte |
3 plural | vedǫtъ | vedǫ | věsę | vedošę | veděaxǫ |
Basis and local influences[edit]
Old Church Slavonic is evidenced by a relatively small body of manuscripts, most of which were written in First Bulgarian Empire during the late 10th and the early 11th centuries. The language has a Southern Slavic basis with an admixture of Western Slavic features inherited during the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius to Great Moravia (863–885). The only well-preserved manuscript of the Moravian recension, the Kiev Folia, is characterised by the replacement of some Southern Slavic phonetic and lexical features with Western Slavic ones. Manuscripts written in the Second Bulgarian Empire have, on the other hand, few Western Slavic features.
Old Church Slavonic is valuable to historical linguists since it preserves archaic features believed to have once been common to all Slavic languages. Some of these features are:
- Most significantly, the yer (extra-short) vowels: /ĭ/ and /ŭ/;
- Nasal vowels: /ɛ̃/ and /ɔ̃/;
- Near-open articulation of the yat vowel (/æ/);
- Palatal consonants /ɲ/ and /ʎ/ from Proto-Slavic *ň and *ľ;
- Proto-Slavic declension system based on stem endings, including those that later disappeared in attested languages (e.g. u-stems);
- Dual as a distinct grammatical number from singular and plural;
- Aorist, imperfect, Proto-Slavic paradigms for participles.
Old Church Slavonic is also likely to have preserved an extremely archaic type of accentuation (probably close to the Chakavian dialect of modern Serbo-Croatian), but unfortunately no accent marks appear in the written manuscripts.
The Southern Slavic nature of the language is evident from the following variations:
- Phonetic:
- ra → /la/ by means of liquid metathesis of Proto-Slavic *or, *ol clusters
- sě from Proto-Slavic *xě ← *xai
- cv, (d)zv from Proto-Slavic *kvě, *gvě ← *kvai, *gvai
- morphosyntactic use of the dative possessive case in personal pronouns and nouns: 'рѫка ти' (rǫka ti, "your hand"), 'отъпоущенье грѣхомъ' (otŭpuštenĭje grěxomŭ, "remission of sins"); periphrastic future tense using the verb 'хотѣти' (xotěti, "to want"); use of the comparative form 'мьнии' (mĭniji, "smaller") to denote "younger".
- morphosyntactic use of suffixed demonstrative pronouns 'тъ, та, то' (tŭ, ta, to). In Bulgarian and Macedonian these developed into suffixed definite articles.
Old Church Slavonic has some extra features in common with Bulgarian:
- Near-open articulation [æː] of the Yat vowel (ě); still preserved in the Bulgarian dialects of the Rhodope mountains;
- The existence of /ʃt/ and /ʒd/ as reflexes of Proto-Slavic *ť (< *tj and *gt, *kt) and *ď (< *dj).
- Use of possessive dative for personal pronouns and nouns, as in 'братъ ми' (bratŭ mi, "my brother"), 'рѫка ти' (rǫka ti, "your hand"), 'отъпоущенье грѣхомъ' (otŭpuštenĭje grěxomŭ, "remission of sins"), 'храмъ молитвѣ' (xramŭ molitvě, 'house of prayer'), etc.
- Periphrastic compound future tense formed with the auxiliary verb 'хотѣти' (xotěti, "to want"), for example 'хоштѫ писати' (xoštǫ pisati, "I will write").
Proto-Slavic | OCS | Bulg. | Czech | Maced. | Pol. | Rus. | Slovak | Sloven. | Cro./Serb. |
*dʲ | ʒd | ʒd | z | ɟ | dz | ʑ | dz | j | dʑ |
*tʲ | ʃt | ʃt | ts | c | ts | tɕ | ts | tʃ | tɕ |
*ɡt/kt | ʃt | ʃt | ts | c | ts | tɕ | ts | tʃ | tɕ |
Great Moravia[edit]
The language was standardized for the first time by the mission of the two apostles to Great Moravia in 863. The manuscripts of the Moravian recension are therefore the earliest dated of the OCS recensions.[clarification needed] It is named after a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe during the 9th century on the territory of today's western Slovakia and Czech Republic.
Moravian recension[edit]
While in the Prague fragments the only Moravian influence is replacing /ʃt/ with /ts/ and /ʒd/ with /z/. This recension is exemplified by the Kiev Folia. Certain other linguistic characteristics are the following:
- Confusion between the letters Big yus (Ѫ) and Uk (оу) occurs once in the Kiev Folia, when the expected form въсоудъ vъsudъ is spelled въсѫдъ vъsǫdъ
- /ts/ from Proto-Slavic *tj, use of /dz/ from *dj, /ʃtʃ/ *skj
- use of the words mьša, cirky, papežь, prěfacija, klepati, piskati etc.
- preservation of the consonant cluster /dl/ (e.g. modlitvami)
- use of the ending –ъmь instead of –omь in the masculine singular instrumental, use of the pronoun čьso.
First Bulgarian Empire[edit]
Old Church Slavonic was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire and was taught in Preslav (Bulgarian capital between 893 and 972), and in Ohrid (Bulgarian capital between 991/997 and 1015).[21][22][23] It didn't represent one regional dialect but a generalized form of early eastern South Slavic, which cannot be localized.[24] The existence of two major literary centres in the Empire led in the period from the 9th to the 11th centuries to the emergence of two recensions (otherwise called "redactions"), termed "Bulgarian" and "Macedonian" respectively.[25][26] Some researchers do not differentiate between manuscripts of the two recensions, preferring to group them together in a "Macedo-Bulgarian"[27] or simply "Bulgarian" recension.[28][29] Others, as Horace Lunt, have changed their opinion with time. Initially Lunt (1974:5-6) stated that the differences in the initial OCS were neither great, nor consistent to oppose the Macedonian from the Bulgarian recension. However, a decade later Lunt (1985:202) seems to conceive OCS and its "adjustments" in somewhat different terms, that a Macedonian and a Bulgarian variety of OCS existed, illustrating his point with paleographic, phonological and other differences.[30] The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighboring cultures, which promoted the formation of a distinct Bulgarian identity.[31][32][33]
Bulgarian recension[edit]
The manuscripts of the Bulgarian recension[34][35][36] or "Eastern" variant[37] are among the oldest[clarification needed] of the Old Church Slavonic language.[citation needed] The recension is so named because its literary centre, the Preslav Literary School, is located in Bulgaria-proper, what is today Bulgaria. Cyrillic is attributed to this school, as the earliest datable Cyrillic inscriptions have been found in the area. A number of prominent Bulgarian writers and scholars worked at the school, including Naum of Preslav (until 893), Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch, Chernorizets Hrabar, etc. The main linguistic features of this recension are the following:
- The Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets were used concurrently.
- In some documents the original supershort vowels ъ and ь merged with one letter taking the place of the other.
- In the Macedonian recension ъ was sometimes substituted with о.
- In the Bulgarian recension the original ascending reflex (rь, lь) of syllabic /r/ and /l/ was sometimes metathesized to ьr, ьl; or a combination of the ordering was used.
- The central vowel ы y merged with ъи ъi.
- Sometimes the use of letter 〈Ѕ〉 (/dz/) was merged with that of 〈З〉 (/z/).
- The verb forms нарицаѭ, нарицаѥши (naricajǫ, naricaješi) were substituted or alternated with наричꙗѭ, наричꙗеши (naričjajǫ, naričjaješi).
Macedonian recension[edit]
The manuscripts of the Macedonian recension[38][39][40][41] or "Western" variant[42] are among the oldest[clarification needed] of the Old Church Slavonic language. The recension is sometimes named Macedonian because its literary centre, Ohrid, is located in the historical region of Macedonia. At that period, administratively Ohrid was in the province of Kutmichevitsa in the First Bulgarian Empire until the Byzantine conquest.[43] The main literary centre of this dialect was the Ohrid Literary School, whose most prominent member and most likely founder, was Saint Clement of Ohrid who was commissioned by Boris I of Bulgaria to teach and instruct the future clergy of the state in the Slavonic language. The language variety that was used in the area started shaping the modern Macedonian dialects.[44][45] This recension is represented by the Codex Zographensis and Marianus, among others. The main linguistic features of this recension are the following:
- Continuous usage of the Glagolitic alphabet instead of Cyrillic;
- A feature called "mixing (confusion) of the nasals" so that /ɔ̃/ became [ɛ̃] after /rʲ lʲ nʲ/, and in a cluster of a labial consonant and /lʲ/. /ɛ̃/ became [ɔ̃] after sibilant consonants and /j/.
- Wide use of the soft consonant clusters /ʃt/ and /ʒd/; in the later stages, these developed into the modern Macedonian phonemes /c/ /ɟ/
- Strict distinction in the articulation of the yers and their vocalisation in strong position (ъ → /o/ and ь → /e/) or deletion in weak position;
- Confusion of /ɛ̃/ with yat and yat with /e/;
- Denasalization in the latter stages: /ɛ̃/ → /e/ and /ɔ̃/ → /a/, оу, ъ;
- Wider usage and retention of the phoneme /dz/ (which in most other Slavic languages has dеaffricated to /z/);
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Later recensions[edit]
Later use of the language in a number of medieval Slavic states resulted in the adjustment of Old Church Slavonic to the local vernacular, though a number of Southern Slavic, Moravian or Bulgarian features were also preserved. Some of the significant later recension of Old Church Slavonic (referred to as Church Slavonic) in the present time are: Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Russian. In all cases, denasalization of the yuses occurred; so that only Old Church Slavonic and modern Polish retained the old Slavonic nasal vowels.
Serbian recension[edit]
The Serbian recension[46] was written in mostly Cyrillic, but also the Glagolitic alphabet depending on region, by the 12th century the Serbs used exclusively the Cyrillic alphabet (and Latin script in coastal areas). The 1186 Miroslav Gospels belongs to the Serbian recension. The linguistic characteristics are as follows:
- nasal vowels were denasalised and in one case closed: *ę → e, *ǫ → u, e.g. OCS rǫka -> Sr. ruka ("hand"), OCS językъ -> Sr. jezik ("tongue, language")
- extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect
- use of letters i, y for the sound /i/ in other manuscripts of the Serbian recension.
Due to Bulgaria becoming annexed in 1396, and the Ottoman conquering of Serbia in 1459, Serbia saw an influx of educated refugee-scribes who re-introduced a more classical form as in manuscripts of the Bulgarian recension.
Russian recension[edit]
The Russian recension emerged after the 10th century on the basis of the earlier Bulgarian recension, from which it differed slightly. Its main features are:
- substitution of the nasal sound /õ/ with [u]
- merging of letters ę and ja[47]
Middle Bulgarian[edit]
The line between OCS and post-OCS manuscripts is arbitrary and terminology is varied. The common term "Middle Bulgarian" is usually contrasted to "Old Bulgarian" (an alternative name for Old Church Slavonic), and loosely used for manuscripts whose language demonstrates a broad spectrum of regional and temporal dialect features after the 11th century.[48]
Bosnian recension[edit]
The Bosnian recension used the Bosnian Cyrillic alphabet better known as Bosančica, and Glagolitic alphabet.[49][50]
- use of letters i, y, ě for the sound /i/ in Bosnian manuscripts
Croatian recension[edit]
The Croatian recension of Old Church Slavonic is one of the earliest known today.[citation needed] It only used the Glagolitic alphabet of angular Croatian type. It is characterized by the following developments:
- de-nasalisation of PSl. *ę → e, PSl. *ǫ → u, e.g. Cr. ruka : OCS rǫka ("hand"), Cr. jezik : OCS językъ ("tongue, language")
- PSl. *y → i, e.g. Cr. biti : OCS byti ("to be")
- PSl. weak-positioned yers *ъ and *ь in merged, probably representing some schwa-like sound, and only one of the letters was used (usually 'ъ'). Evident in earliest documents like Baška tablet.
- PSl. strong-positioned yers *ъ and *ь were vocalized into a in most Štokavian and Čakavian speeches, e.g. Cr. pas : OCS pьsъ ("dog")
- PSl. hard and soft syllabic liquids *r and r′ retained syllabicity and were written as simply r, as opposed to OCS sequences of mostly rь and rъ, e.g. krstъ and trgъ as opposed to OCS krьstъ and trъgъ ("cross", "market")
- PSl. #vьC and #vъC → #uC, e.g. Cr. udova : OCS. vъdova ("widow")
Canon of Old Church Slavonic[edit]
The core corpus of Old Church Slavonic manuscripts is usually referred to as canon. Manuscripts must satisfy certain linguistic, chronological and cultural criteria to be incorporated into the canon, i.e. they must not significantly depart from the language and tradition of Constantine and Methodius, usually known as the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition.
For example, the Freising Fragments, dating from the 10th century, do show some linguistic and cultural traits of Old Church Slavonic, but are usually not included in the canon as some of the phonological features of the writings appear to belong to certain Pannonian Slavic dialect of the period. Similarly, the Ostromir Gospels exhibits dialectal features that classify it as East Slavic, rather than South Slavic, so it is not included in the canon either. On the other hand, the Kiev Missal is included in the canon, even though it manifests some West Slavic features and contains Western liturgy, due to the Bulgarian linguistic layer and connection to the Moravian mission.
Manuscripts are usually classified in two groups, depending on the alphabet used, Cyrillic or Glagolitic. With the exception of the Kiev Missal and Glagolita Clozianus which exhibit West-Slavic and Croatian features respectively, all Glagolitic texts are assumed to be of the Macedonian recension:
- Kiev Missal (Ki, KM), seven folios, late 10th century
- Codex Zographensis, (Zo), 288 folios, 10th or 11th century
- Codex Marianus (Mar), 173 folios, early 11th century
- Codex Assemanius (Ass), 158 folios, early 11th century
- Psalterium Sinaiticum (Pas, Ps. sin.), 177 folios, 11th century
- Euchologium Sinaiticum (Eu, Euch), 109 folios, 11th century
- Glagolita Clozianus (Clo, Cloz), 14 folios, 11th century
- Ohrid Folios (Ohr), 2 folios, 11th century
- Rila Folios (Ri, Ril), 2 folios and 5 fragments, 11th century
All Cyrillic manuscripts are of the Bulgarian recension and date from the 11th century, except for Zographos Fragments which is of the Macedonian recension:
- Sava's book (Sa, Sav), 126 folios
- Codex Suprasliensis, (Supr), 284 folios
- Enina Apostle (En, Enin), 39 folios
- Hilandar Folios (Hds, Hil), 2 folios
- Undol'skij's Fragments (Und), 2 folios
- Macedonian Folio (Mac), 1 folio
- Zographos Fragments (Zogr. Fr.), 2 folios
- Sluck Psalter (Ps. Sl., Sl), 5 folios
Example text[edit]
The Lord's prayer in Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic | Transliteration | Translation |
Отьчє нашь· |
Otĭče našĭ |
Our father |
The history of Old Church Slavonic writing includes a northern tradition begun by the mission to Great Moravia, including a short mission in the Balaton principality, and a Bulgarian tradition begun by some of the missionaries who relocated to Bulgaria after the expulsion from Great Moravia.
Old Church Slavonic's first writings, translations of Christian liturgical and Biblical texts, were produced by Byzantine missionaries Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, mostly during their mission to Great Moravia.
The most important authors in Old Church Slavonic after the death of Methodius and the dissolution of the Great Moravian academy were Clement of Ohrid (active also in Great Moravia), Constantine of Preslav, Chernorizetz Hrabar and John Exarch, all of whom worked in medieval Bulgaria at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. The Second Book of Enoch was only preserved in Old Church Slavonic, although the original most certainly had been Greek or even Hebrew or Aramaic.
The name of the language in Old Church Slavonic texts was simply Slavic (словѣ́ньскъ ѩзꙑ́къ, slověnĭskŭ językŭ),[51] derived from the word for Slavs (словѣ́нє, slověne), the self-designation of the compilers of the texts. This name is preserved in the modern names of the Slovak and Slovene languages. The language is sometimes called Old Slavic, which may be confused with the distinct Proto-Slavic language. The commonly accepted terms in modern English-language Slavic studies are Old Church Slavonic and Old Church Slavic.
The term Old Bulgarian[52] (German: Altbulgarisch) is the only designation used by Bulgarian-language writers. It was used in numerous 19th-century sources, e.g. by August Schleicher, Martin Hattala, Leopold Geitler and August Leskien,[53][54] who noted similarities between the first literary Slavic works and the modern Bulgarian language. For similar reasons, Russian linguist Aleksandr Vostokov used the term Slav-Bulgarian. The term is still used by some writers but nowadays normally avoided in favor of Old Church Slavonic.
The term Old Macedonian[55][56][57][58] is occasionally used by Western scholars in a regional context.
The obsolete[59] term Old Slovenian[60][59][61][62] was used by early 19th century scholars who conjectured that the language was based on the dialect of Pannonia.
Modern Slavic nomenclature[edit]
Here are some of the names used by speakers of modern Slavic languages:
- Belarusian: старажытна славянская мова (staražytnasłavianskaja mova), 'Old Slavic'
- Bulgarian: старобългарски (starobălgarski), 'Old Bulgarian', старославянски (staroslavjanski), 'Old Slavic'
- Croatian: staro(crkveno)slavenski, 'Old (Church) Slavic'
- Czech: staroslověnština, 'Old Slavic'
- Macedonian: старо(црковно)словенски (staro(crkovno)slovenski), 'Old (Church) Slavic'
- Polish: staro-cerkiewno-słowiański, 'Old Church Slavic'
- Russian: старославянский язык (staroslavjánskij jazýk), 'Old Slavic language'
- Serbian: старо(црквено)словенски, 'Old (Church) Slavic'
- Slovak: (staro)slovienčina, '(Old) Slavic'
- Slovene: stara cerkvena slovanščina, 'Old Church Slavic'
- Ukrainian: старослов'янська мова (staroslovjans'ka mova), 'Old Slavic'
See also[edit]
Church Slavic edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
- ^ Dmitrij Cizevskij. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, Vanderbilt University Press (2000) p. 27
- ^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V.Bogdanovich , History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
- ^ The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodius (c. 825–884). These men were Greeks from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity."
- ^ Hastings, Adrian (1997). The construction of nationhood: ethnicity, religion, and nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-521-62544-0. ". the activity of the brothers Constantine (later renamed Cyril) and Methodius, aristocratic Greek priests who were sent from Constantinople."
- ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1999). The barbarian conversion: from paganism to Christianity. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 327. ISBN 0-520-21859-0.
- ^ Cizevskij, Dmitrij; Zenkovsky, Serge A.; Porter, Richard E. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. vi. ISBN 0-8265-1371-9. ""Two Greek brothers from Salonika, Constantine who later became a monk and took the name Cyril and Methodius."
- ^ The illustrated guide to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 14. ISBN 0-19-521462-5. "In Eastern Europe, the first translations of the Bible into the Slavoruic languages were made by the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius in the 860s"
- ^ Smalley, William Allen (1991). Translation as mission: Bible translation in the modern missionary movement. Macon, Ga.: Mercer. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-86554-389-8. "The most important instance where translation and the beginning church did coincide closely was in Slavonic under the brothers Cyril, Methodius, with the Bible completed by AD. 880 This was a missionary translation but unusual again (from a modern point of view) because not a translation into the dialect spoken where the missionaries were The brothers were Greeks who had been brought up in Macedonia,"
- ^ Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 507. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. "Constantine (Cyril) and his brother Methodius were the sons of the droungarios Leo and Maria, who may have been a Slav."
- ^ after the Slavs invaded it. Florin Curta & Paul Stephenson, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p 214: "At the emperor's request, Constantine and his brother started the translation of religious texts into Old Church Slavonic, a literary language most likely based on the Macedonian dialect allegedly used in the hinterland of their home-town, Thessalonica."
- ^ Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe, Glanville Price, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, ISBN 0-631-22039-9, pp. 42-43.
- ^ The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity, Ken Parry, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, ISBN 1-4443-3361-5, pp. 50-51.
- ^ Interaction and isolation in late Byzantine culture, Jan Olof Rosenqvist, I.B.Tauris, 2004, ISBN 1-85043-944-3, p. 58
- ^ Speech, Memory, and Meaning: Intertextuality in Everyday Language, Studies and Monographs by Boris Gasparov,, Walter de Gruyter, 2010, ISBN 3-11-021910-7, p. 185.
- ^ Horace Gray Lunt, Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Berlin(2001) p.15
- ^ cited after Huntley (1993, pp. 126–127)
- ^ Huntley (1993, pp. 127–128)
- ^ Syllabic sonorant, written with jer in superscript, as opposed to the regular sequence of /r/ followed by a /ь/.
- ^ a b Huntley (1993, p. 133)
- ^ Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration, Alan W. Ertl, Universal-Publishers, 2008, ISBN 1-59942-983-7, p. 436.
- ^ Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Nationalisms Across the Globe, Chris Kostov, Publisher Peter Lang, ISBN 3-0343-0196-0, p. 50.
- ^ The poetics of Slavdom: the mythopoeic foundations of Yugoslavia, Zdenko Zlatar, Peter Lang, 2007, ISBN 0-8204-8135-1, pp. 532-533.
- ^ Old Church Slavonic grammar, Horace Gray Lunt, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, ISBN 3-11-016284-9, p. 1.
- ^ The entry of the Slavs into Christendom: an introduction to the medieval history of the Slavs, A. P. Vlasto, CUP Archive, 1970, ISBN 0-521-07459-2, pp. 174-176.
- ^ Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Blackwell textbooks in linguistics, Benjamin W. Fortson, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, ISBN 1-4051-8896-0, p. 431.
- ^ Ancient Indo-European Dialects, University of California Press, 1966, p. 154.
- ^ The Slavic languages, Roland Sussex, Paul V. Cubberley, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-22315-6, pp. 64-65.
- ^ Македония, проблемы истории и културы, Институт славяноведения, Российская Академия Наук, Москва, 1999, Размышления о македонском "срезе" палеоболгаристики – И. И. Калиганов. (Russian)
- ^ See: "American contributions to the Tenth International Congress of Slavists", Sofia, September 1988, Alexander M. Schenker, Slavica, 1988, ISBN 0-89357-190-3, p. 47.
- ^ Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1-85065-534-0, pp. 19-20.
- ^ Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македонија, Иван Микулчиќ, Македонска академија на науките и уметностите – Скопје, 1996, стр. 72.
- ^ A short history of modern Bulgaria, R. J. Crampton, CUP Archive, 1987, ISBN 0521273234, p. 5.
- ^ Bruce Manning Metzger. The early versions of the New Testament: their origin, transmission, and limitations. P. 409
- ^ Roland Sussex, Paul V. Cubberley. The Slavic languages. Pp. 64-65
- ^ Tomasz Kamusella. The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Pp. 276-277, 279
- ^ "...A similar point of view was also voicedby H. G. Lunt in 1974 when, after suggesting that the Cyrillic texts show more specifically eastern Bulgarian dialectal features of OCS..." Aspects of the Slavic Middle Ages and Slavic Renaissance culture, American University Studies, Henrik Birnbaum, Lang, 1991, ISBN 0820410578, p. 535.
- ^ Henry R. Cooper. Slavic Scriptures: The Formation of the Church Slavonic Version of the Holy Bible, pg. 86
- ^ Roomsch-Katholieke Universiteit, et al. Polata Knigopisnaja: An Information Bulletin Devoted to the Study of Early Slavic Books, Texts and Literatures, pg. 70
- ^ Roman Jakobson, P Weinrich. Slavic languages: Distribution of Slavic languages in present day Europe, pg. 7
- ^ Yuriy Sherekh, George Y. Shevekov. A prehistory of Slavic: the historical phonology of common Slavic
- ^ "...Specific phonological and lexical differences led Jagic and many others after him, to distinguish carefully between the Western or Macedonian OCS of the glagolithic manuscripts and the Eastern or Bulgarian OCS of the Suprasliensis...": Language and literary theory: in honor of Ladislav Matejka, Benjamin A. Stolz, I. R. Titunik, Lubomír Doležel, University of Michigan, 1984, p. 111.
- ^ The entry of the Slavs into Christendom: an introduction to the medieval history of the Slavs, A. P. Vlasto, CUP Archive, 1970, ISBN 0-521-07459-2, p. 169.
- ^ Old Church Slavonic, Horace Lunt
- ^ Macedonian, Victor Friedman, Facts about world's languages, 2001
- ^ Old Church Slavonic grammar
- ^ Paul Cubberley Russian: A Linguistic IntroductionCambridge University Press (2002), p.44
- ^ The definite article in contemporary standard Bulgarian, Gerald L. Mayer, Freie Universität Berlin. Osteuropa-Institut, Otto Harrassowitz, 1988, p. 108.
- ^ Susan Baddeley, Anja Voeste (2012). Orthographies in Early Modern Europe. Walter de Gruyter. p. 275. "[...] the first printed book in Cyrillic (or, to be more precise, in Bosančica)"
- ^ Cleminson, Ralph (2000). Cyrillic books printed before 1701 in British and Irish collections: a union catalogue. British Library.
- ^ Nandris, Grigore (1959). Old Church Slavonic Grammar, p. 2 (London: University of London Athlone Press).
- ^ Ziffer, Giorgio – On the Historicity of Old Church Slavonic UDK 811.163.1(091)
- ^ A. Leskien, Handbuch der altbulgarischen (altkirchenslavischen) Sprache, 6. Aufl., Heidelberg 1922.
- ^ A. Leskien, Grammatik der altbulgarischen (altkirchenslavischen) Sprache, 2.-3. Aufl., Heidelberg 1919.
- ^ J P Mallory, D Q Adams. Encyclopaedia of Indo-European Culture. Pg 301
- ^ R. E. Asher, J. M. Y. Simpson. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, pg. 429
- ^ Dmitrij Cizevskij. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, pg. 26
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, pg. 374
- ^ a b Walter de Gruyter. On Medieval and Renaissance Slavic Writing. P. 15
- ^ Horace Gray Lunt. Old Church Slavonic grammar. Pg 4
- ^ D. Appleton. The universal cyclopaedia. Pp. 436, 561-562
- ^ Tomasz Kamusella. The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Pp. 35, 291, 294
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Old Church Slavonic |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Church Slavonic. |
Old Church Slavonic repository of Wikisource, the free library |
- Old Church Slavonic Online, a comprehensive tutorial at the A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
- Medieval Slavic Fonts on AATSEEL
- Corpus Cyrillo-Methodianum Helsingiense: An Electronic Corpus of Old Church Slavonic Texts
- Research Guide to Old Church Slavonic
- Old Church Slavonic and the Macedonian recension of the Church Slavonic language, Elka Ulchar (Macedonian)
- Vittore Pisani, Old Bulgarian Language, Sofia, Bukvitza, 2012. English, Bulgarian, Italian.
- Languages with ISO 639-2 code
- Languages with ISO 639-1 code
- Old Church Slavonic language
- Eastern Orthodoxy
- Extinct languages of Europe
- Extinct Slavic languages
- Great Moravia
- Bulgarian Empire
- History of Bulgaria
- History of Macedonia
- Medieval Bulgarian literature
- Medieval languages
- Medieval Bulgaria
- Medieval Macedonia
- Medieval Serbia


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