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Campanella, Tomasso
Tomasso Campanella 1568–1639
Italian philosopher and poet. The following entry contains discussion of Campanella's life and works published from 1922 through 1992.
An important philosopher of the late Italian Renaissance, Campanella proclaimed himself to be the prophet of a new age that combined the best ideas of the old world with those of a new, modern society. His Utopian vision is most clearly conveyed in his La Citta del sole (1623; City of the Sun), his most famous work. A man of action as well as of words, Campanella attacked both the Church establishment and the Spanish monarchy: he was involved in planning a revolt against Spain—which was unsuccessful—and was repeatedly imprisoned for his heretical beliefs. Contributing numerous volumes of philosophical and political writings, Campanella is also recognized as a courageous and rebellious individual, often hailed as one of the first great reformers of the modern age.
Biographical Information
The son of an illiterate shoemaker, Campanella was born Giovanni Domenico in Stilo, Calabria, on September 5, 1568. At a young age he displayed remarkable intellectual abilities. He joined the Dominican order at fourteen years old to study the philosophy of Aristotle. To his superiors' dismay, Campanella soon displayed Anti-Aristotelian tendencies, preferring a more intuitive and less analytical natural philosophy. In 1588 Campanella was sent to the theological house of studies at Cosenza where he first encountered the writings of Bernardino Telesio, a natural philosopher who also objected to Aristotle's teachings. He read Telesio's De rerum natura juxta propria principia (1565, 1586), and was thrilled to discover a kindred spirit. Telesio died before the two could meet, but his writings continued to inspire Campanella, becoming the cornerstone of his own philosophy. In 1589 Campanella completed his first significant work in just seven months' time, Philosophia sensibus demonstrata, in which he attempted to vindicate Telesio from the attacks of his detractors, especially Giocomo Antonio Marta. Around that time Campanella encountered a Jewish rabbi, Abraham, from whom he acquired strong interests in astrology and magic. As these interests (as
well as his anti-Aristotelianism) were contrary to Dominican teachings and traditional Thomistic doctrines, Campanella was arrested, charged with heresy, and tried. He was instructed to reject Telesian doctrine and was ordered back to Calabria in 1592. Ignoring his sentence, Campanella went to Padua where he encountered Galileo and Paolo Sarpi. For almost a year Campanella continued to develop his thinking along Telesian lines in works like Apologia pro Telesio (c. 1593-94) and Nova physiologia iuxta propria principia (c. 1593-94). He was again arrested in 1594 by the order of the Holy Office in Padua who seized all of his manuscripts. Campanella was accused of many offenses, including being critical of Church doctrine, and was severely beaten and tortured. In his own defense he wrote several volumes including Defensio Telesianorum, all of which, unfortunately, have been lost. Released in December 1597 Campanella returned to his native Stilo on condition that he confine himself to the monastery in Calabria. The socio-political upheavals of the time and Campanella's belief in astrology and prophecies, however, compelled him otherwise. Convinced that great changes were at hand and that he was both a prophet and a leader of the millennium, Campanella helped instigate a revolt in Calabria against the Spanish monarchy. Unsuccessful in his attempt to replace the existing form of government with a Utopian republic founded on religion and natural magic, he was subsequently arrested in 1599, but feigned madness to avoid being put to death. He spent the next twenty-seven years in prison, eight of which were spent in a windowless dungeon. During this period Campanella penned what is often considered his most significant prose and poetry, including City of the Sun, Monarchia di Spagna (1620), Metaphysics (1638), and Theologia (c. 1613). He also wrote letters appealing to the Pope, cardinals, or to anyone who could help him gain his freedom. Successful in these efforts he was released by the Spanish authorities in 1626. He was arrested less than one month later, however, by the Holy Office because of his philosophical opinions, and remained in prison until January, 1629. After spending nearly thirty years in prison and being continuously kept under observation by both the Papal and Spanish authorities, Campanella left Italy for France in 1634, where he was received with favor by Cardinal Richelieu and King Louis XIII. During his last years, as throughout his life, Campanella engaged in political and literary activities: he attempted to influence French politics by initiating anti-Spanish campaigns and prepared the final editions of his works. Campanella died on May 21, 1639 in France at a Dominican monastery in Rue St. Honoré.
Major Works
Throughout his life, Campanella wrote more than one hundred volumes ranging from metaphysics and theology to political theory and Utopian fiction. His philosophical writings include Philosophia sensibus demonstrata, De sense rerum et magia, and De gentilismo non retinendo (1636), and contain strong anti-Aristotelian notions influenced by the new empirical ideas of Telesio and Galileo. This new mode of thinking is clearly evident in the City of the Sun as Campanella combines elements of abstract and rational modes to form the philosophical foundation of his ideal society. Moreover, his Monarchia del Messia (c. 1605) and Atheismus triumphatus (c. 1605-7) confim his theocratic convictions toward governing the new society, while his Monarchia di Spanga and Ecloga in Principis Galliarum delphini admirandam nativitatem (1639) provide the means to realize his Utopian ends. Campanella's poetry also reveals both his optimism in his role as a prophet of the new age and his frustration at his inability to fulfill the mission. "I live as I write" wrote Campanella in a letter to Cardinal Antonio Barberini. Considered in their totality, the scope and complexity of Campanula's writings indeed reflect his turbulent yet courageous life.
Critical Reception
Reaction to Campanella's ideas varied from repeated imprisonment and torture to a milder form of censure from his contemporaries Gaspar Schopp and Samuel Sorbière, the latter once referring to Campanella as a "most inefficient and ignorant monk." Campanula's supporters such as Tobias Adami and Gabriel Naudé, however, lauded his extraordinary intelligence. During his own lifetime, both Campanella's admirers and detractors lacked objective critical analysis, while critics in the eighteenth through the twentieth century grappled with determining the extent his anti-Aristotelianism. Many recent critics are concerned with Campanella's political writings and with examining the apparent contradiction between his overtly stated antipathy to Machiavelli and the strategic opportunism of his political theories. This focus also sparked an interest in examining the City of the Sun in relation to the whole tradition of utopian writing. The majority of recent criticism, however, focuses on the historical elements of Campanella's philosophy, interpreting his paradoxical thought as reflecting the social and political climate of the late Italian Renaissance.
Principal Works
Philosophia sensibus demonstrata [Experimental Philosophy] (philosophy) 1589
De sense rerum et magia (philosophy) c.1591
* Apologia pro Telesio (philosophy) c. 1593-94
* Nova Physiologia iuxta propria principia (philosophy) c. 1593-94
Monarchia del Messia (political treatise) c. 1605
Atheismus triumphatus [Atheism Conquered] (prose) c. 1605-7
Quaestiones physiologicae, ethicae et politicae (prose) c.1613
†Theologia (prose) c.1613
‡ Quod reminiscentur [On Converting the Heathen] (prose) c. 1616
Del senso delle cose e della magia [On the Sense and Feeling in All Things and on Magic] (philosophy) 1620
Monarchia di Spagna [A Discourse Touching the Spanish Monarchy] (political treatise) 1620
Scelta d 'alcune Poesie filosofiche (poetry) 1622
Apologia pro Galileo [The Defense of Galileo] (prose) 1622
La Città del sole [City of the Sun] (utopian fiction) 1623
De gentilismo non retinendo [On the Gentilism that must not be adhered to] (prose) 1636
Metaphysics (philosophy) 1638
Poetica (poetry) 1638
Ecloga in Principis Galliarum...
(The entire section is 158 words.)
SOURCE: An excerpt from The Story of Utopias, Boni and Liveright, 1922, pp. 103-08.
[In the following excerpt from his critical study of Utopian thought, Mumford characterizes Campanella 's City of the Sun as a "utopia of means, " largely concerned with mechanical inventions and the material perfection of society.]
A Genoese sea-captain is the guest of a Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller. This sea-captain tells him of a great country under the equator, dominated by the City of the Sun. The outward appearance of this country is a little strange—the city with its seven rings named after the seven planets, and its four gates that lead to the four quarters of the earth, and the hill that is topt by a grand temple, and the walls covered with laws and alphabets and paintings of natural phenomena, and the Rulers—Power, Wisdom, and Love—with the learned doctors, Astrologus, Cosmographus, Arithmeticus, and their like: it is an apparition such as never yet was seen on land or sea. Small wonder, for this City of the Sun existed only in the exotic brain of a Calabrian monk, Tommaso Campanella, whose Utopia existed in manuscript before Andreae wrote his Christianopolis.
We shall not stay long in the City of the Sun. After we have become familiar with the outward color and form of the landscape, we discover, alas! that it is not a foreign country we are exploring, but a sort of...
(The entire section is 1097 words.)
SOURCE: "Tommaso Campanella: The City of the Sun," in Journey Through Utopia, 1950. Reprint by The Beacon Press, 1951, p. 88-102.
[In the following excerpt, Berneri provides an overview of Campanella's philosophical ideas, political activities, and lengthy imprisonment, and notes that "The City of the Sun is in fact closely related to Campanella 's unsuccessful attempt to create a Republic of Calabria"]
There is none of More's literary elegance and fine irony in Campanella's City of the Sun, for unlike him he did not write in the pleasant circle of refined humanists but with his mind and limbs still aching from the tortures of the Inquisition.
Giovan Domenico Campanella was born in 1568, at Stilo, in Calabria, that province of Italy which even today remains a mystery to the Italians themselves and stubbornly refuses to become assimilated into Europe. He came from a poor family, and his father, when called as a witness at one of the trials of his famous son, testified with a touching simplicity: "I had heard that my son had written a book in Naples and everybody told me how fortunate I was; now they all tell me how unlucky I am; as for me I can neither read nor write."
Campanella was put in a monastery when he was still a child; when he was fourteen years old he entered the order of the Dominicans and it was then that he took the name of Tommaso. He...
(The entire section is 2626 words.)
SOURCE: "Counterpart to More: Campanella's City of the Sun or the Utopia of Social Order," in The Principle of Hope, 1959, translated by Neville Plaice, Stephen Plaice, and Paul Knight, Basil Blackwell, 1986, pp. 523-34.
[In the following excerpt from The Principle of Hope, originally published in German as Das Prinzip Hoffnung, Bloch contrasts the Utopian vision of Campanella with that of More, arguing that these two writers influenced two opposing traditions of Utopian writing: social order and freedom.]
The Baroque is the age of centralized royal power, and it was progressive at that time. A totally authoritarian and also bureaucratic utopia: Campanella's Civitas solis, published in 1623, now corresponded to the harmony of bourgeois interests with the monarchy. Instead of freedom, as in More, the tune that now rings out is that of order, with rulers and supervisors. Instead of a president of the Utopians, in a simple Franciscan cloak, with a harvest crown, a ruler appears, a world pope. And what Campanella found most seductive about America was no longer, as in More, the paradisial innocence of the islanders, but the highly constructed Inca empire of the past. Lewis Mumford, in The Story of Utopias, 1922, calls Campanella's Utopia nothing short of a 'marriage between Plato's Republic and the court of Montezuma'. After all, as noted above, Plato's...
(The entire section is 2652 words.)
SOURCE: "Political Theory: The Ideal State," in Tommaso Campanella: Renaissance Pioneer of Modern Thought, The Catholic University of America Press, 1969, pp. 264-98.
[Reacting against interpretations of The City of the Sun as a communist or rationalist Utopia, Bonansea views Campanella's Utopian text as depicting an ideal society "in the pure order of nature," "modeled after the system of early Christian communities."]
The City of the Sun, which in its Latin edition appears as an appendix to the treatise Politica in aphorismos digesta, is a fictional dialogue. In it a Genoese Sea Captain tells a Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitalers about his journey to the island of Taprobane under the equator. While there, he met a large group of armed men and women, many of whom understood his language, and they took him to the City of the Sun. The city, in the Captain's report, is largely built on a hill which rises out of an extensive plain, but its rings extend far beyond the base of the hill. The diameter of the city is over two miles and the circumference seven miles. Yet, because of the humped shape of the mountain, the area contains more buildings than it would if the city were built on a plain.
The city is divided into seven huge rings or circles named for the seven planets, and each ring is connected by four streets and gates facing the four points of the compass. The...
(The entire section is 4615 words.)
SOURCE: "Structure and Mind in Two Seventeenth-Century Utopias: Campanella and Bacon," in Yale French Studies, Vol. 49, 1973, pp. 82-95.
[Reiss compares Campanella's and Bacon's Utopian texts as illustrating two types of Utopian vision—"the dynamic and the static."]
The Utopian thinker, according to Marx, writes as a bourgeois who, in the silence of his study, gives free play at once to his reason and his imagination, and it may be supposed that this acknowledged duality of cause has its reflexion in the result. For the utopian ideal is at once a meditation upon history or an historical situation and a proposing of an "ideal" solution to that history. Indeed, to the extent that the utopia represents at once myth and the reasoned attempt to permit the insertion of that myth into the stream of History, it clearly partakes—as a literary text—of that epistemological division of thought which appears to characterize the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in Europe. Insofar as the utopia is dynamic, it may offer an idealized continuation of that history, and it may thus be said to be adapted rather to the serial process of rational (logico-mathematical) thinking. Insofar as the utopia is static, it suggests a halt to History; and this halt can be found only in the creation of a myth, a retreat from social praxis into a mental figure of social stasis, the freezing of that praxis. In...
(The entire section is 4608 words.)
SOURCE: " The City of the Sun and the Poetics of the Utopian Dialogue," in Stanford Italian Review, Vol. 2, Fall, 1985, pp. 175-87.
[In the following excerpt, Snyder examines the poetics of Campanella's Utopian text, arguing that Campanella deliberately chose the dialogic form since dialogism is intrinsic to the liminal nature of all Utopian fiction.]
Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639) is known today chiefly for his famous work of Utopian fiction, La Città del Sole (The City of the Sun), still widely considered among the most important texts in the Renaissance Utopian tradition. Despite its status as a specifically literary work, though, The City of the Sun has yet to attract much critical attention to the problem of its poetics. This is not in itself surprising, given that the genre of Utopian fiction has traditionally been studied solely in terms of its political and historical significance. Most Utopian criticism concerns itself with thematics, not poetics; just as most of us can summarize what Utopias are "about" (even if we have never read one) without ever touching upon the question of the forms of these fictions. Yet, as their paradoxical name indicates, Utopias are first and foremost fictional texts, and therefore Utopian fiction constitutes a linguistic code and a set of textual strategies. There is an urgent need to see Utopian texts as being constructed according to...
(The entire section is 4552 words.)
SOURCE: "Reflections on Renaissance Hermeticism and Seventeenth-Century Utopias," in Utopian Studies, Vol. I, 1987, pp. 188-97.
[In the following excerpt, Spielvogel traces the influence of Hermeticism on Campanella 's philosophy in relation to the combination of science and magic that characterizes his ideal society.]
Although modern historians rarely agree on any significant issue, there is a fair degree of unanimity on viewing the seventeenth century as the turning point in the emergence of modern Western history. It was a century full of plagues, constitutional crises, famines, population declines, economic depression, almost constant warfare, and widespread persecution of witches. But it also marked the emergence of the modern nation-state, a secular society and most important of all, a new view of reality, the universe and humankind that was embodied in the Scientific Revolution. The belief that material reality constitutes the only reality, resulting from the shift to a mechanistic universe, has become, after all, the modern Western way of viewing the world.
It is my feeling that seventeenth-century utopians have much to tell us about the significance of their century. They might also be able to enlighten us about what has gone wrong with out own twentieth century. Seventeenth-century utopians, as the Manuels [Frank E. and Fritzie P.] have pointed out in their masterful study on...
(The entire section is 1754 words.)
SOURCE: "The Sun State and its Shadow: On the Condition of Utopian Writing," in Utopias, edited by Eugene Kamenka, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1987, pp. 1-19.
[In the following essay, originally presented at the Fifteenth Annual Symposium of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 1984, Stephens discusses the dystopian "shadow" in Campanella's City of the Sun, and contrasts the fictional techniques used by utopian writers of the Renaissance with those of later centuries.]
Any beginning for an essay such as this has to be arbitrary. Rather than begin with Thomas More, I shall instead take one of his successors, who wrote about a century later, namely Fra Tommaso Campanella and his work, written first in Italian in 1602, entitled La Città del Sole. It was first published in Germany, in the author's own Latin version, in 1623 as Civitas Solis. I have chosen Campanella because he lends himself well to bringing out clearly the duality and contradiction inherent in positive Utopias as a genre. Campanella was a Dominican monk and a revolutionary who spent almost half of his seventy-one years in prison. Indeed, he composed his Utopia there after being condemned to life imprisonment in 1602 for his part in an abortive attempt to overthrow Spanish rule in Calabria. Initially a rebel against both church and state, he none the less began, from about 1606 onwards, to write on the...
(The entire section is 6557 words.)
SOURCE: "On the Rearming of the Heaven: The Machiavellism of Tommaso Campanella," in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 49, No. 3, July-September, 1988, pp. 387-404.
[Despite his avowed aversion of Machivellian philosophy, Campanella is often viewed as a Machiavellian writer. In the excerpt below, Headley concludes that despite seeming similarities between the two political philosophers, their differing historical contexts lead to fundamental ideological conflicts, especially with respect to the role of religion in civic society.]
After Aristotle the greatest single intellectual antagonist of Campanella was Niccolò Machiavelli. Although Campanella was born forty years after the author of The Prince had died, he experienced a dramatic encounter with some of the immortal remains of his future archenemy. Campanella reports of his going to Florence in October 1592 in the hope of some university appointment: the Grand Duke Ferdinand I had given him permission to be escorted by the librarian Baccio Valori through the Laurentian, one of the first libraries of Europe, and, to the young Dominican, a treasury of learning that surpassed the much vaunted library of the Ptolemies at Alexandria. In the course ofthe tour Valori at one point took the intent visitor back to a secluded treasure chamber where the most precious codices and manuscripts were kept. There Campanella tells of being shown the books of...
(The entire section is 6509 words.)
SOURCE: "Tommaso Campanella and the End of the Renaissance," in Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2, Fall, 1990, pp. 157-74.
[In the following excerpt, Headley argues that the contradictory elements in Campanella's philosophy are representative of a changing historical movement as the Renaissance gave way to the modern age at the beginning of the seventeenth century.]
Do historical periods, or better yet historical movements, have an end, a definitive termination? It is hardly necessary to observe that historical periods exist in historians' heads as means of defining the past; such periods can only begin to have substantive meaning insofar as they are informed by a movement sufficiently self-conscious and coherent as to achieve contemporary identity over a succession of years, thereby demarcating a fairly distinct period, a historical period to the later historian. Rather than as a period, the Renaissance can better be understood preeminently as a cultural movement, affecting and redefining the aristocracy during the years 1300 to 1600. Although the ambiguity of the term Renaissance as both historical movement and historical period remains, and in doing so serves a useful function, this paper treats the Renaissance primarily as a movement.
Thus to return to the question: Is there an end to that cultural movement that we call the Renaissance, and if so how and...
(The entire section is 5902 words.)
SOURCE: "Tommaso Campanella and Jean de Launoy: The Controversy over Aristotle and his Reception in the West," in Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. XLIII, No. 3, Autumn, 1990, pp. 529-50.
[Focusing on Campanella's polemic, On the Gentilism that must not be adhered to, Headley argues that Campanella's anti-Aristotelianism derives from his commitment to Christianity and the new spirit of empiricism.]
In his first published work, the Philosophy Demonstrated by the Senses (Naples, 1591), Tommaso Campanella evinced at the outset of his long intellectual career that abiding and most pronounced feature of his entire philosophical position, namely, an opposition to Aristotle. The product of a twenty-one year old man, this book conveys a fresh empiricism and is significantly untainted by the impact of astrology or the occultism of G. B. Delia Porta or the later political religious interests impelled by a personal messianism that would shape his thought. In combatting the detractors of Telesio against Aristotle, the ardent young Dominican charges the followers of the all highest Stagirite with embracing the sentences of others without bothering to scrutinize the nature of things. Our current affliction, he announces, is to excuse willingly the errors handed down by the ancients, as if bound to them, and to deny our own sensible experience. Chiefly to blame are certain books of dialectic with abstract names...
(The entire section is 6247 words.)
SOURCE: "Messianic Vision in the Poetry of Fra Tommaso Campanella," in Romance Languages Annual, Vol. 4, 1992, pp. 270-77.
[Focusing on Campanella's poetry, Laggini-Fiore discusses the autobiographical aspects of Campanella's utopian vision.]
Little has been written on what Franc Ducros [in Tommaso Campanella Poète, 1969] calls Fra Tommaso Campanella's rôle messianique, yet the messianic vision of the poet is central to both his poetry and his life. It was the direct result of his relationship with the world and with society: his poetry was written while he languished in the jails of the Inquisition for many years; his defense of Galileo was a response to the rulings of the Inquisition on matters of scientific research; his Cittá del Sole was simply the expression of his desire for a more perfect and a more just society. Campanella's poetry reflects the age, not on an external and superficial level, but with an internal and intimate one that will not be satisifed simply with commenting on the problems of the times but will go much further in seeking revolutionary solutions. He is no longer satisfied with the Renaissance solution of immobility and static perfection, and instead searches for a "new" solution to fit the new role of man. Through his poetry we shall find the evolution of a revolutionary vision that will begin by the anointment of himself as leader in a political fight...
(The entire section is 7097 words.)
Further Reading
Abramowitz, Isidore. The Great Prisoners: The First Anthology of Literature Written in Prison. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1946, 879 p.
Views Campanella's City of the Sun as the yoking together of the medieval world of astrology and the new spirit of enquiry and experimentation.
Blodgett, Eleanor Dickenson. "Bacon's New Atlantis and Campanella's Civitas Solis: A Study in Relationships." PMLA XLVI, No. 3 (September 1931): 763-80.
Highlights the similarities between the two utopian texts and sees the differences as a product of the authors' differing life experiences.
Costa, Dennis. "Poetry and Gnosticism: The Poetica of Tommaso Campanella." Viator 15 (1984): 405-18.
Argues that Campanella's philosophy was heavily influenced by Gnosticism.
Cro, Stelio. "Tommaso Campanella and the Poetry of the Baroque." Romance Notes XXII, No. 1 (Fall 1981): 88-93.
Views Campanella's as one of the first modern Baroque poets who was convinced that the modern age was superior to the Classical ancient times.
Ernst, Germana. "From the watery Trigon to the fiery Trigon: Celestial Signs,...
(The entire section is 477 words.)
Source: Literary Criticism (1400-1800), ©1996 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.


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Brief opinions about events of the past week:
Merit: For signs of progress in healing our state's economy. According to a report released Friday, the state's unemployment rate dropped three-tenths of a percentage point to 9.3 percent in October. This is no big deal by itself, but what's more significant is that North Carolina added 8,000 new jobs in September, and the biggest gains weren't, for once, in the public-employment sector. Rather, they were in leisure and hospitality.
More important is the big picture: Unemployment has dropped 1.3 percentage points in the past year, and we've gained 35,700 jobs. We've still got a lot of catching-up to do, but we're moving in the right direction.
Demerit: For the sinkhole that ate N.C. 24. The hole that was discovered Wednesday night has created traffic nightmares in eastern Fayetteville. It looked like a small pothole from the pavement level, but engineers looked below and found a collapsed drain pipe had opened up a 12-foot-deep, nearly 50-foot-long sinkhole that spanned three of Grove Street's four lanes. The collapsed roadway is between Dunn and Cedar Creek roads.
It was a traffic-congestion perfect storm, coming just one day after the closure of U.S. 301 for the replacement of a bridge over the Cape Fear River.
Repair crews will work around the clock to rebuild the roadway, but it may be several weeks before the road returns to normal.
Merit: For Congressman Larry Kissell, a Democrat, and his successor, Republican Richard Hudson, for their cordial efforts at a smooth and orderly transition.
Kissell and Hudson met in Washington on Thursday to review issues of the 8th Congressional District.
Both had glowing words for the other. That's a stark contrast to the tone of their hotly contested election contest, in which millions of dollars were spent. Hudson, a onetime aide to former Rep. Robin Hayes, took advantage of the 8th District's redistricting - which removed Democratic-leaning Fayetteville - to win the race.
Demerit: For the N.C. Commerce Department, which distributed $80 million in grants to 20 nonprofit groups during the last fiscal year but didn't monitor how the money was being spent. A report from the State Auditor's Office says the department didn't follow its own risk-assessment policies with the grants.
"We're not saying anything was misspent," State Auditor Beth Wood said. "The problem is, nobody knows because nobody is looking." We hope Wood and the Commerce Department will collaborate on a better monitoring mechanism.
Merit: For the Sampson County Planning and Zoning Board, which has approved two new solar electric projects for the county. Both solar farms will sprout, appropriately enough, in agricultural districts.
Thus, Sampson joins its neighbors in southeastern North Carolina in raising the latest, most prolific of crops - acres of solar panels that turn sunlight into electricity. It's the perfect planting: no noise, no contaminants, no emissions. Nothing but contributions to the power grid. We hope the crop continues to thrive.
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The Loyola Maroon Vol. XXXII, X-259 Loyola Univer»ity, New Orleans, La., October 1, 1954 No. 1 University Enrollment Reaches 2784 trosh Registration neacnes 595, Fr. Doyle Announces By JOHN NICOSIA A freshmen enrollment of 595 has increased the University's total student body figure to 2784, the Rev. Edward A. Doyle, S.J., dean of faculties, announced. All schools with the exception of college of music show increases in freshmen enrollment. The college of arts and sciences and the school of law lead the way with substanticil rises. Three hundred and sixty-five freshmen are enrolled in arts and science swelling its enrollment to 936. Business administration has an increase of 103 newcomers, upping the number of students in that school to 289. Dentistry registered an almost identical figure as that of last year. This year's 54 new students brings its total to 213. No new statistics have been compiled for the college of pharmacy. Pharmacy has been changed «o that the courie now covers five years. As part of this plan freshmen now majoring in pharmacy are considered part of arts and sciences until their third year. Music shows a drop of exactly SOr/C over last year in the freshman class. The 12 new students raises its number to 83. Registration thus far shows an enrollment of 738 in the Evening Division and 209 in Industrial Relations. The latter's registration is incomplete, the Rev. Louis Twomey, S.J., director, said. Loyola welcomed the 595 freshmen during Orientation Week, September 13-17, with a program including lectures designed to familiarize the students with the University and its traditions. They were addressed by the Reverends Edward A. Doyle, S.J., dean of faculties; Anthony C. O'Flynn, S.J., dean of students; Sam H. Ray, S.J., student counsellor; Miss Joan Barrios, dean of women; Mr. Jack Orsley, director of intramural sports; Maj. Robert Goggans, assistant PMS&T, and Tom Rayer, Student Council president. The freshmen were guided on tours of the campus by members of the Student Council and by LSL and APO, service organizations. All freshmen are required to attend the Jambalaya Party tonight in the quadrangle. This party serves to bring them and the upperclassmen together in a social activity. 'Mama' Joins Teen-Agers In Loyola Freshman Class By JOAN GAULENE* "Mama is a freshman!" And a Loyola freshman at that. Always wanting a college education, Mrs. Louis (Lillnette) Hiller, 37, enrolled at the University this semester where she wjll study toward a bachelor of science degree in secondary education. Mrs. Hiller only smiled at the attention she gets garbed in frosh "beanie" and dog tag and confided, "My secret ambition has always been to go to college." Having graduated from high school during the bleakest days of depression in 1934, higher education at that time was out of the question. However, she went out to prove that "where there's a will there's a way." "Now that we are living in New Orleans, and the children are older, with three universities in my backyard it would be foolish not to take the opportunity," she explained. This enthusiastic freshman intends to be a full-fledged student and enjoy extracurricular activitivea as well as her studies. Still MRS. HILLER Frank Newman Appointed ROTC Regimental Commander Frank R. Newman, A&S senior, was named regimental commander for the Univerversity's ROTC unit for 1954-55, according to Lt. Col. Luther R. Barth, commandant of the Loyola unit. Clarence J. Zimmerman, A&S senior, executive officer; James W. Finegan, BA senior, adjutant, and Fred P. Westenberger, BA senior, S-3, comprise the regimental staff. Robert C. Hanburg, A&S senior, and Richard A. Vavrick, BA senior, have been appointed battalion commanders. Joseph D. Drez, BA senior, and A 1 J. Belaire, A&S senior, are executive officers of the first and second battalions respectively. Company commanders appointed were James P. O'Shaughnessy, John W. Nicosia, Matthew E. Baer, and John E. Albright, A&S seniors. Col. Barth said that Newman has been one of the University's outstanding ROTC cadfets during the past three years. A graduate of Metairie High, Newman has been an outstanding trackman for Coach Jim McCafferty.During the past season his 20.9 performance in the 220 at Miami was one of the best in the nation. He was also a top century man and a member of the Pack's fine 440-relay team. FRANK NEWMAN Campus Party Slated Tonite In Quadrangle Tonight's the night! The night for a Jambalaya party that is. The time is 8 p.m. and the place is the University quadrangle.Activities include games, contests and competitive singing, and it promises to be a gala event. A king and queen of bubble gum blowing will be crowned; a trophy will be awarded to the winner of the fraternity group tinging; out-of-state attendees will be presented with badges denoting their home state, Rosie Parrino, chairman of the party committee, said. Danceable music by the Campus Capers ' orchestra, refreshments, and an over all pleasant atmosphere blend into what should be the party of the year. The Rev. Sam Hill Ray, S.J., University chaplain, and the various sodalists will lead the recitation of the rosary at midnight. Asher Heads United Fund Campus Drive Henry W. Asher, Jr., of the department of Public Relations, was named chairman of the committee for the United Fund Drive which begins Monday, the Very Rev. W. Patrick Donnelly, S.J., president, announced. Assisting in the drive as committee heads for the faculty and staff contributions are Dr. Harold Peterson, dentistry; Dr. Edward J. Ireland, pharmacy; William P. Carr, business administration; Dr. Mark D. Home, arts and sciences; Guy F. Bernard, music; Patricia Murphy, law; Timothy Duggan, biology; and Henry Guerin, maintenance. Pledge carii have been distributed to faculty and staff member*. Richard Colson and Rosie Parrino, presidents of Alpha Pi Omicron and Lambda Sigma Larqbda service organizations, were named co-chairmen to solicit student funds for the drive. The campaign will last through October 20. The United Fund aids the American Red Cross, the Community Chest, Boy Scouts, American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, United Defense Fund, and United Cerebral Palsy. Vets Club To Meet The Loyola's Veterans Club will meet Tuesday at 8 p.m. at the Broadmoor Room, Don Faust, president, announced. There will be many important points to be discussed and all University veterans are urged to attend.Nicosia, Stoma, Co-Editors Of '54-'55 Loyola Maroon John Nicosia, journalism senior, and • Shirley Stoma, journalism junior, were appointed co-editors of The Loyola Maroon for the fall semester, Ed Fricke, Maroon moderator, announced. The new editors succeed Joy Marie Landry and Pinky Vidacovich, both recent journalism graduates.Other executive appointments are Jane Suhor, news editor; Teresita Williams, desk editor; Joan Gaulene, feature editor; and Tom Finney, sports editor. Columnist* appointed for the fall »eme»ter are Teresita Lopez, Gaulene, and Suhor. DenniD Bucher wai appointed staff cartoonist. The business staff remains the same with Joe Nielsen as business manager, Marilyn Johnson as advertising manager, and Raphael Eiffert as circulation manager. Named to the executive board of the Thirty Club, an academic and .social organization in the journalism department, are Mike O'Connor, Nicosia, and Stoma. Nicosia and Stoma were among the top three journalism students last year and received gold keys at the annual Maroon staff banquet. Nicosia is a former desk editor and Stoma, a former managing editor of the campus weekly. The new editors said that The Maroon will appear on the campus 24 times during the fall and spring semesters. NEW EDITORS of The Maroon for the 1954-55 semester are pictured making plans for the year. They are, bottom row, co-editors JOHN NICOSIA and SHIRLEY STOMA; second row, TOOTSIE WILLIAMS, desk editor; JANE SUHOR, news editor; TOM FINNEY, sports editor; and JOAN GAULENE, feature editor. Pick Up '54 Wolf Before October 15 Friday, October 15, is the deadline for students to pick up their copy of the 1954 WOLF, according to Tootsie Williams, editor. After that time, copies of the '54 WOLF will be difficult to obtain because they will be stored away. There will be a meeting of the editorial staff, business staff, section editors and all upperclassmen who worked on the WOLF last year on Monday at 4:30 p.m. in the WOLF office, Williams added. World Group Meets Here The world assembly meet of the International Relations Club will be held in the University Fieldhouse in October, TommyWalshe, president, announced. The assembly discussions will be led by Dr. -Rudolph Coper, moderator of the IRC, Jerry Chopin, vice-p resident, and Walshe. The discussions will be similar to those of the United Nations, Walshe said. Delegates from parochial and public high schools of New Orleans will attend the assembly to discuss and debate world problems. The assembly will continue to meet monthly. The IRC entertained the freshmen with a variety show recently. Ttte show, directed by John Salvaggio, treasurer of the club, featured John Paquette, the Melduets, Marilyn Johnson, Sandra Scafide, Theresa Kelly, and Salvaggio.BAE Mass Sunday Beta Alpha Epsilon, social sorority, will fete junior and senior coeds at a soiree Sunday following a 9 a.m. Mass in Thomas Hall, Dot Watkins, president, announced. The soiree will be held at the residence of Margaret Brignac, law freshman, at 4104 St. Charles. The first of their rush parties was held last Sunday at the home of Marilyn Arnoult, BAE vicepresident.Education Society To Elect Officers The Zeta Rho Chapter of Kappa Delta Pi, honorary education society, will elect officers Wednesday, October 6, in the Dean's Conference Room, Miss Lucille Bostick, counselor, announced. Plans will be discussed for formal initiation of members unable to attend initiation last June and the year's program will be outlined, Miss Bostick added. Radio Show, Meeting, Display Highlight Pharmacy Week Chairman for five committees were chosen and tentatative plans for Pharmacy Week were discussed at a student branch meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association on September 23. President Merlin Allen appointed the chairmeTi for the I various committees. They are: Charlotte Gilberti, freshman committee; Geraldine Biundo, display committee; Merlin Allen and Thomas Haydel, program committee; John Louvier, museum committee; and Robert Mayes, intramural committee. The display, which is held annually by the college of pharmacy, can be seen on the fourth floor of Bobet Hall, Mayes said. Scheduled for Pharmacy Week, which will be observed Monday through Friday, is a broadcast, sponsored by the college of pharmacy, on Monday at 9 p.m. over WWL. Loyola graduates Daniel J. Murphy, Jr. and L. Farell, moderator of the panel discussion on the service of pharmacy to the public, Ernest J. Simacher, chief pharmacist of the Public Health Hospital Pharmacy, and Troy L. Carter, chief pharmacist of the Veterans Administration Hospital Pharmacy, will appear on the program. The topic of the discussion is "Front Line Pharmacists." Also planned for Pharmacy Week are a display in the college of pharmacy and a meeting of the student branch of the American Pharmaceutical Association. Suhor Elected Card Key Head Jane Suhor, A&S senior, was recently elected president of Cardinal Key, national honorary service sorority, for the 1954-55 season.Other officers include: Frances Hebert, vice-president; Scoopie Mongeau, secretary; Aline Brousseau, treasurer; and Shirley Stoma, historian. At the first meeting of the group Wednesday, a committee was appointed to draft a constitution for the local chapter. On the committee are Rosie Parrino, Isma Zelenka, and Joel Stephens. The annual mass for the group will be held in Thomas Hall Chapel on Sunday, Oct. 10 at 8 a.m., followed by a breakfast at College Inn. Law Conference Elects Papale Dean Antonio B. Papale of the law school wai elected secretary-treasurer of the Southeastern Regional Conference of Law Teachers this summer at Columbia, S.C. He was also re-appointed to the Steering Commission, an executive committee composed of a .chairman and secretarytreasurer. The commission acts as a board of directors for the conference. Lee Freeland Named Head Of Talent Nite Blue Key, national honorary fraternity, appointed Lee Freeland, A&S senior, chairman of the annual Blue Key Talent Night, at a meeting Tuesday night, Sam Mayes, president, announced.Audition forms are available in the Ecology office, Bobet 122, and should be picked up between 12 and 1 p.m. Oct. 18 through Oct. 22. The deadline for returning forms is B p.m. Oct. 22, Freeland said. Students desiring information on the subject should contact Charles Fuss or Freeland in the Ecology office. The date is tentatively set for Dec. 8, but as yet the site has not been selected. Also decided at the meeting was the completion of the board of officers. Carried over from election last semester was Sam Mayes, pharmacy senior, president. Other officers are: Lee Freeland, A&S senior, vice-president; Dan Stapp, law freshman, secretary-treasurer; Dick Colson, A&S junior, alumni secretary. Construction Begun On Firing Range Construction on the new ROTC pistol and rifle range began this week and is expected to be completed in the near future, Jim Finegan, president of the Pistol and Rifle Club, announced. The new range will be located under the grandstand on the west side of the Fieldhouse. It will be the University's first pistol and rifle range. The club formally used the range at Tulane through the courtesy of the Naval ROTC. 'Prayer Effective Weapon Against Communism' Father Ray Says The forces of atheistic Communism can be combatted only by prayer for the wisdom to withstand its evil, the Rev. Sam Hill Ray, S.J., University chaplain, said in his sermon at the annual Mass of the Holy Ghost Tuesday. The Mass which was celebrated to invoke the blessings of God on the current school year was held for the first time in the Loyola Fieldhouse. The Very Rev. W. Patrick Donnelly, S.J., president I of the University, was celebrant. "The pursuit of wisdom is not ! easy," Father Ray explained. He 1 symbolized the attainment of this j wisdom with the seven great sacraments of the Church. Confir- I mation, by which we are made soldiers of Christ, was symbolized I in the discipline we must submit I to, and the sacrifice necessary to obtain wisdom symbolized the sacrifice demanded by the sacrament of matrimony. Father Ray, who recently returned from a tour of Europe, i said that he witnessed in YugoslaviaNEARLY 1500 STUDENTS, faculty and »taff memberi attended Mai* in the Uni»er«ity'» Fieldhou»e Tuesday to invoke the Holy Spirit's blessing for the year. Student nurses from Hotel Dieu and Mercy Hospital Schools of Nursing also attended the Mass, which was the first University-wide function in the Fieldhouse for the fall semester. THE VERY REV. W. PATRICK DONNELLY, S.J., president of the University, celebrated the annual event. THE REV. SAM HILL RAY, S.J., delivered the sermon. tives as wen as ner studies, ouu (See Mama, page 6) (See Man, page 6)
Object Description
Title | Maroon |
Masthead | The Maroon Vol. 32 No. 1 |
Publisher | Loyola University (New Orleans, La.) |
Coverage | United States; Louisiana; New Orleans; |
Date | 1954-10-01 |
Type | Text |
Source | Loyola University New Orleans Special Collections & Archives (http://library.loyno.edu/research/speccoll/) New Orleans, LA |
Format | TIFF |
Subject | Loyola University (New Orleans, La.) |
Rights | Digital rights are held by Loyola University New Orleans. Copyright is retained in accordance with U.S. copyright law. |
Creator | Loyola University (New Orleans, La.) |
Relation-Is Part Of | http://www.louisianadigitallibrary.org/cdm/search/collection/LOYOLA_UMN |
Language | en |
Digitized By | BSLW |
Digitized Date | 2012-2013 |
Contact Information | For information or permission to use/publish, contact: mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com |
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text:
Back at ya, bluesbros. Thanks for the posts.Originally Posted by bluesbrosjake
Back at ya, bluesbros. Thanks for the posts.Originally Posted by bluesbrosjake
12:15 Lavonne Carillo of El Cajon
sign up on kson's website, then listen for your name 3 times a day,thursdays every hourOriginally Posted by PJ3XL
And don't forget to pray ALOT. I've beenin the loyal listeners club for almost 5 years now and if they happened to call me name I must have missed it.Originally Posted by SEENYA
Also if you have a friend who "refers" you to sign up for double your paycheck, you BOTH will win if your name is called. If you want one of us to send you an invite I'm sure one of us will be glad to do that for you. Just send a Private message to one of us regular posters with some information. Good luck!Originally Posted by PJ3XL
Did anyone hear the 4:15 name for 7/16/07? Darn it I missed it. Please post if anyone heard it. I know it's past the time.
8:15 Alma Rodstrum of El Cajon
Welcome back LuvnPhrost. Glad you're back posting.Originally Posted by LuvnPhrost
12:15 = Suzette Wright of Poway
Thanks, I am very glad to be back at my desk!Originally Posted by bluesbrosjake
4:15 Suzette Wright of Poway.....??? Deja vu?
4:15 DYP name: Suzette Wright of Poway
Is that correct? How can she be drawn twice in the same day? I've been waiting 3 years and still haven't heard my name? I think we should all call the station and complain!!!
I think there is a mistake, listening to see if there is one. Bet Suzette will have to be paid even if a mistake. Wow, twice in one day.
I called to confirm and he said the 12:15 name was "Suzanne Wright" and that they had different addresses. Still not sure I believe it though.
Man, what are the odds of that?Originally Posted by LuvnPhrost
Hers/theirs are much better than mine.Originally Posted by uncledaddy
Did anyone hear the 8:15 name? Maybe they can call my name for my birthday!
Dang it. I just missed it live and again by the time I could get my computer to listen live. Anyone catch it?
I think it was Maria Olvera of Spring Valley - I'm positive about the Spring Valley part
Last edited by Tankerbay; 07-18-2007 at 03:30 PM.
12:15 = Maria Allvera of Spring Valley
Today's 0915 hr. winner of KSON's DOUBLE YOUR PAYCHECK is "LINDA SNOW" from LOGAN HEIGHTS!
Last edited by tailgater; 07-19-2007 at 01:15 PM.
Confirmed. Sorry I forgot to post!Originally Posted by tailgater
10:15 Christy Garnet of Escondido
Today's 1015 hr. winner of KSON's DOUBLE YOUR PAYCHECK is "CHRISTY GARNET" from ESCONDIDO !
11:15 Michael McCray of Vista
Today's 1115 hr. winner of KSON's DOUBLE YOUR PAYCHECK is "MICHAEL McCRAY" from VISTA!


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Groupon Chief Executive Andrew Mason (L) prepares for the opening bell ceremony celebrating his company's IPO at the Nasdaq Market in New York in this November 4, 2011, file photo. Groupon Inc replaced CEO Andrew Mason at the helm on February 28, 2013, a day after posting a dismal set of quarterly results, and appointed co-founder Eric Lefkofsky and board member Ted Leonsis as interim chief executives. REUTERS/Brendan McDermid/Files (UNITED STATES - Tags: BUSINESS)
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You're watching...
What is Romney's biggest threat?
Jim Pinkerton on whether or not conservative coverage of Romney is helpful or hurtful
Jul 6, 2012
You're watching...
Jim Pinkerton on whether or not conservative coverage of Romney is helpful or hurtful
Jul 6, 2012
Also in this playlist...
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Auto-advanceThis transcript is automatically generated
There's an editorial yesterday in the Wall Street Journal saying that Romney the Romney campaign is slowly squandering.
-- historic opportunity.
With a group of prominent conservative voices worrying aloud that -- the Republican candidate.
Is that got this play it safe strategy and jeopardizing his chance to win.
The presidency what do you think about this over the criticism coming with GOP critics.
Well I mean.
I I worked in -- 5 presidential campaign.
And I guess we won three of them so there and I eighties -- the -- ones we want included in the 1980 Reagan campaign 84 Reagan camp the pushy camp of the three.
At all times we never lacked for criticism on our side as well saying you're not doing right -- -- -- -- right.
I think in this case Microsoft make -- my little biased bash went point here that is sometimes a criticism actually can be useful and others I think that for example.
Went on Monday when there reference -- that the Romney campaign advisor said oh we don't think that the mandate is that there's attacks we agree with President Obama the man is not attacks which which was put him.
But Mitt Romney in a strange position of being on the same side of the issue as Obama movement probably probably not very Smart politically.
And frankly it was the uproar from that wall street journal editorial Bill Kristol Rupert Murdoch himself -- weeding out saying listen.
Romney you you're not gonna win mean.
-- pale pastels you do need is -- says a few specific issues.
You know -- on pipeline comes to mind.
But also.
That that the idea that the health care mandate is attacks with what the state there around me people were making was thinking they had to defend what they've done in Massachusetts five years ago.
And that frankly is not nearly as important as against -- saying earlier.
Prospective -- not would -- retrospect it was interesting prospective is vital.
And so in this case the conservative media crescendo.
Have the Romney people changing their mind and that is abide by Wednesday on the fourth Romney gave an interview CBS -- -- yes that's taxes taxes there.
That's all settled and so in this case the conservative media they played a constructive role of from a Republican point of him.
Is this something that you're going to be talking about this weekend and want we will we will.
Our thanks as want to make sure that you you know set your DVRs if you're not going to be home -- that's going to be hot.
He should be indoors anyway watching Fox News but don't forget to watch Jim Pinkerton.
This week and on FOX News Watch as well.
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09/21/2011 - 9:00am to 5:00pm
Sponsoring Agency:
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Certified police instructor Ellen Bloom, formerly of 180 Turning Lives Around of Monmouth County and Detective Shawn Murphy of Monmouth County's Prosecutor's Office Sex Crimes/Child Abuse Unit will focus on all aspects of drug facilitated sexual assault including dynamics, types of drugs, signs and symptomology, effective crisis response and the legal, medical and mental health options available. Forensic and investigative considerations of predatory drugs such as interviewing techniques and evidence collection will also be discussed.
said on 04/12/2011
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posted on 12/16/2013
posted on 12/12/2013
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Ed Beaty is not too keen on desserts himself, but after seeing their popularity, he's quenching the cravings of Effingham's sweet tooth folks with his frozen yogurt shop.
Ronnie H. Brooks has been re-appointed to serve as the Rincon representative on the Effingham County Hospital Authority. Authority members chose Brooks from three candidates submitted by the Rincon City Council.
ALBANY-Heritage Financial Group, Inc. (NASDAQ: HBOS), the holding company for HeritageBank of the South, announced that its board of directors has approved a new stock repurchase program.
It's been a good year for Greg Smithey and Smithey's Wrecker Service, so much so he couldn't wait to express his thanks to his customers.
ALBANY-Heritage Financial Group, Inc. (NASDAQ: HBOS), the holding company for HeritageBank of the South, announced that its board of directors has approved a new stock repurchase program. The program authorizes the company to repurchase up to approximately 5 percent of its outstanding common stock, or approximately 435,000 shares.
Vince Exley, of the Georgia Salzburger Society, presented a framed print to Norma Jean Morgan, CEO Effingham Health System, for the new hospital.
A job fair expected to attract 1,500 people to Ogeechee Technical College Wednesday, had already processed that many applicants by noon. By 6 p.m., 3,500 people had filled out employment applications to be part of Great Dane's initial workforce when its 450,000-square-foot manufacturing plant opens in Statesboro early next year.
ATLANTA-Georgia's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate declined to 9.9 percent in November, down three-tenths of a percentage point from 10.2 percent in October. The one-month decline is the largest in 34 years. The jobless rate was 10.4 percent in November a year ago.
More Verizon Wireless customers in more areas of the Savannah metropolitan area can take advantage of Verizon Wireless' 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) network.
With the help of local contractors (Airco Industrial, The Mcgraley Company, TOPSSCO Sales and Service, Citizens of Georgia Power, Action Insulation, Industrial Technical Coatings, White Electric and Alstom Power), employees at Georgia Power's Plant McIntosh in Rincon will be donating $6,370 to help families in the community. For more than 20 years, the employees at Plant McIntosh have supported the Effingham County Empty Stocking Fund with their annual Baked Goods Auction. On-site security officer, Buford ...
The Effingham Chamber of Commerce and Reiser and Reiser ushered in the holidays during a recent business after hours in Guyton.
Brian Dickey of Georgia Power graduated from the Georgia Academy for Economic Development, taking part in the Region 12 multi-day training program. Class participants represented a number of professional and non-professional economic development fields, including elected officials, public servants, business leaders, educators, and social service providers from Coastal Georgia. The curriculum provides insights into the complexities of economic and community development on the local, regional and state levels. Created in 1993 by then-Governor Zell Miller's ...
ATLANTA-The Port of Savannah's long-anticipated "last mile" project - the Jimmy Deloach (Parkway) Connector - moved closer to reality Friday as the Georgia Department of Transportation awarded a $73 million contract for its construction.
The Effingham Chamber of Commerce announces its annual Eggs and Issues Breakfast, scheduled for Dec. 8 at 7:30 a.m. at First Baptist Church in Rincon.
Members of the Effingham Industrial Development Authority have given CEO John Henry a positive evaluation and renewed his contract.
For a short time, Effingham County's newest industry will be setting up shop in the Chamber of Commerce and Industrial Development Authority building.
Dr. Joseph Ratchford has been named chief medical officer for Effingham Health System. Dr. Ratchford will provide clinical guidance over the hospital's continuing mission to offer excellence in health care for greater Effingham area residents.
The Effingham Chamber of Commerce welcomed Family Table Restaurant with a ribbon cutting.
Effingham County Industrial Development Authority members have decided not to allow a training school to set up in the old Doncasters building - but they will try to help the group find a suitable new home.
The Georgia Department of Agriculture has unveiled the second issue of the Georgia Grown magazine at the 36th annual Sunbelt Agricultural Exposition. The 132-page magazine is a comprehensive guide to Georgia's farms, forests, food and exports, and serves as a synopsis for state legislators, business leaders and consumers about the impact of agriculture on the state's economy.
Gov. Nathan Deal has announced that Shrivallabh Pittie Group, a leading textile manufacturer in India, will build its first U.S.-based manufacturing facility near Sylvania, creating 250 jobs and investing $70 million.
ATLANTA - The Georgia Department of Labor announced that 34,293 laid-off workers filed first-time claims for unemployment insurance benefits in September, down by 1,210, or 3.4 percent, from August when 35,503 claims were filed.
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text:
Chapter 2 The End of Modernism Rationalization, Spectacle, and Laughter
1. Wyndham Lewis, Blasting and Bombardiering: An Autobiography (1914-1926) (London: John Calder, 1982), 1. [BACK]
2. And as his biographer Jeffrey Meyers notes, "The sudden reputation and notoriety that Lewis achieved in 1914 as the leader of the Vorticists and editor of Blast had disappeared when peace broke out in 1919." Meyers, The Enemy: A Biography of Wyndham Lewis (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980), 102. [BACK]
3. Lewis, Blasting and Bombardiering , 5. [BACK]
4. For a historical examination of these and related myths, see Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), 85-121. Wyndham Lewis criticized the myth of a "missing" or "blank" generation in The Old Gang and the New Gang (London: Desmond Harmsworth, 1933). [BACK]
5. Any full discussion of nonliterary modernism lies outside of the scope of this book, but a few indices in other artistic fields suggests a similar rhythm of crisis commencing in the late twenties. Focusing on architecture and urban planning, Manfredo Tafuri points to 1931 as the year in which "the crisis was felt in all sectors and at all levels." Tafuri, Architecture and Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1976), 48. K. Michael Hays, in his recent book, Modernism and the Posthumanist Subject: The Architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992), indicates a "posthumanist" paradigm shift beginning in the late twenties in the architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer. Laurent Jenny has traced the crisis of early surrealism through a debate, beginning in 1930 and culminating in the latter years of the decade, about the nature and function of automatism. Roughly summarized, he sees a shift from the notion of automatism as the expression of inner, psychic facts (essentially a Freudian update of romantic poetics) to that of delirious interpretation, in which a deliberate course of destruction of socially sanctioned meanings is pursued. The former emphasizes individual self-expression; the latter emphasizes social effect and encourages a more immediate political link between artistic practices and the nonartistic collective. Jenny, "From Breton to Dali: The Adventures of Automatism," October 51 (1989): 105-114. [BACK]
6. I follow Theodor Adorno's definition of artistic autonomy as art's "crystallizing into an entity unto itself—rather than complying with existing social norms and qualifying itself as 'socially useful.' " Adorno, Ästhetische Theorie (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1970), 335; my translation. This autonomous status, he argues, offers a resistance to society in the mere existence of a sphere unsubordinated to its norms and instrumentalities. Art's social status lies precisely in its difference from other modes of social practice (335). Peter Bürger, following Adorno, suggests that the aesthetics of Kant and Schiller, which emphasize "a sensuousness . . . that was not part of any means-ends relationships," provide a philosophical formulation of art's autonomy. Bürger, Theory of the Avant-Garde , trans. Michael Shaw (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 46. [BACK]
7. Wambly Bald, On the Left Bank , 1929-1933, ed. Benjamin Franklin V (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1987), 74. [BACK]
8. F. Scott Fitzgerald complained: "By 1928, Paris had grown suffocating. With each new shipment of Americans spewed up by the boom the quality fell off, until toward the end there was something sinister about the crazy boatloads.'' Fitzgerald, quoted in Malcolm Cowley, Exile's Return: A Literary Odyssey of the 1920s (New York: Penguin Books, 1969), 240. [BACK]
9. In his study Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit (Darmstadt: Luchterhand, 1962), esp. 69-75, Jürgen Habermas traces the emergence in the eighteenth century of a general "public sphere" out of the critical discussion of literature. Literature served as a conveyor and mediator of fundamental values. Modernism broke that contract, negating publicly held norms in favor of the special demands of the artist and his or her coterie of followers and friends. Yet the radicality of this gesture was paid for by its loss of effectivity: it compromised in advance the position from which autonomous art pronounced an implicit judgment over the society from which it set itself apart. [BACK]
10. Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981), 280. In "Reflections in Conclusion," Jameson offers a more general view of modernism (i.e., not strictly focused on modernist narrative ), which provides a useful qualification to the strong statement quoted above: "Modernism would then not be so much a way of avoiding social content—in any case an impossibility for beings like ourselves who are 'condemned' to history and to the implacable sociability of even the most apparently private of experiences—as rather of managing and containing it, secluding it out of sight in the very form itself, by means of specific techniques of framing and displacement which can be identified with precision." "Reflections in Conclusion," in Aesthetics and Politics (London: New Left Books, 1977), 202. [BACK]
11. David Jones, In Parenthesis (London: Faber and Faber, 1937), xv. [BACK]
12. For a general account of the post-World War I reconstruction of the European economies, see Charles S. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, German),, and Italy in the Decade After World War I (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Maier argues that postwar Europe was marked by the emergence of corporatism as a means of stabilizing society, a tendency also reflected within and directly fostered by the United States. Alfred Sohn-Rethel, The Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism , trans. Martin Sohn-Rethel (London: CSE Books, 1978), provides an inside look, based on Sohn-Rethel's experience working within an employer's organization, of the economic and political integration of German capital during the Weimar Republic; he too emphasizes the importance of American financing in the rationalization of German heavy industry. Arthur Marwick documents the changes in British society due to mobilization of resources and labor power for World War I, in The Deluge: British Society and the First World War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965). E. J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968, 1969), 207-224, depicts the broad economic and politicoeconomic trends between the wars in Britain. He notes that while in Britain the apparatus for state controls on industry was quickly dismantled after both world wars, the "private" forms of integration advanced precipitously between the wars: "In 1914," he notes, "Britain was perhaps the least concentrated of the great industrial economies, and in 1939 one of the most" (214). [BACK]
13. On this point, see Antonio Carlo, "The Crisis of the State in the Thirties," Telos 46 (1980-1981): 62-80. While the state had always played a role in the economy, Carlo argues, the nature and direction of its interventions changed with the crisis of 1929: from ''directed" capitalism, in which the state tries to direct the economy into certain channels but does not act to stave off cyclical crises, to "organized" capitalism, in which the state intervenes to sustain markets and profits against cyclical tendencies. This greater degree of intervention also entailed a reorganized, intensified state power, of which fascism, Stalinism, and the New Deal social welfare state represented alternative visions and forms. See also Antonio Negri, "La teoria capitalistica dello stato nel '29: John M. Keynes," Contropiano 1 (1968): 3-40. [BACK]
14. Max Weber, "Science as a Vocation," trans. Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, in Max Weber: Sociological Writings , ed. Wolf Heydebrand (New York: Continuum, 1994), 302-303. [BACK]
15. For further discussion of Weber's displacement of politics, see Fredric Jameson, "The Vanishing Mediator; or, Max Weber as Storyteller," in The Ideologies of Theory: Essays 1971-1986, 2: The Syntax of History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), 3-34. [BACK]
16. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, "The New Age" (1930), reprinted in The Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), 169. [BACK]
17. This tendency to objectification was distinct from earlier abstraction, which tended to focus not so much on the object as on the presentation of inner states or moods (as with Kandinsky) or of the "nonobjective world" (Malevich) of ideal intellectual entities. The faktura of Russian constructivism and the emphasis on functionality in the Bauhaus, postwar tendencies that dovetailed into socially useful fields like industrial design and typography, in contrast represented rationalizing interventions into the structure, production, and distribution of objects. [BACK]
18. Popova, quoted in Christina Lodder, Russian Constructivism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 175-176. [BACK]
19. Lodder, Russian Constructivism , 175. [BACK]
20. On this point, see Benjamin H. D. Buchloh, "From Faktura to Factography," October 30 (1984): 82-119. [BACK]
21. Sergei Tretiakov, "Biographie des Dings" [trans. from Russian], in Gesichter der Avantgarde: Porträts, Essays, Briefe (Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau Verlag, 1991), 106. [BACK]
22. The Bauhaus use of photography and photomontage is an obvious example. More surprising, however, is the integral role of photography in the work of Le Corbusier; see Beatriz Columina's superb stud),, Privacy and Publicity: Modern Architecture as Mass Media (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994). [BACK]
23. Cf. the related examples of Hilberseimer and Meyer, discussed by Hays in Modernism and the Posthumanist Subject . [BACK]
24. For a discussion of this ongoing interpenetration of aesthetic design and functional system, see lean Baudrillard, "Design and Environment, or How Political Economy Escalates into Cyberblitz," in For a Critique of the Political Economy oft he Sign , trans. Charles Levin (St. Louis: Telos Press, 1981), 185-203. [BACK]
25. Louis Zukofsky's early "objectivist" program provides a concrete example. In his 1931 essay, "An Objective," he writes:
A poem. The context based on a world—Idle metaphor—a lime base—a fibre—not merely a charged vacuum tube—an aerie of personation—The desire for inclusiveness—The desire for an inclusive object.
A poem. This object in process—The poem as a job—A classic—
In Prepositions: The Collected Critical Essays of Louis Zukofsky (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), 15. Zukofsky saw objectification as the basis of ethical integrity: sincerity, rather than the rampant subjectivity of sloppy writing ("an aerie of personation"). At the same time it guaranteed enduring literary value: "A classic—." In a later interview, Zukofsky would comment on his stance of the thirties: "The objectivist . . . is one person, not a group, and as I define him he is interested in living with things as they exist, and as a 'words-man,' he is a craftsman who puts words together into an object." Interview (''Sincerity and Objectification") with Zukofsky, in Louis Zukofsky: Man and Poet , ed. Carroll F. Terrell (Orono, Maine: National Poetry Foundation, 1979), 268. [BACK]
26. Literature would have to wait for post-World War II developments in cybernetics, computers, and mass media before anything analogous to radical constructivism in architecture and the visual arts could emerge. This differential rhythm of development may account for the widely divergent characterizations of post modernism, depending on whether the critic stresses architecture and the visual arts, with their postmodern historicism and rejection of abstraction, or literature, in which postmodernism is often equated with formal abstraction and radical self-reflexivity. [BACK]
27. André Breton, "What Is Surrealism?" in What Is Surrealism? Selected Writings , ed. Franklin Rosemont (New York: Monad Press, 1978), 138. [BACK]
28. André Breton, "Surrealist Situation of the Object" (1935), in Manifestoes of Surrealism , trans. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969), 263. Cf. "Crisis of the Object" (1936), "Surrealist Exhibition of Objects" (1936), and "The Object-Poem'' (1942) for further discussion of surrealism and the object; all three essays are collected in Breton, Surrealism and Painting , trans. Simon Watson Taylor (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 275-280, 282-283, 284-285. [BACK]
29. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space , trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 19. [BACK]
30. Franco Moretti, "From The Waste Land to the Artificial Paradise," in Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in the Sociology of Literary Forms , trans. Susan Fischer, David Forgacs, and David Miller (London: Verso, 1988), 235. [BACK]
31. Tafuri, Architecture and Utopia , 72-73. [BACK]
32. Tafuri, Architecture and Utopia , 74. [BACK]
33. Orwell, "Inside the Whale," 250. [BACK]
34. Wyndham Lewis, The Childermass (London: John Calder, 1928), 320. Nor was this ending simply fight-wing nihilism. Left-wing writers seemed compelled to end books in analogous ways. Thus, in 1925, John Dos Passos sent Jimmy Herf of Manhattan Transfer stepping out to nowhere: " 'How fur ye goin?' 'I dunno. . . . Pretty far.' " Dos Passos, Manhattan Transfer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), 404. In his 1929 novel, Berlin Alexanderplatz , Alfred Döblin has his untragic hero Franz Bieberkopf marching off, in imagination, to another war: "The way leads to freedom, to freedom it goes. The old world must crumble. Awake, wind of dawn!//And get in step, and right and left and right and left, marching: marching on, we tramp to war, a hundred minstrels march before . . . one stands fast, another's killed, one rushes past, another's voice is stilled, drrum, brrumm, drrumm!" Döblin, Berlin Alexanderplatz , trans. Eugene Jolas (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1961), 635. [BACK]
35. For a discussion of the later fate of the object as a site of both material presence and meaning, see Jean Baudrillard's first book, Le système des objets (Paris: Gallimard, 1968). Translated excerpts from this work appear in Baudrillard, Selected Writings , ed. Mark Poster (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1988), 10-28; and in Baudrillard, Revenge of the Crystal: Selected Writings on the Modern Object and Its Destiny, 1968-1983 , ed. Paul Foss and Julian Pefanis (London: Pluto Press, 1990), 35-61. [BACK]
36. Georg Simmel, "Metropolis and Mental Life," in On Individuality and Social Forms , ed. Donald N. Levine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), 335; translation modified. Published in German as "Die Großstädte und das Geistesleben" (1903), in Georg Simmel, Brücke und Tür , ed. Michael Landmann and Margarete Susmann (Stuttgart: Koehler, 1957). [BACK]
37. Jürgen Habermas, "Modernity versus Postmodernity," New German Critique 22 (1981): 3-14. [BACK]
38. Massimo Cacciari, Metropolis: Saggi sulla grande città di Sombart, Endell, Scheffler e Simmel (Rome: Officina, 1973), 9-10. I cite from the English translation provided in part 1 of Cacciari, Architecture and Nihilism: On the Philosophy of Modern Architecture , trans. Stephen Sartarelli (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 4. For further discussion of Cacciari's concept of Metropolis, see my review of this volume in Textual Practice 10, no. 2 (1996). [BACK]
39. Hermann Broch, Massenwahntheorie: Beiträge zu einer Psychologie der Politik , ed. Paul Michael Lützeler (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1979), 70. [BACK]
40. Samuel Beckett, Murphy (New York: Grove Press, 1957), 66. [BACK]
41. Georges Bataille, The Accursed Share: An Essay on General Economy , 3 vols., trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Zone Books, 1988/1991). [BACK]
42. Baudrillard, "Design and Environment," 192. [BACK]
43. In "From Adorno to Marx: De-Aestheticizing the Modern," in Modernism and Hegemony: A Materialist Critique of Aesthetic Agencies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 3-31, Neil Larsen challenges Adorno's generalization of specific problems of representing class in political society to problems of representation in art, which then becomes a primary locus of resistance for Adorno. See also Jaime Concha's foreword to Larsen's book: "From the Modernism of Adorno to the Contemporaneity of Marx," ix-xxi. [BACK]
44. Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life , trans. E. F. N. Jephcott (London: Verso, 1974), 236. [BACK]
45. Minima Moralia , 238. [BACK]
46. Minima Moralia , 54. [BACK]
47. It is useful here to compare Adorno's conception of trauma with that offered by Kaja Silverman in her recent essay "Historical Trauma and Male Subjectivity," in Silverman, Male Subjectivity at the Margins (New York: Routledge, 1992), 52-121. Adorno emphasizes the repetition and compulsive behavior, both for the individual and for the collective, that follow on the inassimilable event of trauma. This event is in one sense "never experienced," because it exceeds the subjective means by which events become individual and historical memory. In another (and for Adorno terrible) sense, however, the event has never ceased to be experienced, even in its apparent passage, because of its continuing grip on the psychic life of the traumatized subject. In clear contrast to Adorno's focus on the overpowering event of trauma and its subjective persistence, Silverman emphasizes the effects of trauma, particularly as they traverse the divide of sexual difference. She thus defines historical trauma as ''any historical event, whether socially engineered or of natural occurrence, which brings a large group of male subjects into such an intimate relation with lack that they are at least for the moment unable to sustain an imaginary relation with the phallus, and so withdraw their belief from the dominant fiction. Suddenly, the latter is radically de-realized, and the social formation finds itself without a mechanism for achieving consensus" (55). The event, in Silverman's account, is largely contingent; it can be natural or social in origin. Her crucial interest lies in the crisis this event precipitates in the male subject. For Adorno, in contrast, the specificity of the traumatic historical event—the convergence of world war, fascism, and culture industry in the 1930s and 1940s—is necessary to account for the fate of the subject in these times. Adorno saw this fate as part of a larger historical narrative, as an outcome of the domination of nature through technology and of political domination by the state. While Silverman offers an important perspective on the gender specificity of Adorno's notion of trauma, Adorno nevertheless raises the serious question whether the traumatic destruction of the ''dominant fiction" represents grounds for hope. Silverman assumes that the power over subjects (state power, economic power, sexual and racial oppression) is grounded on a "prior reality," a "stable core around which a nation's and a period's 'reality' cohere" (41)—the fiction of phallic power on which ideological belief is predicated. Adorno, however, takes up the problem of the continued existence of power after the traumatic destruction of the (male) subject's grounding fiction. In his view, power is even more efficacious for this dispossession of the subject, its dissipation into what lean Baudrillard would later call "the ecstasy of communication." In the place of centered belief, an objectless desire for "the new" fostered by postwar consumerism and culture industry emerges within the traumatized subject, which, paradoxically, perpetuates the trauma's efficacy in psychic life. For Adorno, then, the event of trauma and the transformation of "damaged life" into consumerism (with the consumer's desire for commodified "newness" understood as the deaestheticized face of modernism) are two moments of a single historical process following World War I. [BACK]
48. Lewis, Blasting and Bombardiering , 342. Lewis employed this image of the "magnetic" force of the war earlier, in his novel The Childermass , in which the dead souls of the fallen soldiers of World War I wait in a camp outside the gates of the "Magnetic City," hoping to be drawn into its inner sanctum. [BACK]
49. I follow Jonathan Crary's suggestion that it is possible to situate the emergence of what Guy Debord called "the society of the spectacle" in the late twenties and thirties. As indices of this emergence, he points to the perfection of television technology,, the generalized appearance of sound film, and the cultural politics of fascism. Moreover, he views surrealism and Walter Benjamin's Arcades Project as left-wing, avant-garde attempts to come to terms with a new "organization of perceptual consumption" in these years. Crary, "Spectacle, Attention, Counter-Memory," October 50 (1988): 97-107. For Debord's theses on spectacle, see his Society of the Spectacle (Detroit: Black and Red, 1983). [BACK]
50. On this point, cf. Peter Nicholls's important article on Wyndham Lewis, "Apes and Familiars: Modernism, Mimesis and the Work of Wyndham Lewis," Textual Practice 6, no. 3 (1992): 421-438. I differ from Nicholls in my historical framing of this issue and in certain aspects of the concept of mimesis and mimetism. Nicholls distinguishes at least three contemporaneous strains of modernism in his essay: a European avant-gardism; a modernism associated with Conrad, Woolf, and Lawrence; and a modernism associated with "the men of 1914," Pound, Joyce, Eliot, and Lewis. In my view, even the early Lewis should not be too quickly assimilated to this quartet of writers and his polemical assertions of difference from them must be given their due. A key factor, I would argue, is Lewis's direct involvement in combat during the war years, as it affected his career, his political-cultural views, and his personality; the other three were noncombatants and made crucial advances in their work precisely during the period Lewis was serving in the trenches. Though Nicholls does not take up these biographical factors, he does later consider Lewis's distinction from a theoretical point of view—the relation of mimetism to intertextuality. He connects Lewis's rejection of Pound, Joyce, and Eliot to their practice of intertextual appropriation. Lewis, he argues, attempts to block the processes of identification and assimilation by emphasizing spatial exteriority, separation of bodies, and deadness. Art, as satiric violence, counters "the passivity of a generalized social mimetism" (432). Nicholls discusses the concept of mimetism through the theoretical writings of Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Jacques Derrida, Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen, and Kené Girard. Mimetism was already part of the theoretical discourse and debate of the thirties, however, among such intellectuals as Walter Benjamin, Roger Caillois, Theodor Adorno, Pierre Klossowski, and others. Accordingly, my discussion of mimetism, while indebted to Nicholls's work, returns to this intellectual context, which I understand to form a theoretical corollary to the literary responses of late modernist writers. [BACK]
51. Wyndham Lewis, The Diabolical Principle and The Dithyrambic Spectator (New York: Haskell House, 1971), 238. [BACK]
52. Wyndham Lewis, The Art of Being Ruled , ed. Reed Way Dasenbrock (Santa Rosa: Black Sparrow Press, 1989), 157. Cited in text as AOBR . [BACK]
53. In the latter text, Lewis recurs to the exact example used in The Art of Being Ruled to criticize surrealism: "Art at its fullest is a very great force indeed, a magical force, a sort of life , a very great 'reality.' It is that reality, that magic, that force, that this 'dream-aesthetic' proposes to merge with life, exactly on the same principle as the Producers at the Moscow theatres today merge audience and performer, stage and auditorium." The Diabolical Principle and the Dithyrambic Spectator , 69. For an account of Lewis's battles with transition , see Dougald McMillan, transition: The History of a Literary Era , 1927-1938 (New York: George Braziller, 1975), 204-231. [BACK]
54. Lewis, Men Without Art , ed. Seamus Cooney (Santa Rosa: Black Sparrow Press, 1987), 103. Cited in text as MWA . [BACK]
55. Barnes, quoted by Meryl Altman, " The Antiphon : 'No Audience At All?' " in Silence and Power: A Reevaluation of Djuna Barnes , ed. Mary Lynn Broe (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991), 275. [BACK]
56. Samuel Beckett, Disjecta: Miscellaneous Writings and a Dramatic Fragment , ed. Ruby Cohn (New York: Grove Press, 1984), 70. [BACK]
57. Beckett, Disjecta , 82. [BACK]
58. For further discussion of this interpermeability of subject and object, see my article "From City-Dreams to the Dreaming Collective: Walter Benjamin's Political Dream Interpretation," Philosophy and Social Criticism 22, no. 6 (1996): 87-111. [BACK]
59. Lewis, Blasting and Bombardiering , 16. [BACK]
60. Most poignantly with the fatal accidents of Victor and Margot in The Revenge for Love and Hester in Self-Condemned . [BACK]
61. Peter Bürger, in his article "Dissolution of the Subject and the Hardened Self.' Modernity and the Avant-Garde in Wyndham Lewis's Novel Tarr, " reads Lewis's first novel as revealing "two equally aporetic forms of life in the crisis period of bourgeois society, the defensive armored self of the professional person on the one hand and the diffused identity of the proto-fascist character on the other." In Bürger, The Decline of Modernism , trans. Nicholas Walker (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, Press, 1992), 136. I find Bürger's schematization of these two elements at war in Lewis's concept of subjectivity (as revealed in his fictional and theoretical works) highly suggestive. Far less convincing, in my view, is Bürger's rather mechanical attempt to align these two "poles" of Lewis's subject with "modern'' and "avant-garde'' respectively. I see this move as a largely unargued attempt to leap from suppositions about subjectivity as exhibited by Lewis's texts to Lewis's own subjectivity as a producer of artworks. While this move is not in itself illegitimate, it would require a more concrete and nuanced articulation than is possible with a simple opposition of "modern" and "avant-garde," as components of Lewis's artistic personality. [BACK]
62. Thomas Mann, quoted in Peter Sloterdijk, The Critique of Cynical Reason , trans. Michael Eldred, Theory and History of Literature 40 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 532. [BACK]
63. Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle , trans. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1961), 21. [BACK]
64. See also Helmut Lethen's study of "coldness" as a mode of behavior in Germany between the world wars, Verhaltenslehren der Kälte: Lebensversuche zwischen den Kriegen (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1994). [BACK]
65. Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment , trans. John Cumming (New York: Continuum, 1972), 180. [BACK]
66. André Bazin, "Charlie Chaplin," in What Is Cinema? Vol 1., ed. Hugh Gray (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), 149. [BACK]
67. Roger Caillois, "Mimetisme et psychasthénie légendaire," Minotaure 7 (1935): 4-10. English translation: "Mimicry and Legendary Psychasthenia," trans. John Shepley, October 31 (1984): 16-32. Cf. Denis Hollier's discussion of Caillois's essay, ''Mimesis and Castration 1937," trans. William Rodarmor, October 31 (1984): 3-15. [BACK]
68. Julia Kristeva, "Place Names," in Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art , ed. Leon S. Roudiez, trans. Thomas Gore, Alice Jardine, and Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), 283. [BACK]
69. Wyndham Lewis, Tarr: The 1918 Version , ed. Paul O'Keefe (Santa Rosa: Black Sparrow Press, 1990), 42. [BACK]
70. Lewis, Tarr , 43. [BACK]
71. Wyndham Lewis, "When John Bull Laughs" (1938), in Creatures of Habit, Creatures of Change: Essays on Art, Literature, and Society , 1914-1956, ed. Paul Edwards (Santa Rosa: Black Sparrow Press, 1989), 282. [BACK]
72. Georges Bataille, "Un-knowing: Laughter and Tears," October 36 (1986): 97. [BACK]
73. M. M. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoyevsky's Poetics , ed. and trans. Caryl Emerson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 163. [BACK]
74. The classic study of this process of "reduction" and sedimentation of laughter in texts is Bakhtin's Rabelais and His World , trans. Hélène Iswolsky (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), especially his opening chapter, "Rabelais in the History of Laughter," 59-145. [BACK]
75. Sigmund Freud, Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious , trans. and ed. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1960), 117. [BACK]
76. Helmut Plessner, Laughing and Crying: A Study of the Limits of Human Behavior , trans. James Spencer Churchill and Marjorie Grene (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970), 25. [BACK]
77. Samuel Beckett, Endgame (New York: Grove Press, 1958), 18. [BACK]
78. In his 1934 article, "Studies in the Art of Laughter," Lewis discusses satire in terms that suggest Beckett's use of the term "tragicomedy" in characterizing Waiting for Godot . Lewis writes: "Satire, some satire, does undoubtedly stand half-way between Tragedy and Comedy. It may be a hybrid of these two. Or it may be a grinning tragedy, as it were. Or, yet again, it may be a comedy full of dangerous electrical action, and shattered with outbursts of tears." "Satire Defended,'' in Lewis, Enemy Salvoes: Selected Literary Criticism , ed. C. J. Fox (London: Vision Press, 1975), 48. [BACK]
79. Samuel Beckett, Watt (New York: Grove Press, 1953), 48. [BACK]
80. Beckett, Murphy , 41. [BACK]
81. Djuna Barnes, Nightwood: The Original Version and Related Drafts [1936, 1937, 1962], ed. Cheryl J. Plumb (Normal, Ill.: Dalkey Archive Press, 1995), 21. Cited in text as N. [BACK]
82. In my chapter on Barnes I discuss Matthew O'Connor's role as hermeneutic mediator between the reader and the text. As I will show, the stakes of interpreting the world presented in the book constitute a central theme of Barnes. [BACK]
83. Fredric Jameson, in his discussion of Lewis, discusses at length the "centrifugal" tendencies in Lewis's style. Jameson goes on to examine the strategies of "recontainment" Lewis used to organize his texts on the large-scale, "molar'' (as opposed to "molecular") dimension. While I am skeptical about Jameson's strong emphasis on the unifying, "reterritorializing'' aspect of Lewis—which I see as generally weak and usually overpowered in the fiction by Lewis's "deterritorialization" of form—I believe Jameson's approach nonetheless discloses a fundamental characteristic of late modernism, in Lewis and other writers. (Jameson, in fact, refers to Beckett's Watt in passing.) See Fredric Jameson, Fables of Aggression: Wyndham Lewis, the Modernist as Fascist (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), esp. chap. 2, "Agons of the Pseudo-Couple." [BACK]
84. See also my essay "Dismantling Authenticity: Beckett, Adorno, and the 'Post-War,' " Textual Practice 8, no. 1 (1994): 43-57. [BACK]


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JNYBlackstone Finally watched #Lincoln this weekend. Amazing movie, great cast, & deserving of Best Actor! Watch it! #DanielDayLewis #Oscar #GoldenGlobe
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MikeCanfield36 I watched Lincoln tonight. Daniel Day-Lewis is so good. I thought it was really good.
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TheKJA watched LINCOLN. Lewis's performance was spectacular, but movie itself seemed...distant, with hard-to-follow obscure politics.
susanpayne26 I did not know Andrew Lincoln was in the movie Love actually!
LiQuoRdOwN This Abe Lincoln movie was alright
Why Tommy Lee Jones Thinks 'We're All Jabbering Monkeys' Tommy Lee Jones sits down with us to discuss what compelled him to take on the role of the intimidating, sharp-tongued 19th century congressman, Thaddeus Stevens, in Steven Spielberg's historical drama Lincoln. Exclusive Cast Interview Joseph Gordon-Levitt talks about never meeting the real Daniel Day-Lewis on set, James Spader talks about his character and Sally Field heaps praise on Spielberg for his directing. Steven Spielberg & Daniel Day-Lewis Q&A Event More Films on Fandango's Awards Watch


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Logitech Wireless Touch Mouse $18 Shipped
Get this Logitech Wireless Touch Mouse T620 for $17.99 plus free shipping at Staples.com. With free shipping, this was the lowest price we found by $10. It allows you to swipe, scroll, tap and click on a smooth surface (similar to Apple's Magic Mouse) and is wireless with a USB nano dongle receiver. Sales tax is charged in most states.
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