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UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. Lazaro MEDINA, Defendant–Appellant.
No. 12–1930.
Argued Dec. 3, 2012. -- August 27, 2013
John F. Kness, Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff–Appellee.Andrea Elizabeth Gambino, Attorney, Gambino & Associates, Chicago, IL, for Defendant–Appellant.
Lazaro Medina appeals the sentence he received after pleading guilty to conspiracy to distribute cocaine and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. Medina challenges the district court's drug quantity calculation at sentencing, arguing that the court should have required proof of drug quantity beyond a reasonable doubt rather than by a preponderance of the evidence. Medina also maintains that, even if the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard applies, it was not met in his case because the evidence supporting the district court's drug quantity finding was unreliable. We reject both arguments and affirm Medina's sentence.
I. Background
In 2007, law enforcement began investigating brothers Mario Melendez ("Melendez") and Abel Cadena–Melendez ("Cadena–Melendez") for their involvement in a drug trafficking organization operating out of the Little Marketa General Store in Plano, Illinois. Government agents obtained a wiretap and conducted surveillance of Melendez's store and home. The trail soon led to Lazaro Medina, who was fronting cocaine to the Melendez brothers. Telephone and physical surveillance confirmed the negotiation and subsequent delivery of one kilogram of cocaine by Medina to Melendez in August of 2008. Medina was charged by criminal complaint with conspiring to distribute cocaine on December 9, 2009, and was arrested at his home the next day. During a subsequent search of Medina's garage, agents discovered 9.5 kilograms of cocaine, packaging materials, $124,124 in cash, and $51,890 worth of jewelry.
On February 3, 2010, a grand jury returned a five-count indictment charging Medina with, among other things, conspiracy to distribute cocaine (Count One) and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute (Count Three) in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and § 846. Medina pleaded guilty to Counts One and Three of the indictment on September 28, 2010, without a written plea agreement. At the change of plea hearing, government counsel summarized the evidence to establish a factual basis for Medina's plea. The government stated that between approximately 2001 and December 2009, Medina supplied kilogram quantities of cocaine to Melendez and Cadena–Melendez on a regular basis without receiving immediate payment. The government also detailed Medina's delivery of a kilogram of cocaine to Melendez on August 18, 2008, as well as the 9.5 kilograms of cocaine found in Medina's garage. Following the summary of the evidence, the district judge asked Medina, "Have you heard the statement of the Assistant United States Attorney?" to which Medina responded, "Yes." When asked by the court whether the government's statement was "true," Medina said, "Yes." The court then asked Medina to summarize what he did, to which Medina responded, "I had that substance to sell, yes․ That substance was cocaine." The court then accepted Medina's plea of guilty.1 A few months later, on April 4, 2011, Medina provided a safety valve interview to the government under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) in an effort to obtain relief from the ten-year mandatory minimum sentence. In that interview, however, Medina claimed that he did not begin supplying Melendez with cocaine until January or February of 2009, and that he never provided Melendez with kilogram quantities.
In Medina's Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR"), the probation officer determined that Medina was responsible for at least 67.5 kilograms of cocaine, a calculation supported by two post-arrest statements made by Melendez that detailed a history of prior dealing with Medina going back to 2001. Medina objected to the PSR, claiming that only the cocaine seized during the course of the investigation should be attributed to him. According to Medina, that cocaine (9.5 kilograms from his garage, two 1–ounce controlled buys, 249 grams seized from a codefendant's vehicle, and 208 grams found in the Little Marketa store) placed him in the 5–15 kilogram range.
In a supplemental sentencing memorandum, the government provided further detail regarding Melendez's statements. In Melendez's first post-arrest statement he admitted that Medina began supplying cocaine to him after they met at a party in 2001. Medina started out fronting Melendez one-quarter kilogram quantities of cocaine, but it soon picked up such that from 2001 to 2006, Medina was supplying Melendez with one kilogram every four to six weeks. Between 2006 and 2009, Melendez stated that the frequency decreased to one kilogram every six to eight weeks, and estimated that he had received ten kilos from Medina since 2006. The government therefore argued that Medina should be held responsible for 70.5 kilograms: 40 kilograms from 2001 to 2006, 21 kilograms from 2006 to 2009, and the 9.5 kilograms seized from Medina's garage.
In Melendez's second statement, given pursuant to a safety valve interview on January 24, 2011, his story changed somewhat. Melendez said that after he met Medina in 2001, Medina began fronting him one-quarter kilograms every month for six months; after six months, Melendez received one-half kilograms every month for another six months. In 2002 or 2003, Medina started fronting Melendez one kilogram of cocaine every six to eight weeks. In 2005, the frequency dropped to one kilogram every two months, and in 2007 Medina went back to fronting one-quarter kilogram quantities. Based on Melendez's second statement, the government's estimate dropped to 52.5 kilograms: 4.5 kilos in the first year of dealing, 32.5 kilos from 2002 to 2007, and the 9.5 kilograms seized. Accordingly, based on Melendez's statements and the cocaine seized from Medina, the government took the position at sentencing that Medina was accountable for more than 50 kilograms of cocaine.
At the sentencing hearing, the government affirmed that its position regarding Medina's drug quantity calculation was based mostly on Melendez's statements. Although Melendez did not testify at the hearing, the government argued that his prior statements were reliable because they were made against interest and were corroborated by evidence gathered during the course of the investigation. Medina argued that the statements were not made against interest. Further, Medina challenged the court's reliance on Melendez's statements because the court did not have the opportunity to judge his credibility firsthand. After hearing argument, the district court placed Medina in the 15–50 kilogram range, stating:
It's going to be 15 to 50. If he's wrong because it's—the difference there admittedly on your conservative estimate is two and a half kilograms, but he's found in his garage with 9.5 kilograms? People don't have 9.5 kilograms of cocaine sitting around who aren't big dealers, let alone the hundred and some thousand dollars in jewelry and whatever else there was. All right. It may be awfully conservative, but he'll get the benefit of the doubt. It's between 15 and 50 kilograms.
I do believe that Mr. Melendez's statements are so against his own interests that they can be believed in terms of general substance. What bothers me in saying it's over 52.5 is we are talking about going back a long time and remembering exactly how much it would be every month or how often. So I am more comfortable in saying that it is someplace 50 or below, but I'm sure it's well over the 15.
Based on this drug quantity finding, Medina's base offense level was 34. After including a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice, and denying Medina credit for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, the court found that Medina had an advisory Sentencing Guidelines range of 188–235 months. Following additional argument from the parties concerning application of the Guidelines factors set out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the court imposed a sentence of 190 months imprisonment on Counts One and Three of the indictment and five years of supervised release. This appeal followed.
II. Discussion
Medina raises two issues on appeal. He first argues that proof of drug quantity, for purposes of determining relevant conduct at sentencing, should be proved beyond a reasonable doubt instead of by a preponderance of the evidence. His second argument is that, even under the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard, the district court erred by basing its drug quantity finding on Melendez's unreliable statements. We address each argument in turn.
A. Standard for Proving Drug Quantity at Sentencing
We can easily dispose of Medina's first argument. Medina asserts that the district court should have required that drug quantity be proved beyond a reasonable doubt for purposes of determining relevant conduct at sentencing. Anything less, Medina claims, impinges upon his due process rights by allowing the judge's findings at sentencing to disproportionately increase his sentence relative to the evidence supporting the underlying offense. We have previously disavowed this argument and do so again here, as it is well-established that a preponderance of the evidence is all that is required for a factual finding of drug quantity under the Sentencing Guidelines, due process concerns notwithstanding. See United States v. Johnson, 342 F.3d 731, 735 (7th Cir.2003); United States v. Reuter, 463 F.3d 792, 793 (7th Cir.2006). In any event, Medina raised this point to preserve it for appeal, and we will move on.
B. The District Court's Drug Quantity Finding
Medina's second argument is that the district judge's drug quantity determination was not supported by even a preponderance of the evidence. We review a district court's factual finding of drug quantity for clear error and will reverse "only if, after reviewing the entire evidence, we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made." United States v. Hankton, 432 F.3d 779, 789 (7th Cir.2005) (citations and quotes omitted). To prove drug quantity by a preponderance of the evidence, the government must show that it was more likely than not that Medina possessed the 15–50 kilograms of cocaine upon which his sentence was based. United States v. Breland, 356 F.3d 787, 795 (7th Cir.2004). In making its drug quantity finding, the district court is not limited to evidence admissible at trial, but it must base its sentence on information with "sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy," United States v. Longstreet, 567 F.3d 911, 924 (7th Cir.2009).
In this case, for purposes of determining Medina's offense level, the district court based its drug quantity finding on two statements made by Melendez that were contained in Medina's PSR. Before addressing whether the district court improperly relied on Melendez's statements, some context is appropriate. Even without taking into account the drugs that Melendez attributed to him, Medina was looking down the barrel of 10.5 kilograms of cocaine: 9.5 kilograms from his garage plus the 1 kilogram he admitted to in his plea agreement (not to mention the $124,124 in cash, which translates to about 5 kilograms, but the government did not make a cash-to-drugs conversion argument). The point is that getting Medina over the 15 kilogram hurdle did not require much: all the district judge needed to find was an extra 4.5 kilograms. The question is therefore whether the judge clearly erred in relying on Melendez's testimony to increase Medina's drug quantity from 10.5 kilograms to 15.
Medina claims that the district court erred by relying on Melendez's statements because they were self-serving and therefore inherently unreliable. According to Medina, Melendez was actually getting his drugs from sources that included the Arellano–Felix cartel, and when Melendez got caught he decided to finger Medina rather than risk reprisals from the cartel. Medina claims that Melendez's statements were not against interest because they shielded him from the cartel's retribution. But Medina overstates the role of the Arellano–Felix cartel in Melendez's drug operation (the cartel's involvement was minimal) and understates the damaging nature of Melendez's admissions. The police only seized about half a kilogram from Melendez over the course of two years, yet Melendez admitted to receiving between approximately 40 and 60 kilograms of cocaine since 2001. It was certainly against Melendez's penal interest to admit to about 100 times as much cocaine as law enforcement seized from him. Accordingly, we find no error in the district court's determination that Melendez's statements were sufficiently against interest that they could be believed in terms of general substance.
Medina also claims that the district court's reliance on Melendez was in error due to the court's inability to judge Melendez's credibility firsthand. While it is true that the court and counsel lacked the opportunity to examine Melendez in person (since Melendez's statements were contained in Medina's PSR, and Melendez refused to testify), Melendez's admissions were corroborated by ample evidence that affirms their reliability. First and foremost is the 9.5 kilograms of cocaine found in Medina's garage, which lends credence to Melendez's statements and belies Medina's contention at sentencing that he had distributed no more than about one kilogram of cocaine to Melendez through all of 2008 and 2009. On top of that was the $124,124 in cash (which equals about 5 kilograms of cocaine) and $51,890 worth of jewelry, which further corroborates Melendez's admissions as to the breadth and scope of the conspiracy. Medina essentially asks us to pretend that these drugs, money, and jewelry shed no light on whether Medina did in fact deal more than 4.5 kilograms of cocaine to Melendez. But of course they do bear on that question, and the district court appropriately considered them. As the district judge noted, small time dealers do not keep nearly ten kilograms of cocaine on hand, much less cash and jewelry worth about $175,000. District courts may reasonably estimate the quantity of drugs attributable to a defendant, United States v. Acosta, 534 F.3d 574, 582 (7th Cir.2008), and given this evidence there was nothing unreasonable about the district court's cautious reliance on Melendez's testimony in order to estimate Medina's drug quantity.
For these reasons, we find no error on the part of the district judge, who adequately considered the potential pitfalls raised by relying on Melendez's testimony and adopted a conservative estimate of drug quantity that was supported by the evidence. There was no improper speculation or "nebulous eyeballing" going on here, see United States v. Jarrett, 133 F.3d 519, 530 (7th Cir.1998), only reasonable estimations and inferences. Because the district court's drug quantity calculation was supported by a preponderance of the evidence, we affirm.
III. Conclusion
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
DARROW, District Judge.


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Starting CB Breeland out for Chick-Fil-a Bowl
CLEMSON, S.C. (AP) — Clemson starting cornerback Bashaud Breeland will miss the Chick-Fil-A Bowl because of a groin injury.
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In the Media
North Korean women sold into 'slavery' in China
Owen Weldon
May 15, 2012 in
By Owen Weldon.
Kim Eun-sun is a woman from North Korea who fled her native country and went to China after paying a woman to help her get into the country, only to discover that she was sold off.
Kim Eun-sun is like thousands of women who fled North Korea and made it into China. Eun-sun paid a woman to help her get into China but she ended up being sold to a farmer in China who wanted a wife.
According to the
Christian Science Monitor
, Kim eventually escaped from the farmer. Kim said that many women go to China and they do not know exactly what they are getting themselves into. Kim went onto say that women are quietly and secretly sold in China.
According to
Alaska Dispatch
, Kim was caught by Chinese police and sent right back to North Korea. She ended up fleeing North Korea to China again and she and her family made it to Mongolia. Mongolian soldiers found them and they were brought to the South Korean Embassy over in Ulan Bator. The group was then sent to Seoul.
Kim is now a senior in college here and she has eight months of English-language training as well as a semester of study in psychology at a university in the United States, thanks to a US government grant. Wherever she goes she talks about how women in North Korea are suffering.
The director of the Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, Kim-Sang-hun, said that around 20,000 women from North Korea are currently entrapped over in China. She said that many people would view it as a form of slavery. Sang-hun went onto say that many of the women end up going into the sex trade against their wills.
Women defectors usually choose from a variety of options such as being forced to get married, working as hostesses in karaoke bars or going to the forbidding mountains where food and shelter can be hard to come by.
There is no accurate way of counting how many North Koreans, men and women, are living in China but 100,000 to 200,000 is the estimated guess.
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Clad in a sartorially edifying manner, like a dapper and dandy funeral director, Anthony cuts a unique on-stage presence with humour blacker than a raven that's slammed it's claw in a coffin lid.
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The overall effect is both perversely hypnotic and wholly original, leaving the audience zealously hanging on to every syllable like turncoat lemmings on a rockface.
Jongleurs / Metro Stand And Deliver Award winner and former BBC New Comedy Award Runner-up, he is a regular contributor to Radio 2's The Arthur Smith Lectures.
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Great comedian..very dry and near the knuckle.You will find yourself laughing when you know you shouldn't be. Go see him!!! I will if he comes my way again Charles from Port Solent
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Man facing murder charge in chase gets trial delay
EVANSVILLE, Ind. (AP) - An Evansville-area man accused of killing a man he believes was part of a mob that robbed his home at gunpoint has been granted a seven-week delay in his trial.
The Evansville Courier and Press reports http://bit.ly/12o6fQV Vanderburgh Circuit Court Judge David Kiely granted the request by defense attorney David Lamont, who represents 40-year-old Ira Beumer. Deputy prosecutors Gary Schutte and Charles Berger objected.
Beumer was indicted by a grand jury last May on charges of murder, attempted murder and aggravated battery. Prosecutors say Beumer rammed his truck into a car during a chase killing 22-year-old Antuan Jenkins and badly injuring another man. Beumer had pursued the men following a 2:30 a.m. break-in at his rural Evansville home.
The crash survivors and an alleged accomplice face burglary and other charges.
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Stayed here one night this month. I got in late on a Sunday. The staff wasn't very friendly but I probably wouldn't be either if I lived in Sioux Falls in December. The room seemed pretty outdated but it was clean and a very good size. They don't have free breakfast but the options if you pay are not bad.
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Halle's Still Got Weeks of Bump Watch to Go
Halle's Still Got Weeks of Bump Watch to Go
It was a big weekend for new celebrity babies with Nicole and Christina giving birth to little Harlow and Max respectively, but we can't forget about Halle who was showing off her now huge baby bump out book shopping in LA. I'm sure hearing about these hyped new additions gets Halle even more excited for her big day. She may have her nursery and toys all ready to go for baby, but it's not time for her to retire her pregnancy skinny jeans just yet.
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I know Halle has money and all but I wish more pregnant women (dont bite my head off I've been pregnant 5 times once with twins) would put a little effort into them selves I can understand maybe not going all out but clean is still good even when your preg. It seems like today people think pregnancy means you can roll out of the bed not brush your hair not cchange your shirt and GO TO WORK??? I mean really..I had horrible pregnancies but made it apoint to continue to look at presentable as possible but if your well enough to come to work please dress appropriately. Your boss want to tell you but doenst want to get his azz handed to him on a platter.
LOL Kristin. It was funny scrolling down the comments and then getting to yours where you quickly get to the point. Why do you think she sucks.
She looks great here, definitely not what I'd call huge though.
LOL Kristin. It was funny scrolling down the comments and then getting to yours where you quickly get to the point. Why do you think she sucks.She looks great here, definitely not what I'd call huge though.


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Ike Turner
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Blues Roots/Bad Dreams
Original Release Date: March 5, 2012
Track Listing
1. You're Still My Baby
2. Tacks in My Shoes
3. The Things I Used to Do (I Don't Do No More)
4. Goin' Home
5. Lawdy Miss Clawdy
6. Right On
7. Think
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Meet & League Info
Winter 2013/14 (additional meets will be added)
- Dual meets in yellow are whole team meets. All swimmers should sign-up to attend.
- Invitational meets are in pink. Swimmers that meet either the age or time requirement should sign-up to attend.
- USA Meets in are in blue. Swimmers age 9 and up that are registered USA should sign-up to attend.
Date | Meet | Location | Type | Warm-up* |
12/14/13 |
Brandywine YMCA Coatesville, PA |
Dual All swimmers |
Arrive by 11:45am |
12/21/13 |
Kennett Area YMCA Kennett Square, PA |
Dual All Swimmers |
12/22/13 |
RAYS Winter Classic |
Ridley High School Springfield, PA |
Invitational |
see meet packet arrive 30 min prior |
12/28/13 |
Pottstown Winter Blast |
Pottstown YMCA Pottstown, PA |
Invitational Swimmers 12 and under |
see meet packet arrive 30 min prio |
1/10-1/12/14 |
SPY Winterfest Hotel Reservations: Holiday Inn 10000 Baltimore Ave College Park, MD (301) 345-6700 Request your reservation in the Brandywine Coatesville Y block to receive the $81/night rate |
University of Maryland College Park, MD |
Swimmers with Qualifying Times |
see meet packet arrive 30 min prior |
1/10-1/12/14 |
WSY Winter Invite 2014 |
Session Saturday/Sunday Cumberland Valley HS Mechanicsburg, PA |
USA Swimmers |
see meet packet arrive 30 min. prior |
1/18-1/20/14 |
MA Age Group Elite Meet |
Gloucester County Institute of
Technology Sewell, NJ |
USA Swimmers 14 & Under with Qualifying Times | see meet packet arrive 30 min. prior |
1/19/14 |
Randy Keinard Invitational |
Reading YMCA Reading, PA |
Invitational All Age Groups (new this year!) |
see meet packet arrive 30 min. prior |
1/25/14 |
Girls: PTFY @ BCY
Boys: BCY @ PTFY
Girls Brandywine YMCA Coatesville, PA Boys Pottstown YMCA Pottstown, PA |
Dual All Swimmers |
Boys & Girls Arrive by 12:00 Warm-up 12:30pm |
2/2/14 |
BCY Closed Invite
Brandywine YMCA Coatesville, PA |
USA Swimmers |
see meet packet arrive 30 min prior |
2/7-2/8/14 | League Championships | TBA |
All Swimmers that swam in at least 2 dual meets |
2/23/14 |
Charlie Hartley Memorial |
GCIT Sewell, NJ |
Swimmers with Qualifying Times |
see meet packet arrive 30 min prior |
3/7-3/9/14 |
East District Championships |
LaSalle University Philadelphia, PA |
Swimmers with Qualifying Times |
see meet packet arrive 30 min. prior |
3/21-23/13 |
PA State Championship |
Penn State University State College, PA |
Qualifiers from the District Meet |
see meet packet arrive 10 min prior |
* Parents of Winterfest and District Qualifiers should see Coach Ray about what events your swimmer has made. (11/20)
Meet Announcements
More About Meets
Meet Sign-ups are now available.
Please use the Meet Sign Up Link to the right for all BCY meets.
The sign-out system will no longer be used for dual meets. From this point forward ALL SWIMMERS need to sign-up for dual meets.
All submissions are now electronic. Manual forms will no longer be used for invitational and USA meets.
Please honor the registration deadlines posted on the BCY website and active.com. The deadlines listed in the meet packets are when the information is due from the BCY coaches to the host team in order to register the team.
All money due for invitational and USA meets will be added to your YMCA as a balance due. Please make sure your account balance has been paid by the registration deadline for each meet.
Need more information on a particular meet? Registration deadlines may be found on the upcoming events calendar on the homepage. Meet information may be found above.
Swimmers may NOT attend any meet (USA, Dual, Invitational, etc) without a BCY coach present. No exceptions.
All swimmers must be in our team suit, or black suit at all meets, Dual meets, Invitational Meets, and USA meets (swimmers trying achieve a qualifying time may wear tech suits). At dual meets, swimmers not in proper suits will swim their events as exhibition. Team caps must be worn at all meets, Dual, Invitational, USA . Swimmers may double cap if they need another type of cap under the team cap, but one cap is preferred. (6/24)
Relays will be decided by the Head Coach (9/12)
Per league rules: any swimmer who does not swim in two dual meets will not be eligible to swim at Championships. No exceptions, as it is a league rule. (6/24)
- Meet Descriptions
- A dual meet is a competition between two teams. Coaches from each team put together a meet line-up that consists of the events each swimmer will swim and the children swim against members of both teams in their age group. All swimmers are automatically entered into a dual meet if they are not signed out at least 4 days prior to the meet (link at right).
- An invitational is a large, sometimes, multi-day, meet. Several teams from throughout the League will compete against each other at one time. Swimmers are allowed to pick their own events for an invitational meet from the events offered by the host team. Meet announcements are given to all swimmers who are eligible for the invitational. Swimmers must return the entry form with payment for individual events to the Member Services Desk by the deadline to be entered in an invitational.
USA Swimming for swimmers 9 years and up, in Level 2 or higher who wish to compete at USA Swimming sanctioned meets. These meets have entry fees for swimmers, and admission fees for parents, and are in Pa, De, NJ, MD. Parents are responsible for transporting swimmers.
- Meet Results
- Online Team Stats
- Driving Directions
- BCY Team Apparel
- Swim Leagues and Organizations
- Area Swim Team Sites
Help! I'm new here and I'm not sure what to do:
A dual meet is a competition between two teams. Coaches from each team put together a meet line-up that consists of the events each swimmer will swim and the children swim against members of both teams in their age group. All swimmers are encouraged to attend!
Please use the meet sign-up link at the right to indicate "yes" your swimmer will attend the meet or "no" they will not attend the meet.
If you are new and need to add a swimmer to active.com (meet sign up link). Click the meet sign-up link. Click on the meet you would like to enter:
- Click on drop down box that says New Swimmer.
- Tab down to first name, enter name.
- Then down to last name, enter last name.
- Tab to date of birth and enter birthday.
- Then move up to New Swimmer box again and click on it.
- Proceed to choose events, then checkout. You will get an email confirmation that you have entered the child successfully.
Swim Team volunteers need to complete the volunteer form, turn in or apply for PA State clearances and attend or submit a training certificate to Coach Ray or Coach Jenne. All teams must work towards being in compliance with these requirements/guidelines and have 100% compliance by January 1, 2014. (10/18)
PA State Clearances
If you have PA State Clearances (Pennsylvania state Police Criminal Record Check) from schools, religious teachings, professions, USA swimming, Government and some agencies they will be accepted. We will need your name, your birthdate and copies of your current clearances (with SS# blacked out.) Clearances must be current (less than 5 years). If the YMCA of the USA does not recognize your clearance, one of the Coaches will alert you.
If you need clearances they may be obtained online for $ 10.00 at https://epatch.state.pa.us/
Darkness to Light Training Sessions will be are over for the current season. Future sessions will be announced.
Darkness to Light training is available online at www.d2l.org. The online training link may be found in the upper right hand corner. This training session is $10.
Training certificates from schools, religious teachings, professions, USA swimming, Government and some agencies will be accepted (for example Safe Environment/Protecting God's Children). If the YMCA of the USA does not recognize your training certificate, one of the Coaches will alert you.
Volunteers without the required trainings and/or clearances may still volunteer to work snack bar, announcer, scoring table, set up and take down at a meet. If you would like to be a timer but your clearances are not yet in, there will be a specific form available to sign to allow you to do this.


text: boy, colours, drawing, girl, girls Added: April 2, 2012 | Image size: 500 x 402 px | More from: www.facebook.com | Source: link No comments Please log in or sign up to post a comment. add to setViews: 2274Likes (**who?): 5Comments: 0Tagged with:boy 74949colours 3914drawing 7409girl 236522girls 31782illustration 9236painting 2346smoke 6083tatoo 1839Log in or Sign upLog In or Sign Up


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RR Donnelley and leading book publisher HarperCollins have partnered up on a new supply chain agreement that both sides described as a first of its kind breakthrough deal for a major general trade publisher.
The first part of the agreement begins this November when Chicago-based RR Donnelley takes over fulfillment of all HarperCollins' new releases from its Harrisonburg, VA facility. In July 2012, RR Donnelley will also begin handling fulfillment of all frontlist and backlist titles for HarperCollins' Zondervan division, the sides said in a statement, adding RR Donnelley will also provide global Print on Demand (POD) services to HarperCollins.
RR Donnelley would not comment on whether this deal will necessitate any changes to its current fulfillment infrastructure. RR Donnelley is currently the printer, binder and distributor of HarperCollins' conventionally produced titles and both parties stressed their business relationship goes back more than two decades.
In a statement announcing the deal, HarperCollins President/CEO Brian Murray said. "Our vision is to have the entire HarperCollins book catalog available for customers in all major territories and ready for delivery in minutes. This agreement with RR Donnelley provides new capabilities which will allow us to achieve this goal.
In the U.S., time and money are saved by co-locating printing and fulfillment for fast moving titles. In the UK and Australia, POD technology will enable us to competitively offer the entire HarperCollins catalog to customers without expensive freight costs and long lead times."


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Jammu and Kashmir High Court frowns on religious 'nationalism'The judgment came while the court was hearing a petition from Sanjay Tickoo pleading for protection of religious shrines in the Valley that belonged to migrants. In a landmark judgment, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court has said the use of terms ... UCAN India, 1 month ago |
Sant Parkash Ram Trust reconstitutedJAMMU, Nov 26: Sant Prakash Ram Trust, Kurigam, Qazigund was reconstituted at a meeting here today held under the chairmanship of P N Raina. As per a release, Rattan LaL Tickoo was nominated chairman of the Trust while Poshkar Nath Raina and ... Daily Excelsior.com, 1 week ago
WTM 2013: A mixed bag for IndiaThe World Travel Market (WTM) 2013 recorded a significant rise in the number of attendees, clocking up almost 9,000. The event, which was held from November 4-7 at ExCeL London, maintained its extravagance and pomp, but for India in particular, the ... TravelBizMonitor.com, 3 weeks ago
124th birth anniversary of Jawahar Lal Nehru celebrated with enthusiasmJAMMU, Nov 14: The 124th birth anniversary of Jawahar Lal Nehru popularly known as Children Day was celebrated with enthusiasm and zeal. Floral tributes were paid to Jawahar Lal Nehru in a function held at Pradesh Congress Committee headquarter, ... Daily Excelsior.com, 3 weeks ago
Tributes paid to Mahatma Gandhi, Lal Bahadur Shastri on birth anniversaries
Daily Excelsior.com, 2 months ago
Encroachment of temples with official patronageHon'ble Chief Minister, State of Jammu and Kashmir, Hon'ble Sir, With all humility in our command we (KPSS on behalf of Kashmiri Pandits living in Kashmir) express gratitude that you and your administration are allowing us to live in Kashmir ... Kashmir Times, 1 month ago
HCBA TO FILE LPASrinagar, Nov 4: The High Court Bar Association has also decided to file a file Letters Patent Appeal against the judgment passed by the state High Court in a case titled Sanjay Tickoo and others versus state of JK. The judgment was passed by the Jammu and ... Greater Kashmir, 1 month ago
No Diwali Milan this year in ValleySRINAGAR, Nov 2: Alleging controversy by the government over the celebration of Diwali Milan, there shall be no such event this year in Kashmir. For the past three years, Kashmiri Pandit Sangharsh Samiti was organising Diwali Milan along the river ... Kashmir Times, 1 month ago
Dussehra celebrated in Kashmir ValleyDussehra, the festival signifying the victory of good over evil, was celebrated with religious fervour and enthusiasm in Kashmir Valley. Kashmiri Pandits and Hindus burnt giant effigies of Ravana, Kumbhakarna and Meghnath installed at Polo ground ... New Indian Express, 1 month ago


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Year Released: 2005Tinker Hatfield designed this special version of the first Paul Rodriguez signature from Nike SB. The grey colorway and elephant print became known as the "J-Rod," which was a shortened up version of Jordan-edition P-Rod. They even had a Jumpman. These shits are still fetching top dollar.
Most Popular: Sneakers
Links We Like
Most Popular: Complex.com


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I want to get something brewed and kegged to try out my newly converted kegerator. I don't have ready access to brewing supplies without driving an hour or more, and there are some really good local cider producers. I figured this would be a quick, easy batch that I could get kegged relatively quickly. I need yeast recommendations, and any general cider advice that people can offer.
Go to the cider forum and read through the second sticky down. Just about every combination described in detail.
Click the link in my sig for a great cider. I use Nottingham or Red Star (Mont.)
My Recipes: Drunken Emu Hard Cider, Drunken Emu Mississippi River WaterThe Jack Keller Collection
If you want good cider; it's not exactly a quick brew.
Well, it can be.http://www.homebrewtalk.com/f81/5-day-sweet-country-cider-265986/ Under a week and darn tastey
Youngs cider yeast is very popular in the UK and i've used it a few times with good results.http://bennachiebrewery.blogspot.com/2010/09/castle-fraser-autumn-cider.html
My Scottish Breweryhttp://bennachiebrewery.blogspot.com/
I really like White Labs 775 (Dry English Cider strain)...
I've not tried that one, what is the FG of the yeast. I ask as Youngs takes the cider to 1.001 almost .000 Edit- Just read the reviews on White Labs 775 and its now on my to do list, thanks!


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NAVYBOOT was founded in 1991 – but the history of the brand goes back well beyond that.
The name NAVYBOOT refers to the boots of the US Navy. The basic idea: a last that suits virtually all foot shapes in an optimal, time-tested form manufactured in superior, reliable quality. This was the defining influence that gave birth to the NAVYBOOT brand and its first product – a "Swiss Made" shoe.
Things moved ahead quickly from there. In 1992, the shoe collection was extended, and from 1993 the product range was broadened in collaboration with licensing partners. The first women's shoe collection was launched in 1996.
The company began to verticalise in 2001, opening the first NAVYBOOT store in Zurich. The expansion continued in 2002 with the opening of further independent boutiques. The acquisition of NAVYBOOT by the GAYDOUL GROUP, under the leadership of Swiss entrepreneur Philippe Gaydoul, marked a new chapter in the history of the NAVYBOOT brand, which is being actively developed to become a leading international premium brand for shoes and accessories.
Here four aspects are key: original design, a professional product development structure, the definition of high quality standards and a unique shopping experience in the stores. This reorientation is supported by a revamped store architecture, the focus on a first-class network of branches and an innovative communications strategy.


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by Andrew Martonik
Jan 03, 2013
Facebook's popular Messenger service, which has its own standalone app, is getting a voice message feature in its latest update. The service has relied on the combination of text and picture mes...
by Andrew Martonik
Dec 28, 2012
Samsung is running a promotion on its official Facebook page that lets Galaxy Note 2 and Galaxy SIII (S3) users get their hands on a free flip cover and set of 6 TecTiles for registering their ...
by Andrew Martonik
Dec 14, 2012
Alongside its release of a native Android app, Facebook is bringing its SDK 3.0 for Android developers out of beta today. The Facebook SDK for Android lets app developers on the platform integr...
by Andrew Martonik
Dec 13, 2012
After what seems like an eternity of dealing with a sluggish web view Facebook app on Android, the social media behemoth is finally releasing a new and improved version written in native code. Every...
by Andrew Martonik
Dec 11, 2012
Scope, a client meant to help you manage all of your social media accounts, has been updated today with several improvements. On top of your usual Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr feeds, the update brin...
by Andrew Martonik
Nov 15, 2012
Most people who use the Facebook app on a regular basis have somewhat of a love/hate relationship with it. While we continue to wait for a native app experience that would greatly improve performanc...
by Simon Sage
Nov 05, 2012
After holing up on mobile since its inception, Instagram has announced that their iconic photo sharing app will be hitting the web with full profiles over the next couple of days. Previously, y...
by Alex Dobie
Nov 02, 2012
You could be forgiven for not remembering the HTC ChaCha and HTC Salsa. HTC's first-gen Facebook phones failed to make much of an impact when they were released in mid-2011. But apparently ...
by Andrew Martonik
Oct 18, 2012
Facebook has been making several improvements to its app in regards to photo sharing and uploading, and this latest update continues that trend. The changelog is just three bullet points. First, pho...
by Victoria Ho
Oct 18, 2012
Following the update for iOS developers a few weeks ago, Facebook has completely revamped the Android SDK, it said.
The new changes, touted as the "bigge...
by Andrew Martonik
Oct 08, 2012
We know that Facebook's current app strategy has been more or less a failure on Android. Following an update to the app on iOS from mostly HTML5 to native code, it looks like a native Faceb...
by Scott Young
Sep 20, 2012
You read that correctly - starting today, Facebook Messenger 2.0 will support sending text messages. However, that asterisk in the title denotes that there's a catch. Initially, only the HT...
by Andrew Martonik
Sep 19, 2012
Facebook appears to be jumping on the automatic uploading of pictures bandwagon, rolling out a feature to select users that lets all pictures they take get uploaded to a private photo album in their...
by Simon Sage
Sep 11, 2012
Over the summer, Facebook had a rocky update to its iOS app when they tried to shift everything away from HTML5. Ultimately focusing on HTML5 was a mistake, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said in...
by Andrew Martonik
Aug 28, 2012
Just a week before Motorola and Verizon kick things off at their September 5th event in New York City, Motorola has put up a Facebook contest to give 25 winners an opportunity to meet their product ...
by Bla1ze
Aug 22, 2012
A new Facebook for Android update is now rolling out and for those of you who like to share photos and events, this is one you'll want to ensure you get installed. The noted changes include easi...
by Simon Sage
Aug 09, 2012
Raved recently launched on Android in an attempt to translate your friends' Facebook likes into a tangible, unified business discovery app. It's a particularly handy, free way to see if ther...
by Bla1ze
Aug 08, 2012
A little while back, Stitcher Radio updated their iOS app with some new features and now they've finally arrived on Android as well. Many folks use Facebook each day and often spend a lot of tim...
by Simon Sage
Aug 07, 2012
Scope is the current incarnation of a venerable social networking app that gives users quick access to Facebook, Twitter, Foursquare, Tumblr, and Instagram. I've been registered with Soc...
by Alex Dobie
Aug 06, 2012
If you're on the fence about whether to drop your hard-earned currency on a new Galaxy smartphone, Samsung Mobile USA is hoping to sweeten the deal with a option to take your old phone off your ...
by Alex Dobie
Jul 31, 2012
As part of its continuing promotional deal with British rapper Professor Green, Chinese phone-maker ZTE is launching a new Facebook video contest, where fans have the chance to win £1000 in ca...
by Richard Devine
Jul 26, 2012
Earnings call season continued in full flow today with a new addition to the usual crowd. Facebook made their first post-IPO earnings call, and while the numbers don't really interest us greatly...
by Alex Dobie
Jul 25, 2012
Despite failing to set the world alight with 2011's ChaCha and Salsa, HTC and Facebook will collaborate once again to bring another Facebook phone to market next year, according to reports from ...
by Phil Nickinson
Jul 12, 2012
We'll believe it when we see it, but Facebook's latest Android app update promises to actually speed up login and navigation within the app. We know, we know. It's Facebook, whose mobile...
by Michelle Haag
Jul 09, 2012
Not long ago, Scope for Android (formerly known as SocialScope) entered beta bringing a ton of new features and great updates. This all-in-one social app has support for Facebook, Twitter, Inst...
by Bla1ze
Jun 26, 2012
When Facebook acquired Instagram nearly three months ago now, we knew there would be some enhanced Facebook integration coming eventually. As it so happens, eventually is right now as the latest Ins...
by Richard Devine
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Socialscope is something of an enigma in the mobile, social networking world. First arriving on BlackBerry, before progressing over to Android, the application has always required an invitation to u...
by Bla1ze
Jun 08, 2012
Been having issues with Facebook for Android logging you out or just outright crashing seemingly for no reason? If so, time to grab the latest version that is now appearing in the Google Play Store....
by Alex Dobie
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If you're using the official Facebook application for Android, you'll want to head to Google Play and grab the latest version, as it's just been updated with "improved performance a...
by Joshua Munoz
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With all the hubbub around photo sharing services on Facebook, it only seems natural that someone would make an app that lets you not only snap pictures and add totally hipster effects to them, but ...


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Rosie Jones lost an early five-shot lead today, then recovered to break out of a five-way tie with a birdie on the 16th hole to capture the $265,000 Ladies Professional Golf Association world championship.
Jones struggled to a two-over-par 74 in the final round and finished at 279 on the hilly, 6,107-yard Stouffer PineIsle Resort course. She gained a one-shot victory over Lisolette Neumann of Sweden, the United States Open champion, who shot 66 today. Jones won $81,500. Before Jones knocked in her 15-foot birdie on the par-5 16th, she and four others were at eight under par. Neumann had already finished with her eight-under score and Nancy Lopez, Patty Sheehan and Sherri Turner stood at the same figure. Lopez and Turner bowed out with bogeys on the 17th and Sheehan had a bogey on the final hole.
Lopez closed with a 71 and finished in a three-way tie for third at 281 with Sheehan and Turner, who both shot 70 today. Amateur Title to Meeks


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Stay connected |
Food and drink |
Things to do |
Working away |
Services |
Facilities |
Accessibility |
Home comforts |
Sleep well |
Things to enjoy |
Freshen up |
Be entertained |
Stay connected |
More |
This was the best stay during our tour of italy. Wonderful staff, location perfect- not near the scavi circumversuvious- the other stop!- restaurant was nice, breakfast was a feast!- check out the roof top for romance.Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"The Palma - great staff"
We stayed here for 4 nights in Pompeii and used it as a base to do various day trips in the area. It's very close to a train station, a beautiful church and the Scavi. The staff was so wonderful and helpful - always going above and beyond to help me and my family with travel, ideas, etc. The "boss man" is typical Italian and my kids loved listening […] to his interactions... fun and entertaining! Our room was also extremely clean and roomy (surprising for Italy). We also loved the rooftop. Read moreGenuine Hotels.com guest review
"great location ! lovely family run Hotel!"
loads to do and food fantastic!Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"the most mind blowing place on earth"
we found the hotel, staff and facilities to be amazing. our room had a balcony and was large in comparision to others in Italy. the hotel is situated in the centre of Pompei and only five mins walk to ruins. we stayed an extra night which cost very little and will definitly visit this hotel again.Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Hjælpsomt personale"
Et godt gennemsnitligt hotel med hjælpsomt personale.Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Hotel Palma in Pompei"
Good place to stay, if you want to vísit Pompei. Great breakfast and friendly staff.Genuine Hotels.com guest review
This guest did not leave a comment.Genuine Hotels.com guest review
This guest did not leave a comment.Genuine Hotels.com guest review
This guest did not leave a comment.Genuine Hotels.com guest review
Reviews and ratings contained within this site are the subjective opinions of customers and suppliers; they do not represent or reflect Hotels.com's position. Neither Hotels.com nor the parties involved in providing review content shall be held liable for any damages of any sort resulting from use of these reviews


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Published Date: February 19, 2012 - Category: Fashion_Beauty - Views: 223 .
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Anul Nou in AustriaAnul Nou in Austria se celebreza pe data de 1 Ianuarie a calendarului Georgian. A fost 1691 anul in


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Ticket #7963 (closed bug: invalid)
selector :hidden select option of select tag elements on IE7
Reported by: | paztaga@… | Owned by: | |
Priority: | undecided | Milestone: | 1.next |
Component: | unfiled | Version: | 1.4.4 |
Keywords: | Cc: | ||
Blocking: | Blocked by: |
on IE7, if you use $(':hidden') selector, jquery returns option tags of select tag.
On firefox it doesn't.
see test case: http://jsfiddle.net/Xz6wT/3/
Change History
comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by danheberden
- Status changed from new to closed
- Resolution set to invalid
Thanks for taking the time to submit a bug report :)
Browser visibility can be a bit wonky, as you can imagine. In this case, you're asking for anything not visible, and really, you're getting into the style of select options which can be a pain in the arse. Namely, your issue is also present in chrome because there is no height or width for an option, thus, it's "hidden".
If you're looking to get hidden form elements, better to do input[type="hidden"] (you could do input:hidden, but the former is a faster selector)
Please follow the bug reporting guidlines and use jsFiddle when providing test cases and demonstrations instead of pasting the code in the ticket.


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Do you stand in front of the mirror without your bra on or are you unwilling to try? For some women, it's not easy to face flat, droopy breasts that were once round and perky.
Key reasons for changes in breast shape include age, hormonal fluctuations, pregnancy, weight loss or gain and genetics, says Miami plastic surgeon Ary Krau, MD. There is no one skin or body type that causes breasts to sag. It is quite simply the changes in a woman's breast volume that cause the skin to stretch and subsequently sag. Sagging (called ptosis) results in flattened breasts with an elongated shape and a nipple/areola complex that is pointed downward. In profile views of more pronounced cases of ptosis, the nipple/areola complex of an unsupported breast hangs visibly lower than the breast crease. When breasts sag this deeply, wearing a support bra is necessary for maintaining a more normal appearance.
"The best technique used for a woman's breast lift must address several issues: shape, location of scars, quality of scars, longevity, sensation of the nipple/areola complex and preservation of lactation," says Dr. Krau. Equally important is the degree of sagging, the elasticity of your skin and the amount of excess skin that your plastic surgeon plans to remove.
To correct sagging and create a perkier breast, incisions are made to sculpt the breast to a new position, reduce excess skin and raise the nipple/areola complex. Incision patterns are typically the same as those used for breast reductions. In addition, Dr. Krau states that areola size may be reduced "to a circumference average of four centimeters."
A breast lift does not change the amount of breast tissue a woman has, but it does change the shape and position, which can affect overall breast size. To understand what final breast size may be following a breast lift, plastic surgeon Foad Nahai, MD, of Atlanta advises that patients look in the mirror and use a finger to elevate the breast until the nipple is brought to the new position, then fold any tissue hanging over the finger inward to approximate final breast size. If size is important to you, an implant can be inserted during the breast lift to enhance size or firmness. To approximate this, Dr. Nahai states, "I have the patient wear a bra without padding to assess size, then add an implant to give an idea of the final size after a breast lift with implant placement."
The new shape and position of your breasts will be visible immediately after surgery, but the new look will settle a bit over the following few weeks. Breast lift surgery is the only permanent way to restore a youthful body contour to the breasts. No amount of exercise, breast-firming cream or laser treatment has been proven to produce measurable, visible results. For most patients, a breast lift is a one-time procedure; but if another lift is necessary, the same incisions can usually be used.
You're a good candidate for a lift if...
- Your breasts are pendulous, but of satisfactory size
- Your breasts lack substance or firmness
- Your nipples point downward and are positioned below the breast crease
What you must know before breast surgery
- Your doctor is certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery and a member of ASPS or ASAPS.
- Your plastic surgeon shares your goals for your body and your health and has thoroughly explained your breast enhancement options.
- The number of breast surgeries your plastic surgeon has performed. Ask to see several sets of photographs showing before-and-after results of exactly the same procedure you will undergo. Photographs, however, are not a guarantee that you will obtain the same result.
- The details of your breast surgery procedure with a full understanding of the technique and goals recommended for you, and where the incisions and resulting scars will be located.
- Where your breast surgery will be performed, including accreditation of the facility, the anesthesia provider and his or her qualifications, and the medical staff that will be responsible for your health and safety.
"I lost a lot of weight--more than 100 pounds. As a result, my breasts now sag. I'm only 22 years old and I've have never had children. Can a breast lift help me?"
For women who undergo gastric bypass or lose significant weight through other means, the breast is undoubtedly going to sag or change shape. By restoring a natural and youthful shape, a breast lift can be of important psychological benefit to a young woman who feels very self-conscious about the appearance of her breasts.


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Your support of GROW bananas provides young adults amazing opportunities through scholarship programs such as Project Amigo. Through the GROW program, one fourth-year nursing student at the University of Colima, Adriana Dominguez (pictured above), got a chance of a lifetime to travel up to Seattle, Washington to gain experiences she never thought would have been possible before GROW. Continue reading
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Friday, December 13, 2013
Admissions decisions for freshman priority applicants will be... by Beth
Here at the University of Illinois, the ground... by Janet
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Newly decorated condo home with a spectacular view of the Puget Sound and historic Pioneer Square buildings.
Views are accessible from condo living room and bedroom. Condo is located within 4 blocks to all the ball games (Seahawk, Mariners, and Sounders) and Pioneer square. Condo is on the top floor of the building with perfect sound shielded windows. You can enjoy the city view, Puget sound, and the Olympics with unbelievable quietness at the condo. Balcony opened from the living room adds to your enjoyment of the view with a feel of the city. This condo is newly decorated with all new furniture, new kitchen utensils, new bed set, linen and variety of pillow firmness. Condo uses only granite counter tops. Fully equipped with wireless Internet, cable TV, DVD player and 50' brand new Plasma TV, all comes free with your stay. We provide only high quality towels (Calvin Klein & Ralph Lauren).
Seattle's finest restaurants, cafes, and nightlife are within walking distance. If you decide to shop for the day, Westlake Centers, Pacific Place Mall are just 8 blocks away. We also provide an exclusive secured parking spot under the condo building for your convenience if you decide to drive to Seattle Space Needle, Key Arena which are within 5 minute driving distance. Otherwise, condo is in city bus ride-free zone. If you decide to cook an exclusive dinner for the evening, Uwjimaya grocery store that features all international and local groceries is just 4 blocks away. Other walking distance attractions are the Waterfront, Pike Place Market, Seattle Art Museum, Aquarium, Science Center, Experience Music Project. Enjoy your stay.
Other Activities: Shopping, Boating, Parasailing, Shelling, Snowboarding, Wildlife Viewing, Miniature golf
Tax Rate | 9.5% |
Cleaning | $70 |
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency () unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.


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Age 93
To find the Alfred Flynn you are looking for, you'll need our people search tools. PeopleFinders.com has an information database to help you find a person based on age, past residences, relatives, aliases, and more. Alfred Flynn was born in 1920 and is 93 years old. Known relatives include Michelle D Flynn.
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September 27, 2011
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Seattle Children's Dr. Douglas Diekema discusses a new Washington state law requiring parents who don't want to meet state immunization requirements for school to obtain a certificate of exemption from a licensed health care provider.
All year long volunteers have been busy knitting thousands of tiny purple hats they hope will save babies' lives. Seattle ... cont.
Dr. Jim Olson of Seattle Children's said he and his team of seven researchers can take DNA sequences from plants and animals, ... cont.
A frugal Seattle attorney who nurtured a secret fortune for more than 40 years before passing away in September has bequeathed ... cont.


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Caligula converts, makes his horse a bishop
NB: I am not the author of the following item. Indeed, I deplore the uncharitable spirit in which it was conceived. Shame on you, Anglican Curmudgeon!
(ENS, Rome) The Emperor of Rome, Gaius Caligula, announced yesterday that he had become a convert to Christianity, and that the Roman Empire would now become the "Episcopalian Empire." In celebration of this momentous event, he said that he would make his horse, Incitatus, a bishop in the Episcopal Church.
"I have learned that the Episcopal Church is a very inclusive church," he said in an interview with Empirical News. "Their Presiding Bishop has said that she will take orders to consecrate any bishop elected in accordance with the rules. Incitatus has been baptized, and so now under the Church's canons, he cannot be excluded from holy orders. We will hold a convention, which I personally shall call, to declare ourselves a Diocese of the Church (I have been told that they cannot wait to have a Diocese of Rome), and then we will elect my horse and notify the Presiding Bishop."
Asked about this news, the Archbishop of Canterbury had the following to say: "The Anglican Communion welcomes all to its doors, and asks only that they observe a period of gracious restraint before engaging in acts which some might take to be contrary to the mind of the Communion. As in any Communion, there can be many a slip betwixt cup and the lip, and I am confident that when (and if) the time comes to extend episcopal fellowship to those whose holy orders qualify them for full participation in the councils here at Lambeth, I or my successor will be up to that task, and will weigh in at the appropriate time with further remarks."
Bishop J. Jon Bruno, of the Diocese of Los Angeles, said that a baptized horse had every bit as much right to become a bishop as he, a divorcé, did. He praised Caligula for his humanitarian act, and observed that it would lead to less lion fodder in the Circus Maximus. "Everyone can be welcomed into the Episcopal Church," he said. "The only losers are the lions."
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text: Patent References 874393 3583005 3867101 3877081 Method for sanitizing toilets Article for sanitizing toilets Apparatus for dispensing a chemical into a fluid Low ink indication for ink jet print head Patent #: 4380772 InventorAssigneeApplicationNo. 06/490777 filed on 05/02/1983US Classes:4/227.6, Having a flush water dosing chamber116/200, INDICATORS116/228, Float222/23WITH RECORDER, REGISTER, INDICATOR, SIGNAL OR EXHIBITORExaminersPrimary: Artis, Henry K.Attorney, Agent or FirmInternational ClassE03D 9/02 (20060101)DescriptionBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThis invention relates to a device for automatically cleaning toilets, and more particularly to a dispenser which is suspended in a toilet tank or water closet automatically to dispense small quantities of a cleansing and/or disinfectant compoundinto the tank water each time that the toilet is flushed. Even more particularly, this invention relates to a novel dispenser which contains means for automatically indicating that the dispenser has reached the end of its life and is in need ofreplacement. If there is a particular chore which housewives are pleased to avoid, it appears to be the need for cleaning household toilets. For this reason a great many products have been developed for the intended purpose of automatically washing orcleansing a toilet bowl each time the associated toilet is flushed. Typically such products comprise a ported housing or dispenser containing a water treating compound, and designed to be suspended in a toilet tank automatically to dispense small,concentrated quantities of the compound into the tank water each time the toilet is flushed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,618,143 discloses a dispenser having two, interconnected compartments, one of which (the larger) contains a solid, water soluble composition, and the other of which is ported in such manner as to permit only a smallportion of the composition to be introduced into the tank water with each flushing of the associated toilet. In the dispenser disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,504,384, both a cleaning compound and a separate disinfecting compound are employed, and thedispenser is divided into two completely separate compartments so that the respective compounds are kept separated from each other until such time that they are introduced into the tank water. Similar such dispensers, although slightly different inconfiguration, can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,208,747 and 4,305,162. Most tank dispensers of the type described are of the disposable variety and contain water treating compounds which become exhausted after repeated flushing of the associated tank. Because they are normally hidden from view, it is desirable thatsuch dispensers include some means for indicating when their water treating compounds have become exhausted and require replacement. The water treating compounds of some dispensers are premixed with a colored dye, and are designed normally to admit asmall quantity of the dye into the tank water each time that the tank is flushed. In practice the intensity of the dye decreases as the water treating contents of the dispenser become exhausted, so that in theory the householder should be able to notethe disappearance of the dye and realize that the dispenser should be replaced. On the other hand, there are dispensers which use transparent tank water cleaning and/or disinfecting materials which do not discolor the flush water. For this type of dispenser efforts have been made to provide an end-of-life indicator which,when the cleansing and/or disinfectant compound in the dispenser has expired, will suddenly release an intense, colored die, or the like, to warn the householder that it is time to replace the dispenser. U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,101, for example, disclosesa dye tablet which is specifically designed to dissolve very slowly over a prolonged period of time. Its composition is carefully selected so that its rate of dissolution, prior to emitting the dye, is substantially equal to that of the associated watertreating compound, so that at least in theory the dye will be released approximately at the same time that the water treating compound has expired. The disadvantage of this construction, obviously, is that it is extremely difficult to design anend-of-life tablet which will dissolve at a desired rate under vrious conditions of operation. An alternative suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 3,583,005 is to employ a water-soluble dye layer, which is located at the bottom of the dispenser where, theoretically, it will not come into contact with water in the tank until an overlying oil basedisinfectant and deodorant product has been exhausted after prolonged flushing of the tank. The disadvantage of this dispenser is that extreme care must be taken to provide a water-soluble layer which will not be attacked or otherwise react with theoverlying disinfectant/deodorant prior to the time that the latter become exhausted. It is an object of this invention, therefore, to provide an improved tank dispenser of the type described having relatively simple and inexpensive means for automatically indicating when the cleansing/disinfecting compound in the dispenser hasexpired. A further object of this invention is to provide a dispenser of the type described in which the end-of-life indicator is positively retained in an inoperative position by a solid, water soluble cleansing/disinfecting composition until such timethat the latter has approached a predetermined point of exhaustion. Other objects of the invention will be apparent hereinafter from the specification and from the recital of the appended claims, particularly when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The dispenser comprises a plastic housing disposed to be suspended in the water tank or reservoir of a conventional toilet or water closet. A partition, which extends transversely of the housing adjacent one side thereof, divides its interiorinto a large chamber for holding a chlorine tablet, and a smaller chamber which communicates at opposite ends with the larger chamber. The smaller chamber has therein a pair of vertically spaced ports for permitting a predetermined amount of water toflow into and out of the housing each time the associated toilet is flushed. In one embodiment the chlorine tablet is retained by spaced partitions over the top of an inverted, generally cup-shaped holder having cast or otherwise housed in the bottomthereof a water soluble dye, which normally is prevented from coming into contact with water in the housing because of an air bubble which fills the lower end of the holder. The chlorine tablet is heavier than water so it normally retains the holder in its inverted position where the dye is prevented from coming into contact with the water. However, after the chlorine tablet has dissolved to a predetermined size, asfor example just before it becomes necessary to replace the dispenser, the chlorine tablet permits the holder to float upwardly in the housing and suddenly to rotate from its inverted toward an upright position, thus permitting air to escape from thelower end of the holder and allowing water to come into contact with the dye to dissolve the latter. Consequently, the next time that the toilet is flushed the water discharged from the dispenser will carry with it the water soluble dye, thereby toprovide a visual indication that the time has come to replace the dispenser. Instead of a colored dye a perfumed fragrance or the like could be cast or otherwise retained in solid, water-soluble form in the bottom of the inverted holder, thereby to release a fragrance into the water, rather than a dye, when the table hasbecome small enough to permit the holder to float upright. THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a plan view of a tank dispenser made according to one embodiment of this invention, portions of the dispenser being cut away and shown in section for purposes of illustration; FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of this dispenser, portions thereof again being cut away and shown in section for purposes of illustration; FIG. 3 is a fragmentary sectional view taken generally along the line 3--3 in FIG. 1 looking in the direction of the arrows; FIG. 4 is an enlarged perspective view of a modified type of dye holder which can be employed with this invention, part of the holder being cut away and shown in section; and FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken generally along the line 5--5 in FIG. 4 looking in the direction of the arrows and showing how a dye tablet is mounted inside of this holder. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawing by numerals of reference, and first to FIGS. 1 to 3, 10 denotes generally a flat, nearly rectangularly shaped dispenser or housing having a pair of spaced, parallel sidewalls 12 and 13 marginal edges of which arecurved inwardly and seamed together around the entire periphery of the dispenser to form thereon parallel side seams 14 and 15, a transverse bottom seam 16, and an inclined upper or top seam 17. Two vertically spaced ports or openings 18 and 19 areformed in the dispenser adjacent seam 14. Although in the embodiment illustrated both ports 18 and 19 are formed in the wall 12, it is to be understood that both ports could be formed in the wall 13 if desired, or alternatively one port could be formedin each of the walls. As noted hereinafter, the upper port 18, which is positioned adjacent the intersection of seams 14 and 17, functions as a vent, while the lower port 19 is used to admit water into, and to permit water to flow out of, the interiorof the dispenser. Secured to an extending transversely between walls 12 and 13 adjacent the bottom seam 16 are two, spaced, tablet-supporting partitions 21 and 22. The lower portions of partitions 21 and 22 extend parallel to each other and are positionedapproximately equidistantly from opposite sides of the center line of the dispenser, while the upper ends of these partitions flare outwardly as at 23 and 24, respectively. Cradled between the confronting surfaces of the upper, inclined ends of thepartitions 21 and 22 is a solid, disc-shaped water treating tablet 25, the composition of which is discussed in greater detail hereinafter. Tablet 25, which is water soluble, is positioned beneath another partition 27, which extends transversely betweenthe side walls 12 and 13 at right angles to the side seams 14 and 15. As shown more clearly in FIG. 2, partition 27 extends only part way across the width of the dispenser 10 so that opposite ends thereof are spaced inwardly from the side seams 14 and15. Mounted beneath the tablet 25 for vertical sliding movement between the confronting, parallel surfaces formed on the lower ends of partitions 21 and 22 is an inverted, cup-shaped member 31. The lower, open end of member 31 is rectangularlyshaped in cross section, and its upper, closed end 32 (FIG. 2) is segmental-hemispherical in configuration. Cast or otherwise secured in the bore of the cup member 31 against its upper, closed end is a solid, water soluble dye composition which isdenoted in FIG. 2, by the numeral 34. The dispenser 10 also contains an elongate baffle 36, which extends transversely between the walls 12 and 13 parallel to seam 14, and between the tablet 25 and the ports 18, 19. As shown more clearly in FIG. 2, the baffle 36 is shorter than theoverall height of the dispenser, and is centered so that opposite ends thereof are disposed in spaced, confronting relation to the lower and upper dispenser seams 16 and 17, respectively. Moreover, baffle 36 is located just to the left of the partition21, 23, so that it is operatively disposed between the tablet 25 and the adjacent port 19, so that the flow of water in and out of this port will not create any undue turbulence in that portion of the dispenser interior which houses the tablet 25. In use the dispenser is adapted to be suspended in a toilet tank by means of a flexible, foldable strap 38, or the like, one end of which is fastened to one side of the dispenser (side 12 in the illustrated embodiment), and the other end of whichcan be folded over the upper end of a toilet tank in known manner. The dispenser may be completely immersed in the toilet tank so as to be located upright near the bottom of the tank, or it can be suspended so that its lower end projects downwardly intothe water in the tank at least to a point where its lower port 19 will be positioned below the uppermost level L (FIG. 2) of the water in the tank, when the latter is filled. Assuming the dispenser is suspended as in FIG. 2, rising water in the tankwill enter the dispenser through the port 19, thereby causing air within the dispenser to be discharged out of the upper port 18. Since the upper port 18 is maintained above the upper water level L of the tank when the dispenser is suspended as in FIG.2, the tank water will be free to flow in through port 19 to fill the dispenser to a level equal to that of the full tank level L. When the associated toilet is flushed, the level of the tank water drops downwardly beneath the lower end of the suspended dispenser 10, thereby permitting the quanity of water in the dispenser above the port 19 to flow out of the port 19 intothe tank water to be discharged into the associated toilet bowl. Obviously when the level L in the tank drops below the port 19 the dispenser 10 retains all of the water therein which lies below the port 19. Since the port 19 is positioned above theupper end of the tablet 25, it will be apparent that the tablet 25 remains immersed in water even when the tank is flushed. In practice the tablet 25 may be made from a conventional chlorine base compound, such as for example that which is commonly known in the trade by the acronym TCCA. The chlorine tablet 25 serves the dual purpose of cleansing the associatedtoilet bowl, and holding the inverted cup element 31 in its operative position as illustrated in FIG. 2 until such time that the tablet 25 has nearly expired. Then, as noted hereinafter, the air bubble which is trapped in the lower end of the cupelement 31 overcomes the weight of the tablet 25 and causes the element 31 to rise upwardly from between the confronting surfaces on the partitions 21 and 22 into the space between the upper, flared ends 23 and 24 of the partitions. At this point thecup element is free to swing its lower end upwardly in the dispenser at least far enough to permit the air bubble in its lower end to be displaced by water, which then comes into contact with the dye composition 34 eventually to dissolve the compositionand permit the dye therein to flow out of the dispenser into the tank water. In practice the cup element 31 may be made from a plastic material having a specific gravity (s.g.) of 1.0. The dye composition 34 in the bottom of the cup 31 may be comprised of a surfactant tablet with blue dye sufficiently chlorine resistantto retain color for at least twenty-four hours in a 1.0% chlorine solution. It may have an s.g. of approximately 1.2, and may be present in a quantity of approximately 2 grams. The density of the chlorine tablet 25, on the other hand, may beapproximately 3.1, and for a tablet 32 mm in diameter and 6 mm thick it would therefore weigh approximately 15 grams. The result is that the chlorine tablet 25 bears downwardly on the cup element 31 to retain it in its inoperative position (FIG. 2)until after repeated flushings have caused the overall size of tablet 25 to reach a point where it no longer can hold the cup element 31 in its inverted position. At that time, therefore, the cup 31 will float upwardly in the water in dispenser 10, andaided by its hermispherically shaped closed end, will swing upright, thereby releasing the air bubble from its lower end and allowing water in the dispenser to flow into operative engagement with the dye composition 34. Depending upon its resistance tothe chlorine solution, therefore, the dye shortly thereafter begins during flushing to flow from the port 19 into the tank water, thereby providing the housekeeper with a visual indication that the chlorine tablet has expired and that the dispensershould be replaced. A primary advantage of this construction is that the air pocket or bubble, which is confined in the lower end of the inverted cup 31, prevents water in the dispenser 10 from coming into contact with the dye composition 34 until such time that thechlorine tablet 35 has substantially expired. Therefore, regardless of repeated flushings, and irrespective of changes in temperature and the rate of water flow through the dispenser 10, the dye composition 34 remains isolated from the water until thecleaning and/or disinfecting tablet has reached the end of its life. For this reason it is not necessary that the composition 34 be covered by a chlorine resistant material. However, if desired, a thin layer of such material could be utilizedtemporarily to delay release of the dye for a predetermined period of time after the cup 31 flow upwardly in the dispenser and swings in its upright position. Still another advantage of this construction is its simplicity. Although water is free to flow or circulate completely through the interior of the dispenser 10, it is prevented from entering the lower end of the inverted cup 31 by virtue of theair bubble which exists in the cup from the moment that the dispenser is inserted into the toilet tank. Simply by proper selection of the size and weight of the chlorine tablet 25, the cup 31 is caused to be retained in its inverted, inoperativeposition until the dispenser tablet 25 has expired. Among the compositions 34 which have been found to be suitable for use with the invention, and which may constitute dyes or dispensable pigments, are those that are sold by Pylam Products of New York, N.Y. under the trademarks "PYLAKLOR DRYBLUE", "PYLAKLOR PERMANENT GREEN", and "PYLAKLOR FAST BRIGHT BLUE". These dye stuffs are readily water soluble, and their rates of solubility and ease of dispersing can be adjusted by the addition of soluble inorganic salts and/or the addition ofsurface active agents. By way of example such agents may include, among others, an alkylaryl sulfonate sold by Petrochemical, Inc. under the trademark "PETRO AG". While the preferred embodiment of the cup-shaped holder 31 is shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, it will be apparent that the exact configuration of the cup 31 may differ without the departing form this invention. For example, the cup could be conical inconfiguration, whereby the chlorine tablet 25 would rest against the pointed, upper end of the cup; or alternatively, the cup could be cylindrical or cubical in configuration. As an alternative to casting or otherwise securing the dye composition 34 in the bottom of the cup 31, it would be possible to use a modified cup element 131 (FIGS. 4 and 5), which generally has the configuration of a rectangular box, except thatthe bottom wall of the box has therein a circular opening 132, and is divided by two intersecting slots 133, 134, which effectively divide the bottom into four sectors 135. These sectors 135 can be bent upwardly into a truncated-conical configuration tosupport on the upper ends thereof a spherically shaped dye pill or tablet 126, which may have a composition similar to that denoted at 34. It should be noted that the lower ends of partitions 21, 22 need not extend all the way to the bottom seam 16 of container 10, because even if water is permitted to pass beneath the inverted member 31, the air bubble in its lower end wouldprevent water from flowing into contact with the dye composition 34. Moreover, if desired, the upper end of partition 36 could be made to extend laterally (to the left in FIG. 2) to engage seam 14 in the space between ports 18 and 19, so that waterentering and leaving the container would have to flow beneath the lower end of partition 36. Also, although the opposed housing sections or walls 12 and 13 have inwardly curved edges, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that one section could be made perfectly flat and could be seamed to the curved edges of the other sectionwhile still maintaining the walls 12 and 13 in spaced, parallel relation. And to make the most effective use of the chlorine tablet, it is advisable that the dispenser be positioned upright near the bottom of a toilet tank, and adjacent the tank outlet,so that most of the chlorine dispensed from container 10 will flow immediately with the flushing water into the associated toilet bowl. While this invention has been illustrated and described in detail in connection with only certain embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that it is capable of still further modification and that this application is intended to cover any suchmodifications as may fall within the scope of one skilled in the art, or the appended claims. |


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As early as April 2014, NOAA will discontinue printing its lithographic nautical charts in favor of its increasingly popular digital versions. Directions Magazine interviewed Ted Florence, president of Avenza Systems, about the move to digital.