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Fewer criminals are being given community work in Timaru, prompting a shortage of people being tasked to clean up graffiti.
Neighbourhood Support South Canterbury co-ordinator Denise Langrish believes the shortage is the result of fewer people being sentenced through the courts to community work.
However, the Corrections Department could not confirm that yesterday.
Previously, those on community work were frequently sent out to clean up paint left by taggers, by scrubbing it off walls or painting over it.
Senior Constable Bill Phiskie said that had dropped off significantly, which he also put down to fewer people coming through the court system. The issue will be discussed tomorrow at the Safer Communities committee meeting.
Mr Phiskie said the frequency of tagging in the town fluctuated.
"Some weeks there's none . . . [but] there's about seven files from the weekend where someone's found a spray can lying around . . . and left a trail on their way home," he said. "We keep on it week after week to try to keep it under control."
Mrs Langrish said repairing the damage was not always easy.
"We do try to clean it up as fast as we can, but the biggest challenge is getting [the property owner's] permission . . . or finding out who the owner is. We can't just clean up people's property without their permission."
The aim was to get rid of the tagging as soon as possible, to discourage copycat behaviour.
She said one elderly woman's property had been "severely" tagged, to the point she needed her entire fence repainted.
Neighbourhood Support, Safer Communities, the police and Community Watch all work together to combat the problem. She said those groups often thought their work was paying off, but it only took one spray can to upset things.
"If there's a spray can lying around . . . [the taggers] just can't help themselves."
- © Fairfax NZ News
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Tempeh can be an unlikely source of salmonella
Tempeh is a meat substitute that is made from fermented soybeans. It is usually pasturized and cooked before consumption. However, the batch from the Indonesian company started with tainted culture and did not pasteurize their product. As a result, they have voluntarily recalled their product.
A-1 Home Care provides senior care in the Brentwood area. We have caregivers who can produce beautiful vegetarian and vegan meals. Our home helpers are mindful of food safety and value clean, healthy eating.
Call our agency to arrange care in Brentwood. 310-657-8780
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- Craig Clough
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subset: commoncrawl


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IDG News Service - If you haven't changed the default password on your home router, you may be in for an unwanted visit from Chuck Norris -- the Chuck Norris botnet, that is.
Discovered by Czech researchers, the botnet has been spreading by taking advantage of poorly configured routers and DSL modems, according to Jan Vykopal, the head of the network security department with Masaryk University's Institute of Computer Science in Brno, Czech Republic.
The malware got the Chuck Norris moniker from a programmer's Italian comment in its source code: "in nome di Chuck Norris," which means "in the name of Chuck Norris." Norris is a U.S. actor best known for his martial arts films such as "The Way of the Dragon" and "Missing in Action."
Security experts say that various types of botnets have infected millions of computers worldwide to date, but Chuck Norris is unusual in that it infects DSL modems and routers rather than PCs.
It installs itself on routers and modems by guessing default administrative passwords and taking advantage of the fact that many devices are configured to allow remote access. It also exploits a known vulnerability in D-Link Systems devices, Vykopal said in an e-mail interview.
A D-Link spokesman said he was not aware of the botnet, and the company did not immediately have any comment on the issue.
Like an earlier router-infecting botnet called Psyb0t, Chuck Norris can infect an MIPS-based device running the Linux operating system if its administration interface has a weak username and password, he said. This MIPS/Linux combination is widely used in routers and DSL modems, but the botnet also attacks satellite TV receivers.
Vykopal doesn't know how big the Chuck Norris botnet is, but says he has evidence that the hacked machines "are spread around the world: from South America through Europe to Asia. The botnet aims at many networks of ISP [Internet service provider] and telco operators," he said.
Right now Chuck Norris-infected machines can be used to attack other systems on the Internet, in what are known as distributed denial of service attacks. The botnet can launch a password-guessing dictionary attack on another computer, and it can also change the DNS (Domain Name System) settings in the router. With this attack, victims on the router's network who think they are connecting to Facebook or Google end up redirected to a malicious Web page that then tries to install a virus on their computers.
Once installed in the router's memory, the bot blocks remote communication ports and begins to scan the network for other vulnerable machines. It is controlled via IRC.
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Posts tagged "WR coach"
If I Was The New Bears GM, I Would...
Welcome to ChicagoNow.
Meet The Blogger
Walter "Butch/Bearstradamus" Brzeski
Life story in 50 words or so: Born in Bucktown to a middle-class family and has lived in Chicago his entire life, now residing on the far Northwest Side. Attended St. Hedwig, Lane Tech, Triton College and Eastern Illinois University. Has worked myriad jobs in the city, including many years as a bartender; is now a substitute teacher. Currently, is working on finishing his Masters in Education along with studying for his National Strength and Conditoning Association (NCSA) certification test ..................................................................................... Self-description: An avid sports fan, he describes himself as an average, "300-level guy." "I've never been a rich man, I've never been a poor man; I've been in-between." He is as much of a through-and-through Chicagoan as one will meet. He is proud of his Chicago accent and works to give back to the community. A humble man, he values a strong work ethic, which his dad instilled in him............ Writing experiences: Describes himself as the "most opinionated person in Chicago." He tries to get the average guy's voice out there, modeling his writing after the conversations he had with patrons when he was a Wrigleyville bartender. "I'm trying to let people know what is going on. Most of the things I write about, people are thinking about." He considers himself the voice for the working Chicagoan who doesn't think his opinion can be heard. His favorite topics to write about are sports and observations about what's happening in Chicago, and the two often mesh................................................................................... Unique traits: He attended EIU on a football scholarship as an offensive lineman and has been an athlete and sports fan all his life. A favorite childhood memory is racing home from school to catch Cubs games. His house is decorated with Chicago sports memorabilia; his favorite item is a letter written to him by former Bear Dan Hampton. He hopes to one day open an upscale sports bar (in Chicago, of course) and put his collection on display. — By Dan Waters, Tribune reporter
Recent posts
Springtime in Chicago = Wackiness from Ald. Cardenas »
Walter "Butch/Bearstradamus" Brzeski on Da' Urban RoosterPosted April 23, 2013 at 9:18 am -
Has the CTU's Karen Lewis Jumped the Shark, Again? »
Walter "Butch/Bearstradamus" Brzeski on Da' Urban RoosterPosted April 15, 2013 at 10:16 pm -
Abbate vs. Honey Boo Boo »
Walter "Butch/Bearstradamus" Brzeski on Da' Urban RoosterPosted October 24, 2012 at 1:38 pm -
A Voice Lost and She'll Be Missed... »
Walter "Butch/Bearstradamus" Brzeski on Da' Urban RoosterPosted October 9, 2012 at 9:12 am -
Bears Mike Tice and Jay Cutler Need to Call Dr. Phil »
Walter "Butch/Bearstradamus" Brzeski on Da' Urban RoosterPosted October 2, 2012 at 4:05 pm
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Zoo Tycoon 2
developed by Blue Fang Games, also available for DS
Zoo Tycoon 2 Action Replay Codes
No Action Replay codes found in all.
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- Submit a Action Replay code for Zoo Tycoon 2
- Return to Zoo Tycoon 2 profile page
- Browse around to find other games and submit your user reviews or other cheats!


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This is for kisskiss-bangbang's challenge-make a wallpaper only using Paint. Hope you all like it.
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Columbus Mileposts | Dec. 31, 1995: Debut of First Night brought families Downtown
- Man shot outside house on East Side
- Investors unhappy Abercrombie to keep Jeffries as CEO
- Investor wants help pressuring Bob Evans to make changes
- Hiring outlook dims slightly for central Ohio employers
- HIV-positive woman convicted a third time of soliciting
- Columbus council OKs future raises for elected officials
- Teen wounded by police was wanted on assault charge
- Columbus to expand recycling to more apartments and condos
- Man sentenced to 22 years for killing grandmother
- Former school-bus driver pleads guilty to driving drunk
US & World
- Investors unhappy Abercrombie to keep Jeffries as CEO
- Casino revenue in Ohio flat in November
- Investor wants help pressuring Bob Evans to make changes
- Hiring outlook dims slightly for central Ohio employers
- U.S. sells rest of GM stock, taking $10.5 billion loss
- Household net worth reaches record high
The Dispatch E-Edition
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Current home-delivery subscribers may add Digital D, 24/7 E-Edition and unlimited premium Dispatch.com access, for a nominal additional charge. Or, you can choose a digital-only subscription for unlimited access to the E-Edition via computer and iPad. Subscribe today!
Drummer Tony West bangs out the beat of traditional African music as his wife, Sister Aziza West, interprets with dance as part of the second First Night Columbus celebration, on Dec. 31, 1996.
The first First Night Columbus was held on Dec. 31, 1995, amid midnight fireworks, a laser-light show and events at 24 sites spread across Downtown.
The event, patterned after Boston's wildly popular First Night New Year's Eve celebration, provided families with an alcohol-free way to celebrate the new year.
A 5:30 p.m. ribbon-cutting at the old COSI science museum, 280 E. Broad St., was followed by a parade to High Street and around Capitol Square. The entertainment, which ranged from folk dances to plays, began at 6:30 p.m. About 360 performers participated. Teens danced in the Statehouse atrium, and younger children made masks at the long-since-closed Jacobson's department store in the since-razed Columbus City Center.
Free popcorn and hot chocolate augmented food provided by street carts and specially set-up tent restaurants. At 11:30 p.m., attention turned to the Statehouse lawn, where the countdown to the new year began. Rain, which had dampened festivities earlier in the evening, was replaced by fog as midnight neared.
One person who could not attend, though, was organizer Ho Blair. The owner of Eventors, a special-events planning company, had spent 1995 planning the city's first First Night. But he was injured in a Christmas-week car crash and spent New Year's Eve in bed and on his back watching news reports on TV and talking to friends on the telephone.
Years later, First Night continues to draw thousands of families Downtown each Dec. 31. Many of the events now cluster around COSI Columbus, which moved to the west side of the Scioto River in 1999, and Veterans Memorial, where laser tag and human hamster balls were added to the celebration last year.
The year 2012 and the city's bicentennial year will end with fireworks at midnight tonight.


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Apparently Toe just didn't quite understand to get out of the way of the grumpy demon...I loved with Kazzak was raiding all the major cities, and all the high-ends of the server were bitching out the lowbies that were wandering around. All of those black skulls were a sight to see!
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The Liberal Democrat County Council candidate for Totnes Rural ward express his principle aims for the local community if elected at Devon County Councillor.
The Liberal Democrat County Council candidate for Totnes Rural ward gives his views on local traffic control and transport in his monthly newsletter.
How Devon County Councillor Julian Brazil is making a difference in the Kingsbridge and Stokenham area.
Across the country Liberal Democrats are building a stronger economy in a fairer society, enabling everyone to get on in life.
Councillors have proud records locally, standing up for local people:
Julian Brazil, Devon County Councillor for Kingsbridge and Stokenham, highlights flooding, affordable housing and the budget in this latest edition of his quarterly newsletter.
Liberal Democrats are fighting all the Devon County Council seats across the South Hams area, as part of the campaign to regain control of the County Council.
The selected candidates in the Divisions in the Totnes Constituency are:
The independent Local Government Boundary Commission for England is asking local people how many councillors they think should represent South Hams District Council in the future.
The six-week public consultation is the first part of an electoral review which will also consider changes to the number, names and boundaries of the council's wards.
The Commission has considered evidence submitted to it by the council and political groups and is now consulting residents on a proposal that would see the authority represented by 30 councillors in future, ten fewer than the current arrangements.
The Commission is asking local people whether they think 30 is the right number of councillors for South Hams.
The consultation closes on 4 June 2013, after which the Commission aims to publish its draft recommendations for a new pattern of wards for South Hams in August 2013 when it will consult local people again.
Final recommendations are due to be published in January 2014 and the new electoral arrangements would come into effect for the council elections in 2015.
To have your say online on the ConsultationOpens new window page, email: firstname.lastname@example.com or please write to:
Further information about the review is available on The Local Government Boundary CommissionOpens new window website and residents can have their say directly at: https://consultation.lgbce.org.uk/node/794/la=328
The Review Officer (South Hams) Local Government Boundary Commission for England Layden House 76-86 Turnmill Street London EC1M 5LG
This April will see the introduction of a number of changes to the tax and welfare system that have been championed by the Liberal Democrats.
The Fairer Tax campaign exists to cut taxes for working families whilst making sure the super-rich pay their fair share.
Now more than 20m working people will be paying £600 a year less than they were under Labour, as the tax threshold rises to £9,440. Someone earning the minimum wage will have seen their Income Tax bill cut in half.
Julian Brazil is rolling his sleeves up in preparation for May's Devon County Council elections. The Liberal Democrat Councillor is fighting to retain his Kingsbridge and Stokenham ward seat for a third successive time and the former supply teacher and plucky veteran of local politics is leaving nothing to chance. Despite a record of successive victories, including his 2009 election against former Kingsbridge Mayor, Rufus Gilbert, the university graduate admits there is still work to be done, reiterating his passion to serve his local communities and put their needs ahead of his party's, a philosophy which has earned him the affectionate nickname, 'the people's politician'. "Local communities tell me they want a councillor who will stand up for local people", he says, "I agree that party politics should not come into it and I always try my best to be a voice for the views of the local communities I represent at council - sometimes with more success than at other times." Taking pride in his work, the former Finance Director of a design and print company is a keen campaigner for greener policies, being a former Chairman of the Green Liberal Democrats and environment researcher for the party. In addition to being an advocate for increased affordable housing, the councillor is keenly campaigning against the introduction of car parking charges, which were last proposed to be introduced across the county in 2010 before being withdrawn, an event Mr Brazil feels reflects the frustrating but also rewarding and sometimes satisfying 'rollercoaster ride' of politics, where a councillor can help support a local community, assist a particular project and especially help families in need. One of Mr Brazil's flagship campaigns is to fight council tax increases, which could rise due to increased financial squeezing on councils or see an increased radical reduction of vital local services. However, the councillor feels a 'slash and burn' policy on cutting local services isn't the answer with the more measured approach needed, and the focus instead directed on streamlining the unnecessary cost of increased bureaucracy in councils. "It is annoying to see Council Tax go up while services get cut, as the council continues to waste money on outside consultants and box ticking exercises", Councillor Brazil says, "Now, more than ever, we need to make sure that Councils are delivering the services that are important to you [the electorate]". When taking a rare break from politics, the councillor plays cricket at his local club along with darts, fishing or euchre. For now, the fishing rod and darts may have to lay unattended and the councillor is pulling out all the stops, following Lord Ashdown's recent motto of "work to win", something the Mr Brazil has become exceptionally good at: "I have always tried to do this and very much hope that with that electorate's support I can continue to serve our local communities and make a difference". Come Thursday May 2nd, local residents can contribute to that difference by voting for Julian Brazil, the people's choice.


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Houzz is the new way to design your home.
634,525 "kitchen hood" Home Design Photos
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Allied Kitchen and Bath - Robert Feinberg CKD
Definitely a kitchen to entertain with!
Darryl Nobles
Allied Kitchen and Bath - Robert Feinberg CKD
Holiday kitchens...DREAM KITCHEN
Wine fridge!!! — 93nx41
Case Remodeling
BM - Yarmouth Blue — cassyoliver
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Woodlands Retreat
open kitchen with ample "Heritage Oak" reclaimed cabinets, counters, and workspace is perfect for elegant entertaining in this rustic home. Artfully blending stone, wood, and stainless steel this kitchen celebrates modern conveniences and natural and reclaimed materials. Reclaimed and natural materials
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Oak kitchen cabinets with gray thermafoil accents
Photography by Amy Williams
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LOVE — daniellegorelik
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Paint - White Dove - BM
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Beautiful kitchen. I am in need of a wide hood because new kitchen moved center and need to compensate
Wonderful hood. Can you telll me who makes it?
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great kitchen!...eat in kitchen...kitchen island...range hood...nayer kitchen...Warm kitchen...Ideal kitchen...Kitchen and tiles...nice open kitchen
I love how warm and inviting the space looks. — andreamckayy
Carla Aston | Interior Designer
Heights Kitchen Remodel
about this kitchen remodel at the link above.
Would you be willing o share some information about this beautiful vent hood?
what is the overall size of the kitchen?
The kitchen looks amazing!
running a line around the kitchen
Love this idea to open up the kitchen
larger kitchen and add precious working space.
color of walls for kitchen
blue-grey painted kitchen island
Dental office kitchen idea
ights Kitchen Remodel
Cottage kitchen 2...Small kitchen...Kitchen paint...blue kitchen...:) kitchen...eat in kitchen...kitchen island...range hood
Stove vent — cheetahmom


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Grayson Capps
Grayson Capps
A literate and impassioned songwriter whose song characters are often caught barely hanging on at the edges of American life, Grayson Capps is a bit like a New Orleans version of Tom Waits, albeit more of a roots rocker in actual musical execution. Capps was born April 17, 1967, in Opelika, Alabama, the son of a Baptist preacher and an Auburn University student. After his birth, both of his parents ended up being teachers in Brewton, Alabama. They moved to Fairhope, Alabama when Capps was in the seventh grade, and it was there that he developed a lifelong fascination with theater, eventually earning a partial scholarship to Tulane University in New Orleans to study acting, graduating with a B.F.A. in 1989. But acting wasn't the only thing Capps studied at Tulane. He also learned to play guitar and joined a band called the House Levellers, who specialized in what the band called "thrash folk." The group signed with Tipitina's Records in 1990 when Capps was barely 21 years old, and following a whirlwind and musically quite successful year, Capps left the band, choosing to remain and make his home in New Orleans.
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text: I just finished watching the latest episode, and personally thought it was way better than episode 65. There wasn't much action, which I didn't like but it also wasn't the same scene played out again and again like in the previous episode running back and forth. I couldn't stop laughing when Kon unzipped his stomach and found all the contents that had been put inside of him. I couldn't believe Ishida was able to stuff a thermos inside of Kon, LOL. I never would have guessed that they would be modified souls putting them through these obstacles. Not bad at all for a filler episode.


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Superman Archive
Movie review: Weak plot grounds "Man of Steel"
Posted on June 19, 2013 | No CommentsBy Jake Coyle/AP Entertainment Writer It has been a black eye to Hollywood that throughout this, the unending and increasingly repetitive age of the superhero blockbuster, the comics' most iconic... -
Jim Tortolano's Retorts: What makes a real hero?
Posted on September 15, 2011 | No CommentsIf I look up in the sky, I may see a bird, or a plane, but I won't see a Superman. In a nation wracked by cultural and political division... -
The best superhero movies ever: one list
Posted on May 13, 2010 | 1 CommentThe best superhero movies ever? Journal editor Jim Tortolano has read a comic book or two in his time, and here's his list. 1. Superman Returns (2006). Brandon Routh channels...


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Hubbell (HUB.A) Announces Quarterly Earnings, Beats Expectations By $0.02 EPS
Hubbell (NASDAQ:HUB.A) announced its earnings results on Thursday. The company reported $1.62 earnings per share (EPS) for the quarter, beating the consensus estimate of $1.60 by $0.02, Analyst RN reports. The company had revenue of $835.90 million for the quarter, compared to the consensus estimate of $849.05 million.
Hubbell Incorporated (NASDAQ:HUB) is engaged in the design, manufacture and sale of electrical and electronic products for a range of non-residential and residential construction, industrial and utility applications.
Get Analysts' Upgrades and Downgrades via Email - Stay on top of analysts' coverage with Analyst Ratings Network's FREE daily email newsletter that provides a concise list of analysts' upgrades and downgrades. Click here to register now.


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So complicated: Chad Kroeger and Avril Lavigne embroiled in Halloween costume drama with her ex-husband Deryck Whibley
Wednesday 31 October 2012
Costume dramas normally take place on Sunday nights and involve tight corsets and heaving bosoms. But a costume drama of another kind has been playing out between Canada's grunge sweethearts, Chad Kroeger and Avril Lavigne, and her former husband Sum 41's Deryck Whibley.
Whibley dressed up as his ex-wife to attend a Halloween party at the weekend; while his model girlfriend Ari Cooper went dressed as the Nickelback frontman Kroeger.
Pictures of the pair, both sporting long wigs, Whibley in a hoody with black eye make-up, and Cooper wearing a Jack Daniels T-shirt and leather jacket, surfaced on Twitter.
But Kroeger responded to their actions with a snide remark, tweeting: "Hey Deryck loved the costumes! We were going to dress up as you guys this year but all the parties had celebrity themes haha! –CK"
"Complicated" signer Lavigne was married to Whibley for three years but they separated in 2009 and divorced in 2010.
She and Kroeger announced their engagement in August after dating for six months.
Canadian-born Lavigne broke onto the music scene aged 17 with her debut album Let Go, garnering hits "Complicated" and "Sk8er Boi".
Kroeger, also from Canada, has been singing and playing guitar with Nickelback since 1995.
Canadian rockers Sum 41 are best known for "Fat Lip".
Kroeger also challenged Whibley and Cooper to "a couples bowling grudge match" on Twitter.
interviewThe producer and activist, Trudie Styler, whose film 'Filth' is up for five film awards, is tapping into the industry's neglected female talent
interviewHer estate has become the nation's glossiest food empire
theatreTheatre's hitmaker Daniel Evans on 'Oliver' and bringing 'The Full Monty' to the stage
food + drinkMichelin-starred Tom Sellers on being this year's hottest property
tvParents (and kids) rejoice! A new wave of fantastic family entertainment is here
food + drinkHow one grocery e-tailer is gearing up for the Yuletide rush
travelFor broadcaster Mishal Husain, a long-haul Club Med holiday was a chance for her family to explore its sense of 'zen' and 'animation'
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The 50 Best Christmas songs: Bells continue to ring for the Pogues' 'Fairytale of New York'
Sherlock series 3: Benedict Cumberbatch and Martin Freeman provide teasers for the biggest comeback in British television
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Back in Black (Sabbath): On the comeback trail with Ozzy Osbourne and crew
Back from the dead? Family Guy's Brian Griffin 'to make a comeback' after fan petition
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Nash Inflatable Boat - 117" x 50" x 18"
by Yellowstone
Item #: 150010
|Model #: YB311P
| (1)
The great performance and stability of inflatable boats means they are ideal for a variety of boating needs.
From fishing to just rowing along, Inflatable boats are great! You can stay very stable and still as you enjoy the extra room that an inflatable boat offers compared to other boats of a similar size. At the same time they can be deflated and stored in the car easily along with the rest of your fishing gear leaving plenty of room for extras such as a large picnic basket
- 660 lbs. weight capacity
- Ages 13 and up
- 3 ply reinforced vinyl
- Includes oars and pump
Assembled Country
Warranty Information
This product is covered by the Sam's Club Member Satisfaction Guarantee.There is no additional information available for this item.


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- May 14, 2012
- 4:28 p.m.
- Suggest removal
- Reply to this post
cokeorpepsi writes:
in response to 38104:
How would adding dozens of residential units NOT propel downtown development? Why would nearby residents NOT want more people and retail instead of an empty building? Residential occupancy is 93 percent downtown, and the demand I see is for more affordable units for law school students and 20-somethings (as opposed to the high-end luxury condos with sales prices inflated by out of towners and speculators).
I live downtown, and from what I see, the 93% doesn't seem to accurately reflect what has happened the last 5 years. We have the Horizon which was a complete flop. There were the new houses on Toulouse which were a flop. There are the condos by 'Local' which have foreclosure after foreclosure. There was a lot of new condo development around South Main with much of the same problems. There were plans for more development with new condo's on the south end which have been abandoned. I have friends who are underwater on their condos on and around Main street.
From my perspective, it looks like we have too much inventory downtown. Putting affordable apartments isn't going to help with property values. We need to work through the overdevelopment of downtown first. That building is too big and too expensive to develop into something I would like to see. I would much rather see it torn down and put in appropriate development for the area.
I certainly don't want to put in tax payer money into a project which IMHO, looks like a bad idea.
Want to participate in the conversation? Become a subscriber today. Subscribers can read and comment on any story, anytime. Non-subscribers will only be able to view comments on select stories.


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It was a while back that suggested that Samsung could be launching smartphones in 2012 with flexible AMOLED displays. Such displays were not a myth and they have been prototyped and displayed in public before, but as to how they might translate into a smartphone device remains to be seen. Well if you were hoping your next smartphone would be a Samsung-made one with a flexible AMOLED display, that's still a possibility although you should probably not expect to get your hands on said device this year.
According to reports from Korea, it seems that Samsung is having "problems with the yield" regarding production of the flexible AMOLED displays, which caused them to delay the production. Word has it that Samsung could get this issue sorted out by the end of 2012 which means that if you want a phone with a flexible AMOLED display, the first half of 2013 would be your best bet – at the earliest. Of course like the folks at Tech Radar have pointed out, this will more than likely pave way to rumors suggesting that the Samsung Galaxy S4 will feature such a display. We won't read too much into that at the moment, but do check back with us at a later date as we'll keep you updated!
RELATED- Huawei Glory 4 Or Honor 4 Could Be Introduced Next Week
- Free, Ad-Supported Spotify For Mobile Rumored To Launch Next Week
- Samsung Could Be Looking To Bring Android 4.4 KitKat To Older Devices
- Oppo Find 7 Could Feature 5.7" 2K Display With Snapdragon 805 Chipset [Rumor]
- Some Galaxy S5 Models Rumored To Come With LDS Antenna Technology
- Follow: Samsung,
- Seen at: techradar


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Personal Care Assistant Jobs in Memphis, Tennessee
2 Memphis, TN Personal Care Assistant jobs found on Monster.
Do you want to Fuel Your Career? Do you have experience in Quick Service, Fast Food, or Full Service R estaurant management? Do you have a proven track record of successful restaurant operations, delivering quality product in a safe working environment, providing exceptional customer service, and training and development? Love's Restaurant Managers promote sales growth, conduct training, exhibit a...
Do you want to Fuel Your Career? Do you have experience managing high volume operations in Retail, Restaurants, Travel Stop or Convenience, Big Box, Grocery, or Department Store? Do you have a proven track record of successful operations, providing exceptional customer service, and training and development? Love's Retail Managers promote sales growth, ensure their teams are well trained, exhibit a...
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Caregivers needed immediately for personal care agency with opening
Health Care Jobs Available. Up to $17-78/HR - Apply Now
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Washington St. head coach says they are ready for Auburn, Aug. 31
AUBURN, Ala. (WIAT) The Auburn football squad will start practice Friday, August 2, but the team they face in the first game of the season is also preparing.
During the Pac-12 media days, Washington State football head coach Mike Leach said his team has had a great off-season.
Leach even commented, "these two specimens right beside me, Elliott Bosch, OL, and Deone Bucannon, Safety, I mean that's who I pretend to see when I look in the mirror every morning when I shave."
The Cougars take on the Tigers Saturday, August 31 in Auburn.
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Bessemer jail set to reopen this month
There haven't been any inmates in the Bessemer Division Jefferson County Jail since October of 2009. That's when budget cuts forced it to close. That is expected to change later this month when hundreds of county inmates will likely be transferred from the county jail in Birmingham to ease overcrowding there.
Matt Pitt's case headed to a grand jury
A judge decided Monday to send youth evangelist Matt Pitt's case stemming from a June 2013 charge to trial.
McCarron, Mason among 6 Heisman finalists
Jameis Winston will have plenty of company at the Heisman Trophy ceremony — though he's not expected to have much competition.
Keeping public education a priority
Reclaiming the promise of education was the message in schools around the nation Monday.
Motion filed to stop mental evaluation of accused killer
The defense for an illegal immigrant accused of killing a Homewood mother and her two young children has filed a motion to stop any further mental evaluations until the competency and reliability of her translator has been determined at a …
Some ex-IP workers offered tuition discount
Two community colleges are offering discounted tuition to some workers being laid off from the International Paper plant in Courtland.
AAA Alabama offering BCS travel packages
As Auburn fans make preparations to travel to Pasadena, California, to see the Tigers take on the Florida State Seminoles in the BCS National Championship Game, AAA Alabama is offering travel packages.
PHOTOS: Vintage Christmas Cards
December 9th is National Christmas Card Day! Celebrate with these vintage Christmas Cards from the 1940's, 50's, 60's, and 70's.


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Loved ones say goodbye to Clymer supt.
SALAMANCA, N.Y. (WIVB) - Word of the arrest of his alleged killer on Friday came just hours after the Clymer School Superintendent was laid to rest in his southern tier hometown.
At Salamanca's United Congregational Methodist Church, about 300 people turned out to say goodbye to Keith Reed Jr. His father of the same name used to be the Mayor of Salamanca.
Keith's brother, Kevin Reed, said, "It's been devastating for my parents. They're 85-years-old. Yesterday was my dad's birthday. It's just been devastating for them."
Kevin is a former FBI agent and said, "Part of my regrets through this whole thing...he's my younger brother, I should've been there to protect him and I didn't do it."
Lydia Blide came all the way from Horseheads, NY where she went to high school with Reed's daughters four years ago.
"He was such a nice guy. He used my parent's business and services for many years and never once did anyone have anything negative to say about him," she recalled.
Rev. John Rough, Keith's friend and neighbor, said, "No matter what it was, a child, a teacher or a crossing guard, he made them feel that they were as important as anybody."
Just four years ago, Keith was in a motorcycle accident that left in a coma for months, but he fought his way back.
"And it just shows the toughness of of this kid and his character," Kevin said. "If he was not taken by surprise, he would've fought, so I'm assuming that he was taken by surprise, but I know nothing about the investigation."
Saturday afternoon is the homecoming game at Clymer Central, and all the football players will have Keith Reed's initials on their helmets in honor of this superintendent who made such an impression in only one year on the job.
Copyright WIVB.com
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Airman surprises family before the holidays
An airman from Niagara Falls was away training for the Air Force for months. After being apart from his family, he decided to surprise them at Kelly's Country Store in Grand Island.
City worker facing cruelty charges
A Buffalo city jail cell block attendant was arrested early Saturday morning on multiple animal cruelty charges.
Vigil held for Desirae James
Family and friends created a memorial for James complete with notes and candles.
One man dead after overnight shooting
Detectives say Brandon Cahee, 28, was found in an upper apartment of a home on Ericson Avenue, and he had been shot.
Cleanup continues one month after Typhoon Haiyan
It's been one month since Typhoon Haiyan barreled through the Philippines, leveling towns and killing nearly 6,000 people.
Manuel picked off 4 times in Bills loss
Rookie Mike Glennon rebounded from one of his worst performances of the season to throw two touchdown passes and lead the Tampa Bay Buccaneers a 27-6 victory over the struggling Buffalo Bills on Sunday.


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Cash crunch problem has not gone away, negative for shipping (tankers)
Enlarge GraphThe impact of China's financial industry
The financial industry is an essential part of any economy. Without a stable financial system—one that supplies liquidity to businesses and individuals and bridges the gap between savers and borrowers—an economy can't function as efficiently and productively as it could. So a collapse in the financial industry would grind an entire economy to a halt.
Central bank and cash crunch
China's interbank three months repo rate reflects the interest that banks charge each other for borrowing cash for three months in exchange for securities such as government bonds. On July 3, 2013, the rate, expressed in annual terms, rose to 5.00% from 4.95% a day earlier. Although it has fallen from a record high of 13% on June 20, when it took just 20 days for to climb 800 basis points (8%), it continues to remain negative.
A sharp increase in the repo rate, like the one China experienced, reflects a cash crunch—a condition of high demand or low supply of cash, also known as "liquidity issue," which is often tied to over-investment. Often, the central bank can intervene by purchasing securities from banks, which increases the cash reserve and liquidity of banks while lowering the repo rate.
However, central banks will sometimes let rates stay high to punish banks that irresponsibly issue loans that may be uncollectible in the future, as well as companies that over-invest, anticipating that the central bank will bail them out in the end and create a bubble along the way. This is likely what we're seeing right now: rates have fallen from a record high, as China expressed openness to fine-tuning its monetary policy last week, but the fact that the rate remains considerably above the average of 4.0% is negative and suggests conditions within the financial sector are more stressful compared to a few months ago.
Cautious outlook for Chinese economy
It's also questionable whether the financial system will stabilize right away. Historically, high repo rates (which were also volatile) have followed abrupt increases in repo rates. This liquidity issue is negative for the Chinese economy (the green shade represents lower economic growth in the graph above). When liquidity dries up, companies that rely on banks to run their daily operations—such as paying suppliers and workers as well as purchasing new equipment—will not be able to use banks' services as usual. As bills go unpaid and purchases are postponed, the economy will fall into a recession or weaker growth, which affects oil demand and price.
Because China is one of the largest importers of oil, lower economic growth will hurt oil import and tanker rates. As the majority of shipping expenses are fixed, gross margins, earnings and share prices will fall. Companies such as Teekay Corp. (TK), Tsakos Energy Navigation Ltd. (TNP), Teekay Tankers Ltd. (TNK), Nordic American Tankers Ltd. (NAT), Ship Finance International Ltd. (SFL), and Teekay Tankers Ltd. (TNK), as well as the Guggenheim Shipping ETF (SEA), will be negatively affected over the next few months. But is a crisis coming? Read Why China can contain the financial crisis and support oil demand for tanker stocks to see why that's unlikely.
Investors should read other articles to further understand what's currently driving the tanker shipping industry. Some must-reads include Shipping capacity growth drops but outpaces demand, negative for tanker stocks, Research shows China's soaring housing prices actually support tanker firms, and Oil rig activity stays high, negative for oil shipping.
To see other key drivers that affect the marine shipping industry, visit our driver page, Marine Shipping. For other industries currently available, see our Home Page.


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Golf Hotels
Looking for a hotel with a golf course onsite or right next door, below we have a few to offer you. In all cases we mention if the golf course is part of the hotels or within very easy walking distance.
Should you be looking for something specific, please ask Mark, here to help in anyway I can.
The Green Hotel Kinross
Stunning Views with Stunning Challenges - A great golf challenge on their two 18 hole parkland courses with unexpected contours, streams and ponds.
The Green Hotel Kinross
Please contact hotel for full details on their golf packages.
The Windlestrae Hotel
Two fantastic golf courses with stunning views and a great challenge. Two parkland 18 hole golf courses with unexpected contours, streams and ponds to add to the test.
The Roxburghe Hotel and Golf Course
Roxburghe Championship Golf Course at Roxburghe hotel lies just a few steps away from the hotel. Colin Montgomerie maintains "It's a perfect course for professionals and amateurs".
The Roxburghe Hotel and Golf Course
Roxburghe Championship Golf Course set in superb Scottish Borders countryside measuring 7111yds par 72, course record held by one of our Ryder Cup hero's Sergio Garcia.
For full details, please e-mail us or call us on + 44 (0) 1573 450 333
- Allison House Hotel Edinburgh
Lion King Winter Break - Dornoch Castle Hotel Highland Hotels
Champagne Autumn break - The Tontine Hotel Peebles
Christmas all wrapped up at Tontine - Broomhall Castle Hotel
Festive Dining at Broomhall 2013 - Loch Kinord Hotel
New Year in Royal Deeside - Heathmount Hotel Inverness
3 nights for the price of 2 - Poppies Hotel Callander
Winter breaks in the Trossachs - Caddon View House Scottish Borders
Fishing breaks on River Tweed


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Most Downloaded Food Policy Articles
1. Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change
October 2010
Munir A. Hanjra | M. Ejaz Qureshi
Abstract: Food policy should serve humanity by advancing the humane goals of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. However, these goals have recently been challenged by emerging forces including climate change, water scarcity, the energy crisis as well as the credit crisis. This paper analyses the overall role of these forces and population growth in redefining global food security. Specifically, global water supply and demand as well as the linkages between water supply and food security are examined. The analysis reveals that the water for food security situation is intricate and might get daunting if no action is taken. Investments are needed today for enhancing future food security; this requires action on several fronts, including tackling climate change, preserving land and conserving water, reducing the energy footprint in food systems, developing and adopting climate resilient varieties, modernising irrigation infrastructure, shoring up domestic food supplies, reforming international food trade, and responding to other global challenges.
2. Consumer acceptance, valuation of and attitudes towards genetically modified food: Review and implications for food policy
April 2008
Montserrat Costa-Font | José M. Gil | W. Bruce Traill
Abstract: An increasing set of evidence has been reported on how consumers could potentially react to the introduction of genetically modified food. Studies typically contain some empirical evidence and some theoretical explanations of the data, however, to date limited effort has been posed on systematically reviewing the existing evidence and its implications for policy. This paper contributes to the literature by bringing together the published evidence on the behavioural frameworks and evidence on the process leading to the public acceptance of genetically modified (GM) food and organisms (GMOs). In doing so, we employ a set of clearly defined search tools and a limited number of comprehensive key words. The study attempts to gather an understanding of the published findings on the determinants of the valuation of GM food – both in terms of willingness to accept and the willing-to-pay a premium for non-GM food, trust with information sources on the safety and public health and ultimate attitudes underpinning such evidence. Furthermore, in the light of such evidence, we formulate some policy strategies to deal with public uncertainly regarding to GMOs and, especially GM food.
3. Local food, food miles and carbon emissions: A comparison of farm shop and mass distribution approaches
April 2009
David Coley | Mark Howard | Michael Winter
Abstract: This paper provides a critical commentary on the conception of food miles followed by an empirical application of food miles to two contrasting food distribution systems based on carbon emissions accounting within these systems. The comparison is between the carbon emissions resultant from operating a large-scale vegetable box system and those from a supply system where the customer travels to a local farm shop. The study is based on fuel and energy use data collected from one of the UK's largest suppliers of organic produce. The findings suggest that if a customer drives a round-trip distance of more than 6.7km in order to purchase their organic vegetables, their carbon emissions are likely to be greater than the emissions from the system of cold storage, packing, transport to a regional hub and final transport to customer's doorstep used by large-scale vegetable box suppliers. Consequently some of the ideas behind localism in the food sector may need to be revisited.
4. Urban agriculture, poverty, and food security: Empirical evidence from a sample of developing countries
August 2010
Alberto Zezza | Luca Tasciotti
Abstract: Urban agriculture may have a role to play in addressing urban food insecurity problems, which are bound to become increasingly important with the secular trend towards the urbanization of poverty and of population in developing regions. Our understanding of the importance, nature and food security implications of urban agriculture is however plagued by a lack of good quality, reliable data. While studies based on survey data do exist for several major cities, much of the evidence is still qualitative if not anecdotal. Using a recently created dataset bringing together comparable, nationally representative household survey data for 15 developing or transition countries, this paper analyzes in a comparative international perspective the importance of urban agriculture for the urban poor and food insecure. Some clear hints do come from our analysis. On the one hand, the potential for urban agriculture to play a substantial role in urban poverty and food insecurity reduction should not be overemphasised, as its share in income and overall agricultural production is often quite limited. On the other hand, though, its role should also not be too easily dismissed, particularly in much of Africa and in all those countries in which agriculture provides a substantial share of income for the urban poor, and for those groups of households to which it constitutes an important source of livelihoods. We also find fairly consistent evidence of a positive statistical association between engagement in urban agriculture and dietary adequacy indicators.
5. Agricultural labour productivity, food prices and sustainable development impacts and indicators
April 2013
Andrew Dorward
Abstract: In the last few years high and unstable food and agricultural commodity prices and concerns about population growth, increasing per capita food demands and environmental constraints have pushed agriculture and food production up national and international political, policy and research agendas. Drawing on both theory and empirical evidence, this paper argues that fundamental impacts of links between agricultural productivity sustainability and real food price changes are often overlooked in current policy analysis. This is exacerbated by a lack of relevant and accessible indicators for monitoring agricultural productivity sustainability and real food prices. Two relatively simple and widely applicable sets of indicators are proposed for use in policy development and monitoring. Historical series of these indices are estimated for selected countries, regions and the world. Their strengths, weaknesses and potential value are then discussed in the context of the need for better sustainable agricultural development and food security indicators in any post 2015 successors to the current MDGs.
6. Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)?
January 2011
Tara Garnett
Abstract: This paper reviews estimates of food related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the global, regional and national levels, highlighting both GHG-intensive stages in the food chain, and GHG-intensive food types. It examines approaches that have been proposed for mitigating emissions at each stage in the chain and looks at how these sit within wider discussions of sustainability. It finds that efficiency-focused technological measures, while important, may not only be insufficient in reducing GHGs to the level required but may also give rise to other environmental and ethical concerns. It gives evidence showing that in addition to technological mitigation it will also be necessary to shift patterns of consumption, and in particular away from diets rich in GHG-intensive meat and dairy foods. This will be necessary not just in the developed but also, in the longer term, in the developing world. This move, while potentially beneficial for food secure, wealthier populations, raises potentially serious nutritional questions for the world's poorest. A priority for decision makers is to develop policies that explicitly seek to integrate agricultural, environmental and nutritional objectives.
7. Feeding the famine? American food aid and the GMO debate in Southern Africa
December 2004
Noah Zerbe
Abstract: The inclusion of genetically modified maize in food aid shipments to Southern Africa during the 2002 food crisis rekindled debates over agricultural biotechnology. As the region edged ever closer to famine – putting the lives to some 14 million Africans at risk – corporate pundits, government officials and biotech's critics debated the health and environmental dangers posed by the new technology.By situating the decision to send genetically modified maize to Southern Africa in the context of US–European debates over agricultural biotechnology, it becomes clear that the promotion of biotechnology has nothing to do with ending hunger in the region. Indeed, American food aid shipments to Southern Africa have little to do with the famine at all. Instead, I argue that US food aid policy following the 2002 crisis was intended to promote the adoption of biotech crops in Southern Africa, expanding the market access and control of transnational corporations and undermining local smallholder production thereby fostering greater food insecurity on the Continent.
8. Identifying consumer preferences for nutrition information on grocery store shelf labels
October 2010
Joshua P. Berning | Hayley H. Chouinard | Kenneth C. Manning | Jill J. McCluskey | David E. Sprott
Abstract: Nutrition labels can potentially benefit consumers by increasing product knowledge and reducing search costs. However, the global increase in obesity rates leads one to question the effectiveness of current nutrition information formats. Alternative formats for providing nutrition information may be more effective. Shoppers at a major grocery chain participated in choice experiments designed to identify preferences for nutrition information provided on grocery store shelf labels. Shoppers demonstrate a strong affinity for shelf-label nutrition information and the presentation of the nutrition information significantly affects their preferences as well. Several demographic variables help to explain differences in preferences.
9. Traffic lights and food choice: A choice experiment examining the relationship between nutritional food labels and price
June 2010
Kelvin Balcombe | Iain Fraser | Salvatore Di Falco
Abstract: In this paper we investigate how consumers respond to the UK nutritional food label Traffic Light System (TLS). Employing a choice experiment (CE) we find that consumers appear to behave in a manner consistent with our expectations regarding the impact of the TLS. We identify a strong preference on the part of respondents to avoid a basket of goods containing a mix of foods with any "Red" lights. In addition, we find that consumers have a hierarchy of importance in terms of perception of the various nutrients examined and there are clear behavioural differences associated with particular socio-economic characteristics confirming early research on the use of nutrition labels. Overall our results indicate significant heterogeneity in the attitudes and responses of consumers to the TLS nutritional food labels within and across socio-economic strata.
10. Farmers' adoption of conservation agriculture: A review and synthesis of recent research
February 2007
Duncan Knowler | Ben Bradshaw
Abstract: In light of growing concerns over the implications of many conventional agricultural practices, and especially the deep tilling of soils, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), among others, has begun to promote a package of soil conserving practices under the banner of 'conservation agriculture'. While the title might be novel, its associated practices have long been employed by farmers, and studied by social scientists seeking to understand the reasons for their adoption and non-adoption. This paper reviews and synthesizes this past research in order to identify those independent variables that regularly explain adoption, and thereby facilitate policy prescriptions to augment adoption around the world. While a disaggregated analysis of a subset of commonly used variables reveals some underlying patterns of influence, once various contextual factors (e.g. study locale or method) are controlled, the primary finding of the synthesis is that there are few if any universal variables that regularly explain the adoption of conservation agriculture across past analyses. Given the limited prospect of identifying such variables through further research, we conclude that efforts to promote conservation agriculture will have to be tailored to reflect the particular conditions of individual locales.
11. Food safety regulation: an overview of contemporary issues
December 1999
Spencer Henson | Julie Caswell
Abstract: This article discusses a number of issues that are influencing the evolution of food safety regulation in developed and, to a lesser extent, developing countries. Whilst not definitive, it aims to highlight those factors which are considered crucial to an understanding of contemporary food safety controls in both the public and private spheres. These issues include criteria applied to assess the need/justification for food safety regulation, relationships between public and private food safety control systems, alternative forms that public food safety regulation can take, strategic responses to food safety regulation, and the trade implications of national food safety controls. The article serves as an introduction to these issues, which are discussed at greater length in the other papers that make up this special issue of Food Policy.
12. Food system strategies for preventing micronutrient malnutrition
October 2013
By Dennis D. Miller | Ross M. Welch
Abstract: Micronutrients are defined as substances in foods that are essential for human health and are required in small amounts. They include all of the known vitamins and essential trace minerals. Micronutrient malnutrition affects ⅓–½ of the global population. It causes untold human suffering and levies huge costs on society in terms of unrealized human potential and lost economic productivity. The goal of this paper is to identify deficiencies in the food system that lead to micronutrient malnutrition and explore and evaluate strategies for its prevention. We examine the impact of agricultural practices on micronutrients in the food supply, including cropping systems, soil fertility and animal agriculture. We then discuss the potential of biofortification – i.e. increasing the concentration of micronutrients in staple food crops through conventional plant breeding or genetic engineering– as a means to reduce micronutrient deficiency. In addition, we discuss the impact of food losses and food waste on micronutrients in the food supply, and we explore successful strategies to preserve micronutrients from farm to plate, including food fortification. Our review of the literature sheds light on the advantages and limitations of alternative interventions to reduce micronutrient deficiencies along the supply chain. We end with recommendations for actions that will reduce the prevalence of micronutrient malnutrition.
13. Farm costs and food miles: An assessment of the full cost of the UK weekly food basket
February 2005
J.N. Pretty | A.S. Ball | T. Lang | J.I.L. Morison
Abstract: Changes in both farm production and food transport have resulted in the imposition of new levels of environmental costs. This study analyses the full costs of foods in the average weekly UK food basket by calculating the costs arising at different stages from farms to consumers' plates. Of the 12 commodities assessed, livestock produce contributes the most costs per kg. The external cost of UK agriculture up to the farm gate is estimated to be £1.51 bn yr−1; it is calculated that a switch to organic production could lead to avoided costs of £1.13 bn yr−1. Agricultural and food produce accounts for 28% of goods transported on UK roads, currently imposing estimated external costs of £2.35 bn yr−1. The contribution made by sea and air transport is currently trivial owing to low volumes. However, road transport to carry food from the shop to home is estimated to impose a further £1.28 bn yr−1 to total external costs. Subsidies not targeted at environmental improvements cost consumers £2.88 bn yr−1. Thus the real cost of the per capita UK food basket (£24.79) is calculated to be £2.91 more per person wk−1 (11.8%) if externalities and subsidies are included, with farm externalities (81 p), domestic road transport (76 p), government subsidies (93 p) and shopping transport (41 p) contributing the most. We assess a variety of scenarios for adoption of organic farming, localised food systems and sustainable transport to indicate the substantial potential to reduce environmental costs in the UK food system.
14. Soil management in relation to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services
January 2011
D.S. Powlson | P.J. Gregory | W.R. Whalley | J.N. Quinton | D.W. Hopkins | A.P. Whitmore | P.R. Hirsch | K.W.T. Goulding
Abstract: Requirements for research, practices and policies affecting soil management in relation to global food security are reviewed. Managing soil organic carbon (C) is central because soil organic matter influences numerous soil properties relevant to ecosystem functioning and crop growth. Even small changes in total C content can have disproportionately large impacts on key soil physical properties. Practices to encourage maintenance of soil C are important for ensuring sustainability of all soil functions. Soil is a major store of C within the biosphere – increases or decreases in this large stock can either mitigate or worsen climate change. Deforestation, conversion of grasslands to arable cropping and drainage of wetlands all cause emission of C; policies and international action to minimise these changes are urgently required. Sequestration of C in soil can contribute to climate change mitigation but the real impact of different options is often misunderstood. Some changes in management that are beneficial for soil C, increase emissions of nitrous oxide (a powerful greenhouse gas) thus cancelling the benefit. Research on soil physical processes and their interactions with roots can lead to improved and novel practices to improve crop access to water and nutrients. Increased understanding of root function has implications for selection and breeding of crops to maximise capture of water and nutrients. Roots are also a means of delivering natural plant-produced chemicals into soil with potentially beneficial impacts. These include biocontrol of soil-borne pests and diseases and inhibition of the nitrification process in soil (conversion of ammonium to nitrate) with possible benefits for improved nitrogen use efficiency and decreased nitrous oxide emission. The application of molecular methods to studies of soil organisms, and their interactions with roots, is providing new understanding of soil ecology and the basis for novel practical applications. Policy makers and those concerned with development of management approaches need to keep a watching brief on emerging possibilities from this fast-moving area of science. Nutrient management is a key challenge for global food production: there is an urgent need to increase nutrient availability to crops grown by smallholder farmers in developing countries. Many changes in practices including inter-cropping, inclusion of nitrogen-fixing crops, agroforestry and improved recycling have been clearly demonstrated to be beneficial: facilitating policies and practical strategies are needed to make these widely available, taking account of local economic and social conditions. In the longer term fertilizers will be essential for food security: policies and actions are needed to make these available and affordable to small farmers. In developed regions, and those developing rapidly such as China, strategies and policies to manage more precisely the necessarily large flows of nutrients in ways that minimise environmental damage are essential. A specific issue is to minimise emissions of nitrous oxide whilst ensuring sufficient nitrogen is available for adequate food production. Application of known strategies (through either regulation or education), technological developments, and continued research to improve understanding of basic processes will all play a part. Decreasing soil erosion is essential, both to maintain the soil resource and to minimise downstream damage such as sedimentation of rivers with adverse impacts on fisheries. Practical strategies are well known but often have financial implications for farmers. Examples of systems for paying one group of land users for ecosystem services affecting others exist in several parts of the world and serve as a model.
15. Impact of water scarcity in Australia on global food security in an era of climate change
February 2013
M. Ejaz Qureshi | Munir A. Hanjra | John Ward
Abstract: Australia is a major food exporting country. Recent droughts reduced dryland farming production and the volume of water allocated to irrigated agriculture, with a resulting decline in aggregate agricultural production and exports. This paper analyses the possible impact of increased water scarcity on Australian agricultural production and the magnitude of subsequent impacts on global food security. Using the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data on land and water use coupled with a hydro-economic stochastic modelling approach, the impacts of reduced agricultural production in the southern Murray–Darling Basin, and more generally for Australia, are analysed. Changes in agricultural activity, reduction in agricultural exports and altered composition of products exported attributed to the severe 2000–2009 drought are also analysed to highlight the implications for global food security. The impact of climate change on food production is examined. The analysis shows that climate change, when modelled as the extreme case, along with other factors such as land use, will impact Australian food exports. Despite its relatively small contribution to total global food supply, Australia's contribution to international trade in wheat, meat and dairy products is substantial and could affect global food prices. Furthermore, Australia's agricultural exports are of disproportionate importance within the South- and South–East Asian and Oceania region, both in terms of volume and for strategic reasons. Adaptation along with investment in agriculture production is needed to maintain Australian agricultural production and enhance global food security.
16. Westernization of Asian diets and the transformation of food systems: Implications for research and policy
June 2007
Prabhu Pingali
Abstract: Rapid economic and income growth, urbanization, and globalization are leading to a dramatic shift of Asian diets away from staples and increasingly towards livestock and dairy products, vegetables and fruit, and fats and oils. While the diversification of diets away from the traditional dominance of rice with rising incomes is expected and observed, current food consumption patterns are showing signs of convergence towards a Western diet. The diet transition is characterized by increased consumption of: wheat; temperate fruit and vegetables and high protein and energy dense food. Globalization and the consequent global interconnectedness of the urban middle class, is the driving force behind the convergence of diets. The rapid spread of global supermarket chains and fast food restaurants is reinforcing the above trends.The growing demand for diet diversity cannot be met solely by the traditional food supply chain. It requires the modernisation of the food retail sector, and the vertical integration of the food supply chain, in effect linking the consumers' plate to the farmers' plow. As a consequence, Asian agriculture is on an irreversible path leading away from its traditional pre-occupation with cereal crop production, especially rice, towards a production system that is becoming increasingly commercialized and diversified.This paper describes the determinants and trends in the diversification and Westernization of Asian diets. Implications of the evolving demand trends for food supply and retail systems are presented. The paper discusses the prospects for small farmer participation in the emerging food supply system, with a particular emphasis on Asian rice production systems. Finally, the paper considers emerging challenges for food policy, small holder welfare, and agricultural research and development priorities.
17. Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications
August 2001
C.B Barrett | T Reardon | P Webb
Abstract: Asset, activity and income diversification lie at the heart of livelihood strategies in rural Africa. This paper introduces a special issue on the topic "Income Diversification and Livelihoods in Rural Africa: Cause and Consequence of Change." We concentrate on core conceptual issues that bedevil the literature on rural income diversification and the policy implications of the empirical evidence presented in this special issue.
18. The economics and nutritional impacts of food assistance policies and programs
October 2013
Erin C. Lentz | Christopher B. Barrett
Abstract: Recent evidence on malnutrition and poverty raise important questions on the role of food assistance policies and programs. In this review article, we examine evidence on the economic and nutritional impacts of international food assistance programs (FAPs) and policies. The returns on investments in FAPs are, on average, high but depend considerably on the targeting and cost structures as well as on food quality and role of complementary activities. We disaggregate findings into four classes of recipients. Returns to FAPs are highest for children under two. But, FAPs oriented towards early childhood interventions are less well funded than are interventions aimed at school-age children or at the broader, largely adult population even though available evidence indicates that these latter classes of interventions offer considerably lower average returns in economic, health, and nutrition terms. Nonetheless, FAP effectiveness in achieving any of several objectives varies with a range of key factors, including targeting, additionality, seasonality, timeliness, incentive effects, social acceptability and political economy considerations.
19. The new competition for land: Food, energy, and climate change
January 2011
Mark Harvey | Sarah Pilgrim
Abstract: The paper addresses the new competition for land arising from growing and changing demand for food when combined with increasing global demand for transport energy, under conditions of declining petro-chemical resources and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The paper starts from the premise of a 'food, energy and environment trilemma' (Tilman et al., 2009), where all demands to expand the area of cultivated land present high risks of increasing the carbon footprint of agriculture. Having reviewed the main drivers of demand for food and for liquid transport fuels, the paper weighs the controversies surrounding biofuels arising from food-price spikes, the demand for land, and consequent direct and indirect land-use change. It suggests that we need a more complex, and geographically differentiated, analysis of the interactions between direct and indirect land-use change. The paper then reviews evidence of land availability, and suggests that in addition to technical availability in terms of soil, water, and climate, political, social, and technological factors have significantly shaped the competition for land in different global regions, particularly the three major biofuel producing ones of the USA, Brazil and Europe. This point is further developed by reviewing the different innovation pathways for biofuels in these three regions. The main conclusion of this review is firstly that any analysis requires an integrated approach to the food-energy-environment trilemma, and secondly that strategic political direction of innovation and sustainability regulation are required to bring about major shifts in agriculture leading to sustainable intensification of cultivation (Royal Society, 2009), rather than the continued expansion of cultivated area. The consequent perspective is one of considerable global variety in technologies, agricultural productive systems, and use of natural resources. This contrasts sharply with the world of a dominant global and integrated technology platform based on petro-chemicals to which we have become accustomed.
20. GMO standards, endogenous policy and the market for information
December 2013
Mauro Vigani | Alessandro Olper
Abstract: The paper develops a composite index of GMO standards restrictiveness for 60 countries, assigning objective scores to six different regulatory dimensions. Using this index and its components, we empirically investigate the political and economic determinants of GMO regulations for 55 countries, controlling for spatial autocorrelation. Results show that many of the determinants highlighted in the theoretical literature, such as the structure of the agricultural sector and the institutional environment are important determinants of the restrictiveness of the GMO regulation. As a key result there emerges a prominent role of the market for information, showing that the structure of domestic mass media (public vs. private) is an important driver of GMO standards.
21. A choice experiment model for beef: What US consumer responses tell us about relative preferences for food safety, country-of-origin labeling and traceability
August 2007
Maria L. Loureiro | Wendy J. Umberger
Abstract: Several food safety issues have prompted questions regarding the role of country-of-origin labeling, traceability, and food safety inspections in consumers' perceptions of food safety and quality. The importance of origin-labeling and traceability have been discussed in the EU for some time. North American cases of mad cow disease have led to increased discussions of these topics in the US, however, relatively little research has been conducted to examine the value US consumers place on these attributes. Choice experiments were used to analyze US consumers' relative preferences and willingness-to-pay for these meat attributes in labeled ribeye beef steaks. Relatively speaking, consumers value certification of USDA food safety inspection more than any of the other choice set attributes, including country-of-origin labeling, traceability and tenderness. As a result, indication of origin may only become a signal of enhanced quality if the source-of-origin is associated with higher food safety or quality.
22. The China melamine milk scandal and its implications for food safety regulation
June 2011
Xiaofang Pei | Annuradha Tandon | Anton Alldrick | Liana Giorgi | Wei Huang | Ruijia Yang
Abstract: This article examines the development of the Chinese dairy sector since 2000 and investigates how this has affected food safety. The ongoing problems caused by melamine contamination are linked to the rapid and unregulated development of this sector. Currently, China is faced with demands – both from home and abroad – to improve its food safety record. This will necessitate it upgrades its regulatory framework to meet the standards of Codex Alimentarius and the EU. A serious restructuring of the dairy sector as well as of the public food safety control agencies is called for. The costs and benefits to be accrued by these reforms are the subject of this article.
23. Drivers and triggers of international food price spikes and volatility
Available online 5 October 2013
Getaw Tadesse | Bernardina Algieri | Matthias Kalkuhl | Joachim von Braun
Abstract: The objective of this study is to explore empirical evidence on the quantitative importance of supply, demand, and market shocks for price changes in international food commodity markets. To this end, it distinguishes between root, conditional, and internal drivers of price changes using three empirical models: (1) a price spike model where monthly food price returns (spikes) are estimated against oil prices, supply and demand shocks, and excessive speculative activity; (2) a volatility model where annualized monthly variability of food prices is estimated against the same set of variables plus a financial crises index; and (3) a trigger model that estimates extreme values of price spikes and volatility using quantile regressions. The results point to the increasing linkages among food, energy, and financial markets, which explain much of the observed food price spikes and volatility. While financial speculation amplifies short-term price spikes, oil price volatility intensifies medium-term price volatility.
24. Food security: a post-modern perspective
May 1996
Simon Maxwell
Abstract: The paper explores post-modern currents in food security. It identifies three main shifts in thinking about food security since the World Food Conference of 1974: from the global and the national to the household and the individual; from a food first perspective to a livelihood perspective; and from objective indicators to subjective perception. It finds these shifts to be consistent with post-modern thinking in other spheres, and it draws on the wider debate to recommend food security policy which eschews meta-narratives in favour of recognizing diversity, providing households and individuals with choices which contribute to self-determination and autonomy. The current conventional wisdom on food security is reviewed and some post-modern amendments are suggested.
25. Post-green revolution food systems and the triple burden of malnutrition
October 2013
Miguel I. Gómez | Christopher B. Barrett | Terri Raney | Per Pinstrup-Andersen | Janice Meerman | André Croppenstedt | Brian Carisma | Brian Thompson
Abstract: Developing country food systems have changed dramatically since the Green Revolution period. At the same time, malnutrition still represents a challenge and is now understood to encompass the three simultaneous dimensions of undernourishment, micronutrient deficiencies, and over-nutrition manifest in overweight and obesity. These changes in food systems and in the understanding of the global malnutrition challenge necessitate fresh thinking about food systems-based strategies to reduce malnutrition. This paper introduces a special section that offers such new perspectives. We discuss trends with respect to indicators of the triple burden of malnutrition to understand the extent of global malnutrition challenges and then relate those to food systems transformation in developing countries.


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