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The wiki is being retired!
Documentation is now handled by the same processes we use for code: Add something to the Documentation/ directory in the coreboot repo, and it will be rendered to https://doc.coreboot.org/. Contributions welcome!
What is coreboot?
coreboot (formerly known as LinuxBIOS) is a Free Software project aimed at replacing the proprietary BIOS (firmware) you can find in most of today's computers.
It performs just a little bit of hardware initialization and then executes what is called a payload.
Some of the many possible payloads are: a Linux kernel, FILO (a GRUB-like bootloader for booting from disk), GRUB2, Open Firmware, Etherboot/GPXE, SeaBIOS (for booting Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, NetBSD and Linux), and many others.
The initial motivation for the project was maintenance of large clusters, but unsurprisingly, interest and contributions have come from people with varying backgrounds. The latest version of coreboot can be used in a wide variety of scenarios including clusters, embedded systems, desktop PCs, servers, and more.
For more information, see History.
Why do we need coreboot?
Why do we need coreboot for cluster maintainance?
Current PCs used as cluster nodes depend on a vendor-supplied BIOS for booting. The BIOS in turn relies on inherently unreliable devices such as floppy disks and hard drives to boot the operating system. In addition, current BIOS software is unable to accommodate non-standard hardware making it difficult to support experimental work. The BIOS is slow and often erroneous and redundant and, most importantly, maintenance is a nightmare. Imagine walking around with a keyboard and monitor to every one of the 128 nodes in a cluster to change one BIOS setting.
coreboot with Linux as a payload (other payloads are possible!) gunzip's the Linux kernel straight out of NVRAM and essentially requires no moving parts other than the CPU fan. It does a minimal amount of hardware initialization before jumping to the kernel start and lets Linux do the rest. As a result, it is much faster (current record: 3 seconds), which has sparked interest in the consumer electronics community as well. Moreover, updates can be performed over the network.
Using a real operating system to boot another operating system provides much greater flexibility than using a simple netboot program or the BIOS. Because Linux is the boot mechanism, it can boot over standard Ethernet or over other interconnects such as Myrinet, Quadrics, or SCI. It can use SSH connections to load the kernel, or it can use the InterMezzo caching file system or traditional NFS. Cluster nodes can be as simple as they need to be — perhaps as simple as a CPU and memory, no disk, no floppy, and no file system. The nodes will be much less autonomous thus making them easier to maintain.
Why do we need coreboot for other purposes?
Some aspects of DRM are not travelling well with the idea of a free computer system. As many computer magazines already pointed out, there may be future restrictions imposed by BIOSes, that a customer is little aware of before purchase and might not harmonize with the idea of freedom and/or security in some cases.
Who is working on coreboot?
The coreboot project was started in the winter of 1999 in the Advanced Computing Laboratory at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) by Ron Minnich. Two undergraduate students, James Hendricks and Dale Webster spent their winter vacation putting together the proof of concept implementation.
Since then, a long list of people have contributed both in discussions and actual code. Please don't be shy and let us know if you are missing from the list. It's not a purposeful omission, just an unfortunate mistake.
Who is funding coreboot?
The coreboot project was initially funded by the Los Alamos Computer Science Institute and the Department of Energy's Office of Science.
See also the list of coreboot sponsors.
Will coreboot work on my machine?
See the Supported Motherboards page for which mainboards are supported, and also the list of Supported Chipsets and Devices. See the Products page for a list of vendors selling products running coreboot. Finally, you could look at the coreboot source tree, in src/mainboard.
If your board is not already supported, it will likely take you years of work to port coreboot to operate correctly on it unless you have experience with firmware level C development and good knowledge of the underlying (x86 or ARM) architecture.
If you do not see your board in the above sources, please send the following to the mailing list:
- Step 1: A very brief description of your system: board vendor, board name, CPU, northbridge, southbridge, and optionally other important details.
- Step 2: Linux "lspci -tvnn" output for your system, generated by booting Linux via the original BIOS and runnning lspci.
- Step 3: Super I/O chip on the mainboard (report the model numbers on the actual chip, for example "Winbond W83627HF" and/or run "superiotool -dV").
- Step 4: Type of BIOS device (see the question "How do I identify the BIOS chip on my mainboard?" below). Please send us the output of "flashrom -p internal -V"
- Step 5: URL to the mainboard specifications page (optional).
- Step 6: Any other relevant information you can provide.
If you can't do step 1 above, please describe (as best you can) the specific CPU chip and the chipset used on the mainboard.
Usually in less than a day, someone will respond on the coreboot mailing list, most often with bad news. However it is possible that your mainboard is supported in the main coreboot source tree, or that support is currently in development, so it won't hurt to ask. It's also possible (and unfortunately, likely) that the manufacturer will not release information needed to provide coreboot support. In the latter case, please let the manufacturer know that you want coreboot support and his failure to release chipset information is making that very difficult.
What commercial products use coreboot?
See the products page.
Which different operating systems will coreboot boot?
coreboot should support almost any modern operating system. To support operating systems that use BIOS calls, SeaBIOS is mandantory, as coreboot doesn't provide these by itself:
- Linux
- Plan 9
- FreeDOS (via SeaBIOS)
- Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7(RC) (via SeaBIOS, the boot loader requires BIOS)
- NetBSD, MirBSD (via SeaBIOS as at least the boot loader requires BIOS)
coreboot does not natively support:
- We have tested some of the BSD OSes and have seen, that FreeBSD for example makes BIOS calls, which is not supported by coreboot. Possibly with help of SeaBIOS, it may be possible to boot FreeBSD like it is now, but the right thing to do, is to remove FreeBSD's dependence on BIOS calls.
- Windows versions older than Windows 2000, as they make BIOS calls (SeaBIOS might help)
- MenuetOS, as it makes BIOS calls (SeaBIOS might help)
Please feel free to test booting any of the above using SeaBIOS and report to the coreboot mailing list.
What chipsets and Super I/O devices are supported?
See the Supported Chipsets and Devices page.
Where is the mailing list archived?
See Mailinglist.
Is there a coreboot IRC channel?
Yes, see IRC.
Where do I get the code?
See the download page.
How do I build coreboot?
See the Build HOWTO.
How can I help with coreboot?
There are many ways how you can help us:
- You can ask for a Wiki account. Send a private message with your preferred username and email to pgeorgi or stefanct in the #coreboot IRC channel at freenode.net.
- Promote coreboot, tell all your friends about it, blog about it etc.
- Test coreboot, report any bugs you find to our mailinglist or to our bug tracker, or let us know about any suggestions for improvements you have.
- Help us to make the list of Supported Motherboards and the list of Supported Chipsets and Devices bigger by contributing code. Please also read the Development Guidelines in that case.
- If you have a mainboard with USB2 (EHCI-controller) you can look if it supports the EHCI Debug Port and mail the information to us, if it is not already there.
- If you are familiar with microcontroller development, you might be able to build a debugging tool for the EHCI Debug Port. If you are successful, we like to hear about it.
- Test, if QNX or Solaris are able to boot on a mainboard with coreboot.
- Have a look at the list of open issues/bugs in our mailinglist (as current bug tracker is dead) and try to reproduce them or (preferrably) fix them.
- Contact Ron Minnich or Stefan Reinauer for bigger projects related to coreboot.
- Contact us on the mailing list if you have any further questions or suggestions.
What do the abbreviations in this wiki stand for?
See Glossary.
Can I play the latest PC games on a coreboot platform?
Of course.
The current performance coreboot compatible x86-64 motherboard is the KGPE-D16 which has dual PCI-e x16 2.0 slots, 192GB max RAM and can support fast CPU's such as the G34 16 core Opteron 6386SE, 6287SE and 6284SE - with one of those the bottleneck will be always be GPU related if you are playing a highly multi-threaded game.
If you aren't using the computer for something very important you can save a lot of money and have an affordable libre firmware gaming platform by getting a used CPU. You can even use IOMMU-GFX to have multiple separate VM's and thus have more than one player on the same machine (needs one gfx card per VM)
If you do not want to have to buy an SSI-EEB compatable case there is also the KCMA-D8 which is the KGPE-D16's regular ATX little brother, although the CPU's max out at 8 cores per and there aren't as many PCI-e slots (no dual x16 so no crossfire).
NOTE: game needs to be highly multithreaded due to poor c32/g34 opteron single threaded performance, having half core turbo functional helps with this. Thus brand new and old games work great but games from 3-6 years ago may work poorly.
Opteron C32/G34 CPU's to buy for gaming:
G34 16 core: 6386SE 6287SE 6284SE
G34 8 Core: 6328 (approx FX-8310)
C32 8 Core 4386
Note: On multi CPU or 16 core setups you will have poor performance and stuttering if your OS does not properly allocate NUMA memory.
Where can I buy BIOS chips (empty or pre-flashed)?
When developing or simply trying out coreboot you always need a means to revert to your old BIOS in case something goes wrong. One way to do this is to get an extra BIOS chip (PLCC32, DIP32, DIP8, or other) and copy your original BIOS image onto that chip (using flashrom, for example). If you have a socketed BIOS (not soldered onto the mainboard), you can hot-swap the chips while your computer is running (Do not hot swap with your hands - You must use an insulated chip removal tool to avoid a short-circuit)
You have several options to get spare BIOS chips:
- Most local or online electronics dealers carry some, for example:
- Germany:
- http://www.bios-chip.com / http://www.bios-express.de (same company)
- http://www.bios-fix.de
- http://www.bios-chips.com
- http://www.conrad.de
- http://www.endrich.com/de/site.php/47385 (it's unknown whether they ship small quantities)
- http://www.chip-service.de
- http://www.neumueller.com/
- Germany:
- You can search eBay for BIOS chips (either empty ones or pre-flashed ones).
- You can rip out chips from old/broken mainboards and re-use them (you can check flea markets, eBay, etc. for cheap and/or broken mainboards).
What kind of hardware tools do I need?
See the hardware tools section of the developer's manual.
How do I use a null-modem cable to get coreboot debugging output over a serial port?
- First, you'll want to set up a terminal program, e.g. minicom correctly.
$ minicom -s -> Serial port setup -> Press A and enter your COM device (ttyS0 or ttyS1 or ttyUSB0, depending on your COM port) -> Press E and choose "115200 8N1" (default) -> Disable Hardware and Software Flow Control (via F and G) -> Press enter to leave the menu -> Save setup as.. -> Enter "lb" -> Exit from minicom
- From now on, you can start minicom with the obove settings simply by typing:
$ minicom -o lb
What documentation do I need?
As much documentation as you can possibly get your hands on. At minimum, you will need the docs for the chipset.
There have been reports of people getting coreboot working by booting with the OEM BIOS. Then, they would read the static contents of the PCI config registers after boot. coreboot is then built to match the static contents read from the PCI config registers.
The problem with this approach is that chipsets generally require dynamic vs static configuration values during their initialization. The configuration register contents will change from one stage of initialization to the next. Since the contents of the registers read is only the final state of the configuration registers, the chipset won't be properly initialized if these are the only configuration values used.
Getting a mainboard up without chipset docs can be a very long and involved process.
What if my chipset docs are covered by an NDA?
If the documentation for your chipset covered by a NDA with no source release agreement, you won't be able to release your code back to the coreboot project in general, or you will violate the GPL. Many vendors accept releasing the source code, produced after reading such specs, while they don't allow the specs themselves to be revealed. Also, you can offer them the opportunity to review your code, before releasing it to the public.
Why is the code so complicated and what can I do to make it easier?
The reason is the complexity of the problem. We support a lot of hardware, and a given chip on a given board will most likely not be configured quite the same as the same chip on some other board. To help make code navigation easier, pick a target and build that target. Then, in the build directory, type make tags or make etags to get your favorite tags file.
How do I contribute my changes?
Please carefully read the Development Guidelines for more information.
How do I identify the BIOS chip on my mainboard?
Please see [1].
How do I (re-)flash the BIOS?
Out of mainboard BIOS (re)flash
If the BIOS chip is socketed, it can be removed and flashed in a rom/flash burner and quickly re-installed.
You have the option of using the external programmers supported by flashrom or some other external programmer which comes with its own software. Depending on the flash chip type, various options exist. For older parallel flash chips, some of these burners cost $700 and more plus they complete a flash in 30 seconds (like the Conitec Galep V), but if you are willing to wait 5 minutes for a flash and manually set DIP switches, the Enhanced Willem Universal Programmer will do the job for only $40-60 USD. There are several models of the Willem Programmer, each supporting many chips, but not all, so be sure to get one that supports your BIOS chip. You could also use the Paraflasher which is a really low-cost programmer with parts sold for $20 or less. The flashrom wiki has a list of hardware you can use for programming.
If your chip is PLCC, you will also need the push pin trick or a PLCC chip extractor/puller or just thread nylon string under the PLCC chip from corner to corner and yank up it straight up. Read more about chip extraction in the developer manual.
Inside mainboard BIOS (re)flash
Download the appropriate flash update utility. Build the coreboot image as explained above and use the flash update utility to update the BIOS. Be warned that not all update utilities allow you to load your own BIOS image. NOTE: Many vendor specific flash utilities refuse to write "foreign" BIOS images, such as coreboot.
Therefore we suggest that you use the universal flash utility called flashrom which was developed and improved by many coreboot developers, and it works under Linux/*BSD/MacOSX/Solaris/DOS.
bash$ sudo ./flashrom -V flashrom v0.9.2-r1000 on Linux 2.6.34-rc7-git5 (x86_64), built with libpci 3.1.7, GCC 4.4.3 flashrom is free software, get the source code at http://www.flashrom.org No coreboot table found. Found chipset "Intel ICH9", enabling flash write... OK. This chipset supports the following protocols: FWH,SPI. Calibrating delay loop... 663M loops per second, 100 myus = 199 us. OK. Found chip "Winbond W25x80" (1024 KB, SPI) at physical address 0xfff00000. No operations were specified.
Alternatively you could either use the DOS uniflash utility, or use its source code, which is also available for download from the uniflash site (in Turbo Pascal 7) as a reference for adding support for your flash chip to flashrom. Uniflash supports a lot of different flash chips, and chip interfaces, but so far SPI support is only present in flashrom. You can use flashrom and uniflash for PCI expansion card flashing, such as on RTL8139 Ethernet card (32pin DIL), which allows flashing of your BIOS chip on the NIC if manufacturer provides the circuitry. Please note that flashrom and uniflash support different cards and you should check which utility supports the programmer hardware you own.
Another tool which runs in linux is ctflasher, but it is not maintained anymore and might not work with current Linux kernels.
BIOS Savior RD1
There are some posts about the BIOS Savior RD1 that suggest its integrated flash device is of low quality; it may take 10 or more flash programming attempts to get a good update to the RD1 flash device. As a result, the following steps have proven to be successful while using the RD1:
- Step 1 - While the system is powered down, remove the original BIOS device from the mainboard and insert it into the RD1's socket.
- Step 2 - Insert the RD1 into the mainboard's flash BIOS socket.
- Step 3 - Boot the system with the RD1 set to boot from the original flash device from the mainboard.
- Step 4 - Program the original BIOS image (or other known good BIOS image) into the RD1's integrated flash device. Do this as many times as needed until the device is properly programmed and the system boots corectly from the RD1's integrated flash device. Be sure to check the settings on the RD1 so that the proper flash device is now being programmed. If the RD1 is not set correctly the working BIOS image will be erased and the system will not boot!
- Step 5 - Program the test BIOS image (usually coreboot images are among this group) into the original flash device from the mainboard. The original BIOS device usually programs OK on the first attempt. Be sure to check the settings again on the RD1 so that the proper flash device is being programmed!
The RD1 has been used in the above fashion with great success on the Tyan S2885 mainboard. Unfortunately the RD1 does not work on the nVidia CK8-04 CRB mainboard. The CK8-04 CRB may require a flash device that the RD1 does not support.
The RD1 has worked well as a "do nothing" adapter that allows swapping the BIOS flash device between a flash burner and a mainboard without any wear to the mainboard's BIOS socket.
Can I do any serious damage mucking around with this stuff?
Any time you stick your hand into an open machine while the power is on, you're risking life and limb. That said, there are also some other not-so-nice things that can happen if you mess up (not that we would know).
- Incorrect insertion of the flash (1 casualty)
- Incorrect jumper settings (1 casualty)
- Aggressive and/or inappropriate use of metal objects such as screwdrivers (2 casualties)
- Miscellaneous miswirings and mishandlings (3+ casualties)
remember: make sure your important data is on a disconnected drive while you experiment.
A note on electrostatic discharge (ESD) and ESD protection (thanks to Bari Ari)
ESD can damage disk drives, boards, DoC's and other parts. The majority of the time, ESD events cause the component to degrade, but not fail testing procedures, resulting in failure at a later date. Because components do not fail immediately, technicians often underestimate the cost of not using ESD prevention measures. Provide at minimum some ESD protection by wearing an antistatic wrist strap attached to the chassis ground on your system when handling parts.
Always handle boards carefully. They can be extremely sensitive to ESD. Hold boards only by their edges. After removing a board from its protective wrapper or from the system, place it component side up on a grounded, static free surface. Use a conductive foam pad if available. Do not slide the board over any surface.
To further reduce the chances of ESD, you should create an ESD safe workstation that includes at minimum:
- Conductive rubber mat, with a lead wire that can be connected to a metal surface to create a ground.
- ESD wrist strap, which has a resistor inside the strap and a lead wire that can be connected to a metal surface as a ground. The grounding wire on the wrist strap should have between 1 and 10 Megaohms of resistance. The resistor should protect you in case you come in contact with a voltage source. If the resistor is bad or not included, the wrist strap is useless. An accidental shock could be serious and even deadly!
- Table or workspace that is clean, clear of dust, and away from electrical machinery or other equipment that generates electrical currents.
The idea is to ensure that all components you are going to interact with have the same charge. By connecting everything to the computer case, you ensure that the components of the case, the chair, and your body all have the same charge. If every object has the same charge, the electrons will not jump from one object to another minimizing the risk of ESD damage.
What is a PIRQ table?
There's a good description of the BIOS implementation of the PIRQ in the red PCI book, and here's a description of the $PIR data structure.
coreboot saves the $PIR data structure between 0xf0000 & 0x100000. Search for $PIR and then save it before copying over the BIOS.
See also the ADLO README for more information.
How do I set up etherboot with coreboot?
Note from Ron: I have edited this somewhat to remove Geode-specific items.
Christer Weinigel writes: To: email@example.com Cc: email@example.com Subject: Re: LinuxBIOS + Etherboot HOWTO? I had some trouble using LinuxBIOS + etherboot... My bad, I messed up and used mkelfImage-1.6 that I got from ftp.lnxi.com, when I realized that I ought to use the one from freebios/util everything started working. Here's what I did to get LinuxBIOS + Etherboot loading and booting a Linux kernel using TFTP. /Christer Get etherboot-5.0 from the CVS tree on etherboot.sourceforge.net. Modify etherboot-5.0/src/Config, comment out: # BIOS select don't change unless you know what you are doing #CFLAGS32+= -DPCBIOS and uncomment the following: # Options to make a version of Etherboot that will work under linuxBIOS. CFLAGS32+= -DLINUXBIOS -DCONFIG_TSC_CURRTICKS -DCONSOLE_SERIAL \ -DCOMCONSOLE=0x3f8 -DCOMPRESERVE -DCONFIG_PCI_DIRECT -DELF_IMAGE Compile Etherboot to make an elf file for your ethernet card: make bin32/natsemi.elf Compile and install mkelfImage from freebios/util/mkelfImage. Create a bootimage to put on your TFTP server: mkelfImage --command-line="root=/dev/hda2 console=ttyS0,38400" \ --kernel vmlinux -o /tftpboot/kernel Finally, make sure that your BOOT/DCHP server is answering and that the TFTP server is active. Tell LinuxBIOS to boot an elf Image, and tell LinuxBIOS where it is: option USE_ELF_BOOT=1 I have placed natsemi.elf in the first 64k of my BIOS flash chip, and LinuxBIOS in the second 64k. insmod bios.o dd if=natsemi.elf of=/dev/bios bs=64k dd if=linuxbios.rom of=/dev/bios bs=64k seek=1 Finally boot LinuxBIOS.
How do I set GEODE graphics and video?
There is no Geode graphics support in coreboot. Install the Geode framebuffer driver for console graphics and the X driver for X support on your Geode Linux image. Current kernel and X distributions contain the required drivers. Until the driver loads there is only serial console output.
Driver source:
2.6.23 kernel framebuffer driver
How do I set up testbios?
Please read the testbios FAQ.
/usr/sbin/iasl: Command not found
If you see this error, you have to install iasl, Intel's ASL Optimizing Compiler:
- SUSE ships it in the pmtools package (pmtools-20050823-3.x86_64.rpm, pmtools-20050823-3.i586.rpm). If you want to run rpmbuild --rebuild: pmtools-20050823-3.src.rpm.
- Debian ships it in the iasl package (apt-get install iasl).
- You can also download the latest version of the source code.
How can I write to POSTcard port 0x80 from userspace?
This might be useful in some situations, and to output a number to a POST card:
printf "\001" | dd bs=1 seek=128 of=/dev/port
or using iotools:
iotools io_write8 0x80 0x42
In case of linux commands above do output to POST card, but the value is immediately replaced by 0x00 due to io_delay. Further explanations can be found on kernel mailinglist archive
In DOS (not Windows XP) use:
mov al, 42; out al, 80h
To output 42 type
o 80 42
in DOS debug.exe.
When using LPT (parallel port) POST card - write to port assigned to parallel port, eg. 0x3BC, 0x378, 0x278. Some SuperIOs/EmbeddedControllers will decode 0x80 like ENE KB926
Is coreboot applying x86 microcode patches?
And if yes, can they be modified?
Answer: Yes, coreboot is applying microcode patches on AMD and Intel CPUs. However, this field is little documented, so coreboot uses only unmodified, vendor-provided microcode. Few people think, that system design can seriously be improved by modifications here ( �Code patches mostly disable erraneous functions and opcodes).
How can I retrieve a good video BIOS?
Note: If you are following these instructions to build coreboot for your motherboard, this is only necessary if you have a motherboard with an embedded VGA card. If your VGA is a PCI / PCI-Express add-on card, coreboot will find and run the ROM by itself.
See VGA_support for the details.
ERROR: Not enough MTRRs available!
There are 8 dynamic MTRRs available on x86.
This message tells you that there's an error with PCI device resources.
It might be an error in the PCI handling code or the devicetree.
Can I put coreboot into a PCI expansion ROM?
Short answer: NO.
Long answer:
There's little use in doing that, as a lots of initialization has already been done by the proprietary BIOS (or coreboot) by the time the PCI expansion ROM is executed. It won't be possible to run coreboot from a PCI expansion ROM after a proprietary BIOS has already been running for instance.
Note: The Intel ICH7 southbridge seems to allows booting from PCI ROMs (not arbitrary PCI expansion ROMs as used on graphics cards, SCSI controllers, etc.) -- maybe this should be investigated in order to check if or how it might be useful.
Obsolete FAQ items
Please see FAQ/Obsolete for (probably) obsolete FAQ items.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Any pregnant woman can now 'demand' a caesarean section regardless of medical need, much of the media has reported. Many of the reports focused on mothers who fear birth trauma now having the right to request a caesarean.
The reports are based on new full guidance on caesarean sections from the National Institute for Health Clinical Excellence (NICE) (PDF, 228kb). NICE says this guidance may actually reduce the proportion of caesareans because new guidelines insist women should be given better advice about their options at childbirth. Currently around one in four UK babies is delivered by caesarean.
Some papers have linked NICE's recommendations to a shortage of midwives. These reports are based on a claim by the Royal College of Midwives, in September, that an extra 4,700 midwives are needed because of the increased number of births (up 22% between 2001 and 2010).
Today's news follows hot on the heels of stories in The Sun and the Daily Mail from October 31, which were based on a draft copy of the guidelines. The full guidelines have changed little from this draft version.
For more information, read the Behind the Headlines review of the earlier reports on the draft NICE guidance on caesareans.


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Commerical Hybrid Grain Sorghum Limited Irrigation Yield Test Grown at The University of Arizona Marana Agricultural Center in 1983
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Water infiltration and percolation at the University of Arizona radioactive waste burial site, Pinal County, ArizonaSalvetti, Joseph Peter.; Dutt, Gordon R. (The University of Arizona., 1984)The University of Arizona produces different types of radioactively contaminated waste. It is shipped to a burial site located on the Oracle Agricultural Center in Pinal County, Arizona and disposed of in shallow pits. This study dealt with water movement at the disposal site. Monitoring of water movement through young pits was accomplished with a neutron probe. It was found that due to slumping and cracking of the pit cap, the younger pits were very susceptible to greater than normal water infiltration. Further data were gathered around the older pits by deep soil sampling for tritium activity. Water fluxes and travel times to the major aquifer were calculated from these data. Estimates of travel times range from 40 to 230,000 years to reach the principal aquifer at 150 m.
A recursive programming analysis of water conservation in Arizona agriculture : a study of the Phoenix active management areaLierman, Wally Kent.; Wade, James C.; Ayer, Harry W.; Cory, Dennis (The University of Arizona., 1983)Arizona agriculture faces many changes in the near future. One of the most imminent changes will come from the enactment of the 1980 Arizona Groundwater Management Act. The 1980 AGWMA is designed ultimately to curtail the use of groundwater in Arizona. Agriculture will be affected since this sector used approximately 87 percent of all water in the State in 1980. This study reports on the possible effects that a proposed pump tax and water duty policy would have on agriculture within the Phoenix Active Management Area. The PAMA is one of four such areas in the State that have been identified as needing groundwater use management. The results of this study indicate that the proposed water duty is more effective in curbing groundwater use than the proposed pump tax. Investment in more water application efficient irrigation technologies is also important in this study. However, substantial amounts of capital investment funds will be needed to begin this investment.
The ethnobotany and phenology of plants in and adjacent to two riparian habitats in southeastern Arizona.Asdall, Willard Van; Adams, Karen Rogers.; Mason, Charles T.; Martin, Paul S.; Davis, Owen K.; Turner, Raymond M. (The University of Arizona., 1988)Two riparian habitats in southeastern Arizona provide the setting for a study of 127 plants useful to human foragers. A view of plant part availability is based on annual phenological profiles, and on historic and prehistoric records of plant use. Food choice is limited in March and April, but high August through November. Riparian plants also offer numerous non-food resources. Trees and shrubs serve more needs in relation to number of available species than do perennial herbs (including grasses) and annuals. Southwestern ethnographic literature hints that certain native taxa (Panicum, Physalis, Populus, Salix, Typha and Vitis) might receive special care. Inherent qualities of parts, coupled with ethnographic records of preparation and use, provide a basis for speculation on which parts might survive in an ancient record. Most are expected to disintegrate in open sites. Parts sought for different needs can enter a dwelling via diverse routes that produce confusingly similar archaeological debris. Modern experiments to wash pollen from 14 separate harvests permit evaluation of plant fruit and leaves as pollen traps, to help interpret pollen recovered from ancient dwellings. High amounts of Berberis, Rumex and Ribes pollen, sometimes in clumps or as tetrads, travel on harvested fruit. Arctostaphylos, Monarda, Oxalis, Rhus, Rhamnus, Vitis and Juniperus parts carry lower amounts. Quercus and Gramineae pollen grains travel on parts of other taxa, as well as on their own fruit. The phenological profiles offer insight into group life-form activities in response to local temperature and precipitation trends. Rising and maximum temperatures coincide with intense vegetative and reproductive activity for trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. Increased levels of precipitation coincide with maximum flowering and fruiting of herbaceous perennials and fall annuals. Limited data on six taxa from Utah generally agrees with observations in this study, suggesting strong genetic control in the phenology of some riparian taxa.


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Looking for a workable way to get XTweak Pro 4.8.2 off your system? There are always many reasons that make you want to uninstall programs from your computer from time to time. To keep your computer work properly, it's always a good habit to uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2 you haven't used for a long time. However, we cannot have everything we wish for. There may be also many problems that make you not able to uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2 from your PC, such as program errors, program not listed in Programs and Features, corrupted programs and so on. Therefore, to help you out, we've also worked out a few workable methods as well.
Possible Error Caused by Incorrect Uninstall Methods
Error example
The above error messages are all caused by incomplete uninstallation of related programs. Incompletely uninstallation of a program will leave some invalid keys in the system registry, which will cause such error pop-ups when the system still executes them.
Automatically Uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2 (Recommended):
This specialized uninstaller can not only help you uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2 from the computer effectively, but also identify and delete all leftover files, folders and invalid registry entries belonging to XTweak Pro 4.8.2.
Manually Uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2:
Step 1: End all processes that are related to XTweak Pro 4.8.2
Step 2: Uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2
Step 3: Delete invalid entries of XTweak Pro 4.8.2 in the registry
Step 4: Delete leftovers of XTweak Pro 4.8.2 in hard drive
Step 1: End all processes that are related to XTweak Pro 4.8.2
Hold Ctrl, Shift and Esc keys on the keyboard to open Task Manager. Then click on the related process and click End Process (in Windows 7, Vista) or End Task (in Windows 8) button.
Step 2: Uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2
You can uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2 by any of the following uninstall methods:
Method 1: Uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2 in Programs and Features
1. Open Programs and Features.
In Windows 7 and Vista,
Click Start menu, type in programs and feature and click on it to open.
In Windows 8 or later,
a. When in the "Start" screen, click Settings and type in programs and features
b. Click on Programs and Features from the Settings search results
2. Click on XTweak Pro 4.8.2 and click Uninstall to uninstall it from your computer.
Method 2: Uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2 via Virus Removal Tool
Some unwanted programs can install into your computer without being noticed, as they like to spread by attaching to free software and games that people often download online. Sometimes, you cannot remember when certain program was installed on your computer until you suffer a lot from its annoying pop-ups. Usually, this kind of potentially unwanted programs can escape from the detection of your installed antivirus. If you have tried the above methods but still fail to remove XTweak Pro 4.8.2, it's really necessary for you to check whether it's a virus or not. Click and download this powerful Virus Removal Tool to check your PC. If it's a computer virus, it will be automatically deleted when you click Remove after the scan.
Method 3: Uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2 via Command Prompt
1. Open an elevated command prompt.
In Windows 7 and Vista,
Click Start menu and type in cmd in search programs and files, right click and select Run as administrator option in the menu. Click Yes, if UAC pops up.
In Windows 8 or later,
2. In the command prompt, type wmic and press Enter.
3. Type product get name and press Enter. (Please wait for a few seconds to allow the utility to list all programs)
4. Note the name of the program you want to uninstall, including any capitalization.
5. Type product where name="name of program" call uninstall and press Enter.
6. If prompted, type Y to confirm uninstalling the program, and press Enter.
7. When successfully uninstalled, you can close the command prompt.
Step 3: Delete invalid entries of XTweak Pro 4.8.2 in the registry
Video Guide: How to back up and edit the registry
Note: It's very important for you to know that the registry is one of the most important part of the Windows system, you should be extremely careful when deleting any keys in the registry. Any small mistake can result in severe problems or even system crash. So removing XTweak Pro 4.8.2 by editing the registry is only recommended to computer users with certain computer knowledge. If you don't want to take the risk to damage your computer system, it's recomended that you use this Automatic Registry Cleaner to clean invalid keys.
Step 4: End all processes that are related to XTweak Pro 4.8.2
Even you uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2 in Control Panel and remove invalid keys in the registry, there are still some folders left in hard drive. To completely remove XTweak Pro 4.8.2 from your system, you can go to the following locations to delete the folders of XTweak Pro 4.8.2.
C:\Program Files (x86)
C:\Program Files
Uninstall XTweak Pro 4.8.2 via Automatic Uninstaller
Not every program can be easily uninstalled by the above manual uninstall methods, as not everyone of us are good at computers and manually editing computer settings. We may fail to uninstall a program successfully due to various reasons, such as missing necessary files, strange error messages, and no permission to uninstall the program. At this time, a professional third-party uninstaller will be very handy to help us easily and completely get rid of any unwanted program off our computer system. With only a few clicks, this powerful third-party uninstaller can automatically scan and identify all files and components related to XTweak Pro 4.8.2 and then completely remove XTweak Pro 4.8.2. Click and download this professional Automatic Uninstaller below to uninstall your program now.


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Label Tapes for Brother PT-D210 Printers in Labellers
Ink Depot offers a great range of Brother Label Tapes for your Brother PT-D210 device with high quality products at very competitive prices. We offer a 100% money back guarantee for all consumables you have purchased from us and with 98% of our advertised products in stock, you can be assured of a speed delivery.
Printer for display only - not held in stock
Customer Reviews
What our customer says about their Labellers or PT-D210 Label Tapes purchases
KRISSY, Thursday 22 December, 2022
Great prices, exceptional delivery turn around time - I would recommend this company to anyone!
Hugh, Wednesday 05 December, 2018
So fast. Came almost the next day. Excellent.
Quarantee & Delivery
Claim your money back guarantee for your Brother PT-D210 Label Tapes / Consumables
All products sold by Ink Depot are supported by a 100% money back guarantee. If you are not entirely satisfied with the performance of your PT-D210 printer consumables then we will gladly offer you a refund, credit or replacement. This guarantee is valid for up to 90 days after the date of your purchase. For further details about the terms and conditions of this guarantee offered by Ink Depot please see our see returns policy.
How fast will your Brother PT-D210 consumables be delivered to you?
We use FAST Australia Wide courier delivery. Your cartridges will usually be dispatched from either the Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide or Perth Warehouse the same day if ordered before 1pm. As a general guide, deliveries to major cities will take 1 to 2 days whilst it could take up to 5 days for more remote areas. We offer FREE delivery for orders over $99.00 or only $6.95 for orders under $99.00. See our shipping policy for further details.
If you are looking for an updated driver or an instruction / user manual for your PT-D210 printing device, please check the Manufacturers' website.


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U.S. may freeze most Egypt aid in days: Report
The United States may announce within days that it is suspending most military aid to Egypt – sparing counter-terrrorism efforts and other "core interests" – three months after that country's military toppled its democratically elected president, according to U.S. officials and the Reuters news agency.
President Barack Obama is leaning toward withholding most assistance that does not directly go towards battling extremists or fostering security in the Sinai Peninsula, enforcing Egypt's peace treaty with Israel, Reuters reported late Tuesday. Obama has not made a final decision, the agency said.
CNN reported that all U.S. aid would be affected and that the suspension would take effect in the coming days.
The White House denied that Obama had decided to halt "all military assistance." But it left the door wide open to suspending some the aid three months after Egypt's military ousted President Mohamed Morsi in July — a move the United States has stubbornly refused to call a coup.
"The reports that we are halting all military assistance to Egypt are false," National Security Council spokeswoman Catlin Hayden said in a statement. "We will announce the future of our assistance relationship with Egypt in the coming days, but as the President made clear at UNGA, that assistance relationship will continue."
That statement left ample room for the Reuters report to be accurate. Another U.S. official declined to specifically deny the news agency's version.
Obama said 10 days ago on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly that he had "concerns" about the political turmoil in Egypt but said he was "committed to a constructive relationship" in part because of the country's peace treaty with Israel.
"So we will continue to work with the Egyptian government, although urging them and pushing them in a direction that is more inclusive and that meets the basic goals of those who originally sought for more freedom and more democracy in that country," Obama said as he met with Israeli President Benjamin Netanyahu.
In his speech to the United Nations General Assembly, Obama was even more blunt, saying that the United States would keep working with countries that do not embrace democracy as long as they "work with us on our core interests," like fighting Islamist extremists.
"Going forward, the United States will maintain a constructive relationship with the interim government that promotes core interests like the Camp David Accords and counterterrorism. We'll continue support in areas like education that directly benefit the Egyptian people. But we have not proceeded with the delivery of certain military systems, and our support will depend upon Egypt's progress in pursuing a more democratic path," he said.
In the subsequent months since Morsi's removal, Egypt's military has banned the Muslim Brotherhood and taken other actions against the group, which won a narrow majority in the country's first democratic elections since the removal of longtime dictator (and close U.S. ally) Hosni Mubarak.
In the past, Israel has urged the United States not to withhold aid in a way that might upset the balance kept by the peace treaty or send Egypt plunging into the kind of chaos that extremists could exploit to attack the Jewish state.
It's not clear whether the potential shift in assistance will come with a determination that Morsi's removal was in fact a coup d'état – a step that, under U.S. law, would require a halt to military aid.
In August, the United States denied it was freezing aid to Egypt's military, effectively treating Morsi's ouster as a coup despite publicly refusing to say so.
At the time, officials indicated that a review of roughly $585 million in unspent funds was ongoing and confirmed that the United States was considering withholding the delivery of 10 Apache helicopters, had suspended the delivery of F-16 fighters, and canceled a prominent biannual joint military exercise known as "Bright Star."
Egypt is currently the fifth largest recipient of international aid from the United States , behind Israel, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq. Though the amount of annual aid to Egypt fluctuates from year to year, the U.S. has sent Egypt an average of $2 billion in annual financial packages since 1979.
Yahoo News Chief Washington Correspondent Olivier Knox contributed to this report.


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TRUCKEE (AP) — A member of a Sierra ski resort's patrol team who was injured after being caught in an avalanche has died — the second death connected to avalanches that occurred in the area on Monday.
Bill Foster, 53, died at Renown Regional Medical Center in Reno, Nev., where he was taken after the avalanche a day earlier at Alpine Meadows near Lake Tahoe, the resort said in a statement on Tuesday.
Resort spokeswoman Amelia Richmond said she did not know whether Foster, a 28-year veteran with the resort's ski patrol team, died Monday night or Tuesday.
Foster was buried in a slide that had been intentionally set with an explosive device by a senior member of the ski patrol team. The team was doing avalanche control in an area closed to the public on the back side of the resort.
The avalanche broke much higher and wider on the slope than in past snow safety missions, according to the resort.
Foster was located in about a minute and uncovered within eight minutes. Members of the ski patrol team performed CPR before he was taken to the hospital.
An avalanche at a neighboring Sierra resort on Monday also claimed a life. Steven Mark Anderson, 49, of Truckee, Calif. was buried in an avalanche while snowboarding at Donner Ski Ranch, about 90 miles northeast of Sacramento.
A search dog found his body under 2 to 3 feet of snow at the base of the avalanche.
Tahoe-area ski resorts received at least 3 feet of snow in a series of storms from Friday through Sunday, leading to dangerous conditions even within ski area boundaries.
Sierra avalanche victim, 53, dies


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Starfinder Deep Cuts Unpainted Miniatures: W17 Lashunta Technomancer Male
Starfinder Deep Cuts Unpainted Miniatures: W17 Lashunta Technomancer Male is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock.
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Starfinder Battles Deep Cuts come with highly-detailed figures, primed and ready to paint out of the box. These fantastic miniatures include deep cuts for easier painting. The packaging displays these miniatures in a clear and visible format, so customers know exactly what they are getting. Key Features: Features characters, monsters, and scenery- Little to no assembly required- Primed and ready to paint- Some miniatures include translucent parts. This is a 2-count character pack.
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AKRON, Ohio — Tiger Woods had a shot at making history with a magical 59.
He swore he wasn't disappointed to come up short.
"Disappointed? Absolutely not," he said.
Then he cracked, "A 61's pretty good. I'm not bummed."
Like a pitcher having to settle for a shutout instead of a perfect game, Woods could console himself by tying his career best and building a seven-shot lead Friday through 36 holes at the Bridgestone Invitational.
Pursuing his eighth victory at Firestone Country Club, Woods opened birdie-eagle — stuffing an approach to 3 feet at the first hole and holing a 20-footer for 3 at the par-5 second. He had two more birdies on the front nine, and had four in a row to start the back nine in a light rain.
Needing to go only 2 under over his last five holes, he missed birdie putts inside 10 feet at 15 and 17. He saved par on the last with a 25-footer after an errant drive and a shot that hit into the trees and ended up in a bare spot short and right of the green.
"How about just pleased?" he said, when asked to rate the round. "I'm very happy I was able to post that. I just kept thinking, whatever lead I had, 'Let's just keep increasing it.' It's at seven now, I believe. So that's not too bad after two days."
The 61 — matching his career best at the 1999 Byron Nelson, 2005 Buick Open and on the same Firestone course back in 2000 — left him at 13-under 127.
Defending champion Keegan Bradley and Chris Wood, playing the tournament for the first time, were tied for second. They each shot 68.
Bradley finished well before Woods, but was asked if it was disheartening to take the lead and then have Woods retake it after the opening two holes.
"Tiger, those first couple holes out there are definitely birdie holes, so I'd expect him to do that," Bradley said. "You know, I hope he doesn't go too low."
Sorry, Keegan.
Woods, a four-time winner this year, needed only 22 putts, eight fewer than he had Thursday in an opening 66. He hit 10 of 14 fairways and was on in regulation on 16 of 18 greens.
The next best score on a threatening day with a slate-gray sky and precipitation was a 66.
It seemed every fan on the course took notice as Woods started stacking up birdies. The magic number 59 — shot five times on the PGA Tour — dominated conversations.
"Oh, they were excited," Woods said. "You could hear it more than feel it. You definitely could hear it. They were into it."
Asked if that kind of electricity helps out a player, he joked, "It's nice to be playing in front of people who are excited like that, especially people who aren't yelling just because your ball gets in the air. You know, we are pros."
How good were things going for him? He yanked a drive into the trees at 13, but it ricocheted into the middle of the fairway. From there he hit an iron to 15 feet and drilled the putt.
At the 14th, Woods hit his drive on the other side of the cart path beneath a canopy of huge trees to the right. He was forced to hit a low, hard, slicing shot to the green that ran to the back fringe. From there, he chipped 10 feet past but rolled in the par putt.
The gallery seemed to swell with each hole, the crowds growing in hopes of seeing history.
He stepped off his shot into the 216-yard, par-3 15th because he was bothered by a bug, then hit an iron 10 feet short of the pin. After playing partner Hideki Matsuyama of Japan putted out, Woods missed his birdie putt on the right side.
The 667-yard 16th, dubbed "The Monster" by Arnold Palmer, resulted in another par. Woods hit a long drive that dribbled into the first cut of rough on the left side of the fairway, then laid up to about 100 yards. His wedge carried too far, however, spinning back to 30 feet. With a light sprinkle turning into a steady drizzle, he two-putted, leaving the birdie attempt short and right of the hole by 2 feet.
A huge throng, several deep around the lengthy hole, responded with polite applause as he tapped in.
He still had a chance for a 59. He hit a long drive along the left side at 17, but misread a 7-footer for birdie that missed on the low side of the break.
"I had opportunities to make putts there at 15 and 17," he said.
With the rain now falling hard, and Woods needing to hole his second shot on the par-4 18th for a 59, he drove far to the right on the slight dogleg to the left. He muscled a shot out of a difficult lie to a bare spot near a huge scoreboard right and short of the green. From there, he chipped to the back fringe — and made the 25-footer coming back for par.
He pumped his fist as the crowd roared.
Matsuyama, a 21-year-old who was sixth at the British Open, got a close-up view.
"It was great looking at great play at the top of the world," he said.
The last player to shoot 59 in a PGA Tour event was Stuart Appleby in the final round of the Greenbrier Classic in 2010. Al Geiberger was the first in 1977, and Chip Beck, David Duval and Paul Goydos also accomplished the feat.
Bill Haas shot a 68 and was tied for fourth at 5 under with Henrik Stenson, who had a 70. Jim Furyk, Luke Donald, Jason Duffner and Bubba Watson were 4 under.
There have been 27 rounds of 60 in tour events, including Phil Mickelson this year in the Phoenix Open.
In a remarkable career spent in the spotlight, a 59 would have been just another check mark on Woods' to-do list. Instead, he didn't think it was even anything special.
"(One of my) top 10 rounds?" he said, repeating the question. "I don't know about that."


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All feedback received, both positive and negative, is displayed publicly on the Feefo website. Whilst it is wonderful to get glowing reviews, consumers accept that not every company gets it right every time and a company can be measured on how good they are by the way they respond to their clients when things dont quite go perfectly.
Feefo is a wholly independent company, established to provide an opportunity for e-commerce businesses such as to outsource the role of collecting genuine customer feedback about the overall service experience and the quality of the products purchased. None of the feedback received is manipulated or edited to favour the retailer what we receive is what is displayed.


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Categories Holidays, Lifestyle of mens t-shirt, womens t-shirt, sweatshirt, hoodie, long sleeve and plus size, all sizes. This t-shirt has all kinds of colors black, white, navy, red that is very suitable for trending or holidays.
Features T-Shirt.
Classic Fit, Pre-shrunk.
Shoulder-to-shoulder taping.
Quarter-turned to avoid crease down the middle.
Tear away label.
Features Hoodie.
Double lined hood for added warmth with matching drawstring.
Double needle cuffs and waistband for extra durability.
Pouch pocket for extra carry.
Features Sweatshirt.
Quarter-turned to eliminate center crease.
1 x 1 rib with spandex.
Double-needle stitching at waistband and cuffs.
This a quality 100% cotton t-shirt with a screen printed design. Machine wash cold with like colors, dry low heat Perfect to wear at home or out on the town. Lightweight, Classic fit, Double-needle sleeve and bottom hem. Perfect For Gifts, Or To Purchase For Yourself.
TIP: SHARE it with your friends, buy 2 products or more and you will save on shipping.
Shipping information:
Production time: 2-4 business days
Shipping time: 8-12 business days
Get More: Tees
• Thank you for browsing our shop. We hope you find something you like! ❤ Wish you have a good day!


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Innovation and Future Technology is an Open Access journal, which is free to access and read on the Internet. ISCI guarantees that no university library or individual reader will ever have to buy a subscription or buy access through pay-per-view fees to access the articles published in the journal. Hence, ISCI does not have any income from selling subscriptions to the print or online version of this journal or from pay-per-view fees. In order to cover the costs of providing and maintaining a publication infrastructure, managing the journals, and processing the manuscripts through peer-review and the editorial procedure, the journal uses a form of conditional submission fee referred to as Article Processing Charge (APC).
The publication fees are waived for papers submitted in 2016. However, a fee of 250 GBP may apply for those articles that need major editing and formatting and/or English editing.


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Our Indoor, Outdoor, and Outdoor Plus Radius Enclosed Corkboards feature a modern design with smoothed corners that will accentuate important messages such as office memos, event flyers, schedules, posters, announcements, presentation materials. Radius Style Corkboards are optimal for indoor or outdoor use in public areas such as school, universities, business, or other types of organizations. This corkboard's contemporary style will prove to accentuate its contents without interfering with an existing environment. The Radius Style Corkboards blends its surface creating a softer and cohesive appearance. These stylish yet durable corkboards feature locking, shatter-resistant acrylic doors that prove to protect the enclosed items in any indoor or outdoor space. and are built with high quality custom materials that are engineered to withstand rain or shine. A majority of our products are made to order and can be tailored to suit your specific branding, header requirement, and display style. There are multiple sizes, door counts, anf board types to choose from.
Stock No. | PBI.UV80025-BRONZE-BUFF | |
Brand | United Visual Products | |
Length | 42.00 in | |
Width | 32.00 in | |
Height | 2.00 in | |
Weight | 33.00 lb | 33.00 lb |
32.00 in
2.00 in
42.00 in


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Brand | Illbruck |
Best Seller | No |
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We aim to make the returns process as quick as possible, but please allow up to 14 days for your refund to be processed. If you haven't received any information after this time, please get in touch with one of our team.


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U.S. agriculture wary as Monsanto heads to Supreme Court
A 75-year-old Indiana grain farmer will take on global seed giant Monsanto Co at the U.S. Supreme Court next week in a patent battle that could have ramifications for the biotechnology industry and possibly the future of food production.
The highest court in the United States will hear arguments on Tuesday in the dispute, which started when soybean farmer Vernon Bowman bought and planted a mix of unmarked grain typically used for animal feed. The plants that grew turned out to contain the popular herbicide-resistant genetic trait known as Roundup Ready that Monsanto guards closely with patents.
The St. Louis, Mo.-based biotech giant accused Bowman of infringing its patents by growing plants that contained its genetics. But Bowman, who grows wheat and corn along with soybeans on about 300 acres inherited from his father, argued that he used second-generation grain and not the original seeds covered by Monsanto's patents.
A central issue for the court is the extent that a patent holder, or the developer of a genetically modified seed, can control its use through multiple generations of seed.
The Supreme Court's decision to hear the dispute has sparked broad concerns in the biotech industry as a range of companies fear it will result in limits placed on their own patents of self-replicating technologies.
At the same time, many farmer groups and biotech crop critics hope the Supreme Court might curb what they say is a patent system that gives too much power to biotech seed companies like Monsanto.
"I think the case has enormous implications," said Dermot Hayes, an Iowa State University agribusiness and economics professor who believes Monsanto should prevail. "If Monsanto were to lose, many companies would have a reduced incentive for research in an area where we really need it right now. The world needs more food."
The court battle has ballooned into a show-down that merges contentious matters of patent law with an ongoing national debate about the merits and pitfalls of genetically altered crops and efforts to increase food production.
More than 50 organizations - from environmental groups to intellectual property experts - as well as the U.S. government, have filed legal briefs hoping to sway the high court.
Companies developing patented cell lines and tools of molecular biotechnology could lose their ability to capture the ongoing value of these technologies if the Supreme Court sides with Bowman, said Hans Sauer, deputy general counsel for the Biotechnology Industry Organization.
The case also is important to regenerative medicine that relies on stem cell technologies. A stem cell by definition is a cell that can self-replicate, thus the case may answer the question of whether a patentee can control progeny of a patented stem cell, according to Antoinette Konski, a partner with Foley & Lardner's intellectual property practice group.
Monsanto, a $13 billion behemoth in agricultural seed and chemical sales, also sees the case as much bigger than itself.
"This case really centers on the question of twenty-first century technology such as what we bring in agriculture and other companies bring for say stem cell research or nanotechnology.... and how they're going to be handled under principles of intellectual property law," said Monsanto general counsel Dave Snively.
Because seeds self-replicate, creating progeny when planted, they are unlike more traditional patented products. Using a computer or smartphone does not create more computers or phones. But using a seed can make new seeds.
For generations all around the world, farmers have practiced the art of saving seed, holding onto some of the grain they harvest each season to plant in a subsequent season. The advent of patented biotech seeds has changed that as Monsanto and rival seed developers barred farmers from seed saving, arguing that if farmers do not buy new seed each year the companies cannot recoup the millions they spend to develop the specialty seeds.
Transgenic crops, which splices genes from other species into plant DNA, have given farmers crops that resist insects and tolerate treatments of herbicide, making killing weeds easier for farmers. The majority of U.S. corn and soybean acres are now planted with patented biotech seeds.
The case before the Supreme Court traces its roots to 1999, when Bowman decided to plant a "second crop" of soybeans after he harvested winter wheat from the farmstead he runs near Sandborn, Indiana.
While he used Monsanto's Roundup Ready engineered seeds for his main, or "first" crop, Bowman said he decided to use inexpensive commodity grain that he could purchase from a local grain elevator for his "second" planting of soybeans in late June. Yields are generally lower for late-planted soybeans because conditions tend to be more optimal in April and May.
The mixture of grain Bowman bought, which he dubbed "junk," carried no patent technology agreement and no directive prohibiting seed saving as do the bagged and branded soybean seeds sold by Monsanto and other seed companies.
The soybean crop turned out so good that Bowman saved some of the seed generated by the plants and sowed them the following year for another late crop. He repeated the process year after year, sometimes supplementing his second planting with more commodity grain he used as seed. All the while he continued to buy first-generation seed each year for his main crop of beans. For those purchases, he signed required "technology agreements" pledging not to save the offspring of those seeds.
Monsanto began investigating Bowman's planting activities in 2006 and asserted that even though he was not saving seed from the progeny of the first-generation seeds he bought, his use of commodity grain and the progeny was a patent violation.
Bowman argued that Monsanto's rights to the seeds he purchased from the grain elevator were exhausted because they were not the first generation seeds other farmers had purchased and planted, but rather a mix of later generation progeny.
"It didn't occur to my mind that this would be a problem," said Bowman, who doesn't have a computer at home so he goes to the library to read about his case on the Internet. "Farmers have always been allowed to go buy elevator grain and use for seed. You have no idea what kind of seed you're buying at an elevator. They claim I'm making a new seed by planting it. But that's far-fetched reasoning."
Bowman said he just wanted cheaper seeds. His legal brief states the technology fees for Roundup Ready soybeans have risen to $17.50 per bag by 2009 from about $4.50 in 1996.
A lower court ruled in favor of Monsanto, and in May 2010 it ordered Bowman to pay the company $84,456. The Federal Circuit Court of Appeals also sided with Monsanto in September 2011.
The Supreme Court's decision to hear the case has raised the hopes of those backing Bowman.
In one of a dozen briefs filed in his support, farmer, environmental and food safety groups claim the courts have carved out an exception to existing patent law that gives biotech companies too much control. They want the Supreme Court to broaden farmers' abilities to use seed, not restrict them.
"Through a patenting system that favors the rights of corporations over the rights of farmers and citizens, our food and farming system is being held hostage by a handful of companies," said Andrew Kimbrell, executive director of the Center for Food Safety, one of the groups supporting Bowman. "Nothing less than the future of food is at stake."
Bowman's attorneys allege specifically that the appellate court created a "conditional sale" exception to a long-standing doctrine of patent exhaustion in a way that conflicts with existing law.
But Monsanto backers say without extended patent protection, technology companies will not be able to recoup their investment in research and development, and advantageous new technologies could be shelved.
"This case presents a matter of great importance to America's farmers and the decision will have acute impacts on how agricultural producers will... meet the nutritional demands of a growing global population," states one brief filed by 20 soybean, corn, wheat and sugar beet growers groups.
Back on his farm in Indiana, Bowman is looking forward to his trip to Washington and said he does not understand what all the fuss is about. He said few farmers make use of commodity grain for planting, and he doesn't see how a few hundred acres of soybeans hurts Monsanto's billions in annual revenues.
"I bought new seed every year for my first crop. If I had such a good scheme why did I do that," said Bowman.
"If I done something wrong I should pay for it. If I didn't then I shouldn't. I don't think I did," he said.
(Reporting By Carey Gillam; Editing by Tiffany Wu and Leslie Gevirtz)


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Seeing pianist Dave Brubeck in recent years -- onstage, say, at the Monterey Jazz Festival, striding with his band through "Take Five," his most famous tune -- one might have thought he would play forever. That thick shock of white hair. That electric smile. Those sturdy fingers on the keys.
But Brubeck, one of the legends of jazz and modern American music, died Wednesday in Norwalk, Conn., a day short of his 92nd birthday. He was on his way to a doctor's appointment with his son Darius, also a musician. And so ended the life of this musical voyager, who was born in Concord, grew up the son of an East Bay cattle rancher, took piano lessons from his mother, and went on to become the composer of jazz standards, ballet music and cantatas, active until a fine old age. On the cover of Time magazine in 1954, he was the recipient of many honors, including the National Medal of Arts in 1994.
A born communicator, he famously said, "One of the reasons I believe in jazz is that the oneness of man can come through the rhythm of your heart. It's the same anyplace in the world, that heartbeat."
Brubeck studied at the College of the Pacific (now University of the Pacific) in Stockton. He originally planned to be a veterinarian -- he couldn't read music at the time -- but eventually followed his heart to conservatory studies. He graduated in 1942, played with the Army band at Camp Haan in Southern California, briefly served overseas in George Patton's Third Army and was steered away from the front by a commanding officer who appreciated his piano skills. Instead, he played for the troops and later wound up at Mills College in Oakland. There he studied under the jazz-infatuated French composer Darius Milhaud.
Over the years, Brubeck became famous for incorporating complex rhythms and harmonies into his tunes. His goals were "to play polytonally and polyrhythmically," he once said. After founding the Dave Brubeck Quartet in 1951 with alto saxophonist Paul Desmond, an Army buddy, he followed through with hits that achieved that goal: "Take Five" (composed by Desmond) is in 5/4 rhythm, "Blue Rondo a la Turk" (penned by Brubeck and loosely based on a Mozart theme) is in 9/8.
But that makes his music sound academic. Truth is, it was accessible. His tunes were played on jukeboxes around the country; "Take Five" was the first jazz single to sell 1 million copies. Brubeck believed in jazz that worked on a variety of levels. Musicians could argue about "poly" this and "poly" that; listeners -- and Brubeck himself -- would be busy tapping their feet to the rhythm of the hits.
In an age of experimentation, he did something rare: "He made the avant-garde into something fun and lighthearted," wrote jazz historian and former Stanford University lecturer Ted Gioia upon the 50th anniversary, in 2009, of Brubeck's landmark album "Time Out."
For all his mainstream success, Brubeck was often taken to task by critics, some of whom thought his playing "bombastic." Yet musicians as universally regarded as Miles Davis helped turn his tunes into standards: the lilting "In Your Own Sweet Way," as well as "The Duke," which runs through 12 keys in its first eight measures, but is easy to whistle.
The Dave Brubeck Quartet's "Jazz at Oberlin," recorded live at Oberlin College in Ohio in 1953, climbed the charts, and the group toured the globe. When Brubeck was honored by Time's cover story, he wondered why the honor hadn't gone to Duke Ellington, whom he considered a far greater musician than himself. He was said to believe the honor was due to his being white.
Honors often seemed to embarrass him. In 2007, asked how he felt about being given the title of "Living Legend" by the Smithsonian Institution, he said, "I'm always surprised, because I don't think of myself like that. You know, there are so many other people who would be more deserving."
Brubeck spent his early years in a house on Colfax Avenue, near Willow Pass Road, in Concord, listening to his mother play classical piano. The family moved to a ranch in Ione, where Dave heard cowboy tunes that he remembered into old age. He had many inspirations, but none more important than Iola Whitlock, the coed he met at College of the Pacific. In a 2007 interview with the San Jose Mercury News, he remembered their first meeting: "A dance at a fraternity house. We danced once around the floor, and both of us agreed, 'Let's get out of here.' And we went to my old car, a '37 Chevy, and we went and parked by the levee -- and decided to get married after three hours.
"She and I just agreed on what we wanted out of our lives. I had gone with other girls and never had a conversation that was so deep."
They married in 1942 and had six children, four of them musicians. In the early days, Iola Brubeck was his manager. Through their 70-year marriage, she was his collaborator, writing lyrics to many of his songs and works, including "The Real Ambassadors," a collaboration with Louis Armstrong that addressed race relations, and "Cannery Row Suite," based on the John Steinbeck novel and presented at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 2006. "She was really his guiding light," said Tim Jackson, the festival's artistic director. "Oh, man, they were just so locked in. What an inspiration, to see them together."
The family moved in 1960 to Wilton, Conn., as Brubeck's career had become heavily East Coast-oriented. Often on the road, he played in 1988 for Mikhail Gorbachev at a dinner in Moscow that then-President Ronald Reagan hosted for the Soviet leader. "I can't understand Russian, but I can understand body language," said Brubeck, after seeing the general secretary tapping his foot.
In the late 1980s, Brubeck contributed music for one episode for the television special "This Is America, Charlie Brown," the episode involving NASA and the space station. He collaborated with three of his sons -- Chris on bass trombone and electric bass, Dan on drums and Matthew on cello -- and included excerpts from his Mass "To Hope! A Celebration," his oratorio "A Light in the Wilderness," and a piece he had composed but never recorded, "Quiet as the Moon."
In 1992 he told The Associated Press, "That's the beauty of music: You can take a theme from a Bach sacred chorale and improvise. It doesn't make any difference where the theme comes from; the treatment of it can be jazz."
In 2009 at age 88, Brubeck was still touring, despite a viral infection that threatened his heart and made him miss an April show at the University of the Pacific, to which he had donated his archives.
He remained a modest and open-minded man to the end. In 2007, when this writer asked him if he listened to hip-hop, he answered, "I don't think so, though my grandkids are always listening. But I learned from Duke Ellington; we were being interviewed, and they asked us what we thought of rock 'n' roll, and I was really kind of not a big fan of rock 'n' roll early on. But Duke's answer, I'll never forget, was, 'It must be good, or the American public wouldn't go for it so much.' "
Jazz pianist Taylor Eigsti, 28, who grew up in Menlo Park and was mentored by Brubeck from age 12, recently visited "Uncle Dave," as he called him, at his Connecticut home: "He's my model for how to be a musician and live your life. Treat everyone equally. ... Spend time with your family. Have a good sense of humor. He was hilarious. And he just continued to make music. He was writing operas and choir music when he was 88 years old. I want to be like that."


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