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Criminal defendants have an absolute right to be represented by counsel. For defendants who can afford their own counsel, the city is not obligated to provide an attorney. If the defendant is not financially able to employ counsel (indigent), the municipal judge must appoint counsel to represent any defendant who is charged with an offense punishable by a jail sentence. The judge must determine if a defendant is indigent. In order for the judge to make this determination, the defendant must complete a sworn Affidavit of Indigency. This affidavit contains various questions regarding the defendant's income, expenses, and financial resources. As a sworn statement, all information on the form must be truthful. It is a felony to falsify a sworn statement. If the judge decides the defendant is indigent, the court will appoint an attorney for the defendant. For non-indigent defendants, the court cannot recommend attorneys. The state bar website may serve as a useful resource.
Most tickets are not eligible for dismissal. Specifically, expired tag tickets are not dismissible, even if you can show you have since renewed the tag. Regardless of ownership of the vehicle, if you are issued the ticket the ticket is your responsibility. Certain tickets may be dismissed if various criteria are met, prior to the court appearance date: -No License in Possession
If you are issued a citation for driving with no license in possession, a judge or magistrate may dismiss your citation if you can show that you had a license, which was valid at the time you received your ticket. -No Insurance
If you are issued a citation for driving a vehicle without insurance, the judge may dismiss your citation upon payment of court costs if you present insurance on that vehicle, which was valid at the time of your citation. This proof must show, at a minimum, the vehicle covered, the policy number, the starting date of coverage, and the end date of coverage. Court staff may contact your insurance company to determine if the insurance was valid. Presentation of false insurance is a crime. If you did not have insurance at the time of your citation, but have since purchased it, the ticket will not be dismissed. A ticket for no insurance requires your appearance in court if there was an accident involved. -Child Restraint Violations
If you have received a citation for a child restraint violation, state law grants the judge the discretion to dismiss the ticket upon proof that you have purchased an appropriate child restraint. The judge is not obligated to dismiss the ticket, however.
-Equipment Violations
Many equipment violations may be dismissible if, within 72 hours (excluding Sundays and legal holidays) of when you receive the ticket, you have the defect repaired and inspected by a City of Hoover police officer. If your repaired vehicle conforms with state law, the officer will sign off on the back of your ticket. You must deliver this ticket to the court offices on or before your court appearance date. -Window Tint
If you are issued a citation for improper window tint, you may be eligible to have the citation dismissed if you have the tint removed, drive the vehicle to court on your court date, and make such request to the judge. Before the judge grants such a request he will have a Hoover Police Officer inspect the vehicle to ensure that the vehicle conforms to the state window tint law.
National Safety Council approved 4 hours classes (Level I / Alive at 25) and 8 hours class (Level II) are held at Hoover Municipal Court. Driving school may be offered to defendants charged with moving violations before entering a plea on your citation. If you plead guilty and pay, it will be too late to take driving school.
Any defendant wishing to take driving school must register in person with a cash payment. If your ticket is with Hoover ($125.00) for the 4 hour classes and ($150.00) for the 8 hour class due in full at the time of registration. Upon completion of the class, the defendant's charge will be dismissed. If your ticket was issued by an agency other than the City of Hoover, and you have been approved by the court to attend Defensive Driving School, you must register for class in person and you must pay for the defensive driving class at the time of registration. The costs for referral cases are ($25.00) for the Level I 4 hour class and Alive at 25, and ($50.00) for the Level II 8 hour class. If you have a Commercial Driver's License or a prior conviction of D.U.I. you do not qualify for Defensive Driving School Defendants are required to reschedule in person, at least 48 hours prior to the class. If a defendant is charged with Passing a School Bus or Reckless Driving, he or she might be eligible to complete the 8 hour class. A court appearance is required before registration.
Record requests are processed in person or via mail upon payment of records. Print and bring the request form to the magistrate's office for processing.
Request for Records Form
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When a defendant commits a crime while under the age of 21, the Alabama Code provides that the judge may, in lieu of trying a defendant as an adult, instead adjudicate the defendant as a youthful offender. Youthful offender adjudications are not criminal convictions, and records regarding youthful offender adjudications are sealed. In some circumstances, the judge is obliged to inform the defendant of his right to apply for youthful offender status. In other circumstances, the burden is on the defendant to request youthful offender status. The decision to grant youthful offender rests solely upon the judge.
A defendant found guilty in municipal court may appeal the decision. The judge will advise a convicted person of the right to appeal and that written notice must be filed with the municipal court within 14 days of the conviction date. A mere oral statement of a desire to appeal is insufficient; the notice must be in writing and an appeal bond must be filed within the 14 day period. The judge will set the appeal bond amount, which by law cannot exceed two times the total fines and costs or the $1,000 if no fine and court costs are assessed. Once a case is appealed, the case is then transferred to circuit court for the county in which the offense occurred and the entire case is heard anew (de novo). As Hoover rests in more than one county, the specific circuit court will vary.
Alabama law requires that all trials in municipal court be handled by a judge, not a jury. However, if you are found guilty and wish to appeal the decision you may request a jury trial in circuit court.
Municipalities such as Hoover have the authority to create their own criminal offenses.
-A municipality can adopt a state offense as a municipal ordinance.
-A municipality can also define its own offenses. For example, the City of Hoover has created a Animal Running At-large Ordinance (§4-20) that does not appear in the state criminal code.
In either circumstances, the city can fully prosecute violations of the municipal code as offenses against the city.
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From Gerris
General questions
What does "Gerris" mean?
Gerris is the Latin (and French) name of the water strider (or water boatman), an aquatic insect which uses surface tension to "walk" on the surface of the water. Have a look at the logo on the front page of the Gerris web site for a graphical description.
How is "Gerris" pronounced?
With a soft `g' like `genetics' or `general'.
Where does Gerris come from?
Gerris was developed from scratch by Stéphane Popinet starting in 2001. The first version was released as GPL-licensed code in September 2001. Gerris is not an adaptation of any previous existing code. In particular it is not an extension of the marker code developed during Stéphane Popinet's PhD or of the SURFER code developed by Stéphane Zaleski and collaborators.
Where are the printable versions of the docs?
The tutorial and examples pages have printable PDF (tutorial.pdf, examples.pdf) versions, the reference manual only exists as an HTML document.
What grid generator is Gerris using?
Gerris uses an "embedded boundary" technique. Grid generation reduces to the computation of the "shape" (surface and volume fractions) of Cartesian (cubic) cells cut by the solid boundaries. These "boolean operations" between solids are performed automatically using GTS (the GNU Triangulated Surface Library). The cells cut by the boundaries can then be refined automatically using the quad/octree structure of the discretisation. Mesh generation is entirely automatic and works for any input geometry (provided it is topologically consistent, i.e. an orientable non-self-intersecting manifold).
Can Gerris handle unstructured tetrahedral meshes?
Gerris uses a quadtree (octree in 3D) finite volume discretisation. It cannot handle unstructured meshes.
Are there any plans to extend Gerris to RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes)?
The focus is on time-dependent Navier-Stokes, so RANS is not really in my mind but nothing is in the way if this is what you need.
Large Eddy Simulation (LES) models is what I am thinking about as far as turbulence modelling is concerned.
What boundary conditions are in the code now and what BCs are planned for the near future?
Slip, no-slip solid boundaries, inflow, outflow, periodic..., but everything is there to implement your own boundary conditions as Gerris can not supply all the boundary conditions users could think of.
How is Gerris parallelised? Does it use MPI or a shared memory technique?
Gerris uses a domain decomposition approach using MPI for synchronisation at domain boundaries.
Does adaptive refinement work in parallel?
Does the parallel version of the code do load-balancing?
Yes, see GfsEventBalance.
Can Gerris handle moving/deforming solid geometries?
Yes, see GfsSolidMoving.
Can Gerris also be used for compressible fluids?
No, but this would be possible. The existing shallow-water solver in particular can be seen as one form of compressible flow solver.
Can Gerris solve the shallow-water (Saint-Venant) equations?
Yes, both a linearised form and the full non-linear Saint-Venant equations. See sections 4 and 5 of the examples.
How can I assist you in your development effort?
Thanks for asking. The easiest way you can help me is first by using the code. Setting up your own test cases etc... And reporting problems, either in term of usability, unexpected results etc...
By doing that you will certainly help me ensure that the code is as robust as possible and you will soon find areas which need improvement and which you might like to work on (preferably after consultation with me so that we can coordinate our efforts).
An important point is also to remember to try to send your questions/comments to one of the two Gerris mailing lists (gfs-users or gfs-devel) so that other people can benefit from the exchange (I will also more readily reply to a message on the mailing list than to one addressed directly to me).
Installation and coding
How do I install the parallel version of Gerris?
If when running ./configure
you got lines looking like
checking for mpicc... yes
then you don't have anything else
to do. Otherwise, you need to make sure that you have MPI installed
and that the mpicc
command is in your PATH
For running the code in parallel, see FAQ#How do I run Gerris in parallel?.
Does the Gerris configure
script support a LAM MPI implementation?
Yes, more generally it should support any MPI implementation which
defines a working mpicc
command accessible in the PATH
My crappy MPI installation prevents Gerris from compiling, how do I turn MPI support off?
% ./configure --disable-mpi
Is there a Windows version of Gerris?
Certainly not a native Windows version (Gerris relies on features found in professional operating systems) but one should be able to compile and install it on Windows using cygwin. You could also try to install a virtual linux machine, such as VMware. See also FAQ#My simulation file looks fine but does not work, why?
My personal advice would be "why use Windows?"
Is there a Mac version of Gerris?
Gerris also runs on MacOSX, see Mac OSX Installation.
See also FAQ#My simulation file looks fine but does not work, why?
Are there any plans to release a more documented version of the code?
I have chosen the "classical" point of view that, if the general description of the arguments and of what the function does (given just before the body of (almost) all the exported functions) together with the code in the function itself does not clearly describe what the function is doing, then this is a problem with the code itself not with the documentation. A counter-example of that would be a very long monolithic code described by comments every few lines.
Also, from my personal experience, working with a number of research and commercial codes, I would consider Gerris to be fairly well documented. The code is also quite modular, so you shouldn't (hopefully) need to go through all the 16000 lines of code...
Of course, I would be glad to address any detailed problem you may have (unclear documentation etc...)
Are there any plans to release a C++/Java/Object Oriented implementation of Gerris?
No. Gerris is already object-oriented (with class inheritance etc...), see the tutorial for an example of how this works.
How do I run the test suite or a single test case?
To run the whole test suite do:
% cd src/gerris % make -k check
Note that you need to be patient as the test suite takes several hours to run on a standard PC. You can make things faster on a multicore system by using (e.g. on 8 cores the following will run about 8 times faster):
% make -k -j8 check
To run a single (or a few) test cases do something like:
% cd src/gerris/test % python test.py poisson advection shear/curvature ...
Obviously you need to have a reasonably recent version of python installed on your system.
To generate the documentation for the test cases (i.e. a page similar to this one but based on your local test suite results) try:
% cd src/gerris/test % make tests.tar.gz
Note that you will need a number of packages for this to work: hevea, source-highlight etc...
To generate the documentation for a single test do:
% cd src/gerris/test % gfs2doc advection
See also How to write examples.
Physics and dimensioning
How do variables defined in the parameter file enter the equations solved?
Gerris solves:
where alpha is defined by GfsPhysicalParams, mu is defined by GfsSourceViscosity, sigma is defined by GfsSourceTension, kappa is defined by GfsVariableCurvature, and the additional source term is defined by GfsSource. Delta_s is the Dirac distribution function of the interface, and n the normal to the interface. <math>\frac{d \overrightarrow u}{dt}</math> is the total (or convective) derivative.
See also An accurate adaptive solver for surface-tension-driven interfacial flows (S. Popinet, Journal of Computational Physics 228, 5838–5866, 2009) for more details.
Where are variables like viscosity, density etc... defined?
By default, the density is unity and the molecular viscosity is zero (i.e. there is no explicit viscous term in the momentum equation). In practice, it does not mean that there is no viscosity at all however, because any discretisation scheme always has some numerical viscosity. Of course, the lower the numerical viscosity, the better. Gerris has quite good properties in this respect.
If you want to specify the viscosity, you can do so with GfsSourceViscosity. Surface tension can be specified with GfsSourceTension. It is always a good idea to nondimensionalize the problem before trying to solve it numerically. The viscosity ends up in the Reynolds number with the density, the length scale, and the velocity. The parameter for GfsSourceViscosity is 1/(Reynolds number). The parameter for GfsSourceTension is 1/(Weber number). The density does not need to be specified separately.
How come Gerris generates a Von Karman vortex street for an inviscid flow around a half-cylinder? I would expect the inviscid flow to remain irrotational.
This is perfectly right in the case of flow around smooth solid boundaries. If there is a sharp corner (as for the half-cylinder), the potential flow solution is singular in the sense that the velocity tends to infinity as one gets closer to the corner. In practice (finite difference numerical solution) and in reality, the local numerical (or real) viscosity near the corner, smears out the singularity, which results in the creation of a (point) source of vorticity which is then carried away by the mean flow (as you can see on the half-cylinder example).
Even in the case of a smooth geometry, numerical inaccuracies in the boundary conditions on the solid surface can lead to the generation of a small amount of vorticity (much smaller than what is generated at a discontinuity though).
How would I create a 5x5 box?
It is possible to change the size of the unit GfsBox, however, I would encourage you to think in "relative units" rather than "absolute units". When studying fluid mechanics (and other physical) problems it is almost always a good idea to use non-dimensional units. This makes relevant independent parameters (such as the Reynolds number for example) immediately apparent. When using Gerris I would recommend scaling all your physical input parameters by a reference length (the physical length of the GfsBox). This also eliminates the need for changing the length of the GfsBox.
How would I modify the file you sent me (tangaroa.gfs
) for a ship that is 150 meters long and exposed to a cross-flow wind velocity of 50 meters/sec?
You would have to non-dimensionalise both the model ship geometry and wind speed.
Let's say you want the ship to occupy one third of a GfsBox, the reference length of the GfsBox
would then be 3*150 meters, so you would
scale the model geometry by a factor of 1/(reference length) or 1/450.
You can do that directly in the parameter file like this:
Solid model.gts { scale = 2.22222e-3 }
Or alternatively you might want to use the transform
program to do
that, something like this:
% transform --scale 2.22222e-3 < model.gts > model_scaled.gts
You also have to keep in mind that the bottom boundary of a 3D box is at z = -0.5. You want to have that coinciding with the sea level (i.e. translate your model vertically by the correct amount).
How would I redimensionalise U,V,W and P?
U metres/sec = U*Uref = U*50 metres/sec V metres/sec = V*Uref = V*50 metres/sec W metred/sec = W*Uref = W*50 metres/sec P Pascals = P*DENSITY*Uref^2
However, keep in mind that the only relevant parameter for the (constant density) Navier-Stokes equations is the Reynolds number. If you do not include any explicit viscous term the (theoretical) Reynolds number is always infinite. In practice this means that the inflow velocity has only a uniform scaling influence on the final solution. For example
- simulation 1: inflow velocity set to 1.0
- simulation 2: inflow velocity set to 2.0
then, the velocity field of simulation 1 at time t is exactly equal (to machine precision) to the velocity field for simulation 2 at time t/2.0, divided by 2.0.
How would I redimensionalise a force?
e.g. when using GfsOutputSolidForce. A force has units of mass x length / time^2 so that
F Newton = F*DENSITY*Uref^2*Lref^2
It looks like t and dt output by GfsOutputTime are also scaled? How would I scale t and dt to time in seconds?
Let's say your reference scale is L=450 metres, your reference speed U=50 metres/sec, your reference time is then T=L/U=9 sec.
You thus need to multiply both t and dt by T=9 sec.
How do I scale Vorticity?
The units of vorticity are L/T/L and
T' = T*Lref/Vref
VORTICITY' = VORTICITY*Vref/Lref
I don't like this choice of units, can I change it to something else?
Yes. You can use any unit system as long as it is consistent (you cannot set e.g. lengths in metres and velocities in, say, feet/second). The only thing you need to change is the default length, for example to make the GfsBox 3.75 metres long, one can use
PhysicalParams { L = 3.75 }
all other quantities must then use metres as length units. Note that you are free to also choose any time unit you like (e.g. seconds, hours etc...) again provided all quantities use the same time unit.
A well-known example of a consistent system of units is the SI system (lengths in meters, time in seconds, mass in kilograms, forces in Newtons etc...).
The code provides support for the variable density incompressible Euler equations. Does that mean you can input the density of the fluid density (air, water, etc...)?
Not really if what you mean is a constant density throughout the domain. In the case of the incompressible constant-density Navier-Stokes equations, the density is irrelevant. It is only a scaling factor for the pressure.
What this really means is that Gerris can deal with flows where the density varies across the domain (e.g. a mixture of two miscible fluids, or density variations due to salinity variations in the sea for example).
Although the initialised problem is symmetric, the solution becomes asymmetric as time passes, why?
The code is indeed not perfectly numerically symmetrical. This is due mainly to the tolerance in the solution for the pressure equation, if you decrease the tolerance you should see smaller asymmetries. You can do this using
ApproxProjectionParams { tolerance = 1e-6 } ProjectionParams { tolerance = 1e-6 }
How do I deal with negative values of the pressure?
Your question is interesting, it comes down to the meaning of "pressure" for incompressible flows.
For compressible flows "pressure" has a thermodynamic definition and is directly linked to other physical quantities through an equation of state. It is defined on an absolute scale.
For incompressible flows "pressure" does not have a thermodynamic definition (there is no equation of state linking it to other physical quantities), rather it comes about as the stress field necessary to enforce the incompressibility condition. In this context, only its gradients are relevant, not its absolute value i.e. one can add any constant to the pressure field without changing the solution.
Conclusion: If you don't like negative pressures just add any constant necessary to make them positive.
Representation of solid boundaries
How do I import my geometry into Gerris?
It depends how the geometry is defined. If it has an analytical representation, the easiest is to use implicit surfaces. Have a look at the GfsSolid and GfsSurface documentations.
If the geometry was created using a CAD package, you need to convert it into a set of triangulated surfaces
and be able to export it in the GTS format (very simple, described
or alternatively in the STL format (which can be converted to GTS
using the stl2gts
The tricky bit is that the surfaces you export must represent proper solid objects i.e. they must be orientable, closed, manifold and non self-intersecting surfaces. Note that this is an issue only for explicit surfaces.
What CAD package can I use to export STL/GTS files?
Blender can do that and is open-source, also have a look at ac3d, k3d and Pro/Engineer, Rhino. MeshLab is also a good tool for file format conversion as well as mesh "reconstruction" (i.e. fixing orientation, self-intersections, filling holes etc...). There are plenty of others.
My STL file looks fine, however conversion using stl2gts
fails, what's wrong?
If your STL file is ASCII (not binary) make sure that it is not DOS-formatted. You can convert from DOS to Unix ASCII formatting using:
% dos2unix myfile.stl
Do I need to tessellate (increase the number of triangles of) my surface before importing it into GTS?
If your solid boundary is exactly defined using a few triangles, there is no need to use more. In short, the mesh size generated by Gerris is completely independent from the "triangle size" of the input surface (in contrast to what happens in "classical" unstructured mesh solvers).
If for example, you want to resolve the boundary layers around your solid, you could tell Gerris to use a "fine enough" mesh like this:
RefineSolid 10
which tells Gerris to use 10 levels of refinement near the solid surface. "Fine enough" is going to depend on the details of the physics (most importantly Reynolds number) and on the constraints in term of computational time, memory size etc...
Which part of the parameter file tells Gerris where the half-cylinder is placed? How do I alter it?
The position of the solid object is defined (obviously) through the coordinates of its vertices. If you created it using a CAD or similar program, you can translate, rotate etc... the object using this same program.
You can also specify simple transformations (scaling, translations, rotations) directly in the parameter file, have a look at the GfsSurface documentation.
Alternatively, you can use the transform
program which comes with
% transform -h
will give you a summary of the transformations you can make, currently
Usage: transform [OPTION] < file.gts Apply geometric transformations to the input. -r ANGLE --rx=ANGLE rotate around x-axis -m ANGLE --ry=ANGLE rotate around y-axis -n ANGLE --rz=ANGLE rotate around z-axis -s FACTOR --scale=FACTOR scale by FACTOR -R FACTOR --sx=FACTOR scale x-axis by FACTOR -M FACTOR --sy=FACTOR scale y-axis by FACTOR -N FACTOR --sz=FACTOR scale z-axis by FACTOR -t V --tx=V translate of V along x-axis -u V --ty=V translate of V along y-axis -w V --tz=V translate of V along z-axis -i --revert turn surface inside out -o --normalize fit the resulting surface in a cube of size 1 centered at the origin -v --verbose print statistics about the surface -h --help display this help and exit Reports bugs to email@example.com
The resulting (transformed) object is written on the standard output.
For example, if you want the half-cylinder in the second cell do:
% transform -t 1 < half-cylinder.gts > half-cylinder1.gts
and use half-cylinder1.gts
in the parameter file.
Are there any tools for converting format-X (not STL) files (generated via a CAD system) to a GTS-format file?
Yes, have a look at MeshLab for example.
Alternatively, the GTS file format is described here.
It is very simple. You should be able to write your own filter
using your favourite scripting language. You might want to have a look
at the cleanup
utility which comes with GTS (in the examples/
directory) It will allow you to link unlinked faces, remove duplicate
vertices etc...
Gerris seem to allow only one solid body, is this correct?
No, there is no limitation on the number and/or complexity of solid
bodies (as long as they are properly oriented, manifold geometrical
surfaces). Multiple bodies are possible, either as a single GTS file
containing multiple separate bodies or as multiple calls to
in the parameter file with several non-intersecting GTS
GfsSolid box_1.gts GfsSolid box_2.gts
Note however that the solids cannot intersect.
How do I orient my solid surfaces properly?
The orientation of the
faces of your solid defines where the fluid side is (by
convention the counter-clockwise (CCW) normal direction to a face points toward the solid
side). If your solid is not oriented properly you can use the flip = 1
option of GfsSurface ot the --revert
or -i
options of transform
to turn it "inside out".
It looks like all STL files need to be turned "inside out". I don't understand why, but transform -i
fixed the problem.
It is just a matter of different conventions. The program you use has chosen to orient the CCW face normals toward the "outside" of the solid object.
Can solids intersect?
No, you first need to use the "boolean operations" or "constructive solid geometry" operations of your solid modeller to generate the union of your solids.
This may change in the future.
We have a problem inserting some GTS files generated from STL files and even inserting the standard GTS files found on the GTS samples site?
The samples files on the GTS site are not necessarily describing consistent geometric surfaces (i.e. they can be open, non-manifold etc...)
Generally it is a good idea to check the topology of a GTS surface before trying to import it. This can be done using something like:
% gtscheck -v < surface.gts
which will return something like:
# vertices: 28 edges: 84 faces: 56 # Connectivity statistics # incompatible faces: 0 # duplicate faces: 0 # boundary edges: 0 # duplicate edges: 0 # non-manifold edges: 0 # edges per vertex: min: 5 mean: 6 | 1.19523 max: 9 # faces per edge: min: 2 mean: 2 | 0 max: 2 # Geometric statistics # face quality: min: 0.224977 mean: 0.549119 | 0.240685 max: 0.950354 # face area : min: 0.0040422 mean: 0.11713 | 0.169305 max: 0.5 # edge length : min: 0.0618034 mean: 0.675199 | 0.397857 max: 1.41421
This surface should be fine since it has no incompatible or duplicate faces and no duplicate or non-manifold edges.
How would I prepare a solid to simulate a flow inside a pipe/tube/hose?
The idea is to create a cube to fill Gerris's flow domain and to subtract the space where the fluid is meant to flow.
For example, start with a single fluid domain in your .gfs file, similar to what is used in the tutorials:
1 0 GfsSimulation GfsBox GfsGEdge {} { [...] GfsBox { left = GfsBoundaryInflowConstant 1 right = GfsBoundaryOutflow }
If you prefer solids created from scratch, here's an example which can be included into the .gfs file (typically at the second line):
GfsSolid ({ double c = cube (0.0, 0., 0., 1.1); double cylinder = z*z + y*y - 0.12*0.12; return MAX (c, - cylinder); })
If you prefer to use solids created in your CAD package of choice, create a cube with its edges parallel to the X-, Y- and Z-axis. The overall size of the cube is arbitrary, but all edges should be of equal size. If you have this, subtract your pipe's inside from this cube and export the result as STL.
The following shell commands will prepare this STL data for Gerris. The commands are split up for a better understanding, but in practice could be joined together into a shell pipeline.
# convert DOS newlines to Unix newlines, if required tr -d '\r' < mysolid.stl > temp1 # convert the result to GTS format stl2gts < temp1 > temp2 # depending on your CAD package, you may have to revert the triangulation's orientation transform --revert < temp2 > temp3 # adjust the cube's size to fit Gerris's fluid domain transform --normalize < temp3 > temp4 # make the cube slightly too big, so there's no ambiguity as to the status of the domain boundaries transform --scale 1.001 < temp4 > mysolid.gts # be tidy rm temp1 temp2 temp3 temp4
Insert this solid into your .gfs file with a simple:
GfsSolid mysolid.gts
Post-processing and Visualisation
What are the basic tools for post-processing and visualisation of saved simulation files
The files generated by GfsOutputSimulation can be visualised with Gfsview.
There is also a batch mode of Gfsview to produce images: Gfsview-batch.
It is also possible to generate other graphic-files formats with Gfs2oogl.
Is there a way to view the results and solid(s) at the same time (with the solid in the correct location? (Geomview question)
Yes, you need to select the Inspect->Appearance->Normalise->None option in the Geomview menu. The default is to "normalise" (i.e. rescale) each object individually (Normalise->Individual option) so that it fits at the centre of the viewed area.
Is there any way to output U, V, W, P, etc... at point (X, Y, Z) in the flow field?
Yes, have a look at the documentation for GfsOutputLocation.
Where is the description of the format of the data section of saved simulation files?
If you intend to read the simulation files (to convert them or do
other operations/calculations etc...) I would highly recommend that
you do so through the functions provided by the Gerris library
and so on). This way you will not reinvent the
wheel and you will be able to use all the functionalities provided by
the library (traversal of the octree structure, computation of
gradients, interpolations etc...). This would also ensure that your
code is independent of the format changes in the simulation file.
Just to give you an example on how this can bite you:
the GfsOutputSimulation object can be used like this (in simulation files)
GfsOutputSimulation { step = 0.1 } sim-%3.1f { variables = P,C }
in this case, the simulations files (sim-0.1
, sim-0.2
etc...) will
only contain the P
and C
Your code which reads the simulation files would need to know about
this. The gfs_simulation_read()
function deals with that for you and
other functions give you easy access to this kind of information (what
variables where contained in the simulation file etc...)
The following code fragment should get you started:
#include <gfs.h>
int main (int argc, char * argv[])
gfs_init (&argc, &argv);
GtsFile * fp = gts_file_new (stdin);
GfsSimulation * simulation = gfs_simulation_read (fp);
if (simulation == NULL) {
fprintf (stderr,
"myprogram: file on standard input is not a valid simulation file\n"
"<stdin>:%d:%d: %s\n",
fp->line, fp->pos, fp->error);
return 1;
gts_file_destroy (fp);
/* do stuff with simulation */
gts_object_destroy (GTS_OBJECT (simulation));
Also have a look at the code which writes a Gerris simulation as a VTK or Tecplot unstructured file in src/unstructured.c
The GfsOutputSimulation and GfsOutputLocation files only place up to eight decimals. Is there any way to increase the number of decimal places?
Yes, see the "precision" option for GfsOutputSimulation and GfsOutputLocation.
I would like a time-averaged velocity profile, would I have to specify a number of monitoring points at different heights, or is there a method to time average over a line through the solution domain?
There is no method to do line averaging at the moment, however there is a method which averages (or more exactly stores the sum) of a given variable in time over the whole domain. You can do it like that:
EventSum { start = 1 istep = 1 } U SUx EventSum { start = 1 istep = 1 } V SUy EventSum { start = 1 istep = 1 } W SUz EventSum { start = 1 istep = 1 } U*U SU2x EventSum { start = 1 istep = 1 } V*V SU2y EventSum { start = 1 istep = 1 } W*W SU2z OutputSimulation { start = end } simulation-sum { variables = SUx,SUy,SUz,SU2x,SU2y,SU2z }
which would add U
to SUx
at every timestep (istep = 1
) starting from
time 1 (start = 1
) etc... and U*U
to SU2x
at every timestep
etc... The resulting sums are then written at the end of the
simulation in the file simulation-sum
. This file can then be
post-processed (using Gfs2oogl for example) to obtain averages,
standard deviations etc... (along any curves you want of course).
Using animate, the sequence of images generated by OutputPPM looks weird, what's happening?
This is probably an artefact of the way the animate
displays a series of PPM images. What happens is that OutputPPM
generates PPM images which are just big enough to contain all the data
in your simulation e.g. if you use 7 levels of refinement and one box,
will generate images with 128x128 pixels. If
you use an adaptive resolution with a maximum level of 6, the size of
the resulting image generated by OutputPPM
can be anything in
1x1, 2x2, 4x4, 8x8, 16x16, 32x32, 64x64 depending on the maximum number of
levels necessary to verify your adaptation criterion. As a result,
can see a series of PPM images with a variable size, if
you look carefully you will see that the weird patterns you see are
smaller-size images of your simulation, displayed in the top-left
corner of the initial image. What animate
should really do is blank
out the previous larger image before displaying the smaller image, to
make the difference in size clear.
The solution is simple, you can set the size of the images generated by OutputPPM
OutputPPM { step = 0.05 } tracer.ppm { v = T maxlevel = 6 }
which will result in PPM images of size 64x64, independently of the maximum level of refinement in the simulation.
The program 'gfsview2D' received an X Window System error
If when trying to save a PPM snapshot from gfsview you get an error message looking like:
The program 'gfsview2D' received an X Window System error. This probably reflects a bug in the program. The error was 'GLXBadContext'. (Details: serial 943 error_code 154 request_code 143 minor_code 5) (Note to programmers: normally, X errors are reported asynchronously; that is, you will receive the error a while after causing it. To debug your program, run it with the --sync command line option to change this behavior. You can then get a meaningful backtrace from your debugger if you break on the gdk_x_error() function.)
it most probably is because the OpenGL driver of you graphics card does not support writing to a buffer other than the graphics card buffer (i.e. your graphics card + driver only support a subset of OpenGL, this does not "reflect a bug in the program" :) ). As an alternative you can try to use gfsview-batch instead. gfsview-batch uses the OSMesa offscreen-rendering library which is not tied to any specific hardware. The only other solution is to get a better-supported graphics card...
If anybody knows how to test (within the gfsview code) whether the current OpenGL driver supports offscreen rendering, I would be keen to know.
Why create a new visualisation tool like GfsView? Can't you use existing tools like Mayavi/VTK, OpenDX etc...?
Most visualisation packages assume that the data is defined on either structured Cartesian meshes (this includes curvilinear coordinates) or fully unstructured meshes (tetrahedra etc...).
The octrees used by Gerris need first to be converted into unstructured tetrahedra and then imported into OpenDX etc... This is quite slow and memory-hungry and loses most of the advantages of the octree: in particular the multilevel representation of the solution is very useful from a visualisation point of view.
I am not aware of any good visualisation tool which understands octrees. It would be a good idea to post messages on OpenDX, Mayavi, VTK etc... mailing lists asking about support for octrees. I did that and got little feed back, but more messages would show the developers of these projects that there is a desire for such a feature.
GfsView makes the most of the octree structure to accelerate visualisation, computation of isosurfaces etc...
Running Gerris
Are the files vorticity.gfs
and half-cylinder.gfs
included in the Gerris distribution?
No, you will need to type them following the tutorial...
Your flow analysis for the RV Tangaroa is just the type of problem I would like to be able to solve quickly, etc... How long did it take to setup and run this problem? Could you send me a copy of the input file?
The longest was to get a "proper" CAD model of the vessel. We had it made by the ship designers but it was full of topological inconsistencies (folds, degenerate faces etc...). It was a real pain to fix it. Once you have a proper orientable, manifold solid there is nothing more to do really.
Have a look at the Tangaroa example.
How do you modify the mesh to give greater detail in a specific area of flow?
As you saw in the tutorial, the meshing is automatic and follows user-defined criteria. Vorticity and gradient-based criteria for example, can be used. The level of refinement used for both the initial refinement and the adaptive refinement can both be functions of space, time, other variables etc... which give almost total flexibility. Other criteria can be added within the object-oriented framework of the code if necessary.
Is there any way to initialise the grid so that a fine grid is generated around the surface of the solid and a coarser grid is generated in the flow field (resulting in significantly fewer cells being generated)?
Sure. You can use something like:
GfsRefine 6 GfsRefineSolid 8
which will first create a uniform level 6 grid and then add two extra levels (up to level 8) only in the cells cut by the solid boundary.
Is it possible to turn off adaptive meshing in defined areas?
You could do this like that for example:
AdaptVorticity { istep = 1 } { cmax = 1e-2 levelmin = (x > 0 ? 6 : 0) levelmax = (x > 0 ? 6 : 7) }
which would use a constant resolution (6 levels) on the right side of
the domain (x > 0
) and adaptive resolution (up to 7 levels) on
the left side.
Is there a way to control the maximum size of a simulation?
Use something like:
AdaptVorticity { maxlevel = 10 maxcells = 400000 cmax = 1e-2 }
the maxcells
option tells the adaptive algorithm to use a maximum of
400,000 cells to discretise the domain. When this maximum number is
reached the algorithm minimises the maximum cost of the refinement by
optimally distributing the cells across the domain. You have to be
aware however that this means that the accuracy of the simulation will
not be constant in time.
My simulation file looks fine but does not work, why?
Are you sure your text editor does not include special characters in your files? (the infamous DOS end of line comes to mind).
On Mac, traditionally, a text file uses Return (ASCII 13) as an end of line character. Unix uses Line Feed (ASCII 10) as an end of line character. You should thus convert your files if they have such characters. See for instance the osxfaq page
Restarting a simulation always starts at t = 0 ?!?
If you want to re-run a simulation from a later point in simulation time ( t > 0 ), you have to save results into distinct files:
GfsOutputSimulation { step = 0.1 } result-%3.2f.gfs
For restarting where you left, pick the last result file written. The -m or -D options should not be used when restarting a simulation from a (binary) simulation file (e.g. created using GfsOutputSimulation).
How do I make all the boundaries of a 2D box no-slip?
GfsBox { top = Boundary { BcDirichlet U 0 } bottom = Boundary { BcDirichlet U 0 } left = Boundary { BcDirichlet V 0 } right = Boundary { BcDirichlet V 0 } }
How do I make boundary conditions time-dependent?
What about this page of the tutorial?
As described in the object hierarchy
functions can depend on time (just use variable t
). You should
be able to use this to implement your boundary conditions.
How do I run Gerris in parallel?
See Gerris in parallel.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Delivery Information
Delivery methods that are available are:
UK Deliveries 2 - 3 Working Days
International 5 - 7 Working Days
1. Delivery Notifications
You will receive an email at the address you have specified, when your order has been dispatched.
2. Delivery timescales
Any orders placed after 1pm on a Friday will be shipped on the following Monday (excluding Bank holidays). Orders received just after 1pm are also often dispatched the same day although this is not guaranteed.
We do not currently open weekends or public holidays. Orders received on these days will be dispatched the next working day within the delivery timescales as above.
In the event of a delay, we will contact you either by email or telephone to inform you of this.
2.1 International deliveries
Below is an approximate time frame for all international deliveries.
- Western Europe within three working days
- Eastern Europe within five working days
- the rest of the world including the USA and Canada in five to seven working days.
3. Shipping Method
All orders are dispatched via the Royal Mail or Evri.
4. Late deliveries or dispatch
Although we are able to ship almost every order in the specified delivery timescale, in rare circumstances our shipping capacity can be exceeded and cause a delay of one extra day. We regret that this situation can occur occasionally, and is an unfortunate situation which is naturally associated with buying online, however this only occurs in rare situations and, should this occur, your order is marked for urgent delivery the following day.
The other circumstance which may cause a delay is when the delivery service itself has a problem. This, again, is a rare situation but is unfortunately beyond our control. In these situations, we will do our very best to take responsibility for the situation and ensure that your order is delivered as quickly as possible.
5. Delivery to business addresses
We allow delivery to alternate delivery addresses including business addresses and places of work. If you do specify a business address for delivery, please ensure that there will be someone available during normal working hours e.g. at reception.


text:
Last year a Hitman game was released with a trailer that was widely derided for a poor (read: offensive) portrayal of the women's role in the games industry.
It was a fair call, too. The games industry is now the most important entertainment industry on the planet, and with that comes a responsibility to be part of the global culture. It's no longer good enough to make games for male pubescents. Just as the film industry has learned that exploitation and sexploitation is generally a bad thing, we all hoped that that Hitman trailer would kick start a maturing of the games industry.
And then CD Projekt Red went and released this trailer for its upcoming game:
Notice the half-naked women positioned in a submissive position as a gang of masculine-looking figures unload a hailstorm of bullets on her? It's hard to miss, that's the entire trailer. No context (other than a token 'this is cyberpunk and she's a robot, so this is totally OK, boys' in the accompanying press release), no characterisation. Nothing more than graituitous slow-motion grindhouse-style sexualised violence.
I can't say I'm surprised with this trailer. CD Projekt Red proved with The Witcher games that it makes some incredible games, with a very juvenile understanding of sex. Women are invariably prizes or vampire-style enemies that are to be as feared as desired in they typical CD Projekt Red game, and this new game seems to be following that tradition in style.
It's a pity, because CD Projekt Red games are incredible. The Witcher 2 is my favourite western-style RPG since the original Baldur's Gate, as cringeworthy as its portrayal of women is. I have no doubt whatsoever that this game will also be incredible.
So why the heck do they feel like they need to prove the critics of the games industry right? At a time when people are looking for excuses to dismiss the games industry as a legitimate art form, why release a trailer that proves to them that this is still a boy's industry tailored for people lacking social skills?
The description of the trailer, from Adam Badowski, CD Projekt Red studio head:
The teaser shows how the Psycho Squad might acquire a new member. The Psycho Squad specializes in combating "psychos" – individuals who overuse implants and substances that boost or otherwise alter the human body. There comes a point when they overdose on these innovations, and their bodies start to rebel against their biological body parts as well as against all things organic around them. Simply put, they start killing people, who they now derisively call "meatbags."
When a psycho goes on the rampage, strange things can happen. There's going to be a lot of carnage, so the psycho might be taken down by regular police, but they're not always able to get the job done. When things spin out of control, they call in MAX-TAC (Maximum Force Tactical Division), popularly called the 'Psycho Squad'. And these guys are exceptional; these guys are crack troops. The fact that they're proud of that name tells you a bit about their mindset. They wear a badge with their official emblem on their right sleeve, but their left is reserved for their unofficial Psycho Squad emblem. It's primitively made and the image itself is on the crude side of things. It's not unlike a badge special force operators might make and wear to distinguish themselves from the ranks of grunts in any theater of war.
Source: http://venturebeat.com/2013/01/10/cd-projekt-red-reveals-cyberpunk-2077-teaser-trailer/
Comments for this story are now closed. Unfortunately my prediction was right and this topic was never going to generate a reasonable debate. My apologies to anyone who wanted to have a civil discussion on the topic.


text:
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Returns & Delivery
Returns and Exchanges
There are a few important things to keep in mind when returning a product you purchased.You can return unwanted items by post within 7 working days of receipt of your goods.- You have 14 calendar days to return an item from the date you received it.
- Only items that have been purchased directly from Us.
- Please ensure that the item you are returning is repackaged with all elements.


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I was a double major as an undergraduate, in art history and political science, and have always loved the intersection of art and politics. I think that was what first drew me to Edward Biberman, particularly his 1955 painting Conspiracy, currently on view in the Ahmanson Building as part of a focused installation of LACMA's Biberman holdings.
Edward Biberman, Conspiracy, c. 1955, LACMA, purchased with funds provided by the Judith Rothschild Foundation; Hansen, Jacobson, Teller, Hoberman, Newman, Warren & Sloane, L.L.P.; Daniel Greenberg and Susan Steinhauser; the Frederick R. Weisman Philanthropic Foundation; Dr. Judd Marmor; Paul and Suzanne Muchnic; the Reese E. and Linda M. Polesky Family Foundation; and Marvin and Judy Zeidler
The image is a very striking one, infused with a creepy quality. No one's face is fully visible—indeed two of the four men are only seen from the rear—and the strangely paired hands seem almost cadaverous. The thinly painted surface and odd, slightly acidic palette add to the tension of the scene depicted. What exactly is the subject here? The painting's title offers a hint; Biberman's biography supplies the rest. One of the best California painters working in a modernist idiom, Biberman was born in Philadelphia in 1904. Rather than joining the family garment business, he chose to study art, first in his hometown and then in Paris. After settling temporarily in New York, he followed his screenwriter brother Herbert to Los Angeles in 1936 and established himself as a portraitist. Edward increasingly incorporated social concerns into his paintings, his political consciousness heightened by the Spanish Civil War and the international rise of fascism. Then, in 1947, disaster struck the Biberman family. Edward's brother Herbert was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee in Washington, D.C. to testify about his allegedly politically subversive acts. Citing his first-amendment rights to free speech and assembly, Herbert refused to testify (he and nine other filmmakers who similarly refused were dubbed the Hollywood Ten), and as a result later spent five months in prison and was blacklisted from the film industry. His brother's experience had a profound impact on Edward. He stopped painting for a while, explaining later that "during the specific period…that my brother was imprisoned and denied the opportunity to do his work, I, in good conscience, could not just go normally into my studio and carry on my profession." Edward himself came under official criticism for his leftist leanings during these years, and he resigned from his teaching position at Art Center to avoid being dismissed. After he returned to painting in the early 1950s, Biberman created Conspiracy, clearly a reference to his brother's harrowing and anxiety-inducing experience before the HUAC. The power of the image is heightened, however, by its very lack of specificity. While its roots lie in one individual's personal history, its "moral," if you will, is much broader. In fact, it could just as easily refer to current events such as the Chinese government's 81-day detention of artist Ai Weiwei this past spring. Eternal vigilance truly is the price of liberty, and art can play an important role. Carol S. Eliel, Curator of Modern Art


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Blake ☮ has logged 36 entries for films during March 2020.
Letterboxd is an independent service created by a small team, and we rely mostly on the support of our members to maintain our site and apps. Please consider upgrading to a Pro account—for less than a couple bucks a month, you'll get cool additional features like all-time and annual stats pages (example), the ability to select (and filter by) your favorite streaming services, and no ads!


text: MongiIG Posted April 28, 2022 Share Posted April 28, 2022 US Dollar (DXY) Daily Price and Analysis US Q1 GDP may stall the greenback's advance. A 20-year high nears for the US dollar. The multi-month US dollar rally continues with the greenback printing a fresh high today ahead of the first look at US Q1 GDP at 12.30 GMT. The US dollar basket (DXY) has been boosted by renewed weakness in the Euro and the Japanese Yen, as investors move from lower-yielding to higher-yielding currencies, while safe-haven flows continue to benefit the greenback. The US growth release later in the session is expected to show a sharp slowdown from the robust Q4 figure of 6.9%. The markets are currently pricing in growth of just 1% for the first three months of this year, with the slowdown mainly due to a reduction in inventory accrual over the quarter. This release is unlikely to move the greenback, unless there is a large miss or beat, as the Fed believe that 2022 US growth will be robust enough to let them tighten monetary policy sharply without damaging the economy. The latest US Core PCE data – the Fed's preferred inflation reading – is released on Friday and this may have more effect on the US dollar than today's GDP data. For all market moving economic data and events, see the DailyFX Calendar. The ongoing US dollar rally has been aided by weakness across a range of G7 currencies including the Euro, the Japanese Yen, and the British Pound. The Euro continues to battle with lowly growth expectations, exacerbated by energy concerns, the British Pound is mired by weak economic data, while the Japanese Yen is in freefall as the BoJ continues with its ultra-loose monetary policy. The US dollar continues to press higher and looks set to break above 103.96, the March 2020 high. Above here the US dollar would be back at levels last seen nearly two decades ago. The March resistance will likely hold in the short-term, especially with month-end portfolio rebalancing at the end of the week, but US dollar strength is set to continue in the months ahead. USDOLLAR (DXY) WEEKLY PRICE CHART – APRIL 28, 2022 {{THE_FUNDAMENTALS_OF_BREAKOUT_TRADING}} What is your view on the US Dollar – bullish or bearish? Apr 28, 2022 | DailyFX Nick Cawley, Strategist Link to comment


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A nursery is a place chock full of baby stuff… from cribs to changing tables to teddy bears and rattles. And yes, for every kind of baby thing there are countless choices. Just think of a baby crib… there are the classic cribs (you know the kind that would've been at home in the nursery of your childhood) and iron cribs and round cribs, convertible cribs and more. So how to choose? When choosing baby furniture there is just one rule – it should be something you love.
Choosing a crib: No more are the days of standard issue boring baby furniture and nurseries.
Organization part of your nursery dream? You're dream has just become a reality. See our changing tables, our beautiful dressers and impressive armoires.
Don't forget the nursery glider. A nursery glider or rocking chair is your refuge in middle of the night. It's the place where both mommy and baby can be content. To call a glider a nursery essential - is a giant understatement – better said, it's a motherhood essential.
When baby arrives the nursery quickly becomes the heart of your home. At aBaby.com it's easy to create a baby room that's safe functional and most of all, true to what you love.


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Custom printed promotional sweatshirts at IASpromotes.com appeal to all ages for style, comfort and warmth. Teens wear them virtually every day, so there's hardly a better place to put your logo for the best advertising results. Even adults wear promotional sweatshirts regularly for weekend leisure and sports activities, and provide a great advertising opportunity for your brand.
Choose from a wide variety of styles, brands, and colors to suit your clients' needs. IASpromotes.com has them all at great prices.


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Other Recommended Material
Here on Dr. Miller Recommends you will find a variety of carefully selected books, workbooks, and other materials that he feels represent breakthroughs in thinking or in presentation. These are materials he frequently uses in both his medical and coaching practices.
***The products in this section are purely recommendations, do not constitute prescriptions, nor are they substitutes for needed medical care. On the other hand, I believe that they can be of enormous value in enabling you to enhance the healing response, promote personal development, maximize performance, create rich rewarding relationships, and promote global healing.
He's OK She's OK, Honoring The Differences Between Men and Women (Book by Jeannette Lofas & Joan MacMillan)
This is a book about men and women - with a twist. In our society's honorable attempts to end the unfair treatment of women, we are sometimes less honest about confronting scientific facts about gender differences.
Warrior Pose, How Yoga (Literally) Saved My Life, (Book By Brad Willis AKA Bhava Ram)
Warrior Pose is an adventure chronicling some of the most momentous events of our time through a journalist's eyes, an unforgettable story about the power of love between father and son, and a transformational journey of self-healing, inner peace, and wholeness.
Real Relationship: Essential Tools to Help You Go the Distance (Book by Belden Johnson)
We are all challenged by the demands of long-term relating. Do you know about the Love Cocktail? The Mumdaddy? Real Relationship gives you both the perspectives and the tools to help you go the distance. For example, it gives you a step-by-step method for working through your difficult feelings. At the same time it inspires you to become a better person--more accepting, compassionate, and loving.
The Verbally Abusive Relationship, How to recognize it and how to respond (Book by Patricia Evans)
Evans defines verbal abuse, shows how to recognize it, and tells women who find themselves in abusive cycles what to do. Based on hundreds of interviews, this timely and much needed book will change the way men and women think about their communication patterns.
Prelude to Infinity: Robert Haig Coxon
Internationally best-selling composer, Robert Haig Coxon brings us PRELUDE TO INFINITY, another gorgeous tapestry of celestial sounds designed to coax listeners along the path of inner healing.
The Translucent Revolution, How People Just Like You Are Waking Up and Changing the world (Book by Arjuna Ardagh)
The growing phenomenon known as translucence is effecting a gentle yet profound revolution in human consciousness.
The Grief Recovery Handbook: The Action for Moving Beyond Death, Divorce and Other Losses (20th Anniversary Edition) By John W. James
Based on a proven program, now extensively revised, The Grief Recovery Handbook offers grievers the more specific actions needed to complete the grieving process and accept loss.
The Culture of Make Believe (Book by Derrick Jensen)
Derrick Jensen explores the origins of human destructiveness, primarily through the lens of racism, using historical, psychological, sociological, anthropological, and personal anecdotes as tools for understanding.
The New Peoplemaking (Book by Virginia Satir)
This book is a classic in family therapy and communications theory.
Why Dads Leave, Insights & Resources for When Partners Become Parents (Book By Meryn Callandar & John W. Travis)
"Why Dads Leave" reveals the cultural and generational forces that are colluding to create an unacknowledged epidemic of disappearing dad
The Great Pain Deception: Faulty Medical Advice Is Making Us Worse, by Steven Ray Ozanich
It is probably only fitting that such a complete and insightful review of mind-body causes and cures of TMS and so many other mind-body aliments should come from the pen of one who has suffered enormously from them, and found the answer within.
Healing A. D. D. The Breakthrough Program That Allows You to See and Heal the 6 Types of ADD (Book by Daniel G. Amen)
Using breakthrough diagnostic techniques, Dr. Daniel Amen has discovered that there are six distinct types of ADD, each requiring a different treatment.
Touch, Caring, And Cancer DVD Program
Touch, Caring and Cancer: Simple Instruction for Family and Friends empowers family members and friends to reduce their loved one's suffering, improve the quality of their relationship, and make caregiving a more satisfying experience.


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Update at 12:56 p.m. ET. House Rejects Bill:
Voting mostly along party lines, the U.S. House of Representatives voted to send a Senate bill extending unemployment benefits and a payroll tax cut to conference. With the Senate in recess, the move leaves the bill in limbo and could mean that come January, 2 million Americans will lose their long-term unemployment benefits and 160 million workers could see their taxes rise by 2-percentage points.
Before the vote, Democrats and Republicans went head to head on the House floor.
Republicans argued that the two-month extension of benefits was a "band-aid" and created more uncertainty in the country. Democrats accused Republicans of throwing a "legislative tantrum."
Rep. Diane Black, a Republican from Tennessee, said lawmakers should stay in Washington through the holidays to pass a year-long extension instead of a two-month "band-aid."
Rep. Richard Neal, a Democrat from Massachusetts, said the bill had been brought to a halt by the Tea Party, which he called "a radical element [that] has taken over the Republican party."
"They are courting disaster," said Neal.
Update at 1:12 p.m. ET. Final Vote Count:
The final vote came at 229-193. Seven Republicans voted against their party. What's next? It is up to the Senate to take action, but Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev, has said he will not call the Senate back to Washington to conference on the bill.
House Speaker John Boehner said there is no question that everyone wants extend these benefits but the Senate — which passed the motion with a rare bi-partisan 89-10 vote — wants to "kick the can down the road" and settle it two months from now.
Boehner called on the Senate to "come back to town," to conference on the bill and extend it for a full year to give the American people a bigger "Christmas gift."
Rep. Steve Israel, a Democrat from New York, followed Boehner on the House floor and said this move was nothing but a "partisan middle-class mugging."
As the AP reports, the central issue here is that House Republicans aren't happy with the version of the bill it received from Congress. The AP explains:
"The Senate's short-term, lowest-common-denominator approach would renew a 2 percentage point cut in the Social Security payroll tax, plus jobless benefits averaging about $300 a week for the long-term unemployed, and would prevent a 27 percent cut in Medicare payments to doctors.
"The House passed a full-year extension last week, containing many spending cuts opposed by Democrats.
"House Republicans, however, have erupted in frustration at the Senate measure, which drops changes to the unemployment insurance system pressed by conservatives, along with cuts to President Barack Obama's health care law."
Update at 2:10 p.m. ET. Put Politics Aside, Obama Says; Vote On The Bill:
President Obama just appeared in the White House briefing room to say that House Republicans should "put politics aside" and cast a yeah-or-nay vote on the Senate-passed plan to extend the payroll tax cut for another two months — rather than effectively rejecting it on the grounds that the extension needs to be for a full year. "The American people are weary" of political bickering, the president said.
Update at 2:22 p.m. ET. Boehner Says It's Up To Obama Now:
"President Obama needs to call on Senate Democrats to go back into session" and join House negotiators in a conference committee to hammer out an agreement, House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) just told reporters. "It's up to the president to show real leadership," he added.
Our Original Post:
Rather than holding a straight up-or-down vote on the Senate-approved package to extend payroll tax cuts and long-term unemployment benefits for another two months — a package they oppose — House Republicans now plan to effectively reject the measure without having to cast "no" votes.
As The Hillexplains:
"House Republicans are setting up a vote on whether to go to a conference with the Senate. They say a vote to go to a conference with the Senate would serve as a vote against the Senate bill. Critically, however, it would be expressed as a vote in favor of going to the conference, and not a vote against cutting the payroll tax."
Or, as Politico says, "House Republicans postponed a planned Monday night vote on the Senate-passed payroll tax cut bill, bowing to pressure from rank-and-file lawmakers to fight the battle in a fresh media cycle, avoid a dark-of-night vote and, perhaps most important, find a way to reject the Senate bill without voting directly against a tax cut."
The vote is expected to happen around midday.
As Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) has been saying in recent days, Republicans in the House (which they control) want the extensions to be for a full year, not two months. They don't want to just "kick the can" down the road, he says.
Getting any extension done before the payroll tax cut and long-term jobless benefits expire on Dec. 31, however, may prove impossible. The Democratic-controlled Senate has adjourned for the holidays. And Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) has said his chamber won't negotiate with the House unless the short-term, two-month extensions are passed first.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Not only do we write step by step manuals for how to solve common Dollar Shave Club customer care issues, but we do it for many other companies as well. In fact we try to do it for all of the issues that customers ask us about the most. In general, we try to figure out which issues are ailing Dollar Shave Club customers the most and then our staff of expert writers takes takes our knowledge of major customer service problems and scribes them into an easy-to-follow series of steps for you. And of course we make that information freely available to you and the millions of consumers that use GetHuman each month.
GetHuman has no affiliation whatsoever with Dollar Shave Club, let alone a partnership in which GetHuman would write guides on behalf of another institution. Rather, GetHuman has been helping customers solve their support problems for over a decade and this is one of many ways we try to provide helpful information. Over the course of those years, many millions of customers, including those of Dollar Shave Club have come to our website to report a problem. When we spot a trend, we try to dispatch a researcher to find the solution and then write a comprehensive article in which we explain how we do it.


text: This entry includes the figure for the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (e.g., -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population change. High levels of migration can cause problems such as increasing unemployment and potential ethnic strife (if people are coming in) or a reduction in the labor force, perhaps in certain key sectors (if people are leaving).


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What will you learn?
Embedded Systems are so ubiquitous that some of us take them for granted: we find them in smartphones, GPS systems, airplanes, and so on. But have you ever wondered how these devices actually work? If so, you're in the right place!
In this course, you'll learn about the characteristics of embedded systems: the possibilities, dangers, complications, and recipes for success. We'll discuss all of this in the framework of a flourishing embedded systems field: the Internet of Things, where billions of intercommunicating devices could enable unprecedented, innovative products and services. If you'd like to learn how to create similarly innovative products, then this is the course for you!
At the end of the course, you'll be able to:
- make the right choice for your own project when it comes to the target market, parallel executions, time, and the lifecycle of your system
- hack, avoid failure and promote success
- decide whether to buy or to build components
- how to assemble a good team
- install case tools
- learn how to work with SysML


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Many kids have habits that can be downright annoying. Four of the most common are:
Although these habits may bother or even worry you, relax. In most cases, a habit is just a phase in the normal developmental process and is not cause for alarm.
A habit is a pattern of behavior that's repeated, and the child doing it usually isn't even aware of it. But while kids may be blissfully unaware of a habit, their parents aren't so lucky.
And if your little one usually has one hand stuffed in the mouth and the other entwined in the hair, don't be surprised: Habits tend to happen in clusters.
Here's the lowdown on the most common habits among kids and teens:
If nails chewed to the nub are familiar to you, you're not alone. Nail biting or picking is one of the most common childhood habits. An estimated 30% to 60% of kids and teens chew on one or more fingernails. And, occasionally, a child may also bite his or her toenails.
Boys and girls appear equally prone to the habit in earlier years; however, as they get older, boys are more likely to be nail biters.
If one of your kids is a hair twirler, odds are it's your daughter. Most kids who twist, stroke, or pull their hair are girls.
Hair twirling may appear in early childhood as a precursor to hair pulling, either with or without hair loss. But many hair twirlers and pullers stop as they get older. For those who don't, simple behavior modification can help them break the habit.
However, for those who start hair pulling as older kids or teens, the habit is harder to break and may be a sign of anxiety, depression, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Nose picking appears to be a habit that, although it usually begins in childhood, may actually linger into adulthood. If you find that hard to believe, consider that a 1995 study of adults found that 91% picked their noses regularly — and about 8% of them reported that they eat what they pick!
Kids' preference for thumbs as the finger to suck is thought to be the result of the thumb coming into contact with the mouth during movements they made an infants. Some kids also suck their fingers, hands, or their entire fists in addition to, or instead of, their thumbs.
Most thumb suckers are younger kids and up to half of 2- to 4-year-olds suck their thumbs. Many kids suck their thumbs to calm and comfort themselves. But frequent or intense thumb sucking beyond 4 to 5 years of age can cause problems, including dental issues (such as an overbite), thumb or finger infections, and being teased.
Experts aren't always sure what causes a habit, but do know that they're learned behaviors that usually provide a positive outcome for the child.
Habits may develop as entertainment for a bored child or, more commonly, as a coping mechanism to soothe an anxious one. The next time you see nail biting or hair twirling, try to recall if your child has recently had a stressful experience. If so, the behavior might be your child's attempt to relieve tension, much as you would by working out at the gym. On the other hand, some kids engage in habits when they're relaxed, such as before falling to sleep or quietly listening to music.
Some habits may be leftovers from infancy. In infants, thumb sucking is a common self-comfort behavior that has pleasurable associations with feedings and the end of hunger. So it may linger into childhood because of its positive associations.
Or perhaps the explanation for your child's nail biting is in your mirror. Do you bite your nails? Studies suggest that nail biting may have a strong familial or genetic component.
Other kids engage in habits to attract attention or to manipulate their parents. If kids feel that their parents are ignoring them, they may engage in the annoying habit because they know that it will get a reaction from Mom or Dad.
The good news is that most habits disappear, usually by the time a child reaches school age, because the child no longer needs it or outgrows it.
But if you think it's time to help your child break a habit, consider these steps:
For the best success, it's important that kids be motivated to break the habit. And because habits take time to develop, they're also going to take time to be replaced by alternative behavior, so be patient.
In some cases, a habit is the result or the cause of a physical or psychological problem. For example, a nose-picker might be uncomfortable because there's actually an object stuck in the nose. And the habits themselves can cause some medical complications, such as:
A habit may no longer be a simple habit if it negatively affects a child's social relationships or interferes with daily functioning.
Older kids who constantly suck their thumb might be experiencing significant stress or anxiety. If kids are the subject of teasing at school or have difficulty talking because they won't take their thumbs out of their mouths, the behavior has gone beyond a simple habit. Kids who pull their hair out may have trichotillomania, a condition that results in hair loss. And habits that are in response to obsessive thoughts may be a sign of OCD.
However, most habits don't cause any significant problems and tend to improve as kids get older. But if you're concerned about your child's habits, talk with your doctor.
Reviewed by: KidsHealth Medical Experts
By using this site, you consent to our use of cookies. To learn more, read our privacy policy.


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Kaged Muscle
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At Bodybuilding.com, we are dedicated to always offering the best price to our customers. We will match the price on a Price Match Guarantee product if you find the same item at a lower price at a qualifying online retailer.


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by J. R. R. Tolkien
All three parts of the epic masterpiece combined in one definitive edition of the text. Sauron, the Dark Lord, has gathered to him all the Rings of Power—the means by which he intends to rule Middle-earth. All he lacks in his plans for dominion is the One Ring—the ring that rules them all—which has fallen into the hands of the hobbit, Bilbo Baggins. In a sleepy village in the Shire, young Frodo Baggins finds himself faced with an immense task, as the Ring is entrusted to his care. He must leave his home and make a perilous journey across the realms of Middle-earth to the Crack of Doom, deep inside the territories of the Dark Lord. There he must destroy the Ring forever and foil the Dark Lord in his evil purpose. Since it was first published in 1954, The Lord of the Rings has been a book people have treasured. Steeped in unrivalled magic and otherworldliness, its sweeping fantasy has touched the hearts of young and old alike. 100 pages Publisher : HarperCollins Date Published : April 20, 2009 4 other members have this in CatalogTalk about this |


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Thank U Next Keychain Bagcharm
- Regular
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- Sale
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- Unit Price
- per
To all your ex-s, what do you say? Thank u, next! ;)
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The materials used for products are generally mixed metals, MDF, non-precious gemstones or acrylic materials unless we specify otherwise.
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1000 Corporate Boulevard
Linthicum, MD 21090
1-866-746-4282 (toll-free in US)
This site covers all conditions that affect the urinary tract. You can find a quick description of BPH as well as a link for further information. Also, there is a tool to help you find a urologist in your area.
3 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892-3580
Here you'll find a thorough discussion of BPH, including drawings and a glossary. You can also read up on the details of treatment, as well as the sexual changes that can occur and how to deal with them.
Ultima revisión September 2014 por Adrienne Carmack, MD