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Skin Cancer, Melanoma
Topic Overview
What is melanoma?
Melanoma is a kind of skin cancer. It isn't as common as other types of skin cancer, but it is the most serious.
Melanoma usually looks like a flat mole with uneven edges and a shape that is not the same on both sides. It may be black, brown, or more than one color. Most melanomas show up as a new spot or skin growth. But they can form in an existing mole or other mark on the skin.
Melanoma can affect your skin only, or it may spread to your organs and bones. As with other cancers, treatment for melanoma works best when the cancer is found early.
This topic is about melanoma that occurs in the skin. It doesn't cover melanoma that occurs in the eye or in any other part of the body besides the skin.
What causes melanoma?
You can get melanoma by spending too much time in the sun. Too much UV radiation from sun exposure causes normal skin cells to become abnormal. These abnormal cells quickly grow out of control and attack the tissues around them.
You are at higher risk for melanoma if you have fair skin, a family history of melanoma, or many abnormal, or atypical, moles. These moles may fade into the skin and have a flat part that is level with the skin. They may be smooth or slightly scaly, or they may look rough and "pebbly."
What are the symptoms?
You may not have any symptoms in the early stages of melanoma. Or a melanoma may be sore, or it may itch or bleed.
Any change in the shape, size, or color of a mole may be a sign of melanoma.
Melanoma may look like a flat, brown or black mole that has uneven edges. Melanomas usually have an irregular or asymmetrical shape. This means that one half of the mole doesn't match the other half. They may be any size but are usually 0.25 in. (6 mm) or larger.
Melanomas can be found anywhere on your body. Most of the time, they are on the upper back in men and women and on the legs of women.
How is melanoma diagnosed?
Your doctor will check your skin to look for melanoma. If your doctor thinks that you have melanoma, he or she will remove a sample of tissue (biopsy) from the area around the melanoma. Another doctor, called a pathologist, will look at the tissue to check for cancer cells.
If your biopsy shows melanoma, you may need to have more tests to find out if it has spread to your lymph nodes.
How is it treated?
The most common treatment is surgery to remove the melanoma. That is all the treatment that you may need for early-stage melanomas that have not spread to other parts of your body.
Other treatments for melanoma include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.
Can you prevent melanoma?
The best way to prevent all kinds of skin cancer, including melanoma, is to protect yourself whenever you are out in the sun.
- Try to stay out of the sun during the middle of the day (from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.).
- Wear sun-protective clothes when you are outside, such as a hat that shades your face, a long-sleeved shirt, and long pants.
- Use sunscreen every day. Your sunscreen should have an SPF of least 30. Look for a sunscreen that protects against both types of UV radiation in the sun's rays—UVA and UVB. When you are outdoors for long periods of time, reapply sunscreen every 2 hours.
- Take extra care to protect your skin when you're near water, at higher elevations, or in tropical climates.
- Avoid sunbathing and tanning salons.
Check your skin regularly for odd marks, moles, or sores that will not heal. Check all of your skin, but pay extra attention to areas that get a lot of sun, such as your hands, arms, and back. Ask your doctor to check your skin during regular physical exams.
Health Tools
Health Tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health.
Melanoma is most often caused by too much exposure to the sun's UV rays. Examples include:footnote 1
- Having had blistering sunburns at any time of life.
- Getting intense sun exposure every now and then.
Things that make getting melanoma more likely include your skin type, the color of your hair, and the color of your eyes.
You may not have any symptoms in the early stages of melanoma. Or a melanoma may be sore, or it may itch or bleed.
Most melanomas start as a new skin growth on unmarked skin. The growth may change color, shape, or size. These types of changes are an early sign that the growth is melanoma. But melanoma can also develop in an existing mole or other mark on the skin. Or it may look like a bruise that isn't healing or show up as a brown or black streak under a fingernail or toenail.
Melanoma can grow anywhere on the body. It most often occurs on the upper back in men and women and on the legs in women. Less often, it can grow in other places, such as on the soles, palms, nail beds, or mucous membranes that line body cavities such as the mouth, the rectum, and the vagina.
On older people, the face is the most common place for melanoma to grow. And in older men, the most common sites are the neck, scalp, and ears.footnote 1
Signs of melanoma
The most important warning sign for melanoma is any change in size, shape, or color of a mole or other skin growth, such as a birthmark. Watch for changes that occur over a period of weeks to a month. The ABCDE system tells you what changes to look for.
- A is for asymmetry. One half of the mole or skin growth doesn't match the other half.
- B is for border irregularity. The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred.
- C is for color. The color is not the same throughout the mole.
- D is for diameter. The mole or skin growth is larger than the size of a pencil eraser.
- E is for evolution. There is a change in the size, shape, symptoms (such as itching or tenderness), surface (especially bleeding), or color of a mole.
Melanoma in an existing mole
Signs of melanoma in an existing mole include changes in:
- Elevation, such as thickening or raising of a previously flat mole.
- Surface, such as scaling, erosion, oozing, bleeding, or crusting.
- Surrounding skin, such as redness, swelling, or small new patches of color around a larger lesion (satellite pigmentations).
- Sensation, such as itching, tingling, burning, or pain.
- Consistency, such as softening or small pieces that break off easily.
Many other skin conditions (such as seborrheic keratosis, warts, and basal cell cancer) have features similar to those of melanoma.
Signs of melanoma that has spread
Symptoms of melanoma that has spread (metastatic melanoma) may be vague. They include swollen lymph nodes, especially in the armpit or groin, and a colorless lump or thickening under the skin.
What Happens
Melanoma develops when normal pigment-producing skin cells called melanocytes become abnormal, grow uncontrollably, and invade surrounding tissues. Usually only one melanoma develops at a time. Melanomas can begin in an existing mole or other skin growth, but most start in unmarked skin.
When melanoma is found early, it can often be cured by surgery to remove it. But after melanoma spreads, it is harder to cure.
Experts talk about prognosis in terms of "5-year survival rates." The 5-year survival rate means the percentage of people who are still alive 5 years or longer after their cancer was discovered. Remember that these are only averages. Everyone's case is different, and these numbers don't necessarily show what will happen to you. The estimated 5-year survival rate for melanoma is:footnote 2
- 98% if cancer is found early and treated before it has spread.
- 62% if the cancer has spread to close-by tissue.
- 15% if the cancer has spread farther away, such as to the liver, brain, or bones.
What Increases Your Risk
A risk factor for melanoma is something that increases your chance of getting this cancer. Having one or more of these risk factors can make it more likely that you will get melanoma. But it doesn't mean that you will definitely get it. And many people who get melanoma don't have any of these risk factors.
Risk factors for melanoma include:footnote 1
- Too much exposure to the sun's UV rays. This includes:
- Having had blistering sunburns at any time of life.
- Getting intense sun exposure every now and then.
- Fair skin that doesn't tan and tends to sunburn or freckle, along with blue or green eyes or red or blond hair.
- Numerous moles and/or more than one atypical mole.
- A large mole you have had since birth.
- A personal or family history of melanoma.
- Changes in your genes, like the change that causes a skin disease called Xeroderma pigmentosum.
When should you call your doctor?
The most important warning sign for melanoma is a change in size, shape, or color of a mole or other skin growth (such as a birthmark). Call your doctor if you have:
- Any change in a mole, including size, shape, color, soreness, or pain.
- A bleeding mole.
- A discolored area under a fingernail or toenail not caused by an injury.
- A general darkening of the skin unrelated to sun exposure.
Call your doctor immediately if you have been diagnosed with melanoma and:
- You have trouble breathing or swallowing.
- You cough up or spit up blood.
- You have blood in your vomit or bowel movement.
- Your urine or bowel movement is black, and the blackness isn't caused by taking iron or Pepto-Bismol.
Who to see
The following health professionals can help diagnose melanoma:
If further treatment is needed, melanoma can be treated by a dermatologist, surgeon, plastic or reconstructive surgeon, or medical oncologist.
Exams and Tests
To check for melanoma and whether or not it has spread, your doctor may:
- Do a physical exam of your skin.
- Do a skin biopsy. Your doctor will take a sample of your skin and have it tested for melanoma.
- Check your lymph nodes to see if they are larger than normal. This may be followed by a sentinel lymph node biopsy to see if the melanoma has spread to your lymph system.
- Use imaging tests to see if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body, such as the lungs, brain, or liver. These tests include emission tomography (PET scan), computed tomography (CT scan), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Other techniques may include total-body photography to look for changes in any mole and to watch for new moles appearing in normal skin. A series of photos of the suspicious lesions may be taken. Then the photos can be used as a baseline to compare with follow-up photos.
Finding skin cancer early
- Do a skin self-exam regularly. Your partner or a close friend can help you check places that are hard to see, such as your scalp and back.
- Have your doctor check any suspicious skin changes. You may need to see your doctor for regular checkups if you have:
- Familial atypical mole and melanoma (FAM-M) syndrome, which is an inherited tendency to develop melanoma. Your doctor may need to check you every 4 to 6 months.
- Increased exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation because of your job, hobbies, or outdoor activities.
- Abnormal moles called atypical moles. These moles aren't cancerous. But their presence is a warning of an inherited tendency to develop melanoma.
Treatment Overview
Melanoma may be cured if it's found and treated in its early stages when it affects only the skin. If melanoma has spread, it is much harder to treat.
How much and what type of treatment you need depends on the stage.
Treatment choices
Treatments for melanoma include:
- Surgery. The entire melanoma is cut out, along with a border (margin) of normal-appearing skin.
- Chemotherapy, which uses medicines to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy, which uses medicines to help your body's immune system fight the cancer.
- Targeted therapy with inhibitors. These are medicines that inhibit, or prevent, cancer cells from growing by blocking signals in the cell. Inhibitors are only given if a gene test shows that a person has certain gene changes (mutations).
Metastatic and recurrent melanoma
Melanoma can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, where it can cause tumors. When melanoma has spread and appears as a tumor in another part of the body, it sometimes can be successfully treated with surgery. But metastatic melanoma usually needs other treatments, too, such as chemotherapy, interferon, immunotherapy, or radiation therapy.
Metastatic melanoma and melanoma that can't be removed with surgery may be treated with inhibitors.
Melanoma can come back after treatment. This is called recurrent melanoma. All of the treatments mentioned above may be used for recurrent melanoma as well as:
- Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion. If the melanoma is on your arm or leg, chemotherapy medicine may be added to a warm solution and injected into the bloodstream of that arm or leg. The flow of blood to and from that limb is stopped for a short time so the medicine can go right to the tumor.
- Medicines injected directly into the tumor.
- Lasers to destroy the tumor.
If your melanoma can't be cured, your doctors will try to control symptoms, reduce complications, and keep you comfortable.
Your doctor may recommend that you join a clinical trial if one is available in your area. Clinical trials may offer the best treatment option for people who have metastatic cancer. Clinical trials study other treatments, such as combinations of chemotherapy, vaccines, and immunotherapies. They are also studying targeted therapy.
Regular follow-up appointments are important after you have been diagnosed with melanoma. Your doctor will set up a regular schedule of checkups that will happen less often as time goes on.
To learn more about specific treatments for melanoma, go to the National Cancer Institute's website at www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/melanoma.
Your emotions
Finding out that you have cancer can change your life. You may feel like your world has turned upside down and you have lost all control. Talking with family, friends, or a counselor can really help. Ask your doctor about support groups. Or call the American Cancer Society (1-800-227-2345) or visit its website at www.cancer.org.
Palliative care
Palliative care is a kind of care for people who have a serious illness. It's different from care to cure your illness. Its goal is to improve your quality of life—not just in your body but also in your mind and spirit. You can have this care along with treatment to cure your illness.
Palliative care providers will work to help control pain or side effects. They may help you decide what treatment you want or don't want. And they can help your loved ones understand how to support you.
If you're interested in palliative care, talk to your doctor.
For more information, see the topic Palliative Care.
End-of-life care
For some people who have advanced cancer, a time comes when treatment to cure the cancer no longer seems like a good choice. This can be because the side effects, time, and costs of treatment are greater than the promise of cure or relief. But you can still get treatment to make you as comfortable as possible during the time you have left. You and your doctor can decide when you may be ready for hospice care.
For more information, see the topics:
To help prevent skin cancer:
- Protect your skin. This includes staying out of the sun during the midday hours and using sunscreen.
- Examine your skin regularly, and have your doctor check your skin during all other health exams.
Home Treatment
Home treatment can help you manage any side effects that your treatment might cause. If your doctor gives you instructions or medicines to treat these side effects, be sure to follow them. In general, healthy habits such as eating a balanced diet and getting enough sleep and exercise may help control your symptoms.
- Home treatment for nausea or vomiting includes watching for and treating early signs of dehydration, such as having a dry mouth or feeling lightheaded when you stand up. Eating smaller meals may help. So can a little bit of ginger candy or ginger tea.
- Home treatment for diarrhea includes resting your stomach and watching for signs of dehydration. Check with your doctor before using any nonprescription medicines for your diarrhea.
- Home treatment for constipation includes gentle exercise along with getting enough fluids and having a diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber. Check with your doctor before using a laxative for your constipation.
- Home treatment for fatigue includes making sure you get extra rest. Let your symptoms be your guide. Fatigue is often worse at the end of treatment or just after treatment is completed.
- Home treatment for sleep problems includes going to bed at the same time every night and getting exercise during the day.
- Home treatment for pain includes using heat and cold packs.
Stress, hair loss, and body image
- The diagnosis of melanoma and the need for treatment can be very stressful. You may be able to reduce your stress by expressing your feelings to others. Learning relaxation techniques may also help reduce your stress.
- Hair loss can be emotionally distressing. Not all chemotherapy medicines cause hair loss. And some people have only mild thinning that is noticeable only to them. Talk to your doctor about whether hair loss is an expected side effect with the medicines you will receive.
- Your feelings about your body may change following a diagnosis of melanoma and the need for treatment. Adapt to your body-image changes by talking openly about your concerns with your partner and discussing your feelings with your doctor. Your doctor may also be able to refer you to groups that can offer more support and information.
Having cancer can change your life in many ways. For help in managing these changes, see the topic Getting Support When You Have Cancer.
Medicines for melanoma include:
- Immunotherapy medicines, such as ipilimumab and interleukin-2 (IL-2).
- Chemotherapy medicines, such as dacarbazine and temozolomide.
- Inhibitors, such as trametinib and vemurafenib.
Medicines used to treat melanoma may be given as an outpatient treatment. But sometimes people need a short hospital stay.
Medicines may be taken by mouth or injected into your bloodstream so they can travel throughout your body. If the melanoma is on an arm or a leg, chemotherapy medicines may be added to a warm solution that is injected into the bloodstream of that limb. The flow of blood to and from that limb is stopped for a short time so the medicine can go right to the tumor. This is called hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion.
The side effects of some of the melanoma medicines can be serious.
Surgery is the most common treatment for melanoma. Lymph nodes may be removed at the same time to check them for cancer. Surgery also may be done to remove lymph nodes that have cancer or to remove melanoma that may have spread to other parts of the body.
Surgery choices
The most common types of surgery used to treat melanoma include:
- Excision.This surgery takes out the melanoma and a little of the tissue around it.
- Lymph node dissection (lymphadenectomy). This is surgery to remove lymph nodes to see if they have cancer cells. Or this may be done to remove lymph nodes that are cancerous.
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy. This surgery removes the first lymph node that the cancer may have spread to from the tumor. If this lymph node doesn't have any cancer cells, then you may not need to have more lymph nodes removed.
After removal of a melanoma, you may need a skin graft or other reconstructive surgery for cosmetic reasons or to restore function. This is most likely if the melanoma was large or was a late-stage tumor.
Other Treatment
Radiation treatment
Radiation treatment is the use of high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It isn't as effective in treating melanoma as it is in other cancers. But it may be used to reduce the risk of melanoma coming back. Or it may be used when melanoma has spread to other parts fo the body, such as the brain or bone.
Complementary treatments
People sometimes use complementary therapies along with medical treatment to help relieve symptoms and side effects of cancer treatments. Some of the complementary therapies that may be helpful include:
- Acupuncture, to relieve pain.
- Meditation or yoga, to relieve stress.
- Massage and biofeedback, to reduce pain and ease tension.
- Breathing exercises for relaxation.
Mind-body treatments like the ones listed above may help you feel better. They can make it easier to cope with cancer treatments. They also may reduce chronic low back pain, joint pain, headaches, and pain from treatments.
Before you try a complementary therapy, talk to your doctor about the possible value and potential side effects. Let your doctor know if you are already using any such therapies. They are not meant to take the place of standard medical treatment.
- Bailey EC, et al. (2012). Cutaneous melanoma. In LA Goldman et al., eds., Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 8th ed., vol. 1, pp. 1416–1444. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- American Cancer Society (2012). Cancer Facts and Figures 2012. Atlanta: American Cancer Society. Available online: http://www.cancer.org/Research/CancerFactsFigures/CancerFactsFigures/cancer-facts-figures-2012.
Other Works Consulted
- Fisher RA, Larkin J (2010). Malignant melanoma (metastatic), search date March 2010. BMJ Clinical Evidence. Available online: http://www.clinicalevidence.com.
- Habif TP, et al. (2011). Malignant melanoma, lentigo maligna. In Skin Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 518–526. Edinburgh: Saunders.
- Markowitz O, Rigel DS (2010). Malignant melanoma. In MG Lebwohl et al., eds., Treatment of Skin Disease: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies, pp. 424–428. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.
- Marsden JR, et al. (2010). Revised U.K. Guidelines for the management of cutaneous melanoma 2010. British Journal of Dermatology, 163(2): 238–256. Also available online: http://www.bad.org.uk//site/622/default.aspx.
- National Cancer Institute (2012). Melanoma Treatment PDQ—Patient Version. Available online: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/melanoma/Patient/page1/AllPages.
- National Cancer Institute (2012). Skin Cancer Prevention PDQ—Health Care Professional Version. Available online: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/skin/HealthProfessional.
- National Cancer Institute (2012). Skin Cancer Prevention PDQ—Patient Version. Available online: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/skin/Patient.
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2012). Melanoma. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, version 3. Available online: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/melanoma.pdf.
- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2012). Behavioral counseling to prevent skin cancer: Recommendation statement. Available online: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf11/skincancouns/skincancounsrs.htm.
Current as of: December 19, 2018
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:Kathleen Romito MD – Family Medicine & Adam Husney MD – Family Medicine & Amy McMichael MD – Dermatology
- Melanoma skin cancer sign: Diameter
- Melanoma skin cancer sign: Color variation
- Melanoma skin cancer sign: Border that is irregular
- Melanoma skin cancer sign: Asymmetry
- Melanoma skin cancer sign: Evolution
- Skin Self-Examination
- Caring for Your Implanted Port
- Protecting Your Skin From the Sun
- Skin Cancer Prevention: How to Check Your Skin
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated, disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. Learn how we develop our content.


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Video streaming
HLS file format for iOS, with adaptive bitrate support
Enjoy support for HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), the format for iOS, inside the Safari browser and within apps, including Adobe AIR® for iOS. HLS support includes adaptive bitrate for both live video and video on demand (VOD), and also supports content protection with Adobe Access software.
HDS file format for Flash Player, with adaptive bitrate support
Stream with HTTP Dynamic Streaming (HDS) using the F4F format, based on industry-standard MPEG-4 and supported by Flash Player. F4F support includes adaptive bitrate for both live video and video on demand (VOD) and, also supports content protection with Adobe Access software.
Audio extraction for HTTP
Deliver an audio-only stream for mobile devices on wireless networks to prevent rebuffering and meet Apple App Store requirements for audio-only bitrate as part of a multibitrate set.
Robust media origin services
Control your media publishing workflows, add redundancy, control access and protection, manage QoS, access advanced video player features, and leverage cloud services by operating your own media origin for both Flash Player and iOS HTTP streaming.
HTTP origin services
Stream your media to all devices from a high-performance, built-in HTTP server built on Apache.
Server redirection
Automatically provide video players with new or alternate locations if content is missing using built-in redirection in RTMP similar to HTTP 302 redirection.
Stream reconnection
Help ensure that the viewer experience is not affected when connections are disrupted by continuing to play back from the buffer while the player reestablishes the connection.
Application-level multicast
Reduce delivery costs and infrastructure for massive-scale live media delivery over internal and public networks using P2P technology built into Flash Player.*
Multicast fusion for Flash Player
Multicast in your network to increase the quality and security of your live enterprise video with source-specific multicast (SSM). Combine with P2P to increase reach and reduce infrastructure costs.*
Edge caching for RTMP
Maximize your network using RTMP caching to reduce the load on your origin server and improve the quality of service for your end users. Edge caching is an easy-to-use feature that expands the RTMP capacity of your server deployment.*
On-demand packaging for HTTP
Deliver video using HTTP for Adobe Flash® Player compatible and iOS devices without preparing the assets ahead of time. On-demand packaging makes publishing easier by requiring one set of video files to deliver to multiple devices with or without Flash Player installed.**
Content protection
Token authentication
Control access to your content using server and player tokens. Adobe Media Server can process tokens against separate web services to grant or deny access.
Player binding with SWF file verification
Protect unauthorized video players from playing your video, saving bandwidth costs and protecting your monetization efforts. Use your SWF video player or a new SWF hashing tool to create unique encryption keys for RTMP, RTMFP, and HTTP delivery.
Protected HTTP streaming for Apple iOS
Expand your audience to include iOS devices with HTTP Live Streaming (HLS). Using the same media and live streams used for playback in Flash Player, you can deliver and protect full adaptive bitrate experiences to iOS devices as well as HTML5 browsers.*
Protected HTTP streaming for Flash Player
Protect and monetize your HD video with easy-to-use content protection built on Adobe Access software, with no additional DRM license servers. Add massive scale and robust protection to your media assets or live streams.*
Protected HTTP Dynamic Streaming (PHDS) for Flash Player
Protect your content streamed to desktop and devices using HTTP with reduced complexity thanks to real-time encryption, cacheable key delivery, and player binding.*
Adobe Access DRM Support
Dynamically segment and encrypt content with Access DRM policy for HLS on iOS. Apply sophisticated business rules and policies to support premium video experiences for live, linear, and on-demand video thanks to robust DRM support with Adobe Access.*
Player binding with SWF file verification
Protect unauthorized video players from playing your video, saving bandwidth costs and protecting your monetization efforts. Use your SWF video player or a new SWF hashing tool to create unique encryption keys for RTMP, RTMFP, and HTTP delivery.*
Access control lists
Control access to domains and IP addresses to protect your live or on-demand video streams or communications.*
Secure administration API
Securely access deep performance metrics, change configurations, and set alarms through customized interfaces supporting web services or within custom Flash Player interfaces, giving you advanced control and integration.*
Secure RTMP protocol
Enable secure video, audio, and data message transport to and from Flash Player compatible devices. The multiway RTMP protocol can be encrypted as well as tunneled over HTTP.*
Real-time encryption for multicast and P2P
Simplify the delivery and security of your live enterprise events and communication. With RTMPE, multicast and P2P streaming to Flash Player is always encrypted.*
Server management
64-bit performance
Maximize server resources with full 64-bit support that enables more memory cache, better network performance, less disruption, and faster stream starts.
Server logging
Get the tools you need to track and generate reports on content delivery, server performance, and access using W3C-compliant ASCII logs.
Network prioritization QoS
Increase QoS by taking advantage of differentiated services for RTMP. Administrators can prioritize RTMP network traffic, reducing disruption caused by other network activity.
Administration tools
Monitor the performance of your entire server cluster from a single interface, allowing you to manage the server and perform operations easily on servers, streams, sessions, and clients.
Advanced disk management for HTTP
Keep your video stream playing while managing your storage disks thanks to disk management for live HTTP streaming. You can safely deliver rich, live experiences with rolling DVR windows, time shifting, and instant replay.*
Multiprotocol manifest generator tools
Generate manifest files more easily and with fewer errors with new tools that eliminate the need to manually create F4M and M3u8 files for live and VOD delivery to a variety of devices.*
Extensible plug-in architecture
Use advanced access controls to extend the server for custom authentication, monitoring, and media location mapping required for robust deployment into your content delivery network.*
Programmable configuration
Thanks to a server-side programming architecture, develop custom streaming and communication services that integrate within your network, consume or control external services, create server-side playlists, or archive media to disk.*
Scalable P2P introduction services for Flash Player
Increase the capacity and fault tolerance of your social or enterprise video and voice apps with new server chaining technology that lets operators distribute peer introductions across multiple servers.*
Peer-assisted networking (P2P)
Develop multiplayer games; softphone, voice, and video chat apps; and other large data-driven applications securely within your business while significantly reducing costs through the RTMFP protocol.*
High-quality audio and video capture
Create new social and game apps with higher quality video and voice communication that can be used across multiple devices that support Flash Player or Adobe AIR, including Android, iOS, and most web browsers.*
Playback experience
HD video streaming
Deliver high-definition video up to 1080p, with bitrates from 700 Kbps up to and beyond 6Mbps, using either H264 or VP6 video codecs, or AAC and MP3 audio codecs.
Fast bitrate switching
Experience full adaptive bitrate streaming with fast, high-quality switching on desktop, iOS, and Android to avoid any stuttering or delays caused by CPU performance or bandwidth limitations.
Live streaming with DVR and time shifting
Spend more time with live video events and give the viewer control over your live stream with pause and seek backwards, instant replay, or play from start with robust server DVR support for RTMP, HTTP Dynamic Streaming, and HLS for iOS.
** Available in Adobe Media Server 5 Extended only

subset: commoncrawl


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I would like to hear from current juniors and their parents on this issue:
I have my two children taking lessons ages 6 & 8. They both started at the age of 5 with an instructor. Here's a brief history which will lay the foundation for my issues/concerns:
1) both kids started taking lessons at age 5 with an instructor. (more later on this).
2) i want my kids to "enjoy" the game but i also want them to have a chance to play to their full potential if they stick with it, DI college tennis or perhaps a shot at the tour. not simply playing for the sake of playing, there's a long term goal here.
3) i have limited knowledge of tennis but was once a professional athlete myself so i understand "what it takes" to make it to the professional level in any sport
4) current instructors are relatively inexpensive ($30/hr). kids enjoy working with them, however, i'm not confident in their teaching methods: i.e. teaching flat groundstrokes.
Issue 1: I believe that topspin groundstrokes give a player power and control therefore why not learn the mechanics early on instead of having to relearn (retrain muscle memory) at some later point. instructors say, learn how to get the ball over the net and then focus on "fancy" parts later down the road. i really dont see topspin groundstrokes as being "fancy" i see them as a fundamental...?
Issue 2: how much is too much or not enough? currently , my kids spend one hour a wk w/ the instructor and one hour in a clinic (for socialization) and typically one to two hours practicing with me (more in the warmer months). for a total of avg of 4 hrs per week. for the most part they enjoy it, in other words i dont have to force them but at the same time they arent asking for more either or chomping at the bit to go.
issue 3: i'm torn between not wanting my kids to grow to hate tennis b/c they feel like i'm shoving down their throats but at the same time i dont want them to look back saying they should've done this or that earlier. I recently read in tennis mag about young kids particularly Jan Silva who is in full-time training at the age of 6. such a fine line between being overbearing and providing kids w/ an opportunity to reach their full potential.
I would love to hear from current juniors and/or their parents on how they dealt with the issues above and any advice, good or bad, they found along the way.


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What To Do If You Get Sick While Traveling
Becoming ill while traveling in a foreign country can be frightening, so it is best to be prepared before you leave home. Taking the following measures can minimize inconvenience and distress should you become ill while traveling in a foreign country.
Be prepared before you leave
Check insurance coverage with your carrier and specifically identify whether or not you are covered while traveling abroad. Ask for advice on medical care while traveling.
If your insurance policy does not cover you abroad, you may wish to consider purchasing a short-term health insurance policy that does. There are short-term policies specifically designed to cover travel. For more information, contact your travel agent or look for information in travel magazines.
Be sure to have your health insurance identification card and a claim form with you while traveling.
Medicare does not provide coverage for hospital or medical costs outside the United States. Senior citizens may want to contact the AARP for information about foreign medical care coverage with Medicare supplement plans.
Be sure to complete the information page on the inside of your passport, providing the name, address, and telephone number of someone to contact in case of emergency. This will help to facilitate identification in case of an accident.
If you have a pre-existing medical condition, carry a letter from your primary healthcare provider describing the condition and any prescription medicines you are currently taking. These should include generic names for these medicines.
Be sure to bring any medicines you are taking with you outside the United States in their clearly labeled original containers. Some medicines are considered to be illegal narcotics in foreign countries. You may want to check with the foreign embassy of the country you are visiting to be sure.
Lists of English-speaking foreign healthcare providers can be obtained from the International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers.
Special care if you become ill or injured while traveling
Contact the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate for a list of local healthcare providers and medical facilities.
If your illness is serious, consular officers can help you find medical assistance, and, if you desire, inform your family and/or friends.
If necessary, consuls can also assist in the transfer of funds from family or friends in the United States. Payment of hospital and other medical bills are the travelers' responsibility.
Detailed information on healthcare providers abroad can be found in The Official ABMS Directory of Board Certified Medical Specialists, published for the American Board of Medical Specialists and its certifying board members. This publication is available through libraries as well as in U.S. embassies and consulates. Names of local healthcare providers and hospitals abroad can also be obtained through major credit card companies.


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- City Fajr Shuruq Duhr Asr Magrib Isha
- Dubai 05:31 06:45 12:35 15:51 18:20 19:34
About 150 friends and family of Adam Strange wrote messages to him in the sand and stepped into the water Thursday at a New Zealand beach to say goodbye a day after he was killed by a large shark while training for an endurance swim.
Strange, 46, was an award-winning television and short film director and the father of a 2-year-old girl. He was swimming near popular Muriwai Beach on Wednesday when he was attacked by the shark that was possibly 14 feet (4 meters) long. Surf lifesavers say they are convinced it was a great white shark.
Police attempting to save him raced out in inflatable boats and fired gunshots at the enormous predator, which they say rolled away and disappeared. They couldn't confirm if they'd killed it. Police were able to recover Strange's body.
Muriwai will remained closed for swimming until Saturday after the fatal attack, one of only about a dozen in New Zealand in the past 180 years.
Friend Adam Stevens said the Thursday beach service was run by indigenous Maori who removed the "tapu" or spiritual restriction at the beach. He said it was a "perfect tribute" to a man who spent much of his time swimming and surfing.
"He was a very robust, big, barrel-chested surfer," Stevens said. "He was basically completely obsessed with the ocean, with paddle boards and body surfing, everything. His garage was like a museum of surf craft."
According to Police Inspector Shawn Rutene, Strange was about 200 meters (650 feet) from the shore when he was attacked by a shark that police estimated was up to four meters (14 feet) long.
Stevens said his friend was planning to swim about 1 ½ kilometers (one mile) Wednesday as he tested new goggles and trained for an annual endurance swim from Auckland to Rangitoto Island. The 4.5 kilometer (2.8 mile) swim takes place on Sunday.
"I surfed with him the day before," Stevens said. "He wasn't that pleased with his fitness level but was just getting into the right headspace and finding the motivation to get out there."
Pio Mose, who was fishing at the beach Wednesday, told the New Zealand Herald newspaper he saw Strange struggle against the huge shark. Mose yelled at Strange to swim to the rocks, but it was too late.
"All of a sudden there was blood everywhere," Mose said. "I was shaking, scared, panicked."
About 200 people had been enjoying the beach during the Southern Hemisphere summer at the time of the attack.
Stevens said he's been comforting Strange's wife Meg and their daughter since the accident. He said the girl is too young to understand what has happened but is aware of the emotions.
On his website, Strange says: "When I get a spare 5 minutes, I like to make a fruit smoothy, surf some big waves out on the West Coast, point my skis down a mountain with Meg, haul my mountain bike up and down a few hills, drink some pinot while scratching away at a film script ... If I get a spare 5 minutes ..."
Stevens said his friend, whom he's known about 15 years, was very creative and always positive.
"He lived in the moment brilliantly. It was completely infectious," Stevens said. "He feasted on the details."
Stevens said he and Strange worked alongside each other for a number of years at a film production company, Silverscreen.
On his site, Strange said he studied as a graphic designer and art director before getting into directing. He said he'd worked on commercials all over the world and had been a finalist for a number of advertising awards.
Strange won a Crystal Bear award at the 2009 Berlin Film Festival for a short film called "Aphrodite's Farm," a magical tale set on a dairy farm in the 1930s.
Tim Jago, chairman of the Muriwai Lifeguard Service, said a number of beaches near Muriwai reopened Thursday and that Muriwai would open for beach visits Friday and then swimming on Saturday. He said the closure at this point is to give surf lifesavers a break and he doesn't fear a repeat attack.
"We are quite comfortable the beast is dead," he said. "Footage from a helicopter indicates that when the shark rolled over and rolled off, it also sank to bottom."
Jago said witnesses spotted one or two other large sharks circling at the time of the attack, but that no sharks have been seen in the area since then.
Police did not say what species of shark was involved in the attack. Clinton Duffy, a shark expert with the Department of Conservation, said New Zealand is a hotspot for great white sharks, and other potentially lethal species also inhabit the waters.
Attacks are rare. Duffy estimated that only 12 to 14 people have been killed by sharks in New Zealand since record keeping began in the 1830s.
"There are much lower levels of shark attacks here than in Australia," he said. "It's possibly a function of how many people are in the water" in New Zealand's cooler climate.
He said that during the Southern Hemisphere summer, sharks often come in closer to shore to feed and to give birth, although that doesn't necessarily equate to a greater risk of attack.
"Ninety-nine percent of the time they ignore people," he said. "Sometimes, people get bitten."
Around the world, sharks attacked humans 80 times last year, and seven people were killed, according to the University of Florida's International Shark Attack File. The death toll was lower than it was in 2011 but higher than the average of 4.4 from 2001 to 2010.
Follow Emirates 24|7 on Google News.


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Dear Editor:
Thanks to Jim from North Bergen for his July 7 letter about excessively loud backyard parties. It's nice to have someone on my side concerning this quality-of-life issue. Too many people allow their backyard barbecues to become outdoor nightclubs that last into the late hours. The problem comes from more than simple inconsideration. It's caused by immaturity and arrogance. Anyone who plays his radio at full volume does so because he wants his favorite music to become everyone else's. About two years ago, I had an argument with a new neighbor about his blaring radio. He actually thought he had a social duty to entertain the whole block with his "music."
The problem isn't limited to backyard parties. Many times, drivers park their vehicles and play their car stereos outside my living room window while I'm trying to enjoy my own, quiet entertainment. Someone else's radio noise coming through my closed windows is trespassing.
To all the beat-crazy fanatics who think their tunes are so great, I say grow up and get a life!


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Full-Service Mold Damage Restoration in Dimondale, MI
People often want to rely on the most convenient or cheapest method of treatment when it comes to mold. However, any type of Do-It-Yourself cleanup and removal will not thoroughly clean up and remove mold. If you are able to remove surface mold, you are only removing a small portion of a much bigger problem. Typically, visible mold is just a small portion of an underlying issue. Professional mold damage restoration technicians will be able to find the source of the mold problem and remove the mold at that point. To completely and successfully eradicate a mold problem, the source of the problem needs to be eliminated and this can be difficult to find without the help of experts.
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What is Tassimo T Disc?
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Video Length: 01:26
With so many single serving and prepackaged coffee options this day, many coffee drinkers are left wondering which option is correct for them. In the What is a Tassimo T-Disc video, we address the rising popularity of coffee pods as an option for no mess coffee brewing. For many coffee drinkers, the Tassimo T-Discs are the ideal coffee brewing experience; watch this informative video from CoffeeForLess to find out if Tassimo T-Disc brew coffee is the right option for your coffee preferences.


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Power Stop Z23 Evolution Sport Brake Kit K2165
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This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News, I'm Scott Simon. The U.N. Security Council has passed a resolution that would call for hundreds of monitors to enter Syria should the Syrian government not keep to the terms of a cease-fire. The government was supposed to pull its troops and heavy arms out of cities and towns, but as NPR's Kelly McEvers reports, dozens of people were killed during protests yesterday.
KELLY MCEVERS, BYLINE: Thousands of people turned out for anti-government protests across Syria yesterday, and in some cases, government forces responded with tear gas, live ammunition and intimidation.
MCEVERS: This amateur video provided by activists show protesters fleeing from pro-government thugs in the city of Hama. Activists say at least 16 civilians were killed across Syria, either in attacks on protesters or in all-out shelling of neighborhoods like this one in the city of Homs that has been known to harbor armed rebels.
MCEVERS: Syrian state TV claims the rebels are the ones who violated the cease-fire. It says 18 soldiers were killed by rebels in southern and central Syria. If passed, the new U.N. Security Council resolution will send some 300 unarmed observers into Syria. There is already a small advance team of observers in the country now. If the government does not comply with the cease-fire, the Security Council will consider ,quote, "further steps."
Russia opposes any specific references to sanctions or military intervention, so for now the Security Council remains vague. So far today, residents of hot spots like the city of Homs say the shelling by government troops has stopped - for the moment. They say that's because some U.N. observers are visiting the city. Kelly McEvers, NPR New, Beirut. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Warranty Information
We truly thank you for your purchase, and when things go wrong, we are here to help in any way that we are capable of doing so.
In regards to any warranty related matter, please reference the below information to help understand our warranty policies, as these warranty policies are absolute when it comes to any purchase made via HeliDirect.
Warranty Time Frame
Regarding product(s) purchased via HeliDirect, each manufacturer has their own specified warranty time frame, and HeliDirect holds the sole right to direct the customer to the manufacturer for stated warranty support in regards to manufacturer's that require direct level warranty support.
Our stated (14) day return policy directly relates to brand new, unused products being returned for a refund or store credit, and does not relate to warranty related situations for faulty product(s). Faulty, damaged or problematic items are handled upon a case by case basis, and will be detailed below based upon the warranty options available.
Our team at HeliDirect is highly motivated to assist in every possible way regarding warranty support, but please be 100% aware that warranty support for the product(s) you have purchased may be handled directly via the manufacturer, and not through HeliDirect.
If your product(s) involve direct manufacturer support, we are still available to assist. We ask that the customer make the initial manufacturer contact for warranty support, but in the case where a manufacturer response is not receive within (5) business days, HeliDirect will step in upon your behalf, utilizing our channels to assist you with this manufacturer based support.
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If your item is found to have a fault or defect after installation or use, your product may be subject to warranty repair via the original manufacturer, no matter what the purchase date may be. HeliDirect does not cover repair, replacement or warranty via used / installed products. All such issues will need to be dealt with at the manufacturer level.
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- In the case of product(s) returned to us that test to be non faulty, the product(s) will be returned to the customer in the condition received. Our staff will reach out to the customer with necessary information regarding what may have been missed, and what steps to take in order to utilize the product(s) effectively.
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The federal government has reluctantly agreed to let Colorado be the first state to collect taxes from the legal sale of recreational marijuana, but it also has made clear it doesn't agree with the move and may try to stop it, if it isn't tightly controlled.
Instead of keeping a low profile with the money, however, some Colorado lawmakers are trying the bold move of using millions of dollars they've collected so far from pot sales to seek matching funds from the federal government to keep kids off drugs.
The plan calls for transferring $3.5 million from the state's marijuana cash fund to its general fund and then sending the same amount to a state department that would apply for a federal match.
Democratic state Sen. Pat Steadman, the measure's sponsor, joked that the bookkeeping move "is what I'm calling money laundering."
Supporters say the transfer shouldn't raise any concerns since federal authorities already collect marijuana dollars from the state's medical pot industry and have established guidelines for recreational sales that include keeping the drug away from minors and off federal lands.
Moving the money from one fund to another, proponents say, simply acknowledges and avoids potential conflict.
Pot tax: Caution trumps ambition as budget plan heads to Colorado legislature
Colorado just needs to do "a little two-step" to calm federal nerves, Steadman said, explaining the plan to fellow budget writers. "We wouldn't want the tainted money to draw a federal match, now, would we?" he added, sarcastically.
Skeptics are rolling their eyes. "Colorado is now becoming basically a cartel, a drug cartel," said Sen. Kent Lambert, a Republican on the budget-writing committee, who nonetheless voted in favor.
"I don't know what they're trying to do," Lambert said. Maybe "avoid federal scrutiny? I don't think you're going to hide it from the federal government."
The match request would seek funds from the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services "for behavioral health community programs for school-based prevention" of child drug use.
Federal Medicaid authorities would have to approve the idea, but it's not immediately clear how the agency would respond. A CMS spokeswoman declined comment Thursday.
The idea of sending marijuana revenue to the state's general fund isn't new. Colorado has for years put a 2.9 percent sales tax on medical pot, with the revenue going to the general fund, which routinely sends money along to federal accounts.
But the recreational sales industry has created enough cash that lawmakers for the first time will be able to seek a dollar-for-dollar match of pot money with federal money.
In Washington state, where retail sales haven't yet begun, voters assigned a new dedicated marijuana fund to receive pot taxes and spend the money on health care, drug abuse treatment and education, and marijuana-related research. It's too soon to say whether Washington lawmakers would seek federal matching funds for any of those efforts in the future.
Legal marijuana: Seven differences in Colorado and Washington laws
A spokesman for the Colorado department that would seek Medicaid funding insisted that the request to federal authorities will be from general fund dollars.
"None of our programs seek funding from marijuana revenues," Marc Williams said in an email.
Williams added that the prevention grants "would likely give preference to those programs operating in school districts or areas where there are a larger number of young, Medicaid-eligible clients."
Steadman predicted the federal government would agree to the match.
"As long as it is an eligible benefit within the Medicaid program and we're investing state dollars to expand benefits or expand the scope of our program, that's eligible for a federal match," Steadman said this week.
"And apparently we should be doing that with general fund dollars, not marijuana tax fund dollars, although in my estimation, all of those dollars are the same shade of green," he said.
The U.S. Department of Justice said in a memo to the states last August that in order to avoid a crackdown on pot laws that flout the federal ban, certain conditions must be met. At the top of the list was keeping marijuana away from minors.
Colorado legalized marijuana for all adults over 21 in 2012, though tax collections didn't start perking up until January, when retail sales began. Projections vary, but legislative budget-writers have projected marijuana taxes and fees will bring Colorado at least $67 million for the fiscal year that begins in July.
The budget proposal, which includes a total of $31.4 million in marijuana spending, now faces debate from the full Legislature.
Republican Rep. Cheri Gerou predicted a fight. "We're going to be picked apart, once this thing becomes public," she said.
Kristen Wyatt can be reached at http://www.twitter.com/APkristenwyatt


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The First-Time Home Buyer Incentive helps qualified first-time home buyers reduce their monthly mortgage carrying costs without adding to their financial burdens. The program will offer buyers a 5% down payment incentive, 10% for new construction homes, to add to their down payment amount.
Applications can be submitted to take advantage of this program starting September 2, 2019 with closing dates scheduled November 1, 2019 or later.
What is a First Time Home Buyer (FTHB)?
You are considered a first-time home buyer if you meet one of following qualifications:
• you have never purchased a home before
• you've recently experienced a breakdown of a marriage or common-law partnership
• in the last 4 years, you did not occupy a home that you or your current spouse or common-law partner owned
Under the program the maximum allowable qualifying income, before taxes and deductions, is $120,000.
What is the maximum purchase price?
To use the First Time Home Buyers Incentive program the maximum purchase price is based on 4 times your annual household income (not to exceed $120,000) plus the amount you have for down-payment. The maximum purchase price cannot exceed $560,000.
What are the terms of repayment?
The first-time home buyer will be required to repay the Incentive amount after 25 years or when the property is sold, whichever comes first. The home buyer can also repay the Incentive in full at any time, without a pre-payment penalty. Refinancing of the first mortgage will not trigger repayment.
Before selling the property, the home buyer must obtain approval of the sale from the Program Administrator. For more information consult the Operational Policy Manual, section 7.13.
How is repayment calculated?
If a homebuyer receives a 5% Incentive, the homebuyer will repay 5% of the home's value at repayment.
If a homebuyer receives a 10% Incentive, the homebuyer will repay 10% of the home's value at repayment.
Repayment is based on the property's fair market value at the point in time where repayment is required.
Are there other costs involved with the First-Time Homebuyer Incentive?
Additional legal fees: Your lawyer is closing 2 mortgages so you may be charged higher fees.
Appraisal fees: To repay your incentive, you may need to have an appraisal done to value determine the fair market value of your home.
Other fees: Additional fees may be incurred throughout the life cycle of the incentive, like switching your first mortgage to a new lender or refinancing your first mortgage.
More information about the federal First Time Home Buyers Initiative can be found on their website at https://www.placetocallhome.ca


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Now, we do not know what songs make Hiroshi Hoketsu move, but the Japanese equestrian does move gracefully on a horse. Just shy of his 71st birthday, he has won a spot at the London Olympics for dressage, where you lead a horse through a series of very precise movements. Japanese officials are still deciding whether they'll let him compete.
Hoketsu is already Japan's oldest Olympian. He was 67 when he competed at the 2008 Games in Beijing. Now that may seem like quite a feat, but it turns out he's not the oldest Olympian ever. That honor belongs to the Swedish shooter, Oscar Swahn. Mr. Swahn won a silver medal at the 1920 Games in Antwerp when he was 72.
It's MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Steve Inskeep. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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MADRID – Spain's famous elBulli restaurant will temporarily reopen later this year as renowned chef-owner Ferran Adria trains actors for a movie based on his iconic but shuttered eatery.
The location is still being determined, Adria told The Associated Press on Thursday. It could reopen at its original seaside location in Roses, where Adria presided over an impressive Michelin three-star status for more than a decade. Or they might recreate the restaurant elsewhere to train the as yet unchosen actors for "El Bulli," a film that will mix fact and fiction about Adria and restaurant's final year.
elBulli, which Adria closed in July 2011, was rated the world's best restaurant five times by British magazine The Restaurant. Adria, whose modernist approach to cooking pushes the boundaries of avant-garde, often has been described as the planet's most talented and imaginative chef.
Also unknown is who will get a seat at the table during the reopening, expected to last about a month.
Meals will be served to the public during the training sessions, Adria said in a telephone interview. But those customers might be selected by lottery, or by Adria and movie executives. A reservation system has been ruled out. elBulli got millions of reservation requests when it was open, but was able to serve just thousands each season it was open from June to December.
Adria said he insisted on training the actors in return for his participation in the production of the film. "The people who appear in the movie have got to see us work, and they have to see Ferran Adria work," he said.
The film's producer, Jeff Kleeman, told the website The Daily Meal that the training session will see actors working in the kitchen and the dining room so they "understand in totality what that full experience of working and running and dining at elBulli is."
Though Kleeman indicated that the elBulli restaurant site in Spain's northeastern Catalonia region will be used, Adria said a decision still must be made on whether the training will happen there or at a recreated version of the restaurant, possibly in Hollywood.
This isn't the restaurant's first move to the big screen. Adria previously was the focus of a 2011 documentary, "El Bulli: Cooking in Progress." The new elBulli movie, which is being produced and financed by Vendome Pictures, is from a screenplay based on the book by Lisa Abend, "The Sorcerer's Apprentices: A Season in the Kitchen at Ferran Adria's elBulli."
Associated Press writer Alan Clendenning contributed to this report.


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BOSTON – Glance at the top 10 MIAA leaders in career passing touchdowns and you may notice a common characteristic shared by most of the names of that list.
Six of the most accomplished quarterbacks in the history of Massachusetts high school football were raised by former athletes, elite coaches, or played for their father in one capacity or another during their varsity careers.
Former Natick star Troy Flutie currently holds the record with 112 passing touchdowns in a career. The son of Canadian Football League legend Darren Flutie and nephew of former NFL quarterback Doug Flutie, he's currently producing as a wide receiver during his second season at Boston College.
Yet there are a couple of younger arms gunning for that mark this season in Andover's E.J. Perry IV (currently sitting at 82 TD passes) and Duxbury's Bobby Maimaron (90 TD passes).
For those two ESPNBoston all-state selections, the relationship with their head coach is a bit different, as both of their fathers also run their high school program.
Naturally, playing for your father can create even more tension at a high-pressure position.
Football becomes a family affair and it's difficult to escape from the laborious process of improving on the field. Members of the community and perhaps even teammates might question if the son is truly worthy to start at quarterback, and the father might overcompensate for these concerns by being even tougher on his kid during practices and games.
At the same time, these players are gifted with athleticism and an innate understanding of the game. The inability to escape constant coaching can also help them improve that knowledge over the years, while all those catcalls and whispers behind their back might simply motivate them to work harder.
Balance all the positive and negatives, but in the end you see several examples of quarterbacks that not only found a way to succeed under their father's tutelage, but thrive as some of the best signal callers that the Bay State has ever seen.
Born to Play
Second to Flutie on the list with 103 career passing touchdowns is the son of long-time Everett head coach John DiBiaso.
A crafty lefty quarterback, who would eventually lead the Crimson Tide to back-to-back undefeated seasons and State Titles in 2010 and 2011, John DiBiaso Jr. was attending his father's practices from the time he could walk.
"[John Jr.] was always on the field since he was a little kid," DiBiaso recalled. "He would do his homework in the locker room and then come out during our practices and throw the football."
"He got so good throwing that ball into buckets on the sidelines that he was able to throw a football into each of the hoops on a basketball court by the age of seven. When he came out during halftime of our games and swished it from half court the crowd would just go wild."
DiBiaso was the son of a football coach himself, so he naturally gravitated towards coaching when he was growing up. Similarly, John Jr. gravitated towards the quarterback position, and he was able to combine the family's football acumen with natural athletic ability to play at a high level at an early age.
John Jr. led Everett's Pop Warner team to two New England Regional Championships and surprised some opponents at National Championships in Florida with his ability to run a spread offense.
"Pop Warner is big in Everett," explained DiBiaso. "[John Jr.] was running no-huddle and a spread system by the time he was eight and they couldn't believe it down at Nationals. By that time, [John Jr.] was giving me pointers! He wasn't shy about expressing his opinions about the game. He was extremely observant and I didn't have to force him to do anything when it came to learning about football."
As DiBiaso's son grew into an elite quarterback at an early age, one of the coaches on his staff prepared for a similar evolution.
Now the head coach at Duxbury High, Dave Maimaron spent three years as a passing specialist and defensive backs coach at Everett. He watched John Jr. absorb everything he could during practices and thought about his own son, Bobby, who was just beginning to play Pop Warner football down on the South Shore.
"I knew I was heading towards coaching my son and I had several conversations with [DiBiaso] about preparing to coach your kid," confirmed Maimaron. "That was very beneficial in learning how to balance those two roles."
Like John Jr., Bobby Maimaron found immediate success as a seven-year-old quarterback. After taking the coaching job at Duxbury, his father split time between the varsity team and his son's Pop Warner practices, and began preparing his son for the intricacies of running a high school offense.
"That's been huge for not just our grade, but all the kids that played Pop Warner in Duxbury," Bobby said about that early tutelage. "It's almost like the kids know 90 percent of the offense by the time they get to the freshman level, which is a huge weapon for the program."
Maimaron led Duxbury to three Division 2A Super Bowls and four Patriot League titles over his first six seasons as head coach. However, when Bobby took over as the Dragons starting quarterback towards the end of the 2013 season, his father had more on his mind than simply winning another trophy.
"[Bobby] was this 125-pound, 14-year-old freshman playing against 18-year-old kids," Maimaron recalled. "He gave us our best chance to win, but I second-guessed myself over and over about playing him because he was my son."
Although he said that he initially resisted his father when he was told to leave the safe bubble of the freshman team and dress for his first varsity start, Bobby quickly embraced his role as a young leader for Duxbury.
He's progressed to the point that he's now fourth on the all-time leaderboard with 90 career touchdown passes and is currently guiding the No. 1 ranked Dragons to a dominant 3-0 start.
Clearly, learning complex offensive principles from an early age gave quarterbacks like John Jr. and Bobby a head start.
"The game has slowed down so much for [Bobby] now because of all the reps he's gotten," Maimaron added. "He's so comfortable now that he knows what all of our 11 are going to do and if the defense moves he knows what they're doing too."
"We used to break down film a lot together and I'd give him a hard time after losses, but this year he's led us to 18 touchdowns on 18 drives and he's yet to play in the fourth quarter, so there's not much to critique."
Football Never Stops
Some of these incredible young athletes have been blessed to receive help and guidance from more than just their fathers.
Troy Flutie smashed statewide records with 112 career passing touchdowns and 9,014 passing yards to surpass the mark of 8,126 yards set by Barnstable's D.J. Crook, who also happened to play for his father for multiple seasons.
While his father, Darren, raised him to excel as an all-around athlete and standout wide receiver, the entire local football community played a role in Troy's growth.
The patriarch of Natick's excellent football tradition, Tom Lamb coached at the school for approximately 27 years, briefly interrupting his tenure to accept a coaching position at Northeastern University.
Lamb had also coached his son, Joel, who quarterbacked the Redhawks for four years and set all of the school's passing records at the time.
Joel also grew up on the sidelines while his father coached. Tom fondly explained how he has a great memory preserved in a framed photo after Darren Flutie scored the winning touchdown in Natick's 1984 Super Bowl win. In the background, there is his vivacious eight-year-old son jumping as high as he can in elation.
"[Joel] has been around it so much that he knows the game inside and out and he has all those other intangibles that you get when you're around football from birth," Lamb asserted.
Yet the legendary coach recognized, "The father-son thing is very special, but it's not easy. It's harder on the son because he never leaves football. We were talking football on the ride home and at the dinner table. But football has still been a wonderful conduit for our relationship and remains so today."
That same familiarity can cause tension, but also serve as a blessing.
After a storied professional career in which he tallied the fourth-most receiving yards in the history of the Canadian Football League, Darren Flutie returned home to Natick to serve as a volunteer coach with the football team.
He served as an offensive specialist and wide receivers coach under Lamb during the 2008 season. Lamb moved on to the position of Athletic Director the next year, but continued to help Darren with some of the mental and emotional adjustments required when coaching your son.
Darren admitted, "At first I was apprehensive because of the physical nature of the game and wary of the pressure on a kid growing up in Natick with the name Flutie."
"I was not hard on [Troy]. I wanted him to do his best. I think because I had played at higher levels and seen Doug [Flutie] play, I knew the stress and pressure of the position. I tried to remain objective, but it's only natural that you throw your heart and soul into coaching when your son's playing. Like it or not you're emotionally invested."
Whatever concerns Darren might've had about his son's ability were washed away immediately when Troy threw four touchdowns in a near-flawless debut against Weymouth in 2010.
Over the next three seasons, Troy lived up to the Flutie name by leading Natick to a 29-6-0 record and posting some historic individual numbers in the process.
Of course, Troy Flutie isn't the only athlete in the Bay State that comes from a prestigious football legacy.
Current Andover quarterback E.J. Perry IV is the son of head coach E.J. Perry III and nephew to several accomplished football players as well.
Under his father's guidance, Perry IV set a new state record with 636 passing yards in a single game last fall, and he's now fifth on the all-time list with 82 career passing touchdowns after throwing 15 through three games this season.
Growing up, Perry IV was given the freedom to choose his preferred sport. After all, his father had starred as a three-sport athlete during his time at Andover high before going on to play basketball at Colby College.
While he's also the captain of Andover's basketball team and a standout baseball player, Perry IV is primarily focused on honing his skills on the gridiron.
He recalled how he became even more serious about football right before high school, "I spent a few days with my uncle [John] at his camps. He was the coach at Merrimack [College] at the time and he was also key in my development during my freshman year once I got to Andover [High]."
John Perry is now in his third season as the tight ends coach of the Houston Texans. Before that, he spent five years as the head coach of the Merrimack College team, and before that he coached with E.J. Perry III at Malden Catholic.
Thus, Perry IV was able to learn from both his father and uncle, who shared similar offensive philosophies, as he grew into a capable varsity quarterback.
And Perry III is the eldest of seven siblings, so there were several influential relatives for Perry IV.
John Perry played wide receiver at the University of New Hampshire before he began his storied coaching career. James Perry set passing records during his illustrious career at Brown University, and he's now the offensive coordinator at Princeton University.
The legacy continues with Matt Perry, who played wide receiver at Northeastern University, and with former Harvard University quarterback Tim Perry.
"[E.J.] was influenced by all my brothers," Perry III said about his son's development. "They were either playing quarterback or coaching quarterbacks throughout their careers, so they had a lot of wisdom to impart. [E.J.] was always eager to go to their camps and learn as much as he could about the position. He just absorbed it all like a sponge."
He continued, "When he was growing up I was trying to give him every option that he wanted and he just took to being a quarterback, being a leader and being under center. Now his arm is just better than anybody. It's pretty amazing to watch."
The borderline obsession with football throughout the Perry family has helped E.J. Perry IV earn a scholarship to play at Boston College next season. Those are the fruits of their collective labors, but at times, E.J. and his father irked other family members with their relentless film study.
"We come home and we put the film on and we start debating," Perry III explained about the post-practice routine with his son. "The great thing about coaching a pitcher, or quarterback that's your son is that you're with them all the time. We can go over the game plan anytime and it's really helpful. But just last night my wife was like, 'This has to stop.' It's constant in our house."
For some families, football is simply a part of life. E.J. explained that he watches three games with his father every weekend during the fall: The Houston Texans, the Princeton Tigers and the film of Andover High's last game.
"We talk about what each team does it and how it can apply to us," Perry IV explained. "There's been a lot of long nights watching film, talking about what the read should've been, but we never really butt heads and it's always helpful."
Stronger Sons
What goes on between a father and son behind closed doors is rarely contentious, but it's difficult to avoid controversy in the public arena when the quarterback and head coach are related.
John DiBiaso recalled how he had to go into the stands to support his daughter (the head cheerleader at the time) after she got into a shouting match with a fan that would not stop taunting John Jr.
Everett's head coach eventually had the unruly fan removed from a Thanksgiving rivalry game against Malden, and you may be surprised to learn that the ejected party was supposedly a fan of the Crimson Tide.
"Naturally when your father is the coach, people say that you're starting because of that," DiBiaso recognized. "But all the success we had during those years validated the decision and we must've been doing the right thing."
Without exception, each quarterback that spoke with ESPNBoston.com about playing for their father admitted that they were subject to a few extra catcalls, or threats at the bottom of the pile in a scrum.
For the athletes, it's just another hurdle to overcome, but it's a bit more of an intricate issue for their fathers.
Ask Springfield Central offensive line coach Rich Williams about the strategies involved in coaching your children, and you'll gain a greater understanding of how these fathers and coaches are walking a metaphorical tight rope.
"The biggest challenge involved in coaching your sons is keeping them from having sense of entitlement," Williams asserted. "They need to know that they have to work harder and behave better than anybody on the team, because the last thing you want is anybody thinking you're showing favoritism."
Rich's son Cody was named ESPNBoston Offensive Player of the Year in 2013, capping a career as one of the most successful quarterbacks in program history with a 29-5 record as a starter, two consecutive district titles and a Super Bowl championship for the Golden Eagles.
Williams explained that everything his son accomplished, he earned by virtue of an intrinsic drive to work hard and never take anything for granted.
"There's a couple of ways to get a kid to do something," Williams began. "You can bully him, you can bribe him, or you can get him to believe in what you're teaching. My approach as a coach is to get the kids to believe. And Cody never had any trouble following directions and accepting criticism if the coaches believed that it would help him improve."
While Cody was willing to learn everything he could from Rich, there came a point when his father felt that some outside help would assist with his development as a player.
In a common theme amongst these young stud quarterbacks, Cody began training with one of his father's old teammates. Beginning in fifth grade, he worked consistently with Tommy Guy, who is the all-time leading passer in Assumption College history and a former Division 2 All-American.
Now one of the most respected football coaches in the country, Guy taught Cody and Rich a great deal about the position over the years. He would eventually join the Golden Eagles staff as offensive coordinator, while Rich took the job as offensive line coach prior to Cody's freshman year.
Even the most accomplished athletes seem to appreciate some extra help in raising their sons.
DiBiaso explained that he tried to let the positional coach handle most of the day-to-day minutiae when his son was playing quarterback.
Like his former colleague, Maimaron laughed that his son began teaching him new things about offensive football at a surprisingly early age, and eventually, both he and Perry III will have to trust another coach to train their sons at the collegiate level.
Darren Flutie is currently going through that transition with his son Troy, and he couldn't be more pleased with the results.
"I've been very appreciative of Boston College and coach [Steve] Addazio," Darren said when asked about Troy's development as a student athlete. "I didn't know what [Troy] would become, but [Addazio] did say he'd turn him into a man and that's happening in front of my eyes."
The same could be said about other former MIAA greats.
The son of legendary Brockton coach Armond Colombo, Tom Colombo is fourth on the statewide leaderboard with 85 career passing touchdowns as a high school quarterback.
Now a member of the Villanova Hall of Fame and a coach in his own right, the former Brockton great is yet another living example of how an athlete can follow in their father's footsteps.
"It's probably the same as it is any profession. If your father is a plumber, or a carpenter, the younger kids want to follow the family trade," said DiBiaso, whose son is currently playing at Tufts but wants to pursue a dream of becoming an NFL coach at some point.
For these quarterbacks, there is definitely a fascinating convergence of motivation, guidance and opportunity that could serve as a model for debates on 'Nature versus Nurture.'
When asked why he believes that so many of coaches' sons have had incredible high school careers, Darren Flutie speculated, "The most obvious answer is that the kid gets the opportunity. But, while I can't speak for everyone, for Tom and Joel [Lamb] and myself and Troy, I thought he really responded well to my coaching."
"I did everything with [Troy]. I did homework with him, I taught him all the little things I had done my whole life aside from football, so I knew how to approach him and how to get him motivated. You don't know that about all the kids you coach, but with your son, you know how to get the best football out of him."


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