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The Student Airborne Research Program (SARP) 2012 video is now online!
To read about SARP at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, check out the Airborne Science Program blog.
The Student Airborne Research Program (SARP) 2012 video is now online!
To read about SARP at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, check out the Airborne Science Program blog.
After a summer spent working in an airplane, in the field, in the lab, and at their computers, SARP 2012 participants finally presented the results of all of their hard work! The SARP final presentations were attended by all of the SARP students, mentors, faculty and staff. In addition, Randy Albertson (Deputy Director of NASA's Airborne Science Program), Dr. Ken Jucks (Program Manager for NASA's Upper Atmospheric Research Program) and Dr. Ming-Ying Wei (NASA Office of Earth Science Manager of Education Programs) also traveled to Irvine to watch the student presentations.
Videos of all of the student presentations have been posted on the SARP 2012 website:
The eight students from Team Delicious (Ustin group) and then the eight Aquanauts (Kudela group) presented their results on the first day. The BNB's (Lefer group) and WAS (Blake group) presented on the second day.
We are all so proud of the quality of science that the students accomplished in only 8-weeks!
Aquaknots: Adventurers of the Deep (and not so deep)!
By Sherry Palacios
SARP 2012 has been a fortunate confluence of being prepared, luck, and most importantly – having an outstanding group of students in the Oceans group. During the brief two weeks in Palmdale, the students defined their project goals and put together a cruise plan for our field trip to the waters offshore of Santa Barbara, CA on the dive boat Raptor.
Another area of research for the Oceans group included the ecology, physiology, physical structure, and biogeochemical influence of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. James Allen (University of Tennessee – Martin), Samantha Trumbo (Cornell University), and Elizabeth Phillippi (Valparaiso University) examined questions related to kelp forest dynamics. Samantha's research involved building a depth integrated primary productivity model for the giant kelp. She modeled the underwater light field using the radiative transfer equations using HydroLight™, and then applyed her depth integrated productivity model to a variety of possible light environments predicted by HydroLight™. In addition, she modeled the differences between surface and subsurface kelp productivity, and the difference in productivity of three age-dependent tissue types: immature, mature, and senescent. Elizabeth developed an algorithm to quantify colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) point sources in the Santa Barbara channel. Her work mainly focused on the gradient of CDOM present from within a kelp bed towards blue water. Her initial goal was to estimate the flux of this carbon rich material to the waters surrounding the kelp bed. CDOM, a subset of the dissolved organic matter, is a carbon-rich pool available to the microbial food web. Presently, it is unknown how much of a carbon source kelp beds really are. The third project in the kelp forest group was James Allen, who worked on building two methods to more accurately quantify surface and subsurface kelp. He then tested his two new algorithms, one an index and one a spectral library, against the commonly used normalized difference vegetation index to see if there is a better way to account for an overlying water column when making kelp canopy area estimates. All three of the students benefited from the generous loan of the Compact Optical Profiling System (C-OPS) from John Morrow at Biospherical, Inc. The high quality radiance and irradiance data were invaluable to Elizabeth for developing her CDOM algorithm and to Samantha for validating her HydroLight™ profiles of the underwater light field.
Moving away from the kelp forest and into the Santa Barbara Channel, Jacey Wipf (South Dakota School of Mines & Technology) developed an empirical pCO2 model to use satellite derived estimates of chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature to estimate both surface nitrate concentrations and pCO2 in the Santa Barbara Channel. This question arose from her background in atmospheric sciences and an interest in air-sea flux processes. She was our truly interdisciplinary SARP participant. She analyzed imagery from MASTER and MODIS, gathered in situ data from research groups at Scripps Institute of Oceanography and UC – Santa Barbara, and used underway and air can data that she and others collected during the P-3 overflights and the research cruise.
Moving even farther away from Santa Barbara, the last member of the Aquaknots, Emma Accorsi (Emory University), developed a novel spectral algorithm to differentiate between the toxic cyanobacterial genera Aphanizomenon and Microcystis in fresh water systems. Aphanizomenon excretes saxitoxin which causes neurologic shellfish poisoning and Microcystis produces the toxin microcystin, known to cause liver damage with acute exposure and promote tumors with chronic exposure. Microcystin can cause severe damage at low concentrations and its delivery to the body is by drinking water or recreational activities. Presently the State of California is developing policy to monitor for Microcystis, but those regulations are in their infancy. It has been observed that Aphanizomenon blooms precede Microcystis blooms. Emma developed a method so that Aphanizomenon can be detected as a warning that the more deadly Microcystis is lurking in low concentrations in the water and may bloom soon.
So, in an effort to test all of the hypotheses we set out from Irvine at 6 am on July 5th, after a very late night on July 4th. We set out from the Santa Barbara Harbor and motored to the Isla Vista kelp bed where we sampled with the instruments and had a little taste of the kelp (just to get to know our study subject). Laura ran her rubber-ducky drifter study, Brent collected radiance spectra of the boat wake at varying speeds, Nathan was the data taker, Samantha and James took charge of the C-OPS, Elizabeth collected CDOM and measured Secchi depth, Jacey and Emma collected temperature profiles and air samples, and Raphe and I watched our team make quick work of the many stations we had planned that day.
Our goal was to map the hydrocarbon emissions of the oil infrastructure in the Buena Vista, Elk Hills, and Midway-Sunset oil fields to compare with our flight data from the P-3B. In previous SARP years, our lab has focused on the emissions from dairy farms in the Central Valley, so we wondered what effect the oil fields were having on the air quality in the southern parts of the Valley. While I had done some field work around the oil fields in the spring it always seems like an adventure taking air samples up there.
After getting off of I-5 and taking the requisite bathroom break, we started our air sampling in an agricultural area. We went over sampling technique – hold the canister up high, position yourself downwind of the canister, open slowly to allow a constant flow of air over ~30 seconds. After everyone knew what to do, we started our sampling expedition. Kelvin acted as our designated bookkeeper, recording all of the locations, times, temperatures, wind directions, etc. Ricky served as a navigator, helping move from sample site to sample site, and everyone else shared the sampling and measurement jobs throughout the day.
After the group warmed up with some samples off of CA-119, we took the van on some dirt roads to take samples downwind of the Elk Hills oil field. Fortunately, everyone's stomach handled the half hour of bumpy driving – I would expect nothing less after they all fared so well on the P-3B flights.
Returning from our washboard road experience, we continued south to head through the Buena Vista oil field to begin our air sampling in the Midway-Sunset oil field, north of Taft, CA. When I started sampling in this area in February, I was astonished by the density of oil wells in this area. I was clearly not alone when the SARP students started gasping as we rounded a corner to see the Midway-Sunset oil field.
After taking another 15 air samples in the heat, it was time for a break, so we pulled the van over next to an aqueduct north of Midway-Sunset. We all enjoyed the rest and our late-afternoon lunches, but it was soon time to move on to the next sample site in the middle of the Elk Hills oil field.
We finished off the afternoon by taking some samples among the dairies and orchards to determine the inflow from upwind locations. Finally, after eight hours of sampling in and around the oil fields, it was time to return home. Slogging through the rush hour traffic in LA, most people napped after a long day in the field, getting ready to start analyzing the samples the next morning.
Tuesday, June 26th
Tuesday was our first day in Delano, the town closest to our field study area. We drove in from Palmdale, a trip that took us past the Mojave Desert and over the southern foothills of the Sierra Nevadas. Our destination, Delano, is a small, unassuming agricultural town of about 30,000 residents located in the central Joaquin Valley. The town is best known as the setting for John Steinbeck's 'Grapes of Wrath'.
Upon arrival, we checked into the Liberty Best Western Inn and headed to our field site. Our field site consisted of two blocks of vineyard owned by Delano Farms, one of which was subjected to water stress (half irrigation for 7-10 days), while the second block served as the control. The field site is part of a multiple-year water stress experiment run by Dr. Ustin's colleague Dr. Smart, of the Department of Viticulture at UC-Davis. Once at the field site, Dr. Smart explained the history of the area, the nature of the experiment, how water stress is measured, and the larger impacts of water management to the state of California. In addition to meeting with Dr. Smart and his research group, we met with Dr. Ustin's CSTARS group and discussed our sampling methodology for the following two days.
Wednesday, June 27th
Wednesday was our flight day. Some of the measurements for the experiment, such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), had some flexibility for the sampling window as they didn't change much over small timescales. However, some of our measurements, such as water stress and water content, either follow diurnal cycles or change significantly over a few hours. To account for this, on Wednesday we took both imagery calibration measurements and in-situ field measurements for a variety of fast-changing field parameters.
Tao Cheng demonstrated many of the measurements needed for imagery calibration, including field spectral measurements with the ASD spectrometer, thermal measurements with the radiometer gun, and how to set up Spectralon panels.
For the water stress parameters, we sampled leaves for both water content and water stress. Ideally, we wanted the measurements to be as close to the flyover time as possible, so we formed several small groups to bag leaves simultaneously. The leaves for water content were picked in sets of three per vine, from nine vines per sample site, at twelve different sample sites. Water stress was measured using two 'pressure bomb' systems, which determined the amount of pressure needed to force water out of the leaf through the stem. We took each measurement twice to align with the MASTER overflights, once in the morning and again in the afternoon.
After the fieldwork concluded, we met at our lab, which is based at Liberty Best Western Inn. At the lab, we took additional spectral measurements and first estimates for leaf area and water content from our leaf samples. Additionally, we calculated the hemispherical transmittance and reflectance with an integrating sphere provided by Dr. Ustin's group. This allowed us to solve for absorption. We completed lab analysis by determining leaf area with a LiCor table.
Thursday, June 28th
For our final day of sampling we primarily examined LAI, which is used as a proxy for plant productivity. We initiated the fieldwork with an explanation of surveying techniques, a demonstration of how to set up tribrechs, and exercises in taking differential GPS points.
To acquire canopy structure, leaf estimates, and leaf angles, we scanned a transect between the two data blocks. In order to take these measurements, we needed to get the equipment above the canopy–an endeavor that required some teamwork to get equipment on top of a Smart lab truck.
The second week of SARP began bright and early with a 5:40AM departure from the hotel for the Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility (DAOF) in order to prepare for the 8AM takeoff of our first SARP flight.
After a 6:30AM preflight briefing by the P-3 pilots and crew, the first flight took off at 8AM with all of the Ustin group onboard. The goal of this flight was to calibrate the MASTER instrument over Lake Tahoe (flying several lines at different altitudes over temperature targets) and to test all of the other instruments (AVOCET, WAS, and the UH instruments). Onboard the P-3, the Ustin group got the opportunity to learn about and and assist in the operation of all of the instruments. The flight was very smooth and the group returned with broad smiles after their 3-hour flight.
After lunch, the second flight (and first science flight) took off with half of the Blake group and half of the Kudela group onboard. Thanks to our meteorologist, Dr. Fuelberg, we knew that the Santa Barbara Channel was going to be very clear and that we had the opportunity to collect fabulous, cloud-free data.
Those of us on the ground were able to chat with those onboard via a text-chatting application called x-chat. Dr. Sherry Palacios, the ocean group mentor who was onboard the P-3, provided frequent updates about what was going on inside the plane. After all of the science goals of the flight were completed (including a missed-approach over LAX, samples of clean marine air off of the coast and polluted air from the LA basin, and flight lines over the Santa Barbara Channel), the pilots gave all onboard a special treat by letting them experience zero gravity (for just a second).
At the end-of-day postflight briefing, everyone who flew for the first time received an Airborne Science Program pin from our pilot in a special ceremony.
Fortune smiled on us yet again with clear weather over the Santa Barbara Channel! After a group shot in front of the P-3, the first flight of the day took off for Santa Barbara. After takeoff, the Ustin group left Palmdale to drive to Delano, CA for their field trip.
At the end of our final flight, our pilots treated us yet again to a brief zero gravity experience.
The SARP faculty, mentors and students were all thrilled with how much data was collected during the six SARP flights!
One group (the Aquanauts) decided to forgo sleeping in so that they could watch an early ER-2 takeoff. The ER-2 flies at such high altitudes (~70,000ft) that the pilot has to wear a spacesuit. We watched as the pilot emerged from his life support vehicle, climbed aboard the ER-2 and took off.
After packing up and checking out of the hotel in Palmdale, the Blake, Lefer, and Kudela groups departed for the Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC). Just outside the entrance to Edwards Air Force Base (DFRC is inside Edwards), we met up with the Ustin group who had left their field site in Delano, CA very early in the morning. Once at DFRC, we were treated to a rare, behind the scenes tour that included the Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's) and the Global Hawk control center. We were also given an up close look at Dryden's research fighter aircraft and many history-making aircraft such as the X-1E.
After lunch and a stop at the Dryden giftshop, all of SARP headed for the University of California Irvine, our new home for the next six weeks where students will analyze and interpret the data they collected onboard the P-3 Orion.
The fourth annual NASA Student Airborne Research Program (SARP) began Sunday June 17th with the arrival in California of thirty-two college and university students from across the United States. The students are all majoring in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) disciplines and were selected based on outstanding academic performance, interest in the Earth Sciences, and career goals.
Each student prepared a poster on his/her academic, research, and extracurricular interests. All thirty-two posters were displayed in the ballroom of the hotel in Palmdale. Students mingled with each other, SARP faculty, research mentors, and NASA scientists and administrators.
Monday began with the rather long process of getting all of the interns badged at the Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility (DAOF – pronounced "day-off"). Fortunately, this all went smoothly and the SARPians were all badged and inside our conference room by 9AM.
Monday's lectures began with Dr. Jack Kaye, Associate Director for Research in the NASA Earth Science Division who gave us a space-based view of the Earth's changing climate and its implications. Dr. Ken Jucks then discussed NASA's atmospheric composition research. Many were surprised to learn how large of a role NASA plays in Earth and climate science research. After lunch trips to local Palmdale eateries, we heard from Dr. Bruce Doddridge who discussed NASA's research program in tropospheric chemistry. Watch all the lectures here:
The interns were then treated to a tour of the DAOF hangar where they got to see and learn all about the high flying ER-2's, SOFIA (a telescope inside a 747), and the retired Space Shuttle Carrier that now resides outside the DAOF. Students were able to board the Shuttle Carrier and walk around the cavernous interior.
Everyone also got the opportunity to sit in the cockpit.
After returning inside from the tour, Randy Albertson, Deputy Director of the Airborne Science Program discussed the variety of aircraft and instrumentation available to scientists and described some past and upcoming Airborne Science campaigns. Everyone was especially excited to learn more about the P-3 Orion, SARP's airplane for the flights next week that will be arriving at the DAOF on Wednesday.
On Tuesday, students had their first lectures from the four faculty members who will be leading the four SARP research groups. The research groups are:
Los Angeles Air Quality (Dr. Barry Lefer)
Whole Air Sampling (Dr. Don Blake)
Remote Sensing of the Ocean (Dr. Raphe Kudela)
Agriculture Remote Sensing (Dr. Susan Ustin)
(read more about the research groups here)
In addition to these lectures, students learned all about remote sensing and the MASTER instrument from Jeff Myers of the Airborne Sensor Facility. The last lecturer of the day, Dr. Melissa Yang, discussed CO2 and the AVOCET instrument.
On Wednesday morning, the NASA P-3 Orion took off from its home-base at Wallops Flight Facility and began its journey to the DAOF. We eagerly tracked the location of the plane on a map as it flew across the country during our morning lectures. After listening to the second round of talks from each of the four research group leaders, students got the opportunity to pick which group they wanted to join. Over lunch, the faculty and NSERC staff did our best to assign each student to his/her first choice of group (26 people got their first choice, 6 got their second).
When we returned from lunch we raced out to the end of the hangar to watch the arrival of the P-3 at the DAOF.
After greeting the airplane and its crew, we returned to the lecture hall for lectures from SARP faculty member Dr. Henry Fuelberg who discussed meteorology for Airborne Scientists.
After Dr. Fuelberg's lectures, the four research groups were revealed. Each faculty member and mentor met with their group of eight students for the first time to discuss their plans for instrument integration, calibration and preparation for the flights next week.
On Thursday and Friday the four groups separated to work on preparing for next week. The two atmospheric science groups had a lot of hands-on tasks to accomplish in order to finish the installation and testing of their instruments on the P-3.
The remote sensing groups watched as MASTER was installed on the P-3. They had a lot less to do than the atmosphere groups and were therefore able to start seriously thinking about and preparing for their individual research projects.
All of the instruments were successfully installed by 1PM on Friday. At 1:30PM, the P-3 took off for a "shake flight." During this check-flight, the pilot performs a series of maneuvers designed to make sure that the instruments are installed properly.
While the plane was flying, Eric Buzay, the National Suborbital Education and Research Center (NSERC) Facility Instrumentation Specialist, lectured to the group instrument integration. Dr. Fuelberg then gave us another weather update. He discussed the chances that the Santa Barbara channel would be clear for our flight on Monday afternoon (it's looking hopeful!) Finally, Rick Shetter, NSERC's director, discussed all the different aspects that go into flight planning for Airborne Science missions. He showed us the science goals and locations for the six flights next week but noted that flight planning is just that, planning, and that decisions have to be made in real-time that can alter the plan.
Saturday was a free day for the SARPians. About half of the group went hiking in Vasquez rocks in Agua Dulce, CA.
After hiking, everyone drove to my house in Agua Dulce for a group dinner/BBQ.
Good food and company was had by all.
All in all, an excellent start for the first week of SARP 2012! We all can't wait for the flights next week!
Follow the progress of SARP here:
The last weeks of SARP seemed to fly by. The air group headed out on several expeditions to water treatment plants in the Orange and Los Angeles county areas to take air samples.
The Super Air Group members pose outside a water treatment facility
On Tuesday July 26 and Wedneday July 27, SARP participants gave their final American Geophysical Union-style presentations (12 minute talks with 3 minutes for questions). For a list of the students and their presentation titles, please click here.
The audience consisted of SARP students, mentors, faculty members, Blake lab members, and NSERC staff. In addition, we were honored to have Bruce Tagg and Randy Albertson (Director and Deputy Director of the NASA Airborne Science Program, respectively) and Dr. Ming-Ying Wei (NASA Office of Earth Science Manager of Education Programs) in the audience.
Daniel chats with Randy Albertson (lower left), Ming-Ying Wei (upper left), and Bruce Tagg (upper right) during the break between presentations
Everyone was extremely impressed with the high quality of all of the student presentations and the amount of work that was accomplished in such a short period of time.
The Land Group poses for a picture at the conclusion of their presentations with faculty member Susan Ustin, UC Davis
The Ocean group poses after their presentations with faculty member Raphe Kudela, UC Santa Cruz
The Air group poses with faculty member Don Blake of UC Irvine and Rafe Day, Blake Lab member
It has been an amazing summer filled with science, discovery, and friendship. We are looking forward to many SARP 2011 reunions – the first will be at AGU in December!
By Sherry Palacios
On July 6th at 6:00 am, the Oceans group departed Irvine for a two-day research trip. The first day was to be a four-hour research cruise to sample the kelp forests and oil seeps off of Santa Barbara and Isla Vista, CA aboard the dive boat Raptor. The second day included a morning talk by Kyle Cavanaugh at UC-Santa Barbara followed by sampling at the Andree Clark Bird Refuge near Montecito.
The three-hour drive to Santa Barbara began with eager chattiness and lots of questions from the students. Slowly, the early hour crept up and one-by-one each student succumbed to some awkward derivative of sleep. The last hour of the ride was silent except for my occasional giggle at the sight of ten unconscious students slumped over themselves like comatose contortionists. We eventually arrived at the Santa Barbara Harbor and waited for the boat and Professor Raphe Kudela. The students spent the time to unravel from their pretzel shapes and to tour the harbor. At least two students declared they were moving to Santa Barbara.
At 11:00 am we loaded the boat and were briefed by Captain Joe Cochran and Professor Kudela. We set out of the harbor for our first station and no more than a mile offshore we were met by a pod of Pacific White-sided Dolphins dashing through the bow-wake. The sun was shining, the seas were flat; this was going to be a good day.
We collected measurements in support of several research questions developed by the students, with guidance from Professor Kudela and me. These questions included:
Jimmy O'Shea, Sherry Palacios, and Runyon Woods collect lightreflectance measurements
To test these questions the students collected the following samples to use in addition to the imagery we collected from the DC-8 the prior week:
Kaitlin and Noah filter water samples to measure the light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM)
Nick Atkins filters seawater to observe color from phytoplankton
Amelia Snow prepares to collect a plankton tow among the kelp fronds atIsla Vista, CA.
At the first station, Arroyo Burro State Beach,Raphe and I discussed kelp forest ecology with the students. We demonstratedthe methods for each sample measurement and walked through the order ofoperations while collecting data. We also administered the SARP-Oceans rite ofpassage… The eating of the kelp. Almost all of the students tasted the bryozoanencrusted kelp. Most reporting that it was, "slimy, sweet, and tasted of thesea." One student reported numbness of the tongue, but she revived soon after.
Jimmy samples the kelp
After Arroyo Burro, we motored over to our primary sample site—the Isla Vista kelp bed. This is a large, dense kelp bed just offshore of UC- Santa Barbara. We collected data along a transect: just offshore of the kelp bed, through the kelp bed, to the inside edge of the bed (near the surf zone) and then returned through the kelp offshore. All samples were collected, including some air samples for Don Blake's group. The students took charge of the sample protocol and Raphe and were reduced to spectators. It was a lot of fun watching Zhanna take charge of the logistics; while Runyon and Michael collected water temperature and salinity; David, Julia, and Jimmy collected light reflectance spectra; Amelia, Kaitlin, and Noah collected phytoplankton and CDOM samples; and Nick carefully recorded the data. Zhanna ran a tight ship for the remainder of the stations that day. At the end of four hours, we motored back to Santa Barbara very pleased with the samples we collected. There was only one casualty of the day—the spectroradiometer stopped communicating at the second to last station.
The following morning we visited UC- Santa Barbara for a talk and discussion with Kyle Cavanaugh. Kyle's work on imaging kelp forests inspired the curriculum for the course. He gave a comprehensive overview of remote sensing research and helped some students further refine their research questions. We toured the campus after the talk. One more student declared he was moving to Santa Barbara.
After the tour, the students were confronted with the reality of field sampling… the spectroradiometer was communicating again, but now it needed an external power supply in order to sample the bird refuge. We needed those samples for David and Julia so they could work on an optical signature for Microcystis—a toxic cyanobacterium implicated in human and animal deaths. Faced with the technical challenge, the students huddled together and decided on a plan. We dispatched to the local hardware store and two competing teams raced into the store, grabbed carts, and ran down the aisles to collect supplies. The teams eventually joined forces and found the equipment, we checked out and tested the equipment… success!
Oceans team samples the Home Depot parking lot
Off to the Andree Clark Bird refuge we drove to collect reflectance spectra and CDOM samples.
Oceans team prepares to sample the Andree Clark Bird Refuge
Finally, our field trip drew to a close and we returned to Irvine to process the samples and use them to help answer the students' research questions.
All in all.. a great trip!


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Decorating & Design
September 12, 2014
Clutter-Free Living Rooms
Sure, we all dream of having dedicated guest quarters, an entertainment room or even just lots of storage, but unfortunately for most of us, that kind of space is a real luxury. In most homes, a single room has to do double — or even triple — duty and with all that multitasking, the clutter has a way of piling up. Here are three tips for a tidier, more spacious living room, no matter how many roles it has to play.
1. Use a basket or box as a side table. Choose a sturdy piece with a flat top that will hold its shape under your mug or books. A lightweight basket works particularly well, since it can be moved around easily within the room. Stash your winter throws and extra remotes inside it and no one will be the wiser!
2. Skip a regular sofa in favour of a daybed or sofa bed. Frequent hosts can get more mileage out of the living room with a sofa that doubles as a bed. Try creating your own daybed out of two hollow ottomans with a layer of foam on top. Voila! Extra storage, seating and a guest bed in one.
3. Downsize your coffee table. Bigger isn't always better! Often, a low side table works just fine in front of the sofa. Better yet, take your cue from card tables and camping gear and search out a foldaway piece. They're easy to put away and visually lightweight, which helps your space look larger.
Stuva bench, Ikea; artwork, rug, pillows, basket and glass-top table, Nelson & Co.
House & Home September 2012 issue

subset: commoncrawl


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From the outset, it must be understood that the State cannot in any way find itself to be culpable for anything that would reflect badly upon it, and history is littered with countless examples of the State absolving itself of responsibility, illegality, or immorality in all degrees.
While we analyse the contents of the report in detail, it is initially important to seize on the following paragraphs taken from the Introduction to the report:
8. It is not generally a proper function of an inquest to attribute blame or apportion guilt to individuals, nor is it a proper function of a Coroner to express opinions in the verdicts returned. The Rules are clear and I have not strayed from those restrictions in the verdicts I have delivered. However, the exceptional circumstances of these Inquests mean that it is appropriate to name the bombers within this Rule 43 report, which is not subject to the same constraints. There are three principal reasons: the bombers are dead. There can be no question of prejudicing any criminal or civil proceedings against them and I cannot defame them. Further, I cannot consider the issue of preventability, one of the most important of the issues I have set, without stating in positive terms that they were the bombers. Finally, the evidence is utterly overwhelming.
9. To argue or find to the contrary [i.e. that Khan, Tanweer, Hussein and Lindsay were not the bombers] would be irrational. It would be to ignore a huge body of evidence from a vast array of sources. Had there been a conspiracy falsely to implicate any of the four in the murder plot, as some have suggested, it would have been of such massive proportions as to be simply unthinkable in a democratic country. It would have involved hundreds of ordinary people, members of the bombers' families, their friends, their fellow terrorists, independent experts, scientists, as well as various police forces and the Security Service. It would have cost millions of pounds to fabricate the forensic evidence. Independent barristers and solicitors who have had access to the source material (for example the CCTV footage) during the criminal trials and these proceedings would have had to be involved. Just to state the proposition is to reveal its absurdity.
Much of paragraph 9 is the standard fare of objections trotted out routinely by official 'conspiracy theorists', in a not fantastically intellectually clever way, to quiet the objections raised by those who suspect something is not quite right with whatever story the general public are being fed. Similar methods were used to try and suppress the questioning of those who suggested that Colin Powell's cartoon evidence of Saddam Hussein's vast caches of 'weapons of mass destruction' (which he would have acquired from Western-sources) was largely fabricated. That evidence would also "have cost millions of pounds to fabricate", yet that is indeed what happened.
Martin 'Abdullah' McDaid, courtesy of Newsnight |
Meanwhile, on the subject of the resumption of the inquests into the four accused:
The only submissions I have received have come from an organisation calling itself the July 7th Truth Campaign. I have considered those submissions, but in the light of all the evidence I have heard during the 52 inquests, I consider they have not provided any sufficient reason to resume the inquests into the four bombers.One would hope, therefore, that these proceedings will be an end to the investigation of what happened on 7/7.


text: Nicki Minaj is nominated for Best Female, Best Hip-Hop, & Best Look. Voting is open for the 2012 MTV EMA, so make your clicks heard! Vote for your NICKI MINAJ from now through November 9th. Find out who you have selected as winners when the EMA air LIVE on November 11th!


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Thanksgiving (USA)
Fall is a favorite time for flowers. The colors of autumn abound during this beautiful season of Thanksgiving. Let Hannah's Flowers help you bring this color into your home with the help of autumn flowers. With the simple addition of flowers on your Thanksgiving table, your family dinner will transform into a glorious Thanksgiving feast! Hannah's Flowers in Midland can help you say "I am thankful for you," to any friends and family who are unable to make it to your house for the holiday. Just give us a call, we are thankful for you.


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Check out this well-documented 3D printed Stirling engine project built with Stratasys-printed parts, shared with us by Doug Conner from Solar Heat Engines:
My goal in designing this engine was to use 3D printed parts for simplicity everywhere I could without compromising performance. The 170 degree F (77C) temperature limit of the ABS material would limit the engine to low temperatures. Other (more expensive) printed plastics have heat deflection temperatures up to 372F (189C) that could be used in the future on the two temperature-critical parts.
This is a master class not only for how to adjust an engine design to suit the materials used in construction, but also to recognize the few parts that would be better accomplished with off the shelf parts such as those documented below:
Every Thursday is #3dthursday here at Adafruit! The DIY 3D printing community has thrilled us at Adafruit with its passion and dedication to making solid objects from digital models. Recently, we have noticed that our community integrating electronics projects into 3D printed enclosures, brackets, and sculptures, so each Thursday we celebrate and highlight these bold pioneers!
Have you take considered building a 3D project around an Arduino or other microcontroller? How about printing a bracket to mount your Raspberry Pi to the back of your HD monitor? And don't forget the countless EL Wire and LED projects that are possible when you are modeling your projects!
The Adafruit Learning System has dozens of great tools to get you well on your way to creating incredible works of engineering, interactive art, and design with your 3D printer! If you have a cool project you've made that joins the traditions of 3D printing and electronics, be sure to send it in to be featured here!


text:
Topic Overview
What is clubfoot?
Clubfoot (also called talipes equinovarus) is a general term used to describe a range of unusual positions of the foot. Each of the following characteristics may be present, and each may vary from mild to severe:
- The foot (especially the heel) is usually smaller than normal.
- The foot may point downward.
- The front of the foot may be rotated toward the other foot.
- The foot may turn in, and in extreme cases, the bottom of the foot can point up.
Most types of clubfoot are present at birth (congenital clubfoot). Clubfoot can happen in one foot or in both feet. In almost half of affected infants, both feet are involved.
Although clubfoot is painless in a baby, treatment should begin immediately. Clubfoot can cause significant problems as the child grows. But with early treatment most children born with clubfoot are able to lead a normal life.
What causes clubfoot?
In some cases, clubfoot is just the result of the position of the baby while it is developing in the mother's womb (postural clubfoot).
But more often clubfoot is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that is not well understood. If someone in your family has clubfoot, then it is more likely to occur in your infant. If your family has one child with clubfoot, the chances of a second infant having the condition increase.
Clubfoot present at birth can point to further health problems because clubfoot can be linked with other conditions such as spina bifida. For this reason, as soon as clubfoot is noticed, it's important that the infant be screened for other health conditions. Clubfoot can also be the result of problems that affect the nerve, muscle, and bone systems, such as stroke or brain injury.
What are the symptoms of clubfoot?
Clubfoot is painless in a baby, but it can eventually cause discomfort and become a noticeable disability. Left untreated, clubfoot does not straighten itself out. The foot will remain twisted out of shape, and the affected leg may be shorter and smaller than the other. These symptoms become more obvious and more of a problem as the child grows. There are also problems with fitting shoes and participating in normal play. Treatment that begins shortly after birth can help overcome these problems.
How is clubfoot diagnosed?
Ultrasound done while a baby is in the womb can sometimes detect clubfoot. It is more common for your doctor to diagnose the condition after the infant is born, though, based on the appearance and mobility of the feet and legs. In some cases, especially if the clubfoot is due just to the position of the growing baby (postural clubfoot), the foot is flexible and can be moved into a normal or nearly normal position after the baby is born. In other cases, the foot is more rigid or stiff, and the muscles at the back of the calf are very tight.
X-rays may not be helpful to confirm the diagnosis. Some of the baby's foot and ankle bones are not fully ossified (filled in with bony material) and do not show well on X-ray.
How is clubfoot treated?
When treatment for clubfoot starts soon after birth, the foot grows to be stable and positioned to bear weight for standing and moving comfortably.
Nonsurgical treatments such as casting or splinting are usually tried first. The foot (or feet) is moved (manipulated) into the most normal position possible and held (immobilized) in that position until the next treatment. In Canada and the United States this is usually done with a cast, but in some countries strapping with adhesive tape or splinting is more common. This manipulation and immobilization procedure is repeated every 1 to 2 weeks for 2 to 4 months, moving the foot a little closer toward a normal position each time. Some children have enough improvement that the only further treatment is to keep the foot in the corrected position by splinting it as it grows.
The two common methods of manipulation and casting are the "traditional" and the Ponseti (Iowa) methods. In traditional treatment, one position of the foot at a time is treated with manipulation and casting. Usually, the inward direction of the front of the foot is corrected first. If the foot is not responsive, major surgery is performed to further straighten the foot.
In the Ponseti method, two problems with foot position (the front part of the foot being turned in and up) are corrected at the same time. Toward the end of the series of castings, if the whole foot is pointing down, children treated with this method still need a minor surgery to lengthen the tight Achilles tendon. This is usually an outpatient procedure. The Ponseti method works well if it is started right away and if the doctor's instructions for bracing are followed after casting is finished. It helps at least 90 out of 100 children who have clubfoot.footnote 1
If a few months of progressive manipulation and immobilization don't move the foot into a more normal position, your child's doctor may suggest surgery. The most common surgical procedures are to lengthen or release the tight soft-tissue structures, including ligaments and tendons such as the heel cord (Achilles tendon), and to reposition the bones of the ankle as needed. Small wires are often used to hold the bones in place and then are removed after 4 to 6 weeks. Splinting or casting is usually used after surgery to keep the foot in the correct position during healing.
After either nonsurgical or surgical treatment, your child usually wears splints for a period of time to keep the clubfoot from starting to form again. Your child should also have regular check-ups until he or she stops growing. If your child had surgery, he or she may also need physical therapy.
A mild recurrence of clubfoot is common, even after successful treatment. Also, the affected foot will continue to be somewhat smaller (often 1½ shoe sizes or less) and stiffer than the unaffected foot, and the calf of the leg will be smaller. But after treatment most children are able to wear shoes comfortably and to walk, run, and play. If your child is not walking by the time he or she is 18 months old, you may need to see a specialist to make sure that your child doesn't have another health problem.
- Staheli LT (2006). Foot. In Practice of Pediatric Orthopedics, 2nd ed., pp.105–142. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Other Works Consulted
- American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and American Academy of Pediatrics (2010). Clubfoot. In JF Sarwark, ed., Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care, 4th ed., pp. 1025–1028. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
- Bridgens J, Kiely N (2010). Current management of clubfoot (congenital talipes equinovarus). BMJ, 340(6): 355.
- Gray K, et al. (2012). Interventions for congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4).
- Hosalkar HA, et al. (2011). Talipes equinovarus (clubfoot). In RM Kliegman et al., eds., Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th ed., pp. 2336–2337. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
- Johnston CE (2011). Disorders of the foot. In CD Rudolph et al., eds., Rudolph's Pediatrics, 22nd ed., pp. 845–850. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Kasser JR (2006). The foot. In RT Morrissy, SL Weinstein, eds., Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 6th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1257–1328. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Rab GT, et al. (2014). Pediatric orthopedic surgery. In HB Skinner, PJ McMahon, eds., Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Orthopedics, 5th ed., pp. 517–567. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Current as of: December 12, 2018
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:John Pope, MD, MPH – Pediatrics & Adam Husney, MD – Family Medicine & Kathleen Romito, MD – Family Medicine
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated, disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. Learn how we develop our content.


text:
Minnesota Rep. Michele Bachmann announced Wednesday that she is suspending her campaign for the Republican presidential nomination. The conservative provocateur finished a disappointing sixth in Tuesday's caucuses in Iowa, with just 5 percent of the vote.
"Last night the people of Iowa spoke with a very clear voice," Bachmann said at a mid-morning news conference in West Des Moines. "So I have decided to stand aside."
Bachmann's hopes had been pinned on doing well in the Hawkeye State, where last summer she briefly soared in state polls and, in mid-August, won the Iowa Republican Party's presidential straw poll in Ames.
"I will stand for life. I will stand for marriage. I will stand for you to keep the fruits of your own labor," she told the crowd then.
Bachmann, 55, was riding high. A Christian conservative who founded the Tea Party caucus in Congress, she had burst onto the national scene last January with her own Tea Party response to the president's State of the Union speech. "The Tea Party is a dynamic force for good in our national conversation," she said then.
So she came into the much-watched straw poll boosted by Tea Party excitement and looking strong in statewide surveys of likely Republican caucus-goers.
Bachmann, born in Iowa, had outshone her low-key fellow Minnesotan, former Republican Gov. Tim Pawlenty, who ended his own run after a poor showing in the straw poll.
And in her first presidential debate performance in June, Bachmann was seen as unexpectedly polished and confident, a possible successor to former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin as a strong female GOP candidate.
But the three-term congresswoman's straw-poll success would prove the high point of her campaign. Texas Gov. Rick Perry picked the day of her win to announce his highly anticipated candidacy for the Republican nomination.
He wasn't the only one to steal Bachmann's thunder: A progression of other candidates — from Herman Cain to Newt Gingrich to Rick Santorum — proceeded to overtake Bachmann as the Christian conservative alternative to consistent Republican front-runner Mitt Romney.
But Bachmann compromised her own chances with numerous missteps, misstatements and fabrications along the way. Bill Adair of the fact-checking website PolitiFact says Bachmann's statements have been rated false much more frequently than those of any of her opponents.
"She definitely has far more 'false' and 'pants on fire' ratings than any other presidential candidate. They account for about 60 percent of all the ratings we've done," he said. "I don't think any other presidential candidate comes close to that."
She asserted during a debate that a vaccine against HPV, a sexually transmitted disease found to cause cervical cancer, was potentially dangerous. She went further in television interviews during which she recounted a conversation with a Tampa mother whose daughter had received the vaccination.
"She told me that her little daughter took that vaccine, that injection. And she suffered from mental retardation thereafter," she said on the Today Show in September. "It can have very dangerous side effects."
Bachmann's claims so alarmed the American Academy of Pediatrics that it took the unusual step of issuing a statement repudiating what is characterized as "false statements" about the vaccine.
Bachmann was also pressed by CBS newsman Bob Schieffer in June to defend her claim that President Obama had issued just one drilling permit during his time in the White House.
"A lot of your critics say you have been fast and loose with the truth," Schieffer said, noting that PolitiFacthad rated only one of 23 recent statements as completely true. "How do you answer that criticism?" he asked.
That impression of Bachmann preceded her presidential run. A go-to conservative on cable news programs, she has dismissed carbon dioxide as harmless gas and questioned the patriotism of both President Obama and members of Congress.
Bachmann likes to say she has a titanium spine. And she showed no hesitation in taking on her Republican opponents during debates. That included Gingrich, who was widely seen as treating her with condescension during the final debatebefore the Iowa caucuses when he noted her frequent factual errors.
"I'm a serious candidate for president of the United States, and my facts are accurate," Bachmann shot back during the Fox News debate in December. Later, she accused Gingrich of treating her like a student.
As she bowed out Wednesday, Bachmann made clear she plans no disappearing act. She repeatedly lashed out at "Obamacare" and vowed to continue the fight to repeal it, as well as Dodd-Frank, the financial regulation act passed in 2010.
She called the laws "destructive to the very foundation of the Republic."
"I didn't tell you what the polls said that you wanted to hear," she told voters. "I didn't try to spin you."
Bachmann said it's important for the Republican Party to rally around a strong candidate who could continue to fight for her issues, but she did not endorse any of the other contenders.
If Bachmann throws her support to former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum, it could help consolidate the backing of social conservatives behind one candidate.
"I have no regrets. None whatsoever," she said. "We never compromised our principles. We leave this race knowing we ran it with utmost integrity."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
Amazon Web Services (AWS) comprise a public cloud, a collection of computing services that allows one to build and run software services in Amazon's data centers. Fedora publishes system images for AWS's virtual machine platform, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which allows one to create virtual machines in the cloud with very little effort. The objective of this primer is to familiarize the reader with EC2's terminology and functionality. For more detailed documentation, see the AWS website. For help with Fedora on EC2, ask the Fedora Cloud SIG.
EC2 Concepts
What follows are some short explanations of EC2 terminology. For more detailed information, see the EC2 documentation.
Images and Instances
A machine image is a snapshot of a system (specifically its /
filesystem) that provides the basis for a virtual machine in EC2. When you run a new virtual machine in EC2 you choose a machine image to use as a template. The new virtual machine is then an instance of that machine image that contains its own copy of everything in the image. The instance keeps running until you stop or terminate it, or until it fails. If an instance fails, you can launch a new one from the same image. You can create multiple instances of a single machine image. Each instance will be independent of the others.
You can use a single image or multiple images, depending on your needs. From a single image, you can launch different types of instances. An instance type defines what hardware the instance has, including the amount of memory, disk space, and CPU power.
Amazon, Fedora, other groups, and individuals publish images for public use. You might only need to use images that reputable sources provide, and you can simply customize the resulting instances to suit your needs as you launch them. You can also create your own machine images, but that is beyond the scope of this document.
Machine images in EC2 are sometimes referred to as AMIs.
Machine images have identifiers that begin with ami
, such as ami-6ebe4507
. Instances have identifiers that begin with the letter i
, such as i-12459dbd
Regions and Availability Zones
Amazon hosts datacenters in many parts of the world. Those from a particular part of the world make up a region. Regions' names are based on their locations, such as in us-east-1
Regions are broken up into availability zones, which are designed to isolate failures from one another but still provide faster communication than communication between regions. Distributing a web application amongst several availability zones can help improve its reliability if an availability zone encounters problems. Availability zones' names are based on the regions in which they reside, such as us-east-1a
EC2 instances use one or more of three types of storage provided by AWS:
Amazon S3
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) is a web service-based storage system that is accessible inside EC2 and elsewhere on the Internet. As this primer will not focus on S3, see the Amazon S3 documentation for more details.
Elastic Block Store (EBS)
Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) provides instances with persistent, disk-like storage that you can attach to and detach from instances, similar to portable disk drives. By creating EBS volumes and attaching them to instances you can store data that you wish to be portable to more than one instance in the event an instance fails or is replaced. Since instances' root filesystem tend to have limited space, volumes also provide a simple way of adding additional disk capacity to instances.
Volumes have identifiers that begin with vol
, such as vol-ffe93704
You can create a backup snapshot of a volume. From the snapshot you can then create a new volume and attach it to another instance. You can create multiple volumes from the same snapshot. Each volume will be independent of the others.
Snapshots have identifiers that begin with snap
, such as snap-773491a0
Instance Storage
Some instance types have instance storage, scratch space that persists only as long as an instance runs. Instance storage is destroyed when an instance stops, terminates, or fails. For this reason, it is also referred to as ephemeral storage.
When EC2 was first introduced, all machine images were backed by instance storage, meaning that their instances' root filesystems were stored in instance storage. Machine images can now also be backed by EBS, meaning that their instances' root filesystem instead reside on EBS volumes.
Security Groups
A security group defines firewall rules for your instances. These rules specify which incoming network traffic should be delivered to an instance (e.g., accept web traffic on port 80 or SSH traffic on port 22). All other traffic is ignored. By default, a security group has no rules, which causes it to block all incoming traffic. You can modify the rules for a group at any time.
Every instance runs inside of a security group. You can create your own security groups, or you can use the default
security group that EC2 provides for you. When you run a new instance it will run in the default
security group unless you choose a different one.
Getting Started with Fedora on EC2
Get Your Account Details
To use AWS you need to create an online account. You can do this by going to the AWS web site, clicking on Create an AWS Account, and following the instructions.
One can interact with EC2 through either a web-based management console, via the official aws-cli tool, which is available in Fedora, or via euca2ools, a suite of command line tools designed for services like EC2. This tutorial will focus on using EC2 with euca2ools at the command line; however, as of 2016 it is recommended to use the official aws-cli.
To use the command line tools you first need to obtain access keys for your account. You can find them by going to the AWS management console on the web, clicking your name on the top, followed by
Security Credentials, and scrolling down to the section titled Access Credentials. Make note of the Access Key ID and the Secret Access Key that appears beside it. Both of them should be long sets of alphanumeric characters. Create a file called .iamrc
in your home directory that contains those keys in this format:
AWSAccessKeyId=your_access_key_id AWSSecretKey=your_secret_key
Since euca2ools is designed to work with all AWS-compatible clouds, not just AWS itself, it needs to know which cloud to contact. Create a file called .eucarc
in your home directory with the following content to point it toward AWS:
export AWS_CREDENTIAL_FILE=~/.iamrc export EC2_URL=https://ec2.amazonaws.com/ export S3_URL=https://s3.amazonaws.com/ export EUARE_URL=https://iam.amazonaws.com/ source "$AWS_CREDENTIAL_FILE" export EC2_ACCESS_KEY=$AWSAccessKeyId export EC2_SECRET_KEY=$AWSSecretKey export AWS_ACCESS_KEY=$AWSAccessKeyId export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=$AWSSecretKey
Finally, add these settings to your shell's environment by running:
$ source ~/.eucarc
Do Initial Setup
Install the Command Line Tools
Install the euca2ools package. To do so with yum, run:
# yum install euca2ools
Choose a Region
Choose an EC2 region to use. Things to consider when choosing a region include its geographic location, the pricing for instances in that region, and whether the image you wish to use is available in that region. You can get a list of regions by running euca-describe-regions
, which results in a list such as this:
REGION eu-west-1 ec2.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com REGION us-east-1 ec2.us-east-1.amazonaws.com REGION ap-northeast-1 ec2.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com REGION us-west-1 ec2.us-west-1.amazonaws.com REGION ap-southeast-1 ec2.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com
When you choose an EC2 region you can make euca2ools start using it by editing the line that contains EC2_URL
in your .eucarc
$ export EC2_URL=https://ec2.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/
...and then re-set the settings in your shell's environment:
$ source ~/.eucarc
Create a Key Pair
The primary way of logging into Fedora instances is via SSH. Since Fedora instances have no passwords, you need a SSH key pair to log in to them. The private half of this key pair is stored on your computer, while the public half is stored in EC2 so instances can download them as they start. This allows you to securely log into your instances without a password.
You can have multiple key pairs. Each key pair has its own name. Key pairs are specific to each EC2 region.
Choose a name for a new key pair and then use the euca-create-keypair
command to create it and write the private key to a file. Be sure to choose a name that is easy to remember.
$ euca-create-keypair mykey > mykey.pem
You can use euca-describe-keypairs
to display a list of your keypairs.
$ euca-describe-keypairs KEYPAIR mykey1 7b:9b:33:cf:bf:12:4d:62:b6:7c:fa:02:f2:f7:bc:59:e3:7e:40:fb KEYPAIR mykey2 f9:93:1e:73:4b:2e:c1:0d:7f:79:e1:bc:c0:d0:7c:95:32:55:b7:dd
You can use euca-delete-keypairs
to delete a keypair. Deleting a keypair does not remove it from instances that are already running; it merely prevents new instances from using it.
$ euca-delete-keypair mykey1
Set up a Security Group
Each security group has its own set of firewall rules. While this tutorial uses the default
security group that EC2 provides for you, you can also create your own security groups.
The euca-authorize
command lets you tell EC2 to allow traffic from ranges of IP addresses and ports into a security group. To allow access to SSH (TCP port 22) running on instances in the default
security group, run the following command:
$ euca-authorize default -p 22 -s your_system's_ip_address/32
If you do not specify a range of IP addresses then the port(s) you choose will be open to the entire Internet. For example, the following command allows SSH access from any machine, not just your computer:
$ euca-authorize default -p 22
The opposite of euca-authorize
is euca-revoke
. You can use euca-describe-groups
to obtain a list of security groups and the firewall permissions you have applied to them.
Run an Instance
You are now ready to run an instance.
Choose an Image
The Cloud SIG maintains an index of machine images published by Fedora. While all of the images for a given release behave the same, they differ by architecture, EC2 region, and where the root filesystem is stored (that is, instance store or EBS). Choose the image that is most appropriate for you and note its ID, which begins with ami
Choose an Instance Type
Amazon offers several instance types, which are detailed on the EC2 web site. As of the time of writing, the smallest and cheapest instance types are m1.small
and t1.micro
, though each of those carries a restriction: m1.small
instances must use the i386 architecture. t1.micro
instances have no instance storage and therefore must boot from EBS. If the image you choose fits neither of these criteria or if you simply need more resources than they can provide then you need to use a larger and more expensive instance type.
Run an Instance
Run a new instance of the image and instance type you chose with euca-run-instances
. To be able to log into the new instance, you must also specify the name of the key pair you created earlier. For example, to run a t1.micro
instance of the image ami-7f5a063a
with a key pair named mykey
, run the following command:
$ euca-run-instances ami-7f5a063a -t t1.micro -k mykey RESERVATION r-4d5ea00a 0123456789ab default INSTANCE i-910fbbd6 ami-7f5a063a pending 0 mykey t1.micro 2011-10-11T00:00:00.000Z us-east-1c aki-9ba0f1de
The output of euca-run-instances
contains the ID of the instance you just started. In the example above, the instance's ID is i-910fbbd6
. You will need this ID to use tools that need to refer to the instance.
The instance starts in the pending
state. When it finished booting it changes to the running
state. When you terminate it it changes to the shutting-down
and finally terminated
Log into the Instance
As the instance starts it obtains an IP address from EC2 and changes to the running
state. You can check on your instances by running euca-describe-instances
, optionally with the ID of the instance in question. When the instance is ready (or nearly ready) to use, euca-describe-instances
will display the address you can use to log into it:
$ euca-describe-instances RESERVATION r-4d5ea00a 0123456789ab default INSTANCE i-910fbbd6 ami-7f5a063a ec2-204-236-168-22.us-east-1.compute.amazonaws.com ip-10-170-15-23.us-east-1.compute.internal running 0 mykey t1.micro 2011-10-11T00:00:00.000Z us-east-1c aki-9ba0f1de
The public address of the instance in this example is ec2-204-236-168-22.us-east-1.compute.amazonaws.com
. Other useful bits of information from this command include the availability zone in which the instance is running (us-east-1c
) and the time that the instance started.
Once the instance is running
you can log into it with ssh
. On Fedora's images you should log in as the user fedora:
$ ssh -i mykey.pem email@example.com [ec2-user@i-910fbbd6 ~]$ cat /etc/fedora-release Fedora release 16 (Verne)
You can now use the instance as you would use any other computer running Fedora.
Terminate the Instance
When you finish using the instance you should terminate it with euca-terminate-instances
to free up resources and reduce costs:
$ euca-terminate-instances i-910fbbd6
Using EBS
Managing Volumes
EBS volumes act like removable disks that you can attach to instances, except you can create and destroy them at will. Each volume is specific to an availability zone. What follows are instructions for how to use volumes.
Creating Volumes
You can create a volume of nearly any size, in 1 GiB increments. As of the time of writing, the maximum size of a volume is 1 TiB. To create a new, empty volume, choose a size (in GiB) and the availability zone in which to create it and supply those values to euca-create-volume
$ euca-create-volume -s 10 -z us-east-1c VOLUME vol-23ca3542 10 creating 2011-10-11T00:00:00.000Z
The command's output contains the ID of the newly-created volume. In the example above, the volume's ID is vol-23ca3542
. You will need this ID to use tools that need to refer to the volume.
Describing Volumes
will provide a list of all volumes available to you in the entire region in addition to where they are attached:
$ euca-describe-volumes VOLUME vol-23ca3542 10 us-east-1c available 2011-10-11T00:00:00.000Z
Using Volumes
For an instance to make use of a volume you must first attach the volume to the instance. You also need to supply a device name that the volume should appear as from inside the instance. The device name you choose must be /dev/sdX
, where X
is a letter. It will appear inside the instance as either /dev/sdX
or /dev/xvdX
$ euca-attach-volume -i i-910fbbd6 -d /dev/sdf vol-23ca3542
Once you have attached a volume to the instance it will appear as a disk in the instance's /dev directory, ready to be formatted and used.
[ec2-user@i-910fbbd6 ~]$ mkfs.ext4 /dev/xvdf [ec2-user@i-910fbbd6 ~]$ mount /dev/xvdf /mnt
When you finish using a volume you can unmount it from within the instance and then detach it:
[ec2-user@i-910fbbd6 ~]$ umount /dev/xvdf [ec2-user@i-910fbbd6 ~]$ logout $ euca-detach-volume vol-23ca3542
Deleting Volumes
When you finish using a volume you can delete it to free up resources and reduce costs:
$ euca-delete-volume vol-23ca3542
Using Snapshots
Volume snapshots provide an easy way to save a backup copy of an entire volume. Unlike a volume, a snapshot is available to all availability zones within a region, which makes snapshots the simplest way to copy a volume between availability zones.
Creating a Snapshot
You can create a snapshot by providing the name of the volume you wish to take a snapshot of to euca-create-snapshot
$ euca-create-snapshot vol-23ca3542 SNAPSHOT snap-00acc96e vol-23ca3542 pending 2011-10-11T00:00:00.000Z
The command's output contains the ID of the newly-created snapshot. In the example above, the snapshot's ID is snap-00acc96e
. You will need this ID to use tools that need to refer to the snapshot.
Describing Snapshots
will provide a list of all snapshots available to you in the region:
$ euca-describe-snapshots SNAPSHOT snap-00acc96e vol-042d3a6a completed 2011-10-12T05:56:29.000Z 100%
Creating Volumes from Snapshots
To copy the contents of a snapshot to a new volume, run euca-create-volume
and specify a snapshot instead of a size:
$ euca-create-volume --snapshot snap-00acc96e -z us-east-1c
You can create multiple volumes from the same snapshot. Each volume will be independent of the others.
Deleting Snapshots
To delete a snapshot, use euca-delete-snapshot
. Any volumes created from that snapshot will be unaffected.
$ euca-delete-snapshot snap-00acc96e


text:
Gosh, where to start today? Some days I have absolutely nothing to say. I feel like such a fraud, or maybe just a bore -- plopping some pictures down here and going on my merry way. I think it's worst during the winter. I have not been out getting all the garden visits and landscape shots that I love to do in the rest of the year. So I buy some supermarket flowers and start to shoot. Don't get me wrong, I love to shoot flowers. But I feel as though I do the same shot over and over...
I need some inspiration!!!
I've thought about doing a weekly prompt, just to get the creative juices flowing. Of course, I should have begun in January. But what the heck, I will just start this week. I'm going to post on Thursday afternoons, and if you would like to join me, just leave a link to your post in the comments on Thursday. I'd love to see what you come up with! If we get enough interest, I will consider starting a linky party. Here are the first few prompts to get us started:
February 7: home
February 14: love
February 21: white
February 28: architecture
I will probably do just one image for each prompt, but if you want to include more, go for it. I will probably just let the image speak for itself, but if you want to include text as well, great. Whatever floats your boat. And if we get enough people to play, I might do a "My Faves" post at the end of each month, with your permission, and link back to your blog. I would appreciate a link back to my post each week, so that your friends can join in if they wish.
So, what do you think? Anybody in? I hope to see at least a few of you on Thursday! :)
Here are the instructions to join today's post:
1. Publish your Mosaic Monday post. The post may be about any subject you wish. The only stipulation is that it include a collage, or mosaic of photos.
2. Once it is published, click on the title of the post. This will lead you to the static link for your post. The static link is the page with only that post on it. Copy the url from your browser at the top of the page.
3. Paste the url into the appropriate inlinkz box in this post.
4. Type your name in the appropriate inlinkz box in this post.
5. Click on "Enter."
6. Please link back to this Mosaic Monday post so that your readers can find other wonderful mosaics.


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Hark Vineyards
1465 Davis Shop Road, Earlysville, Virginia 22936
1465 Davis Shop Road, Earlysville, Virginia 22936
Friday: 11-6 Saturday: 11-6 Sunday: 11-6
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Star chef Ian Boden sent shock waves through Virginia's gastronomy circles in August when he announced plans to leave The Shack and open a new culinary inn in downtown Staunton. The move comes just months before the acclaimed eatery turns 10. Read more
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Virginia Beach event and wedding planner Carrie Lauck has planned her share of birthday bashes, some of the milestones—and not just for the Sweet 16 crowd. Read more


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Frequently Bought Together
Total: $0
Total: $0
About This Product
Specs & Details
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Maintenance & Care for WE14X10020


text:
Gould (2170-C4OAA) Contactor ,New
115 1 2
115 3 3
230 1 3
230 3 7.5
460/575 3 10LOC: MC4D WT:4lb
Shipping Info
We will do our best to ship your item within 2 business days after payment has been received. Orders are shipped Monday through Friday only. We are unable to ship to PO boxes, APO or FPO addresses. Tracking info is sent to your Paypal e-mail address. In most cases, signature is required upon delivery. Item is also available for Pick-up at our Will Call facility. |
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Paypal is our preferred method of payment, however, we can ship to any address you prefer as long as you provide a contact phone number and specify whether it is a business or residence. If a residence, shipping may be more expensive because a forklift or loading dock is needed for larger/heavy items. DO NOT PAY for item unless you receive and invoice including freight. If you have a preferred carrier, or would like us to use a particular account number, please specify this in an email and we will adjust the invoice. If you send a Paypal payment with an unconfirmed address it will not be accepted. This is different than being verified since the only requirement is having a bank account linked to your Paypal account. 0 feedback users must provide working phone number. |
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We are open 8-5 pst. Mon. thru Fri., but we check our emails frequently and are available 24 hours a day to responds to your questions. PLEASE use eBay messages for communication, do not send emails. Email outside of ebay can only be answered Mon. thru Fri. 8-5 pst. |
Return Policy |
30 days money back warranty for product defects NOT described in this listing. |
International Customers |
We are no longer offering international shipping. |
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text:
DURHAM, N.C. – When the lead got away from No. 5 Duke, Chelsea Gray snatched it right back and helped her team keep it.
Gray scored a career-high 28 points, including seven in a row during a critical stretch of the Blue Devils' 71-56 victory over seventh-ranked Maryland on Monday night.
Tricia Liston had 17 points off the bench while Gray's big run came after the Blue Devils (22-1, 12-0 Atlantic Coast Conference) trailed for the only time.
I "just love to see her elevate her game," coach Joanne P. McCallie said. "To be able to do the things that she did on the floor, given the attention she was drawing, was phenomenal."
Alyssa Thomas had 14 points and 12 rebounds. But the Terrapins (19-4, 10-2) could overcome neither 24 turnovers nor a miserable night for the ACC's leading scorer, Tianna Hawkins, and had their league-best nine-game winning streak snapped.
Freshman Chloe Pavelich's 3 with about 10:45 left gave Maryland its only lead at 44-42.
Three possessions later, Gray took charge — and kept Duke alone atop the league standings.
She put Duke back on top with a 3, followed that with two free throws and capped her personal 7-0 run with a layup from Alexis Jones that made it 49-44 with 7½ minutes to go.
"She gave us a nice little psychological boost," McCallie said. "It wasn't surprising, though. We've all seen this of Chelsea. It was like, 'Yeah.' She's a great player, and it was great to see her have those moments and take advantage of them."
After Elizabeth Williams followed with a layup, Gray added two more free throws to put the Blue Devils up 55-46 with 5:52 left.
Maryland briefly cut it to five before Williams and Gray hit layups. Coach Brenda Frese was given two technical fouls and tossed during a media timeout with 3:51 left — she said she was sticking up for her players because they were in danger of being injured — and Gray hit the four free throws that followed to give Duke its largest lead to that point, 63-50.
Gray, who made more free throws (13) than Maryland attempted (11), surpassed her previous career high of 25 points set last season against North Carolina State.
"I still only had three assists and three rebounds," she said, "so there's definitely room for improvement."
Williams added 16 points and 10 rebounds for Duke, which won its 36th straight ACC game at Cameron Indoor Stadium and hasn't been beaten by a conference rival at home since Maryland did it five years ago.
Katie Rutan had 14 points and hit four 3-pointers for Maryland, which rallied from 10 points down and tied it at 33 on Rutan's 3 barely 2 minutes into the second half.
It was remarkable that Maryland was even in the game because Hawkins' stat line was so empty, thanks to the defensive efforts of Williams, senior Allison Vernerey and junior Haley Peters.
Hawkins finished with six points on 3-of-11 shooting and seven rebounds — well below her averages of 19.6 points and 9.9 boards — in her first game in single-digit scoring since St. Joseph's held her to two points in November.
"Tianna had an (atypical) night . but knowing Tianna, she'll bounce back," Frese said. "It was a game where our bigs didn't get a lot of touches in this game, in terms of the pressure they faced all night."
Turnovers also were once again a problem for the Terrapins, who entered averaging 17½ and finished two shy of their season worst of 26 set against Connecticut. Pavelich had nine of them.
"I don't think it was them that made us have those turnovers," Rutan said. "I think it was just us rushing, not playing our game. We can fix that. That's easy."
Duke never trailed and twice led by 10 during a sloppy-at-times first half in which the Blue Devils managed just two field goals in roughly 11 minutes.
Liston twice pushed Duke's lead to double figures, the second time coming on her jumper with just under 5 minutes left in the half that made it 28-18. The Terps clawed back and cut it to 30-28 on Malina Howard's running jumper in the final minute, and it remained tight until Gray almost single-handedly broke the game open.