text:
Dynamics of Retail Methamphetamine Markets in New York City, 2007-2009 (ICPSR 29821)
Version Date: Jan 6, 2014 View help for published
Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s)
Travis Wendel, City University of New York. John Jay College of Criminal Justice;
Richard Curtis, City University of New York. John Jay College of Criminal Justice;
Bilal Khan, City University of New York. John Jay College of Criminal Justice;
Kirk Dombrowski, City University of New York. John Jay College of Criminal Justice
Version V1
Summary View help for Summary
The study was conducted to provide information about markets for, distribution of, and use of methamphetamine in New York City, both inside and outside of the MSM (men who have sex with men)/gay community. The study used Respondent Driven Sampling to recruit 132 methamphetamine market participants. Each respondent participated in a one to two hour structured interview combining both qualitative and quantitative responses. Each respondent was invited to recruit three additional eligible participants. Data collected included demographics, social network data, the respondent's market participation in obtaining and providing methamphetamine, consumption of methamphetamine, and experience with the criminal justice system and crime associated with participation in methamphetamine markets.
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Access to these data is restricted. Users interested in obtaining these data must complete a Restricted Data Use Agreement, specify the reasons for the request, and obtain IRB approval or notice of exemption for their research.
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Data Collection Notes View help for Data Collection Notes
The final report (Wendel et. al, 2011; NCJ 236122) drew on several types of data. However, the following data types are not available as part of this collection:
- Full qualitative data from audio recordings and transcription of open-ended questions are not available. Abbreviated responses to open-ended questions are included in the data files included in this collection.
- Social network data used in the Social Network Analysis are not available. Dataset 3 (Ego Network Data) and Dataset 4 (Respondent Driven Sampling Network Data) of this collection include some data regarding respondents social networks.
- Data from one month follow-up interviews conducted with participants are not available.
The data files contain three identification variables - ID, COUPONNUMBER, and PROJECTID. COUPONNUMBER and PROJECTID were identification variables assigned during the study representing certain respondent characteristics including recruitment and other identifying information and were anonymized by ICPSR throughout the study. ICPSR dropped the variable ID and replaced it with CASEID, a unique identifier created by ICPSR.
Study Purpose View help for Study Purpose
The purpose of the study was to provide information about markets, distribution, and use of methamphetamine in New York City, both inside and outside of the MSM (men who have sex with men)/gay community. The study had four specific aims. (1) Pilot a research design using mixed qualitative/quantitative data collection methods in New York City methamphetamine markets with participants recruited using Respondent Driven Sampling. (2) Document, describe, and analyze the demographics and methamphetamine abuse behaviors of a sample of methamphetamine market participants. (3) Document, describe, and analyze the social networks of New York City methamphetamine market participants as users, buyers, and sellers of methamphetamine. (4) Document, describe, and analyze the market behaviors of New York City methamphetamine market participants as users, buyers, and sellers of methamphetamine.
Study Design View help for Study Design
Researchers piloted a version of Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) to recruit different types of methamphetamine users. RDS is a chain-referral recruiting method where participants recruit additional participants in recruitment chains. To better understand how social networks among methamphetamine users and distributors are structured, function, and evolve over time, the researchers collected network data from respondents to understand the complexity of linkages in user and distribution networks. The study used a mixed data-collection interview technique that captured both quantitative and qualitative data in a single interview; the interviewer conducted an open-ended, but structured interview, entering data on a computer database form, while simultaneously employing a stereo recorder to record the entire interview for subsequent selective transcription and analysis. After a period of formative research, the data collection phase of the study used RDS to recruit 132 methamphetamine market participants. Each study participant did a roughly 1-2 hour structured interview that recorded participant demographics (Basic Roster Data and Roster Data; Datasets 1 and 2), enumerated and described the members of their drug use and distribution networks including drug buying, selling, trading, and in-kind transaction partners (Ego Network Data and Respondent Driven Sampling Network Data; Datasets 3 and 4), and described drug use patterns and market participation (Methamphetamine Obtaining Data, Providing for Others Data, Criminal Justice Data, and Consumer Data; Datasets 5-8). Each participant was invited to recruit three additional eligible participants according to the RDS protocol; they were given three numbered coupons that they were instructed to pass along to other people they know who currently participate in retail methamphetamine markets, as buyers, sellers, and/or users. Participants were instructed to return one month after their initial interview date to collect recruitment incentives and complete a follow-up interview that focuses on changes in patterns of use, distribution or network membership since the first interview. To determine eligibility, the researchers developed a screener that asked potential participants about drug use and preparation techniques, folkloric beliefs related to methamphetamine use, and market conditions and prices.
Sample View help for Sample
The study recruited 132 current methamphetamine users and distributors (persons who had used or sold methamphetamine in the previous 30 days) over a 33-month data collection period, using Respondent Driven Sampling. Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) is a methodology that is used to recruit samples of hard-to-reach groups by taking advantage of intragroup social connections to build a sample pool. In order to initiate the RDS sample chains, the research team placed 33 ads on craigslist.org from February 2008 (to recruit Formative Research interviewees) through September 2009 (to recruit RDS seeds to initiate new recruitment chains). This drew many phone calls to the toll-free number the research team set up and 105 emails from potential participants. The researchers scheduled more than 300 appointments over the data collection period, with many no-shows and repeated re-schedulings around potential participants' often busy schedules. The research team also regularly placed flyers on bulletin boards at local MSM (men who have sex with men)-oriented organizations, although no participants were recruited as a result of these flyers. Seeds were also recruited through a local harm-reduction program's Crystal Meth Support Group.
Following the initial interview, initial "seeds" and subsequent waves of study participants were given three numbered coupons that they were instructed to pass along to other people they know who currently participate in retail methamphetamine markets, as buyers, sellers, and/or users. The numbers on these coupons allowed the research team to prevent duplication, to identify who recruited each participant and to keep track of subsequent recruitment patterns using the RDS Coupon Manager software. In order to reduce the likelihood that too many respondents would come from a small number of well-connected people, the researchers limited the recruitment potential of each participant with the rationing of coupons. Researchers also included a 30 day expiration date on the coupons in an attempt to ensure a reasonable pace of sample recruitment. Brief recruiter training sessions were conducted with the seeds and each subsequent eligible respondent, explaining: recruitment criteria; incentives for interviews and recruiting ($50 and $20 respectively); how recruits should contact the project; the time limit and sample size limit on recruiting; and discussion of appropriate recruiting techniques to avoid coercion and ensure participation was voluntary. When necessary, researchers selected new seeds because recruitment chains were slow to develop; many participants did not recruit. Of the 132 subjects interviewed, 28 percent (37 individuals) were seeds in the RDS process. Of these 37 seeds, 38 percent (14 individuals) produced referrals. More than seventy persons attempted to participate in the study who were not in fact eligible, as far as could be determined after screening. For a detailed discussion of RDS, please refer to the final report for this study (Wendel et al., 2011; NCJ 236122).
The Basic Demographic Data (Dataset 1) includes information on 157 initial participants, some of whom were determined to be ineligible for the study, the Ego Network Data (Dataset 3) includes information on 466 ego network relationships, the Providing for Others Data (Dataset 6) includes information on 111 participants who self-identified as having provided methamphetamine to others, and the Criminal Justice Data (Dataset 7) includes information on 132 subjects but has 133 cases due to a case that spans two data files due to a computer crash in mid-interview. The Roster Data (Dataset 2), Respondent Driven Sampling Network Data (Dataset 4), Methamphetamine Obtaining Data (Dataset 5), and Consumer Data (Dataset 8) include information on the 132 methamphetamine users and distributers.
Time Method View help for Time Method
Universe View help for Universe
All persons who lived or worked in New York City and used, bought, or sold methamphetamine in the 30 days prior to the interview.
Unit(s) of Observation View help for Unit(s) of Observation
Data Source View help for Data Source
In-person interviews with methamphetamine market participants in New York City
Data Type(s) View help for Data Type(s)
Mode of Data Collection View help for Mode of Data Collection
Description of Variables View help for Description of Variables
Each dataset has a mixture of quantitative and qualitative (open-ended response) data, as well as derived/re-coded variables computed by the principal investigators. All datasets include information on the respondent's sexual orientation, and most include additional demographic variables.
- The Basic Demographic Data (Dataset 1) has 21 variables providing identifying information for the respondents, including gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and physical descriptions.
- The Roster Data (Dataset 2) has 15 variables with additional demographic information for the respondents including age, sexual orientation, ethnicity, birthplace, and HIV + status (although respondents were not asked about HIV + status, some respondents volunteered this information).
- The Ego Network Data (Dataset 3) has 32 variables about the respondent's ego network, and on the respondent's relationship to the methamphetamine market. Respondents were asked to provide data on up to five members of their ego network, including physical descriptions, the network member's relationship to the market, and relationship to the respondent. Other variables include who the respondent would call to find a new source of methamphetamines, and demographic data.
- The Respondent Driven Sampling Network Data (Dataset 4) includes 45 variables gathered for the Respondent Driven Sampling. These describe the respondent's network, based on people whose cell phone number the respondent know. Variables include number of people who use and/or provide methamphetamine, gender, race and sexual orientation of people in the network, how many provide and how many only use, the respondent's frequency of methamphetamine use, and the relationship between methamphetamine use and sex for the respondent.
- The Methamphetamine Obtaining Data (Dataset 5) has 63 variables regarding the participant's participation in the methamphetamine market in obtaining methamphetamine over the last year. There are a series of variables for each of the three most recent episodes of obtaining methamphetamine. Variables regarding the recent episodes include source, cost, payment type, quality and packaging, purpose of purchase (use or distribution), relationship to the source, and descriptions of each transaction.
- The Providing for Others Data (Dataset 6) has 58 variables describing the participant's role in the methamphetamine market as a provider over the last year. There are a series of variables for each of the three most recent episodes of providing methamphetamine. Variables include the quantity provided, payment, relationship with the receiver, and details of the transaction, including location, delivery method, quality and packaging of the product, whether there were any problems with the transaction.
- The Criminal Justice Data (Dataset 7) has 69 variables about the respondent's experience with the criminal justice system and experience with violence in the course of their participation in methamphetamine markets. Criminal justice variables include arrests for possession and distribution of methamphetamine, non-methamphetamine drug related arrests, whether police have ever confiscated methamphetamine, and whether police and/or other community community factors prevented the respondent from buying methamphetamine. Other variables include whether the respondent owns a weapon and if they carry it when participating in the methamphetamine market, and whether they have experienced violence while participating in the market. There are also demographic variables, including gender, sexual orientation, and ethnicity.
- The Consumer Data (Dataset 8) has 74 variables regarding consumption of methamphetamines. These include mode of ingestion, how the respondent uses methamphetamine (whether they have sex, how long they use it for, how they manage their use, who they use it with), why the respondent uses methamphetamine and whether they use other drugs, dependency status, and access to dealers; demographic variables are also included.
Response Rates View help for Response Rates
not applicable
Presence of Common Scales View help for Presence of Common Scales
HideOriginal Release Date View help for Original Release Date
Version History View help for Version History
- Wendel, Travis, Richard Curtis, Bilal Khan, and Kirk Dombrowski. Dynamics of Retail Methamphetamine Markets in New York City, 2007-2009. ICPSR29821-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2014-01-06. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR29821.v1
2014-01-06 ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:
- Created variable labels and/or value labels.
- Standardized missing values.
- Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.
The public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public. Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.
One or more files in this data collection have special restrictions. Restricted data files are not available for direct download from the website; click on the Restricted Data button to learn more.


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In 1970, artist Terry O'Shea mailed a letter to curators at LACMA describing both a gift and an action. O'Shea had been the 1966 recipient of the Young Talent Award (an honor that has for nearly four decades taken the form of prize funded by the Modern and Contemporary Art Council and more recently as an acquisition fund in the guise of AHAN: Studio Forum), and was contacting the curatorial staff to alert them to the work he had produced for LACMA as part of the terms of the distinction. O'Shea made a cast-resin sculpture with colored striations that was indicative of his Light and Space–leaning work—and then threw it unceremoniously into the La Brea Tar Pits. The letter and a black-and-white photograph of the sculpture are now part of the permanent collection.
Terrence O'Shea, Documentation of the Artist's Act of Placing One of His Sculptures in the La Brea Tar Pit, 1971, Modern and Contemporary Art Council, New Talent Purchase Award
As I was working through LACMA's database and moving through the museum's various storage areas in preparation for the new exhibition Lost Line: Contemporary Art from the Collection, I thought often about this "lost" object in the collection. What does it mean to "collect" something that is submerged in the primordial soup next door? At the same time, with the frenzy of interest surrounding Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass (and a new wave of scholarship around Land Art), I found myself gravitating to works in the collection that considered location, from the underground to the aerial, from street level to the global stage.
Many land artists, including Michael Heizer, used methods of removal, burial, and displacement to create site-specific pieces, often of monumental proportions but with different intentions than the traditional forms of monuments (as memorials, e.g.). All this made me think of Gabriel Orozco's witty alternative to the monument, a work in LACMA's collection called Lost Line, from which the exhibition takes its name. The artist once described this piece as "the opposite of a static monument… a sculpture as a body in motion"—a notion that reinforced my approach and challenged me to think beyond the usual suspects associated with earthworks.
Gabriel Orozco, Lost Line, 1993–96, gift of the Peter Norton Family Foundation
Lost Line, the exhibition, is therefore not organized by chronologies or movements but by a more freeform sensibility that invites associative or lateral meanings. I wanted to consider Buckminster Fuller's print of his cartographic innovation, the Dymaxion World Map, in relation to Dennis Oppenheim's Removal Transplant-New York Stock Exchange and James Welling's "foil" photographs. The small-scale sculptural constructions of Barbara Kasten which result in obtuse architectural studies could dialogue with Yunhee Min's gallery intervention—a hybrid painting, sculpture, and architectural construct.
As has happened in my previous curatorial endeavors, I connect to works that bring the outside elements inside the galleries. Thus whether in the stains and spurts of Ingrid Calame, the drywall of Pablo Rasgado, or the rebar faux ficus trees of Ruben Ochoa, there is an invitation for the tar to seep up through the gallery floors. Maybe, just maybe, O'Shea's work will finally resurface.
Rita Gonzalez, Associate Curator, Contemporary Art

subset: commoncrawl


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Sometimes the public interacts with a piece of art in an unexpected way. Such is the case with Richard Serra's sculpture Sequence, which sits in one of BCAM's first-floor galleries. Faced with two rust-colored behemoth pods and a small dark opening, visitors bravely enter and exit (usually smiling) and, as if by revelation, say the most endearing things about a piece of art.
Sequence encloses the spectator and offers a trail, a journey in which time is condensed and expectations are slightly disturbed for some, while others enter aimlessly and come out surprisingly pleased, as if a small, somewhat imperceptible gift had been bestowed upon them. Out of curiosity while on this post over many hours, I would ask them as they were preparing to leave the building how the artwork made them feel. Having seen and heard all matter of emotional response, these are some of their replies.
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Rule #1 - Be Patient - Rule #2 - Don't ask when, if you don't contribute - Rule #3 - You have coding skills - LinuxMCE's small brother is available: http://www.agocontrol.com
deb http://www.geekconnection.org/remastersys/repository ubuntu/
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HI,This sounds interesting, I wanna reload my core, but I dont like the idea of reinstalling, and have to download alot more from the internet, even if its the latest snapshot. Now the route your going, if I understand correctly, you dont need an active internet connection?Karel
Be careful of licencing issues. Many packages that are used by LMCE cannot legally be distributed through any medium but an internet connection. One of these is the MS Core Fonts that cannot be installed or packaged onto any other medium. These fonts are used by Orbiter, which essentially means any distribution using orbiter must have an internet connection to install fonts before orbiter is launched. This would include LMCE, PadOrbiter, etc... Any medibuntu packages also cannot be distributed through the CD or DVD as they often contain code/patented routines that cannot be legally used in many countries without paying for them. These are the primary reasons that the DVD install still needs an internet connection.J.
The fonts package is a dependency for Orbiter at least and CheckDependencies will install it if it hasn't been already. This would have to be worked in as an upstream change in the system itself, as would any package alterations, otherwise the system will just re-install them automatically.J.
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Edinburgh trio, FOUND, is Ziggy Campbell, Kev Sim and Tommy Perman. The band began as an art collective, who played improvised music at their exhibition openings. This experimental, multimedia spirit carried through to factorycraft, which was recorded in one week on an industrial estate in Glasgow at Chemikal Underground's own Chem 19 studio. Ziggy tells us how their unusual mix of garage rock, melodic pop and electronica comes together.
What's the story behind FOUND; how did you form?
We first met at art school in Aberdeen, and after graduating, we all moved to Edinburgh with this romantic notion of becoming artists. We managed to get a few exhibitions and decided to play music at the opening nights, mainly to avoid talking to people and becoming part of that hypocrisy. Luckily, a promoter from Glasgow saw us play and offered us a slot opening for Luke Vibert at a techno club night. I'm sure it was terrible, but somehow we kept getting booked for more shows. I hope we're better now than we were back then!
There are undertones of Pavement and The Jesus and Mary Chain, how would you describe your sound to someone who has never heard it?
I describe our sound as a psychedelic explosion in the factory, but that's probably a bit abstract. One tabloid journalist described us as a "punch up between Paolo Nutini and Captain Beefheart." Someone else said we were like a cross between Big Country and Battles. These descriptions always make us laugh, but sometimes they can be alarmingly accurate.
Aside from releasing factorycraft, you've also won a BAFTA for Cybraphon. Can you tell us more about this project?
Cybraphon is an autonomous emotional robot band. It looks like an orchestration from the turn of last century and in the same way plays music mechanically. The difference is that we designed it to behave like a self-obsessed contemporary indie band – incessantly checking emails, Facebook, Twitter and Google – playing happy music when it gets enough attention and sad music when it doesn't. Cybraphon constantly craves attention, just like FOUND!
Cybraphon is almost an art-installation – what experience are you trying to create for the listener/viewer?
Cybraphon has become very popular all over the world. I think this is because people recognise their own idiosyncrasies in it and can identify with this level of digital narcissism. We had planned that some of the attention it received would feed back to FOUND, but that didn't happen. People have whole-heartedly bought into the idea of Cybraphon as an autonomous individual – Cybraphon has thousands more fans on Facebook than FOUND does.
FOUND has had an amazing few years with a debut at SXSW in 2009, radio sessions and festivals; where do you see the band heading this year?
We're doing a few more festivals over the summer then another tour of the UK. Then we're off to India in November to do a short tour. All the while we're working on a new sound installation called Unravel which is a collaboration between the band and Aidan Moffat. That'll be revealed early next year, possibly, with a collaborative record to follow. We've started writing material for the next FOUND album too. www.foundtheband.com.
Bethany Rex


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Is it possible for any band, no matter how groundbreaking or influential, to release its first album in more than two decades and come across as not only relevant, but revelatory? Judging by the nine songs that My Bloody Valentine unveiled over the weekend, collectively available for download as the new, long-awaited album, m b v—a follow-up, 22 years in the making, to the band's 1991 masterpiece, Loveless—the answer is an emphatic, resounding "sort of."
Fans of the singularly gorgeous auditory realm that Kevin Shields and company crafted in the late Eighties and early Nineties—one part Dinosaur Jr., three parts Cocteau Twins, with some Sister-era Sonic Youth and Erik Satie tossed in for good measure—are certainly not going to be disappointed by the new release. Almost every track off of m b v is immediately recognizable as a My Bloody Valentine tune, with the band's moody, distortion-driven wash of sound—somehow fragile and aggressive at once—in full flower.
[MORE: Preview all nine of MBV's new songs on YouTube.]
Anyone hoping for (or demanding, as critics and other nitpickers so often do) a great leap forward, however, might be disappointed—at least initially. Pretty much everything on the album sounds like it could have been written and recorded for Loveless, or for the band's stellar and often-overlooked 1988 debut, Isn't Anything. These nine new tunes are undeniably and firmly MBV efforts, and no one even remotely familiar with the band could possibly mistake them for songs by anyone else. Here are many of the same effects—songs that sound like Beatles classics played backwards, and heard through a wall of pudding; guitars that alternately whisper, drone and soar; martial drumbeats; lilting, yearning vocals—that made My Bloody Valentine's earlier work so seductive.
The naysayers will, of course, have a field day with this seeming lack of any growth on MBV's part: "Twenty-two years, and they haven't changed at all! Who do they think they are? The frickkin' Stones?"
But for those of us who have always been drawn to the fearless soundscape—calling what they do "rock and roll" seems utterly inadequate—that Shields, Bilinda Butcher (guitar and vocals), bassist Debbie Googe and drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig crafted on those two landmark albums so long ago, the notion that they haven't changed much over the past quarter-century is cause for elation, rather than complaint. And in that sense, the new songs—which feel, rather than merely sound, so much like vintage Bloody Valentine—are anything but a letdown.
To be sure, nothing on m b v surpasses the driving, ear-opening psychedelia of "(When You Wake) You're Still in a Dream" from Isn't Anything; no track here resembles the beautiful, demented offspring of the Mama & the Papas and the Jesus and Mary Chain, the way Loveless' "What You Want" somehow did—and, thank heaven, still does. But after just a few listens to m b v, one gets the sense that these two Irishmen and two Englishwomen are perhaps getting closer to the heart of the sonic mystery they've been pursuing for most of their lives, and it's mesmerizing to accompany them on the hunt.
My Bloody Valentine has been making music for 30 years, ever since they first got together in Dublin in 1983, and yet most of their new songs ("Wonder 2," for example, or the Steve Reich-like "Nothing Is") manage to feel fresher and riskier than 99 percent of the derivative nonsense being recorded these days. Fans of adventurous music, and not just My Bloody Valentine fanatics, should be thrilled.
Isn't Anything was ahead of its time; Loveless (for alt-rock geeks, anyway) defined its time; m b v, with its shimmering, challenging, post-post-punk attitude, feels right on time—even if we had to wait 22 years for it to arrive. With this release, one band has proven itself audacious enough—or perverse enough—to create an album that serves as the aesthetic equivalent of leading from behind.


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Tunisia Islamists say no new gov't as crisis grows
February 8, 2013
BOUAZZA BEN BOUAZZA, Associated Press
TUNIS, Tunisia (AP) — Tunisia sank deeper into political crisis Thursday, as the ruling Islamist party rejected its own prime minister's decision to replace the government after the assassination of a leftist politician led to a wave of angry protests.
The murder of Chokri Belaid, a 48-year-old secularist and a fierce critic of hardline Islamists as well as the more moderate ruling party, laid bare the challenges facing this nation of 10 million, whose revolution two years ago sparked the Arab Spring uprisings.
Because of its small, well-educated population, there were hopes Tunisia would have the easiest time transitioning from dictatorship to democracy. But instead Tunisia — a staunchly secular state under ex-dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali — is now a battleground pitting secularists, moderate Islamists, and hardline Islamists against one another.
The economy has struggled, power-sharing negotiations have stalled, and political violence is on the rise. The rejection of the prime minister's move to create a government of technocrats to guide the country to elections also made clear that divisions exist between hardliners and moderates within the ruling party, Ennahda.
Police used tear gas Thursday to drive off the few dozen protesters who tried to demonstrate in front of the Interior Ministry, averting a repeat of the large rallies that swept the capital hours after Belaid's assassination Wednesday.
But full-scale riots hit the southern mining city of Gafsa, where Belaid's Popular Front coalition of leftist parties enjoys strong support. The state news agency TAP also reported clashes in cities across the country, with police resorting to tear gas and warning shots. In the northwest town of Boussalem, demonstrators set fire to a police station.
The tension could escalate Friday. Dramatic turnout is expected for Belaid's funeral; coupled with a general strike called by the main labor union, the events raise the prospect of confrontations nationwide.
The police and army have been put on alert to prevent any outbreaks of violence and to "deal with any troublemakers" announced the presidential spokesman Adnan Mancer in a press conference late Thursday.
He added that police are questioning a possible suspect in the murder — a member of Belaid's political party who was working as his chauffer and was witnessed speaking with one of the assailants before the politician was shot to death in his car outside his home Wednesday morning.
The latest events have raised fears Tunisia may not be an exception to the turmoil in the region, where several states are in a post-revolutionary phase.
The situation has yet to degenerate to the point of Egypt, the scene of regular street battles between police and protesters and a total breakdown of trust between the Islamist government and the opposition. Tunisia's Islamists rule in coalition with two secular parties and must rely on consensus more than Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood.
Ennahda was long repressed under the secular rule of Ben Ali, but after his overthrow in January 2011, the well-organized movement won subsequent elections. Overall, Ennahda is considered a moderate grouping. Hardline Islamists known as Salafis have come out against it.
Belaid's death came as relations between the government and the opposition had deteriorated, with talks on a government reshuffle going nowhere. To make matters worse, critics such as Belaid accused the government of relying on hired thugs to attack meetings of the opposition.
To ease tensions, Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali announced late Wednesday he would dissolve the government and form a new one of nonpartisan technocrats to manage the country until elections, giving in to the longstanding opposition demand.
On Thursday, however, the party's executive committee rejected the move and maintained that it was not going to toss away legitimacy it had gained in elections.
"The position of Ennahda is that the troika [the three-party ruling coalition] will continue to lead the country but it is open to a partial ministerial reshuffle," party spokesman Abdallah Zouari told The Associated Press. That is the same position the party had before the assassination and subsequent protests.
A high-level member of the party who asked to remain anonymous because of the sensitivity of the subject said the party was already in talks with its coalition partners and the opposition to resolve the crisis. The party has also bolstered its position in the constitutional assembly by allying with three other small parties, giving it a comfortable two-thirds majority of the 217-seat body.
"With this increase, Ennahda and its allies have a comfortable majority to confront calls doubting our legitimacy in the assembly," said Ziad Doulatli, a member of the party's ruling council. Opposition parties had suspended their participation in the body after Wednesday's assassination.
Opposition attacks on the governing coalition in the wake of the assassination may have gone too far, according to the Mancer, the presidential spokesman. He said some political figures were under investigation for inciting the army to deny the state's legitimacy — without mentioning any names.
Belaid's family and associates blame Ennahda for complicity in his killing, but have not offered proof, and other opposition figures have claimed there is a list of potential targets. Ennahda denies any involvement.
"It is the Ennahda and no one else that killed him," said the slain politician's father, Salah Belaid, at his home as mourners came to pay their respects. "He told me, 'Father, they are targeting me' … most of the time he wasn't sleeping at his home."
In an autopsy attended by the country's chief prosecutor Wednesday night, the coroner removed three bullets from Belaid's body as well as pieces of glass from the car window the gunmen shot him through.
Opposition parties had hailed Jebali's attempt to form a new government as courageous. The year-old government has often been criticized for being unable to tackle the country's problems, chief among them high unemployment and an economy battered by Europe's financial crisis and too few tourists.
"It's a recognition of the need to totally change the government which is incapable of running the country," said Taieb Baccouche, secretary-general of the right-of-center Tunisia's Call party, one of the main opposition parties. "There has to be immediate consultation between all the parties involved to avoid unilateral decisions."
The country's largest labor union, the General Union of Tunisian Workers, called for a general strike on Friday in a clear expression of their opposition to the Ennahda government. A threat to call a general strike in December was defused by negotiations.
As one of the most organized groups in society and with a left-wing leadership, the UGTT, as it is known, has long been a counterbalance to Ennahda's formidable grass roots network. The last time it called a general strike, in 1978, riots erupted around the country.
Associated Press reporters Oleg Cetinic in Tunis and Paul Schemm in Rabat contributed to this report.


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The woman whose photo was used as the ''face'' of the Twitter account of Manti Te'o's supposed girlfriend says the man allegedly behind the hoax confessed and apologized to her.
Diane O'Meara told NBC's ''Today'' show Tuesday that Ronaiah Tuiasosopo used pictures of her without her knowledge in creating a fake woman called Lennay Kekua. Te'o asserts he was tricked into an online romance with Kekua and, until last week, did not understand he was being hoaxed.
O'Meara went to high school in California with Tuiasosopo, but she says they're not close. He called to apologize Jan. 16, the day Deadspin.com broke the hoax story, she said.
''I don't think there's anything he could say to me that would fix this,'' said O'Meara, a 23-year-old marketing executive in Los Angeles.
O'Meara said she had never had any contact with Te'o, and that for five years, Tuiasosopo ''has literally been stalking my Facebook and stealing my photos.''
Tuiasosopo has not spoken publicly since the news broke. His family has said they may speak out this week.
Te'o did an off camera interview with ESPN last week and is scheduled to appear on appear with his parents on Katie Couric's syndicated talk show Thursday.


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While this should come as no surprise to those that follow gaming and especially Valve, the long discussed "Steam Box" has been unveiled at CES in Las Vegas. Although the name "Steam Box" was not mentioned in the official release, the unveiling finally gives us a look at what Valve's Gabe Newell confirmed back in December, and what many (including us) think could change PC gaming – and by extension the entire gaming industry – for good.
The announcement today is the first step towards elevating the Steam Box beyond the realms of talk and design that it has firmly inhabited thus far. The name may change, and the specifics have yet to be discussed, but a prototype has been commissioned through the Salt Lake City-based Xi3. That coincides with the announcement that Valve has invested in the hardware manufacturer.
Although still in the development stage, the device is being shown off at CES. It takes advantage of Valve's "Big Picture" mode, which allows for games to be played on HD TVs. Combining that with the games available via Steam's service, could make for some serious competition for the big three console makers, as well as retailers that thrive on physical media sales.
It's far too early to start guessing about things like price and availability, but the hardware is essentially a vehicle for the successful Steam service, which could mean that the Steam Box (or whatever name it finally lands on), could be coming sooner than you think. It might even beat Microsoft and Sony to the punch, and introduce a new, legitimate contender in the next console war.


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Trey Songz, from left, August Alsina and Chris Brown perform at the BET Awards at the Nokia Theatre on Sunday, June 29, 2014, in Los Angeles. (Photo by Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP)
LOS ANGELES (AP) — After nearly four hours of prizes, performances and the occasional bleeped expletive, the 2014 BET Awards came to a close. When it was all over, Pharrell Williams had two trophies, as did newcomer August Alsina, and Lil Wayne dropped the mike, apparently breaking it.
Here's a look at some of the memorable moments that emerged from Sunday night's ceremony, broadcast live from the Nokia Theatre on BET:
— Accepting her fifth consecutive award for female hip-hop artist, Nicki Minaj gave a rambling speech in which she said she was recently near death.
"The other day, literally I didn't tell anybody this, I really thought I was about to die. Like, I was saying my prayers to die. And I didn't even want to call the ambulance because I thought, 'Well if I call the ambulance, it's going to be on TMZ,'" Minaj said, as some of the audience laughed.
"And I would rather sit there and die," she added, looking to the crowd. "And it made me realize I don't care what anybody got to say. I'm going to do me."
Nicki Minaj accepts the award for best female hip hop artist at the BET Awards at the Nokia Theatre on Sunday, June 29, 2014, in Los Angeles. (Photo by Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP)
Lil Wayne accompanied Minaj to the stage to accept her award, just as she joined him — and dozens of others — onstage to accept the best group award for Young Money. At the conclusion of that acceptance speech, which featured an appearance by Wayne's daughter, he didn't just drop the mike, but the whole microphone stand.
— Chris Rock proved a winning host, opening the show with barbs aimed at Donald Sterling and heavyset rapper Rick Ross, sneaking clever swipes into his artist introductions and passing out food from Roscoe's House of Chicken and Waffles to hungry audience members.
Of the 80-year-old Sterling, Rock said, "The first black man he ever met, he got for Christmas." Rock teased at the East Coast-West Coast rap rivalry, saying the West won because Dr. Dre sold his Beats brand to Apple for $3 billion earlier this year. Everyone wants to get into the headphone business now, Rock said. "Dre has Beats," the comedian said. "Rick Ross has Dia-Beats."
As Rock introduced Usher, he noted the singer "discovered Justin Bieber, and now he's going to spend the rest of his life apologizing for it." And the comedian aimed a zinger at Chris Brown, who was recently released from jail and performed two songs during the show.
"He just signed a new deal," Rock said. "Too bad it was a plea deal."
— Maybe Pharrell Williams should have been seated just offstage. The multitalented entertainer opened the evening with a playful performance of "Come Get it Bae," backed by a flurry of cheerleaders. Reclusive rapper Missy Elliott also joined in.
He was back onstage twice to accept awards — video of the year for "Happy" and best male R&B/pop artist — and returned a fourth time to introduce lifetime achievement award winner Lionel Richie.
Richie's lifetime achievement award was celebrated with music. The 65-year-old singer-songwriter performed two of his classic hits: the Commodores' "Easy" and his '80s party anthem "All Night Long (All Night)," before being feted by other artists. John Legend crooned Richie's love song "Hello" from the piano, a song he said he's been performing since high school. Ledisi rocked an enthusiastic version of "Brick House." And gospel singer Yolanda Adams brought the house down with her moving rendition of "Jesus Is Love."
Backstage, Richie called the honor "magical."
"If you are lucky enough in this business to have years of songs, as opposed to a couple of songs, (it's) something to be proud of," he said.
— Rising stars Alsina and Jhene Aiko shined brightly. Alsina was moved to tears as he accepted the first award of the night, best new artist.
"I represent the struggle," the New Orleans newcomer said onstage. "This award is not for me, it's for the people."
Alsina returned to accept the fan-voted viewers' choice award, where he beat Beyonce and Drake, saying, "I ain't gon' cry this time!"
Aiko performed with John Legend, singing "The Worst" as he played piano.
— The night's leading nominees, Drake, Beyonce and Jay Z, were all no-shows. Each had five nominations.
Drake, who was originally set to perform, was named best male hip-hop artist. Beyonce won female R&B/pop artist. Her hit with Jay Z, "Drunk in Love," won best collaboration.
The superstar couple, who recently launched their joint "On the Run" tour, still had a major presence: A prerecorded performance by the pair at their concert closed the show.
Follow AP Entertainment Writer Sandy Cohen at www.twitter.com/APSandy .


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Start to manage a Joomla! site
From Joomla! Documentation
(Redirected from J2.5:Start to manage a Joomla! site)
The "J2.5" namespace is a namespace scheduled to be archived. This page contains information for a Joomla! version which is no longer supported. It exists only as a historical reference, it will not be improved and its content may be incomplete and/or contain broken links.
Articles in this Series
Start Here:
Hands-on a Joomla! site:
- Use a site that has already been set up.
- Install a copy of Joomla! on your own computer, known as localhost
- Use the Demo on the Joomla! site.
Adding and altering Articles:
Editing Articles:
- Hands-on adding links to other pages
- Hands-on adding a table
- Hands-on adding a picture
- Hands-on splitting a long article
- Manipulating Articles using the Front-end
Setting up a Joomla! site:
- Background: get to know the Back-end
- Background: controlling user access to a Joomla! Site
- Background: design the content - Categories
- Background: design appearance using Menus and Modules
- Background: design appearance using default Templates
- Hands-on setting up a Joomla! site
Doing and learning more:
Most content is of relevant to both versions. Originally written for Joomla! version . In process of being updated:
The aim of this document is to give a brief introduction to the tasks needed for the day-to-day running of a Joomla! site.
Who is it written for?[edit]
Everyone: who needs to look after a Joomla! 2.5 site.
- It is written on the assumption that you have used the Back-end and have some initial experience of setting up a simple Joomla! site.
What does an Administrator do?[edit]
The Administrator role is varied. It is useful to distinguish:-
- the day-to-day activities
- activities that involve adding to the functionality
- activites that involve altering the appearance of a Site
Who does the work depends on the site. Day-to-day administration and development are sometimes done by the same person but often done by different people because different skills are needed. For a general site, perhaps for a club or small organisation, one person is likely to do most of the work. For a larger site, there will be specialists for many of the functions needed.
This document focusses on the day-to-day running of a relatively small site.
Cross Reference: The advanced aspects of managing and extending a site are not dealt with in this series. For links and further information on other web sites, see References. |
Overview of day-to-day activities[edit]
Not everything is done every day - obviously!
- Day-to-day activities where the site is not altered
- day-to-day operation and maintenance of the site
- managing user access
- content management
- Global configurations
- back up
- Security of the website. Administrators need to be aware of security issues
- Security policies
- Security of usernames and passwords
The majority of the work is done using the Back-end of the Web site but sometimes it is necessary to login to the server on which the site is hosted.
Administrator permissions:[edit]
Make sure that your username has appropriate permissions.
- Super Administrators: Can do anything and in particular they can alter configurations and install new extensions.
- Administrators: Can do most things, apart from installing extensions, altering site-wide configurations or the Super administrator user accounts.
- Managers: Can login to these pages but are limited to the main menu and managing the content.
It is obvious that administrators need to be aware that they can alter content anywhere on the site and can change how the site functions, so their role is important - even if it is hidden from the Front-end.
Manage Users[edit]
You need to login to the Back-end of the Web site and make sure you can see the Control icons on the main part of the Control Panel. (For the Contol Panel - select from the menu Site/Control Panel )
Security of usernames and passwords[edit]
There should be a policy for allowing different users different levels of access to the site. This is to protect the site from accidental damage and 'hacking'. Security is clearly more significant for commercial or business sites.
Do this:-
- Have short usernames without spaces that people can remember but are not names and do not indicate an administration role. Thus 'admin' is not a good username.
- Make passwords strong - with numbers, lower and upper case letters.
- Give people the permissions they need to do their tasks. If people are just adding content, do not give them any of the back-end permissions. You may want to make everyone who is going to add content at least an editor so that they can edit unpublished material.
Adding Front-end users[edit]
Cross Reference: for more detail about levels of permission on a Joomla! site see, Controlling user access to a Joomla! Site |
- Open the User Manager
- This lists users.
- Create a New User
- Click on the New icon
The User:[new] management page allows you to enter the details. To the left you enter the name and user name, as well as selecting the Group for the user. To the right there are options for other choices, including different editors. So you can make different choices for different users. If nothing is chosen under Parameters, then the Global choices will be used.
Allowing Users to register themselves[edit]
There are advantages and disadvantages in allowing people to register for the site themselves. The choice here depends on the purpose of the site and how many registrations you expect.
- It is set under Global Configuration
- Open the Global Configuration Manager in the Control Screen
- Choose the System Tab
Set Allow User Registration to Yes if you want visitors to be able to register themselves or to No if you do not want them to self-register.
It is here too that you choose the New User Registration Type. It defaults to Registered and so people who register themselves have to be given further permissions if they are going to edit or add content - or be an administrator.
Contacts are not the same as users. They are a listing of people that it might be useful to keep in the web site. The important thing about this is that you can use the name of the contact to link to an email address in an article without actually showing the email address. This can add to the security of some sites. You can also link contacts to registered users.
The Contact Manager screen
The Contact facility allows you to add and maintain contact information, such as name, address, phone and e-mail.
The Contact Manager is selected from the menu.
The Contact manager has the familiar options, including creating new contacts. The amount of detail that is needed will vary according to the purpose of the contacts for the particular site. There are also many options to display the information.
- See Help for full details
Note that Contacts are sorted according to Contact Categories. These too are managed from the Components menu shown above. You do not need a lot of these unless you have a lot of contacts, but you do need to add at least one Category for your Contacts before you can add your first Contact.
Content management[edit]
Articles, Menus, Sections and Categories[edit]
You have already worked with the Manager interfaces as part of setting up a site. See Hands-on setting up a Joomla! 1.5 site The best way to become familiar with the detail is to use the facilities and rely on the on-line Help for descriptions of what choices there are.
- Article Manager and Add New Article
- The Article Manager is where you can add and manage all the articles for your web site. You can publish, unpublish, edit, archive and much else.
- This is where you can alter the Section and Category of an Article and also delete unwanted content.
- See Background: get to know the Administrator Back-end
- Front Page Manager
- The Front Page Manager is the place where you control which Articles are displayed on the Front Page and in what order they are displayed.
- The Front Page is often the Home page of a web site, but it can be any page in the site.
- The Front Page is created using a Menu Item with the Front Page layout.
- Section Manager
- The Section Manager is the place where you can edit existing Sections and create new ones.
- Background: design the content - Sections and Categories
- Category Manager
- The Category Manager is where you can edit existing Categories and create new ones.
- Background: design the content - Sections and Categories
- Menu Manager
- The Menu Manager allows you add and alter Joomla!'s menus.
- You can re-position menus within the menu heirachy here too.
- Background:design appearance using Menus and Modules
Media Manager for pictures and other files[edit]
- Media Manager
- The Media Manager is a tool for uploading or deleting files in the /images/ directory on your web server. You can upload new files, delete existing ones and create sub-directories on the server hosting your web pages.
- Many images are added to Articles without using Media Manager, see Hands-on adding a picture
- Open Media Manager
- Click on the icon
The Manager allows you to view the files as icons (Thumbnail view as shown in the screen shot) or as a details list called Detail view. You toggle from one to the other as needed.
The workspace on the screen shows a list of items and shows the contents of the /images directory within your installation of Joomla! The files and folders are also listed to the laft of the screen.
- Click on the name of a folder to show the contents
- Click on a thumbnail to display the image
Uploading files with Media Manager
The Media manager can be used to upload image and other file types to the Image folders on the web server.
- Browse for the file
- click the Start Upload button.
Note that the maximun file size limit can be altered in Global Configuration.
Global Configuration[edit]
Global configuration sounds rather grand and in some senses it is because it is here that you will find all the settings to configure the Site, connect to the database and configure connections to the server. The details are set when the Joomla! site is installed and thus they are best left alone! But there are a couple of things that you might want to alter. For example, you can set an editor as the default under the Site options.
- Global Configuration (you need Super-Administrator permissions)
- The Global Configuration Manager allows you to configure the Joomla! site with various settings.
- Open Global Configuration
This shows the System Settings: there are also choices for the Site and for the Server. A few of these can usefully be changed to allow the site to be set up as you want it. Alter the Server settings at your peril!
An example - the settings for Media
This shows that a large number of file types are allowed. These can be removed or added to - depending on the site.
You can also alter the maximum file size for uploading files here.
Read the Warning message if you want to alter the location of the image files.
For full details - see the Help under Global Configuration Manager. It tells you what everything does, not why you might want to do it.
The frequency of backups depends on how often the site changes and how inconvenient it will be to lose any content. The detail depends on how your site is hosted. Ideally you have an automated system that does not depend on one individual pressing the right button. If your site is hosted on a shared server, the chances are that the servers are backed-up reliably but - it is worth checking.
LocalHost sample data[edit]
- Simply copy the files under the folder for the site. For the sample data set up on localhost - the folder will be C:\xampp\htdocs\joomla16
A hosting service[edit]
Hosting services normally have a management interface which includes a back-up facility. The backups are normally done by copying all the files relevant to Joomla! and other files in a Home directory. For example, this shows choices for c-Panel, a widely used interface.
The Backup Wizard allows partial backups as well as a full backup, and also copies files off the server.
In order to backup the site, you must also back up the database. For example, the database management choices for cPanel allow you to use phpMyAdmin interface for this.
Other possibilities for backups[edit]
There are some extensions written for Joomla! which manage backups from the Administrator pages. This is one example:-
Akeeba Backup is an open-source backup component for the Joomla! CMS. Its mission is simple: to create a site backup that can be restored on any Joomla!-capable server. Its possibilities: endless. It creates a full backup of your site in a single archive. The archive contains all the files, a database snapshot and an installer similar in function to the standard Joomla! installer.
Combined with Kickstart, sites can be transferred easily.
Security issues[edit]
There are a number of levels of security and a need for a bit of common sense in having policies appropriate to the purpose of the web site.
There are wise words here that do not need to be repeated:-
Further information[edit]
- Help on-line:
- Help on all the Management pages has a link to the Joomla! documentation web site. In each Manager section Help gives comprehensive information about what all the features do.
On-line administrator's manual
Managing content
How to back up using cPanel
Other backup tools
- Example - Akeeba
--Lorna Scammell March 2011


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As such it is not possible to predict the subhaplogroup within R-M269 to which an individual belongs based on his YSTR haplotype, in contrast to the situation with higher level haplogroups for which haplotypes do have predictive power(Athey, 2005; Schlecht et al., 2008).The explosion of R-M269 descendants who (seemingly) went from zero to a solid majority in much of Western Europe over the last few thousand years is probably one of the most interesting events in recent European history. Not many would have entertained such a possibility until a few years ago, but truth is often stranger than fiction.
Annals of Human Genetics DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12050
Recent Radiation within Y-chromosomal Haplogroup R-M269 Resulted in High Y-STR Haplotype Resemblance
Maarten H. D. Larmuseau et al.
Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are often used in addition to Y-chromosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNP) to detect subtle patterns in a population genetic structure. There are, however, indications for Y-STR haplotype resemblance across different subhaplogroups within haplogroup R1b1b2 (R-M269) which may lead to erosion in the observation of the population genetic pattern. Hence the question arises whether Y-STR haplotypes are still informative beyond high-resolution Y-SNP genotyping for population genetic studies. To address this question, we genotyped the Y chromosomes of more than 1000 males originating from the West-European regions of Flanders (Belgium), North-Brabant and Limburg (the Netherlands) at the highest resolution of the current Y-SNP tree together with 38 commonly used Y-STRs. We observed high resemblance of Y-STR haplotypes between males belonging to different subhaplogroups of haplogroup R-M269. Several subhaplogroups within R-M269 could not be distinguished from each other based on differences in Y-STR haplotype variation. The most likely hypothesis to explain this similarity of Y-STR haplotypes within the population of R-M269 members is a recent radiation where various subhaplogroups originated within a relatively short time period. We conclude that high-resolution Y-SNP typing rather than Y-STR typing might be more useful to study population genetic patterns in (Western) Europe.


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Walking Woodstock
Journeys into the Wild Heart of America's Most Famous Small Town
by Michael Perkins
and Will Nixon
Illustrated by Carol Zaloom #1 Paperback Bestseller of 2009, Golden Notebook, Woodstock, NY
The Pocket Guide to Woodstock
An Insiders' Guide with Suggested Hikes, a Walking Tour of the Historic Village, Maps, Photographs, and the Best Tips for a Memorable Visit
by Michael Perkins
and Will Nixon
Illustrated by Carol Zaloom #1 Paperback Bestseller of 2012, Golden Notebook, Woodstock, NYBooks
- December 2015
- October 2015
- September 2015
- August 2015
- May 2015
- April 2015
- February 2015
- January 2015
- September 2012
- August 2012
- July 2012
- June 2012
- May 2012
- April 2012
- March 2012
- February 2012
- January 2012
- December 2011
- November 2011
- October 2011
- September 2011
- August 2011
- July 2011
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- May 2011
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- March 2011
- February 2011
- January 2011
- December 2010
About the Author
Will Nixon grew up in the Connecticut suburbs, spent his young adulthood in Hoboken and Manhattan, then moved to a Catskills log cabin in 1996 complete with a wood stove and mice. For years, he wrote environmental journalism, then turned to poetry and personal essays. His work has been nominated for a Pushcart Prize and listed in Best American Essays 2004. He now lives in Woodstock, NY with a wall thermostat for heat, but still can't get rid of the mice.Quotes
"Are you familiar with the writing of Woodstock poet Will Nixon? If not, you should be because of his funny, wistful, poignant poems."
-- Catskill Mountain Region Guide"The Hudson Valley has produced some of the great peregrinations of our time, most notably by John Burroughs, an inveterate walker. Add Michael Perkins and Will Nixon to the list—these are charming essays, some of them with a bit more bite than you'd guess."
-- Bill McKibben
Tag Archives: Brittingham Prize in Poetry
A Poem About a Bear (and Me) by Philip Pardi
When I heard Philip Pardi read this poem aloud, I was taken aback because 1) it was dedicated to me 2) it was so good 3) it nailed me as a bear wannabe. During my five years in a log … Continue reading
Posted in Poems
Tagged bears, Brittingham Prize in Poetry, Catskills, Counting, log cabin, Meditations on Rising and Falling, Panther Kill, Philip Pardi, University of Wisconsin Press, Woodstock
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Cement Coal Ball Grinding Mill Svedala Cone .
Cement Coal Ball Grinding Mill Svedala Cone Crusher For Sale. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing equipment, milling equipment,dressing equipment,drying equipment and briquette equipment etc. we offer advanced, rational solutions for any sizereduction requirements, including quarry, aggregate, grinding production and complete plant plan.


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At least 67 dead in wave of attacks across Iraq
BAGHDAD - The Associated Press
People gather at the site of a bomb attack, a day after the blasts, in Baghdad's Karrada district September 4, 2013. REUTERS/Ahmed Saad
A series of coordinated evening blasts in Baghdad and other violence killed at least 67 people in Iraq Sept.3, officials said, the latest in a months-long surge of bloodshed that Iraqi security forces are struggling to contain.Many of those killed were caught up in a string of car bombings that tore through the Iraqi capital early in the evening as residents were out shopping or heading to dinner. Those blasts struck 11 different neighborhoods and claimed more than 50 lives in a span of less than two hours.
The killing comes amid a spike in deadly violence in recent months as insurgents try to capitalize on rising sectarian and ethnic tensions. The scale of the bloodshed has risen to levels not seen since 2008, a time when Iraq was pulling back from the brink of civil war.
The evening's deadliest attack happened when two car bombs exploded near restaurants and shops Baghdad's northeastern suburb of Husseiniyah, a Shiite area, killing nine people and wounding 32.
A row of restaurants was also hit in the largely Shiite eastern neighborhood of Talibiyah, killing seven and wounding 28. Another car bomb hit the nearby Shiite neighborhood of Sadr City, killing three and wounding eight, according to police.
At around the same time, authorities say back-to-back car bombs blew up near a police station in the western neighborhood of Sadiyah, a mainly Sunni area, killing six and wounding 15.
Another blast hit a central square in the commercial district of Karradah, killing six and wounding 14.
The force of the blast shattered the windows of Karim Sami's nearby clothing shop. Like many Iraqis in recent months, he expressed frustration with the Shiite-led government's inability to stop repeated attacks despite assurances that it is tightening security.
"We started to feel a little bit safe over the past few days because they were relatively calm, but the violence is back today," he said. "Whenever the government assures us that security is being tightened, we see attacks like these."
Car bombs also struck shopping streets in the religiously mixed western neighborhood of Shurta, killing five people and wounding 12; the southeastern Shiite neighborhood of Zafaraniyah, killing four and wounding 11; the southern Shiite neighborhood of Abu Dashir, killing two and wounding nine; the mostly Shiite New Baghdad area, killing six people and wounding 17; and the largely Sunni Dora neighborhood, killing two and wounding five, according to police.
Another car bomb exploded near an outdoor market in the Shiite village of Maamil, in the eastern suburbs of the capital, killing 3 people and wounding 41.
No group claims attacks
No one claimed immediate responsibility for the attacks, but coordinated car bombings and attacks on civilians and Iraqi security forces are a favorite tactic of the Iraqi branch of al-Qaida. It typically does not lay claim to attacks for several days, if at all.
Iraqi officials say the lawlessness roiling neighboring Syria, where the civil war has taken on sharp sectarian overtones similar to those that nearly tore Iraq apart, is fueling the upsurge of violence inside Iraq. Al-Qaida's Iraq arm and other Sunni extremist groups are fighting on the side of rebels trying to topple the regime of President Bashar Assad, which is dominated by Alawites, an offshoot of Shiite Islam.
"The recent threats of a military operation against Syria have encouraged the insurgents to wage more attacks inside Iraq. We have warned of this, but unfortunately, nobody is listening," said Ali al-Moussawi, the spokesman for Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.
The evening blasts added to a death toll that had been mounting throughout the day.
Authorities awoke to find four bodies with gunshot wounds to the back laying in the streets in different locations around the Iraqi capital.
Their discovery was particularly chilling because it was reminiscent of the sectarian violence that engulfed the country after the U.S. invasion and peaked in 2006 and 2007, when corpses were commonly found dumped on the streets.
Shiite and Sunni leaders have both called for calm as the death tolls mounted in recent months, hoping to avoid a return to those dark days. But the bloodshed continues, with more than 4,000 people killed over the past five months alone. That includes 804 Iraqis killed just last month, according to United Nations figures released earlier this week.
Gunmen shot two other people dead in Baghdad's southern Dora neighborhood, police said.
In Baghdad's southern suburbs, gunmen stormed the house of a member of a Sunni militia opposed to al-Qaida, killing him and his wife and three children in a southern suburb of the capital, according to police.
The militia, known as the Sahwa, helped U.S. troops fight al-Qaida at the height of the war and since been a target for hard-line insurgents who consider them traitors. Prominent Sahwa leader Wisam al-Hardan managed to escape unharmed an assassination attempt on Monday by two suicide bombers, but six of his bodyguards and a bystander were killed.
Elsewhere, a car bomb blew up early Tuesday at a restaurant in the town of Jbala just south of the capital, killing two people and wounding seven.
In the southern city of Basra, gunmen shot and killed Sunni cleric Abdul-Karim Mustafa as he was walking near the al-Taqwa mosque, said police and other officials in the city.
Hospital officials confirmed the casualty figures, and all of the officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to talk to the media.


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Between 1614 and 1622, John Napier discovered logarithms, Edmund Gunter devised a scale on which numerals could be multiplied and divided by measuring the distance between two logarithmic numbers with a pair of dividers, and William Oughtred put two such scales alongside each other, moving one on a slide so that the distance between the numbers could be read off directly. The speed with which these developments unfolded suggests the power that logarithms provided for reducing the tedium of calculation. By the 1680s, the English used slide rules in carpentry and in gauging (estimating liquid volumes)—the instruments were quite helpful for determining excise taxes on barrels of liquor.
It was not until the late eighteenth century that slide rules were commonly utilized in the manufacture of machines and machine tools, most notably by James Boulton and James Watt. Several more decades passed before slide rule use became widespread throughout Europe. French artillery officer Amedée Mannheim fostered acceptance of the rectangular or linear form of the instrument in 1851 by standardizing the general types of scales and the order in which the scales were arranged. Mannheim also developed the cursor or indicator, which made it easier to read results from two scales that were not adjacent to each other. By the 1870s, German companies made slide rules one of the first consumer products to be fashioned out of plastic (specifically, sheets of celluloid laminated to a wooden frame), and they built dividing engines that permitted mass production of the scales engraved on slide rules. In the United States in the 1890s, Keuffel & Esser of New York City pioneered first the import and then the domestic manufacture of linear slide rules. Numerous other companies entered the market in the 20th century.
A quick tour of what you can expect to see on a slide rule starts with the C and D scales, which both represent the standard number line. To multiply two numbers, set the 1 on the C scale above the first number to be multiplied on the D scale. Look at the second number to be multiplied on the C scale; the number below it on the D scale is the answer. For example, to multiply 2 by 3, set 1 on C over 2 on D, and then look below 3 on C to see the answer 6 on D. Division is accomplished by reversing the process. To calculate 6 ÷ 3, set 3 on C over 6 on D, then look at 1 on C to see the answer 2 on D. To deal with numbers larger than 10 or smaller than 1, the user must mentally move the decimal point. Slide rule users also had to be able to estimate distances between marks on the scales, since there was no way to include all of the digits needed to solve a problem such as 3.14 X 2.7. (On linear and circular slide rules, the answer is "approximately 8.48." Web sites on the Resources page provide more detailed training in using slide rules.)
The basic process for setting up and solving problems is the same for operations on other scales. If the numbers used in the calculation produce a result off the ends of the scales, a user employs the CI and DI scales, which put the number line in inverse, or reverse, order. If the numbers still extend past the end of the instrument, the user may try the "folded" CF and DF scales, which start numbering at π instead of at 1. The A and B scales are number lines of squares, so they are used with the C or D scales to square (or take the square root of) a number. The K scale provides cubes and cube roots. L scales represent common logarithms, S scales give sines and cosines, and T scales indicate tangents.


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