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Openmoko under QEMU
From Openmoko
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QEMU can be used in at least three ways to run Openmoko. Depending on the purpose that you are going to use the emulator for, you should decide on the target platform.
- PC - Openmoko can be built to run on regular i386 hardware, 32- or 64-bit and this is probably the fastest way to get Openmoko running if you want to get an impression of how it looks. In this scenario QEMU would only serve for isolating your Openmoko installation from your normal system, or, if you're not on a UNIX system, QEMU provides a non-intrusive way to get Linux up quickly. More information can be found in the FAQ and here.
- Integrator/CP - this is the default ARM-based machine that QEMU knows about. This target is used with MACHINE="qemuarm" and it is sufficient to run the original Openmoko rootfs image, although it doesn't emulate any of the Neo1973 Hardware except the very CPU core. Read more in the FAQ.
- Neo1973 - the QEMU tree available from Openmoko repositories is also capable of emulating most of the actual Neo1973 (GTA01) hardware, although not all of it. Additionally, Neo FreeRunner emulation is a work-in-progress. When all of the emulator parts are more mature our code is going to be submitted and merged to the main QEMU development tree.
Neo1973 emulation
This target will (obviously) run original Openmoko rootfs images, but then it should also be able to run the original u-boot and kernel images, the same ones that a real Neo1973 (GTA01) uses. Among other differences you will notice between this approach and the Integrator/CP target is you also get correct screen resolution, some (fake) battery readings, and other goodness. Currently missing parts of the GTA01 emulator are: AGPS and Bluetooth - these things will still be worked on, as well as general usability. Even with these things missing, QEMU should provide substantial help in debugging kernel and u-boot issues to developers.
What QEMU can *not* be used for, and probably no other emulator can, is speed measures and getting the general feel of Openmoko performance. Code running in qemu runs with the maximum speed your host computer can provide with an overhead of translating target code to host code, and this overhead is not uniform across different instructions. This means that even if your virtual Neo reports near 100 BogoMIPS (which is the speed of a real Neo), different actions performed in the emulator will not run with the same speed. On most PCs you will notice the virtual Neo running faster than a real one (Audio related operations may be one of the exceptions).
What hardware is supported
Rough status for each of the components that need emulation, following the outline of Neo1973 Hardware page.
Hardware | Status | Usage notes |
S3C2410A Processor | ||
ARM920T core | Works | Already in mainline QEMU. |
Basic guts | Work | This includes GPIO interface, DMA, Interrupt Controller, Timers, NAND controller, MMC/SD host, I2C and IIS interfaces, Memory & Clock & Power management controllers, RAM. |
Serial ports | Works | Use the "-serial" switch (maybe be specified multiple times) to tell QEMU where serial input/output should go to. GSM module will be connected on UART0. |
RTC | Works | On start QEMU will load it with current time/date - the Neo1973 kernel doesn't use it for time/date source currently. |
SPI | Works | The guest kernel can drive it using either the SPI interface or raw GPIO bitbanging. |
LCD | Works | The virtual LCD will display contents in QEMU window unless "-nographic" is specified on command line. |
ADC | Works | Mouse events in QEMU window generate what would be touchscreen events on a Neo1973 and are passed to the guest OS through the on-chip ADC. |
OHCI USB | Works | This part is in mainline QEMU. Use the "-usb" switch to enable the controller and "usb_add" in QEMU monitor to attach new virtual or physical USB devices. |
Slave USB | Works | Linux's dummy HCD in conjunction with gadget filesystem API is used to make the virtual Neo appear as a real one connected to the host computer. See Setting up USB connection below. (Experimental) |
Watchdog | Works | This is one of the less important on-chip peripherals in S3C2410. It is however used by Linux for rebooting the board. |
I2C bus peripherals | ||
PCF50606 | Works | (Aka PMU) Fakes the battery charge level (set at 88%), POWER button, etc. Also contains an RTC, also unused by Linux. |
LM4857 | Works | |
WM8753L | Works | The CODEC is also connect to the CPU's IIS port. Basic audio functionality is supported - see QEMU documentation on getting audio input/output from the emulator. Volume control has no effects. |
Other peripherals | ||
NAND Flash | Works | However, some pieces are not confirmed to be completely compatible with the real hardware because of lack thereof. Use "-mtdblock flashimagefilenamehere" switch to point QEMU to your flash image. The file should be at least 69206016 bytes big. |
JBT6K74-AS(PI) | Works | (Aka LCM) Wired to the SPI channel 1 |
Buttons | Work | Enter is the AUX button, Space is the POWER button. Wired to on-chip GPIO and PCF50606. |
SD card | Works | This part is already in mainline QEMU. Use the "-sd cardimagegoeshere" switch to point QEMU to the card image. The regular QEMU monitor commands for removable media can also be used. The card works, however the on-chip host controller gave block length errors on heavy I/O despite working as described in specification. I suspect the kernel driver. DMA operation is not tested. |
Bluetooth | Works | A generic Bluetooth HCI (just like the BlueCore4 chip) is connected to internal USB hub (just like the Delta DBFM dongle). Currently qemu emulates no other bluetooth devices, so the dongle behaves as if there was no BT-enabled slaves around, being the only device on the piconet, i.e. is not really useful. Likely a Bluetooth keyboard will be emulated. A physical Bluetooth dongle can also be attached to the emulator (see USB documentation in QEMU). |
GSM | Works | A fake modem is connected to UART0 understanding a (currently quite limited) subset of AT commands. Ultimately it should support as much functionality as possible (basic AT command set, fake GPRS connections, dialing and SMS send/receive). This way all parts of the phone subsystem (CALYPSO, TWL3014, TRF6151) will not have to be emulated. There is a possibility to wire a real GSM modem to QEMU's serial port, or the phonesim modem simulator from the Qtopia project (use the --enable-phonesim switch to ./configure) as well as the atinterface modem emulator, also from Qtopia. |
AGPS | To Do | There are obvious difficulties emulating the chip, but hopefully it can be made to present the guest OS with some fixed coordinates later when more is known about the chip. Again a real chip could be connected to QEMU's serial port. |
Current development is aiming for GTA01Bv4 compatibility; earlier revisions can also be emulated if needed. The differences between the hardware revisions currently only manifest themselves in GPIO wiring. Hardware emulation is implemented in a clean-room manner using official specifications where possible.
Neo FreeRunner emulation
The second line of Openmoko phones, the Neo FreeRunner (GTA02) saw various hardware changes and improvements since Neo1973 (GTA01). QEMU has fullest support for the GTA01 (the first model), but partial GTA02 emulation is also planned. This will only include the hardware components which were added in GTA02 and were not present in GTA01 (see Neo 1973 vs Neo FreeRunner for complete hardware difference list):
- The u-blox GPS chip (i.e. raw NMEA protocol).
- The Atheros AR6001 WLAN / WiFi chip (and SDIO bus).
- The two LIS accelerometers.
- 128MiB, 1.8V NAND chip instead of 64MiB.
What that means is that the emulated machine will internally not be exactly like Neo FreeRunner, but will be functionally the same. That in turn means that it needs a custom kernel because it's neither a GTA01 nor GTA02 internally. This kernel source will be provided as part of qemu. The U-Boot used will be the GTA01 build of u-boot.
This approach is called paravirtualisation and is often used as an emulation solution for mobile platforms. For a userspace programmer (Application developers) the machine will be visible as a genuine GTA02. For a kernel hacker it will be a custom board.
If there's an initiative among the users, to emulate GTA02 hardware to a bigger extent than explained here, patches / improvements will be always welcome because the QEMU project seeks to emulate the real hardware and stay always as close as possible to physical hardware (in other words, full emulation is preferred over paravirtualisation in the QEMU upstream).
What hardware is supported
Below is a rough status information for each of the components.
Hardware | Status | Usage notes |
GTA01 hardware | ||
Processor, on-chip and external peripherals | Work | See the GTA01 supported hardware chart above. This hardware is at the base of the Neo FreeRunner emulator. The same usage notes apply. |
GTA02 components | ||
GPS | Works | A virtual GPS chip is connected to the second serial port of the virtual machine, exactly like on the Neo FreeRunner. |
WLAN | Partial support | The Atheros AR6001 (second firmware revision) is emulated to an extent that it gets detected by the kernel SDIO stack and registered as a network interface by the Atheros driver. It doesn't allow for actual network communication yet. The basic SDIO bus emulation is complete. |
Accelerometers | Work | Two dummy accelerometers are connected to the virtual machine's I2C bus. They provide a constant 1G reading at the moment. One improvement idea to be implemented when there's some software available for testing, is to pass Qemu's SDL window movements as input to the virtual accelerometers, i.e. dragging the X window around would generate motion sensor events. These events would be two-dimensional but should be enough for Application developers to test their programs' interactions with the movements. |
How to get it running
These instructions talk about the GTA01 emulator (default).
Using MokoMakefile
This is arguably the easiest way of building qemu-neo1973 since you won't need to deal with the compiling and flashing processes yourself. See MokoMakefile for details.
If you *just* build QEMU and use the official images by typing "make qemu" only (as opposed to setting up monotone and openembedded and building an entire new image for yourself with MokoMakefile), then the build takes less time than the manual instructions below (since it's all done automatically).
Manual setup
To obtain the latest source code for the emulator, you will want to do something like the following:
$ svn checkout https://svn.openmoko.org/trunk/src/host/qemu-neo1973 $ cd qemu-neo1973
Now, we're going to configure and build the emulator (Note Requirements below):
$ ./configure --target-list=arm-softmmu # GCC 3.x will be required, see --cc= $ make
If you dont want gcc-3.x then you can apply patch from here https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=160627 like so
$ patch -p2 < qemu-cvs.patch
See other available options for the configure script by appending "--help". Now you should have a working emulator under the name "arm-softmmu/qemu-system-arm". To run Openmoko you will also need to somehow install Openmoko on your virtual phone, which is totally clean of any software at this moment. There are several block devices to choose from, the best option is probably to do exactly what the Neo1973 manufacturer does before it ships the device to the final user. This process is described in U-Boot, Kernel, NAND bad blocks and Devirginator but you don't need to know all the details. Two scripts are provided to generate a firmware for your phone, as realistic as possible. First run
# Setup openmoko/env prior to running this script $ openmoko/download.sh
which will look up the list of latest available Openmoko snapshot builds from buildhost.openmoko.org and choose the most recent u-boot, Kernel, and root filesystem images, and download the images (unless they are already found in the openmoko/ directory).
Note openmoko/env needs to point to a valid URL where kernel and flash images, can be downloaded. This is done using the variables download_dir kernel_wildcard rootfs_wildcard uboot_wildcard. The supplied env file seems to be depricated, but the following will setup the emulator to run the 2007.11 distribution emulationg the gta01 (Neo1973):
kernel_wildcard="uImage-18.104.22.168-moko11+svnr3238-r9-neo1973.bin" rootfs_wildcard="openmoko-image-fic-gta01.jffs2" uboot_wildcard="u-boot-gta01*.bin" download_dir="http://downloads.openmoko.org/distro/obsolete-images/Om2007.11//images/neo1973/"
Shown below is a full env file setting a few parameters of the qemu emulator:
#The scripts will include this on startup to setup variables src_dir="`pwd`" script_dir_relative=openmoko script_dir="$src_dir/$script_dir_relative" uboot_symlink="$src_dir/u-boot.bin" qemu_relative="arm-softmmu/qemu-system-arm -M gta02fake -m 130" qemu="$src_dir/$qemu_relative" flash_base=openmoko-flash.base flash_image=openmoko-flash.image make=make which gmake && make=gmake echo=echo which gecho && echo=gecho export make echo dump_dir="$script_dir/vvfat" qemu_monitor="$HOME/.qemu_monitor" qemu_cmd () { $script_dir/qemu-cmd.pl "$qemu_monitor" "$*"; } kernel_addr=0x30100000 splash_addr=0x36000000 splash_size=0x5000 # We don't want the "-latest" symlinks to match kernel_wildcard="testing-om-gta01-*.uImage.bin" rootfs_wildcard="openmoko-testing-om-gta01.rootfs.jffs2" uboot_wildcard="gta01bv4-u-boot.bin" download_dir="http://downloads.openmoko.org/distro/testing/" dev_download_dir="$download_dir" backup_download_dir="http://buildhost.automated.it/OM2007.2/"
These binaries will be used by the flash.sh script. First make sure you have the netpbm package installed for some graphics conversion utilities. On Ubuntu this can be done by:
sudo apt-get install netpbm
Then run:
$ openmoko/flash.sh
which runs the emulator, loads u-boot into it and then uses u-boot's capability to program the Flash memory to install all the necessary parts of the system into the virtual Flash. It will also set up all the bootloading process including a boot menu (ENTER is [AUX] and SPACE is [POWER]), splash, u-boot environment and some default kernel parameters. If everything goes OK, the script should print a command which you can use to start using the emulator.
QEMU has *tons* of commandline switches and things that can be configured. You can look them up in QEMU user docs. You will probably want to use the "-snapshot" switch, among other ones. Saving and restoring emulation state at any point (unrelated to "-snapshot") should work as per QEMU user docs too. In addition the monitor commands "help" and "info" are of great help. The monitor usually sits in second virtual console, thus ctrl-alt-2 and ctrl-alt-1 switch to monitor and back.
Pre-built binaries
Debian ubuntu package is available at : http://www.newlc.com/en/openmoko-deb-packages-and-fosdem-debian-video
Win32 binaries shipped with firmware were also released (openmoko-emulator-bin-20070625.rar or openmoko-emulator-win32-bin-20070625.zip) (Tested on Wine, MS Windows XP and Vista Business).
Neo FreeRunner (GTA02)
The instructions for running the emulator are the same for FreeRunner, but the final command line to invoke qemu changes. Instead of "-M gta01" as the machine name "-M gta02fake" has to be used.
The kernel supporting GTA02 emulator is obtained by applying the openmoko/linux-gta02-pseudo.patch patch found in qemu-neo1973 sources, to the 2.6.24 openmoko kernel (vanilla linux-2.6.24 + the openmoko patchset from http://svn.openmoko.org/branches/src/target/kernel/2.6.24.x/patches/). Since the GTA02 kernel support is still under heavy development, please refer to the openmoko/README file contained in qemu-neo1973 sources for the latest instructions on building the kernel.
If a normal Openmoko kernel is used under Neo FreeRunner emulator, it will simply run as if the machine was a GTA01 and not detect any of the new peripherals.
Convenient Scripts
- openmoko/qemu-auto.sh
launches qemu and opens a unix socket for communication. All additional parameters are passed to qemu. (e.g. openmoko/qemu-auto.sh -nographic launches the virtual machine with no graphics etc.).
- openmoko/qemu-upload.sh <filename>
produces a SD card image with one partition with the given file(s) on it (you can pass a list of files) and inserts it into the phone. The Openmoko kernel should detect the event and the automounter should mount the partition. openmoko/qemu-auto.sh must be running already. If you pass no parameters, it ejects the media (the OM kernel is too dumb to detect this unfortunately). This will only work with gta01 emulation because gta02 has no SD.
- openmoko/qemu-quit.sh
powers the VM down cleanly.
- openmoko/qemu-gadget.sh
attempts to connect target's S3C USB slave to host's dummy HCD (if present and gadgetfs is mounted).
This QEMU tree has only been tested on GNU/Linux. To get graphical (not counting VNC) and/or audio output from the emulator you will need either SDL or Cocoa installed on your computer. To enable audio, see the available switches to the ./configure script.
The scripts that sit in openmoko/ require lynx, wget, python, netpbm and most GNU base utilities installed in standard locations. The netpbm package contains tools necessary for bootsplash image conversion.
All of the build-time and run-time requirements listed in QEMU documentation apply. This includes zlib, etc. On distributions that use binary packages, remember that you need the packages ending in -dev or -devel.
QEMU and GNU debugger
QEMU lets you debug operating system kernels and bootloaders like you debug all other programs. To do this you will need a debugger that speaks the GDB remote debugging protocol - GDB is the obvious choice. Some cross toolchains come with GDB already set up. Otherwise building cross-GDB yourself is quick and easy (compared to building binutils and cross-gcc).
To debug u-boot, load the file "u-boot" into gdb (not "u-boot.bin") that is produced by "make" when building u-boot. To debug a Linux kernel, load the file "vmlinux" from the main source directory into gdb. These files are in ELF format and contain all the symbol information and are not stripped of debugging data until you run "strip" on them, unlike "u-boot.bin" and "Image"/"zImage"/"uImage". Next, tell QEMU to enable the gdbserver by appending the "-s" switch or issuing "gdbserver" in the monitor. Use the command(gdb) target remote localhost:1234to make a connection to the emulator. From there you should be able to use all the usual GDB commands, including stepping instructions, setting breakpoints, watchpoints, inspecting stack, variables, registers and more. If gdb is running in the same directory from which it grabbed the ELF executable, the "edit" command should work so you can jump right to the source line which is executing.
Simple network connection with pppd
One simple way to get a network connection from the emulated Neo is via an emulated serial port and pppd. Add -serial vc -serial pty to the QEMU command line, and QEMU prints a device name on a line like "char device redirected to /dev/pts/12".
On the Neo side, open a terminal and run the command "pppd nodetach debug /dev/ttySAC1".
On the host computer side, open a root terminal and run the command "pppd nodetach debug 192.168.68.1:192.168.68.2 noauth /dev/pts/12", substituting the actual device name from above.
Now on the host computer side, you should be able to "ping 192.168.68.2" and "ssh email@example.com".
NB : If you see in pppd trace something like this "Received bad configure-rej: 12 06 00 00 00 00" again and again, you will ping but no application will work. It is probably the compression protocol (ccp) negotiation which fail. Add "noccp" to the two pppd commands like "pppd nodetach debug noccp /dev/ttySAC1".
Setting up Internet connection for your qemu neo
Before you start, you have to have a working pppd or USB connection, (see the previous chapter and the next chapter)
(I assume that your local ip-adress is 192.168.0.100 and your router is 192.168.0.1)
In qemu terminal (or via ssh) type:
$ ifdown usb0 $ route add default gw 192.168.0.1
Edit /etc/resolv.conf: nameserver 192.168.0.1 This will be your host-computer DNS server.
On the host-computer type(as root , use sudo -i on ubuntu):
echo 1 >> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward echo 1 >> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr modprobe ip_tables modprobe iptable_nat modprobe ipt_MASQUERADE iptables -t filter -F iptables -t nat -F iptables -t filter -P INPUT ACCEPT iptables -t filter -P FORWARD ACCEPT iptables -t filter -P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables -t nat -P PREROUTING ACCEPT iptables -t nat -P POSTROUTING ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.68.0/24 -j MASQUERADE
(Where eth0 is your network interface connected to the router)
Thats it - now you can enjoy internet in qemu.
Setting up USB connection
It is possible (although not very straight forward, probably about the complexity of tun-tap networking) to connect the virtual, emulated Neo1973 to the Linux PC on which the emulator is running, and work with it as if a real Neo1973 was plugged into the computer's USB port, but no twiddling with cables is needed. If you're testing your applications on the Neo, it may be worth setting up this kind of connection because it lets you enable normal networking between the PC and the phone and ssh into it (which is much more comfortable than typing commands into the Openmoko's terminal emulator via on-screen keyboard). Here's what you will need in order to get this working:
A Linux host with a 2.6 series kernel. The following drivers compiled-in or in modules: dummy_hcd, gadgetfs, usbnet, cdc_ether. A detailed guide to building the necessary modules is available (primarily Ubuntu focused). Generic instructions follow.
Note that you need root access to perform most actions described here. Here's how to enable the drivers in menuconfig.
Find and enable Device Drivers -> USB support -> USB Gadget Support -> Support for USB Gadgets
Find Device Drivers -> USB support -> USB Gadget Support -> USB Peripheral Controller and set it to Dummy HCD (DEVELOPMENT)
Find and enable Device Drivers -> USB support -> USB Gadget Support -> Gadget Filesystem (EXPERIMENTAL) (this one is good to have as a module)
Find and enable Device Drivers -> USB support -> USB Network Adapters -> Multi-purpose USB Networking Framework
(in 2.6.25 (from ???) Device Drivers -> Network device support -> USB Network Adapters -> Multi-purpose USB Networking Framework)
Find and enable Device Drivers -> USB support -> USB Network Adapters -> Multi-purpose USB Networking Framework -> CDC Ethernet support (smart devices such as cable modems)
(in 2.6.25 (from ???) Device Drivers -> Network device support -> USB Network Adapters -> Multi-purpose USB Networking Framework -> CDC Ethernet support (smart devices such as cable modems))
These last two drivers are the same drivers that you need to work with a real Neo over USB network. After you've built the drivers, make sure that the copy of kernel headers in /usr/include/linux is up to date. In particular the file /usr/include/linux/usb_gadgetfs.h needs to be present and if your distribution came with headers older than 2.6.18 or so, then you need tell the package manager to update them, or you can do that manually with
# cp -a /usr/src/linux/include/linux/* /usr/include/linux/
(assuming that your kernel sources are in /usr/src/linux). It is important that this is done before building qemu because the build system checks if these headers are functional and in case they aren't found it will disable the USB Slave functionality. Run "grep CONFIG_GADGETFS config-host.h" in qemu build directory to make sure that the detection succeeded. If it didn't, correct your linux headers and reconfigure qemu.
After building qemu and before running it, make sure that the modules are loaded into the kernel. I found it useful to load gadgetfs with the following command:
# modprobe gadgetfs default_uid=1000 # assuming my User ID is 1000
and added the following line to my /etc/fstab:
gadget /dev/gadget gadgetfs noauto,user,group 0 0
Make sure that the mountpoint /dev/gadget exists:
# mkdir -p /dev/gadget
After that the rest of the procedure can be performed from your regular user account. Mounting gadgetfs is done with:
$ mount /dev/gadget
The "default_uid" parameter changes the ownership on all files under /dev/gadget to your own and since the files there are created and destroyed dynamically, there's no easy way to have that performed by udev. Now running qemu as you usually do but appending "-usb -usbgadget" (in the current version of the MokoMakefile this is not included) should enable the USB Slave functionality. The qemu monitor commands "info usbslave" and "usb_add gadget" will be useful. The former instruction asks the OS running under the emulator (Openmoko) to describe its slave features (that's what lsusb does after a Neo1973 is connected to a PC). You can see the available USB configurations in this command's output. Since gadgetfs allows only one configuration, we will need to choose the desired configuration - most device have only one such configuration, in which case you can use just "usb_add gadget" to connect to host; CDC ethernet devices however usually include a second configuration for RNDIS networking (i.e. Ms Windows compatibility) and so does Openmoko when using the g_ether driver. Hence, to get this right, wait for Openmoko to fully boot up and execute the following in QEMU monitor:
QEMU 0.9.0 monitor - type 'help' for more information (qemu) info usbslave USB2.2 device 1457:5122: Manufacturer: Linux 22.214.171.124-moko8/s3c2410_udc Product: RNDIS/Ethernet Gadget Configuration 0: RNDIS Configuration 1: CDC Ethernet (qemu) (qemu) usb_add gadget:1
If qemu gives "couldn't add device gadget:1", double-check that it was built against gadgetfs - the file config-host.h must contain the line "#define CONFIG_GADGETFS 1".
The "1" in "usb_add gadget:N" is the number of the USB configuration that we want to use. If everything went correctly - you can check that in dmesg - you should now have a new network interface called usb0 on the PC, through which you can talk to the Openmoko running in QEMU:
$ dmesg | tail <6>gadgetfs: bound to dummy_udc driver <7>hub 3-0:1.0: debounce: port 1: total 100ms stable 100ms status 0x101 <6>usb 3-1: new high speed USB device using dummy_hcd and address 3 <6>gadgetfs: connected <7>usb 3-1: default language 0x0409 <7>usb 3-1: new device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=0 <6>usb 3-1: Product: RNDIS/Ethernet Gadget <6>usb 3-1: Manufacturer: Linux 184.108.40.206-moko8/s3c2410_udc <6>usb 3-1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice <7>usb 3-1: adding 3-1:1.0 (config #1, interface 0) <7>usb 3-1:1.0: uevent <7>cdc_ether 3-1:1.0: usb_probe_interface - got id <7>cdc_ether 3-1:1.0: status ep3in, 16 bytes period 14 <7>usb 3-1: adding 3-1:1.1 (config #1, interface 1) <7>usb 3-1:1.1: uevent $ su - Password: # tail /var/log/everything/current May 8 19:25:32 [kernel] gadgetfs: connected May 8 19:25:32 [kernel] gadgetfs: disconnected May 8 19:25:32 [kernel] gadgetfs: configuration #1 May 8 19:25:32 [kernel] usb0: register 'cdc_ether' at usb-dummy_hcd-1, CDC Ethernet Device, 52:e7:eb:76:0a:d0 # lsusb -vvv Bus 003 Device 003: ID 1457:5122 Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 2.00 bDeviceClass 2 Communications bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 64 idVendor 0x1457 idProduct 0x5122 bcdDevice 2.12 iManufacturer 1 Linux 220.127.116.11-moko8/s3c2410_udc iProduct 2 RNDIS/Ethernet Gadget iSerial 0 bNumConfigurations 1 Configuration Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 2 wTotalLength 80 bNumInterfaces 2 bConfigurationValue 1 iConfiguration 7 CDC Ethernet bmAttributes 0xc0 Self Powered MaxPower 0mA Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 0 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 1 bInterfaceClass 2 Communications bInterfaceSubClass 6 Ethernet Networking bInterfaceProtocol 0 iInterface 5 CDC Communications Control CDC Header: bcdCDC 1.10 CDC Union: bMasterInterface 0 bSlaveInterface 1 CDC Ethernet: iMacAddress 3 52E7EB760AD0 bmEthernetStatistics 0x00000000 wMaxSegmentSize 1514 wNumberMCFilters 0x0000 bNumberPowerFilters 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x83 EP 3 IN bmAttributes 3 Transfer Type Interrupt Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0010 1x 16 bytes bInterval 14 Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 1 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 0 bInterfaceClass 10 Data bInterfaceSubClass 0 Unused bInterfaceProtocol 0 iInterface 0 Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 1 bAlternateSetting 1 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 10 Data bInterfaceSubClass 0 Unused bInterfaceProtocol 0 iInterface 4 Ethernet Data Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0040 1x 64 bytes bInterval 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x02 EP 2 OUT bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0040 1x 64 bytes bInterval 0 Device Qualifier (for other device speed): bLength 10 bDescriptorType 6 bcdUSB 2.00 bDeviceClass 2 Communications bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 64 bNumConfigurations 1 # ifconfig usb0 inet 192.168.0.200 netmask 255.255.255.0 # exit $ ssh email@example.com The authenticity of host '192.168.0.202 (192.168.0.202)' can't be established. RSA key fingerprint is de:21:87:93:52:1c:6b:c7:69:29:6c:af:66:50:02:02. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '192.168.0.202' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. email@example.com's password: root@fic-gta01:~$ uname -a Linux fic-gta01 184.108.40.206-moko8 #1 PREEMPT Wed Apr 25 11:13:52 UTC 2007 armv4tl unknown
Connecting to the serial port/Communicating with u-boot
If you add the option -serial telnet:localhost:1200,server to QEMU will create a telnet server on port 1200 that you can connect to as the serial port.
This will allow you to experiment with u-boot configuration without risking to brick the real device.
Please note that QEMU will wait for you to connect to the telnet server at port 1200 before starting the emulation.
(use the command telnet localhost 1200 to establish the connection)
Instant boot
Actually it not instant but a lot faster that actually booting.
The boot speed is achieved by saving the virtual machine.
Here are the steps required:
- Boot Qemu as you usually do
- Wait till the emulated Neo has finished starting up.
- Go to the virtual console 2 (press ctrl+alt+2)
- Save the virtual machine state using savevm tagName
Next time you want to boot you can either:
- Start the emulator and go to the 2. console and loadvm tagName
- Add -loadvm tagName
After a short delay the emulator is just like you left it when you saved the state.
I created a script that launches qemu using the -loadvm option, result: Instant Moko™
See also
- Automatic_emulation_in_Ubuntu - Setting up emulation using Ubuntu
- Building Gadget USB Module - Helpful guide
- Xephyr - Openmoko on i386
- Xoo - Openmoko on i386
Languages: |
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text:
This is not an offer for credit and should be used for estimation purposes only based on the information you provided. You should not base your decision on this estimate alone. Title, registration, tax and other fees, and personal circumstances such as employment status and personal credit history, were not considered in the calculations.
Front - Dual / 320 mm Semi-Floating Rotor / 4 Piston Radial Caliper
Rear - Single / 298 mm Floating Rotor / 2 Piston Caliper
Front - 10-Spoke Contrast Cut 19 x 3.5 in.
Rear - 10-Spoke Contrast Cut 16 x 5 in.
Front - Metzeler Cruisetec 130 / 60B19 66H
Rear - Metzeler Cruisetec 180 / 60R16 80H
Empty Tank - 805 lb. (365 kg)
Full of Fuel - 840 lb. (381 kg)
5.4 in. (137.3 mm)
Lean Angle - 31°
Infotainment - 7 in. touchscreen display with real-time clock; ambient air temperature; heading; audio information display; map/navigation with real-time traffic and weather; Bluetooth® status for phone and headset, and Apple CarPlay Integration.
Gauges - Fairing-mounted instrument cluster featuring analog speedometer and tachometer with fuel gauge, range, odometer and current gear.
LED lighting including Pathfinder LED Headlamp
Instrumentation Lighting - 15 LED telltale indicators; cruise control enabled, cruise control set, neutral, high beam, turn signal, ABS, check engine, low tire pressure, battery, low fuel, security system, low engine oil pressure and MHP or km/h unit designation
1st - 10.169:1
2nd - 6.933:1
3rd - 5.151:1
4th - 4.105:1
5th - 3.508:1
6th - 3.017:1
Inverted Telescopic Fork
Travel - 5.1 in. (130 mm)
Fox Single Shock with Hyd adjust
Travel - 4.5 in. (114 mm)
Thunder Black Pearl
Deepwater Metallic
Ruby Metallic

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Standalone QTT
Winchelsea Train Station
Winchelsea station
Winchelsea Lane
East Sussex
Ticket office opening hours:
no information
- NO Waiting room
- YES Ticket machine
- NO Toilet
- YES Impaired Access Staff
Station facilities
- Accessible Public Telephones No
- Accessible Taxis
- First Class Lounge
- Help Points YES Yes
- Impaired Accessible Booking Office Counter No
- Impared Access Staff YES Yes
- Impared Access Ticket Gate
- Impaired Accessible Ticket Machines YES Yes
- Induction Loop YES Yes
- Impaired Mobility Set Down YES Yes
- National Key Toilets No
- Ramp for Train Access YES Yes
- Wheel chairs Available No
- Impaired Access Helpline Hours Monday - Sunday - open 24h
Impaired Access Staff Help Hours
Monday - Friday
Sunday -
Accesible Ticket Machine
All Southern ticket machines are able to sell tickets with Disabled Persons Railcard discounts. Ticket machines are of an accessible design, however their location and the station itself may not be so please check the station access note for further details
- Helpline 1
Helpline Contact Details
If you require assistance on your journey, please contact our assisted travel helpline to discuss your requirements on: Email - [email protected] | Phone - 0800 138 1016 | Textphone - 0800 138 1018
- Helpline Contact URL https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/
Helpline Open Note
The assisted helpline is not available on Christmas Day.
Impared Mobility Set Down
Whilst there is no dedicated area, there is ample space for impaired mobility set down / pick up in the car park
Step Free Access
This is a Category B2 station: Step-free access to platform via short steep ramp (over 1:10 gradient).
Assistance Meeting Point is the shelter.
Coverage: partial Station - Step Free Access Coverage Whole Station
Staff Help
A staff-operated ramp is required for step-free access between train and platform at this station. Station staff are not usually available, however on-train staff are available to assist you on and off some services.
- Toilets No
- Baby Change No
Ticketing Services & Information
- Oyster Pre-Pay No
- Pre-Purchase Collection YES Yes
- Ticket Machine YES Yes
- Penalty Fares SN
Smartcard Notes
Smartcard Issued: No
Smartcard Validator: YesFor more information on using the Key smartcard, please visit: www.southernrailway.com/thekeysmartcard
Station Information
- ATM No
- Baby Change No
- Bureau De Change No
- Lost Property 1
- Post Box No
- Shops No
- Seated Area YES Yes
- Station Buffet No
- Showers No
- Trolley No
- Wifi No
- Waiting Room
Lost Property
Operator Name: Please visit www.southernrailway.com/lostproperty and use the webform to register your lost item. If you have found an item of lost property, please hand it in at any of our ticket offices. - Lost Property: URL https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/
- Staffing Level YES Yes
Station Location & Directions
- Latitude 50.93376133
- Longitude 0.702271814
Car Parking Details
Operator Name: A P C O A Parking U K
Name: Station Car Park
Off-peak: N/A
PerHour: N/A
Daily: N/A
Weekly: N/A
Monthly: N/A
ThreeMonthly: N/A
SixMonthly: N/A
Annual: N/A
Saturday: N/A
Sunday: N/A
Cctv: No
Url: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/
Car Parking Details
Phones, Internet & Wi-fi
- Station Amenities: Telephone No
- Web Kiosk: Available No
- Station Amenities: Wi-Fi Find WiFi Hotspots around this station (https://www.o2wifi.co.uk/hotspot/)
Dining and Shopping
- Dining & Shopping: Shops No
- Dining & Shopping: Station Buffet No
Cycle Storage
- Availability
- Closed Circuit TV YES Yes
Car Park
Cycles are left at owners risk. Abandoned cycles may be removed.
- Sheltered No
- Spaces No
- Type Stands
Bus information
- Bus Service: Availability YES Yes
- Bus Service: Note Information to plan your onward journey is available in a printable format here (http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/posters/WSE.pdf).
Baggage Services
- Left Luggage: Available No
- Left Luggage: URL https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/
Taxi Information
- Availability YES Yes
- Note YES
Other transportation
Rail Replacement Services
The rail replacement bus stop location is shown on the "Rail Replacement Bus Map" below.
Rail Replacement Map: https://assets.nationalrail.co.uk/e8xgegruud3g/7 D4an W S J Qgv Xvw6 I4 M Ay G N/23b5e51856421897afc81f87a001229b/ Winchelsea_ R R B S__ S W E_.pdf
Rail Replacement Services
Live train arrival and departures
Discover our range of ticket types and find the best fares for your journey
Find out more about the most popular destinations on our network
Look for planned changes to timetables on the dates you are due to travel
Discover the most popular routes on our network and plan your next journey
Search box
- {{item.label}}


text:
(NewsUSA) – As the winter months drag on, cabin fever sets in for many people. However, being cooped up inside is even harder for people suffering from asthma and allergies because more time indoors means greater exposure to indoor allergens. Although mold, pet dander and dust mites are often blamed for sneezing and itchy eyes this time of year, the National Pest Management Association (NPMA) warns that winter pests such as cockroaches and rodents can also be common asthma and allergy triggers.
"The saliva, urine and fecal droppings from cockroaches and rodents contain allergen proteins known to elicit allergic reactions and asthma attacks," said Dr. Jorge Parada, medical advisor for the NPMA. "During the winter months, cockroaches and rodents seek shelter from the elements inside homes, thereby increasing allergic reactions among those people who suffer from allergies and asthma."
According to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA), cockroach allergens are present in 63 percent of American homes, and mouse allergens in 82 percent. Moreover, the number of homes containing cockroach allergens increases to as many as 78 to 98 percent in urban areas.
"It's important for a person suffering from allergy or asthma symptoms to see his or her doctor. A medical professional will be able to test for a cockroach allergy, as well as other common allergens," Parada advised. "Although there is no cure for asthma, asthma can be controlled through medical treatment and management of environmental triggers. A doctor may recommend the use of antihistamines and decongestant medications to manage symptoms, and may also prescribe an anti-inflammatory medication and bronchodilators."
The NPMA recommends the following tips to help keep allergy-causing pests out:
• Seal cracks and holes around the outside of the home, including utility pipes.
• Properly ventilate basements and crawl spaces to prevent moisture buildup.
• Keep counters free of crumbs, and vacuum floors often to reduce the accumulation of allergens.
• Keep garbage in a sealed container, and dispose of it regularly.
• Pay extra attention to kitchens and bathrooms — especially under appliances and sinks — as these areas are particularly vulnerable to cockroach infestations.
This content is provided by NewsUSA.
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27:43 Now then, my son, do what I say.85 Run away immediately86 to my brother Laban in Haran.
Read more Explain verse Share Copy
tn Heb "listen to my voice."
tn Heb "arise, flee."
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text:
Study confirms air crews' exposure to Agent Orange
The American Legion has announced its support for extending Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) benefits eligibility to veterans who were exposed to aircraft that had previously sprayed Agent Orange over Vietnam during the war.
The Legion's support is based on a study published Feb. 21 in the scientific journal Environmental Research: "Post-Vietnam Military Herbicide Exposures in UC-123 Agent Orange Spray Aircraft." The study reports that environmental testing of such aircraft revealed traces of dioxin levels above Department of Defense (DoD) standards for maximum permissible exposure to poisonous chemicals.
U.S. Air Force and VA policies do not currently recognize "dried residues" of herbicide and dioxin as harmful.
Based on recent surface wipes and airborne concentration tests, occupational health researchers have concluded that inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption of dioxin and Agent Orange occurred in crews who came in contact with the spray aircraft after the Vietnam War.
"The Legion is committed to ensuring that veterans receive the benefits they deserve," American Legion National Commander Daniel M. Dellinger said. "We will work with Congress and the VA to promptly designate C-123K aircraft as Agent Orange exposure sites, thereby qualifying veterans who worked with these planes to be eligible for Agent Orange-related benefits."
According to Dr. Jeanne Mager Stellman, professor at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, the study "should provide the evidence needed for post-Vietnam veterans to receive the same health treatment as in-country veterans. They need and deserve it." Stellman is senior author of the study.
The American Legion and Stellman worked together in the early 1980s to prove that adverse health conditions among Vietnam War veterans was linked to Agent Orange exposure, establishing a link that authorizes VA compensation and health care for those veterans.
In 1983, the Legion sponsored an independent study by Columbia University that established the effects of exposure to Agent Orange on Vietnam War veterans. Congress received the results of the "American Legion-Columbia University Study of Vietnam-era Veterans" in 1989.
The Legion and Stellman have continued to fight for changes that include, in a 2010 decision, ischemic heart disease, Parkinson's disease and B-cell leukemia among conditions presumed to be connected to Agent Orange. The Legion has also fought to expand eligibility beyond those who served only with "boots on the ground" during the Vietnam War, including "blue-water" veterans exposed to the defoliant on U.S. Navy vessels and U.S Air Force crews who handled it.
In August 2012, the Legion passed Resolution 128 to mitigate legal problems for the more than 1,500 veterans who must prove they suffer health problems associated with herbicide exposure.
Click here for a slide show and synopsis of the report.


text:
Patience and Detail - Victorian Cast Iron Lattice Windows
Posted by Charles Budd on Saturday, November 15, 2014,
If paint brushes were cars... or 'how to choose a paint brush'.
Posted by Charles Budd on Wednesday, September 18, 2013,
Recent Posts
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- If paint brushes were cars... or 'how to choose...
- Homestrip - on brick
- Homestrip - a safer way to strip paint


text:
BitComet is a p2p file-sharing freeware fully compatible with BitTorrent/HTTP/FTP downloads.
BitComet is a powerful, clean, fast, and easy-to-use BitTorrent client. It supports simultaneous downloads, download queue, selected downloads in torrent package, fast-resume, disk cache, speed limits, port mapping, proxy, ip-filter, etc.
Key features:
- Preview files.
- Intelligent disk cache.
- Uses new non BitTorrent source technology.
- First P2P client to offer stable 64Bit version.
The downside to BitComet is that it could be complicated for beginners and the user interface is dated. Also, the client doesn't provide a chat feature and the ads can be intrusive. This coupled with a decline in user base means that other, more robust clients could be preferred.


text:
I Still Dream About You
Fannie Flagg
Chatto & Windus
I Still Dream About You comes from the author of Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe, and draws some similarities from Flagg's acclaimed 1987 novel. Set in Birmingham, Alabama, the novel draws on the history of the state, and reveals what it is like to overcome the shadows of a country's past whilst also showing adoration for the place you consider "home." Flagg lives in Alabama, sometimes giving the protagonist, Maggie, her voice to speak about these concerns.
Maggie is a former Miss Alabama beauty queen who, despite leading a charming suburban life, has never married and is decidedly unhappy with how things have turned out. Her thoughts turn to rectifying this by planning her suicide. Far from being a depressing novel, it's actually at times too sugary and nice, but the events that follow Maggie's perfect plan show the importance of home, and that everyone harbours a secret behind their faultless façades. The short chapters are vignettes and stories in their own right, discussing ageing, acceptance and ultimately reaching a feel-good conclusion.
Sophie Gordon


text:
Home » Electroacoustic/Contemporary » BIMSTEIN, PHILLIP: Larkin Gifford's Harmonica
BIMSTEIN, PHILLIP: Larkin Gifford's Harmonica
Some of you will have his Garland Hirschi's Cows. This collection follows in the same wry, storytelling vein, using found sounds, electronic music techniques, interview recordings and instrumental scorings (large and small) to form exquisite, non-academic, pieces that fall between all genres (he calls it alternative classical) and appeal to a very immediate human interest in other people's lives and memories. Rich in atmosphere and nostalgia, these modest gems speak of a world that is lost and will never return. In other words these works are not merely musical; they are meditations and invocations of life already faded into myth.
Code: ST-214
Price: £14.50


text:
WASHINGTON (AP) -- President Barack Obama filled in more pieces of his second term leadership team Monday, nominating a trio of new advisers to lead the Energy Department, Environmental Protection Agency and budget office.
The nominations signal the White House's desire to get back to normal business after the president and Congress failed to avert the $85 billion in automatic spending cuts that started taking effect Friday. While the president has warned of dire consequences for the economy as a result of the cuts, the White House does not want the standoff with Congress to keep Obama from focusing on other second term priorities, including making nominations for top jobs and pursuing stricter gun laws and an overhaul of the nation's immigration system.
Two of Obama's new nominees will also focus on another second term priority — tackling the threat of climate change. To head that effort, Obama promoted current EPA official Gina McCarthy to lead the agency and MIT scientist Ernest Moniz to run the Energy Department.
"They're going to be making sure we're investing in American energy, that we're doing everything we can to combat the threat of climate change, that we're going to be creating jobs and economic opportunity," Obama said of McCarthy and Moniz. "They are going to be a great team."
The president also tapped Wal-Mart's Sylvia Mathews Burwell as his next budget chief, thrusting her into the center of Washington's heated partisan fiscal fights.
Speaking at a White House ceremony, Obama said Burwell not only knows how "to make the numbers add up" but to ignite middle class economic growth. He said Burwell and her team would face particular challenges as the so-called sequester cuts take hold, but said he was confident they would "do everything in their power to blunt the impact of these cuts on businesses and middle class families."
Burwell is Washington veteran, having served in several posts during the Clinton administration, including deputy OMB director. She currently heads the Wal-Mart Foundation, the philanthropic arm of the retail giant, and previously served as president of the Gates Foundation's Global Development Program.
Moniz, 68, oversees MIT's Energy Initiative, a research group that focuses on innovative ways to produce power while curbing greenhouse gas emissions. But unlike outgoing Energy Secretary Steven Chu, he is also well-versed in the ways of Washington, having served as the Energy Department's undersecretary in the Clinton administration.
Moniz has also advised Obama on central components of the administration's energy plan, including a retooling of the country's stalled nuclear waste program, energy research and development, and unconventional gas.
In a 2009 alumni interview published on Boston College's website, Moniz noted that he learned to balance both political and scientific demands while working in the Clinton administration. "Physics sometimes looked easy compared to doing the people's business," he said.
In nominating McCarthy to be the nation's top environmental steward, Obama is promoting a climate change champion and a 25-year veteran of environmental policy and politics. McCarthy has served under both Republicans and Democrats, and is known for a matter-of-fact approach appreciated by both businesses and environmental advocacy groups.
Among her past bosses: former Massachusetts governor and Obama's Republican presidential opponent Mitt Romney, for whom she was a special adviser on climate and environmental issues.
Since coming to Washington in 2009, McCarthy has been the most prominent defender of EPA policies. As the head of the air pollution division, she has been behind many of the agency's most controversial new rules — from placing the first limits on greenhouse gases on newly built power plants to the first-ever standard for toxic mercury pollution from burning coal for electricity.
All three nominees announced Monday must be confirmed by the Senate.
Associated Press writers Dina Cappiello and Matthew Daly contributed to this report.


text:
Friday, April 15, 2011
Turkish Shepherd's Salad - Coban Salatas
From the kitchen of One Perfect Bite...Many of you know that the Silver Fox and I had intended to vacation in Egypt, Jordan and Israel, until upheaval in the region caused us to cancel our plans. We'll be picking an alternate destination this weekend. The plan, in theory anyway, is quite simple. We each prepare a list of three countries we'd like to visit. We take the deliberations very seriously and are set to defend choices in a manner akin to that of a doctoral candidate defending a thesis. Sometimes our choices are in sync with each other. Sometimes not. Last year we were at an impasse and actually drew lots to determine where we'd be heading for our holiday. This year I've readied some great arguments to support my preferences for the adventure. My choices include Turkey, Peru or New Zealand. I don't yet know what countries the Silver Fox will throw into the mix. At any rate, I've prepared visuals and been conducting a subliminal campaign - in the form of food - to swing the balance in my favor, and should stealth tactics be necessary I plan to pull out all stops. Tonight's dinner included elements, like this salad, that might be found on a Turkish table. The salad is lovely and quite refreshing and it goes well with lamb. While it involves some chopping, it is very easy to do and my only caution is to use really ripe tomatoes when you make it. I think you'll enjoy its freshness, but try not to make more than will be eaten with your meal. Refrigeration does nothing to help the tomatoes and leftovers should be passed over. Here's the recipe for this simple and refreshing salad.
Turkish Shepherd's Salad...from the kitchen of One Perfect Bite
2 medium cucumbers, peeled, seeded and diced
3 large tomatoes, juiced, seeded and diced
2 medium green bell peppers, stemmed, seeded and diced
1 bunch green onions, white and tender green, chipped
1/2 bunch parsley, finely chopped
8 sprigs fresh mint, finely chopped
2 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
2 tablespoons lemon juice
1 teaspoon sea salt
Fresh black pepper to taste
1) To make salad: Combine all salad ingredients in a large bowl. Toss to combine.
2) To make dressing: Place olive oil, lemon juice, salt and pepper in a small bowl. Whisk to combine.
3) To finish: Pour dressing over salad. Yield 4 to 6 servings.
One Year Ago Today: Chocolate Babka
Two Years Ago Today: New England Clam Chowder
You might also enjoy these recipes:
Kofte with Tzaziki Sauce - What's Cooking on the Mommy Porch
Saksuka - Surfing the World's Cuisine
Chicken Adana Recipe - Dinners and Dreams
Turkish Lahmacan - Island Vittles
Turkish Pear Coffee Bread - Big Black Dog
Turkish Beef Meatballs - Chow and Chatter
Simit - Ya Salam Cooking
Lamb and Yogurt Soup - Cooking by the Seat of My Pants
Turkish Red Lentil Soup with Sumac - eCurry
Lokoum a.k.a. Turkish Delight - Needful Things
57 comments :
- Three-Cookies said...
I've eaten this salad many times, its just awesome and refreshing. Curious to see your pick for NZ
- April 15, 2011 at 3:03 AM
- Banana Wonder said...
nice....just like a greek salad but cut up much finer :-) You should totally go to turkey! my grandparents are originally from turkey -greeks living in turkey and part of the 1920s exchange. i never knew them since they died after soon after i was born but everyone says im the exact same person as my grandfather. i went to turkey by myself for 10 days a few years ago. i didnt tell my parents because they would freak out - just called them right before my plane left lax. explored kapadokkia most of the time looking for grandfather's village. amazing place!
- April 15, 2011 at 3:12 AM
- Priya Suresh said...
Very colourful and refreshing salad..
- April 15, 2011 at 4:26 AM
- nesrin said...
Mein lieblings Salat. Grüsse...
- April 15, 2011 at 4:34 AM
- Mehjabeen Arif said...
colorful salad.. so refreshing ..
new to ur blog n happy to follow for more wonderful recipes..
do visit me when u get time dear..
http://comeletseat.blogspot.com - April 15, 2011 at 4:47 AM
- Ana Rita Marreiros said...
That salad has such great colours Mary!!So good for the Summer that is coming...here in Portugal of course ;)
Rita - April 15, 2011 at 5:20 AM
- Suman Singh said...
That looks so colorful and refreshing!!
- April 15, 2011 at 5:35 AM
- Rita said...
I sure would love to live at your place. I love to travel but my guy prefers to stay home so we both compromise and come up with an almost perect life. You salad reminds me of my Greek Village Salad..great ingredients.
Rita - April 15, 2011 at 5:40 AM
I love planning ahead for holidays :)
- April 15, 2011 at 5:51 AM
- Tanna said...
Oh, now I wish I could be a fly on the wall at this meeting! Mary, I suspect you can be a formidable and convincing advocate for your choice! I'm guessing the Silver Fox must be quite determined and skilled at holding his own also since you met an impasse last year. Can't wait to hear the outcome.
In the meantime, I know I would be enjoying these subliminal exercises in persuasion. This salad sounds right up my alley! blessings ~ tanna - April 15, 2011 at 6:52 AM
- From the Kitchen said...
Will food be involved until you and the S.F. come to a decision? If so, I hope it takes awhile. I'm already planning to put this salad on the table.
Bonnie - April 15, 2011 at 7:26 AM
- Elaine said...
What a great plan of attack! I hope you get to go to the counties you would like to visit. That salad should help seal the deal!
- April 15, 2011 at 7:31 AM
- Kim said...
What a fresh and a great salad... I could eat this with keftas, and raita, sounds like summer to me!
- April 15, 2011 at 7:36 AM
- the constant hunger said...
That's exactly how my husband and I planned our vacation last year. We ended up going to Italy and Croatia. Looking forward to hearing about where you'll be vacationing.
- April 15, 2011 at 7:50 AM
- Valerie Harrison (bellini) said...
I would vote for Turkey just for the food!!!! My friends were in Israel over March break and she even entered them both in a Marathon there.
- April 15, 2011 at 8:07 AM
- Clint said...
The Cinderoo and I also draw lots for vacationing in foreign lands. This year I chose Mississippi, New Jersey and Illinois.
- April 15, 2011 at 8:16 AM
- Martha said...
That salad looks really good! Hopefully the flavors will work in your favor :) and you'll get to visit Turkey, Good luck and good day!
- April 15, 2011 at 8:38 AM
- Jill@MadAboutMacarons said...
Beautifully colourful and exotic. Can just imagine the flavours in there. Meant to say that it's very clever that you post what you did a year and 2 years' ago like that. What a busy lady!
- April 15, 2011 at 8:46 AM
- Unknown said...
What a gorgeous salad! A perfect compliment to almost any dish!
I am envious of your travels.. how excited! I think you should pick New Zealand!! - April 15, 2011 at 8:59 AM
- Emily Malloy said...
Completely GORGEOUS. Love all of those colors!
- April 15, 2011 at 9:12 AM
This dish looks so bright and healthy! And, I like the way it adds flavor to bland cucumbers! Btw, I'd definitely go for New Zealand!
- April 15, 2011 at 9:17 AM
- kitchen flavours said...
That's a refreshing beautiful salad! Now you have me wondering about your final holiday destination! Keep us posted! (I would love to visit Turkey some day!)
- April 15, 2011 at 9:21 AM
- Lyndas recipe box said...
This is a nice simple salad with lots of flavor. Can't wait for some nice ripe tomatoes in our area, so I can make this.
The middle East would have been a wonderful destination, but your current choices sound exciting also. I'm anxious to see what you and the Siver Fox decide !
Have a wonderful weekend Mary. - April 15, 2011 at 10:02 AM
- Renee Paj said...
I've eaten a version of this delicious salad in a Turkish restaurant the last time I was visiting my brother in Jersey....it is a fabulous combo of flavors...I never thought to make it at home! so glad you posted a recipe!! Thanks Mary!
- April 15, 2011 at 10:03 AM
- PeggyR said...
This sounds wonderful. I'm looking forward to making salads.
- April 15, 2011 at 10:09 AM
- Claudia said...
This is one of my favorite salads - had no idea it was Turkish! I love the reasoning behind serving it. A little food can help the decision process. Good luck with your choices! Have a grand weekend.
- April 15, 2011 at 10:36 AM
- June said...
It's kind of like a Turkish version of fresh salsa isn't it? I can wait to try it with some lamb. I'm also curious as to the Silver Fox's choices and does he wage a subliminal campaign too?
- April 15, 2011 at 10:43 AM
- Meg (The Red Spoon) said...
Good luck on the travel plans! We went to Hawaii and Australia over Christmas/New Years and had a blast! I'm sure wherever you go you will have a great time. The salad looks great!
- April 15, 2011 at 10:46 AM
- Receitas para a Felicidade said...
Mhammm Mhamm Mary a good and beautiful salade, thank you for sharing,
kisses and have a good weekend!! - April 15, 2011 at 11:13 AM
- That Girl said...
I grabbed some Persian food for lunch yesterday, which is obviously similar to both Turkish and Greek cuisine. I had a heck of a time deciding between chicken or a lovely salad like this.
- April 15, 2011 at 11:30 AM
- Beth said...
I'm sorry that you missed out on your first choice of a trip, but it sounds like you have some wonderful alternatives. We visited Turkey last year and loved it! I know you would too. But Peru and New Zealand would also be awesome destinations. Let us know when you decide!
- April 15, 2011 at 12:28 PM
- Maris (In Good Taste) said...
This salad looks incredible. I love how it is chopped so fine.
- April 15, 2011 at 12:44 PM
- Joe Ambrosino said...
Hi Mary! Beautiful salad, but I've always wondered, what exactly are lots? Can you put them in a salad?
- April 15, 2011 at 12:49 PM
- Ballerina Girl said...
Thanks for stopping by my site...
did you read the post before about our stop in Istanbul? I have visited there and Ephesus in Turkey...both interesting, fascinating places....but....
my husband is Peruvian! So I am biased toward your visit there. I can give you loads of information if you want my humble advice/opinions! Also, the food is ABSOLUTELY UNBELIEVABLE in Peru!
Looking forward to following your choices and copying some of these recipes!
BG - April 15, 2011 at 1:22 PM
- sheila @ Elements said...
Oooooh...this looks so good!!! I wish I had all the ingredients so I could make it for lunch right now!! :)
By the way, I just wanted to let you know that I've given you an award...the Versatile Blogger Award.
Here's the post on my website where I've mentioned your name and most interesting blog:
If you accept the award, let me know and pass the award onto 15 other newly found bloggers. The rule (which are easy) are listed on my post.
I've really enjoyed browsing your website! You have a lot of great recipes that I can't wait to try...including this one! :) Cheers! sheila - April 15, 2011 at 1:53 PM
- Wendy Irene said...
My Mother in law has been to Turkey a couple of times and really enjoyed it. I should pass this recipe on to her. Have fun picking a place to go, and have a great weekend!
- April 15, 2011 at 2:22 PM
- Angie's Recipes said...
Yes, salads! I love them...all sorts of salads! This looks so fresh, light and delicious.
- April 15, 2011 at 2:29 PM
- Pam said...
This looks and sounds like a very tasty salad! That's a great way to decides on your vacation. All places sound great, especially Peru. Have a good weekend!
- April 15, 2011 at 3:23 PM
funny that restaurants used to dress up a dish with a single sprig of parsley, which diners would then push to the side to get to the real food. there are just too many cool things to do with it. cheers!
- April 15, 2011 at 4:24 PM
- Big Dude said...
Did either of you have the June blogger party at Almost Heaven South on your vacation list - got to be better than the desert.
- April 15, 2011 at 4:47 PM
- sweetlife said...
sorry about your travel plans, a perfect easter salad..colorful!!
sweetlife - April 15, 2011 at 4:51 PM
- Rambling Tart said...
Ohhh, I hope you win, Mary! I'm dying to visit Turkey too. :-) This salad is just my sort of thing. Fresh as can be with those wonderful herbs. Can't wait for good tomatoes to be ready to try it out. :-)
- April 15, 2011 at 4:53 PM
- A Paixão da Isa said...
mas que salada mais maravilhora gostei muito beijinos e obrigada peles seus comentario bom fim de semana
- April 15, 2011 at 5:13 PM
- Christine's Pantry said...
What a wonderful salad. Very colorful! I have enjoyed my visit here and will be back. Nice blog! I am now following.
Christine - April 15, 2011 at 6:37 PM
- Alessandra said...
Well, if you decide to come to New Zealand please let me know!!!
Alessandra - April 15, 2011 at 8:17 PM
- Linda said...
That looks so healthy and refreshing. Makes me long for those soon to be warm summer evenings.
- April 15, 2011 at 8:26 PM
- Joanne said...
Oh I REALLY REALLY hope you go to Turkey! I adore Turkish food and just know you'll love it! This salad is full of so many great fresh flavors!
- April 15, 2011 at 8:56 PM
- Cooking Creation said...
The salad looks wonderful. Good luck with the process of deciding where you would like to vacation! I'm so jealous! I was out of the US once when I was like 10 (Canada) lol!
- April 15, 2011 at 9:13 PM
- Jocie's Mom said...
Ooooooh! You've got some great choices! Turkey is absolutely lovely from what I've heard. And I've been to New Zealand and let me tell you, there is no place prettier. You'll have a great time no matter where you go tho, I'm sure. Love this salad, so fresh and tasty. Thanks for sharing!
- April 15, 2011 at 9:35 PM
- Kerstin said...
We're trying to figure out where to vacation next as well, it's hard because there are so many places we'd like to go!
Your salad looks so lovely and refreshing -yum! - April 15, 2011 at 11:11 PM
- dr.antony said...
This kind of salad is common in Arab countries.I had similar salads here and variations of this.
Turkey,is near to us,and is an excellent location. I have heard Peru still has man eaters! - April 16, 2011 at 4:19 AM
- SashaInTheKitchen said...
Looks amazing and nice prep job - impresisve
- April 16, 2011 at 10:16 AM
- Spoon and Chopsticks said...
Mary, your salad looks very refreshing and lovely. Looking forward to preparing something like that myself.
- April 16, 2011 at 8:41 PM
- Alicia Foodycat said...
I love this kind of salad - so refreshing. Good luck with the holiday deliberations!
- April 17, 2011 at 10:08 AM
- emiglia said...
I make a variation of this salad often... love it!
- April 18, 2011 at 7:23 PM
- Laura said...
It was so yummy! I am sold! Went and had it at a local place last night and made this tonight and I think this was better. Thanks for the receipt it is great!
- June 5, 2011 at 8:43 PM
We just returned from Israel (Dec. 30-January 8) and we had a wonderful time. Our tour was arranged by our church and we felt safe the whole time. We ate many salads similar to this one for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Beautiful country.
- January 18, 2014 at 9:06 AM


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Kajabi has a built-in quiz function that allows you to add questions to your courses as well as multiple-choice or multiple-answer questions. You can also add a comment and discussion forum in Kajabi to interact with students and other instructors. This is a great way to engage your students and give them an opportunity to ask questions.
Adding individual questions
If you're looking for a simple way to add individual questions to your Kajabi quizzes, you've come to the right place. Kajabi is a content management tool that can be used to create and personalize a variety of learning experiences. You can use the system to create completely new sites or customize existing ones with additional functionality.
In order to create a Kajabi quiz, you'll first need to create an Assessment. Once you've done so, add it to a course or website. From there, you'll need to configure its settings, including whether or not it should automatically grade results. You'll also need to decide whether you want to hide user results. After you've configured your Kajabi quiz's settings, you can add questions to it. Kajabi has many question types, including multiple selection and multiple choice.
You can also add quizzes to your Course Modules or Landing Pages. Adding individual questions to a Kajabi quiz will give your students a chance to test their knowledge and determine how successful they are. These quizzes can also help to measure student success, which is vital for increasing student engagement.
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There are two options for adding multiple-choice questions and Kajabi to a course. The first is to use an evaluation tool. Kajabi comes with an assessment tool, but many users find it a bit basic. Among other things, you can't customize it to have a white background. There are some workarounds to make the assessment look nicer.
Kajabi comes with an assessment tool, which is great for gauging the level of knowledge of your audience before they buy your course. To assess how well your students are conversant with a topic before they buy, you can add an assessment to your landing pages or site pages.
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To begin, I recommend taking a few minutes to explore the course site. Review the material we'll cover each week, and preview the assignments you'll need to complete to pass the course. Click Discussions to see forums where you can discuss the course material with fellow students taking the class.
If you have questions about course content, please post them in the forums to get help from others in the course community. For technical problems with the Coursera platform, visit the Learner Help Center.
Good luck as you get started, and I hope you enjoy the course!


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Charles Krauthammer
WASHINGTON – For all the hyped indignation over GOP "anarchism," there has been remarkable media reticence about the president's intransigence. He has refused to negotiate anything unless the Republicans fully fund the government and raise the debt ceiling – unconditionally. For all his protestations about protecting the full faith and credit of the United States – jittery markets are showing that his brinkmanship could have precisely the opposite effect – the president's real intent is to score a humiliating victory over the GOP. So far, so good. Republicans have fallen to 28 percent approval, the lowest level ever for either party in 21 years of polling and a staggering 10-point drop in the last month. Democrats have also declined, but only four points and, in the end, partisan politics is a zero-sum game. If you lose less than the other guy, you win – because every seat in Congress will be allocated to one party or the other, no matter how disgusted the country is with both. To be sure, the administration has, as always, overplayed a good hand, with punitive shutdowns – such as of the World War II Memorial – clearly intended to be blamed on the GOP. People aren't that stupid. They know a gratuitous abuse of government (lockout) power when they see it. Moreover, Republicans have been passing partial funding bills for such things as national monuments and cancer research, forcing Harry Reid's Democratic Senate to kill them with a stone cold heart. Even worse for Democrats, their current partisan advantage is a wasting asset. The rule is simple: shutdown good, debt ceiling bad. Every day the debt ceiling approaches, President Obama's leverage diminishes. Obama insists he won't negotiate on the debt ceiling as a matter of principle. It's never been used as leverage for extraneous (i.e., non-budgetary) demands, he claims. Nonsense. It's been so used dozens of times going back at least to 1973 when Ted Kennedy and Walter Mondale tried to force campaign finance reform on President Nixon. Obama himself voted against raising the debt ceiling when he was a senator in 2006. So much for principle. Moreover, should Obama miscalculate the brinkmanship, he'll become the first president to ever allow a default. Precisely opposite to the principle he pretends to be espousing – and ruinous to what's left of his presidency. Breaching the debt ceiling would indeed, as he claims, be an economic disaster, aborting an already historically anemic recovery. As president, he would take the blame. He can't allow it. It's a bluff. He will blink. That's why, as the debt ceiling approaches, the initiative will increasingly swing to House Speaker John Boehner. The real question is: What will Boehner do with it? His answer thus far has been peculiar: He simply wants the president to sit down and negotiate. Negotiate what? "There's nothing on the table," said Boehner on Tuesday. "There's nothing off the table." Stranger still. You cannot negotiate if you don't know what you want. The Republicans need to present a simple, broadly popular set of demands to attach to the debt ceiling. The president will deal. In his Tuesday press conference, he'd already abandoned his original ultimatum of give me a long-term extension or I don't budge. Now it's: Give me an extension of any length and I'll come to the table. On Thursday, Boehner took that exit ramp, offering Obama a six-week debt-ceiling extension during which negotiations would be conducted. Unless Obama reverses himself and refuses, his "no negotiations" posture evaporates. What, then, to ask for? Paul Ryan, as usual, points the way with a suggestion that would turn the partial and imperfect success of the last debt-ceiling fight – the automatic spending cuts ("sequester") that seriously reduced discretionary spending – into the larger success of curbing entitlements, which is where the real money is. After all, Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid and other health programs (plus interest payments) already claim more than half the federal budget. And they are poised to explode, eating up (estimates the Congressional Budget Office) 97 percent of revenues within 25 years. Raising (and indexing) the retirement age while changing the inflation measure for entitlements would alone be major achievements. Democrats could be offered relief on the sequester – which everyone agrees needs restructuring anyway, since it cuts agency budgets indiscriminately, often illogically, by formula. It's win-win. A serious attack on the deficit – good. Refiguring sequestration to restore some defense spending and some logic to discretionary spending – also good. Forcing the president off Mount Olympus – priceless.
Charles Krauthammer's column is distributed by The Washington Post Writers Group.


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May 25, 1970
TO: School Districts With More Than Five Percent National Origin-Minority Group Children
FROM: J. Stanley Pottinger, Director, Office for Civil Rights
SUBJECT: Identification of Discrimination and Denial of Services on the Basis of National Origin
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Departmental Regulation (45 CFR Part 80) promulgated thereunder require that there be no discrimination on the basis of race, color or national origin in the operation of any federally assisted programs.
Title VI compliance reviews conducted in school districts with large Spanish-surnamed student populations by the Office for Civil Rights have revealed a number of common practices which have the effect of denying equality of educational opportunity to Spanish-surnamed pupils. Similar practices which have the effect of discrimination on the basis of national origin exist in other locations with respect to disadvantaged pupils from other national origin-minority groups, for example, Chinese or Portuguese.
The purpose of this memorandum is to clarify D/HEW policy on issues concerning the responsibility of school districts to provide equal educational opportunity to national origin minority group children deficient in English language skills. The following are some of the major areas of concern that relate to compliance with Title VI:
- Where inability to speak and understand the English language excludes national origin-minority group children from effective participation in the educational program offered by a school district, the district must take affirmative steps to rectify the language deficiency in order to open its instructional program to these students.
- School districts must not assign national origin&#shy;minority group students to classes for the mentally retarded on the basis of criteria which essentially measure or evaluate English language skills; nor may school districts deny national origin-minority group children access to college preparatory courses on a basis directly related to the failure of the school system to inculcate English language skills.
- Any ability grouping or tracking system employed by the school system to deal with the special language skill needs of national origin-minority group children must be designed to meet such language skill needs as soon as possible and must not operate as an educational dead-end or permanent track.
- School districts have the responsibility to adequately notify national origin-minority group parents of school activities which are called to the attention of other parents. Such notice in order to be adequate may have to be provided in a language other than English.
School districts should examine current practices which exist in their districts in order to assess compliance with the matters set forth in this memorandum. A school district which determines that compliance problems currently exist in that district should immediately communicate in writing with the Office for Civil Rights and indicate what steps are being taken to remedy the situation. Where compliance questions arise as to the sufficiency of programs designed to meet the language skill needs of national origin-minority group children already operating in a particular area, full information regarding such programs should be provided. In the area of special language assistance, the scope of the program and the process for identifying need and the extent to which the need is fulfilled should be set forth.
School districts which receive this memorandum will be contacted shortly regarding the availability of technical assistance and will be provided with any additional information that may be needed to assist districts in achieving compliance with the law and equal educational opportunity for all children. Effective as of this date the aforementioned areas of concern will be regarded by regional Office for Civil Rights personnel as a part of their compliance responsibilities.
OCR Lau Memoranda


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Jack Tramiel, the man behind the Commodore 64 computer, died Sunday, according to reports. Tramiel, who was 83, came to America after World War II. He was a survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp in his native Poland.
Update: This post has been updated to reflect Tramiel's liberation from the Ahlem work camp, after his time in Auschwitz.
Eventually, Tramiel was freed from the Ahlem labor camp in Hanover, Germany, by American troops. In a 2007 interview, Tramiel explained what effect that experience had on him.
"When I came to the United States, I definitely felt I owed something to this country," he said.
So, Tramiel joined the U.S. Army a year after arriving in New York in 1947. And after his service, he turned to working with typewriters, then calculators — and finally, personal computers.
From Computer World:
"Tramiel's Commodore International in 1982 released the Commodore 64, a home computer that became one of the most popular models of all time, selling close to 17 million units between 1982 and 1994."
In 1984, Tramiel was forced out at Commodore. Soon after, he purchased Atari Corp., which he ran for more than 10 years.
The news of his death brought an outpouring of tweets and comments on technology sites, among them, Atari Age, where one user, bennybingo, posted this comment:
"Truly saddened by this news...he was just one of the many technology pioneers who shaped a large part of my childhood. He certainly left a very positive mark in the history books. Rest in peace."
As NPR's Susan Stamberg reported in 2007, Tramiel was a founder of the Holocaust Museum in Washington, D.C. He made certain that the name of the U.S. serviceman who helped to liberate him, Vernon W. Tott, was etched into the memorial wall.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.