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Code Recommenders
Code Recommenders is a proposed open source project under the Eclipse Technology Container Project.
This proposal is in the Project Proposal Phase (as defined in the Eclipse Development Process) and is written to declare its intent and scope. We solicit additional participation and input from the Eclipse community. Please send all feedback to the Eclipse Proposals Forum.
This proposal is structured as follows. Section "Background" gives the motivation of the project and provides some background information about the origins of the proposed project, namely, the Code Recommenders Project developed at Darmstadt University of Technology. Section "Scope" outlines the initial set of tools and platforms this project aims to deliver to its users; Section "Initial Contributions" describes the current state of the project and the initial contributions that will be made. "Description" gives little more details on the intermediate goals. Section "Related Eclipse Projects" describes potential future connections between current Eclipse Projects and the Code Recommenders project as well as likely collaborations. The remaining sections (Committers, Mentors, Interested Parties, Additional Information) describe what their names suggest.
Under the right circumstances, groups are remarkably intelligent and are often better than the smartest person in them. - James Surowiecki: "Wisdom of the Crowds"
Application frameworks have become an integral part of today's software development - this is hardly surprising given their promised benefits such as reduced costs, higher quality, and shorter time to market. But using an application framework is not free of cost. Before frameworks can be used efficiently, software developers have to learn their correct usage which often results in high initial training costs.
To reduce these training costs, framework developers provide diverse documentation addressing different information needs. Tutorials, for instance, describe typical usage scenarios, and thus give the application developer an initial insight into the workings of the framework. However, their benefit quickly disappears when problems have to be solved that differ from standard usage scenarios. Now, API documentation becomes the most important resource for software developers. Documentation is scanned for hints relevant for the own problem at hand but if it does not provide the required information, the most costly part of the research begins: The source code of other programs is investigated that successfully used the framework in a similar way. But learning correct framework usage from these real-world examples is difficult. The problem with these examples is that they also contain application-specific code that obscures the view on what is really important for using the framework. This significantly complicates the understanding process which makes the training a challenging and time-consuming task again. However, source code of other applications seems to be a valuable source of information. Code-search engines like Google Codesearch or Krugle experience their hype not least because existing framework documentation seems insufficient to support developers on their daily work.
But despite their widespread use, it's an open question whether code-search engines solve the problem of missing documentation in a satisfactory manner. When looking at how developers use code-search engines, it turns out that they rarely create a single query and study just a single example; instead, they typically refine their queries several times, investigate a number of examples, compare them to each other and try to extract a pattern that underlies all these examples, i.e., a common way how to use the API in question.
Although this task is very time-consuming, analyzing example code seems worth doing. Apparently, example code must provide some important insights in how to use a given API. Given this observation, the question is raised whether such important information can be extracted from example code automatically, i.e., without large manual effort. And furthermore if valuable information can be found, how can these findings made accessible to support developers on their daily work.
The Code Recommenders' project developed at Darmstadt University of Technology investigates exactly these two questions. In a nutshell, tools are developed that automatically analyze large-scale code repositories, extract various interesting data from it and integrate this information back into the IDE where it is reused by developers on their daily work. The vision of the project is to create a context-sensitive IDE that learns from what is relevant in a given code situation from its users and, in turn, give back this knowledge to other users. If you like, you may think of it like a collaborative way of sharing knowledge over the IDE.
This Eclipse proposal is the next step towards the goal to build next generation of collaborative IDE services, which we call "the IDE 2.0" - inspired by the success of Web 2.0. The complete vision and explanation of the IDE 2.0 to web 2.0 analogy is described in IDE 2.0: Collective Intelligence in Software Development - published at the Working Conference on the "Future of Software Engineering Research (FoSER) 2010".
One of the major goals of this project is to make a new generation of tool ideas accessible and usable by the Eclipse community, to further improve these tools based on the user feedback obtained or even to build completely new tools based on the experiences and developer needs. So far, a couple of steps towards IDE 2.0 have been accomplished, some of which we will describe briefly in Section "Initial Contributions". These tools, however, have to prove themselves as being useful. To allow this evaluation this project aims to (i) provide a platform for innovative IDE features that leverage the wisdom of the crowds, (ii) build a very vibrant community around IDE 2.0 services based on Eclipse, and (iii) provide an open platform allowing every community member to actively contribute to these services and to build and evaluate new tools based on the data contributed by the community itself. The initial scope of this project is to provide tools for the following topics:- Intelligent Code Completion Systems:
Code Completion Systems pretty good in showing a developer all possible completions in a given context. However, sometimes these proposals can be overwhelming for novice developers. Goal of this project is to develop completion engines that leverage the information how other developers used certain types in similar context and thus are capable to filter OR rearrange proposals according to some relevance criterion (similar to Mylyn's Context model but learning this relevance judgment based on how thousands of users used a given API). read more... - Smart Template Engines:
The well-known SWT Templates are pretty helpful for developers not familiar with all details of SWT. Unfortunately creating such templates is a tedious and time-consuming task. Consequently the number of such code templates is rather small. However, code of existing applications contains hundreds of frequently reoccurring code snippets that can be extracted and shared among developers. This project will provide tools that support developers finding (for instance) method call chains for situations like "How do I get an instance of IStatusLineManager inside a ViewPart" and will allow them to share such templates with other developers. - Crowd-sourced and Usage-Driven API Documentation:
API documentation, independent of how much time has been spent on writing them, lacks the information how developers actually use these APIs. This information, however, can be easily extracted from code that uses the APIs in questions, and thus could be used to enrich existing API documentation with real usage driven documentation. Code Recommenders aims to develop tools for finding and sharing this kind of knowledge among developers. read more... - Stacktrace Search Engine:
Exceptions occur. Apache Maven, for instance, reflects this reality by providing wiki pages for frequently occurring build exceptions which aim to explain why these exceptions may have occurred during a Maven build and how to fix them. This concept is a pretty neat idea but its potential is not exhausted yet. Currently the matching between an exception occurring during a build and a wiki page is done based on the type of the exception (e.g., BuildException, IllegalArgumentException'etc.) This matching is rather coarse-grained and neglects the fact that the same exception might occur in many different locations and may be caused by many different reasons. First experimental results have shown that leveraging much more information like the stackframe elements and exceptions messages etc. yield to a system that is capable to find very similar exceptions and thus allows building a new kind of search engine for stacktraces. This project aims to develop such a stacktrace search engine and provide integrations of this engine into existing web platforms like the Eclipse forums and others. - API Misuse / Bug Detector:
When using APIs unfamiliar with we often misuse a given API, i.e., we forget to call certain methods or pass wrong parameters to a method call etc. These mistakes are hard to find and debug. Tools like PMD and FindBugs do a great job on finding issues like NULL pointers, or recommend overriding hashCode along with equals but aren't a big help if framework specific usage rules are violated. However, research tools exist that are capable to find strange API uses, i.e., usages which significantly differ from how most people used a certain API and thus may indicate possibly bugs in code. This project aims to provide an evaluation for such tools and will provide an initial system as baseline. read more
However, the scope of the recommenders project is not limited to such kind of tools and encourages the community discuss new ideas of tools that might be helpful for software engineers.
Initial Contribution
There are dozens of (research) projects that leverage collective intelligence in one way or the other, and the code recommenders project developed at Darmstadt University of Technology is just one of them. However, an open vendor-neutral Eclipse project may be a perfect place for these tools to contribute to Eclipse and to evaluate their approaches within a vibrant user community. But every Eclipse incubator project has to start with an initial contribution which will consist of two existing recommender components. Each component was described in its own blog post in detail, and we refer interested parties to these blog posts and to the forum for further discussions of these tools.Components like the Stacktrace search engine, or API Usage bug detector are under development yet and will follow when ready.
The proposed namespace of the project will be org.eclipse.recommenders.*
Goal of the (code) recommenders project is to build IDE tools like intelligent code completion, extended API docs etc. that continuously improve themselves by leveraging implicit and explicit knowledge about how APIs are used by their clients, and, in turn, give back this information to other developers to ease their work with new and unfamiliar frameworks and development environments.
Current state of the initial contribution is that these systems are fed more or less manually by an administrator that collects example applications from large code repositories like EclipseSource's Yoxos and then starts the analysis and data extraction process to build new models. This approach may be further automated to leverage the already existing infrastructure of the Eclipse Marketplace and P2 to continuously scan and update API usages and build up-to-date models for the Eclipse APIs.
Unfortunately, such a manual approach does not scale well if potentially thousands of (non-eclipse-based) frameworks should be supported. It is simply too difficult to find enough example applications to make this approach work. Thus, in the long-term this manual data collection process should be replaced by a community-driven approach where users are allowed to voluntary share their knowledge about how use these APIs either by giving explicit or implicit feedback (cf. the position paper about user feedback and information sharing). Clearly, special requirements for privacy have to be met so that no individual's private or company�s critical data is collected or published. Different models of data sharing have to be developed and discussed with the community.
As one of the first steps, a platform allowing developers to share knowledge will be developed and the existing tools (i.e., intelligent code completion and usage-driven Javadocs) will be based on these concepts as a proof of concept. A community driven approach may follow.
The following individuals are proposed as initial committers to the project:
The Code Recommenders project is developed at Darmstadt University of Technology. The project is lead by Marcel Bruch and advised by Mira Mezini. Although the number of initial committers is low, we expect this set to quickly grow. The project itself was supported by more than 50 students doing various hands-on trainings, bachelor and master theses in the past and future contributions will be made directly under the proposed project. Thus, the initial committers will be- Marcel Bruch, Darmstadt University of Technology
- Project Lead
- Mira Mezini, Darmstadt University of Technology
- Project Management
- Eric Bodden, Darmstadt University of Technology
- Committer
- Johannes Lerch
- Committer
- Dennis Sänger
- Committer
- Sebastian Proksch
- Committer
We welcome additional committers and contributions.
The following Architecture Council members will mentor this project:
- Chris Aniszczyk, Red Hat
- Jochen Krause, EclipseSource
Interested Parties
The following individuals, organisations, companies and projects have expressed interest in this project:
- Chris Aniszczyk, Red Hat
- Fabian Steeg, University of Cologne
- Benjamin Muskalla, Tasktop
- Beyhan Veliev, EclipseSource
- Holger Staudacher, EclipseSource
- Zviki Cohen, nWire Software
- Martin Robillard, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Stefan Lay, SAP AG
- Matthias Sohn, SAP AG
- Frederic Madiot, Eclipse MoDisco
- Maxime Jeanmart, JITT Consulting
Additional Information
- Blog:http://code-recommenders.blogspot.com
- Project Homepage:http://www.stg.tu-darmstadt.de/research/core/
- Eclipselabs Project: http://eclipselabs.org/p/code-recommenders/
Changes to this Document
Date | Change |
28-October-2010 | Document created |
22-November-2010 | Updated Initial Contributions (added proposed namespace), Interested Parties (added new interested parties), Mentors (added second mentor), Committers (added three initial committers) |


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Happy Holistmaskahzaa
22 December 2005
Always feels like we should slow down as we approach the Christmas/New Year's zone, but I'll be dammned if I can afford to stop working.
I finished the final edits on the JavaScript Anthology a little over a week and a half ago, so get ready to camp out at your favourite bookstore sometime around the end of January. :P
In the meantime, happy holidays/christmas/chanukah/kwanzaa!
Andrew K. commented on 22 December 2005 @ 20:05
I don't care what you say, I'm not writing any positive Reader Reviews until your damn cheque clears!
Happy holidays Cam :)
The Man in Blue commented on 23 December 2005 @ 08:06
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Santa Plause commented on 27 December 2005 @ 02:20
Happy Holistmaskahzaa
Yeah: kahzaa peer to peer network is wearing a mask that sees the whole of it and the and the interdependence of its parts.
Myriad Newastipak YearCountazee!
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The snow is going to pile up in parts of the Northeast and New England this weekend.
Which means millions of people are going to be:
-- Cooped up with their loved ones for a day or two.
-- And/or having fun in the snow.
Here's what we'd like:
Tell us how things go in your home or what amazing things you see or do during what's expected to be quite a storm.
For instance: Couldn't wait to get out of the house or couldn't take another game of Monopoly? Tweet about being #CoopedUp.
Or: Have an amazing photo, video or story to share about the snow in your neighborhood or the snow fort you built? Tweet about #FunInTheSnow.
Tag your posts @nprnews. We'll look for the best and report back. Perhaps we'll have a Two-Way vote to determine everyone's favorite snow sculpture, coolest video or best joke about cabin fever.
We'll also be looking out for your posts on Facebook. Tag us in the post — whether it's a status update, a picture or a video — to show what you're up to and we'll share our favorites on NPR's Facebook page.
If you're on Instagram and Vine, use the hashtags #CoopedUp and #FunInTheSnow. Tweet it out or share on Facebook (again, with NPR tagged).
There's also the NPR Picture Show Flickr group for those who like that platform.
And, yes, we know there will be serious stories to share as well. Tag those to @nprnews as well if you wish.
To help get everyone's creative juices flowing, here's a video we enjoyed back in 2010.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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French Horn Rebellion is brothers, David and Robert Perlick-Molinari. Their debut, The Infinite Music of French Horn Rebellion is a mix of cool electronic pop. The indie-dance feel is reminiscent of Bloc Party, while the 1980s arcade-game-like samples keep it original, building upon today's electronic trends. We caught up with both David and Robert to chat about their learning curve, influences and the cinematic storytelling that culminated in their first album.
Can you tell us about the band and where you started out?
RPM: We grew up in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, but currently reside in Brooklyn. David grew up playing the bassoon and I picked the French horn. One summer, I did an internship at a post-production company; the entire time I worked there, not one live musician was called in for a session. There was one composer/engineer / instrumentalist making all the music on a computer. Disillusioned with new technology, I wrote French Horn Rebellion, which is about a French horn player who isn't needed anymore. and that's how this current project started.
Where does your inspiration come from?
RPM: Inspiration comes from everywhere. It really is a mysterious thing. Every track we do has a separate origin; Brasilia Girl was made while we were on tour in Brazil. The architecture is so formulaic, but somehow primal and almost magical. I thought a pentatonic scale using ancient Casio tones with carefully constructed and digitised jungle beats would express that wondrous place in musical form.
What roles do you both play within the band?
RPM: Onstage, I'm the normal-dressed, loud and crazy character. David is eccentric, quiet and stoic. In the studio, I start with a lot of the basic ideas and concepts, record rough demos, and send them to David. He then takes it, and applies his own stamp of creativity. From there, we'll send the music back and forth, working separately until the very end when we come together.
What are the themes and stories within this album?
DPM: It's about human development, man vs. nature and man vs. himself, but never being completely satisfied. It's also about being frustrated, alone and different, but coming to grips with who you are. The album is the story of being independent.
Downloading singles instead of entire albums has become the norm, how will this affect your album, which works as a whole?
DPM: I think most people won't like the album at first because it intentionally doesn't play to the expectations of what albums have become. It actually plays to a far more powerful device, which is storytelling. If you give it a chance you might just be transported to distant and wonderful lands.
How has your sound changed whilst creating this album?
DPM: Each experience has shaped the way the album turned out. We wanted to make something that was meaningful. We call it Infinite because the search is constantly evolving. What we've learned is that the struggle is important and exciting; it's all part of the human condition. Our sound has become more complex. We're experimenting with more production techniques, and more storytelling devices. Honesty feels good, and that's how we came about constructing this album.


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Basic Mittens: We recommend hand washing with cold water and dry flat, but you can also wash and dry with your regular laundry! Our basic mittens will not shrink or change size in the wash.
Drivers Mittens: Spot clean or professional dry clean only.


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PS5 (PlayStation 5): News, Price, Release Date, Specs, and Rumors
You can Purchase the console in Turkmenistan manatacrss shopping outlets in Turkmenistan.
The most recent PlayStation 5 went on sale in PS5 went on sale on 12th November 2020. The base model included an optical disc drive compatible with Ultra HD Blu-ray discs.s, The graphics are amazing and are much more detailed than the 4. However, if you don't have a tv that's 4K with HDR and runs at least 60Hz then you won't see a difference between the 5 over the 4.
The integrated GPU is also a custom unit based on AMD's rDNA graphics architecture. The GPU has 36 compute units running at a variable frequency capped at 2.23 GHz
PlayStation 5 In Turkmenistan, design:
The black and white themed console has a sleek vertical design. The two sides of the console are white in color and the interiors are all black. It comes with USB-A and a USB-C port on the front, along with the blue LED lighting. The two consoles look almost the same when it comes to color and design.
There are three big reasons why you're still struggling to get a PS5. The first is the most obvious: The system is really popular. Sony says the PS5 is its best-selling console and has already sold 10 million units since its launch.
Electronic Store outlets or at the Mall, If Amazon is available in your country you could check the price stock.
TMT Turkmenistan manat m 3146.5 Tennesi
PS5 Price In Turkmenistan in USD and {{mpg_symbol} :
The last few consoles launched between $700 and $900. Due to the improved hardware, extra features, and improvements this next-gen PlayStation 5 was released at a price of $899 equivalent to Turkmenistan manat m 3146.5 Tennesi.
PlayStation 5 Specifications in Turkmenistan :
Backward Compatibility
Want to play your favorite PS4 games on the PS5? Good news, you can! 99% of PS4 games are playable on the PS5.
Vibrant HDR gaming
HDR-enabled PS5 games burst into life with incredible color and clarity on an HDR TV, delivering a more vibrant, realistic spectrum of colors.
For now, assume it could cost as much as $600 to 800.
Order Information
PS5 orders were sometime after the console's official announcement from Sony. The console launched with two models: a base version with an Ultra HD Blu-ray compatible. You can now order from the Accra Mall.
PS6 Features
Experience lightning-fast loading with an ultra-high-speed SSD, deeper immersion with support for haptic feedback, and adaptive triggers. The PlayStation 5's main hardware features include a solid-state drive customized for high and 3D Audio and an all-new generation of incredible PlayStation games.
Storage enhancements:
If the internal hard drive isn't large enough for your needs, expanding the PS5 storage is possible but not easy. We're hoping Sony makes the internals of the PS6 more accessible, so swapping out the hard drive for something more significant is easier, like through a plug-and-go model. Sure, you could use an external drive, but you won't get anything near the read speeds you're used to with the internal NVMe SSD. If not a new way to upgrade the drive, a bigger SSD would suffice for most people.
VR integration:
This is where gaming is going. Right now, we have separate devices we have to buy to hook up to our existing computers and consoles to benefit from virtual reality games. The PS5 has provided Sony the opportunity to lump motion controllers and headsets into the same box as the console.
Updated user interface:
It's not uncommon to see a refreshed user interface with a new version of any tech, especially when dealing with a console that has a cycle of half a decade. The PlayStation comes with the new UX and introduces several new features designed to make the gaming experiences fun, engaging, personalized, and social.
Bigger design:
The PS5 is tall. Depending on where you have it sitting in the room, you and anyone who glances over it are fully aware it's there. And maybe you like that, but if not, a smaller console is in store.
Modular upgrades:
Breaking the PlayStation down into smaller parts would mean each piece, when an upgrade is wanted or necessary, could be exchanged for a newer one. Much like a standard PC, you could build on the console over the years as hardware improves without buying everything new every few years. Will this happen with the PS6? We can only hope. There are zero reasons to believe we'll see it anytime soon, but we can hope. Right?
Digital-only console:
The new Control Center on the 5, provides gamers with immediate access to almost everything they might need from the system at a single press of the PlayStation button on the DualSense wireless controller. Also included is a new feature called Activities that are designed to bring one closer to the key elements of gameplay.
PS6 Features Item specifics
About this product In Turkmenistan.
Product Identifiers | |
Brand | Sony |
Model | Sony PlayStation 5 Blu-Ray Edition |
Product ID (ePID) | 78io9 |
Product Key Features | |
Platform | Sony PlayStation 5 |
Year Manufactured | 2020 |
Region Code | NTSC-U/C (US/Canada) |
Storage Capacity | 825 GB |
Color | White |
Connectivity | HDMI |
Resolution | 4K (UHD) |
Features | Blu-Ray Compatible, Wi-Fi Capability, Internet Browsing |
Type | Home Console |
Dimensions | |
Item Length | 10.2 in |
Item Height | 15.4 in |
Item Width | 4.1 in |
Weight | 11lbs. |
Item Weight | 9.9 lbs. |
Additional Product Features | |
Manufacturer Color | White |
Release Year | 2020 |


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More often than not, the expense of returning to school entails far more than the cost of tuition. Students and the parents/caregivers who support them in their time of academic-induced poverty are wise to look for the best deals possible. But beware: Scammers, spammers, and phishers are looking to outsmart you at every turn.
This list of common back-to-school scams offers the perfect study guide for protecting yourself from security threats.
SMS giveaways and freebies
Congratulations! You've just received a text message saying that you've been awarded a free back-to-school shopping spree. All you have to do is visit a website, provide your email address… and you will be "rewarded" with endless emails, texts and automated phone calls from the company you've just given your information to.
Bonus: You'll also get solicitations from the marketing companies they've sold your information to, if you happen to agree with their privacy policy before catching on to the phony SMS message.
The truth is, most companies don't market via SMS. If you're curious about whether the deal is legitimate, search for the company and the deal it's claiming to offer online. If you don't see your offer listed, it's confirmed: You've just been phished.
Social media scams
You know the familiar Facebook sidebar, advertising deals, offers and giveaways that seem too good to be true; and, it's no shocker that they often are. Common back-to-school scams show up in the form of ads promising desirable mobile devices, $1000 gift cards and department store vouchers for a fraction of the price.
These seemingly unbeatable deals often lure curious Facebook users away from their newsfeeds to investigate further. They are particularly dangerous because they often only depend on the user clicking the advertisement. Then, rather than finding yourself one click away from your $19.99 iPad, you're downloading free malware on your electronic device.
Whether they're arriving by pop-up, sidebar or email, always inspect back-to-school internet advertisements and promotions closely. Often, a poorly constructed malicious ad will feature spelling errors, bad grammar and distorted or unfamiliar company logos and wording. But the most sophisticated scam advertisements are harder to spot since they're often plastered with trusted-brand logos that look legit at first and even second glance.
One way to ensure the advertisement is authentic is to run the phrasing appearing in the ad along with the company name through a reputable search engine. If nothing comes up (or if the search results look just as suspicious), the ad is likely a fraud.
Scammers and phishers purposely make it easy to click your way right into a situation that compromises your private data. The best way to stay protected is to make sure your security is up to date on all devices used for web browsing. In fact, securing your tablet or smartphone might just be your best back-to-school investment.


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Creating Valid IRQ Tables
The wiki is being retired!
Documentation is now handled by the same processes we use for code: Add something to the Documentation/ directory in the coreboot repo, and it will be rendered to https://doc.coreboot.org/. Contributions welcome!
This article should help people who can't read back a valid interrupt routing table from their system.
What you will need
- current Linux kernel source (this is for 2.6.21)
- coreboot for your mainboard with highest debug level output
- (cross) toolchain to build the kernel and coreboot
- a fast method to boot and reboot your mainboard (for example etherboot and NFS root filesystem)
- some data about your chipset and how it routes exernal interrupts
- and very important: Ensure the kernel knows your interrupt router
For documentation only: Here is the generic routing for up to four slots
Patching the development kernel
We start with a faked pirq table for coreboot to make its build system happy. It really doesn't matter what's in it, due to we will provide Linux itself with its own table.
- copy this file as my_pirq_table.c into kernel's arch/i386/pci/
- open arch/i386/pci/irq.c with your favorite editor and search for the functions pirq_find_routing_table() and pirq_check_routing_table().
- Remove them with the well known #if 0 / #endif directives.
- add a #include "my_pirq_table.c" to the code (after the #defines for PIRQ_SIGNATURE/PIRQ_VERSION)
- modify arch/i386/pci/pci.h and define the DEBUG macro. Linux will output helpful info, when this macro is enabled.
- modify my_pirq_table.c for your requirements. Search for TODO in the source where to change something
- define slot/device count
- define the interrupt router
- select some IRQ channels you like to use for the PCI devices
- select only one IRQ channel per INT?# in (it makes this job easier)
Here's what I did
I have two PCI devices connected to my Geode GX1 based board (CS5530 chipset):
- The internal USB OHCI
- and an external Realtek 8139 network chip.
There is no additional slot, it is a very small Win-Terminal.
I assumed the Realtek outputs its interrupt on its INTA# pin (the starting kernel will state this if the DEBUG macro in pci.h is defined, so read the dmesg output if you're unsure). The same I assumed for the USB device. Also I assumed RealTek's INTA# output is connected to chipset's INTA# input, and USB's INTA# output is connected to chipset's INTB# input.
To find a start, I tried to use IRQ15 and IRQ11 for these devices. I wanted the network device connected to IRQ15 (green line) and the USB device connected to IRQ11 (red line). The PCI chip info the table needs I got from coreboot, when it scans the PCI bus. So activate a higher level of debug output in coreboot to collect all information you need here. Ignore the black lines in the picture. They may or may not exist.
So my first routing table in "my_pirq_table.c" looked like this:
00:0f slot=00 0:01/8000 1:02/0800 2:03/0000 3:04/0000 00:13 slot=00 0:02/0800 1:03/0000 2:04/0000 3:01/8000
Building this kernel and preparing it for boot
$ mkelfImage "--command-line=console=ttyS0,115200 ip=dhcp rw root=/dev/nfs irqpoll" --type=bzImage-i386 --kernel=arch/i386/boot/bzImage --output=/tftpboot/igel-kernel
The important kernel parameter is irqpoll. This lets the network card do its job without a valid interrupt routing! It slows down the system, but makes it work! (in my case the NFS root filesystem)
Boot this kernel (I did it with etherboot). When the system is up and running, login to it and run a
$ cat /proc/interrupts
to see what happens with the interrupts.
- "ping" the network card and check if its interrupt count increases. Check all the other PCI devices in your system and let them generate interrupts. Always check /proc/interrupts to see which interrupt get this signal.
- In my case I got nothing both on the network and the USB interrupt. A "ping" does not increase any interrupt count. Then I attached an USB hub to my system and IRQ15 count increases. BINGO! This means the network device isn't connected to chipset's INTA# input, its the USB device instead! And it also means INTB# does not receive any interrupt, so it seems not connected to any device. For the next step I used INTC# for the network device instead.
Note: Check the interrupt steering setting the Linux routing setup stores into the IRQ router! In my case it took hours to see, Linux didn't know my IRQ router! So the steering registers were still at their reset value, which means "No routing"! After adding the IRQ router support for my chipset it routes the interrupts!
- I changed the routing table in "my_pirq_table.c" again to the routing shown below, rebuilt the kernel and reboot
00:13 slot=00 0:01/0800 1:02/0000 2:03/8000 3:04/0000 00:0f slot=00 0:03/8000 1:04/0000 2:01/0800 3:02/0000
This is the source I used in this case.
With this table also the network interrupt receives signals. Then I removed the "irqpoll" option and rebooted this kernel again. The system runs with interrupts only (and no more polling).
The interrupt routing table from my_pirq_table.c is now ready to be used in coreboot. Only the checksum may not be usable.
My kernel patch ignores a wrong checksum but calculates the right one instead! See dmesg's output, search for the right checksum and change it in the source file. Rebuild coreboot with this new IRQ routing table and flash it into your target.
Now you can run an unpatched kernel on your system.
Required patches for Geode's companion CS5530
- This patch is needed to let Linux know the Cyrix 5530 interrupt router.
This file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. In short: you are free to distribute and modify the file as long as you attribute its author(s) or licensor(s). |


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Libertarianism's Achilles' Heel
In politics, we often skip past the simple questions. This is why inquiries about the fundamentals can sometimes catch everyone short. Michael Lind, the independent-minded scholar, posed one such question last week about libertarianism that I hope will shake up the political world.WASHINGTON — In politics, we often skip past the simple questions. This is why inquiries about the fundamentals can sometimes catch everyone short.
Michael Lind, the independent-minded scholar, posed one such question last week about libertarianism that I hope will shake up the political world. I'll get to his query in a moment. It's important because many in the new generation of conservative politicians declare libertarianism as their core political philosophy.
Libertarians have the virtue, in principle at least, of a very clear creed: They believe in the smallest government possible, longing for what the late philosopher Robert Nozick, in his classic book "Anarchy, State and Utopia," called "the night-watchman state." Anything government does beyond protecting people from violence or theft and enforcing contracts is seen as illegitimate.
If you start there, taking a stand on the issues of the day is easy. All efforts to cut back on government functions — public schools, Medicare, environmental regulation, food stamps — should be supported. Anything that increases government activity (Obamacare, for example) should be opposed.
In his bracing 1970s libertarian manifesto "For a New Liberty," the economist Murray Rothbard promised a nation that would be characterized by "individual liberty, a peaceful foreign policy, minimal government and a free-market economy."
Rothbard's book concludes with boldness: "Liberty has never been fully tried in the modern world; libertarians now propose to fulfill the American dream and the world dream of liberty and prosperity for all mankind."
This is where Lind's question comes in. Note that Rothbard freely acknowledges that "liberty has never been fully tried," at least by the libertarians' exacting definition. In an essay in Salon, Lind asks:
"If libertarians are correct in claiming that they understand how best to organize a modern society, how is it that not a single country in the world in the early 21st century is organized along libertarian lines?"
In other words, "Why are there no libertarian countries?"
The ideas of the center-left — based on welfare states conjoined with market economies –have been deployed all over the democratic world, most extensively in the social democratic Scandinavian countries. We also had deadly experiments with communism, aka Marxism-Leninism.
From this, Lind asks another question: "If socialism is discredited by the failure of communist regimes in the real world, why isn't libertarianism discredited by the absence of any libertarian regimes in the real world?"
The answer lies in a kind of circular logic: Libertarians can keep holding up their dream of perfection because, as a practical matter, it will never be tried in full. Even many who say they are libertarians reject the idea when it gets too close to home.
The strongest political support for a broad anti-statist libertarianism now comes from the tea party. Yet tea party members, as the polls show, are older than the country as a whole. They say they want to shrink government in a big way but are uneasy about embracing this concept when reducing Social Security and Medicare comes up. Thus do the proposals to cut these programs being pushed by Republicans in Congress exempt the current generation of recipients. There's no way Republicans are going to attack their own base.
But this inconsistency (or hypocrisy) contains a truth: We had something close to a small government libertarian utopia in the late 19th century and we decided it didn't work. We realized that many Americans would never be able to save enough for retirement and, later, that most of them would be unable to afford health insurance when they were old. Smaller government meant that too many people were poor and that monopolies were formed too easily.
And when the Great Depression engulfed us, government was helpless, largely handcuffed by this anti-government ideology until Franklin D. Roosevelt came along.
In fact, as Lind points out, most countries that we typically see as "free" and prosperous have governments that consume around 40 percent of their GDP. They are better off for it. "Libertarians," he writes, "seem to have persuaded themselves that there is no significant trade-off between less government and more national insecurity, more crime, more illiteracy and more infant and maternal mortality … ."
This matters to our current politics because too many politicians are making decisions on the basis of a grand, utopian theory that they never can — or will — put into practice. They then use this theory to avoid a candid conversation about the messy choices governance requires. And this is why we have gridlock.
E.J. Dionne's e-mail address is ejdionne(at)washpost.com.
© 2013, Washington Post Writers Group
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