text:
The Egyptian-sponsored deal delivered key achievements for all involved. It promised to halt years of Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israel and ease border closings that have stifled Gaza's economy, and it affirmed the emergence of Egypt's new Islamist government as a key player in a changing region. But vague language in the agreement and deep hostility between the combatants made it far from certain that the bloodshed would end.
News of the truce, announced in Cairo and reached after furious diplomacy that drew in U.S., U.N., European and regional diplomats, set off ecstatic celebrations in Gaza, where thousands poured into the streets, firing guns into the air, honking horns and waving Palestinian, Hamas and Egyptian flags.
In Israel, small demonstrations were held in communities that were struck by rockets. Protesters said the military should have hit Hamas harder and some held signs demanding security and denouncing "agreements with terrorists."
Leaders on both sides used tough language as they prepared to engage in indirect negotiations on a future border arrangement through Egyptian mediators.
"I know there are citizens that expected a wider military operation and it could be that it will be needed. But at this time the right thing of the state of Israel is to take this opportunity to reach a continuous cease-fire," Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said.
At a news conference in Cairo, the top Hamas leader in exile, Khaled Mashaal, claimed victory, saying the Israelis "failed in their adventure" and that Israel is "inevitably destined for defeat."
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton called it "a critical moment for the region."
"Egypt's new government is assuming the responsibility and leadership that has long made this country a cornerstone of regional stability and peace," Clinton said.
Israel launched its military offensive in Gaza on Nov. 14 in to halt months of renewed rocket fire from Gaza. In a first salvo, it assassinated the Hamas military chief, then bombarded more than 1,500 targets in eight days of airstrikes and artillery attacks. Palestinian militants led by Hamas showered Israel with more than 1,500 rockets, including longer-range weapons that reached as far as Jerusalem and Tel Aviv.
The fighting killed 161 Palestinians, including 71 civilians, and forced hundreds of thousands of people on both sides of the border to remain huddled indoors. Five Israelis were killed. It was the worst bloodshed since an Israeli invasion of Gaza four years ago that left hundreds dead.
Under the agreement, Egypt will play a key role in maintaining the peace. The U.S. also pledged engagement.
"In the days ahead, the United States will work with partners across the region to consolidate this progress, improve conditions for the people of Gaza, and provide security for the people of Israel," Clinton said at a joint news conference in Cairo with her Egyptian counterpart, Mohammed Kamel Amr.
By agreeing to the cease-fire, both Israel and Gaza's Hamas rulers stepped back from the brink of what could have been a full-fledged war. Both had compelling reasons to accept the Egyptian deal, even though its outlines are vague.
Israel, which had massed thousands of troops along the Gaza border, was warned by its Western allies, including the U.S., against launching a ground offensive. Hamas would likely have lost popular support if Gazans had to endure another devastating military invasion.
Hours before the deal was announced, a bomb exploded on a bus in Tel Aviv near Israel's military headquarters, wounding 27 people and raising fears of a breakdown in the diplomacy. The blast, which left the bus charred and its windows blown out, was the first bombing in Tel Aviv since 2006. The bomb was placed inside the bus by a man who got off, said Yitzhak Aharonovich, Israel's minister of internal security. It was not immediately clear who was behind the attack.
The deal calls for an immediate halt to "all hostilities," and after a 24-hour period of calm, talks will open on border arrangements. Gaza's Rafah border crossing with Egypt is expected to assume a central role in the talks. Largely limited to foot traffic, Hamas hopes to turn the crossing into a bustling trade zone.
The new negotiations will try to tackle some difficult issues. Israel will be seeking guarantees for a halt in weapons smuggling by Hamas. The Islamists want unrestricted movement and trade in and out of Gaza.
Israel imposed its blockade five years ago, after Hamas seized control of Gaza from the rival Fatah movement of President Mahmoud Abbas. Although the blockade has gradually been eased, key restrictions remain on exports, the entry of key raw materials, and the movement of people in and out of the area. These restrictions have ground Gaza's economy to a halt, fueling unemployment of more than 30 percent.
The negotiations will be laden with obstacles, and Egyptian mediators will be faced with tough-to-bridge positions by both sides. Hamas is likely to resist Israeli demands to demilitarize.
In his comments Wednesday, Mashaal boasted of the arsenal Hamas had amassed, both through a homegrown weapons industry and support from Iran, Israel's archenemy.
"We thank Iran for its support along with all the other nations that supported us," he said.
Mashaal said Hamas would demand a package that ends Gaza's isolation. "We talked about the crossings, and the freedom of movement and cargo," he said.
By brokering the truce, Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi emerged as a pivotal player in the new Middle East, which has been swept by Islamist fervor during the Arab Spring changes of the past two years. As the key sponsor of the deal, serving as a middleman in cases of truce violations, Morsi will continue to play a key role.
His Muslim Brotherhood is the parent movement of Hamas, and the Egyptian leader has sympathized with the Palestinian Islamic group.
However, he has largely kept in place the restrictions on the Gaza-Egypt border that were imposed five years ago by his pro-Western predecessor, Hosni Mubarak, when Israel began sealing Gaza. Only Gazans fitting certain criteria can enter Egypt, and Morsi has resisted Hamas demands to open a cargo crossing.
Morsi has continued Mubarak's policy, in part, because of Egyptian concerns that an open border between Gaza and Egypt would allow Israel to "dump" the territory onto Egypt and undermine Palestinian statehood dreams.
Gaza and the West Bank flank Israel, which prevents virtual all travel between the two territories. If Gaza is open to Egypt, this would deepen the Palestinian territorial division and further undermine Abbas.
In closed meetings with Egyptian intelligence officials, Israel expressed concern about weapons entering Gaza from Libya and elsewhere.
Egyptian officials responded that they are keen on stopping the flow of weapons, which affect security in the Sinai Peninsula and end up in militants' hands there, according to Egyptian intelligence officials present in the meetings. The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to release the information.
The deal offered key accomplishments to both Israel and Hamas. By bringing quiet to Israel's embattled south, Netanyahu is likely to enjoy a boost of popularity just as he prepares to seek re-election in January.
Hamas' ability to stand up to Israel, combined with the international recognition it has gained, solidifies its control of Gaza, prolonging the rule of a militant group pledged to Israel's destruction.
After more than five years of political isolation, Gaza became a magnet for foreign leaders during the past eight days. The prime minister of Egypt, the foreign minister of Turkey and foreign ministers of several Arab countries visited Gaza to show their support for Hamas.
More importantly, both Israel and the U.S. engaged in negotiations with the Islamists, albeit indirectly. Both countries consider Hamas to be a terrorist group.
The biggest loser appears to be Abbas, the main political rival of Hamas, who was forced to watch the events in Gaza from the sidelines. Since losing control of Gaza, Abbas has been unable to end the bitter rift with Hamas, leaving him governing in the West Bank only. Abbas seeks an independent state that includes both territories.
The events of recent days, coupled with a four-year impasse in peace efforts with Israel, will underscore Abbas' image as an ineffective leader.
As the streets of Gaza City snarled with celebrations, chants of "God is great!" echoed from mosque speakers.
"I came out from under the fire. I want my children and I to live in safety. I don't want war," said Abdel-Nasser al-Tom, a resident of northern Gaza who had huddled for shelter in a U.N. school. "I just hope they commit to peace."
Federman reported from Jerusalem. Mohammed Daraghmeh in Cairo and Ariel David in Tel Aviv contributed to this report.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tax relief is available on certain capital expenditure in the form of capital allowances but the amount of these allowances can vary depending on the type of asset acquired. At JWPCreers LLP, we can provide advice on maximising tax relief for capital expenditure for your business in the North Yorkshire area.
The cost of purchasing capital equipment in a business is not a revenue tax deductible expense. However tax relief is available on certain capital expenditure in the form of capital allowances.
The allowances available depend on what you're claiming for. In this factsheet we give you an overview of the types of expenditure for which capital allowances are available and the amount of the allowances.
Capital allowances are not generally affected by the way in which the business pays for the purchase. So where an asset is acquired on hire purchase (HP), allowances are generally given as though there were an outright cash purchase and subsequent instalments of capital are ignored. However finance leases, often considered to be an alternative form of 'purchase' and which for accounting purposes are included as assets, are denied capital allowances. Instead the accounts depreciation is usually allowable as a tax deductible expense.
Any interest or other finance charges on an overdraft, loan, HP or finance lease agreement to fund the purchase is a revenue tax deductible business expense. It is not part of the capital cost of the asset.
If alternatively a business rents capital equipment, often referred to as an operating lease, then as with other rents this is a revenue tax deductible expense so no capital allowances are available.
This includes items such as machines, equipment, furniture, certain fixtures, computers, cars, vans and similar equipment you use in your business.
Note there are special rules for cars and certain 'environmentally friendly' equipment and these are dealt with below.
The Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) provides a 100% deduction for the cost of most plant and machinery (not cars) purchased by a business up to an annual limit and is available to most businesses. Where businesses spend more than the annual limit, any additional qualifying expenditure generally attracts an annual writing down allowance (WDA) of only 18% (or 6% for the special rate pool) depending on the type of asset.
The maximum amount of the AIA depends on the date of the accounting period and the date of expenditure. The AIA from 1 January 2019 is £1 million for three years. It will revert to £200,000 from 1 January 2022. Complex rules apply to accounting periods straddling 1 January 2022.
Where purchases exceed the AIA, a WDA is due on any excess in the same period. Cars are not eligible for the AIA, so will only benefit from the WDA (see special rules for cars).
Please contact us before capital expenditure is incurred for your business in a current accounting period, so that we can help you to maximise the AIA available.
Expenditure incurred on business-related buildings and structures will attract an annual 3% writing down allowance on a straight-line basis. This allowance is designed to encourage investment in the construction of new structures and buildings that are intended for commercial use, the necessary works to bring them into existence and the improvement of existing structures and buildings, including the cost of converting existing premises for use in a qualifying activity. Neither land nor dwellings are eligible for relief. Where there is mixed use, for example, between commercial and residential units in a development, the relief is reduced by apportionment. No relief is available for work spaces within domestic settings, such as home offices.
Between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2023, companies investing in qualifying new plant and machinery will benefit from new first year capital allowances.
Under this measure a company will be allowed to claim:
This relief is not available for unincorporated businesses.
There are special rules for the treatment of certain distinctive types of expenditure. The first distinctive category is car expenditure. Other vehicles are treated as main rate pool plant and machinery but cars are not eligible for the AIA. The treatment of car expenditure depends on when it was acquired and is best summarised as follows:
The following rules apply:
Cars and other business assets that are used partly for private purposes, by the proprietor of the business (ie a sole trader or partners in a partnership), are allocated to a single asset pool irrespective of costs or emissions to enable the private use adjustment to be made. Private use of assets by employees does not require any restriction of the capital allowances.
The allowances are computed in the normal way so can in theory now attract the 100% AIA or the relevant writing down allowance. However, only the business use proportion is allowed for tax purposes. This means that the purchase of a new zero emission car which costs £15,000 with 80% business use will attract an allowance of £12,000 (£15,000 x 100% x 80%) when acquired.
On the disposal of a private use element car, any proceeds of sale (or cost if lower) are deducted from any unrelieved expenditure in the single asset pool. Any shortfall can be claimed as an additional one off allowance but is restricted to the business use element only. Similarly any excess is treated as a taxable profit but only the business related element.
A 100% First Year Allowance (FYA) is currently available for businesses purchasing zero-emission goods vehicles, gas refuelling equipment and electric charge-point equipment.
For equipment you intend to keep for only a short time, you can choose (by election) to keep such assets outside the normal pool. The allowances on them are calculated separately and on sale if the proceeds are less than the balance of expenditure remaining, the difference is given as a further capital allowance. This election is not available for cars or integral features.
The asset is transferred into the pool if it is not disposed of by the eighth anniversary of the end of the period in which it was acquired.
These are assets with an expected useful life in excess of 25 years. These assets are combined with integral features in the special rate pool.
There are various exclusions including cars and the rules only apply to businesses spending at least £100,000 per annum on such assets so that most smaller businesses are unaffected by these rules.
Capital expenditure on certain other assets qualifies for relief. Please contact us for specific advice on areas such as qualifying expenditure in respect of enterprise zones and research and development.
Unincorporated businesses and companies must both make claims for capital allowances through tax returns.
Claims may be restricted where it is not desirable to claim the full amount available - this may be to avoid other allowances or reliefs being wasted.
For unincorporated businesses the claim must normally be made within 12 months after the 31 January filing deadline for the relevant return.
For companies the claim must normally be made within two years of the end of the accounting period.
The rules for capital allowances can be complex. If your business is in the North Yorkshire area we can help by computing the allowances available to your business, ensuring that the most advantageous claims are made and by advising on matters such as the timing of purchases and sales of capital assets. Please do contact us at JWPCreers LLP if you would like further advice.


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If one reads The Handbook on Formative and Summative Evaluation of Student Learning (Bloom, Hastings and Madaus, 1971) the biggest distinction (besides purpose) of formative and summative is the level of generalization. Formatives tend to be much smaller & focused, while summatives tend to be more comprehensive. A problem with trying to combine these types of evidence is that often what seperates novices from expert is the ability to work at more comprehensive levels.
For example, when studying performance of avionics technicians, Lajoe (1993) found that differences between novices and experts occurred in the over all problem solving process when cognitive load was high, such as when troubleshooting test equipment. Both groups performed well when performing discrete elements of the job, the trouble occurred when having to juggle multiple elements in the process of achieving a larger goal (p. 264).
The two graphs below are from a honors geometry teacher's grade book. The first one shows the scores for the formative type assessments (in green) and the larger more comprehensive assessments (red). The second image shows the course grade calculated using the all the grades (using the teacher's point scale) vs. just the summative assessments. The inclusion of the formatives boosts some students grades two letter grades!
Imagine if this were a group of students who haven't had a particularly good experience in math. What if they routinely missed several assignments of just performed poorly on them becasue they still needed more practice. In those cases you could see the opposite effect where the formative grade actually supressed the overall grade.


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LINCOLN WILTON BLACK Graveside services for Lincoln Wilton Black were held at 2 p.m. Wednesday, March 6 at Greenlawn Cemetery in Farmington, N.M. Lincoln was born September 1, 1913 in Kirksville, Mo. the son of Edena Maude Messimer Black, D.O. and Albert Lincoln Black, D.O. Lincoln passed away, Thursday, February 28, 2013 at Vista Grande Inn Nursing Home in Cortez at the age of 99. In his younger days, Lincoln was a heavy equipment operator in the Northwest. In his later years Lincoln took great pride in being a Greeter for Wal-Mart in Cortez. Lincoln was a lifelong member of the Seventh Day Adventist Church and was ever faithful to his religious studies and practices. Lincoln had a great love of gospel music and continued to play the piano and sing hymns from memory to his fellow residents at Golden Years Retirement Home in Cortez for many years. Lincoln's secret to a long life was his daily walks in the sunshine along the Golden Years path. Lincoln is survived by his only biological child, his daughter, Viveca Branson of Alabama; his step-daughter, Sharon Williams (Toby) of Aztec, N.M.; niece, Linda Gilmore (Bob) of Esparto, Calif.; and many nieces, nephews and extended family members. Lincoln was preceded in death by his beloved wife, Talitha Black, in May 1998. Lincoln was the eldest of four siblings who all predeceased him, including his cherished sister, VeraBell Schaffer; his sister, Louise; and his brother, Albert Lincoln Black, Jr. Memorial contributions can be made in Lincoln's name to the Rocky Mountain Conference Church of the Seventh Day Adventist at 2520 So. Downing Street; Denver, CO 80210.
Wednesday, March 6, 2013
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Greenlawn Cemetery
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TALLAHASSEE, Fla. -- The Winter of Winston continues for Florida State's redshirt freshman quarterback.
Jameis Winston is The Associated Press national player of the year, adding to his cadre of postseason accolades. He's this year's Heisman Trophy winner, the Walter Camp national player of the year, the Davey O'Brien quarterback of the year and the Atlantic Coast Conference player of the year.
Seminoles football fans should send a thank-you note to Florida State's baseball program.
If not for coach Mike Martin Sr. and one of his assistants, Mike Martin Jr., Winston -- a two-sport athlete -- might not be preparing to lead the No. 1-ranked Seminoles against No. 2 Auburn in the Vizio BCS Championship on Jan. 6 with the opportunity to bring a third national title back to the Florida State campus.
When Winston won the Heisman, he thanked the usual cast of family, coaches and teammates. Then there was the thanks to "Eleven" and "Meat." Most of the country ignored the peculiar names, but Winston wouldn't have attended Florida State without the warm relationship between football coach Jimbo Fisher and the Florida State baseball coaching staff. "Eleven" is otherwise known as baseball coach Martin Sr., who has led the program for 34 years, and "Meat" is Martin Jr.
Martin Jr. was on a recruiting trip to watch Winston during his junior year of high school when he called to let Fisher know. Fisher actually had tape of Winston on his desk at the time and decided to put it in. About 30 minutes later, Fisher called Martin Jr. back and said, "Don't let him get away."
Winston hit a game-winning home run that day.
"Jimbo Fisher deserves the credit for giving the young man the opportunity to display his talents in another sport," Martin Sr. said.
Fisher covets players who come from diverse backgrounds where football wasn't their only sport. He actively looks for athletes who play numerous positions on the football field and play different sports.
"It makes you a different kind of competitor," Fisher said. "You learn to learn the different situations. Handle different pressures. Handle noise. Handle quiet. Different games are played in different ways and in different environments. ... You're constantly competing, and you don't get in that rut of you only get it once a year. I think when you're getting it two and three different times of year, the more you're in competitive situations, the more you find out about yourself. ...
"Every time you compete you learn something about yourself. I think it's very good for athletes to do. I wish more athletes were multisport guys than they are now."
Just like the Heisman voting, Winston was a landslide winner in AP player of the year voting. He received 49 out of 56 votes cast by AP Top 25 college football poll voters.
Northern Illinois quarterback Jordan Lynch received three votes. Alabama quarterback AJ McCarron got two votes. Boston College running back Andre Williams and Michigan State cornerback Darqueze Dennard each received one vote.
Winston is the first Florida State player to win the award, which has been handed out since 1998, and the first from the Atlantic Coast Conference. Florida State and Winston continued to excel despite a sexual assault investigation that became public last month. The State Attorney's Office announced that it would not press charges before the ACC championship game.
Bo Jackson, the 1985 Heisman winner, was also a two-sport star from Winston's hometown of Bessemer, Ala. The 19-year-old Winston said after the Heisman ceremony that he wants to be better than Jackson. The Texas Rangers drafted Winston in the 15th round of the 2012 MLB draft, but he elected to go to school.
Winston will compete for the closer job for the No. 5-ranked Seminoles when baseball begins.
He has a fastball that reaches 93-95 miles per hour and throws a slider for strikes. Martin Sr. said there are no restrictions on the quarterback outside of the normal rest for pitchers. Winston is poised to become the sixth winner in Heisman history to play collegiate baseball after winning the award and the first since Jackson in 1986, according to STATS LLC.
Martin Sr. believes Winston could be the No. 1 overall pick in the MLB draft if he was to singularly focus on baseball, but the coach doesn't want that. He sees Winston as a first-round pick in both baseball and football.
"I never want him to devote full time to baseball because then I would miss out on his talent in football," Martin Sr. said. "He's just one of those rare athletes that only come around once in a blue moon."
Winston said baseball helped him "a lot with football because baseball is a failing game. As a quarterback you have to handle every situation the same.
"So when I throw a touchdown I'll celebrate and whatnot, but when I throw a pick I keep my head up and say 'My fault, guys' and move on and keep stuff going. Baseball helped me with that."


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Newsletter Archives
IRS Extends Individual Income Tax Filing Deadline to May 17
The IRS has announced a filing deadline extension for all 2020 federal personal income tax returns. This decision moves the filing due date from April 15 to May 17, 2021. Individual taxpayers, including joint filers …
Third Round of Stimulus Payments Going Out to Eligible Americans
The IRS has started sending out a third round of Economic Impact Payments (EIP3s, also called stimulus payments) shortly after the American Rescue Plan became law on March 11. The vast majority of eligible Americans …
Upcoming Tax Deadlines
Employees Who Work for Tips – If you received $20 or more in tips during March, you must report them to your employer (employees are required to keep a daily record of tips). All tips …


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On June 16th, 1998 the Detroit Red Wings swept the Washington Capitols to win their second straight Stanley Cup. The "16" was important, since it takes 16 wins in the playoffs to win the Cup. "16" was also the number of Vladimir Konstantinov, the Red Wing defenseman who was critically injured during a car crash shortly after their 1997 Cup Win. All year long the Wings wore a patch on their uniforms that said "Believe". For Vlad-y.
I am a Red Wings fan, but the 16th is important to me for a different reason. That afternoon we brought a little calico kitten home, just before Game 4 was to start. We named her Madison and she punched the older cats in the face and she licked beer from my chin as the Wings clinched the Cup.
Madison was our first daughter, in a way, and even though pet owners might shake their heads at this, she was clearly the favourite in the house. Hector and Puck, a year older and brothers to boot, just never did out-cute Madison. She was Emily's favourite living thing in the world, and I don't know that I'm kidding about that. Maybe a little, but it's a close call.
Maddy grew very ill just after Valentine's Day 2006. Her vet said that her kidneys had failed and that we ought to go home, say goodbye, and bring her in the next day to put her to sleep.
Emily and I were both complete and total wrecks. And in the middle of the night, in the middle of our grief, Emily said "No."
"No, I don't accept this."
The vet had told us that the UC Davis veterinary hospital actually had a feline kidney transplant program, but that Maddy was just too far gone for that to help. But in the middle of the night that sliver of hope was enough for Emily, and for me.
We brought her up to Davis the next day and then spent a week with her in the veterinary hospital, having her examined, stabilized, and hoping that a donor would come in. None ever did.
But it was during this process, the daily visits, the constant worrying about Madison's health and future quality of life, that Emily turned to me and said "Let's have a baby."
Even though no donor ever came in Maddy was stabilized enough to come home after a couple of weeks and then we began our long wait. Twice daily we would give her subcutaneous fluids and medication so that she would feel well enough to eat and put weight back on.
In early August 2006 Erin was conceived, and Maddy was still with us, six months after the vet had said we ought to put her to sleep; six months after Emily said "no."
In late April 2007 Erin was born, and Maddy was still with us. She met the little girl that love for her inspired us to have.
Maddy stayed with us until September 2007, 19 months after she would have died if Emily hadn't said "no." Once Erin was born the cats received a lot less attention, and so there was always a lingering feeling of either guilt, or that Maddy had just stayed long enough to say hello and goodbye to Erin.
Emily came to me in the kitchen a few days ago: "I had a dream about Maddy last night."
"I dreamt that she came to tell us that she was happy in kitty heaven and not to worry about her."
I almost couldn't look Emily in the face after she said this. It was quite possibly the most adorable thing she's ever said in my presence. I felt my heart grow like the Grinch's, bursting its walls and giving me superhuman strength and inspiration out of love for this divine woman.
And then, proving forever and to the entire world that I am married to the most perfect woman, she said: "It kind of reminded me of that part in Buffy when she comes back from the dead and she doesn't want to tell her friends that heaven was great because she doesn't want them to feel bad about bringing her back. Except I don't think Maddy would lie about it like that."
The only thing I could think to say to her after all of that crushing loveliness was: "You are writing my blog for me, you know."


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Wokie Nwabueze, who has managed conflict resolution, mediation and ethics issues in the corporate and nonprofit sectors, has been named Princeton University's ombuds officer.
Nwabueze, whose appointment was effective Sept. 26, will provide assistance to campus community members who have concerns, complaints or other issues regarding their work or studies. The ombuds office provides confidential consultations and can help develop solutions to problems through mediation, individual coaching, group facilitation or training, or referrals to other University services.
"Wokie Nwabueze is an outstanding counseling and mediation professional. She has a demonstrated ability to work with individuals from a wide range of backgrounds, and she has a profound appreciation for the ethical role of an ombuds officer," said Provost Christopher Eisgruber, to whom Nwabueze will report. "I am confident that this combination of values and skills will make Wokie an ideal ombuds officer for this University, and I am delighted that she has agreed to join us at Princeton."
"I am honored to join Princeton as ombuds officer," Nwabueze said. "Throughout the selection process, I was struck by the level of the University's commitment to equity and the importance of the ombuds role. This is an incredible opportunity, and I look forward to being of service to the entire Princeton community."
Nwabueze comes to Princeton after 10 years with Prudential Financial, where she served for the last four years as vice president for ethics and employee resolution programs. Her duties with Prudential Financial included resolving employment-related concerns through mediation, group facilitation, coaching and other techniques; managing and investigating business ethics allegations; coordinating an external mediation and arbitration program; and leading conflict management workshops and presentations.
Prior to joining Prudential, Nwabueze served as an independent consultant and trainer in alternative dispute resolution techniques, leading workshops for legal organizations, universities and correctional institutions in New York City. She also was a staff developer, trainer and mediator for Effective Alternative in Reconciliation Services, a Bronx-based youth organization.
Nwabueze, who holds a bachelor's degree from Wellesley College and a law degree from Columbia University, also was an associate with the New York law firm Pillsbury Winthrop LLP, and a pro bono fellow and staff attorney with Sanctuary for Families Center for Battered Women's Legal Services in New York.
She succeeds Diedrick (D.A.) Graham, who left the University to lead an independent consulting firm.


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Haiti's ambassador to the United States, Raymond Joseph, stressed to a group gathered at Princeton University the need to construct a "new Haiti" following January's devastating earthquake -- with a focus on decentralization and foreign investment.
In a lecture April 6, Joseph cited the extent of damage in the capital city of Port-au-Prince to illustrate the inherent risks of placing too many services in one geographical space. The Haitian government has estimated that 230,000 people were killed and 1.3 million were left homeless in the wake of the Jan. 12 earthquake.
"The new vision for the new Haiti calls for a decentralization of the country," he said.
The lecture capped a daylong visit to Princeton by Joseph, who met privately with faculty conducting research related to Haiti reconstruction, as well as with Haitian staff members and students who were involved with organizing campus initiatives in response to the earthquake.
The human and economic toll from the disaster "shows you the impact of the earthquake that hit only a fifth of the land," Joseph said. "That's the reason why I say decentralization has to be the way we go forward, because everything was concentrated in Port-au-Prince: That's where we have the international airport, that's where we have the University of Haiti."
He emphasized that, along with the need to decentralize Haiti's population and services, Port-au-Prince must be rebuilt by modern standards to create a stronger infrastructure and better housing for its citizens.
Joseph expressed gratitude and hope about global contributions to Haiti, but noted that reconstruction would be difficult and costly. He called for sustained international investment to develop the new Haiti.
"I don't expect the foreign aid to really help us rebuild Haiti. I expect investment in the new Haiti, and I am so glad that the Clinton-Bush foundation has joined in this project here because their role is going to be to find the investment to encourage the new Haiti," he said, referring to the recovery fundraising effort led by former U.S. presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.
Over the long term, Joseph urged the development of a tourist trade that would attract Americans and visitors from around the world.
"The future of Haiti will be what it was before … in the '50s and '60s, when the two major destinations for American tourists were Cuba number one and Haiti number two," he said. "We see a change now; we see that Cuba is coming back, and we expect the same change in Haiti, where democracy has taken over."
Joseph noted that the overwhelming pledge of $5.2 billion in foreign aid that Haiti received at a United Nations conference last week far exceeded the Haitian government's expectations of $3.5 to $3.9 billion.
In response to an audience question about the disbursement of these funds, he explained that a trust fund had been set up at the World Bank, and a board of directors would decide how the money would be spent.
Joseph also thanked Americans specifically for the outpouring of their support after the earthquake.
"Thank you to you people of America for all you've done for us in Haiti since the earthquake," he said. "I am speaking not only in my name, but also the government of Haiti and the people of Haiti. You were wonderful in your response."
The international attention given to Haiti after the earthquake "is very important, and I see a silver lining in it," he said. "For the first time since I've been in the United States, and I've been here quite a few years, people are just focusing on Haiti."
Joseph cited some of Haiti's historical contributions to the world as a pioneering independent black nation. He lamented the fact that much of this history has been overlooked until recently.
"There was a conspiracy from day one that the experience of Haiti should fail," he argued. "It has taken an earthquake of major proportions for us to talk about it and for the whole world to finally turn around and say, 'We need to come to the support of these people.'"
Joseph expressed hope for the country's future in light of the aid the world has provided.
"Thank you for finally coming around to help us do what needs to be done, and what needs to be done is a new Haiti," Joseph said.
Following his lecture, Joseph took questions from the audience, including from some Haitian Americans who expressed concerns for their home country and asked how they could help. Joseph stressed the need for expatriates to return and contribute to the reconstruction of Haiti.
He ended by urging students in the audience to provide ongoing leadership in the reconstruction of the country.
"I'm counting on you, students who will continue the work that others have begun, so that Haiti will truly become the country that [it] should have been from day one," he said.
Reconstruction research efforts
On the morning of his visit, Joseph met privately with professors and students from the School of Engineering and Applied Science and the School of Architecture to learn about sustainable reconstruction efforts and natural hazard-related research projects at Princeton.
A focus on sustainability will be essential for "the dawning of a new day in Haiti," Joseph told the group, as he described his first trip to the city of Port-au-Prince after the earthquake.
"In the devastation, I saw a glimmer of hope," he said. "In the debris -- lampposts were down, electrical posts were down, buildings were down -- I saw something standing. … The traffic lights were working. And they were working because they had solar panels. Right then and there, I said, 'Haiti has to go green.'"
At the meeting, Catherine Peters, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering, described an interdisciplinary effort she is leading to develop sustainable recovery solutions for Haiti. Funded by a $100,000 grant from the National Science Foundation, the project will support the deployment and testing of two novel disaster-relief technologies in the city of Jacmel on the southern coast of Haiti, as well as a comprehensive mapping of the wind energy resources throughout the country. The two technologies involved in the project are a ceramic clay filtration system that can be used for harvesting and treating rainwater and a wind turbine that could provide much-needed power to a clinic, small hospital or school.
"First, we want to provide a valuable service at a time of great need in Haiti," Peters said. "Second, we want to advance technologies for disaster recovery and provide valuable guidance for world aid organizations."
An estimated 500 Jacmel residents were killed and some 4,000 were injured in the earthquake, which damaged 70 percent of the buildings in the city. Research team member and electrical engineering graduate student Pierre Bouzi was raised in Jacmel, where he said he has many well-established relationships with people who can help bring the project to fruition.
"I am very excited to be part of this project, as it is a great opportunity to help my country in this very difficult time," said Bouzi, who will assist with logistics and on-the-ground deployment. "I hope the success of this project will attract more help from funding agencies to expand the good work and thereby improve the living conditions of the population."
University janitor Josue Lajeunesse, who was featured in the documentary "The Philosopher Kings" for his efforts to provide clean water to his village in Haiti, also will assist the team with strategy and implementation.
The morning meeting also featured presentations by architecture professor Guy Nordenson, who discussed previous natural hazards-related research projects using geographic information systems, and Rebecca Nixon, a member of Princeton's class of 2001 who is actively involved in Haiti reconstruction efforts through Build Change, a nonprofit organization that designs earthquake-resistant houses and trains people in disaster-ravaged communities to build them.
Joseph's lecture, which was held in Dodds Auditorium of Robertson Hall, was sponsored by the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. His meetings with faculty, staff and students were hosted by the Office of Human Resources, the Office of the Dean for Research and the School of Engineering.
The lecture will be archived online at a later date on the University's WebMedia site.
Hilary Parker contributed to this story.


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That is the question asked by John Cochrane in this recent draft essay (non-PDF version here), in response to a recent Journal of Economic Perspectives article by Robin Greenwood and David Scharfstein. Both should be required reading for any introductory finance class. There is so much in these essays that one blog post couldn't hope to adequately cover the topic, so don't expect this to be anything resembling a complete response.
Everyone knows that the finance industry has grown in America. In 1980, finance took home about 5% of all the income in America; in 2007, about 8%. This has led many people to question whether all this activity is worth what we pay for it; in other words, how much of the increase in finance-industry GDP is actually value added, and how much is "rent" extracted from the rest of the economy?
Cochrane makes the excellent point that the question of "How much value does industry X really create?" is always an incredibly difficult question to answer:
I don't claim to estimate the socially-optimal "size of finance" at 8.267% of GDP, so there...After all, if a bunch of academics could sit around our offices and decide which industries were "too big," which ones were "too small," and close our papers with "policy recommendations" to remedy the matter, central planning would have worked. A little...modesty suggests we focus on documenting the distortions, not pronouncing on optimal industry sizes. Documenting distortions has also been, historically, far more productive than pronouncing on the optimal size of industries, optimal compensation of executives, "global imbalances," "savings gluts," "excessive consumption," or other outcomes.Cochrane also describes how we should go about documenting the distortions:
We start with the first welfare theorem: loosely, supply, demand and competition lead to socially beneficial arrangements. Yet the world around often doesn't obviously conform to simple supply and demand arguments...First, maybe there is something about the situation we don't understand. Durable institutions and arrangements, despite competition and lack of government interference, sometimes take us years to understand. Second, maybe there is a "market failure," an externality, public good, natural monopoly, asymmetric information, or missing market, that explains our puzzle. Third, we often discover a "government failure," that the puzzling aspect of our world is an unintended consequence of law or regulation. The regulators got captured, the market innovated around a regulation, or legal restrictions stop supply and demand from working.This list applies to almost any policy question in all of economics. Sometimes, policy fails. Sometimes, the market fails. And sometimes things are working better than we realize, with our limited data and models.
In casual discussions of finance in the media and blogs, we've heard all of these ideas before. The idea that finance is excessively large due to collusion with the government (policy failure) is probably the most prominent - this is the idea that big banks have the government in their pocket, allowing them to dump their risk onto the taxpayer (through bailouts) while keeping their gains for themselves. Market failure - "How does making 10 billion trades a minute benefit anyone?" - is also something you hear about. And of course, there is always the question of "If large parts of finance are valueless, why would people, especially rich people who are probably pretty savvy, pay for these things? Maybe value is being created and we just don't understand it."
It's important to belabor this last point. Economists know some things, maybe a lot of things, but this is absolutely dwarfed by the size of the things we don't know and don't understand. If this blog has had one "unifying theme," it would be the depth of our ignorance. So when economists urge caution in using policy to change large sectors of the economy, this doesn't necessarily mean "We know that the free market is always perfect and good and that policy can't help." (That is something that ideological libertarians often say, and I think it's extremely unhelpful for the econ profession when they say it.)
Instead, caution about policy is very similar to doctors' maxim of "first, do no harm." As a doctor, you wouldn't say "I can't figure out how this organ is helping the body function, so let's just take it out." Similarly, it would be foolish to say "I don't see how this finance industry is adding value, so let's regulate the heck out of it." We start with the presumption that things are there for a reason - in biology, because evolution put them there, and in economics, because...evolution put them there.
Of course, if the organ explodes and threatens the rest of the body, then you take it out. And when an industry explodes, like the finance industry did, you use policy to manage the damage. And if you can, you figure out why this organ, or this industry, tends to explode, and you figure out if there are ways you can prevent an explosion, or see it coming, without creating nasty side effects.
But the question of whether finance is unstable and tends to explode (and how to deal with that) is very different from the question of whether its compensation is equal to its value added. People should understand that difference!
Anyway, on to the meat of the issue. Again, there's way too much for one blog post, so I'll just add a few thoughts of my own. Really, you should go and read both. Twice.
In their JEP article, Greenwood and Scharfstein chart the well-known growth of the finance industry in America. They identify which areas of finance have grown. Basically, the big growth areas were 1) asset management, and 2) housing-related finance. Asset management grew because a lot of assets went up a lot in value (think of the stock boom in the 1990s), and asset managers continued to charge the same fees as before. When assets do better, the same percentage fee gets you a lot more money, so this caused the finance sector to grow. As for housing-related finance, this has been much-discussed in the media; it includes shadow banking and the entire apparatus that was developed to handle trading of mortgage-backed assets.
Greenwood & Scharfstein also briefly discuss ways that these expanded activities might cost more than their value-added. Cochrane's essay, on the other hand, is all about this question. Cochrane basically runs down the full list of finance-sector activities whose value has been called into question, and discusses the ways that each activity might add value. Handing your money to an asset manager and paying a proportional fee, for example, may be highly preferable to doing your own asset-picking, which research shows to be a losing game. Here's Cochrane:
Individual investors, many of whom actively manage their portfolios and whose decisions in doing so are the stuff [of] many behavioral biases, may be doing a lot better with 1% active management fee than actively managing on their own. As a matter of fact, individual investors are moving from active funds to passive funds, and fees in each fund are declining. Many of their fee advisers are bundling more and more services, such as tax and estate planning, which easily justify fees. At least naiveté is declining over time.Quite true. And I think Cochrane leaves out another possible function of money managers - the "money doctors" idea being promulgated by Andrei Schleifer. This is the idea that even if people are willing to take risks in exchange for returns, they have emotional fear of actually pulling the trigger and investing in long-term, high-return assets like stocks. Asset managers, by holding rich people's hands and appearing very professional and knowledgeable, calm this fear, much as doctors make people less afraid of taking pills. Even a money manager whose fees exceed his "alpha" may be creating value for society by overcoming human anxiety and stopping rich people's capital from sitting trapped in big stacks of gold bars in their basements. Voila - value creation.
Then again, I think Cochrane also leaves out a reason for concern. We know people are bad at picking stocks, in large part because they trade too much. What if people are bad at picking asset managers for exactly the same reason? If individual investors (or institutional investors like pension fund managers) act like "funds of funds", might they not switch their money rapidly from hedge fund to hedge fund, chasing recent performance, much like day traders ineptly picking stocks? This sort of "higher-level over-trading" could be very costly and bad for markets - after all, haven't we all heard the horror stories of hedge funds who saw a big opportunity coming, but had to close out their position and take a loss because their investors backed out too soon? That sort of thing could create large costs for asset managers, who are then forced to pass on those costs to investors via higher fees. Voila - value destruction.
As for the heavy trading we observe in financial markets, it seems to be necessary in order to incorporate information into the prices of financial assets. Of course, it could create problems as well. Cochrane sums up the dilemma very nicely:
I conclude that information trading...sits at the conflict of two externalities / public goods. On the one hand..."price impact" means that traders are not able to appropriate the full value of the information they bring, so there can be too few resources devoted to information production (and digestion, which strikes me as far more important). On the other hand, as Greenwood and Scharfstein point out, information is a non-rival good, and its exploitation in financial markets is a tournament (first to use it gets all the benefit) so the theorem that profits you make equal the social benefit of its production is false. It is indeed a waste of resources to bring information to the market a few minutes early, when that information will be revealed for free a few minutes later. Whether we have "too much" trading, too many resources devoted to finding information that somebody already has in will be revealed in a few minutes, or "too little" trading, markets where prices go for long times not reflecting important information, as many argued during the financial crisis, seems like a topic which neither theory nor empirical work has answered with any sort of clarity.Exactly.
Cochrane goes on to discuss "information trading" in great detail, and I encourage you to read everything else he has to say on the topic.
One related area of research that Cochrane doesn't mention, by the way, concerns the question of excess volatility, as famously discovered by Robert Shiller and demonstrated repeatedly since then. Even an asset market that is "efficient" in the academic-finance-prof sense of the word - i.e., unpredictable - may still swing more wildly than the real value of the assets. This can happen if people trade based on "noise" - if they believe that false information is actually true. A lot of the "information trading" people do may actually just serve to incorporate false information, rumors, and noise into the prices. That's clearly not a value-adding activity, and it does incur trading costs. This could be closely related to the tendency of investors to over-trade, but at an aggregate level instead of an individual level. If there's something coordinating the "noise traders" - some sort of fad or mass sentiment or herd behavior - then the same force that causes people to switch their stock holdings too often might cause markets to gyrate, racking up trading costs but destroying value. This is a separate issue from the issue of "tournaments", and also one that needs to be answered quantitatively (again, easier said than done!).
Cochrane also discusses the "shadow banking system" that was set up to do housing finance in the 2000s. I won't go over all that, but you should read it. I would, however, like to highlight this interesting point:
In any case, following the 2007-2008 financial crisis, and perhaps more importantly the collapse of short-term interest rates to zero and the innovation that bank reserves pay interest, this form of "shadow banking" has essentially ceased to exist. RIP.
To drive home this point (and to complain about any analysis of the size of finance that stops in 2007), here are two graphs representing the size of the "shadow banking system," culled from other papers. From Adrian and Ashcraft (2012, p. 24), the size of the securitized debt market...
And from Gorton and Metrick (2012), a different slice of securitized debt markets:
This highlights an interesting point that often gets lost in discussions like this: Value-destroying activities often get naturally eliminated over time. This is evolution at work.
There are other examples. For instance, in Liar's Poker, Michael Lewis describes his job as basically being the ripping off of fools. As a bond salesman for Salomon Brothers in the 80s, he basically had a rolodex full of fools, many of them in Europe. When a client wanted to rip off a fool, he would call up Salomon, and Michael Lewis would find a fool to take the bad end of the trade, earning middleman fees in the process. Or sometimes, Salomon traders themselves, doing "proprietary trades" with the firm's own portfolio, would do the ripping off. In any case, eventually the fools wised up, and Salomon collapsed and was bought out. That wasn't the end of "face-ripping," though, as the broker-dealer industry came to call the practice. If you believe Greg Smith, it was alive and well at Goldman Sachs in the 2000s. Note that it's perfectly legal to take a fool's money. Broker-dealers have no fiduciary duty to their clients when acting as middlemen. But it still seems like a value-destroying activity, and over time, a firm or industry that does it will lose its reputation and lose its clients. That is evolution in action.
The real questions here are, 1) how long will evolution take, 3) what will be the collateral damage when a value-destroying business dies out, and 3) can policy act faster than evolution, in a reliable manner, to curb value-destroying industries before nature curbs them?
In other words, the bar for policy intervention to curb value-destroying industries should be pretty high here. Eventually, swindlers, hucksters, and useless rentiers will be driven from the market. When we contemplate giving them a kick to speed them on their way out, not only must we ask ourselves "Is this activity value-creating?", but also "Can policy improve the situation fast enough, and safely enough, to justify the possibility that policy might make a mistake?" Just as in medicine, many treatments may not be wort the risk, even if they are effective.
Anyway, this is getting long, and I've barely even scratched the surface of the relevant issues. You can spend your entire life thinking about these issues, and barely even scratch the surface (though you may add lots of value to society!). If you are interested in the question of whether finance is worth it, go read Greenwood & Scharfstein, and go read Cochrane. But don't expect to come away satisfied that you know the answers! As in many areas of human endeavor, the size of our understanding is dwarfed by the size of our ignorance.


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