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Ttc Program Usage Guide
- 1 Overview
- 2 Downloading 'ttc'
- 3 Installing 'ttc'
- 4 Configuring 'ttc'
- 5 Using 'ttc'
- 6 Commands
- 7 Configuration files and environment variables
- 8 Automated use of 'ttc'
- 9 Appendix A: Configuration file specification
- 10 Appendix B: Configuration tips and tricks
- 10.1 Helper Programs included with ttc
- 10.2 Using inheritance
- 10.3 Tips for setting up a board reservation system
- 10.4 Using an all-networked deployment system
- 10.5 Using ttc with SDcard-based systems
- 10.6 Using ttc with Android systems
- 10.7 Using ttc with a distribution produced with the Yocto Project
This document describes the program ttc
, which is a tool for developing Linux for embedded systems.
is intended to be used in a host/target development
configuration, where one machine is the development host where software
is configured and built, and one or more machines are targets where
software is executed. This is the most common configuration for
embedded systems programming. The ttc
program is run
on the host system in order to build software and interact with
target machines in a common way.
The ttc
program can be run interactively, or as part of an automated
session. The purpose of ttc
is to make it so that the same commands
can be used to build software and manipulate different target machines, independent of
differences in the configuration and setup of the machines. Certain details of
operation are hidden from the user by the ttc
command. This makes it possible to perform the same operations on different target
boards, using the same set of ttc
When the ttc
program runs, it reads the configuration file "/etc/ttc.conf
Usually, it looks up the target to act upon (which is specified either on the command line
or in the environment), then sets up the environment for the desired sub-command.
(The set of supported sub-commands is listed below in the section "Commands".)
Finally, using the attributes specified in the configuration file, ttc
executes the specified sub-command.
The different operations (or sub-commands) of ttc
are intended to support
the following major development activities related to a target:
- retrieving kernel source
- patching the kernel
- configuring the kernel for the target, including both:
- getting a default configuration for the target
- modifying individual configuration options
- building the kernel
- installing the kernel on the target
- rebooting the target machine
- accessing the console for the target
- copying files to and from the target
Note that there is NOT a one-to-one correspondence between the ttc
sub-commands and the activities listed above. This is because once the
environment is set up it is possible to perform some of these
activities in a target-independent way using normal Linux commands
(like "make" or "patch").
In reality, ttc
is a rather thin wrapper program which
sets up the environment and performs some common operations.
The bulk of the "intelligence" (how to do the actual operations)
is contained in the configuration file in the form of Unix shell
In order to use ttc
on your system, you need to install the
software and edit the configuration file to match your host/target
setup. You may also need to install various helper scripts, referenced
in your ttc.conf file, in your PATH.
Theory of operation
The most important aspect of ttc
is that it hides certain
operational details from the user, so that common commands can be
used to perform operations related to an embedded development board.
The things that ttc
hides, include things such as:
- the location and name of the cross-compiler (and other toolchain programs)
- the version and location of the Linux kernel source code
- the menu location of kernel configuration options
- the method of installing the kernel on the target board
- the method of rebooting the target board
- the method of installing files to the file system of the target
These things must be set up on the host machine, and then the
configuration file must be written to take into account
the specific settings for each target connected to the host.
Downloading 'ttc'
Download the tarball from one of the following links and follow the instructions in the README (and in this document).
Version | Description | Download Link |
2.2.4 (current) | Public release as of June, 2023 | https://github.com/tbird20d/ttc |
1.3.0 | Public release as of January 13, 2014 | Ttc-1.3.0.tgz |
1.2.3 | Public release as of Dec 12, 2012 | Ttc-1.2.3.tgz |
Installing 'ttc'
Copy ttc
to /usr/local/bin
. If you want to use
any of the provided helper scripts on your system (ssh_exec, telnet_exec, powerswitch-cycle), you
should put them somewhere on your search PATH. /usr/local/bin
would be a good
place to copy them to.
Configuring 'ttc'
In order to use 'ttc', you first need to set up the /etc/ttc.conf
configuration file
for the targets attached to your host machine. This is usually a relatively easy thing
to do, but may require special hardware or software to provide the services
that 'ttc' needs to access the board.
The syntax of the configuration file, and a description of the required contents, is in Appendix A. Also, a sample configuration file is provided, with definitions for several targets.
See the section "Configuration files and environment variables" for additional notes on where to place configuration information.
Note that not all variables need to be defined for a target, in order for a target configuration to be useful. For example, if you never re-build the distribution for a target, you don't need to configure the fsbuild or fsinstall commands. In general, you should start with a minimal configuration which meets your needs, and then expand to configuring additional features as you use those features on the board.
Using 'ttc'
You can use 'ttc' interactively from the Linux command line, or you can use it by running an automated test (which invokes target to perform various parts of the test.)
Command overview
Here is the list of sub-commands available for user with the ttc
Command | Operation | Notes |
console | Run a program to access the target console. | . |
cp | Copy files to or from the target. | . |
fsbuild | File system build | . |
fsinstall | File system install | . |
get_config | Install kernel config for target in the $KBUILD_OUTPUT directory | assumes the current directory is top kernel source dir. |
get_kernel | Install kernel sources for target in the $KERNEL_SRC directory | . |
help | Show this online help. | . |
info | Show information about a target. | . |
kbuild | Build kernel from source. | assumes the current directory is the top kernel source dir. |
kinstall | Install kernel for use on target. | assumes the current directory is the top kernel source dir. |
list | Show a list of available targets. | . |
login | Run a program to perform a network login on the target. | . |
off | Turn target off | . |
on | Turn target on | . |
pos | Show power status of target | . |
reboot | Reboot (power on and off) target board. | . |
release | Release a reservation of a target. | . |
reserve | Reserve a target for use. | . |
reset | Reset target board. | . |
rm | Remove files from the target. | . |
run | Run a command on the target, collecting it's output | . |
set_config | Set an individual config option | assumes the current directory is top kernel source dir |
setenv | Starts shell with environment for performing build and other operations | . |
status | Show status of target, including reservations. | . |
vars | Show information about environment vars used by 'ttc' | . |
version | Show version information and exit. | . |
wait_for | Wait for a condition to be true. | command is executed on host (not on the target) |
Use cases
Example 1: build and install a kernel, and logon to the target to use it
A normal sequence of operations for an interactive user of ttc
would be:
- get a list of targets connected to this host
- select a target to work on, and set up the environment for it
- get the kernel sources for a build
- (optionally) apply patches to the kernel sources
- get a (default) kernel configuration for this target
- set specific configuration options
- build the kernel, and install it
- reboot the target with the new kernel
- (optionally) put additional files on the target
- access the target console and do work
Here are the ttc
commands one would use to accomplish this:
- get a list of targets connected to this host
$ ttc list Targets on this host: ebony innovator nut osk test
- select a target to work on, and set up environment for it
$ ttc ebony setenv
- get the kernel sources for a build
$ ttc get_kernel -o linux-test $ cd linux-test
- (optionally) apply patches to the kernel sources
$ patch -p1 <../printk-times.patch
- get a default kernel configuration for this target
$ ttc get_config
- set specific configuration options
$ ttc set_config CONFIG_PRINTK_TIME==y
- build the kernel, and install it
$ ttc kbuild $ ttc kinstall
- reboot the target with the new kernel
(either one of: On the target board, type "reboot":
$ reboot
or from the host, use:
$ ttc reset
- (optionally) put additional files on the target
$ ttc cp foo bar target:/tmp $ ttc cp test.sh target_bin:
- login to the console and do some work
$ ttc console <do interactive work on the target>
Runs a program to access the target console.
Usage: ttc [<target>] console
A program is run to provide interactive access to the target
console. It is not possible to predict what program will be
used. Often it is minicom
, talking to a serial console
on the target. But the access program could be something else,
so no assumptions should be made. This command is not intended
to support automated access to the target console. Use
'ttc run' for that.
Copy files to or from the target.
Usage: ttc [<target>] cp <src1> [<src2> ...] <dest>
The last path specified determines the direction of the copy. Use the prefix "target:" to specify a filepath on the target. "target_bin:" can be used to put a file on the target in a directory on the PATH.
- Ex: ttc cp test_data test_data2 target:/tmp
- Ex: ttc cp test.sh target_bin:
Install kernel config for target in the $KBUILD_OUTPUT directory
Usage: ttc [<target>] get_config [-o <otherdir>]
Use -o to specify an alternate KBUILD_OUTPUT directory (default is '.') Assumes the current directory is the top kernel source dir.
Install kernel sources for target in the $KERNEL_SRC directory
Usage: ttc [<target>] get_kernel [-o <outputdir>]
Use -o to specify a specific output kernel source directory. The default output directory, if none is specified, is 'linux'.
Show the online help.
Usage: ttc help [<command>]
If a command is specified, show help Release a reservation of a target.and usage information for that command.
Show information about a target.
Usage ttc [<target>] info [-v] [-n <attr>]
Show information about a target. The '-v' (verbose) option will show all the attributes for the target (from the configuration file). Use the '-n' option to display the value of a single attribute, <attr>.
Install kernel for use on target.
Usage: ttc [<target>] kinstall
Assumes the current directory is the top kernel source directory.
Show a list of available targets.
Usage: ttc list [-q]
Use -q for "quiet" mode. This suppresses extraneous output. The resulting list can be parsed more easily by other programs.
Run a program to perform a network login on the target.
Usage: ttc [<target>] login
Turn on the power to the target
Usage: ttc [<target>] on
Turn off the power to the target
Usage: ttc [<target>] off
Show the power status of the target
Usage: ttc [<target>] pos
Reboot the target board.
Usage: ttc [<target>] reboot [-w]
This performs a reboot (power cycle) of the target board. Use the '-w' option to have ttc wait a period of time before returning, to allow the board to reset. The length of the wait is determined by the 'reset_delay' specified for the board.
Reset the target board.
Usage: ttc [<target>] reset [-w]
This performs a soft reset of the target board, if available. Note that if the hardware configuration does not support a soft reset, a reboot may be performed instead. Use the '-w' option to have ttc wait a period of time before returning, to allow the board to reset. The length of the wait is determined by the 'reset_delay' specified for the board.
Remove files from the target.
Usage: ttc [<target>] rm <file1> [<file2>...]
Run a command on the target, and return it's output.
Usage: ttc [<target>] run "command <args>"
Set one or more individual config options
Usage: ttc [<target>] set_config [-o <outputdir>] <option-def> ...
Use -o to specify a non-default KBUILD_OUTPUT directory. (The default is '.' if none is specified in the environment or the target.conf file.)
Multiple <option-defs> may be specified with one command. Each <option-def> has the syntax: <option-name><operation><value>.i Operations are: '=' for assignment, and '+=' for a string append. Boolean or tristate values should be one of "y", "n", and "n". String values must be enclosed in quotes, which usually requires shell escaping of the quote characters (see below).
A backup is made of the .config file.
- ttc set_config CONFIG_FOO=y
- ttc set_config CONFIG_BAR=n CONFIG_BAZ=1234
- ttc set_config "CONFIG_STR=\"foo bar\""
- ttc set_config "CONFIG_STR+=\" quiet\""
Assumes the current directory is the top kernel source dir.
Prepare environment for building for the target
Usage: ttc [<target>] setenv [-o >file]
This command starts a new shell, with an environment that is prepared for building for the target. That is, things like KBUILD_OUTPUT, CROSS_COMPILE, and ARCH are set in the environment, and PATH has been adjusted to include the appropriate toolchain directory.
When -o is used, no new sub-shell is started. Rather, -o causes target to output the required environment variables as a series of shell export statements. These can be 'sourced' into the current shell rather than starting a new sub-shell.
- Ex: ttc ebony setenv -o >foo ; source foo
Show status of target, including reservations.
Usage: ttc [<target>] status
This command shows the the status of the indicated target. The full command for showing status is not implemented yet. Currently, this command shows the reservation status of the target, but not any online/network/booted status for the target board.
Show information about variables and config files used by ttc
Usage: ttc [<target>] vars
Show version information and exit.
Usage: ttc version
Wait for a condition to be true.
Usage: ttc [<target>] wait_for [-i <interval>] [-t <timeout>] <command> The command is run periodically until it returns 0. By default, the interval between executing the command is 5 seconds. Use -i to specify a different interval, and -t to specify a maximum time to wait. Both are expressed in seconds.
- Ex: ttc wait_for -i 2 -t 100 "test -f /target/ebony/tmp/outfile"
This will check every two seconds to see if /target/ebony/tmp/outfile exists, waiting no longer than 100 seconds total. The exit code from of 'ttc' is the exit code of the last invocation of the command (0 on success).
Note that this command operates on the host. The above example would be most useful for an 'ebony' target with an NFS-mounted root filesystem that had "/tmp" on the target mapped to "/target/ebony/tmp" on the host. If you need to run a command on the target, you can use 'ttc run' for that. Some similar to the above, but running a command on the target to check for the presence of a file would be:
- Ex: ttc wait_for -i 2 -t 100 "ttc run \"test -f /tmp/outfile\""
Configuration files and environment variables
Configuring ttc consists of creating the definitions for ttc attributes and sub-commands for a target. Note that more than one ttc entry can be created for a single physical board. This is useful when you are working with different code-bases, different toolchains, or some other difference in configuration, for a board. For example, maybe you have a board which can run both Android and Angstrom. You could have two different ttc configurations for these different setups.
The global config file
The global config file for ttc is at /etc/ttc.conf. If you do not have root access to your machine (to put or edit stuff in /etc), then you should use a local config file instead.
Using a local config file
You can use a local ttc configuration file by creating the file, and specifying it's path in the shell environment variable TTC_CONF. For example you could do the following to use a local configuration file in your home directory:
- create ~/ttc.conf with your target definitions
- $ export TTC_CONF=~/ttc.conf
- $ ttc list
You can use a combination of both global and local configs, but in general it can get confusing if you have the same targets in both config files. Additionally, values are read from the environment, and take precedence over any values set in the global and local config files. For example, one variable set and used by ttc is ARCH. If this is in your environment before you run ttc, then the value from your environment is used instead of any values defined from your ttc configuration.
The order of reading configuration values is:
- read the global config file (/etc/ttc.conf)
- read a local config file (if specified by TTC_CONF)
- read environment variables
Automated use of 'ttc'
interactive vs. automated use
Some tricks for automated use:
Use the -o option with "ttc setenv" to output the environment variables to a file, then source that file in the current environment This solves the problem of setting environment variables in the current shell, rather than in a sub-shell started via "ttc". Here's a line which does this:
ttc foo setenv -o >tmp ; source tmp ; rm tmp ; make $kimage
Appendix A: Configuration file specification
The configuration file for ttc
is named "ttc.conf"
, and
is located in the /etc
This file contains a list of the targets attached to this host, and their attributes. An attribute can be a static data value, such as the name of the target, its description, or its IP address. Or an attribute can be a list of one or more commands that perform an operation related to the target.
The file contains a list of name-value pairs. It supports single-line and multi-line values. A single-line name-value pair has the syntax:
A multi-line name-value pair has the syntax:
name="""first line second line etc."""
In other words, three double-quotes are used to denote the start and end of a multi-line value.
Lines starting with a '#' are comments.
The file is divided into sections, one for each target described. Each section begins with a target declaration, of the form: "target=<name>". This line specifies the end of the previous section (if any) and the start of a new section. The attributes that follow this line in the file are associated with the indicated target, up to the next target declaration line.
Some values are sequences of shell script commands, which are used to
implement a single ttc
By convention, the names of an attribute which implement a command
ends with "_cmd".
If an attribute name is all upper-case, this denotes a value that is placed in the environment. (There are, however, some environment variable values which are NOT denoted by an upper-case attribute name).
Most attributes are put into the shell environment prior to execution of any '_cmd' scripts. These attributes can be referenced by the scripts using shell variable syntax. For example $KERNEL_SRC. Attributes are also available internally for macro expansion using a python string interpolation variable, like so: %(real_board)s. The name of the attribute goes inside the parens, as in %(attr_name)s. Make sure to include the trailing 's' in the reference, or python will throw an exception and things will not work as you expect. Note that string interpolation happens before a command is used for external command execution. (That is, before there is the shell substitutes environment variables.)
Configuration attributes summary
Supported attributes are:
Attribute Name | Meaning of value | Notes |
target | Short (one-word) name of the target | Names starting with '.' are hidden from 'ttc list' |
real_board | "Real" name for the target board | This is used if the multiple target configurations are used with a single physical (real) target board. |
inherit_from | Target to inherit attributes from. | Used to reference a common block of attributes. |
description | A description of the target board. Usually multi-line | This field is used for humans to let them know the attributes of the board. |
TOOL_PATH | Path where toolchain tools are located. | This is appended to the PATH env. variable. |
ARCH | Architecture specifier for the kernel build (eg. arm, ppc, i386) | . |
CROSS_COMPILE | Toolchain prefix used with kernel builds (eg. arm-sony-linux- ) | . |
INSTALL_PATH | Place where kernel is installed | . |
KERNEL_SRC | Default name to use for kernel source directory | . |
KBUILD_OUTPUT | Default directory for kernel build output | . |
kimage | Name of the kernel image file (eg. bzImage, uImage) | . |
kinstall_cmd | Command(s) to install the kernel image. | Assumes that the current working dir is the top directory of the kernel source. |
get_config_cmd | Command(s) to put a default kernel configuration file (.config) in $KBUILD_OUTPUT | . |
get_kernel_cmd | Command(s) to put the kernel source code in $KERNEL_SRC | . |
copy_to_cmd | Command(s) to copy files from host to target | Should reference $src and $dest |
copy_from_cmd | Command(s) to copy files from target to host | Should reference $src and $dest |
rm_cmd | Command(s) to remove files from target | This command should reference $dest as the location on the target of the file(s) to be removed. |
ipaddr | Target IP address | . |
reboot_cmd | Command(s) to reboot the target, from the host | This should power-cycle of the board, producing a cold boot of the hardware. |
reset_cmd | Command(s) to reset the target, from the host | This is intended to be a soft reset of the hardware. |
console_cmd | Command(s) to start an interactive console for the target. | This is usually something like minicom or screen. |
login_cmd | Command(s) to start an interactive login session with the target | This is usually telnet, ssh or 'adb shell'. Usually, multiple login commands can be started at one time to a single target. |
target_bin | Directory on target where binary files are located | This can be used with 'ttc cp' to put executable files in a place on the target where they can be found using the target's PATH variable. |
fsbuild_cmd | Command(s) to build a new filesystem image for the target | . |
fsinstall_cmd | Command(s) to install a new filesystem imgae for the target | . |
run_cmd | Command to execute a command on the target | This command should reference $COMMAND as the string for the command to execute |
reset_delay | Time in seconds to wait after reseting or rebooting the target | Only used if '-w' is used with 'ttc reboot' or 'ttc reset' |
Configuration attribute details
This section lists each configuration attribute, and what its value should be.
- target
- Short (one-word) name of the target. If the target name starts with a '.', it is not displayed in the list from the command 'ttc list'. This is similar to Linux directory listings, and is useful for having hidden targets, which other targets use as a base for inheritance.
- real_board
- Name of the real board for a target. This is a convention that allows multiple target configurations to be defined for a single board. For example, you could have a real board "omap", and define different target configurations for working with the board using android, or directly with embedded linux (e.g. with target configurations for "omap-android" and "omap-linux". The 'real_board' value is used for reserving the board and checking it's status. It is often used in variable form in blocks that are inherited by other target configurations.
- inherit_from
- Name of target configuration to inherit attributes from. Any attributes listed in the current target override attributes in the inherited-from target configuration. A block that is inherited from may use %-style variable references to customize the commands in the block to the inheriting block. For example, a inherited from block may specify kbuild_cmd as "kbuild_cmd=make %(kimage)s", and different inheriting targets could specify their own values for 'kimage' respectively.
- description
- A description of the target board. Usually this is a multi-line value, and is intended to provide information about the target in human-readable form.
- Path where toolchain tools are located. This appended to the PATH env. variable when a 'setenv' environment is constructed, and before any sub-commands are executed.
- Architecture specifier for the kernel build (eg. arm, ppc, i386)
- Toolchain prefix used with kernel builds (eg. arm-sony-linux- )
- Place where the kernel is installed
- Default name to use for kernel source directory
- Default directory for kernel build output
- kimage
- Name of the kernel image file (eg. bzImage, uImage)
- kinstall_cmd
- Command(s) to install the kernel image. (Assumes that the current working dir is $KERNEL_SRC)
- get_config_cmd
- Command(s) to put a default kernel configuration file (.config) in $KBUILD_OUTPUT
- get_kernel_cmd
- Command(s) to put the kernel source code in $KERNEL_SRC.
- copy_to_cmd
- Command(s) to copy files from host to target. This command should reference $src as the location of the file(s) on the host, and $dest as the location on the target for the copied file(s).
- copy_from_cmd
- Command(s) to copy files from target to host. This command should reference $src as the location on the target to copy from, and $dest as the location on the host for the copied file(s).
- rm_cmd
- Command(s) to remove files from target. This command should reference $dest as the location on the target for the removed file(s).
- ipaddr
- Target IP address
- reset_cmd
- Command(s) to reset the target, from the host
- console_cmd
- Command(s) to start an interactive console for the target (usually minicom)
- login_cmd
- Command(s) to start an interactive login session with the target (usually telnet)
- target_bin
- Directory on target where binary files are located
- fsbuild_cmd
- Command(s) to build a root filesystem for the target
- fsinstall_cmd
- Command(s) to install a root filesystem to the target
- reserve_cmd
- Command(s) to reserve a board (like switching the root filesystem, in case of different users having different root filesystems)
- reboot_cmd
- Command(s) to reboot the board. This is intended to be a power-cycle of the board, producing a cold boot of the hardware. Usually this is something like "powerswitch-cycle -n <board-name> -o 3 -d <some-delay>", but it depends on completely on how you have the board wired up for power and what the host needs to do to reboot it. A helper command of powerswitch-cycle is provided for targets attached to web power switches from digital loggers. See http://www.digital-loggers.com/lpc.html.
- reset_cmd
- Command(s) to reset the target, from the host. This is intended to be a soft reset of the hardware. If you have automated control of a software reset pin or button on the board, then configure this command to activate it. Otherwise, you could use something like: 'reset_cmd=ttc run reboot'
- run_cmd
- Command to execute a command on the target. This cmd should use $COMMAND as the string for the command to execute on target. Some helper programs are provided to perform this execution using ssh or telnet (in case authentication or other handshaking is required to accomplish the execution.) These are called ssh_exec and telnet_exec, respectively.
Configuration Example
Here is a sample:
# Some notes on syntax and conventions # Attributes that end in "_cmd" are assumed to be shell # commands, which will be executed in shell context # Each line of a multi-line _cmd will be executed # in its own sub-shell. (i.e. don't count on # exports or cd's being persistent from one line to # the next) # # The get_kernel_cmd should output the kernel source # to the directory specified by $KERNEL_SRC #====================================================== target=.telnet_defaults description="""default commands and attributes for boards with telnet daemon, root filesystem at /target/%(real_board)s (NFS-mounted), and accessible via network at hostname %(real_board)s""" login_cmd=telnet %(real_board)s copy_to_cmd=cp $src /target/%(real_board)s/$dest copy_from_cmd=cp /target/%(real_board)s/$src $dest rm_cmd=rm /target/%(real_board)s/$dest run_cmd=telnet_exec -t %(real_board)s -u root -c "$COMMAND" #====================================================== target=innovator real_board=inno-1 inherit_from=.telnet_defaults description="""TI OMAP Innovator board, with: OMAP1510 processor (ARM925T core and a C55x DSP) The ARM core runs at 168 MHZ. The board has 32 meg. of flash (in 2 16M banks) and 32 meg. of SDRAM.""" ipaddr=192.168.1.61 console_cm==minicom inno TOOL_PATH=/usr/local/arm-sony-linux/devel/bin ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-sony-linux- kimage=uImage kinstall_cmd=cp -v arch/arm/boot/uImage /target/inno-1/boot reset_cmd=omap-reset get_kernel_cmd=export CVSRSH=/usr/bin/ssh ; cvs -d :ext:oak.sm.sony.co.jp:/var/cvsroot co -r branch_ALP_LINUX -d $KERNEL_SRC linux-2.6 get_config_cmd="""export CVSRSH=/usr/bin/ssh ; cvs -d :ext:oak.sm.sony.co.jp:/var/cvsroot co local-dev/team/configs cp local-dev/team/configs/config-innovator-baseline $KERNEL_SRC/.config""" target_bin=/devel/usr/bin #================================================================================= target=osk inherit_from=.telnet_defaults real_board=osk2 description="""TI OMAP Starter Kit (OSK): OMAP5912 processor (ARM926EJ-S core and a C55x DSP) The ARM core runs at 192 MHZ. The board has 32 meg. of flash and 32 meg. Mobile DDR SDRAM, 10 Mbit Ethernet interface, USB Host interface and a AIC23 stereo codec.""" ipaddr=192.168.1.72 console_cmd=echo "console is on timdesk" ; false TOOL_PATH=/usr/local/arm-sony-linux/devel/bin ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-sony-linux- kimage=uImage KERNEL_SRC==linux TMPDIR=/tmp KBUILD_OUTPUT=../build/osk kinstall_cmd=cp -v $KBUILD_OUTPUT/arch/arm/boot/uImage /target/osk2/boot reset_cmd=echo "remote reset not supported" ; false get_kernel_cmd=tla get -A alp@oak--trial-5 alp-linux--dev $KERNEL_SRC get_config_cmd="""export CVSRSH==/usr/bin/ssh ; cd $TMPDIR ; cvs -d :ext:oak.sm.sony.co.jp:/var/cvsroot co local-dev/team/configs/config-osk-baseline ; cd - cp $TMPDIR/local-dev/team/configs/config-osk-baseline $KBUILD_OUTPUT/.config""" target_bin=/devel/usr/bin #================================================================================================== target=nut inherit_from=.telnet_defaults real_board=nut description=="""Nut is an x86-based desktop computer, with: Intel Celeron processor, running at 2 GHz. The machine has 128 meg. of RAM and a 40G IDE hard drive.""" reset_cmd=nut-reset console_cmd=minicom nut ipaddr=192.168.1.14 TOOL_PATH= ARCH= CROSS_COMPILE= INSTALL_PATH=/target/nut/boot KERNEL_SRC=linux KBUILD_OUTPUT=../build/nut kimage=bzImage kinstall_cmd=cp -v $KBUILD_OUTPUT/arch/i386/boot/bzImage /target/nut/boot/vmlinuz get_kernel_cmd="""tar -xjf /home/rbatest/base/linux-2.6.10.tar.bz2 mv linux-2.6.10 $KERNEL_SRC""" get_config_cmd=cp /home/rbatest/base/config-nut-works-2.6.11-rc4 $KBUILD_OUTPUT/.config
Appendix B: Configuration tips and tricks
Should document the following here:
Helper Programs included with ttc
- use of helper programs:
- telnet_exec, ssh_exec - used to execute commands on the target, communicating either with a telnet daemon or ssh daemon (and handling things like specifying the user and password).
- powerswitch-cycle - used to reboot boards attached to a Digital Loggers web power switch
- switch-target-fs - used to switch between root filesystems when 'ttc reserve' is used
Using inheritance
- inheritance and multiple target configurations for a single board
Tips for setting up a board reservation system
- reserving boards
Using an all-networked deployment system
- using tftp for kernel and NFS rootfs for filesystem
Using ttc with SDcard-based systems
- how to use a baseline (known working) kernel & rootfs with sdcard-based systems
- configure SDcard with multiple partitions
- configure uboot with timed delay
- interrupt uboot from host by writing to serial console
- select either known-working kernel or kernel-under-test to boot
- for kinstall_cmd reboot to known-working kernel and use that kernel to write system under test to other partitions on SDCARD
- for reboot_cmd, reboot to test kernel.
Using ttc with Android systems
- how to wrap adb for android systems
- Can use setenv_cmd to check for correct Android configuration
Here is a snippet from a target configuration for an android-based device:
setenv_cmd="""if [ -z "$ANDROID_BUILD_TOP" ] ; then \ echo "ANDROID_BUILD_TOP is not set - please source build/envsetup.sh" ; \ exit 1 ; \ fi """ TOOL_PATH=$ANDROID_BUILD_TOP/prebuilts/gcc/linux-x86/arm/arm-eabi-4.6/bin CROSS_COMPILE=ccache arm-eabi- ARCH=arm kimage=zImage KBUILD_OUTPUT=../out/kbuild/%(target)s INSTALL_MOD_PATH=../modules/%(target)s KERNEL_SRC=kernel TMPDIR=/tmp kbuild_cmd=time make -j8 %(kimage)s login_cmd=adb shell copy_to_cmd=adb push $src $dest copy_from_cmd=adb pull $src $dest rm_cmd=adb shell rm $dest run_cmd=adb shell "$COMMAND"
- specify prebuilt toolchains relative to $ANDROID_BUILD_TOP
- use 'adb push' for copy_to_cmd, and 'adb pull' for copy_from_cmd.
- use 'adb shell' for run_cmd
Using ttc with a distribution produced with the Yocto Project
- integration with Yocto Project


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Returning from Study Away
"I'm back, now what?!"
At New York University, we strongly believe your study away experience does not end when you return from a global academic center. Remember, studying away at a global location is a process, not an event. You should welcome the entire experience as a journey, integrating pre-departure, in-country, and re-entry experiences. There are adjustments and surprises along the way that will provide you with great memories and learning moments that will impact you throughout your life.
To continue this process, and as a part of NYU's global network, you should keep your global experience alive once you've returned. Our hope is the growth, exposure, knowledge, and awareness continues as you acclimate back to your home campus. We want you to use your experience to have a profound impact on your growth, those around you, and the ways in which you identify with our global world.
As you rejoin the community of your home campus, we would like to provide you with a variety of resources and tips to make sure your transition is seamless. Your journey should be a sustainable experience which can be shared and reflected upon throughout your future.
The following pages are organized to address themes related to returning to campus:
• Quick Tips for Returning Students
• Continuing Your Global Experience
• Campus Engagement
• Personal Transitions

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All Newbs, Please Read This Forum FIRST before you start posting!All the Facts that you'll need to know, as a user, about fido. Settings, Policies, etc.
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By CHRISTY LEMIRE, AP Movie Critic
Finally — finally! — the "Twilight" franchise embraces its own innate absurdity with the gleefully over-the-top conclusion, "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 2."
This is by far the best film in the series. This does not necessarily mean it's good. But as it reaches its prolonged and wildly violent crescendo, it's at least entertaining in a totally nutso way.
The first four adaptations of Stephenie Meyer's mega-best sellers about the girl-vampire-werewolf love triangle (the final book was divided into two films for maximum box-office benefit) were, for the most part, laughably self-serious affairs full of mopey teen angst, stilted dialogue and cheesy special effects. Sure, they pleased their fervent audience, made billions of dollars worldwide and turned their three core actors into instant superstars. But they weren't what you would call high-quality cinematic experiences.
Now, Bill Condon (who also directed last year's "Breaking Dawn — Part 1") finally lets his freak flag fly. Here is the Condon of "Gods and Monsters," the one who loves lurid horror. Here is the Condon of "Dreamgirls," the one with an eye for panache. His final "Twilight" movie dares to have a little fun — it actually makes you laugh intentionally for once, teetering on self-parody as it does.
Like something out of a telenovela, Condon cuts between characters standing around staring at each other, the dramatic score punctuating each piercing look. Maybe they're reading each other's minds, sharing visions of the future or shielding each other from harm. Maybe they just can't think of anything to say.
Regardless, it's all prelude for the massive showdown that awaits in the film's second half. There have been teasers about a bold plot twist — and we wouldn't dream of spoiling it here because watching it play out with a packed and rabid audience is a complete kick — but Condon and screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg have taken a big risk in deviating from the book, and it pays off big-time from a narrative perspective. It's kind of amazing that this thing got a PG-13 rating.
First, though, "Breaking Dawn — Part 2" must pick up where part one ended.
No longer torn between two amorous, animalistic suitors, Bella (Kristen Stewart) has married vampire Edward (Robert Pattinson), produced his hybrid spawn and been turned into one of the undead herself to avoid actual death during childbirth. Now she gets to enjoy all the perks of living forever — unstoppable strength and speed, the thrill of hunting for fresh blood and a seemingly unlimited sex drive. (The visuals still look awfully clunky and fake, especially in these scenes where Edward and Bella are running and jumping through the forest. At least the werewolves have stopped talking to each other, though.) And Stewart seems to be enjoying herself for the first time, too. She's done away with the sulking and lip-biting and thrives within her newfound ferocious femininity. The swoony Edward almost feels like an afterthought here: This is Bella's time to sparkle.
Jacob (Taylor Lautner), the childhood friend and werewolf who was competing for her affections in small-town Forks, Wash., is still around and he's assumed a new role: He has "imprinted" on Bella's newborn daughter, the hideously named Renesmee (Mackenzie Foy), which makes him her protector and lover for life. Yes, this is creepy, but at least the film acknowledges as much. "Breaking Dawn — Part 2" goofs on the famously ab-tacular Lautner by having him not just take his shirt off but strip down all the way to his underwear. Prepare yourself: The audience shrieks are deafening.
But the arrival of this beautiful child draws the suspicion and ire of the Volturi, the vampire elite living in Italy who ... I don't know, govern over these kinds of things? Anyway, they view this half-human, half-vampire as a threat. The bloodsucking Cullen clan and Jacob and his wolfy buddies must band together to prevent an attack, and to prove that the girl's rare existence should be treasured. They do this by traveling the world, gathering other vampires of various ethnicities to form a sort of United Nations of the undead who will vouch for her.
We are all Renesmee Cullen.
The gifted and versatile Michael Sheen unleashes the wonderfully weird performance we always knew was in him as Aro, the sinister leader of the Volturi. His high-pitched laugh alone is both hysterical and menacing. Meanwhile, Dakota Fanning as the powerful Volturi guard Jane maybe says one word during the entire movie, instead letting her intense, red eyes speak for her.
It's a massive cast that feels even larger during the closing credits, which features a parade of seemingly every actor who's ever appeared in a "Twilight" movie. (Hey, there's Anna Kendrick! Oh yeah, and Bryce Dallas Howard!) It's a classy and strangely melancholy send-off. Just as the "Twilight" series improves, it's going away.


text: Main Content Appropriation Bills/Passed Browse Selected Appropriation Bills by Year Appropriation Bills are shown in the year they are enacted. At times, a bill may apply to a fiscal year that is different from the year it is enacted. When that happens the fiscal year will be included in the description of the act. 201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023


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Does your provider keep overbilling you? Did you just sign a contract to find out that your phone is constantly searching for a signal? Rant Here! (Please keep the rules in mind when posting here)
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Export 13 results:
Filters: Author is Michael Choti [Clear All Filters]
Ablation monitoring with elastography: 2D in-vivo and 3D ex-vivo studies.
Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention (MICCAI). 11, 458–466. Rivaz2008b_0.pdf (7.26 MB)
(2008). Bootstrapped ultrasound calibration.
Studies in health technology and informatics. 119, 61–66.
(2006). CISUS: an integrated 3D ultrasound system for IGT using a modular tracking API.
(Galloway, Jr., R. L., Ed.).Medical Imaging 2004: Visualization, Image-Guided Procedures, and Display. 5367, 247-256. Boctor2004a.pdf (536.92 KB)
(2004). Development of a Robotically-Assisted 3-D Ultrasound System for Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Tumors.
6th World Congress of the Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association (IHPBA).
(2004). A dual-armed robotic system for intraoperative ultrasound guided hepatic ablative therapy: a prospective study.
Procedings IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA '04. 3, 2517–2522. Boctor2004c.pdf (629.71 KB)
(2004). A novel closed form solution for ultrasound calibration.
Procedings IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: Nano to Macro. 527–530. Boctor2004.pdf (189.73 KB)
(2004). Rapid calibration method for registration and 3D tracking of ultrasound images using spatial localizer.
Medical Imaging 2003: Ultrasonic Imaging and Signal Processing. 5035, 521-532. Boctor2003.pdf (288.98 KB)
(2003). Robot-assisted 3D strain imaging for monitoring thermal ablation of liver.
Annual congress of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons. 240-241. DeOliveira2005a.pdf (35.9 KB)
(2005). Robotic Strain Imaging for Monitoring Thermal Ablation of Liver Tumors.
Proceedings in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 3217, 81-88. Boctor2004b.pdf (1.19 MB)
(2004). Robotically assisted ablative treatment guided by freehand 3D ultrasound.
Conference of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery (CARS). 503-508. Boctor2004e.pdf (669.44 KB)
(2004). Robotically assisted intraoperative ultrasound with application to ablative therapy of liver cancer.
(Galloway, Jr., R. L., Ed.).Medical Imaging 2003: Visualization, Image-Guided Procedures, and Display. 5029, 281-291. Boctor2003c.pdf (341.78 KB)
(2003). Tracked 3D ultrasound in radio-frequency liver ablation.
(Walker, W. F., & Insana M. F., Ed.).Medical Imaging 2003: Ultrasonic Imaging and Signal Processing. 5035, 174-182. Boctor2003a.pdf (236.57 KB)
(2003). Ultrasound monitoring of tissue ablation via deformation model and shape priors.
Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention (MICCAI). 9, 405–412. Boctor2006b.pdf (6.61 MB)


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Around 2.30PM on Saturday, December 19, during a historic snowstorm, residents at the intersection of 14th and U Streets NW started throwing snowballs at passing Hummers.There is a difference between a snowball fight and throwing snowballs at moving vehicles. In a snowball fight — like this cool one in Madison a couple weeks ago — you have voluntary participants playing at fighting with each other. Throwing snowballs at cars, on the other had, is surprising people who happen upon the scene and it's distracting them — and doing so at a time when it is particularly difficult to drive. Drivers do not know the extent of the interference when it begins, and they can be frightened or easily stimulated into braking or accelerating — when there is snow and ice and when pedestrians are nearby. Whether the vehicles are Hummers or not makes no difference. Were they protesting gas guzzling? That might seem cute or righteous or harmless, but it might not be. The drivers don't know.
One of the cars pelted was driven by a plainclothes police officer identified only as Det. Baylor. Baylor got out of his car and brandished his gun at the crowd."Brandished" is a heavy word and "brandished... at" connotes that he pointed the gun at people, which he did not.
Reason.tv's Dan Hayes was on the scene, capturing the tense confrontation between police and citizens who chanted "Don't bring a gun to a snowball fight!"This reminds me of the 1960s era demonstrations where it seemed like a good idea to taunt the police instead of showing them respect. Baylor got out of his car, apparently, to try to deal with disorder that he couldn't have known the precise nature of. Alone, facing a confusing crowd, he got his gun in his hand.
Why couldn't people have spoken with him in a civil way and conveyed the assurance that there was no problem requiring police attention? Did they consider that there might be people elsewhere in the city, during the snow emergency, who actually would have benefited from help from a police officer who got delayed by unruly adults who thought snow suspended the rules and made it okay to throw objects at moving cars?
The quoted chant is "Don't bring a gun to a snowball fight!" and that sounds funny and fun-loving, but it got me thinking of the encounters with police that we saw in the 1960s when it took next to nothing to provoke shouts of "police brutality" and "pig." And in fact, if you watched the whole video, you heard the shout "Fuck you, pig."
I'm siding with the cop.
IN THE COMMENTS: Chef Mojo says "This was no innocent snowball fight" and links here, to a post at futureMAGINING, written at 1:39, about 40 minutes before Baylor arrived, called "Announcing The DC Snowpocalypse Guerilla Snowball Fight 2009!"
Where? 14th & U st. NWA fun snowball fight would be sited in a park of some kind, not in the middle of the street.
What? Massive guerilla snowball fight in the middle of the street.
When? Saturday, December 19th, 2009 @ 2 PM.If you try to go to that twitter page now, it says "Sorry, the profile you were trying to view has been suspended due to strange activity."
We will also be tweeting details at twitter.com/futuremagining.
The only way to play it safe is to bring a posse. This may be complete anarchy.
Remember, if you're throwing a snowball- you're game.Now, that could be a set-up for fun, like the Madison snowball fight, but not in a busy city street. The first few comments say that the fight belongs in a park, and the "admin" responds: "The reason we're calling it a 'guerilla snowball fight' is because it's in the middle of the street." If someone called the police, they were right to respond.
Now, futureMAGINING has a statement up about the incident, written by Yousef Ali:
The "detective" who started waving his gun around inappropriately without even identifying himself as an officer of the law needs to be reprimanded. To those who were there with us at the snowball fight, the difference of knowing that the person waving a gun is a hot-headed law enforcement agent who is unlikely to shoot outside of strict protocol versus a random thug with a penchant for violence is HUGE. When that gun was drawn, many feared for their lives and those of their friends.Watching the video, I wondered why so many people were laughing and hanging around... and taunting the man. That's not how I'd behave if I thought I might be near a "random thug" with a gun in his hand. I'd say their behavior shows they knew he was a cop attempting to follow whatever the protocol is when one man faces a mob. Unfortunately, the video does not show the entire confrontation.


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Each day, you make decisions- what to wear, who to talk to, what to do with your free time. Some decisions are trivial, while others impact the course of your life.
There are also decisions that shape our eternal destiny. These decisions are the most important life decisions you will ever make.
For millions of people, the "Four Spiritual Laws" have helped in understanding these important life decisions.
View Flash Version
Just as there are physical laws that govern the physical universe, so are there spiritual laws that govern your relationship with God.
God loves you and offers a wonderful plan for your life.
God's Love "God so loved the world that He gave His one and only Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life" (John 3:16, NIV).
God's Plan [Christ speaking] "I came that they might have life, and might have it abundantly" [that it might be full and meaningful] (John 10:10).
Why is it that most people are not experiencing that abundant life?
Law 2
Man is sinful and separated from God. Therefore, he cannot know and experience God's love and plan for his life.
Man is Sinful "All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God" (Romans 3:23).
Man was created to have fellowship with God; but, because of his own stubborn self-will, he chose to go his own independent way and fellowship with God was broken. This self-will, characterized by an attitude of active rebellion or passive indifference, is an evidence of what the Bible calls sin.
Man Is Separated "The wages of sin is death" [spiritual separation from God] (Romans 6:23).
The third law explains the only way to bridge this gulf...
Law 3
Jesus Christ is God's only provision for man's sin. Through Him you can know and experience God's love and plan for your life.
He Died In Our Place "God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us" (Romans 5:8).
He Rose from the Dead "Christ died for our sins... He was buried... He was raised on the third day, according to the Scriptures... He appeared to Peter, then to the twelve. After that He appeared to more than five hundred..." (1 Corinthians 15:3-6).
He Is the Only Way to God "Jesus said to him, 'I am the way, and the truth, and the life, no one comes to the Father but through Me'" (John 14:6).
It is not enough just to know these three laws...
Law 4
We must individually receive Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord; then we can know and experience God's love and plan for our lives.
We Must Receive Christ "As many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe in His name" (John 1:12).
We Receive Christ Through Faith "By grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God; not as result of works that no one should boast" (Ephesians 2:8,9).
When We Receive Christ, We Experience a New Birth (Read John 3:1-8.)
We Receive Christ Through Personal Invitation [Christ speaking] "Behold, I stand at the door and knock; if any one hears My voice and opens the door, I will come in to him" (Revelation 3:20).
Receiving Christ involves turning to God from self (repentance) and trusting Christ to come into our lives to forgive our sins and to make us what He wants us to be. Just to agree intellectually that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and that He died on the cross for our sins is not enough. Nor is it enough to have an emotional experience. We receive Jesus Christ by faith, as an act of the will.
These two circles represent two kinds of lives:
Which circle best represents your life? Which circle would you like to have represent your life?
The following explains how you can receive Christ: You Can Receive Christ Right Now by Faith Through Prayer (Prayer is talking with God)
God knows your heart and is not so concerned with your words as He is with the attitude of your heart. The following is a suggested prayer:
Lord Jesus, I need You. Thank You for dying on the cross for my sins. I open the door of my life and receive You as my Savior and Lord. Thank You for forgiving my sins and giving me eternal life. Take control of the throne of my life. Make me the kind of person You want me to be.
Does this prayer express the desire of your heart? If it does, I invite you to pray this prayer right now, and Christ will come into you life, as He promised.
�Copyrighted 1965, 1968 by Campus Crusade for Christ, New Life Publications. All rights reserved. For more information about Salvation through Jesus Christ, visitCampus Crusade's web site.
To pray with someone in person,
Call 1-800-4PRAYER


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yesod-core: Creation of type-safe, RESTful web applications.
Yesod is a framework designed to foster creation of RESTful web application that have strong compile-time guarantees of correctness. It also affords space efficient code and portability to many deployment backends, from CGI to stand-alone serving.
The Yesod documentation site http://www.yesodweb.com/ has much more information, tutorials and information on some of the supporting packages, like Hamlet and Persistent.
- yesod-core-1.2.19.tar.gz [browse] (Cabal source package)
- Package description (as included in the package)
Maintainer's Corner
For package maintainers and hackage trustees
- No Candidates


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Welcome To My Blog
Thanks for checking the blog out... Hope it offers something a bit different every now & again. Though I come from a pseudo - Mod background (Soul & Ska in particular), I have a diverse taste in music & hope my varied posts will reflect this.
Cheers Skamanc .... I'm not after your undying gratitude, but please leave your thoughts, comments & opinions on the posts & content. I regularly up- & download material, plus buy and trade items. As such, if I have inadvertently "trodden on anyone's toes" in posting anything then please let me know & accept my apologies. Also please support the artists involved & remember that the blog is merely a pointer toward these various downloads, which are stored elsewhere. Legally, any downloads should not be retained for more than a week. So now I've told you the legal bit !
Feel free to give me a shout : firstname.lastname@example.com
Manchester M22, September 2016
For my kids, Dylan & Tommy. Bollocks to the ex Mrs!
Special thanks to Steve White (software), Gordon Waring (music), Shaun Robinson (artwork), Paul Buddery (DVD's / software) & Sonchey Barrett (essential technical advice!).
"Thank you" also to regular contributors Herr Pauli (Malente, Germany), Phil (Shetland), Deco Mc Dermott & Mark Pengelly of Dublin, Martin Smith (Barnet), Paul Baily (London) and Rodd (Australia).


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Amarillo College delivers Associate Degree and Certificate programs that enrich lives, inspire success, and provide an outstanding academic foundation. AC students have success whether they are looking to immediately enter the workforce or proceed to a university.
Everything you need to achieve success is within easy reach at Amarillo College, including a team of enthusiastic faculty and staff who are fully committed to helping you realize your dreams.
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Return to: Programs / Degrees
Program Advisor: Contact Sarah Uselding, 354-6051 (email@example.com) or Pam George, 371-5448 (email@example.com)
Associate in Science Major Code - CRIJ.AS actx.edu/cj Prepares students interested in Criminal Justice for transfer to a university.


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Search FAQs
AFRINIC membership and resources related billing FAQs. | ||
AFRINIC WHOIS related FAQs | General FAQs related to AFRINIC activites | MyAFRINIC portal related FAQs | Membership related queries |
FAQ for Existing members | AFRINIC BPKI Services | FAQs related to IPv4 Exhaustion and its impact on AFRINIC |
FAQs related to IPv4 Exhaustion and its impact on AFRINIC
There are 232 (around 4.3 billion) unique IPv4 addresses and in the early days of the Internet, this seemed like a huge amount. But the Internet grew faster than anyone could have predicted and engineers soon realised that the limited supply of IPv4 address space would not be enough to meet future demand for emerging users and connected devices. In anticipation of this, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed, tested and standardised IPv6 in the late 1990s.
AFPUB-2010-v4-005: "The IPv4 Soft Landing Policy"will come into effect.
This proposal describes how AFRINIC will allocate and manage IPv4 resources during the IPv4 "Exhaustion Phase".
The AFRINIC community proposed, developed and accepted AFPUB-2010-v4-005: "The IPv4 Soft Landing Policy" using the AFRINIC Policy Development Process (PDP). The AFRINIC Board of Directors ratified this policy in 2011.
AFRINIC has seen consumption rates increase rapidly over the last few months. In the near future, it is inevitable that AFRINIC will become the only region where, with correct justification, significant amounts of IPv4 address space can be obtained. We expect this to lead to a sharp increase in requests and our Member Services Team is preparing accordingly for this. All requests are evaluated and any eventual allocations are made according to the community-defined IPv4 allocation policy.
Nothing. The only way to ensure that networks continue to run seamlessly and all devices around the world can continue to communicate with each other is to deploy IPv6 on networks and run them in parallel with IPv4 networks. You can find out more about how you can plan for your IPv6 deployment by looking at the information on our IPv4 Exhaustion section, our IPv6 Deployment section and our Training website.
No. The Internet will continue to operate as normal. However, unless networks are IPv6 ready, devices IPv6 enabled and content made available over IPv6, there is a very real possibility that certain parts of the network that remains on IPv4-only may become unreachable to those connecting with an IPv6 address and vice versa. The only solution is for network operators to deploy IPv6 as soon as possible.
In those regions where operators can only obtain small IPv4 allocations because their RIR has exhausted its supply of IPv4, many now have to invest in IPv6 networks if they have not already done so. It is extremely important that African network operators also start their transitioning process as soon as possible to ensure they can continue communicating with IPv4 and IPv6 networks in other regions. This is the only way to guarantee that all Internet users will be able to freely access the global Internet from Africa and to ensure that Africa remains a global player in online world.
AFRINIC has a comprehensive IPv6 programme that includes information, deployment guides, free training courses and an IPv6 test bed for operators to test IPv6 networks on. You can also find more information on our IPv4 Exhaustion section, our IPv6 Deployment and our Training website. Government representatives can download our IPv6 for Governments handbook.


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Bartin Ramadan time on Mar 03, 2024 (22 Shaban 1445), today sehri time is 05:49 am and iftar time is 6:45 pm. In Bartin sehri time refers as the pre-dawn meal and iftar time is eaten after sunset. The 30 days of Ramadan Calendar 2024 in Bartin, Turkey is given below with the complete fasting time and schedule.
Disclaimer: Make sure to remember that there's a slight 1-minute difference between sehri and iftar times. Sehri wraps up 1 minute earlier, and iftar kicks off with a 1-minute delay. We do our best to double-check all the info and timings, even taking into account Daylight Saving Time (DST) in some places. But it's a good idea to double-check with your local mosque or masjid too. If you spot any problems, have questions, or notice any mistakes, drop us an email at [email protected]. We're here to help!
Today 03 March 2024, Sehri time Bartin: 05:49 am and Iftar time Bartin is 6:45 pm For Fiqa Hanafi (Sunni) followers, and for Fiqa Jafria (Shia) Sehri time today starts at 05:39 am and Iftar time is 06:55 pm.
As Ramadan unfolds, Muslims worldwide devote their time and energy to fasting and prayer, seeking forgiveness from Allah Almighty. The precise Ramadan timings in Bartin on March 03, 2024 or 22 Shaban 1445, are provided on this page, including the Sehri time and Iftar time in Bartin for today.
In Bartin Ramadan 2024 timings today are as follows: For the general Islamic tradition, Sehri time today in Bartin is at 05:39 am, and Iftar time today Bartin is 6:45 pm also for those who following the Fiqa Hanafi & Shafi'i tradition (mostly Sunni Muslims in Turkey), the estimated today Sehri time is around 05:39 am, and the Iftar time is approximately 06:55 pm. Meanwhile, Fiqa Jafria tradition (predominantly Shia Muslims in Turkey), the estimated Sehri time today is around 05:39 am, with Iftar time today expected at approximately 06:55 pm. The Ramazan timetable for Bartin is crucial for the Muslim community, and accurate information about Sehri and Iftar timings is essential for those observing the fast. It's important to note that the mentioned estimations are based on the calculation methods used by Fiqa Hanafi and Fiqa Jafria, and slight variations may occur based on factors like the moon sighting and other considerations. It's worth noting that Sehri is also commonly known as suhoor or Sahoor, while Iftar is referred to as iftari in various parts of the world.
Many people use the Ramadan calendar to check suhoor or Sehri time in Bartin. Today's Sehri time is 05:49 am on 03 March 2024, and the fasting day is expected to last 12 hours 4 minutes.
The overall length of each fasting day determines the distance between Roza or Iftar hour. Today's Iftar time in Bartin is 6:45 pm on 11 January 2024, and tomorrow's iftar time is 6:45 pm.
The exact starting time of Iftari in Bartin is 6:45 pm Typically, Iftari time is at sunset.
The end time for Sehri in Bartin is 05:49 am depend on day to day solar movement. Typically, Sehri ends approximately 5-10 minutes before the Fajr prayer time.
The exact time when Roza closes in Bartin is 05:49 am.
On 03 Mar 2024 in Bartin, today's fasting period begins at 05:49 am and concludes at 6:45 pm.
So far, first ramadan 2024 is expected in Bartin to begin on 11 March and month of ramzan end on 9 April, find out the full Ramadan timing 2024 calendar.
This year Eid ul Fitr will be expected to celebrate in Bartin on 9 April.
This year Eid ul Fitr holidays celebrating is expected to start from 9th April to 11th April.


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The ideas for savings to the health care system are endless! We know already, of course, about the great new idea of not looking so closely at those breasts. What we don't know won't cause us anxiety, and if cancer should come, the later we discover it the better, because there is nothing like death to stop us from running to the doctor for every little thing.
And those silly Pap tests that had us thinking we needed a pelvic exam every year? The official word has come that you don't need that testing so early or so often:
Young women are especially prone to develop abnormalities in the cervix that appear to be precancerous, but that will go away if left alone. But when Pap tests find the growths, doctors often remove them, with procedures that can injure the cervix and lead to problems later when a woman becomes pregnant, including premature birth and an increased risk of needing a Caesarean.And talk about expensive! Premature births and Caesarean sections? Wouldn't it be so much nicer for everyone if women would man up and give the old vagina a go? And if the baby dies? Think of how many trips to the pediatrician will be avoided. Why spend so much on preemies anyway? Surely, the new guidelines on extra-tiny humans will yield nice savings.
There are 11,270 new cases of cervical cancer and 4,070 deaths per year in the United States. One to 2 cases occur per 1,000,000 girls ages 15 to 19 — a low incidence that convinces many doctors that it is safe to wait until 21 to screen.Oh, now, don't go all squishy on that one-in-a-million 15 year old girl. We've got to get costs under control. And if, by some quirk of fate, she happens to be your little girl, the experts are here to tell you that you will feel quite a bit better — surprisingly so — when you look at an old photograph of your lost child.
Come on, be honest. Don't you want the federal government to have a complete overview of health care? The potential rationality is stunning. And one thing in this emerging rationality is clear: Although women tend to love the notion of government control more than men do, it is women who will be told they'll have to cut back. On treatments. And years. You know we've been taking more than our share.


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I decided to start with the boys shared closet since I thought that would be one of the easier tasks. The closet was not necessarily unorganized, it just needed a little paring down and some minor upgrades from their previous setup.
I thought I would apply a few of the concepts I shared yesterday, based on the inspiration photos.
- I took everything out of the closet and evaluated the size. If something was questionable {as some things run big and small}, I had the kids try on their clothing to see how well it still fit.
- We checked over items for tears, rips, stains, etc...
- Items that no longer fit were tossed into a donate bin.
- Everything was hung back up on hugable hangers to maximize the itty bitty closet space and the reduce the number of falling shirts {"Really mom! They fell! I did hang up my clothes, I promise!"}
- We created clothing tag labels, not to divide clothing types {our system is simple, shirts on top rod, pants on lower}, but to give the kids a place to plan our their clothes for the entire week. We currently plan the night before, but planning on Sunday for the entire week will give us one less thing to do each night. And although summer is just around the corner, the kids will still need to be able to pop out of bed and get dressed for summer activities and programs. Not to mention, it will help them get into a good routine for our next school year.
Making the clothing tags took a little longer than I anticipated, and at moments, I questioned if it would have been easier to spend the ten smackaroos on these ones from The Container Store. But, on the positive I was able to catch up on a few DVR'd shows while I crafted away and I am totally in love with the final outcome!
To make the tags, I just used some leftover cardboard from cereal boxes, which I cut using my Silhouette to ensure all were the same size:
Because I wanted both the fronts and backs to be pretty I also cut decorative paper to glue to the back:
And printed out the fronts onto some old CD labels we had. Here you can see the front and back:
Though the laminator they went to ensure a nice and happy long life! Once out of the laminator, another cut around all the edges with the scissors. The entire process was easy enough, just time consuming with all the cutting and creating printable labels.
Onto the rod they went! I was instantly smitten!
I was also excited to pick out outfits for the week!
Since we just keep their shorts folded in a bin on the shelf, I used some clothespins to clip them to the shirt hanger to create their outfits.
Now their closet looks like this:
And what didn't make the cut {mainly because it was too small}, made it's way into a donate bin.
Saying goodbye to the super cute clothes and pj's that are worn by my youngest is always the hardest part of the entire process... if only they could stay itty bitty forever {tear}.
I have to say! It feels amazing to have one of the three rooms knocked off the list {my oldest son's dresser and my armoire are still waiting to be tackled}. Off to work on the next!
Who else manages outfits for the kidlets a week at a time, and how has it been working for you? Any other tips for maintaining a tidy tiny kid's closet?


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Curadent BDC weekly (Biological Denture Care) keeps your SomnoGuard oral appliance (or dentures) perfectly clean without affecting the copolymeric material. Curadent BDC weekly effectively removes plaque from the surface of the mouthpiece. A build up of plaque is a common cause of bacterial contamination.
Citric acid releases unhealthy coatings, Eucalyptus oil imparts a pleasant, fresh feeling and sea salt stabilises and strengthens the action of the citric acid.
This product should be used in conjunction with Curadent® BDC daily when used to clean a SomnoGuard or SleepRight appliance.
Aqua, Alkylethersulfate, Citric Acid, Eucalyptus Oil, Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile Phenoxyethanol
The SleepRight dental guards are the only occlusal splints approved by the British Dental Health Foundation. Find out more.
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