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Read on for a countdown of the top 30 fighters to emerge from The Ultimate Fighter. Will any of the competitors emerging from TUF 16 eventually join them?
This Friday night, September 14, The Ultimate Fighter begins its 16th season, and when the bell rings on FX at 9pm, 32 welterweight hopefuls will begin competing for glory and a UFC contract. Several of those who have come before them have gone on to become champions and contenders in the Octagon, and the best of the best are listed below in the updated version of the TUF 30.
So how did we determine the fighters chosen here? First is level of success. Winning a UFC championship is the obvious pinnacle, and only three TUF competitors (Matt Serra, Forrest Griffin, and Rashad Evans) have reached those heights. Fighting for a UFC belt is big plus in a fighter's favor as well. Next up is quality of opposition. Fighting at the highest level of the game and losing a few fights will get you more points here than winning a bunch of fights at the prelim level. And finally, we're looking at impact on the organization, which is a subjective call, but one that is necessary. Headlining pay-per-views and being in the public eye consistently adds a level of pressure fighting in non-televised bouts just doesn't have. That's why a Michael Bisping, who has been the face of UK MMA and the headliner or participant in a featured bout on many major cards, is in the top five while other veteran performers are below him.
With that said…
30 – Tony Ferguson
Post TUF record: 3-1
Tony Ferguson didn't play around on TUF 13, knocking out Justin Edwards, Ryan McGillivray, and Chuck O'Neil on the show before winning the season title with a first round KO of Ramsey Nijem. In his post-TUF career thus far, he stopped veteran Aaron Riley, and won an exciting three rounder over another vet, Yves Edwards. A loss to TUF12 finalist Michael Johnson in May slowed him down a bit, but a strong return is expected from "El Cucuy."
DEFINING FIGHT – W3 Yves Edwards
TUF TALK – "I wouldn't give it up for the world. Even though I almost had a heart attack seeing myself on TV, I'm so happy that I had the opportunity to do that. At the time you're in the house, it drives you nuts, but looking at it now, the whole experience was amazing and I miss the house."
29 - Kendall Grove
Post TUF record: 10-7
Heading towards journeyman status when he entered the TUF house for season three, Grove began taking his training and fighting career seriously under the tutelage of coach Tito Ortiz and ran the table en route to the season three middleweight title. What has followed since has been a mix of impressive wins over Alan Belcher, Evan Tanner, and Goran Reljic, crushing KO losses to Patrick Cote and Jorge Rivera, and a two fight losing streak that prompted his release in 2011. "Da Spyder" has since won three of four outside of the UFC, and if he can find consistency, maybe we'll be seeing him back here sooner rather than later.
DEFINING FIGHT - W3 Evan Tanner
TUF TALK - "Before the show I never had anybody come up to me and shake my hand and tell me that I was one of their favorite fighters. But after the show, it started to happen and it was just a mind trip."
28 – Joe Stevenson
Post TUF record: 8-9
Joe Stevenson, a pro since the age of 16, was about to walk away from the game when he got the call to compete on season two of The Ultimate Fighter. Stevenson went on to defeat Jason Von Flue and Marcus Davis on the show before winning that season's welterweight title in a three round war with Luke Cummo. Following his stint on TUF, Stevenson was upset by Josh Neer, a defeat which prompted a drop to 155 pounds. At lightweight, 'Joe Daddy' found his home, winning four in a row before getting submitted by BJ Penn in a 2008 challenge for the vacant 155-pound crown. Stevenson has hit a rough patch after that, losing six of his last eight, including a decision loss to Javier Vazquez that got him his walking papers last year. But given his history, it would be foolish to count him out just yet.
DEFINING FIGHT – Wsub1 Melvin Guillard
TUF TALK – "I probably wouldn't have continued if it weren't for the show. The show is such a springboard for the fight game, and for the athlete himself, that it was an opportunity I couldn't pass up. There are things in your life you just don't say no to."
27 – Keith Jardine
Post TUF record: 8-10-1
Some will look at the five knockout losses suffered by Jardine since he left season two of The Ultimate Fighter and dismiss him, despite the fact that those defeats came at the hands of Wanderlei Silva, Thiago Silva, Houston Alexander, Ryan Bader, and Strikeforce champion Luke Rockhold. Yet we can't forget that Jardine holds wins over a pretty impressive group that includes the names Chuck Liddell, Forrest Griffin, Wilson Gouveia, and Brandon Vera, and in 2009 he ate bombs from Quinton Jackson for 15 minutes before losing a hard-fought decision. So you can rightfully say that "The Dean of Mean" needs to find consistency, but you can't question what he can do as a fighter. Just ask the men he's beaten.
DEFINING FIGHT – W3 Chuck Liddell
TUF TALK - "Fighting is the apex of all competition, and there's nothing harder than getting in the ring to fight. Actually, that makes it easier for everything else you do in life. Anything hard in life I might be doing, it's just like, 'this is nothing compared to fighting.' I've conquered the demons from going into the ring and fighting, so everything else is easy after that."
26 - Krzysztof Soszynski
Post TUF record: 6-3
If you said Krzysztof Soszynski's career before The Ultimate Fighter 8 resembled that of a journeyman, he would probably agree with you. But that's the life you lead when you're learning on the job and running towards killer competition on a regular basis. What this education did for Soszynski was make him a dangerous fighter when it was time to step on the world stage, and since TUF, he has proven himself to be finally hitting his stride, as he's won six of nine UFC bouts, with the only losses coming to Igor Pokrajac, Brandon Vera and Stephan Bonnar (in their rematch). And while he's hinted at retirement, Soszynski probably still has a good amount of gas in his fighting tank.
DEFINING FIGHT – TKO3 Stephan Bonnar
TUF TALK – "People look at my record and they think 'oh, he's just a mediocre fighter and got into the show through The Ultimate Fighter. But to me, I work my butt off every day in the gym, I give everything I have to this sport and even though I have nine losses on my record, most of them were early on in my career when I really didn't know any better and didn't train with anybody who was top level and who could teach me the right way. It's been a learning experience for the last six years, I finally made it, and I'm gonna stick with it and keep training my butt off."
25 – Nate Quarry
Post TUF record: 7-3
For a long time, Nate Quarry may very well have been the most underrated fighter in the middleweight division, and that went back to what could be referred to as the first phase of his UFC career in 2005. That year, Quarry went from TUF to the Octagon, won three fights in a row by knockout, and was then given a shot at Rich Franklin's middleweight title, which he lost by devastating KO himself. Following the defeat, Quarry underwent a serious spinal fusion surgery and few expected him to return to form when he came back in 2007. But come back he did, winning four of six bouts, including classic wars with Pete Sell and Tim Credeur. It was an amazing comeback, earning Quarry – one of the game's good guys – some well-deserved accolades. And though a TKO loss to Jorge Rivera in March of 2010 prompted him to announce his retirement from the sport, "Rock" certainly made an impression on all who met him and watched him fight.
DEFINING FIGHT – KO3 Pete Sell
TUF TALK – "To be honest with you, sitting down and watching the show could be very disturbing at times. Especially the episode where Chris Leben had the problems with (Josh) Koscheck and Bobby Southworth. After I watched that episode, I had a hard time sleeping. I was up for three, four hours after the show and I had a hard time sleeping for the next couple of days because it just seemed so personal and so emotional, and now all of a sudden someone has seen those personal sides of me. Millions of people that I don't know are seeing parts of myself that I don't show to just anybody – things that don't come up in everyday life."
24 – Marcus Davis
Post TUF record: 12-7
One of the UFC's most exciting fighters, pound for pound, during his nearly five year run, Marcus Davis made a successful transition from the pro boxing ring to the Octagon, but it wasn't without some serious growing pains and soul searching. But once "The Irish Hand Grenade" realized that his fists alone would only take him so far in MMA, he began winning, and winning, and winning, even throwing in four submission wins in the UFC along the way. Owner of victories over the likes of Chris Lytle, Paul Kelly, and Paul Taylor, Davis hit a rough patch that saw him lose four of five, but Davis has won three of four since being cut from the UFC, proving that you can't keep a good man down.
DEFINING FIGHT – Wsub1 Paul Taylor
TUF TALK - "In a lot of respects, I was a boxer who was trying to fight in mixed martial arts, somebody who was trying to pick up some of the tools and just use some of them in order to use my boxing game. And after being in the UFC and seeing that I can't do that, I realized that if I wanted to be in the UFC and be a mixed martial arts fighter, that's what I have to be. I can't be a boxer who uses partial mixed martial arts techniques to box. So now I don't look at myself as a boxer – I look at myself as a mixed martial artist
23 – Brendan Schaub
Post TUF record: 4-3
A former fullback for the University of Colorado, Brendan Schaub clearly had the athleticism and the power to compete in the heavyweight division in MMA, but after he was knocked out in the TUF10 finale by Roy Nelson, there were question marks. There aren't too many of them left anymore though, as Schaub dispatched Chase Gormley and Chris Tuchscherer in rapid-fire fashion before putting together back-to-back wins over veteran contenders Gabriel Gonzaga and Mirko Cro Cop, the latter win at UFC 128 earning him Knockout of the Night honors. Losses to "Minotauro" Nogueira and Ben Rothwell were costly setbacks, but a win over Lavar Johnson in December will put the "Hybrid" train back on track.
DEFINING FIGHT – KO3 Mirko Cro Cop
TUF TALK –"It's kind of like the game's changed. Now you've got to be athletic and you've got to have it all. You gotta be able to wrestle, you gotta be able to strike, so the game's changing. You see guys like Cain Velasquez and Junior Dos Santos, guys around my size who are really athletic heavyweights, making a name for themselves and doing well. I think the day of the big, experienced guy who just gets by on his toughness, that's not gonna fly anymore."
22 – Ryan Bader
Post TUF record: 7-3
This may be a little overdramatic, but Ryan Bader was about to become a cautionary tale of 'too much, too soon' heading into his UFC 144 bout with Quinton "Rampage" Jackson last month. Sure, Bader was talented, but after using his raw skills to pound his way to a 5-0 Octagon record after winning season eight of TUF, back-to-back losses to Jon Jones and Tito Ortiz in 2011 could have crippled him psychologically. Not "Darth" Bader though, and when the pressure was at its highest, he delivered with a shutout win over the former light heavyweight boss that resurrected the Arizonan as a light heavyweight contender. A loss in August to Lyoto Machida has slowed things down again for Bader, but he has shown resilience before, and you can expect to see it again.
DEFINING FIGHT – W3 Quinton "Rampage" Jackson
TUF TALK – "2011 was an interesting year, but I'm glad it happened because I wouldn't have changed some things if those losses didn't happen. That was the catalyst for great things this year. I'm gonna go out there and beat a legend of the sport and I'm gonna be a new fighter. Each fight I'm gonna get progressively better and I want to get up there in the upper echelon of the 205-pound division and stay there."
21 – Ross Pearson
Post TUF record: 5-3
DEFINING FIGHT – W3 Spencer Fisher
Almost universally seen as one of the lightweight division's top prospects, aggressive battler Ross Pearson had only two hiccups at 155 since winning season nine of TUF, a second round submission loss to Cole Miller, and a close split decision defeat against Edson Barboza. Otherwise, he looked outstanding in beating veteran competition like Aaron Riley, Dennis Siver, and Spencer Fisher, yet despite this, he decided a change of scenery was in order, and he moved to featherweight, where he debuted at UFC 141 with a win over Junior Assuncao and was stopped by Cub Swanson in June of 2012.
TUF TALK –"Obviously I was very confident in me own skills and confident that I was going to go in there, do my best, and get to the finals, but no one ever really said to me, 'oh, you're the favorite to win' or anything like that," he said. "It was basically my own self-belief that I would do well."
20 – Melvin Guillard
Post TUF record: 12-7
Season two's Melvin Guillard was always talented. The question was, could he keep his game together when dealing with a myriad of out of the ring issues and tragedies. Well, once he hooked up with the Greg Jackson team in Albuquerque, a new version of "The Young Assassin" emerged, and he was nearly unstoppable, going on a five fight winning streak before losing back-to-back bouts against Joe Lauzon and Jim Miller. Now training with the Blackzilians team in Florida (who he worked with part-time for the Lauzon bout and full-time for Miller), Guillard is looking to right his ship after an August loss to Donald Cerrone.
DEFINING FIGHT – TKO1 Evan Dunham
TUF TALK –"I've been through so many ups and downs in my career, and in my personal life, and one thing I always remember is that (UFC President) Dana (White) has always been good to me and he's always been honest with me. And Dana sat me down one time a while back and he said 'kid, you have all the talent in the world, and we like you. Don't throw it away.' And for my boss to come and tell me that they really care for me, that's an honorable thing for me, and if my boss believes in me, why shouldn't I believe in myself? I'm my own worst enemy. If I mess myself out of this, it's because I did something. But I'm just so happy that I got to see what I was doing wrong."
19 – Matt Mitrione
Post TUF record: 5-1
With no pro experience in mixed martial arts, former NFL lineman Matt Mitrione was expected to make some noise on season ten of TUF, and then go away. He had other plans though, defeating UFC vet Scott Junk on the show and then going on to compile a 5-1 record in the Octagon while amazing skeptics with the rapid growth in his technical game. Add in fight changing power and a healthy dose of athleticism, and suddenly the charismatic and popular Mitrione is a player in the heavyweight division.
DEFINING FIGHT –KO2 Christian Morecraft
TUF TALK – "Verbally, I said I was done competing (after football), but internally, I was never ready to be done, and I think I knew that I had to find something else to do. Sales wasn't it. I started my own company and that was part of it, but it wasn't the physical part, and that's what I missed most. My wife saw that in me and she said, look, you're gonna be doing something stupid anyway, you might as well get paid for it (Laughs)."
18 – Mike Swick
Post TUF record: 10-3
A rising star who had won five of six fights before appearing on season one of TUF, Mike Swick solidified his place as one of the game's top prospects during the show, losing a tough bout to Stephan Bonnar, and then tore through his opposition in the middleweight division, winning four straight in the first round and then decisioning former title challenger David Loiseau. But after losing a three rounder to Yushin Okami, Swick resurfaced in the welterweight division. He looked to be settling in with decision wins over Josh Burkman and Marcus Davis, but it was in his next two bouts that he finally looked to be acclimated to 170 as he stopped Jonathan Goulet and Ben Saunders. Swick struggled in losses to Dan Hardy and Paulo Thiago, and after taking some time off to deal with an esophageal condition that had been plaguing him over the last few years and a knee injury, he returned in August of 2012 with a spectacular finish of DaMarques Johnson.
DEFINING FIGHT – TKO2 Ben Saunders
TUF TALK - "This is my job. I'm very passionate about it and I want to move up and be the best in the world. I've given up a huge portion of my life for this, and I didn't do it for nothing. I'm taking it to the top, one way or another."
17 – Chris Lytle
Post TUF record: 9-6
If you told me that there's someone out there who dislikes Chris Lytle, I'd say you're lying. Even the guys who threw hands with "Lights Out" for three rounds couldn't say anything bad about him, and it's why you wanted to see him go out with a Lytle-esque performance in his final bout against Dan Hardy last August. And that's just what he did, showing off his striking, toughness, and finally, his submission game, as he finished "The Outlaw" in the third round. It was everything Lytle represented in 14 minutes and 16 seconds, and a fitting end to a career well fought.
DEFINING FIGHT – Wsub3 Dan Hardy
TUF TALK – "I don't know if the word is that I'm addicted to it, but I just love to compete, and there's nothing I've ever found to equal the overall feeling you get after you've struggled so much and put so much into something and then come out on top and achieve something. Most of the goals you have in your life never become tangible at one point, but this does. You put everything into this one fight that you're training for, and when you win it, it's like everything you worked for in your whole life has been successful. It's a great feeling. So I'm kind of addicted to that feeling."
16 – Chris Leben
Post TUF record: 12-7
Whether you loved him or hated him, Chris Leben always provoked strong feelings from MMA fans while being the poster boy for bad behavior on the first season of TUF. His post-TUF career has also matched his persona, thanks to an up and down journey that has always been compelling, regardless of the final result. And though Leben's only .500 in his last eight, you can't forget the 5-0 run that began his UFC career, and the back-to-back 2010 wins over Aaron Simpson and Yoshihiro Akiyama that came only two weeks apart, all moments that will forever keep "The Crippler" on fight fans' minds.
DEFINING FIGHT - Wsub3 Yoshihiro Akiyama
TUF TALK - "I'm one of those guys that always thought they were gonna be famous. I thought I was somebody important before I was somebody important, I guess. In my mind, people should have always been pointing to me and saying, 'hey, there goes Chris Leben.'"
15 – Stephan Bonnar
Post TUF record: 8-6
Stephan Bonnar could fight for another 10 years and win multiple titles, yet to most fans, he will always be remembered for the fight he lost to Forrest Griffin at the TUF1 finale in 2005. It was the war that put the UFC on the map and made Bonnar a household name to MMA fans. Since then, "The American Psycho" has had his share of ups and downs, but midway through 2010, he bounced back, and with three consecutive wins over Krzysztof Soszynski, Igor Pokrajac, and Kyle Kingsbury, it will be interesting to see what Bonnar can do when he faces Anderson Silva in the main event of UFC 153 in October.
DEFINING FIGHT – L3 Forrest Griffin I
TUF TALK –"I knew it (Griffin I) was a good fight when the final bell rang and the crowd was going nuts and yelling for another round. Just looking into the crowd and at everyone's face, the energy level was so high, I said, 'it must have been a good one.'"
14 – Matt Serra
Post TUF record: 3-3
How does Matt Serra, a guy who has a .500 record since winning The Ultimate Fighter get to this point on this list? Well, first, one of those three wins saw him take the UFC welterweight crown with a knockout of Georges St-Pierre, a man many believe will one day be seen as the greatest welterweight of all-time, and two, one of the losses (a close three round decision) came to the man who currently holds the title of greatest welterweight ever – Matt Hughes. Add in Serra's TUF4 finale win over Chris Lytle (a loss Lytle avenged in 2010), his wins on the show over Shonie Carter and Pete Spratt, his UFC victories over Frank Trigg, Yves Edwards and Jeff Curran, and his memorable battles with Carter, BJ Penn, Din Thomas, and Karo Parisyan, and you've got a body of work that certainly warrants his place among the best fighters ever to appear on The Ultimate Fighter.
DEFINING FIGHT – TKO1 Georges St-Pierre
TUF TALK – "I was actually in Manhattan the other day and I got stopped like six times by people wishing me good luck and stuff like that. Then I was in 7-11 and this guy stops me and goes, 'man, you look just like Matt Serra.' It's kinda surreal. But listen, that could be gone tomorrow, so I keep everything grounded. I'm not gonna let anything get to my head. I went in there thinking that if I put on a good performance and get to show some skill, it can really help out my schools. Of course I wanted to win the whole thing, but I knew there would be a bunch of tough guys in there and I didn't want to get ahead of myself. I just said, 'man, this could really do wonders for my school.' This is how I make my living, teaching Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and that's what I'm sticking to. My school enrollments picked up a lot, it's been a blessing, and I'm just keeping grounded with that. I'm not going Hollywood."
13 – Roy Nelson
Post TUF record: 4-3
The most experienced fighter on TUF 10, former IFL heavyweight champion Roy Nelson showed himself to be a cut above his fellow competitors as he defeated Kimbo Slice, Justin Wren, James McSweeney and Brendan Schaub to win the season title. He didn't skip a beat with an impressive 39 second TKO of Stefan Struve in his proper Octagon debut, and while "Big Country" lost decisions to Junior dos Santos, Frank Mir, and Fabricio Werdum, an impressive third round TKO of Mirko Cro Cop in 2011 and a 51 second blitz of Dave Herman shows that the iron-jawed Las Vegan is one big win over his Ultimate Fighter 16 coaching counterpart Shane Carwin away from being back in the title hunt.
DEFINING FIGHT – KO1 Brendan Schaub
TUF TALK – "I've never been in jail, but I could imagine jail actually being a little bit easier. And the way I always say it is that I can't wait to do my Visa commercial – Gloves: $50, Tapout T-shirt: $28, Living in The Ultimate Fighter house: priceless."
12 – Matt Wiman
Post TUF record: 8-3
With an exciting fight style, eight UFC wins, and an engaging personality, you have to wonder why Matt Wiman isn't a bona fide star yet. But with his most recent win, a Fight of the Night victory over TUF6 winner Mac Danzig, Wiman should be in everyone's consciousness. And if he hasn't, you can be sure that a win over Paul Sass at UFC on FUEL TV 5 later this month won't hurt.
DEFINING FIGHT – W3 Cole Miller
TUF TALK – "I don't feel comfortable backing up and running around. I don't feel comfortable if I'm not working hard for something, and if I'm playing it safe, I feel like the other guy is plotting and planning, so I want to put him on the defensive and I want to push the pace and bring the fight to him. I've tried fighting other ways and tried to be overly technical, and it just doesn't work for me. I obviously practice technique and I have good technique, but that isn't the most significant thing to me – I like going hard and pushing the pace and taking care of business, not in a reckless way, but in a smart way."
11 - George Sotiropoulos
Post TUF record: 7-2
In MMA or any sport for that matter, it's the squeaky wheel that gets oiled, and soft-spoken George Sotiropoulos is anything but a squeaky wheel. But when you win your first seven UFC fights after competing on season six of The Ultimate Fighter, it's hard to be ignored, and in 2010, Sotiropoulos had a stellar year that saw him emerge as a true 155-pound contender as he defeated Joe Stevenson, Kurt Pellegrino, and Joe Lauzon in succession. 2011 was a rocky one, as he lost bouts to Dennis Siver and Rafael dos Anjos, but odds are that we will see the Aussie standout back in contention by the end of the year as he prepares to face fellow TUF Smashes coach Ross Pearson.
DEFINING FIGHT – W3 Joe Stevenson
TUF TALK –"Seeing different types of people and different traditions and different walks of life, I got to have a very open mind. I've seen what life's about, I've seen good and bad in other things, and I'm grounded. For example, the kids in Thailand, in a lot of cases when they train over there it's not really sport; they're forced to do it because their families can't afford to keep them. They send them to training camps and in a way it's something they gamble on. So being in the (Ultimate Fighter) house was easy because it was my choice to be there and I wanted to be there because I love it so much. A lot of the guys were so miserable in there and they don't know how lucky they were."
10 – Matt Hamill
Post TUF record: 9-4
The raw talent of Matt Hamill was evident on season three of The Ultimate Fighter, but it wasn't until he bounced back from a TKO loss to Rich Franklin two years after his Octagon debut that he began fulfilling his promise. After the Franklin fight, Hamill won five in a row, with only his DQ victory over Jon Jones being a less than stellar performance. And when Mark Munoz, Tito Ortiz, and Keith Jardine are the guys you're beating, you're a legit contender. In 2011, Hamill retired after defeats to "Rampage" Jackson and Alexander Gustafsson, but "The Hammer" will be back in action at UFC 152 against Roger Hollett.
DEFINING FIGHT – W3 Tito Ortiz
TUF TALK –"In wrestling, success came easy. It came so naturally, and the mat was my home. Joining this sport has been a challenge. I learn new things every day and others can knock me down, which they never could in wrestling. But I'm getting better and I'm still striving to be at the top in MMA also."
9 - Joe Lauzon
Post TUF record: 8-4
After debuting in the UFC in September of 2006 with a stirring 48 second knockout of Jens Pulver, Joe Lauzon didn't need The Ultimate Fighter as a springboard into the organization, but he took the opportunity to compete with one of the series' most talent-rich casts anyway. And though he didn't take the season five title, his post TUF stint in the UFC has been quite impressive in its own right as he's won three of his last four bouts (all by submission), with his only loss in that stretch coming to Anthony Pettis. And let's not forget all the post-fight bonuses he's picked up, establishing him as one of the sport's premier action heroes.
DEFINING FIGHT – Wsub1 Melvin Guillard
TUF TALK - "I got to train with such world-class guys like BJ Penn, Regan (Penn), and Tony (DeSouza), and even the other guys on our team. It was a great measuring stick. You think 'I can do okay against this guy or that guy', but until you actually get to do it, you really have no idea. I think being put up against the best was awesome for me because I know where I am and where I have to get and how I measure up against other people. It's weird because when you train with 'your' guys, you really don't have as much of a measuring stick to other people. When you get to go up against the best, it's a much more accurate read."
8 - Diego Sanchez
Post TUF record: 12-5
It's been a crazy career thus far for season one TUF winner Diego Sanchez. From his early days at welterweight, where he went 4-0 before back-to-back losses to Jon Fitch and Josh Koscheck, to a brief stint at lightweight where he challenged then-champion BJ Penn for the UFC crown, and then to his recent resurrection at 170, the man formerly known as "Nightmare" and now dubbed "The Dream" has always been exciting in the Octagon and nearly as compelling outside the cage. Needless to say, win or lose, odds are that we'll be talking about him for a long time.
DEFINING FIGHT – W3 Karo Parisyan
TUF TALK – "In my mind all the TUF guys are gonna lose and I'm gonna be the only undefeated fighter and I'm still gonna be the only guy that went through the show, finished everybody, and I'm gonna be 'The Ultimate Fighter.' They're gonna say, 'that guy Diego Sanchez, he was 'The Ultimate Fighter' through all the seasons.' They're gonna say that he was the only guy that dominated it, came out after it, stayed undefeated, won the belt, and got out of his contract undefeated." (Before his bout with Karo Parisyan)
7 – Josh Koscheck
Post TUF record: 15-6
A no-nonsense competitor whose 'tell it like it is' attitude has made him a polarizing figure from the time he was on the first season of TUF, Josh Koscheck has basically grown up in the UFC, with 21 of his 25 pro fights taking place in the Octagon. Along the way, "Kos" has battled the best in the game, from Georges St-Pierre and Diego Sanchez, to Thiago Alves and Matt Hughes, all the while adding new wrinkles to his world-class wrestling attack. Most potent of his new weapons is a devastating right hand, one he's used to great effect over the last couple years, and as he continues to grow as a fighter, Koscheck will certainly remain entrenched among the best 170-pounders in the world.
DEFINING FIGHT – W3 Diego Sanchez
TUF TALK - "I get thousands and thousands of e-mails every day and it's amazing what it's done for my life. Most of the time, if you're calling my phone in the last six months, it's been 'voice mail filled'. So it was overwhelming at one point. Now things are starting to slow down a little bit, but you really don't picture yourself in that position - because I grew up in a blue collar, hard working family - getting to the point to where 'okay, now you're on a reality show.' So I get on TV, and after the show it's like 'Oh my God, it's crazy.' I go into the UFC and they have to move my seat because fans are coming down to get autographs and pictures. So it is a bit overwhelming, but in another sense it's good. It's good for our sport and the fighters."
6 - Kenny Florian
Post TUF record: 12-5
A fighter who actually caught the eye of UFC President Dana White in a losing effort against Drew Fickett in 2004, Kenny Florian entered the TUF1 house with little fanfare, but he defeated Chris Leben to make it to the middleweight final against Diego Sanchez. Sanchez pounded out a decisive victory over Florian in the finals, and many wondered where KenFlo fit in the great scheme of things. We found out soon enough as he dropped to welterweight and then lightweight, where, after a title fight loss to Sean Sherk in 2006, Florian put together a six fight winning streak with victories over Din Thomas, Joe Lauzon, Roger Huerta, and Joe Stevenson that earned him a second title shot. And though Florian was submitted in the fourth round by Penn and lost a 2010 bout to Gray Maynard, the New Englander earned a title shot at 145 pounds with a win over Diego Nunes in June of 2011. That title shot against Jose Aldo ended in a decision defeat, and after retiring in May, Florian is doing excellent work as a studio and Octagonside analyst for UFC telecasts on FUEL TV and FX.
DEFINING FIGHT – Wsub3 Takanori Gomi
TUF TALK – "After experiencing the last Ultimate Fighter finale, I feel like I can really go through anything now. Just experiencing the craziness of everything that happens backstage prior to the fight, the interviews leading up to the fight, I've matured in a way that I'm gonna stay focused on the fight itself. Having gone through that before, I feel like I've definitely grown."
5 - Nate Diaz
Post TUF record: 11-5
With the attitude of a true fighter and good bloodlines (brother Nick is a UFC vet), Nate Diaz was going to make it to the UFC with or without The Ultimate Fighter. But the reality series jump-started the Stockton, California native's career, and he defeated Rob Emerson, Corey Hill, Gray Maynard, and Manny Gamburyan to win the season five title. He's continued his run of success with 11 Octagon victories, including ultra-impressive wins over Takanori Gomi, Donald Cerrone, and Jim Miller in his return to 155 pounds after a brief stint at welterweight. In December, he challenges Benson Henderson for the UFC lightweight crown.
DEFINING FIGHT – Wsub1 Takanori Gomi
TUF TALK - "I talked to my brother and my manager, Cesar, and they were telling me that it would probably be the best thing for me. I was definitely not too excited about going. I wanted to, but at the same time I didn't. I didn't feel like I was too good on camera, and I'm not great at interviews, but I'm glad I did it the way it turned out. I thought I was gonna be one of the least experienced guys in the house fightwise, to be honest with you. "Once I was there, I realized there were people there with less fights than me, but there wasn't any pressure. I thought I had a good chance, that's for sure."
4 - Michael Bisping
Post TUF record: 12-4
The man who put MMA on the map in the UK, Michael Bisping had little difficulty winning on the British circuit, and he continued his winning ways on TUF3 as he took out Ross Pointon, Kristian Rothaermel, and Josh Haynes to win the season's light heavyweight title. His good fortunes continued in finishes of Eric Schafer and Elvis Sinosic, but his rep took a hit after a controversial decision win over Matt Hamill at UFC 75. Bisping would lose for the first time in his next bout, a UFC 78 loss to Rashad Evans, but his gutsy performance in the razor-thin decision defeat won back some of the fans he lost after the Hamill bout. Losing to Evans prompted Bisping to drop to 185, and three straight wins (Charles McCarthy, Jason Day, and Chris Leben) followed before a devastating knockout loss to Dan Henderson at UFC 100 in July. Eager to get back in the race, Bisping has won five of his last seven, including Fight of the Night victories over Denis Kang and Yoshihiro Akiyama, and a win over Brian Stann at UFC 152 will be a major statement in his quest for a title shot.
DEFINING FIGHT – TKO2 Denis Kang
TUF TALK - "You're not gonna see me in any factories for quite some time." (In the locker room after winning TUF3)
3 - Forrest Griffin
Post TUF record: 10-5
There's probably no one in the game who would want to avoid the spotlight more than Forrest Griffin, but that became an impossibility when the former police officer won season one of The Ultimate Fighter with a stirring three round win over Stephan Bonnar that kicked off the MMA explosion in 2005. After that, it was a constant stream of interviews, appearances, and photo shoots for Griffin, who still found time to engage in a memorable war with Tito Ortiz, get upset by Keith Jardine, and rebound to shock Mauricio Rua and Quinton Jackson, the latter bout earning him the UFC light heavyweight crown in 2008. Griffin went on to lose the belt to Rashad Evans and get stopped in a single round by Anderson Silva, but consecutive wins over Ortiz and Rich Franklin put the ever-popular Griffin back on track before Rua got even with a first round TKO victory at UFC 134. Griffin bounced back in July of this year, decisioning Ortiz in their rubber match.
DEFINING FIGHT – W3 Stephan Bonnar I
TUF TALK – "I didn't get here through all that hard work and winning fights nonsense; I got here through a TV game show, and I'm comfortable with that."
2 - Gray Maynard
Post TUF record: 9-1-1, 1 NC
A three-time All-American wrestler for Michigan State University, Maynard entered The Ultimate Fighter's fifth season with just a few fights, yet he quickly made his presence known among the talented cast with wins over Wayne Weems and Brandon Melendez. And though he lost his next bout to Nate Diaz, he didn't miss a beat since the show ended, rapidly rising up the lightweight ranks thanks to big wins over the likes of Frankie Edgar, Rich Clementi, Jim Miller, Roger Huerta, Diaz, and Kenny Florian. In January of 2011, he got his long-awaited shot at the title against previous victim Edgar, and though he was seconds away from finishing the champ in the first round, he had to settle for a five round draw. "The Bully" got another shot at Edgar in October of last year, but after another near knockout win in the first round, he got stopped himself in the fourth, putting his title dreams on hold for the moment. And while a comeback win over Clay Guida in June was far from a barnburner, that's not likely to happen in his next bout against Joe Lauzon this December.
DEFINING FIGHT – DRAW 5 Frankie Edgar
TUF TALK – "To tell you the truth, I thought I looked like crap on the show. The one fight against Brandon (Melendez), I don't know what happened there, and I just couldn't wait to get back in the gym and train. I was back in the gym a couple days after the show ended, and it just felt good to be back training right, and I can't wait to get back in there and prove that I'm a lot better than I was on the TV show."
1 - Rashad Evans
Post TUF record: 12-2-1
An undersized heavyweight with little reputation to precede him, former Michigan State wrestler Rashad Evans wasn't expected to do much with the giants on TUF2, but four wins later (Keith Jardine, Mike Whitehead, Tom Murphy, and Brad Imes), the New York native had won the show's title. Evans continued to surprise in his post-TUF career, and though he received a reputation for putting on less than compelling fights early on, by the time he was blasting out Jason Lambert and Sean Salmon, that rep changed. Evans would then engage in two close battles with Tito Ortiz and Michael Bisping, decisioning Bisping and fighting to a draw with Ortiz. These fights were preludes to a spectacular knockout of Chuck Liddell and a decisive finish of Forrest Griffin that put the UFC light heavyweight championship belt around his waist. Evans lost the title to Lyoto Machida in his first defense, but rebound wins over Thiago Silva, Rampage Jackson, Ortiz (in a UFC 133 rematch), and Phil Davis have earned him a shot at the title belt held by former teammate Jonny "Bones" Jones in April of 2012. Evans lost that bout via decision, but he's far from done as a top-flight fighter.
DEFINING FIGHT – KO2 Chuck Liddell
TUF TALK – "I surprised a lot of people, including (UFC President) Dana White. A lot of people thought that I didn't have any talent at all. See, I always had confidence in myself, but the better I did, people would say 'wow' and they just couldn't believe it. I knew my own potential, but they didn't know, so it was a big surprise to them."
Just missing the cut - Patrick Cote, Tim Credeur, Court McGee, DaMarques Johnson, Kyle Kingsbury, Matt Riddle, CB Dollaway, Amir Sadollah, Mac Danzig, Matt Brown, Jorge Rivera
Jamahal Hill Talks UFC 300 Main Event
Hall Of Fame


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Estimated read time: 3-4 minutes
This archived news story is available only for your personal, non-commercial use. Information in the story may be outdated or superseded by additional information. Reading or replaying the story in its archived form does not constitute a republication of the story.
AP Entertainment Writer
LOS ANGELES (AP) - The family of teenage actress Ariel Winter agreed Wednesday to undergo counseling to try to resolve issues that led to her mother losing custody and control of her daughter's already prolific career for the near future.
The accord came shortly before a trial over who would raise the "Modern Family" star was scheduled to begin, with both sides appearing likely to air longtime family grievances and other issues in court. Winter's mother, Chrisoula Workman, has been accused of physically and emotionally abusing her 14-year-old daughter, claims she has vehemently denied.
For the next several months, Winter will continue living with her adult sister, Shanelle Gray. The sisters held hands throughout court proceedings as a judge reviewed the agreement. Her father, Glenn Workman, was granted temporary control of his daughter's finances, and both parents agreed to undergo counseling with Winter and Gray to seek a potential long-term reunification.
The settlement makes clear that fundamental changes will have to occur with Winter's parents for them to continue raising her.
"The parties acknowledge that there is no assurance that Ariel will return to the home of either or both parents," the agreement states.
A therapist will set the terms of counseling, and when and how often Winter and Gray will meet with their parents.
The agreement calls for Winter's mother to not have any involvement in her acting career and relinquish control in Winter's company unless a court orders otherwise. "Chrisoula Workman shall have no contact with nor in any way interfere with Ariel Winter Workman's professional relationships and business contacts," the agreement states.
Ariel, who has been acting since age 7, plays Alex Dunphy on the ABC series, which is both popular and critically acclaimed.
Chrisoula Workman left the courtroom crying and did not speak with reporters as her husband, who had been living separately from her recently, held her hand and navigated a crowd of cameras.
Superior Court Judge Michael Levanas praised the family and their attorneys, saying, "I do believe things are going to get better."
An initial report by child protective services found evidence of emotional abuse, but claims of physical abuse were deemed inconclusive, Levanas said last month.
Since October, Ariel, who turns 15 in January, has been living with Gray, an actress who has appeared on "The Bold and the Beautiful" and operates acting studios with her husband. Gray's attorney has said she was subjected to similar abuse by her mother and that state authorities removed her from Chrisoula Workman's home when she was a teenager.
The actress' brother, Jimmy Workman, said after the hearing that Gray's claims were overblown and the family had been close until recently. "My mother is a loving, caring sweet individual who's done everything for her children," he said.
The trial would have likely featured testimony from various family members and acquaintances about the abuse claims lodged against Chrisoula Workman. She had contended Gray was an unfit guardian and had sought detailed financial information to try to prove her claim.
Guardianship cases in California are public record. Gray's attorneys requested the case and its proceedings be sealed, but a judge refused. The case was filed under Ariel's birth name, Ariel Workman, in part to avoid attention.
Ariel has several projects in the works and already has a lengthy resume of appearances on TV series such as "ER" and "Phineas and Ferb" and movies such as "Kiss Kiss Bang Bang," "Ice Age: The Meltdown" and "ParaNorman."
Anthony McCartney can be reached at http://twitter.com/mccartneyAP
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Well, it turns out that football helmet cakes aren't quite as hot right now, what with football season being over and all. At least, I think it is. By which I mean: I have no idea. I mean, I suppose I could look it up or something, but that would require a modicum of effort, and who has the time when Modern Family's about to start?
So, let's just operate under the assumption that football season IS in fact over, and then we can move on, ok? Ok.
Now, with football season over...[warning glare]...bakeries have had to figure out what to do with all these helmet-shaped pans. 'Cuz Crocker knows, they certainly can't NOT use them.
Thanks to Adam S., Nicki L., & Krystal H., who still think the Avatar face was better. The spoil-sports.


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Wake Slippers Rubber 'Purple'
- Low stock - 1 item left
- Inventory on the way
Suicoke | SKU: OG-INJ-100
COLOR: Purple
MATERIAL: UPPER SHELL / Nylon & Premium Bio EVA Rubber
FOOTBED & SOLE / Premium Bio EVA Rubber
Made in Italy from Premium Bio EVA rubber.
All online orders are processed as quickly as possible as they are placed. We typically expect a 24-48 hour turnaround. Once shipped, you can typically expect your package to arrive with in 1-5 days, based on the shipping option chosen at checkout.
Certain products are non-returnable. Final Sale Items, Medicom BE@RBRICKs, collaborative footwear releases, dated releases, and other items specifically listed on the individual product page as not returnable.
Sale items (if applicable) Only regular priced items may be refunded or exchanged,unfortunately sale items cannot be refunded or exchanged.This includes items purchased with a promo code. Refunds for sale products or other non-returnable products will be issued in a gift card / store credit.
To return your product, please contact us via email at firstname.lastname@example.com. Someone will respond and let you know which location to ship the return.
You will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable. If you receive a refund, the cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund.
Depending on where you live, the time it may take for your exchanged product to reach you, may vary.
If you are shipping an item over $75, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance. We don't guarantee that we will receive your returned item.
International Orders
*Air Jordan, New Balance, Nike, Nike SB, The North Face, Timberland, and Vans products are not available for international shipment.*
Please note delivery times may vary depending on location, and we do not guarantee these delivery times due to third-party factors beyond our control. We also ask our international customers to kindly provide a telephone number when placing your orders. This will help tremendously in making sure orders are cleared through customs and arrive in your hands in a proper time frame. For International Orders: If you refuse your package/s based on either not being able to retrieve from UPS access point or after multiple attempts to be contacted by UPS per their protocol, and then it is returned to Sender, we are under no obligation to issue a refund and you forfeit the items. Due to costs of international shipping, we only accept returns/exchanges if there is a mistake with your order or if the product is damaged, defective, worn etc


text:
BOLD B5 Journal Cover- Jade
Jade BOLD Journal Cover. This item is brand new & never used.
Our BOLD Journal Cover will hold your B5 Thread-bound or Book Bound journal with enough pockets to store plenty of notes and accessories.
Fits the B5 Leuchtturm1917, Baron Fig Confidant, Code & Quill Monolith, Passion Planner Pro & other similar sized B5 planners, journals, notebooks.
- Size approx 27.0cm x 20.0cm / 10.6" x 7.9".
- Designed for journals or notebooks sized B5 / 17.6cm x 25.0cm x 2.0cm / 6.9" x 9.8" x 0.8" with book covers up to 17.8cm x 25.4cm / 7" x 10" .
Genuine Leather, padded.
- 1 Card Pocket, 2 Medium Pockets.
- 2 Large Pockets to hold B5 sheets of paper, sticker sheets, notes etc.
- 1 Pocket to hold the back cover of your planner.
- 1 Pen Holder.
★ Please check the size of your planner cover carefully before ordering. You should measure your planner cover, length, width without binding and coil diameter.
☆ Please see our "Announcement" page here for color updates and other important updates.
☆ Please read our shop policies and check production times here before ordering.
Accessories & Planner not included.
Create your own style with our Genuine & Faux Leather Colors, Personalizing Colors, Lettering Styles and a wide variety of fun Add-Ons.
◆ Leather Colors ◆ Personalizing ◆ Add-Ons ◆
◆ Fabric Lining Styles ◆ Elastic & Mesh Colors◆
Personalized monogramming is available on all our products for that extra special touch.
Please see our FAQ section for more information about our monogramming service.
We design and create high quality & functional Planners, Journals, Ring Binder Organizers, Compendiums, PadFolios, Planner & Tote Bags, Leather Accessories and a range of recycled paper stationery products.
All our products are made entirely by hand with genuine love, passion and care at our own workshop located in the beautiful tropical island of Bali. 🏝
Cocoa Paper is made up of an incredible team of designers, tailors, supervisors, cutters, quality controllers, packers and production managers all of whom truly put their heart and soul into bring you the best quality handmade product.
● What if I want my name AND an icon?
Yes!! We can do as many designs as you like!!!
All you need to do is buy all additional monogramming design here: https://www.cocoapaper.com/collections/add-ons/products/monogramming
● Can I get a digital proof of my personalizing before it is done?
Yes! If you would like to see your design before the personalizing is applied, you must request to see a proof in your order notes. If one is not requested at the time of ordering, we will use a size / design that we believe looks best based on our experience. Size is dependant on the product order and design chosen. Refunds or exchanges cannot be given.
● What products can be personalized in color?
All our leather products can be personalized in color except for Holographic Faux Leather and Croc Leathers. These must be laser engraved.
● What personalized designs can I have?
You may choose a name, initials, monogram, a phrase, icon or a combination!
Text + Icon is possible, you must purchase 2 personalizing (either 2x Colored or 2x Laser Engraving but not a combination). The price for personalizing is for ONE design.
We can also use any suitable logo, icon or design. Message us with a copy of your image BEFORE purchasing.
● What can I expect my personalizing to look like?
~ Colored Personalizing ~
The process of personalizing in color means that a special heat transfer vinyl is applied using heat melt and adhered to the leather surface. The process is completed by hand one by one, carefully! Due to this handmade process, each monogrammed product may slightly vary in position, but it will still be beautiful!
~ No Color Laser Engraving ~
Laser engraving etches an image into the colored layer of the leather, to reveal the natural underside (center of the leather). The color of engraving will be variable between each leather piece and cannot be predicted ahead of time. Typically the result is quite subtle and has an inconsistent look.
Logo Engraving: The texture of the engraving (the underside of the leather surface) can be prominent enough to affect the end result of how the logo will look on the leather. It will not look printed or embossed (or anything different than what we describe!).
We do NOT emboss, stamp, print, write, draw, impress, carve or any other method of personalizing other than HTV and Laser Engraving. If you have questions about this please ask us.
● Can I choose where my monogramming is placed?
Monogramming will be positioned on the bottom right hand side of the cover, in most cases. Special placement may be done upon request.
● What size will my personalizing be?
The size depends on the font style and the text, monogram or icon you choose. A personalization proof will be sent to you for review before we apply your personalization. You can then opt to have your monogram larger or smaller to a degree. Particularly large designs may incur an additional charge.
● What color will my personalizing be?
Personalized monogramming is currently available in gold, silver, white, grey, pink, yellow, purple, green, red and maroon. We also offer "no color" by way of laser etching into the colored layer of the leather.
● Can I return a Monogrammed or Personalized Product?
Once an item is personalised it is created and branded especially for you! This means that we are unable to accept exchanges or refunds for your order.
● Will the personalizing HTV come off?
All personalizing is done carefully by hand to ensure it is well adhered. The PU HTV we use is specifically designed for Leather made by Siser and will withstand a lot of rough treatment! However please do NOT pick at it. It is possible to pick at it hard enough to lift the edges, this is the only way the HTV will come off.
● What is No Color Laser Engraving?
"No color" personalizing is done by using a laser engraving machine that burns / cuts an image into the surface of the leather.
The natural color & texture of your personalizing will the the natural underside of the earthier surface and vary between leather pieces and we cannot predict this ahead of time. The result is variable, it might be faint, bright, mottled... this is a reflection of the natural materials & process. Engraving works on all leathers except for glitter. This is the perfect option for more detailed logos, for buyers who want a more subtle look or for a very permenant branding.
Logo Engraving: The texture of the engraving (the underside of the leather surface) can be prominent enough to affect the end result of how the logo will look on the leather. Engraving process will not provide a clean evenly produced logo but it will be a permanent branding!
Add-on's are available to build your ideal planner, journal or organizer.
Please refer to the respective add-on for information, terms, conditions and recommendations. Or please ask! https://www.cocoapaper.com/collections/add-ons
Customizations include:
- Personalized Monogramming External Front & Back Pockets
- Carry Handles
- Elastic Pen Loops
- Two Tone Accent Colors
- Magnet, Snap or Loop Closures
- Elastic Band Closures
- Spine widening for larger coils / discs
- Contrast Stitching & more!
☆ Measure the diameter of your coils / discs / rings (left to right), not the circumference. Measuring guide is in the pictures.
☆ We do not recommending "sizing up". If you're wanting additional space contact us before ordering. Sizing up may result in a very oversized spine.
Please refer to this listing for all instructions & terms. https://www.cocoapaper.com/collections/add-ons/products/add-on-planner-spine
● Genuine Leather
Our genuine leather is hand dyed and may vary between dye lots. Different device screens also display colors differently.
We hand select the best pieces possible and while we do our best, natural leather is not always perfect. Rough patches, imperfect spots, imperfections from the dying process, creases and wrinkles are all reflection of the natural materials and is not considered damaged or faulty & will not be subject to refunds.
Gold, Silver, Metallics, Rose Gold etc are made with a foil overlay on stiff leather. Due to this they may look cracked, creased, shading in the dying, little holes in the surface, dents, scratches etc. This is not faulty or bad quality & will not be subject to refunds.
Please contact us BEFORE ordering if you need or want a specific color.
About Genuine Leather: http://www.wikihow.com/Identify-Genuine-Leather
● Faux Leather:
Is Faux Leather Vegan?
Our Faux Leather is 100% synthetic PU leather and therefore is vegan. Not all Faux leather is vegan.
What is PU Leather?
Our faux leather products is made with 100% PU (Polyurethane) . PU leather is far less harmful for the environment than Polyvinylchloride (PVC) which is more commonly used in faux leather production.
Why choose PU Leather?
Faux Vegan leather is made without the use of any animal product, it is leather-free. PU leather is also free of natural imperfections found in genuine leather which results in a smoother and more "perfect" appearance. For those who want an animal free, smooth flawless appearance, PU leather is for you!
Engraving on PU Leather:
The color of engraving will typically be consistent, unlike Genuine Leather that has natural variance.
Engraving does not work on Glitter Leather.
Other PU Leather Info:
- Some PU leather colors might be initially stiff, but will soften.
- Gold and bronze may scratch.
● Glitter Leather:
There is no coating over the top of the glitter so:
a) It feels a little gritty, though not scratchy.b) Glitter may shed for a period of time. This will lessen over some use.
c) Edges will crack / glitter will wear off (where folded) showing the white underside of the glitter material.
d) You need to be very careful with full glitter leather items (see point C). For this reason we recommend using glitter for accent colors like the inside pockets where it's more protected.
Engraving does not work on Glitter leather.
Glitter tends to work best as accent colors (external pockets, inside pockets, buckle etc) and then paired with a plan leather, due to the reasons above.
Our range of add-on's are available to build your ideal planner, journal or organizer. If you have an idea in mind, that is not listed, please contact us!
Customizations include:
‣ Special Sizing
‣ Scallop Laced Spine
‣ Expanding spine width for larger coils / Discs
‣ Contrast Stitching
‣ Change Hardware Color
‣ Change Closure Styles- Buckle, Snap, Magnet
‣ Front or Back Pockets
Our leather items may be personalized with any suitable company logo or custom image. Please send us your logo / image BEFORE ordering so we can check to make sure its suitable.
If your logo is suitable, we will require a high resolution copy of your logo or image.
Submitting Artwork:
Please send all graphics to email@example.com along with your name, order number and contact details so we can contact you should we have any questions.
Graphics, logo's and text should be send to us in one (or more) of the following formats.
- Adobe Photoshop
- Adobe Illustrator
- EPS or PDF saved from the oiginal.
- JPEG file
Please ensure all graphics are in high resolution (at least 200 pixels per inch) for optimum results. Low resolution graphics or PDF files may result in an undesired look.
Our team of artisans can, in most cases, customize our products to suit your needs and budget. Please send us a message with your requirements.. Please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com with your request.
Our materials and papers use only the finest materials and with great attention to detail are finished to the highest standard. Due to the manufacturing process, handmade papers may vary from sheet to sheet and more likely from batch to batch. Our products are handcrafted using various kinds of farm waste and sustainably produced and/or recycled materials. Minor variations that occur are a reflection of the natural variability in those materials and the process of creating them.
Cocoa Paper Questions:
1. How does cocoa paper help cocoa farmers?
Cocoa farmers benefit directly by receiving higher incomes from their cocoa farm as they sell the bark stripped from cocoa tree branches removed in the necessary pruning process. We also train cocoa farmers how to prune effectively to maximize production efficiency. For those farmers who had previously not pruned their trees diligently, the impact of being trained and motivated to prune their trees can be a very significant increase in farm income up to 40% due to cocoa productivity increases.
2. How much are cocoa farmers paid for the bark used to make cocoa paper?
Cocoa farmers receive Rp1200 (about USD13c) per kilogram of freshly harvested wet bark, which is equivalent to Rp2400 (about 26c) per kilogram dry. This is approximately 10% of the value of 1 kilogram of dried cocoa beans and more than the current premium being paid for fermented verses unfermented cocoa. This makes the sale of cocoa bark quite attractive to cocoa farmers but not so high that it would cause farmers to cut down their trees or prune excessively to produce more bark.
3. How much cocoa bark goes into cocoa paper?
Cocoa paper typically contains 60% cocoa fiber and 40% recycled office paper waste. However the cocoa bark contains between 15%-20% fibre and this means that we need 3kg of fresh cocoa bark or 1.5kg of dried cocoa bark to produce 1kg of cocoa paper.
The waste non-fibre bark material produced in the process is composted and returned to the soil as it is quite high in important nutrients particularly Potassium and Phosphorous, which are required by the cocoa trees to produce the cocoa fruit.
4. What happens to the waste that you produce in the cocoa paper making process?
As we strive to produce truly sustainable products that add value to existing waste streams or improve the utilization of materials or skills to improve the lives of people in developing communities, we pay very close attention to the way in which our products are produced and the waste streams from those processes.
The cocoa paper process avoids the use of harsh bleaches and chemicals to reduce the environmental impact and make the final waste processing more simple and effective.
Solid waste in all areas of the process from fibre extraction to the finished products are either recycled or composted. Liquid waste produced in the traditional paper making process are minimized by recycling and finally treated in living ponds to meet accepted standards prior to disposal.
5. Is cocoa paper safe for dogs?
Cocoa paper is handmade using traditional paper making processes and not meant for consumption. While many cocoa and chocolate products contain theobromine, which can be of concern for dogs and other animals, the very small levels that may naturally occur in the cocoa bark will be largely removed in the paper making process. Any residual theorbromine in cocoa paper would therefore be extremely low and is unlikely to be of any concern unless quite a large amount were consumed.
If your dog has consumed any significant quantity of cocoa paper or displays any signs of distress after consuming cocoa paper it would be advisable to consult a veterinarian.
6. How is handmade paper different from mill-made paper?
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File Systems
Most embedded devices use flash memory as storage media. Also, size and bootup time are very important in many consumer electronics products. Therefore, special file systems are often used with differrent features, such as enhanced compression, or the ability to execute files directly from flash.
Note that flash memory may be managed by the Memory Technology Devices (MTD) system of Linux. See the MTD/Flash FAQ for more information. Most of the filesystems mentioned here are built on top of the MTD system.
The Unsorted Block Images (UBI) system in the Linux kernel manages multiple logical volumes on a single flash device. It provides a mapping from logical blocks to physical erase blocks, via the MTD layer. UBI provides a flexible partitioning concept which allows for wear-leveling across the whole flash device.
See the UBI page or UBI FAX and Howto for more information.
The kernel requires at least one "root" file system, onto which other file systems can be mounted. In non-embedded systems, often only a single file system is used. However, in order to optimize limited resources (flash, RAM, processor speed, boot up time), many embedded systems break the file system into separate parts, and put each part on its own partition (often in different kinds of storage.
For example, a developer may wish to take all the read-only files of the system, and put them into a compressed, read-only file system in flash. This will consume the least amount of space on flash, at the cost of some read-time performance (for decompression).
Another configuration might have executable files stored uncompressed on flash, so that they can be executed-in-place, which saves RAM and boot-up time (with a potential small loss of performance).
For writable data, if the data does not need to be persistent, sometimes a ramdisk is used. Depending on the performance needs and the RAM limits, the file data may be compressed or not.
There is no single standard for interleaving the read-only and read-write portions of the file system. This depends heavily on the set of embedded applications used for the project.
eMMC and UFS
As flash memories have gotten larger, a variety of factors has caused a shift from use of raw NAND to packaged, block-addressable NAND flash memory for embedded devices. These are chips which contain firmware on board to accept block I/O requests, similar to rotating storage media (old hard disk drives), and fullfill them. This involves mapping the read and write requests to areas of the NAND flash in the chip, and managing the NAND flash to try to optimize for correctness and longevity of the flash memory. NAND flash must be re-written in large blocks (erase blocks) that are many times the size of individual file system blocks. Therefore, the method of mapping, re-arranging and garbage collecting the allocation of blocks in the system is quite important.
These chips are run with a block-based, rather than flash-based filesystem (e.g. ext4). As of 2012, optimizing the ext4 file system for use with these systems is a hot topic area of file system research. See http://lwn.net/Articles/502472
Embedded Filesystems
Here are some filesystems designed for and/or commonly used in embedded devices, sorted in alphabetical order:
- AXFS - Advanced XIP File System
- Website: http://axfs.sourceforge.net/
- This file system is designed specifically to support Execute-in-place operations. It uses a bi-phased approach. The first phase is to have the filesystem in flash and run it to collect profile data, stating what pages are used. In the second phase you build a filesystem using these profile data. This filesystem makes all pages metioned in the profile file as XIP data, which can then will be loaded to RAM upon mounting (and executed as XIP). It is also possible to put the XIP pages in NOR flash and run them from there.
- btrfs is a new copy-on-write filesystem that first appeared in the kernel in 2.6.29-rc1 and was merged in 2.6.30.
- Btrfs is not yet supported by many popular Linux filesystem tools such as gparted as of April 2011.
- Btrfs has been adopted as the MeeGo platform's filesystem.
- Nice Introduction Video on btrfs by Chris Mason
- CRAMFS - A compressed read-only file system for Linux. The maximum size of CRAMFS is 256MB.
- "Linear Cramfs" is the name of a special feature to use uncompressed file, in a linear block layout with the Cramfs file system. This is useful for storing files which can be executed in-place. For more information on Linear Cramfs, see Application XIP
- F2FS(wikipedia entry) is a flash-friendly file system for Linux, developed by Samsung.
From March 2006 Linux Devices:
INTRODUCING INITRAMFS, A NEW MODEL FOR INITIAL RAM DISKS This clear, technical article introduces initramfs, a Linux 2.6 feature that enables an initial root filesystem and init program to reside in the kernel's memory cache, rather than on a ramdisk (as with initrd filesystems). Compared to initrd, intramfs can increase boot-time flexibility, memory efficiency, and simplicity, the author says. One especially interesting feature for embedded Linux developers is that relatively simple, deeply embedded systems can use initramfs as their sole filesystem.
Here is a good article about how to build an initramfs:
For more information, look in: Documentation/early-userspace/README
- JFFS2 - The Journalling Flash File System, version 2. This is the most commonly used flash filesystem.
- The maximum size of JFFS2 is 128MB.
- http://sourceforge.net/projects/mtd-mods has some patches by Alexey Korolev for improvements to JFFS2
- See the presentation on Alexey's patches at:
- To improve mount time substantially verify that the erase block summary patch is in your image. This patch is part of the jffs2 driver since 2005-09-07. A patch for an earlier version can be found at: http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/jffs2/jffs2-summary-20050211.patch (or try your luck at http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/jffs2/mount.php).
- JFFS2 has undergone improvement since early versions (~2.4.30). Modern versions of the driver in newer kernels have show stopping bugs fixed.
LogFS was a scalable flash filesystme aimed at replacing JFFS2 for most uses.
Unfortunately, it seems to be abandoned at present.
See LogFS for details.
Due to space constraints on embedded devices, it is common during development to use a network file system for the root filesystem for the target. This allows the target to have a very large area where full-size binaries and lots of development tools can be placed during development. One drawback to this approach is that the system will need to be re-configured with local file systems (and most likely re-tested) for final product shipment, at some time during the development cycle.
An NFS client can be built into the Linux kernel, and the kernel can be configured to use NFS as the root filesystem. This requires support for networking, and mechanisms for specifying the IP address for the target, and the path to the filesystem on the NFS host. Also, the host must be configured to run an NFS server. Often, the host also provides the required address and path information to the target board by running a DHCP server.
See the the file Documentation/nfsroot.txt in the Linux kernel source for more information about mounting an NFS root filesystem with the kernel.
- PRAMFS - Persistent and protected RAM File System
The Persistent/Protected RAM Special Filesystem (PRAMFS) is a full-featured read/write filesystem that has been designed to work with fast I/O memory, and if the memory is non-volatile, the filesystem will be persistent. In addition, it has Execute-in-place support.
Info on the PRAMFS specification can be found at Pram Fs Specification
- RomFs - A small space-efficient read-only filesystem. A description can be found in Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt or http://lxr.linux.no/linux/Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt
Squash Fs is a (more) compressed read-only file system for Linux. This file system has better compression than JFFS2 or CRAMFS. After spending a long time outside of the mainline kernel, Squashfs have finally been merged and released with kernel 2.6.29.
It is possible to tune the amount of compression when running mksquashfs. The -b option allows you to specify the block size. A smaller block size generally gives less compression and a larger -b option gives more compression. However there is a downside to this. Data is read from the flash using blocks. So if you use a block size of 128k, and you need a page of 4k, still the compressed equivalent of 128k data will be read from flash. As 128k comprises 32 pages, it will result in 32 pages being read into the buffer cache, even though at the moment of reading you only need one. Often the other 31 pages will be needed as well, but if not you wasted some tiem to read and decompress the unused data. Also you got some unneeded data in the buffer cache (possibly the system even had to kick used pages from the cache in order to make room for these 31 pages).
If you care for the smallest filesystem you probably want to go with the largest block size. However, if your primary concern is performance you might want to experiment a little bit to see what works out best for you (and that could even be applying no compression at all! Mksquashfs has options: -noInodeCompression, -noDataCompression and –noFragmentCompression to control this). If you also applied function reordering (see Boot Time#User-space and application speedups a large block size will probably work out well for you.
The table below gives an idea of the amount of compression that is achieved by the various block sizes. Input was a root filesystem of an embedded device.
size | compression | |
Initial | 53128K | 100 % |
A presentation on Squash FS by Phillip Lougher at ELC Europe 2008: slides and video.
UBIFS is a flash-based filesystem, implemented on top of the Unsorted Block Images (UBI) interface.
It has good performance compared to Jffs2 and yaffs.
Please see the UBIFS page for more details.
- YAFFS - Yet Another Flash File System - a file system designed specifically for NAND flash.
YAFFS2 is simple, portable, reliable and self-contained. It is widely used in embedded OSes other than Linux, and can also be used stand-alone without an OS, e.g. in bootloaders. When used with Linux it can use MTD or its own flash driver. Similarly it can use the VFS or its own posix layer. It is log-structured, and single-threaded. It does not do compression itself - either compress the data itself or use squashfs on top of YAFFS2.
YAFFS2 is designed to boot quickly (insofar as a log-structured FS that has to scan the flash can). It uses checkpointing so that if a partition was unmounted cleanly then there is no need to rescan the flash on power-up. All the features of the FS are configuable so you can trade off things like maximum file/partition size, flash block size, file granulaity etc. Data is written straight through to the flash except for caching to ensure efficienct use of blocks. YAFFS2 normally uses the OOB are of the flash for its metadata, allowing faster booting as only the OOB needs to be read for flash scan. It can keep its metadata inside the main page area at the expense of some speed.
Despite having been in use on Linux in real products since 2004 it has not yet made it to the mainline.
- Presentation on YAFFS2 by Wookey at ELC Europe 2007: yaffs.pdf
- Presentation from CELF Jamboree 17 comparing YAFFS and JFFS2 on 2.6.10: celf_flash.pdf
YAFFS2 is GPLed, but is also available under dual-licensing terms for use in non-free contexts from Aleph One Ltd.
Mounting the root filesystem
The root filesystem is mounted by the kernel, using a kernel command line option. Other file systems are mounted from user space, usually by init scripts or an init program, using the 'mount' command.
The following are examples of command lines used for mounting a root filesystem with Linux:
- Use the first partition on the first IDE hard drive:
- root=/dev/hda1
- or in later kernels:
- root=/dev/sda1
- Use NFS root filesystem (kernel config must support this)
- root=/dev/nfs
(Usually you need to add some other arguments to make sure the kernel IP address gets configured, or to specify the host NFS path.)
- Use flash device partition 2:
- root=/dev/mtdblock2
[FIXTHIS - should probably mention initrd's here somewhere]
Mounting JFFS2 image on PC using mtdram
Since it is not possible to use the loopback device to mount JFFS2 images, mtdram needs to be used instead. Usually three modules are needed to get it working:
- mtdram: Provides an MTD partition in RAM. The size can be defined with the total_size parameter in kilobytes.
- mtdblock: This will create a block device for access to the partition.
- jffs2: Since JFFS2 is usually not used as a filesystem on a PC, support needs to be loaded manually.
modprobe mtdram total_size=16384 modprobe mtdblock modprobe jffs2
Depending on the target's endianess the image file might need conversion to PC endianess. jffs2dump from the MTD tools can be used to archive this.
jffs2dump -b -c -e <output-filename> <input-filename>
The final image can be copied to the block device using dd.
dd if=<image-file> of=/dev/mtdblock0
Mounting is done in the usuall way.
mount /dev/mtdblock0 /tmp/jffs2 -t jffs2
Mounting UBI Image on PC using nandsim
First create a simulated NAND device (this one is 256MB, 2048 page size). <number>_id_byte= corresponds to the ID bytes sent back from the NAND.
$ sudo modprobe nandsim first_id_byte=0x20 second_id_byte=0xaa third_id_byte=0x00 fourth_id_byte=0x15
Check it was created.
$ cat /proc/mtd dev: size erasesize name mtd0: 10000000 00020000 "NAND simulator partition 0"
Next, attach it to a mtd device.
$ sudo modprobe ubi mtd=0
I had to detach it prior to formatting it.
$ sudo ubidetach /dev/ubi_ctrl -m 0
If that ubidetach step fails when you enter it, just proceed to the next step to format the mtd device.
$ sudo ubiformat /dev/mtd0 -f <image>.ubi ubiformat: mtd0 (nand), size 268435456 bytes (256.0 MiB), 2048 eraseblocks of 131072 bytes (128.0 KiB), min. I/O size 2048 bytes libscan: scanning eraseblock 2047 -- 100 % complete ubiformat: 2048 eraseblocks have valid erase counter, mean value is 1 ubiformat: flashing eraseblock 455 -- 100 % complete ubiformat: formatting eraseblock 2047 -- 100 % complete
Then, attach it.
$ sudo ubiattach /dev/ubi_ctrl -m 0 UBI device number 0, total 2048 LEBs (264241152 bytes, 252.0 MiB), available 0 LEBs (0 bytes), LEB size 129024 bytes (126.0 KiB)
Make a target directory, and mount the device.
$ mkdir temp $ sudo mount -t ubifs ubi0 temp
Issues with General Purpose filesystems used in embedded
MMC/sdcard card characteristics
MMCs and SDcards are flash devices which present a block-oriented interface to their host computer. Often, these devices are used in embedded devices and have characteristics that are tuned for block access using a FAT filesystem. But they are presented at "black boxes", with internal logic and algorithms that are not exposed to the host computer.
Some work is in progress to survey characterize these attributes, and to adapt Linux to be able to use these devices more efficiently.
See https://wiki.linaro.org/WorkingGroups/KernelConsolidation/Projects/FlashCardSurvey
and https://wiki.linaro.org/WorkingGroups/KernelConsolidation/Projects/FlashDeviceMapper (These projects appear to be the work of Arnd Bergmann)
Special-purpose Filesystems
The Active Block I/O Scheduling System is a file system designed to be able to provide real-time features for file system I/O activities.
See ABISS
Layered Filesystems
Layered filesystems enable you to mount read-only media and still have the possibility to write to it. At least, the writing part will end up somewhere else, which is transparantly handled by the layered filesystem. It has been around for quite some time and below are some examples of filesystems already usable on (embedded) Linux systems out-of-the-box.
Sometimes it is handy to be able to overlay file systems on top of each other. For example, it can be useful in embedded products to use a compressed read-only file system, mounted "underneath" a read/write file system. This give the appearance of a full read-write file system, while still retaining the space savings of the compressed file system, for those files that won't change during the life of the product.
UnionFS is a project to provide such a system (providing a "union" of multiple file systems).
See http://www.filesystems.org/project-unionfs.html
See also union mounts, which are described at http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/6/20/18 (and also in Documentation/union-mounts.txt in the kernel source tree - or will be, when this feature is merged.)
Another UnionFS. Go to http://aufs.sourceforge.net for more details.
minifo = mini fanout overlay file system.
Go to http://www.denx.de/wiki/Know.MiniFOHome for more details.
Apparently this is not maintained any more. Last information is from 2005.
Performance and benchmarks
Tools to measure performance
For a very simple disk performance measurement, you can use 'dd'. The following writes a 2G file of all zeros to a filesystem, then clears the page cache, and reads the file back:
- dd if=/dev/zero of=test bs=1048576 count=2048
- sync
- sudo echo 3 >/proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
- dd if=test of=/dev/null bs=1048576
You can also use IOZone to measure the performance of a Linux filesystem.
Some benchmark systems that are commonly used with desktop linux are
- bonnie
- dbench
- Portable, fully-threaded I/O benchmark program (tiobench)
- Flexible File System Benchmark (ffsb)
Comparison of flash filesystems
Cogent Embedded tests (2013)
This section has links to benchmarks, testing and tuning information.
- eMMC/SSD Filesystem Tuning Methodology v1.0 document
- Contains testing methodology, and results (performance and robustness) for tuning different filesystems (btrfs, ext3, and f2fs) on different flash media
Free Electrons tests (2011)
In 2011, the CE Linux Forum contracted with Free Electrons to perform systematic testing of multiple flash filesystems over multiple kernel versions.
The results are here: Flash_Filesystem_Benchmarks
Other projects
Multi-media file systems
- XPRESS file system - [See OLS 2006 proceedings, presentation by Joo-Young Hwang]
- I found out at ELC 2007 that this FS project was recently suspended internally at Samsung
A mountable virtual filesystem that allows accessing mediawiki based sites as regular files using a regular editor. Currently this filesystem is unmaintained. See http://wikipediafs.sourceforge.net/ for more info.
This one seems similar to WikipediaFS, but aimed at Plan9 and inferno. See http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/4/wikifs for more info.


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It's done! After six years to the date in the making the masterpiece has been accomplished. It wasn't always a piece of cake to be honest – but when I held the elegantly bound book, with it's crisp clean pages, in my hands earlier this week, a feeling of relief washed over me.
So, if I was feeling relieved imagine what Tom was feeling! It was his baby, his hard work, sweat and diligence – it was his thesis I was holding in my hands. The weight of the world seems to have been lifted off his shoulders as he handed in his dissertation to the university commission this week. If all goes well he will be able to defend it within a few months.
Six years ago we moved to Weimar just for this purpose. Six years later we have managed so much more than just a dissertation. True - things did not always go our way and this year caused us several headaches and heartaches but Weimar held us together.
This is where Tom and I learned that our relationship is resistant and strong enough for a "happily ever after". We celebrated 10 years by renewing our vows! This is the clean, safe and carefree place that has helped us raise Soeren into a lovely and strong boy. We have so much fun discovering every nook and cranny here and over the years we have found our favorite and cherished spots where we enjoy our moments together. It is also here that we found a few precious friendships that will always be cherished. I am not always the best in keeping in touch and can be fairly moody, stubborn and often appear to be superficial but here I have come to realize that friends look beyond these shortcomings. I am blessed to have found a small but very fine circle of friends.
I am getting sentimental – it's just that I know that we will one day say goodbye to Weimar. Although our first try did not go as planned the foundation for the next attempt is already being laid!
In the meantime, as you see, we have so much to be thankful for and to celebrate. And that is exactly what we are doing. Celebrating the best way a foodie knows how – with good food, delicious desserts and aromatic wines.
Summer is on it's last stretch and we've been enjoying wonderfully ripe and flavorful vegetables and fruit from our neighbors' and friends' gardens. Zucchini and tomatoes have been especially aromatic and appetizing. I love pairing both together in gratins and pasta, however you might have noticed my clafoutis craze of late and what can be done with fruit can also be done with veggies. A savory clafoutis!
This savory clafoutis was very similar to a quiche without the base. Succulent and aromatic cherry tomatoes with delicate young zucchini are perked up with a smattering of tangy goat cheese. Adding a spiced zing is a hint of cumin and coriander powder. It's perfect as a side for a crowd and even better for a celebration with just two!
Savory Clafoutis: Tomato Zucchini & Goat Cheese Clafoutis
[Printable version of recipe here]
3 eggs, lightly beaten
75 ml milk
75 ml cream
65g all purpose flour
30g cheddar cheese, grated
400g small cherry tomatoes
2 small zucchinis, very thinly sliced – lengthways
1 red onion, halved then thinly sliced
2 cloves garlic crushed
1 teaspoon coriander powder
1 teaspoon cumin powder
130g creamy goat cheese
olive oil
fleur de sel and fresh cracked pepper
- Preheat oven to 175 degrees C. Lightly coat a baking dish or dishes with some olive oil.
- In a mixing bowl whisk together eggs, milk and cream, then add the flour and continue to whisk until smooth.
- Stir in the grated cheddar. Season with salt and pepper. Set aside.
- In a large skillet heat a smidgen of olive oil and sauté the onions and garlic until fragrant. Sprinkle coriander and cumin powder and cook for approx. a minute.
- Add the zucchini slices and cook on both sides for a few minutes until lightly browned, then add the tomatoes. Continue to cook until tomatoes are brown and just beginning to soften.
- Add the herbs and season to taste. Toss mixture.
- Pour the clafoutis batter into the form or forms and arrange the veggies over the top, gently pressing into the batter. Break off pieces of the goat cheese and spread on top.
- Bake in the oven for 35 minutes or until the custard is moist but not wiggly.
Food Guide tips:
- Select and store tomatoes
- Everything you need to know about zucchini
The garlic sweltered tomatoes and zucchini with the creamy goat cheese against the fluffy and aromatic custard was an exceptional combination. Sitting out on our terrace enjoying one of the last warm summer evenings, Tom and I loved everything this light and simple dish offered. With a chilled glass of white wine and a green salad this was just the right celebration meal!
Wishing you all a great weekend. To my readers in the US enjoy the long one. Next week many parents will be sending their kids off to start another school year. One thing that always gives many mums the blues are packing healthy lunch boxes. In my recent article at The Daily Tiffin I give a few useful tips and ideas how one can get away from those blues and pack a healthier school lunch box. Hope you enjoy it!
You might like these tomato dishes from WFLH:
Wild Garlic Pesto & Tomato Tarts | Tuscan Tomato & Bread Soup | Sun-dried Tomato and Purple Basil Pesto |
Daily Tiffin Reading Tip
Middle Eastern House Salad written by Tony
All photographs and written content on What's For Lunch, Honey? © 2006-2009 Meeta Khurana unless otherwise indicated. | All rights reserved | Please Ask First


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Bug hits 6 million users; Facebook in the process of notifying affected users via email
Facebook says a bug in its system led to users' contact information — such as email addresses or phone numbers — to be accessed by other users who either had some contact information about that person or some connection to them.
The social media company said in a blog post that the cause of the bug is "pretty technical" but that the problem is tied to its "Download Your Information" tool.
The company uses the information that users upload to better tailor the friend suggestions it issues.
The bug caused some of this information to be inadvertently stored in association with a person's contact information as part of their Facebook account.
As a result, if someone downloaded an archive of their Facebook account through the "Download Your Information" tool, they may have been provided with additional addresses or telephone numbers for their contacts or people with whom they have some connection.
Because the contact information was provided by other people on Facebook, it was not necessarily accurate.
Facebook said it has fixed the problem and is in the process of notifying affected users via email.
The affected accounts represent only a fraction of the over 1 billion users on the social media site.
Reports speculated that six million users may have been affected.
Facebook, which is headquartered in Menlo Park, California, said that it has no evidence that the bug has been used maliciously and it has not received complaints.