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Friday, January 09, 2009
Egg White Cake Recipe (Munavalgekook)
Have you been making ice cream or perhaps zabaglione recently? If yes, then you're left with lots of egg whites. Last weekend we had blackberries with zabaglione at friends' place, and were left with 6 egg whites after that. K. had already made the most beautiful macarons for the New Year's Eve party (see Flickr photo set here), so I had to come up with another idea. Meringues or pavlova are always an option, but then I remember an egg white cake recipe my schoolmate Kristel had shared on my Estonian site, where it had got good reviews. I decided to give it a go.
It's a bit similar to the famous Angel Cake (heavy on egg whites, no egg yolks), but it's not as virtuous as it contains almost a stick of butter. Psst - don't tell anyone! :)
And it was lovely. Very simple to make (especially with the help of my trustworthy KitchenAid Stand Mixer), and I loved the dense, moist and small crumb of the resulting cake. I made a plain version, but would consider adding some Nielsen Massey Madagascar Bourbon Vanilla Extract or real vanilla seeds, or perhaps couple of drops of Boyajian pure orange oil next time.. In any case it's a good recipe to have on hand when you've got lots of egg whites but don't feel like making meringues..
Egg White Cake
Serves 8-10
6 large egg whites
250 g caster sugar
160 g plain/all-purpose flour
1 heaped Tbsp potato starch or cornflour
1 tsp baking powder
100 g melted butter (just under a stick), slightly cooled
Whisk the egg whites with 2 Tbsp of sugar until thick and pale and very foamy. Mix the rest of the sugar with flour, potato starch and baking powder, then sift into the egg mixture and fold in gently.
Finally fold in cool melted butter.
Pour the batter into a buttered bundt-form and bake in a pre-heated 180 C oven for 30-40 minutes. Test for doneness with a wooden toothpick.
Cool slightly before turning out of the cake tin.
Some other bloggers have tried this cake:
Ju @ The Little Teochew (2012)
Karen @ Citrus & Candy (2009)
Sarah @ What Smells So good (2009)
Erika @ Beyond Pasta (2012, though she doesn't link back to here)
Ronni @ Cooking Memos (2011)
Closet Domestic Bunny (with matcha!, 2012)
La Petit Four (another matcha version, 2012)
71 comments:
I always have tons of egg whites leftover : )
Great idea! - 2:32 pm, January 09, 2009
I love you recipies, and get so jealous when I see the ones on yr estonian site. Translate, translate please!
- 3:15 pm, January 09, 2009
- Scott at Real Epicurean said...
I always bin mine when not needed so it's great to find a use for them!
Oh, and I have a beloved Kitchenaid too :) - 9:00 pm, January 11, 2009
- Jo said...
Fantastic! I've had some egg whites in the freezer for ages that have been waiting for me to get round to doing meringues - this looks so much easier :-) Thank you!
- 4:24 pm, January 12, 2009
- Pille said...
David - I was thinking of you when writing this post :)
Niem - well, cannot possibly translate all the 8800+ recipes from my Estonian site, but you're definitely getting the best ones here on the blog :)
Scott - I used to bin them, too, but now make small meringues or a pavlova - or a egg white cake!
Jo - it's easier indeed! - 11:15 pm, January 13, 2009
Kavatsen proovida, aga eelkõige - ülemine pilt on väga lahe!
- 10:52 am, January 16, 2009
- Jeanne said...
So there IS something else to do with leftover egg whites other than meringue!! :)
- 1:43 am, January 29, 2009
I had googled egg white recipe and I tried this because I don't like macaroons and this was AMAZING. So delicious. Great recipe, thank you so much.
- 9:37 pm, January 31, 2009
greetings from canada! i made a pile of creme brulee and want to do something other than tiresome old angel food cake with all my yummy whites so can't wait to try this.
one question: when you say corn flour, would that be corn starch in north america? they are two different things but i am led to believe that in england when corn flour is mentioned, it is actually what we call corn starch here so i wonder if it might be the same in estonia. - 9:34 am, February 19, 2009
- Pille said...
PK - yes, that'd be either potato starch/potato flour or corn starch that you should use :)
- 9:46 am, February 19, 2009
Well, many thanks for the super recipe. I had 10 egg whites left over from a std yellow cake recipe. So I adjusted the recipe a bit and cheated - adding 1tsp of rasberry extract and putting my mother-in-law's homemade rasberry-blackberry jam in the middle... much of the jam sunk during cooking making a caramelised bottom... so the kids and i decided to turn the cake upside down - rave reviews from everyone. Many many thanks to you and Estonia. Best cooking regards, Valerie (American settled in Paris). Can't wait to try the other recpies.
- 11:52 am, March 15, 2009
- Deeba PAB said...
That's just awesome. I'm beginning to cellect egg whites JUST FOR THIS!! Nam nam nam nam nam!! xoxoxo
Deeba - 5:54 am, March 16, 2009
- Amalia said...
Hello, I did it! It is delicious ! I've make some changes but not very important :). Thank you very much for your recipe !
Here is the link , is in Romanian.
http://amalia-mylife.blogspot.com/2009/05/prajitura-din-albusuri.html - 9:43 pm, May 07, 2009
How about adding orange flower water? How much could I get away with?
Excellent recipe, by the way. - 6:45 pm, May 15, 2009
- Pille said...
Anon - aitäh :)
Jeanne - indeed! Pille's egg white sponge cake :)
Rebecca, Valerie, Amalia - so glad that you enjoyed it!!
Deeba - thank you!
Kathy - I haven't used orange flower water. But if I'd use orange oil (Boyjan), then half a teaspoon max - it's a pretty potent stuff.. - 9:31 am, May 22, 2009
It's lovely to find that I can bake a cake with egg whites. I just did a batch of Vanilla Thins (some call Cat's Tongue), but in my hot country, it's never come out quite pretty. Thanks for sharing, I will bake the cake soon!
- 9:54 am, July 16, 2009
Really delicious! Though it was a tad too sweet for me. Would use 160-180g of sugar instead.
- 10:35 am, August 02, 2009
- Steve said...
After making a lime tart recently I had seven unused egg whites left. I made your cake, with some vanilla extract and topped off with some lime-flavoured icing. Delicious! I would never have thought that a cake could be made this way. Thanks very much for the recipe.
- 5:24 pm, August 19, 2009
thank you for the beautiful recipe! It was so popular that I've made it twice in 3 days!
- 4:44 pm, September 09, 2009
- World from here said...
Thanks for this awesome recipe. Unlike most of my baking, this came out beautifully the first time! I'm sure it will go well with the ice cream that left me with so many whites.
- 11:04 am, October 17, 2009
- Sching Ng said...
Just made this awesome recipe ...such simple ingredients. The result is a very fragrant cake with great texture. A wonderful coffee cake which I'm now enjoying with my latte.
thanks. - 4:52 am, November 01, 2009
I'd love to make this cake but havent got a bundt form tin so will have to use a regular round tin instead - would you recommend using a 7", 8" or 9" round tin please?
Debs - 5:29 pm, January 10, 2010
- Claudia said...
Love the texture, but it smells too much like eggs to me. Great for marmalade, though :)
- 7:59 am, January 17, 2010
Great recipe. I've tried it without the butter too and it is really delicious. I use the idea of putting a ring of jam (more of a sauce type jam) in the middle at the end just before putting in the oven. Wonderful. I also use some almond oil in the batter.
I don't have a bundt pan anymore so I use an angel food pan an it works great.
Thanks for sharing this great recipe! - 6:45 am, January 21, 2010
thank you so much for this recipe!
have leftovers and didn't want to do meringues. Google what to do with egg whites and found your blog! Thank you for sharing! - 3:12 pm, January 22, 2010
I discovered your blog while looking for egg white recipes today after being left with tons of egg whites from making ice cream. The cake is scrumptious and I'm loving your blog!!
Your New UK Fan - 9:46 pm, January 30, 2010
- Unknown said...
I made this today, but added:
1 tsp vanilla extract, juice and zest of a small lemon, 1 tsp poppy seeds. Baked as cupcakes at 356 degrees F for 20 min in a muffin tin - made 10. Glazed with buttermilk cream cheese glaze:
2 tbl softened cream cheese, 2 tbl buttermilk, 1 cup confectioners sugar blended into smooth glaze. Dipped cupcakes into glaze.
I converted grams into cup measures
Butter is 7 Tbl, flour is 1 1/4 cup, and sugar is 3/4 cup + 1 Tbl.
I used regular granulated sugar, no texture problems.
YUMMY! - 10:48 pm, March 07, 2010
- Mark Boxshus "Cookie Doctor" said...
This recipe look perfect for all of the egg whites that keep growing in my freezer, as a result of David Lebovit's "Perfect Scoup" masterpiece. Is there any chance you could convert the measurements from metric to U.S. measurements? Sorry for the lame request, but all of my conversion tables give me different amounts, so I'm a bit stuck here. Any help would be highly appreciated. Thanks so much........Mark
email@example.com - 3:41 am, June 05, 2010
This is a great contribution to solving the egg white dilemma! Thank you for sharing it! It must be "fool" proof if I could tinker with it and get a good result!
I found the comments of other tinkerers helpful to make a breakfast version with plenty of protein and some fiber. I considered adding flax meal but opted for nut meal.
It was very good. It had a slightly dry character, a fine crumb, so it called out for whipping cream/yogurt and fruit!
I used US measurements:
7 or 8 egg whites (more than the 6 called for) beaten to soft peaks, plus one yolk (blended into cooled butter - 2 yolks would have been fine if they're hanging around or you need to add to the egg white count),
3/4 cup + 1 Tbsp granulated sugar (1 cup would work just fine),
1 1/4 cup all purpose flour (I'd probably use 1 cup if I used fewer egg whites),
1/2 cup almond meal (nut flour),
about 1/8 cup potato starch,
1 tsp baking powder,
1/4 tsp salt,
1 stick (8 Tbsp) unsalted butter.
Baked at 350 as a bundt cake - 25 minutes? I don't know how long - until done.
It was not easy to fold the dry ingredients into the whites. It came out fine even so. - 1:16 am, June 14, 2010
I love this recipe as I always have leftover egg whites from making ice-cream! I quite often make friands with them, but this is a nice break.
I also added sliced apples halfway through the mix last time and it was lovely...might add a bit of cinnamon next time as well! - 8:59 am, June 16, 2010
I'm so glad I found this recipe, I no longer feel I have to make a pavlova everytime I'm left with egg whites. Made it with four egg whites and adjusted the other ingredients to 66% of original. Next time would put baking paper on base of tin - needed a really good shake to get cake out of tin - but was still in one piece :)Love the texture of the cake.
- 1:09 pm, August 12, 2010
I made this using brown sugar instead of white (I was out.) It was delicious! Now I am thinking I could substitute some of the butter for chunky applesauce, add some cinnamon and have a nice, fall apple cake! Thanks for the recipe!
- 3:14 am, August 27, 2010
yummmmm.....i'm 13 i have never really made anything ever and that was by far the best thing i've ever tasted if i do say so myself ;P thankyou for the recipe , your a bit of an inspiration to me. i'll make sure to make it again
- 9:19 am, November 24, 2010
- Sueing said...
Really good way of using up egg whites. Made this cake last night and added, as well as vanilla, some black currant liqueur. It is delicious! Thank you for the recipie! xx
- 6:47 pm, January 29, 2011
- Abra said...
I made a Valentine version of this lovely cake and posted it here http://frenchletters.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/the-icing-on-the-cake/ on French Letters
Abra - 3:57 am, February 20, 2011
- Unknown said...
I LOVE this recipe. I've been using this cake as the base for a wide variety of fillings and frostings. Thanks for publishing it here.
- 2:40 am, April 10, 2011
- Mingo Flamingo said...
Hello - Just to let you know that I have linked to this recipe from my blog memykenwoodandi.
- 1:22 am, August 11, 2011
Thanks for the recipe! Tried it yesterday with vanilla essence and almond essence added and with a little less sugar. Came out really well!
- 3:03 pm, August 25, 2011
- The Squeeking Wheel said...
Great recipe! Thanks for posting. We make homemade ice cream weekly and always have a dozen egg whites left. I used a cardamon spice mix I had from cookies the first time, really good. Today I used vanilla bean seeds. Really good too. Such a good base for experimenting with flavorings. Very different than the angelfood cake I usually use. Tonight we'll have some with homemade orange sherbert. I really reccommend this recipe.
- 9:52 pm, August 31, 2011
Thank you for this recipe... Love it!
- 7:47 pm, September 12, 2011
- Shi Yun said...
I just made a batch of ice cream and had just nice 6 egg whites left. Made your recipe with 2 modifications. I cut the sugar down to 180g and added zest of 3/4 lemon. It was so good! You totally don't miss the yolks! One of my most successful cakes ever. Thanks!
- 7:00 pm, September 29, 2011
got loads of egg whites then wondering what to do with them aside from meringue
got your recipe and tried it
really really good
thanks for sharing - 4:07 pm, October 14, 2011
- Unknown said...
thank you for your wonderful recipe!
http://loungingatthewaldorf.blogspot.com/2011/10/estonian-white-cake.html - 12:41 am, October 23, 2011
- Jean S said...
Wonderful cake. nothing like angel cake, and thank you for that! I added 1 tsp of lemon oil extract. Fabulous results. I will add more than the 6 egg whites next time, and bake in a cake pan or muffin cups. Would be wonderful muffins with afternoon tea and jam.
- 5:08 am, January 05, 2012
I'm usually a baking disaster zone but even I couldn't mess this up, despite forgetting the cornflour. It is much less 'crumbly' than I expected - really moist. It looks gorgeous too. Thank you!
- 7:28 pm, January 17, 2012
Great idea! Thank you for sharing. As another commenter said, a nice alternative to angel food cake. I used white whole wheat flour and it came out wonderful. I'm thinking of all the delicious liquors that could be added in the future ... keep up the great work!!
- 6:34 am, February 13, 2012
- Pille said...
Lynn - did you enjoy the cake?
Anon. - I'm sure it's ok to reduce the amount of sugar a little.
Steve - lime-flavoured icing on top of the cake sounds like a great idea!!
Karen - ehee - it's the most viewed and commented recipe here on Nami-Nami :) What did you do with all those leftover egg yolks??
Jamie - thank you for your kind words. I'm glad this recipe has been a rewarding one!
Sching Ng - thanks for sharing!
Debs - I'd probably use the 8-inch one.
Claudia - well, you can always mask the smell then and use lots of marmalade :D
Beth - that "jam ring" idea sound fabulous. Must keep that in mind!!!
shin - welcome!!!
my new UK fan - I'm so pleased you found your way here :)
b.hoffner - I've made it with vanilla extract myself, or with orange oil - as the cake itself if plain, it's open to all sorts of flavourings. Cupcake idea is great!
Mark Boxshus "Cookie Doctor" - the the comment above that converted the measurements.
Anon. - LOL :)
Anonymous - I love this recipe too :) I must admit I only discovered friands recently, but now regularly make friands as well, when I have leftover egg whites.
Nami-nami retseptikogu
Anonymous - Pavlova, friands, Nami-Nami's egg white cake, coconut macarons, macarons - there are plenty of choices out there :)
Anonymous - I love the idea of using brown sugar instead - I can imagine the lovely caramel hue of the finished cake!
Anonymous - yay to the young future pastry chefs :)
Sueing - did you add the cassis to the cake mixture or did you just drizzle it on top the finished cake? Intrigued now...
Abra - thank you for trying and reciting the recipe!
Uma Arte - if I had lots of egg whites left over, I'd use this as a base instead of a regular sponge cake myself :)
Mingo Flamingo - thank you!
Anonymous - great to hear!
The Squeeking Wheel - once the summer is here again, I'll start making homemade ice cream and then have more egg whites for this cake :)
Anonymous - you're welcome!
Shi Yun - yay! I agree - there's so much flavour even without the egg yolks (it's not like your egg white omelette, eh?)
Anonymous - glad you enjoyed this!
Raina - and thank you for sharing and linking back!
Deforest Farmer's Market - somebody tried using this for cupcakes and it worked well!
Anonymous - you're welcome!
BlueRibbonCookies - some cognac or brandy would definitely work as well. Or perhaps of dash of Limoncello? Mmmm... - 9:34 am, February 16, 2012
I made this cake yesterday, frosted it with whipping cream and piled raspberries on top and it was delicious!
Will definitely make it again, but would like some more specifics on what state the whipped egg whites should be in prior to folding in the dry ingredients and the butter - prior to soft peaks, soft peaks, stiff peaks, or stiff and dry? I didn't understand which of these was meant by pale and thick. Thank you. - 11:46 pm, February 28, 2012
Well, I've made it twice now - the first time I think I under beat the egg whites, and the second time I think I over beat them. Third time's the charm? Somewhere in between. A bit more direction from the recipe's creator would be welcome...
- 7:54 am, March 08, 2012
- laubao said...
Thank you for this recipe! I tried it and it is really good!!
I posted it here:
Laura - 5:06 pm, May 14, 2012
My family and I love lemon curd and our tree just produced a couple hundred lemons again this year but everyone is getting sick of the meringue and pavlovas I usually make with the leftover egg whites.
My curd recipe leaves me with 6 whites so this was perfect. My little sister loves rose syrup as cordial so I decided to flavour with that. I added a large splash of it after the butter before folding and as with the dry ingredients I found it a bit tough to mix thoroughly while being gentle to the fluffy whites but I managed to mix it enough that it didn't have any noticeable lumps and tasted great throughout without loosing too much volume.
Thanks for the wonderful recipe which I'm sure I will repeat with various flavours.
I noticed a commenter who used limes which sounds good as we have a huge lime tree too :) - 5:05 pm, July 20, 2012
- Marina R. said...
Dear Pille,
I just made this cake, and I am tasting it right now! It's awesome! Quite dense, but in a good way, very soft, tender, and buttery. It tastes like a nice cross between a pound cake and an angel food cake. It is very easy to make too. I doubled the recipe (used 12 egg whites), because I have a very large bundt cake mold, and because I had a ton of egg whites in the freezer. (I like making lemon tarts and lime tarts, and lemon curd uses a lot of egg yolks.) It baked for 1 hr 5 mins. The only thing I would do differently next time is using a little less sugar. It tastes just a bit too sweet to me. Thanks for a great recipe! - 5:40 am, July 21, 2012
Sounds a little bit like financier recipe
- 7:11 pm, September 12, 2012
Played around with recipe it worked a treat. Can't help but tinker!
Used less sugar 175g; substituted 60g of flour with ground almonds; added chopped abate pear and freshly grated ginger with a bit of the crystalised stuff.
Delicious! Thank you for the original recipe - 7:37 pm, October 20, 2012
good recipe and I used some gluten free plain flour and works a treat - added a teaspoon of vanilla essence but will try the coffee next time
thanks for posting
- 10:44 pm, March 14, 2013
Finaly my eggwhite will not go to waste no more
- 3:18 pm, April 20, 2013
- lemonerdz said...
thanks so much for this great recipe!!! I make a lot of carbonara, and have a ton of egg whites in my freezer. will be trying the plain version first and then another with some tweaks. once again, thanks for posting this recipe.
- 2:11 am, April 22, 2013
- Unknown said...
Made it today! Lovely!
Elly, South of France - 9:22 pm, October 17, 2013
Brilliant made yesterday with vanilla going to do a nice filling maybe coffee I made in an ordinary Victoria sponge tin very simple thankyou
- 3:56 pm, November 04, 2013
i have 4 egg whites,can i still make the cake
- 3:37 pm, November 10, 2013
- Monas Kjøkkenskriverier said...
Happy New Year :-) I had some egg whites left after Christmas and wasn't too keen on making another round of meringue… So I googled for other recipes and then found your blog post and I decided to try the recipe. Since I only had three egg whites I halved the recipe and made muffins instead. I did reduce the sugar amount somewhat (I'm not too much of a "sweet-tooth") and added a bit of vanilla sugar for taste. I was so amazed that such "basic" ingredients could turn out so deliciously good, this is a winner & so so easy to make! I'm a food blogger myself, writing in Norwegian only I'm afraid, but I have posted the recipe and referred to your blog, here's the blog post link: http://monasmatblogg.blogspot.no/2014/01/nydelig-gode-eggehvite-muffins.html . Thanks a lot for a great recipe :-) Regards, Mona
- 7:34 pm, January 06, 2014
I made it but my cake turn out to be chewy at the bottom. Why is that so?
- 3:00 am, January 09, 2014
Happened upon your recipe and loved it! It reminds me a lot of pound cake only lighter. I did cut back on the sugar a bit and added some vanilla. I can't wait to play with this recipe some more too, because I can tell it probably would lend itself to lots of other flavor variations. Thanks!
- 1:39 am, April 18, 2014
- Spinglepig said...
Wish I'd found this recipe years ago! Only found it today as my freezer is on the blink and did not want to waste all of the egg white lake that was defrosting. We always have egg whites as my hubby loves to make savoury tarts like quiche and they always use extra yolks. No one likes meringues In the family and there's only so many macaroons you can eat. This is fab! A proper cake with lots of scope for variation. Will be making it again and again and coming back to this fab blog. Thanks!
- 10:35 pm, May 11, 2014
- Jennifer McCambridge said...
My dad's family is from Estonia (I guess that makes me 1/2 Estonian!) Anyway, I am going to surpise him with this cake for Father's Day! Can't wait to try it.
- 5:04 pm, June 13, 2014
- Unknown said...
Don't use a tube pan, the batter just runs out. I don't have a bundt pan, so I used my tube pan and it didn't work at all.
- 4:39 pm, December 13, 2014
I'm can't wait to try this recipe as I have 7 egg whites left over from my custard bread pudding. Do you think almond paste would be good in this cake and if so, how much and how would I incorporate it?
- 8:51 am, January 02, 2015
- Pille said...
Jill, so sorry to hear that you had such mishap. But I did specify in the text that you should use a Bundt pan ;)
Anon. - I'd try without almond paste first - it's rather light mixture, so almond paste would weigh it down too much.. - 11:15 am, January 02, 2015
- Deadend said...
how can I make this without butter? would olive oil work. I gotta make a no egg yolk no butter and very little oil cake for a relative.
- 12:37 am, January 23, 2015
- Unknown said...
Definitely a nice recipe keeper !!! I hv 3egg whites leftover in the fridge so I just cut downall ingredients into half and also add in vanilla extract with splash of lemon juice plus teaspoon of poppy seeds but less a bit amount of sugar !taste perfect and raise successfully !!I'm thinking about to make a chocolate version but just wondering how should I play with the ingredients if anyone could advise ;-)
- 4:38 pm, January 27, 2015
- Unknown said...
Fabulous recipe. Thank you! I made a chocolate version which turned out well.
I used 160 grams sugar
30 grams dutch cocoa
130 grams plain flour
When in the pan I stirred through a couple heaped tablespoons breakfast marmalade.
When cooled I covered with chocolate ganache. Divine! - 3:01 pm, April 05, 2015


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100% grass-fed buffalo burgers with melted cheddar jack cheese and pico de gallo wedged in between two whole wheat tortillas.
This was inspired by a lunch I had at Applebee's, although this sandwich is far leaner! Sure, you can make this with lean beef, turkey or even use veggie burgers, but I wanted a fun way to introduce my first buffalo recipe on Skinnytaste.
Did you know that 100% grass-fed meat is leaner than grain-fed meat? The benefits of eating wild buffalo are that it's hormone-free and antibiotic-free, it tastes just like beef only sweeter and it's much leaner. Because the meat is so lean, you have to cook it for less time than you would a fattier ground beef burger or it will become dry and overcooked.
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Skinny Buffalo Burger Quesadilla
- 1 lb 100% lean grass-fed ground buffalo
- 1 cup pico de gallo
- 1 cup shredded reduced fat cheddar jack cheese, Sargento
- 8 small whole wheat flour tortillas, cut smaller if desired (La Banderita)
- spray oil
- salt and fresh pepper
- Form 4 flat patties, as thin as you can. Season with salt and pepper.
- Heat a pan to medium-high heat; when hot, lightly spray the pan with oil and add the burgers.
- Cook burgers about 2 minutes on each side or to your liking. Set aside.
- Clean the pan and heat on medium heat. Lightly spray with oil and place 4 tortillas on the pan (if your pan is small, you can do one at a time).
- Place 2 tbsp cheese on each tortilla, then 2 tbsp pico de gallo.
- Top with buffalo burger, then remaining 2 tbsp pico de gallo and 2 tbsp cheese on each.
- Place the other tortilla on top; flip and cook until the cheese melts on the other side.
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*Nutritional info for the buffalo is based on 4 oz raw 100% grass fed buffalo from the SDSU Analytical Labs and USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory. Calories: 146.2, Fat: 5.2 g, Protein: 23.7 g, Carbs: 0.9 g, Sodium: 75.4 mg


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Central Venous Catheterization Curriculum Development via Objective Performance Metrics.
14th Annual Imaging Network Ontario Symposium (ImNO). Holden2016a-Abstract.pdf (206.23 KB) Holden2016a-Poster.pptx (1.28 MB)
(2016). Computerized training system for ultrasound-guided lumbar puncture on abnormal spine models: a randomized controlled trial.
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 62, 777-784. Keri2015a.pdf (1.65 MB)
(2015). Development and evaluation of a simulation-based curriculum for ultrasound guided central venous catheterization.
Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine. 18, 405-413.
(2016). A novel technology for teaching ultrasound-guided lumbar puncture with Perk Tutor.
Imaging Network Ontario Symposium.
(2014). Spinal Needle Navigation by Tracked Ultrasound Snapshots.
IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 59, 2766-2772. Ungi2012b.pdf (710.47 KB)
(2012). Ultrasound-guided spinal needle placement on open source platform.
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text:
Top level mutable state
The problem
Sometimes people want a Haskell equivalent of the mutable global variables found in traditional imperative languages. (See "Three meanings of 'global'" below for a clarification of this term.) The standard idiom for doing this is currently:
myGlobalVar :: IORef Int
{-# NOINLINE myGlobalVar #-}
myGlobalVar = unsafePerformIO (newIORef 17)
This idiom is popularly known as "the unsafePerformIO hack". Everyone agrees that it is unsatisfactory. Aside from its ugliness, it uses unsafePerformIO in an unsafe manner: the meaning of the program is likely to change if any occurrence of myGlobalVar is replaced with the rhs of the declaration. (In contrast, other "approved" uses of unsafePerformIO are perfectly safe.) The NOINLINE pragma used above happens to prevent unsafe program transformations in GHC and Hugs, but there's no theoretical justification for the correctness of the idiom. The idea of mutable global variables is theoretically sound, so shouldn't there be a theoretically sound way to create them?
Proposal 1: Don't do that
Maybe the need for global mutable state is a symptom of bad design.
A library with global variables can be mechanically translated into a library with explicit state parameterization and a function Lib.init :: IO Lib.State
The parameter can be hidden with a State Monad, with implicit parameters, or with implicit configurations.
Furthermore this translation makes the library more versatile than before,
since multiple state universes can be created and used safely.
A simple workaround using implicit parameters:
type MyIO a = (?ref :: IORef Int) => IO a
- There are cases in which this parameterization costs convenience and gains nothing. For example, the standard library function
(randomIO :: Random a => IO a)
cannot be implemented in Haskell without the unsafePerformIO hack, yet there's nothing semantically objectionable about it. A random number function written in pure Haskell 98 would therefore have to work some other way, for example by passing the random number generator or a list of numbers it generates around between functions, which many would find inconvenient. Worse, we may weaken type checking by the translation, while gaining nothing: for example, the interface below cannot provide static guarantees likefromAtom a == fromAtom b => a == b
is parameterized by an "atom space". (Note this is nota == b <=> fromAtom a == fromAtom b
as there is no guaranteetoAtom
is called on every String, and the guarantee above can be made for the parameterized version if we use the type system to ensure the two Atoms compared are from the same "atom space"):
data Atom = ...
toAtom :: String -> Atom
fromAtom :: Atom -> String
instance Eq Atom
- It is argued that having multiple state spaces is sometimes semantically incorrect in a more absolute sense, but this is disputed. It's not clear that there are any problems that are naturally modeled by a unique mutable variable per process; usually the natural level of abstraction is either higher (in the operating system's domain) or lower (multiple state spaces per process). However, there are many efficiency hacks such as memoization tables or association tables which do have a natural per-process scope.
- Several real-life examples of pure haskell code which need fast global variables to either be implemented efficiently or statically guarantee their invariants (for the given API) are given in http://www.haskell.org//pipermail/haskell/2004-November/014929.html
- (GK) Generally I favour this approach: I think the occasions when global variables are really needed are very rare. But practicality sometimes requires a less-than-ideal solution to enable a solution to be obtained with reasonable effort. So I think that availability of an ugly solution (e.g. unsafePerformIO, or maybe a less unsafe construct) is required, but that it is not really required to be elegant; probably better if it is ugly to use.
- (AHEY) I have a few comments about the above comment.
- The first thing is that in what is written above there seems to be an impicit assumption the use of top level mutable state is bad practice which should be discouraged. I would argue that there are many situations where the use of top level mutable state is good practice which should be encouraged. Furthermore I don't believe those situations are rare. If you're dealing with low level IO related libraries or FFI library bindings they are quite common in my experience. Perhaps they only seem rare to Haskellers who do all their IO using existing libraries where these problems have already been solved by someone else.
- Certainly any new language feature provides new opportunities for abuse, but there are many situations where the use of top level mutable state is by far the simplest and safest option available (or at least it would be if Haskell provided a sound way to do this). Top level mutable state gives simpler and more stable IO library APIs (API does not need to change if a library is modified to use a new stateful resource), enhanced modularity, and important safety guarantees (Top level mutable state is guaranteed to be unique, which is an important property if the state is associated with a genuinely unique external resource, a particular hardware peripheral in an embedded application say).
- The second thing is that whether of not the solution is ugly really isn't important. What is important is that the solution should be semantically sound (which the unsafePerformIO hack isn't). But there is no virtue in ugliness. Fortunately the ACIO monad proposal with top level <- bindings is both sound and elegant in my opinion (would be more elegant if ACIO could be a sub-type of IO).
Proposal 2: Top-level <-
We can extend Haskell's syntax to allow top-level declarations such as
x <- newIORef 'c'
The implementation guarantees that the rhs of the arrow is performed at most once. We don't lose beta reduction because we don't define a beta reduction rule for top-level <-
in the first place.
High-level objections to this proposal:
- Though there are cases where using truly global (per-process) mutable variables appears to make sense, such cases are rare. Is it really a good idea to introduce syntax to make their creation easy and unobtrusive? Something uglier and more verbose might actually be preferable.
The naive formulation of this proposal immediately runs into difficulties.
We can easily break the type system by creating a top-level IORef with a polymorphic type (a problem shared with the unsafePerformIO hack); furthermore it's not clear how (possibly circular) dependencies between top-level actions should be handled. We can solve these problems by treating the entire program as a single mdo
A more serious problem is that there is nothing to prevent arbitrary observable IO actions from appearing to the right of the arrow. If we perform all actions before executing main
, then import
becomes a side-effectful operation, rather than simply a way of bringing names into scope;
furthermore we must specify the order in which actions from different modules are executed, which would appear to be difficult in general. If we execute actions on demand (as the unsafePerformIO hack does) then we are building an
unsafe syntactic construct into the language.
A definition of the semantics of such bindings via a translation to haskell building on the work of recursive monads was written by JohnMeacham and is available:
An efficient implementation strategy is also proposed. It should be noted that this implementation can be used as the basis for any of the subproposals below with just minor changes to the translation to restrict the allowed initializers types as appropriate.
Several subproposals have appeared to address this problem.
Proposal 2(a): Don't worry about it
We could trust programmers to do the right thing, restricting themselves to sensible IO actions like newIORef.
- This breaks Haskell's tradition of bondage and discipline. If we're going to trust the programmer, we ought at least to require her to write the word "unsafe" somewhere. As a client of a library I want a reasonable guarantee that it's not performing arbitrary IO actions behind my back on startup.
Proposal 2(b): Use forall s. ST s
Instead of expecting top-level actions to have the type IO a for some a, we could require the type forall s. ST s a
. The compiler checks that the type is polymorphic enough, and then passes it through stToIO (which is a safe function) before executing it.
On its own this proposal doesn't work. If we write x <- newSTRef 'c'
then x
will end up with the type STRef RealWorld Char
instead of the desired IORef Char
. This can be fixed by MergingStAndIo (which appears to be sound, and is probably a good idea even if this proposal is not adopted).
Proposal 2(c): Use a new monad
We can create a new monad called ACIO which contains just the operations which are safe to perform in any order and at any time at the top level, and then require that top-level actions belong to ACIO.
AC stands for Affine Central.
An IO action u
is affine if its effect is not indirectly observable, hence need not be performed if the result is unneeded. That is, if u >> v === v
for all actions v
It is central if its effect commutes with every other IO action. That is,
if do { x <- u; y <- v; w } === do { y <- v; x <- u; w }
for all actions v
and w
- Because Haskell lacks subtyping, we need a new monad with its own primitive operations and a lifting function to IO. The primitive operations duplicate operations already defined (with different names and slightly different types) in IO and (perhaps) ST, and the lifting function is a variation of
. Users must remember to writex <- newACIORef 'c'
at the top level butx <- newIORef 'c'
elsewhere. Do we gain anything from this vis-a-vis 2(b), which reduces the number of monads instead of increasing it, and has just a singlenewRef
- (GK) As an application programmer rather than a language theorist, I find this easier to understand than either of the proposals 2(b) or 3
Proposal 3: Type-based dictionaries and execution contexts
We can use the Data.Dynamic
module, which is provided by many Haskell implementations, to implement a dictionary of values indexed by type. Global variables can be implemented by making having a single such dictionary available to the whole program.
A refinement of this idea is to implement what are known as execution contexts. Each execution context is associated with a type-based dictionary. We can run an action within a new, empty, execution context. This appeals to those who would like the Haskell run-time system to be able to run sub-programs which do not clobber each other's internal state. In the long run such an approach could also prove useful in a highly parallel world where we want different processors to have different mutable state, so that updating it doesn't become a bottle-neck in the system.
An prototype implementation already exists. An example of how we might use it to implement a function getNextNatural
generating unique non-negative integers follows.
data UniqueNaturalSource
= UniqueNaturalSource (IORef Integer) deriving (Typeable)
mkUniqueNaturalSource :: IO UniqueNaturalSource
mkUniqueNaturalSource =
ioRef <- newIORef 1
return (UniqueNaturalSource ioRef)
getNextNatural :: IO Integer
getNextNatural =
(UniqueNaturalSource ioRef) <- lookupWithRegister mkUniqueNaturalSource
atomicModifyIORef ioRef (\ i -> (i+1,i))
The dictionary lookup function is lookupWithRegister
, which accesses a variable from the current execution context, if necessary creating it with the action it takes as an argument (mkUniqueNaturalSource
in this case).
- Type-based Dictionaries and Execution Contexts do not require the Haskell language to be extended, However they would need a safe global variable for their hash table, provided perhaps by the FFI, new compiler primitives, or proposal 2 above.
- Arbitrary IO actions can be used as initialisers.
- The order in which things happen is well-defined.
- Can be built upon the primitives provided by option 2.
- As in the above example, it is advisable that all global variables should be wrapped in a special-purpose data or newtype, so that no-one else can clobber them.
- Where you really do want a single global variable, as with the Atom proposal above, this approach is going to be somewhat less efficient than that of Proposal (2), because of the need to look things up in the type-based dictionary. It should be possible to make the look-up reasonably fast by storing the values in a large hash table with hash function the unique integer key for a
already created internally by Glasgow Haskell, but even so this should be at least a little less efficient than an implementation where global state can be accessed statically could be. It would also be hard for the compiler to see what is going on, so it wouldn't be able to, for example, replace multiple lookups of the same variable by a single lookup. - Certain C libraries really need a global variable which has only one copy throughout the program, however many execution contexts there are. To implement this using the above approach, you would need a special separate type-based dictionary for such variables. Likewise you might in some cases want a type-based dictionary for a single processor or thread. It might however be argued that the ability to manage multiple type dictionaries instead of constraining everyone to use the same "execution context" is actually an advantage rather than disadvantage of this proposal.
- It is impossible to implement this function efficiently in Haskell 98 with only the standard libraries, though you could implement an inefficient version which only worked for
types by storing the values in a temporary file. - The prototype implementation uses
to set up the original execution context, in the same way that, for example, implementations of the Haskell library typically useunsafePerformIO
to initialise the standard random number generator.
The problems arise because of interactions of substitution/sharing and IO. Currently, we can share descriptions of IO actions, resulting in multiple executions of such descriptions after substitution, or we can share the results of executing IO actions, by executing them before we continue.
What we cannot do is to share the IO actions themselves, ie bind an IO action to a name, and ensure that the IO action is executed at most once, on demand, with shared results.
If we add support for such shared on-demand IO actions to the language (top-level or not), we can use that support to share IO-based initialisation code (ensuring it is executed only once), and we can share IO-based creation of MVars
(ensuring that all shared references refer to the same MVar
Assuming library support for oneShot IO actions
mkOnceIO :: IO a -> IO (IO a)
mkOnceIO io = do
mv <- newEmptyMVar
demand <- newEmptyMVar
forkIO (takeMVar demand >> io >>= putMVar mv)
return (tryPutMVar demand () >> readMVar mv)
one possible implementation would be to provide syntax for shared IO action bindings
-- usage, sugared
myGlobalVar =< newIORef 42
main = do
gv <- myGlobalVar
doSomeThing gv
and to expand such '=<'-bindings, using the old unsafePerformIO
hack internally, in a safer way:
-- usage, desugared
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-cse #-}
{-# NOINLINE myGlobalVar #-}
myGlobalVar :: IO (IORef Int)
myGlobalVar = unsafePerformIO (mkOnceIO (newIORef 42))
main = do
gv <- myGlobalVar
doSomeThing gv
- apart from the global option, this is an entirely local transformation.
- only the
is performed unsafely, not the shared IO action itself. - the type is
IO (IORef Int)
, somyGlobalVar
remains an IO action, even if shared, and can only be invoked within the IO monad. - there is nothing global about this proposal; it is only that using such shared on-demand IO actions at top-level, possibly exported from the defining module, allows us to address the issues discussed on this page
For some more detail, please refer to the original email on haskell-cafe (since the '<=' suggested there is already in use, I have switched to '=<' here)
- Claus Reinke
A variant: use "deriving" clauses
Rather than the '=<' syntax used above, we can eliminate the need for syntactic sugar altogether by using "deriving" clauses. First, we define two classes:
class OnceInit a where
onceInit :: IO a
class OnceInit a => OnceIO a where
runOnceIO :: IO a
Then, to define a source of unique integers, the programmer would say:
newtype UniqueRef = UniqueRef (IORef Integer)
deriving OnceIO
instance OnceInit UniqueRef where
onceInit = liftM UniqueRef (newIORef 0)
uniqueInt :: IO Integer
uniqueInt = do
UniqueRef uniqueRef <- runOnceIO
n <- readIORef uniqueRef
writeIORef uniqueRef (n+1)
return n
The OnceInit class lets the programmer specify how a type is initialized; above, it just allocates a new IORef, but we could also read a configuration file or parse command-line arguments, for example. In contrast, instances of the OnceIO class are not written by the programmer; instead, they are generated automatically by a "deriving OnceIO" clause. Each type for which OnceIO is derived will have a special top-level action associated with it, which is accessed through the runOnceIO function. Its semantics are:
- The first time that "runOnceIO" is called, it runs the corresponding "onceInit" action and caches and returns the result.
- Every subsequent time that "runOnceIO" is called, it returns the cached result.
This behavior is safe precisely because runOnceIO is an IO action. Even though one can't guarantee when in the program an initialization will occur, when the initialization does happen it will be sequenced among other IO actions.
Internally, the OnceIO instance might be expanded (with associated NOINLINE/NOCSE) as
instance Once UniqueRef where
runOnceIO = modifyMVar onceUniqueRef $ \mx -> case mx of
Just x -> return (Just x, x)
Nothing -> do {x <- onceInit; return (Just x, x)}
onceUniqueRef = unsafePerformIO $ newMVar Nothing
For more discussion, see the following thread:
Three meanings of "global"
There are at least three senses in which one might say that a mutable variable is "global":
- A global mutable cell might be one which has a single identity which persists for the life of the program (or the life of a thread, or ...)
- A global mutable cell might be one which is visible (can be referred to) from anywhere in the program.
- A global mutable cell is just and extension of the world implicitly used in the IO Monad.
The "global" in the title of this page refers to the first sense. Globalness in the second sense is orthogonal to the question of mutable state. (Or is it?)
Global mutable cells (in the first sense) have also been called "top-level things with identity". I chose the title of this page because it seemed more likely to correctly suggest to newcomers the problem being addressed, even though it may be strictly speaking less accurate.
- (AHEY) To be honest I think the use of the term "global variable" is quite inappropriate for the proposals under discussion, at least for proposal 2. We're talking about allowing mutable data structures at the program top level. Whether or not the scope of a particular top level mutable data structure is "global" (exported from a module), locally visible throughout just one module, or buried inside a closure (doesn't even scope over an entire module) is an entirely separate issue.
Consider the following example:
-- No objections to this I assume
oneShot :: IO a -> ACIO (IO a)
oneShot io = mdo mv <- newMVar $ do a <- io
let loop = do putMVar mv loop
return a
return $ do act <- takeMVar mv
-- Using the hypothetical new top level <- bindings (proposal 2c)
initialiseItOnceOnly :: IO Result
initialiesItOnceOnly <- oneShot initialialiseIt
The MVar created by oneShot certainly is not what I would call "global". It doesn't even scope over an entire module. The action "initialiseItOnceOnly" might well be global (exported from the defining module). But there's no problem here. It's type is (IO Result), so we already know it has potentially unknown state mutating effects. What difference does it make if part of the state it mutates is top level Haskell state rather than "real world state" (whatever that might be)?
There is no difference between these two kinds of state. As has already been observed, allowing top level mutable state in Haskell is really just a way of allowing programmers to augment the initial "real world state" (seen by main) with user defined state.
Another possible use might be to create raw top level mutable data structures aren't buried in closures but instead scope over an entire module. A simple example being ..
myIORef :: IORef Int
myIORef <- newIORef 0
Certainly it would be inappropriate to export myIORef (this really would be creating a global variable in the classic sense). But I see no harm in this so long as it's scope is confined to a single module and what is actually exported is a robust API consisting of a limited and carefully chosen set of actions which are able to read or write myIORef.
A third possibility is that top level mutable data structures are exported, but as abstract data types. So although they are "global", the only thing outside users can do with them is supply them as arguments to a a robust API consisting of a limited and carefully chosen set of actions which are able to inspect or modify those data structures. For example..
-- Code that would be typical in (for example) a device driver for an
-- embedded application with known and fixed hardware resources running NoOS.
data DeviceHandle -- Exported as abstract
data DeviceSessionHandle -- Exported as abstract
-- This is *not* exported because there is no possibility of
-- user code creating its own devices and it is *dangerous* to
-- allow this. There must be one and only one unique packet of
-- state associated with each device.
createDeviceHandle :: BaseAddress -> ACIO DeviceHandle
-- So we create the two available device handles at top level.
-- These *are* exported..
device1,device2 :: DeviceHandle
device1 <- createDeviceHandle device1BaseAddress
device2 <- createDeviceHandle device2BaseAddress
-- .. as is the common device API
someActionWithADevice :: DeviceHandle -> IO ()
someOtherActionWithADevice :: DeviceHandle -> ... -> IO Bool
openAStatefulSessionWithADevice :: DeviceHandle -> IO DeviceSessionHandle
someActionInAStatefulSession :: DeviceSessionHandle -> IO ()
Of course there other possible usage scenarios. But all these examples seem quite harmless to me. In fact thay are better than harmless because they provide a sound and perfectly safe solution to common (and currently insoluble) problems encountered when dealing with low level IO libraries.
- Adrian Hey
Initialisation and the ACIO monad
One problem with using the ACIO monad at the top level is that you cannot do any real IO. I think something like this is neccessary if we are to keep the feel of a declarative language. But it leads to a problem if any real world resource associated with a top level mutable data structure requires IO for initialisation (forking of a separate driver thread for example).
Typically we would want to ensure that:
- Initialisation has occurred before any attempt to use the device.
- Initialisation occurs only once so existing device state doesn't get screwed up by accidental re-initialisation (or forking multiple driver threads all trying to control the same device).
- Users don't need to worry about any of this.
In the device driver code example, if the createDeviceHandle function has to do some initialisation it must be in the IO monad, so we couldn't create device handles at the top level. But I think we could do something almost as good using the "oneShot" function.
-- Almost the same as before but uses IO instead of ACIO (not exported).
createDeviceHandle :: BaseAddress -> IO DeviceHandle
-- Instead of top level device handles we have top level actions (exported).
getDevice1, getDevice2 :: IO DeviceHandle
getDevice1 <- oneShot $ createDeviceHandle device1BaseAddress
getDevice2 <- oneShot $ createDeviceHandle device2BaseAddress
- Adrian Hey
Possible solution to the thread forking initialisation problem
The last example solution was kind of OK, but it did prevent having device handles themselves as top level identifiers which can be exported from a module. Now, the real problem is not with the forking of a thread as such, it's what happens when that thread starts running that's the problem. We could get around this by ensuring the forked thread was blocked until some real IO operation set it running.
Suppose the device driver thread provided it's services via a channel and responded if necessary via some kind of call-back mechanism (using continuations passed in the requests).
newtype DeviceHandle = DeviceHandle (Chan Request) -- Exported as abstract
-- General Driver thread, parameterised by device hardware address and request action
driverThread :: BaseAddress -> Chan Request -> IO ()
-- Start the driver for a device at a particular base address
-- (This is not exported)
startDriver :: BaseAddress -> IO DeviceHandle
startDriver base = do chan <- newChan -- newChan could be in ACIO monad
forkIO (driverThread base chan)
return (DeviceHandle chan)
As before, we have no way stopping accidental forking of two or more driver threads for the same device. But suppose instead we have..
-- This time the driver thread takes it's first request as an additional argument
driverThread :: BaseAddress -> Request-> Chan Request -> IO ()
-- Start the driver for a device, initially blocked on Request Channel
-- (This is not exported)
startDriver :: BaseAddress -> IO DeviceHandle
startDriver base = do chan <- newChan -- newChan could be in ACIO monad
forkIO $ do first <- readChan chan
driverThread base first chan
return (DeviceHandle chan)
Since the forked thread cannot do anything until something is written to the channel, the act of starting the driver itself has no observable IO effects. So (apart from typing issues) there's no reason why we shouldn't have..
-- Start the driver for a device, initially blocked on the Request Channel
-- (This is not exported)
startDriver :: BaseAddress -> ACIO DeviceHandle
startDriver base = do chan <- forkWithChanACIO (driverThread base) -- forkWithChanACIO is a new primitive
return (DeviceHandle chan)
-- These are exported..
device1,device2 :: DeviceHandle
device1 <- startDriver device1BaseAddress
device2 <- startDriver device2BaseAddress
The new primitive cannot be implemented without some kind of "dodgyIOtoACIO
" cast.
I use the prefix dodgy rather than unsafe because it is nowhere near as unsafe as
(which should really be called unsoundPerformIO
In this case, the implementation of forkWithChanACIO
could be..
forkWithChanACIO :: (a -> Chan a -> IO ()) -> ACIO (Chan a)
forkWithChanACIO thread = do chan <- newChan -- newChan is in ACIO monad this time
dodgyIOtoACIO $ forkIO $ do a <- readChan chan
thread a chan
return chan
You could have other similar primitives, like forkWithMVarACIO
- Adrian Hey
See also
- Stack Overflow:


text:
Auctioning off Apple prototypes is tricky business. if you're the seller, there's always the chance that Apple will try to shut you down, and ask for the device back. The man who was selling an iPad prototype with two dock connectors suspected this when he posted his eBay auction.
"I wasn't expecting the auction to finish. I was expecting Apple to take it down," he told Wired.
But Apple didn't contact the seller, who spoke with us on the condition of anonymity. in fact, the seller told us he expressly conducted his auction over the Memorial Day weekend because he figured Apple employees would be enjoying the holiday, not patrolling eBay: "I knew that Apple wouldn't be as active over the weekend, and I had a better chance of Apple not taking it down," he said.
Apple has a storied history of reigning in people who deal in, or posses, its prototypes. An eBay auction for a MacBook Pro with a 3G antenna was stopped by Apple, and the seller later returned the hardware to Apple. and of course, the iPhone 4 prototype that Gizmodo purchased in April 2010 led to criminal charges (later dropped) against Gizmodo editor Jason Chen. Most recently, in the summer of 2011, an iPhone prototype was lost in a San Francisco bar by an Apple employee. The resulting investigation entailed Apple security searching a citizen's home under the escort of the SFPD.
But the story of the dual-dock prototype, like its seller, is still shrouded in mystery. We reached out to him via eBay's messaging platform, and he contacted us directly by phone from a blocked number. We still don't know his real name, but we were able to glean some details about his sale.
The seller says he purchased the iPad prototype from a co-worker. he says he doesn't know how the co-worker came to possess the prototype, and to protect himself and the co-worker, the seller wouldn't share information about where he works, and what he does for a living.
"I don't know if it was stolen from Apple, or if the person who was working with it kept it," the seller told us. "Judging by how Apple works, it's most likely stolen, but I'm not sure about that."
However, the seller did tell Wired that the prototype came from an Apple lab in California. "It has identifying marks that describe which prototype it is, and those are the numbers that I've obscured on the auction," he said. "With that you can track down who was using the iPad."
The seller says that when he bought the iPad prototype from his co-worker, it was bricked: "I kind of took a chance and purchased it broken and had to repair a few things," he told us. The seller was unable to fix the touch screen, which he noted in his sales language. Nonetheless, the ill condition of the prototype didn't stop the auction price from pushing past $10,000 and attracting the attention of the technology press.
"I really wasn't expecting that much," the seller said.
When questioned about the buyer of the iPad, the seller told us: "for the privacy of the buyer, I'd really rather not share much more than he is based in the United States, and I just shipped it to him."
The seller told us he's sold another Apple prototype before, but wouldn't provide details other than that the other auction didn't garner publicity. "I can't give much information about the Apple device without revealing who specifically I am."
As for the eBay account that sold the dual-dock iPad, it's registered to apps69, but the seller says it belongs to a friend. "they obviously know I'm using the account. this is not my account," he told us.
While the seller says he doesn't use his own account, the account apps69 has sold a variety of Apple hardware and other technology gear including various iPhones and MacBooks. None of the items that appear on the seller's feedback ratings suggest anything more unusual than run-of-the-mill technology hardware.
The seller says he hasn't been contacted by Apple, and doesn't think the company will be happy to talk to him. "I'm pretty sure any contact I have with them won't be very positive," he said.
Wired emailed Apple about the auction, and hasn't received comment.
So now that the seller is $10,200 richer, what does he plan to do with his money? "I plan to save it and buy a new iPhone 5 or new MacBook Pro when it comes out. It will definitely get back to Apple."


text:
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text:
Jerome Williams (6-4, 4.20) vs. Matt Cain (8-2, 2.18).
Time to get out those red shirts that you usually keep boxed away, at least for one day (dude, you can keep those sunglasses boxed up, however; or at least give them back to Morpheus). Jerome Williams coughed up the game last week against the Dodgers, in the same game where he recorded his first hit since 2007 (a double, no less).
Williams goes up against some guy who supposedly did something cool last time out. Whatever.
photo swiped from this blog


text:
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Those almost make me long for the days of anthropomorphized, lumpy-armed clover characters.
Ok, I think it's time we addressed the elephant in the room, guys.
Otherwise he'll just keep trampling on all the shamrocks.
Besides, maybe he'll remember what one looks like.
Not quite...
Egads! A pox upon thine cake!
Hey, you know what it is? I think I figured it out: the bakers just need a base of reference! A small photo, perhaps, or some shamrock-shaped things, perhaps made out of plastic...
Psst. Feelin' "lucky," punk?
Thanks to Trina D., Michele T., Cara H., Alena C., Sara, Coreena N., Nell B., Robin, and also the elephant in the room, who, when confronted with today's wrecks, offered this insightful commentary:


text:
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I Watch Seed Bead Tassel Braided Watchband
- Regular price
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- Regular price
- Sale price
- $38.00
- Unit price
- per
Product Info
Product Info
Description : I Watch Seed Bead Tassel Braided Watchband Electro Plate Stainless Steel Fully Adjustable For Series 1/2/3/4/5/6/ SE 42 x 44 mm band Easy to install or remove - slide installation Fits 163 - 214 mm wrist
Item Number : 1-1008
Category : Orchid Noir
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text:
Vangobot can be programmed to simulate various Post-Impressionist and Pop Art styles. The output painting is created on a flatbed apparatus using actual brushes and pigment on canvas.
Nevertheless, according to Wired magazine, whose cover feature explores how robots will replace many skilled jobs, Vangobot has produced some pictures that were sold through the Crate and Barrel stores, "whose customers have no clue that a machine was the creative genius behind what's hanging on their wall."
Above painting by Vangobot. Future iterations of such painting machines could enlist more advanced image manipulation such as blending, glazing, computer vision, edge detection, automated painting, and abstraction generators. In theory it could be set to the task of directly interpreting a 3D view alongside human plein air painters.
Computer Vision
Automated Painting
Abstraction generator
Edge detection
Random image generation


text:
French toast as stuffed and jolly as Santa himself
Published 12:00 am Tuesday, December 4, 2012
If you can make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich and fry an egg, you already have all the skills needed to make this incredible Christmas morning stuffed French toast.
We start with cinnamon swirl bread and make sandwiches using cream cheese spiked with dried cranberries and crystalized ginger. Dunk the sandwiches in eggs blended with cinnamon and a bit more ginger, then toss them in the pan. But don't forget the maple syrup!
Want to get a jump on this the night before? Prepare the sandwiches up to the step of soaking them in the egg mixture. Refrigerate them until morning, then proceed as directed. You'll have delicious French toast on the table in less time than it takes for the kids to empty their stockings.
Cranberry Cream Cheese Stuffed French Toast
Start to finish: 20 minutes
Servings: 4
4 ounces cream cheese,
1/4 cup chopped dried
2 tablespoons finely chopped
crystallized ginger
1 tablespoon honey
8 slices cinnamon swirl bread
4 eggs
2/3 cup fat-free half-and-half
1 teaspoon cinnamon
1/2 teaspoon ground dry ginger
Butter, as needed
Maple syrup, to serve
In a small bowl, mix together the cream cheese, cranberries, crystallized ginger and honey. Divide this mixture between 4 slices of the cinnamon swirl bread, spreading to just 1/2 inch from the edge. Top with the remaining 4 slices of bread to make 4 sandwiches.
In a medium bowl, whisk together the eggs, half-and-half, cinnamon and dry ginger. Dunk each of the sandwiches into the egg mixture to thoroughly coat and soak them.
In a large skillet over medium heat, melt just enough butter to coat the pan. Working in batches, fry the sandwiches for 4 minutes per side, or until nicely toasted and heated through. Add butter between batches. Serve warm with maple syrup.
Nutrition information per serving: 470 calories; 230 calories from fat (49 percent of total calories); 25 g fat (12 g saturated; 0 g trans fats); 230 mg cholesterol; 45 g carbohydrate; 5 g fiber; 21 g sugar; 15 g protein; 440 mg sodium.
Alison Ladman is a recipe developer for the AP. Follow her on Twitter at https://twitter.com/CrustAndCrumbCo


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