text: It can help you lose weight. It can increase mental clarity. And, when you drink enough, it can promote energy and stamina. Plain water is having what appears to be its moment in the spotlight. With the ongoing debate about sugary sodas in the news and Michelle Obama\u0092s recently launched Drink Up campaign, more people are talking about H20. The first lady\u0092s timing is good: By the end of this decade, if not sooner, sales of bottled water \u0097 plain and fizzy \u0097 are expected to surpass those of carbonated soft drinks, according to the Beverage Marketing Corporation. The shift is the result of many factors, including innovations in bottling technology that have helped lower the price of water. If the estimated drinking of water from the tap is included, water consumption actually began exceeding soda consumption around 2008, according to the report. But just because we\u0092re buying more water doesn\u0092t necessarily mean we\u0092re adequately hydrated. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and a study it conducted earlier this year, most Americans aren\u0092t meeting the recommendations for water intake. Even people who drink water regularly, like Kelly Grey, a personal assistant in Lafayette, admit it is hard to keep up the habit week to week. \u0093I get busy and forget,\u0094 says Grey, 37. However, when she does reach her goal \u0097 about 32 ounces from the tap chilled and sipped by the glass daily \u0097 Grey says she notices a difference in her health and appearance. \u0093The more water I drink, the more I realize how good it is for me,\u0094 says Grey, who likes the taste especially when it\u0092s filtered. \u0093My skin looks plumper, the (under-eye) dark circles disappear and my stomach\u0092s flatter.\u0094 Registered dietitian Nora Norback confirms water\u0092s status as \u0093the nectar of the gods.\u0094 According to Norback and numerous medical studies, including one published in 2010 by obesity researcher and University of North Carolina nutrition professor Barry Popkin, proper hydration is linked to better overall health, improved cognitive function, agility, and weight control, or, in some people, weight loss. \u0093Sometimes, you think you\u0092re hungry when you\u0092re really just thirsty, so if you just drink water, you might find yourself satiated,\u0094 says Norback, who works at Kaiser Permanente Richmond Medical Center. \u0093Water is filling.\u0094 But, and this is an important note: If you\u0092re already hydrated, drinking more water won\u0092t make much of a difference in your health. \u0093It will make you go to the bathroom more and probably make your urine lighter than the light yellow we aim for,\u0094 Norback says. Water, quite literally, is life: Sixty to 70 percent of our body is made of water and the majority of our blood is water, so when that volume dips, functionality is thrown off, she explains. Water protects our organs, keeps our tissues moist, prevents constipation and dissolves minerals and other nutrients to make them accessible to the body. Deprive your body even a little and you might feel dizzy or suffer from headaches and a sticky mouth. But, how much water do we need? We\u0092ve all heard eight to 10 glasses, but it actually depends on the individual and his or her needs. Norback says to let thirst and the color of your urine be your guide. She also suggests following the Institute of Medicine\u0092s guidelines for fluids: 2.7 liters (91 ounces; about 11 cups) for women; and 3.7 liters (125 ounces, about 15 cups), for men, per day. \u0093I would suggest about two thirds of total fluid intake come from good old water,\u0094 she says. \u0093The remainder could come from milk or milk substitutes, noncaloric beverages such as plain tea or coffee, as well as the fluid that naturally occurs in food.\u0094 About 20 percent of our fluid intake can come from hydrating foods, like lettuce and watermelon, she says. Food aside, most Americans don\u0092t meet the guidelines. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 35 percent of Americans drink four to seven cups a day while 22 percent drink eight cups or more. The rest of us drink zero to three cups daily. Why is it so hard for us to drink plain water \u0097 and do the flavored waters, like Vitamin Water, which has about 7.5 grams of sugar per bottle, count? Not for Norback. \u0093I\u0092d rather see people cut up some cucumber slices or fruit and put it in their water pitcher than consume drinks with sugar or sugar substitutes,\u0094 Norback says. \u0093Some people say they don\u0092t like the taste of water. Others get busy and sometimes ignore the body\u0092s needs until it makes the message loud and clear.\u0094 To encourage more water drinking, Norback suggests serving a glass of water at mealtimes and keeping a fresh bottle of water in the cup holder of the car. Two years ago, Jeff Satz of San Jose began making those types of lifestyle changes when he decided to \u0093get healthy,\u0094 start cycling, and drink more water. At the urging of his doctor, Satz, an engineer, increased his water intake to 10 glasses per day as a way to ease joint pain and squelch fatigue. It took a few months to \u0093remind\u0094 himself to drink it. Now, he realizes how dehydrated he was. \u0093I feel more energetic,\u0094 says Satz, who is 47 and drinks his water from a refillable glass bottle. He says having a bright-colored bottle on his desk and access to a water cooler at work helped him meet his goals. \u0093I crave the crisp taste, and when I drink something else, like juice or coffee, I have to drink water after it to quench my thirst.\u0094 Anisha Patel, an assistant professor in the Division of General Pediatrics at UCSF, says starting early, as a youngster, is a good way to make the water habit stick. The water requirements for adolescents are less than they are for adults, but not by much: For young males (ages 4-18), the Institute of Medicine suggests 1.3 to 3.3 liters; for females in the same age group, 1.3 to 2.3 liters. But, according to a 2011 study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, among adolescents, plain water accounted for only 33 percent of total fluid intake, with the remainder coming from sugary beverages, like soda and energy drinks. That\u0092s cause for concern, Patel says. \u0093Even mild dehydration can cause reduced cognition and physical performance in children,\u0094 says Patel, whose research on water accessibility has helped get more clean, fresh drinking water onto school campuses. So, how does Patel encourage her daughters, 2 and 7, to drink more water at home? She uses the same strategy as Norback. \u0093I put citrus slices into a big jug of tap water and chill it in the fridge,\u0094 she says. \u0093It makes it more palatable and refreshing to them.\u0094


text:
Gee, maybe now we know why Isaiah Crowell was nervous during that arrest.
The charges that were leveled against former Georgia tailback Isaiah Crowell last summer and ultimately led to his dismissal by the Bulldogs were dismissed by the State of Georgia this week.
According to court documents obtained by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution on Thursday, the felony charge of possessing a weapon with an altered ID mark and misdemeanor charges of possession and carrying a concealed weapon without a license and carrying a weapon within in a school zone, were dropped by Athens-Clarke County District Attorney Kenneth Mauldin.
In the dismissal document filed by assistant D.A. James Chafin, it was explained to the court while the gun was found under the driver's seat of Crowell's car, which belonged to his mother, "the state would be unable to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that this defendant actually possessed the weapon or even knew it was there."
I'm sure the mea culpas will be flowing shortly – I'm looking at you, Coach Dooley and Mark Bradley.
Some random thoughts:
- This is what sucks about living in a 24-hour news cycle/Internet reaction world, that rush to judgment that feels so good, yet ultimately holds no accountability. There's no place for nuance, or for letting little things like the judicial system run their course.
- Which is why I can't blame Mark Richt for the decision to let Crowell go. Standing by the kid would have been an enormous distraction. But I bet Richt gets plenty of mileage out of this going forward dealing with the media and its next rush to judgment.
- Does Georgia get a Fulmer Cup mulligan?
- I figure Jimmy Williamson still counts this as a notch on his gun.
- Remember where this all started: "an officer smelled an odor of marijuana", although none was found in the car at the time of the arrest.
Bottom line is that there's a pretty high asshole quotient with this story.

subset: commoncrawl


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Last evening, the Manhattan Sephardic Congregation held a dinner for the Hilula of Rabbenu Hakham Ribbi Yoseph Chaim 'a"h, also known as Ben Ish Chai (the title of his best known sefer).
Who was the Ben Ish Chai? He was born in 1834 and was niftar in 1909. In 1859, at the age of 25 he became Chief Rabbi of Baghdad when succeeding his late father the Hakham Rav Elyahu. Rav Yoseph Chayim became one of the greatest of the modern-day Sephardic poskim. With his encyclopedic knowledge of all facets of Judaism (from the hidden and from the revealed), his approach was all encompassing; he considered the opinion of Ashkenazic scholars as well as Sephardic ones, and insisted that the opinions of "Acharonim" (Torah scholars from the 16th century onward) be considered along with the Talmud, of course, and the "Rishonim" (Torah scholars from North Africa, Egypt, Europe and Palestine between ca. 1000 C.E. and ca. 1500 C.E.) These included such great authorities as the Vilna Gaon, Rabbi Akiva Eiger and the "Chayei Adam," and many others.
On the 8th of Elul 5669, he went on a pilgrimage to he tomb of Yechezkel Hanavi. He became sick and on the 13th of Elul he passed away. The number present at his levaya was huge, and consisted of Jews and non-Jews alike who came to give honor to this great man.
During a festive repast of authentic Iraqi dishes, Rabbi Raphael Benchimol (Rabbi of the Manhattan Sephardic Congregation), spoke and made a siyum Mishnayiot, culminating the study of the whole Seder Mo'ed. He ended with the last Mishnah in Chagigah, "Keitzad ma'avirin al taharat azarah? – How did they remove [the utensils] for the purpose of cleansing the Forecourt?" He explained it by bringing down some of the Ben Ish Chai's commentaries. The siyum was done during the year of passing of Rabbi Benchimol's father – Aharon ben Avraham, as well as in memory of the other sponsors' parents: Eliyahu ben Reuven, Victor Gourji ben Lulu vChoua and David ben Avraham alehem hashalom. As part of his explanations on the Mishna, the Rabbi connected it with the theme and importance of the mitzvah of kibud av va'em – honoring one's father and mother.
Rabbi Matatia Chetrit spoke next about the lasting relevance of the Ben Ish Chai teachings, 103 years after his petirah.
Rabbi Shalom Sibony, head of MSC's Kollel teaching staff, spoke next.
There were almost a 100 people in attendance though the shot above gives only a partial view of the crowd. The food was prepared at Sidney and Tammy Cohen's 18 Restaurant. The sponsors of the Hilula were the Benchimol, Iny, Moche and Mukamal families.
It was an inspiring, informative, delicious evening. What more can one ask?


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This weekend is your last chance to see a few stellar exhibitions and installations at LACMA. In the Pavilion for Japanese Art, Fracture: Daido Moriyama comes to a close. The exhibition gathers a range of photographs from Moriyama's career, from his gritty black-and-white images to more recent color work and a selection of photo books.
Also closing this weekend is The Way of the Elders: The Buddha in Modern Theravada Traditions, on view in the South and Southeast Asian galleries in the Ahmanson Building. The show presents a variety of depictions of the historic Buddha, Shakyamuni produced in Burma (Myanmar, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand over a 200-year period.
In addition to those exhibitions there is plenty more to see. In BCAM alone you'll find The Sun and Other Stars: Katy Grannan and Charlie White, Sharon Lockhart | Noa Eshkol, Michael Heizer: Actual Size (also on view in the Resnick Pavilion), and Robert Therrien. This might be your last chance to see the Therrien exhibition—it closes next week.
Tonight is the final French Film Friday, and we're sending the series out with Remorques, from 1941, and the suspenseful Wages of Fear, starring Yves Montand.
On the concert front, pianist/vocalist Bill Cantos plays Jazz at LACMA tonight. Cantos has five albums to his name, including his most recent, Love Wins: New Standards for the New Millennium. At Latin Sounds on Saturday, the brilliant Cecilia Noël brings her self-described "salsoul." During Sundays Live, violinist Pavel Šporcl and pianist Svetlana Smolina perform works by Bach, Dvořák, and more.
Finally, on Sunday afternoon make sure to stop in to Art Catalogues in the Ahmanson Building for a conversation between Hans Ulrich Obrist and John Baldessari, presented in collaboration with the Insitute of the 21st Century and in celebration of the publication of John Baldessari Catalogue Raisonne Volume 1: 1956–1974. The event will be followed by a reception and book signing.
Scott Tennent


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Eli Wallach, veteran character actor, dies at 98
NEW YORK – As a masterful character actor and early product of postwar, Method-style theater, Eli Wallach wore countless faces, disappearing into them all. But he was always propelled — in acting and in life — by a mischievousness and an abiding playfulness that made him a tireless performer, an enduring family man, and, of course, one immortal scoundrel.
"I never lost my appetite for acting," Wallach wrote in his 2005 memoir "The Good, The Bad, and Me," named after his most famous film. "I feel like a magician."
Mr. Wallach died Tuesday evening from natural causes after 98 years of life, 66 years of marriage and some 100 films, including several he made in his 90s. His son, Peter Wallach, confirmed his passing Wednesday.
The versatile, raspy-voiced actor was a mainstay of Tennessee Williams' plays (he won a Tony Award for "The Rose Tattoo" in 1951) and an original member of the Actors Studio in the early days of Method acting. But the most notable credit in his prolific career was "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly," in which he played the rascally Mexican outlaw Tuco.
As the "Ugly" of the title, he stole Sergio Leone's spaghetti Western from "The Good" (Clint Eastwood) with lines like: "When you have to shoot, shoot, don't talk."
"Everywhere I go, someone will recognize me from 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly' and start whistling the theme song," he said in a 2003 interview, referring to Ennio Morricone's famous score. "I can feel when it's going to happen."
Mr. Wallach never won an Oscar, but he was given an honorary Academy Award in 2010, hailed as the "quintessential chameleon."
"I've played more bandits, thieves, killers, warlords, molesters and Mafiosi that you could shake a stick at," Mr. Wallach said, accepting the award from Eastwood. Mr. Wallach's personal life, he added, was more placid and law-abiding: He loved collecting antique clocks, watching tennis and telling stories.
He also starred in the steamy "Baby Doll" (1956), "The Magnificent Seven" (1960), "The Misfits" (1961) and "The Godfather III" (1990), in which he played a murderous mobster who dies after eating poisoned cannoli.
Mr. Wallach and his wife, Anne Jackson, were a formidable duo on the stage, starring in a series of plays, including George Bernard Shaw's "Major Barbara" in 1956 and a hugely successful run of "Luv" in the mid-1960s. Their partnership was epic by Hollywood acting-couple standards. They played a married couple together as recently as 2003 on the NBC medical drama "ER."
"Although I limp in life as a result of my two hip operations, whenever I go onstage with Anne, the lights give my body a lift and I prance onto the stage and dance off," Mr. Wallach wrote in his memoir. "I feel I can play a 16-year-old if the author calls for that. Which is why I prefer live acting to film — I come alive with the lights."
Mr. Wallach met Jackson (also an Actors Studio charter member) while they were appearing off-Broadway in Williams' "This Property Is Condemned." They married in 1948 and had three children, Peter, who became a film animator, and two daughters, Roberta and Katherine, both of whom followed their parents into acting.
Mr. Wallach was also great uncle to the New York Times film critic A.O. Scott, an ironic relation, in a way, for an actor who once said: "Having the critics praise you is like having the hangman say you've got a pretty neck."
But his great nephew nevertheless celebrated him, once writing: "With Eli, there is an impish, sly quality, not a self-conscious winking, exactly, but a palpable relish at the sheer fun of acting."
Mr. Wallach was born in Brooklyn on Dec. 7, 1915, the son of an immigrant candy store owner. Other family members were doctors, lawyers and teachers, but Wallach instead went into acting (he compared it to joining the Foreign Legion). His drama training was interrupted by World War II service in the Army medical corps, in which he earned the rank of captain.
Mr. Wallach's stage career eventually took off, thanks in large part to his success in Williams productions. He appeared in "The Rose Tattoo," then "Camino Real" and later had a long run in "Teahouse of the August Moon."
The Broadway League said Wednesday it would dim its lights Friday for Mr. Wallace, "a storyteller in the most specific yet subtle ways."
Mr. Wallach didn't slow down in his later years. He played a store owner in 2003's "Mystic River," directed by Eastwood, and had parts in the 2006 romantic comedy "The Holiday" in 2006 and Oliver Stone's "Money Never Sleeps" in 2010.
"I don't act to live," he said accepting his honorary Oscar. "I live to act."


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How to Become an Uber Driver
Become an Uber Driver
If you are wondering how to become an Uber driver, then you have found the right Uber Driver resource. We will outline step by step instructions on what you need to know to become an Uber driver.
Steps to Become an Uber Driver
Step 1. Check if you meet all the Uber Driver & Vehicle Requirements. The Uber Requirements and driver qualifications are what you need to know before you can even become an Uber Driver partner.
Step 2. Apply for Uber, by filling out an Uber Application. It will ask you for your personal information such as name, address, phone, number, a copy of your driver's license as well as your vehicle make, model and year.
Uber will do a background check to see if you have a clean driving record, no DUI's or felonies. They will also confirm that your vehicle makes, model and year meets all Uber car requirements.
Step 3. Once you have passed all the Uber driver and car requirements, you will need to get an Uber Vehicle Inspection. Uber car inspections can be done by an either an Uber Greenlight Hub location or an ASE certified mechanic of your choice. Click to download the Uber Inspection Form, as you will need to bring this to your Uber Inspection Location. At Uber Greenlight Hubs, they will give your Uber Sticker to place on your windshield.
Step 4. Now that you have completed steps 1-3 and received confirmation that you have been APPROVED to become an Uber driver, you will need to download and login to the Uber Driver App.
Download the Uber Driver App
You must have a smartphone (Android or iPhone mobile device) to download the Uber Driver App. This is required for you to be able to drive for Uber. Click below to download:
Once logged, you can go Online and Offline as you want. There is no set time that you must go or stay online as you are an independent contractor of Uber, NOT an employee. With that said, once you go online, you are letting Uber know that you are ready to start picking up riders.
Note: Do not go online unless you are ready to start pickup riders.
Basics on how to become an Uber Driver
We have included a quick explanation video for you to better understand how to become an Uber Driver.
Apply for Uber
How Much Do Uber Drivers Make?
Typically when you become an Uber driver, drivers make 80% of the Uber Partner fair and Uber takes 20%. That is the simplest explanation, however, there are many factors to consider when calculating out how much uber drivers really make.
Uber charges different hourly rates in different markets. For example, larger cities tend to have more passengers in need of rides, therefore it makes sense that Uber driver earnings vary widely by city. This image from SherpaShare shows this breakdown from May 2015, and whether gross earnings (before expenses) had increased or decreased since January 2015.
Apply for Uber
What are the Uber Driver Requirments?
To become an Uber Driver, every driver regardless of the Uber service, must meet these basic requirements:
- 21 years of age or older.
- 3 years driving experience.
- An in-state Drivers License (depending on your state).
- Clean driving record.
- Pass a background check.
What are the Uber Car Requirments?
- The model year 2005 or newer
- 4-door car or minivan
- Good condition with no cosmetic damage
- No commercial branding
- Pass the Uber vehicle inspection requirements
Uber accepts both official and temporary registration documents. The good part about registration is that you don't even need to have it in your name to qualify to drive for Uber.
All Uber Driver partners must maintain their own insurance policy in accordance with state and local laws. In addition, Uber maintains automobile liability insurance on behalf of all U.S. partners.


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Speaking of PH… With Teachers
High school is a big part of your life. But sometimes going to high school with pulmonary hypertension means that you miss classes or tests for doctor appointments, hospital stays, or just bad days. When you explain PH to your teachers, they will be better prepared to work with you to help you succeed.
Dani was diagnosed with PH in elementary school. "When I was in middle school, my guidance counselor would send my teachers an email explaining my PH and that I may not feel well and have to go to the nurse. I felt like many of my teachers never really read the email, and whenever something did happen that was PH-related they didn't handle it very well."
When she reached high school, Dani's family arranged a face-to-face meeting with all of her teachers before the school year began. "I think the meeting and talking to my teachers really helped because learning about my PH wasn't just one of their emails, but an actual person who talked to them about what they needed to know," shares Dani. "Throughout the year, whenever I needed to go to the nurse, my teachers would always ask if I needed someone to walk with me, even if it wasn't PH-related. I was so happy that they remembered our talk and were taking extra precautions."
Discussing PH With Your Teachers and School Nurse
Explain PH to school administration: Meet with your teachers, principal and nurse face-to-face early in the school year to explain what PH is, how it might impact the school year, and what you need to do if you're experiencing PH symptoms in class. Use the School Resource Handbook to gather the information your teachers need to know about your PH, medications and emergency contacts. Be specific when you explain symptoms.
Know your school nurse: The school nurse is your ally. Make sure the nurse is up-to-date on your medications and don't be afraid to go to the nurse's office if you're experiencing symptoms.
If You Have to Be Out of School for More Than a Day
Make a plan: If you don't have a 504 plan or an IEP, meet with your teachers early in the year to discuss how you'll handle schoolwork if you have to miss school during the year. This might include having copies of your textbooks at home so you can keep up with the reading, using email to get copies of your homework, or having a classmate take notes for you. Make sure they understand that you will do as much as you are capable of.
Give yourself the chance to do your best work: If you're not ready to take a test — because you've missed classes for appointments or fallen behind in your homework during illness — talk to your teacher to schedule a make-up test. Explain to your teacher that you need a few more days to prepare. Do this with respect and only make this request when you truly need to. If needed, get your parents involved or speak with your principal.
Gym Class
If you don't already have accommodations in place, a doctor's note can help if your gym teacher doesn't "get it." You can also ask your parents to help explain PH to your gym teacher.
"One of the toughest things to do was get out of gym class. In school so many kids try and get out of gym that my teachers looked at me like just another defiant teenager," remembers Nicole, who was diagnosed at age six. "Little did they know I would have given anything to run around and play. My mom and I went to the counselor, but she didn't understand at first either. We had to get a special doctor's note explaining PH."
Advice from PH Pediatricians…
Dr. Robyn Barst encourages kids with PH to do sports if they have an interest. She has treated a lot of kids who participate in competitive cheerleading, tennis, basketball and many other sports. Dr. Barst tells kids to "self-limit." The only activities that Dr. Barst tells kids to avoid are contact sports (like football).
According to Dr. Dunbar Ivy, "It is hard to make a global recommendation [on playing sports] because it really depends on the patient. If the PH is mild to moderate, we recommend that the patient self-limit. We do not recommend competitive sports with severe PH. It is important to stress an individual approach, which is determined by the physician, patient and parents."
Stand Tall
Nicole's advice to teens with PH? "To all the other kids out there growing up with PH, try to be straight forward and confident when talking to your teachers! Stand up for yourself and don't take no for an answer. You know your limits and don't let anyone tell you any different. Most teachers are very understanding and supportive so if you do have to miss school because of your PH, make sure you keep in contact with your teachers. It shows them you care about your studies and would love to be sitting in class rather than at home or in the hospital because of PH."
This article has been adapted from articles by Nicole Turner and Danielle Epstein, first published in Pathlight Winter 2011 and Fall 2011.


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We've spent most of this week giving Fashioning Fashion a much-deserved send-off; Sunday is your last chance to see the show! Also closing on Sunday is the installation in the Ahmanson Building, George Grosz, Social Critic, a collection of drawings by the self-described "most depressed man in Europe."
Our weekend film series Classics from La Semaine de la critique (Critics' Week) concludes tonight with Barbet Schroeder's 1969 paean to hedonism, More (featuring a psychedelic soundtrack by Pink Floyd!). This is followed by Trash, the second film in a trilogy by Paul Morrissey, who was part of Andy Warhol's Factory scene.
Tomorrow night LACMA is screening a collection of shorts by abstract filmmaker Jordan Belson, "His is a cinematic vision encompassing nothing less than the metaphysical as well as physical universe," says the LA Weekly in a write-up of the screening.
This Sunday's free Andell Family Day gives kids and parents the chance to make art inspired by our European galleries.
Later in the evening on Sunday, pianist Joel Fan performs works by Nazaret, Villa-Lobos, and Beethoven for our free Sundays Live series in the Bing Theater.
Scott Tennent


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David Smith recently reviewed Leonard Mlodinow's Book, A Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives for The Observer. For those unfamiliar with the book, here's a quick (publisher's) summary:
In this irreverent and illuminating book, acclaimed writer and scientist Leonard Mlodinow shows us how randomness, change, and probability reveal a tremendous amount about our daily lives, and how we misunderstand the significance of everything from a casual conversation to a major financial setback. As a result, successes and failures in life are often attributed to clear and obvious cases, when in actuality they are more profoundly influenced by chance.
The book and the review are worth checking out, but we found Smith's discussion of the possible implications of Mlodnow's insight worth sharing below.
* * *
Mlodinow's telling central premise is that our desire for control leaves us in denial about how important randomness is. Intuitively, we prefer to construct a linear narrative that makes events seem inevitable. Pearl Harbour and 9/11 were easy causal patterns to trace with hindsight, but rather less so beforehand. Individual success, too, is a lottery: JK Rowling's first Harry Potter manuscript was rejected by several publishers, Bruce Willis was a jobbing actor until he got a lucky break and even Bill Gates would have been 'just another software entrepreneur' but for a series of accidents. For every Rowling, Willis or Gates, how many equally talented people quit too soon because their coin hasn't yet come up heads? Perseverance, it seems, is all.
Unfortunately, Mlodinow fails to develop this in what should have been his most provocative chapter. If the connection between actions and results is not as direct as we like to believe, what does that mean politically for the class system, social mobility and the self-justification of society's elite? Sixties social psychologist Melvin Lerner, realising that 'few people would engage in extended activity if they believed that there were a random connection between what they did and the rewards they received', concluded that 'for the sake of their own sanity' people overestimate the degree to which ability can be inferred from success.
Would people in the US still fervently believe in the American Dream if they understood that hard work alone may not be enough? . . . .
* * *
To watch a 42-minute video of Mlodinow discussing his book, click on the video below.
* * *
For some a related Situationist posts, see "The Situation of 'Winners' and 'Losers'."


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Boulder comes in a close second in the running for the least religious city in the United States, according to a new Gallup poll.
Just 17.3 percent of the residents of that liberal city are classified as "very religious" — 0.1 percent more than Burlington, Vt. About 61 percent of Boulder residents polled are "not religious."
The Gallup Organization called more than 240,000 people across 189 U.S. metro areas to look at the nation's religious diversity.
In the most religious metro area — Provo-Orem, Utah — 77 percent of those polled qualify as "very religious." That's 59.7 percentage points higher than Boulder.
Overall, 40 percent of Americans are very religious, based on them saying that religion is an important part of their daily life and that they attend religious services every week or almost every week. Thirty-one percent were nonreligious, saying religion did not play an important part in their lives. The remaining 29 percent were moderately religious, saying either that religion is important but they do not attend services or that religion is not important but they still attend services.
According to the poll, most of the nation's most religious cities are in the South, with Jackson, Miss., and Montgomery, Ala., at 64 percent "very religious."
Even the most religious metro area in Colorado, Greeley, trails the national rate when it comes to the number of very religious residents. A bit more than 36 percent of that city's residents qualify as very religious.
Colorado Springs falls near the middle of the list with about 35 percent of residents being very religious. But 39.3 percent of the residents of that city, known for its conservative politics, are "not religious."
Denver ranks 155 out of the 189 metro areas. Nearly 32 percent of residents are very religious. As in Colorado Springs, the "not religious" group is larger, by about 9 percentage points.
Loveland and Fort Collins have a bigger gap — more than a 20 percentage-point difference — between very religious (about 27 percent) and not religious (about 47 percent).


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Stay Tuned: Serial killers join forces on 'The Following'
What if a serial killer was so charismatic that he could activate and control an army of other serial killers? This is the question posed by Fox's new series "The Following," and it wants you to find the answer both interesting and horrifying.
Joe Carroll (James Purefoy) is the charismatic serial killer who murdered 14 female students on the college campus where he taught literature. He is caught in 2003 by FBI agent Ryan Hardy (Kevin Bacon), but not before leaving Hardy with physical and psychological scars. When we meet Carroll, it is the present, he has escaped death row and Hardy is recalled as a consultant on the case.
But this isn't a show about the weekly hunt for an escaped serial killer. Carroll quickly ends up back on death row and the FBI discovers that he has spent his years in jail building a network like-minded killers who will do anything he commands. He is their high priest and he has a plan — a very elaborate plan that suggests he is an amazing mastermind. This is where you either suspend your disbelief or lose interest in the premise because there are a few things you have to let go.
Carroll spends years online during his permitted jail time library visits to build a vast social network of psychotics. I can maybe accept that he's really good at social networking, but why is he allowed computer access in the first place? His followers appear anywhere and everywhere committing gruesome murders on his command. This is part of the show's horror. No one is safe and every scene could suddenly turn into a blood bath. It's a good strategy for keeping the audience on edge and it works but only for a short time. After a while, I was anticipating the plot device and just trying to guess who the next crazy killer will be. The core group of followers, including his son's seemingly sweet nanny and two straight guys who pretended to be gay for years so that they could gain the trust of the one female student who survived Carroll's rampage, are in charge of carrying out their mentor's plan. They look like models but are actually deranged killers and fairly creepy. There's also an obsession with the works of Edgar Allen Poe and the idea that Carroll's plan is actually a "story" where Hardy is the central character and the junior killers all have a "chapter."
In the third episode, the lead FBI agent on the case, who specializes in alternative religions, says that she doesn't "get" this cult. It's a good point. Other than a convoluted Poe subplot about killing being a path to living and Carroll's extraordinary powers to charm anyone he meets, which are only demonstrated in flashbacks to his teaching days, it's not clear what drives his devotees. If the series doesn't spend more time answering this question, viewers might start wondering the same thing.
If you can get past all the above, you can enjoy the show for its psychological darkness which it does best in a storyline involving Carroll's young son. While his mind games with Hardy form the backbone of the series, they are far less horrifying than the plans he has for his child.
"The Following" is on Mondays at 9 p.m. EDT on Fox.
Melissa Crawley is the author of "Mr. Sorkin Goes to Washington: Shaping the President on Television's 'The West Wing.'" She has a PhD in media studies and is a member of the Television Critics Association. To comment on Stay Tuned, email her at email@example.com or follow her on Twitter at @MelissaCrawley.


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L.A. is a city rife with movie screens, from the Cinerama Dome to the Nuart to the Directors' Guild and more. It's hard not to get wrapped up in cinema in this town. Sometimes I take it for granted; every time Lawrence of Arabia comes on Turner Classics at home, I skip it—"It'll be playing on the big screen somewhere in L.A. within the next month or two," I advise myself. You can't say that for most cities.
Even more valuable than catching a David Lean epic in all its widescreen glory—and something I don't take for granted—are the movie houses that really dig up the lost gems. Perhaps my favorite theater in town is located just up the street from LACMA: the Cinefamily at the Silent Movie Theater. Cinefamily has some of the most idiosyncratic film programming in the city—from Thin Man double features and classics from Lubitsch, Cukor, and Sturges to obscure exploitation films of the '70s, contemporary documentaries, and bizarre cult films. It's always worth keeping an eye on their calendar. Wednesdays in April will feature Buster Keaton double-features, while weekends will see a series dedicated to the psychedelic films of '60s filmmaker Tinto Brass and the late works of Danish director Carl Dreyer. Personally, I'm always most excited about the theater's Thursday-night offerings, invariably dedicated to music films. April is the second of a two-month series, Post-Punk Junk, which features documentaries, vintage home recordings, and feature films centered around the U.S. and European punk bands of the late '70s and early '80s. These guys take it seriously: back in January Tom Verlaine, of the legendary band Television, performed live on stage, scoring avant-garde silent shorts. Can it get better?


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I had considered "R' week of the Gould Genealogy Alphabet Challenge an opportunity to trot out my Riddiford family as they are, strictly speaking, not a Western District Family. However, after initially being excited at the prospect of bringing together their rich history, I soon realised I had too much information to give a summary while still doing justice to the many stories I have found.
Now how am I going to tell you about the family of fabric workers from Gloucestershire, dating back to at least the 1500s, who spread across England, into Wales and then Canada, the United States, and Australia? I really want to tell you about the criminals, including Dinah Riddiford, the oldest woman to hang in England in the 18th and 19th century and the convicts transported to Van Diemens Land, Sydney and Norfolk Island.
Then there is the story waiting to be told of the Riddifords of New Zealand, original settlers in the country, with Daniel Riddiford arriving in 1840 and making a large contribution to the pastoral history of the country. Descendants of the Wellington pioneers have gone on to climb Mount Everest with Sir Edmund Hillary, sit in the New Zealand parliament, play cricket for New Zealand and direct, write and produce for film and television, just to name a few.
Or there are the Riddifords that immigrated to Australia arriving to South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria. These included one of the most renowned Australian Riddifords, Walter Riddiford of Broken Hill. The former miner and mayor of Broken Hill had the Riddiford Arboretum in the town named in his honour.
I also would like to tell you about my Riddiford line including my ggg grandfather, Charles Riddiford, a tailor and policeman who died in the Saunderton Union Workhouse at Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. And his son Thomas Cooke Riddiford, some time publican and butcher who immigrated with his family to Canada in search of a better life, only to return to Buckinghamshire a few years later.
I will, however, get the chance to tell you the story of my grandfather and great-grandfather, Percy and Tom.
Thomas William Cooke Riddiford, the fourth of eight children, was born in 1875 at the Crown Inn, Aylesbury Road, Cuddington, Buckinghamshire not long after his family had returned to England from a failed venture to Brant County, Ontario, Canada.
While still a baby, Tom's parents Thomas Cooke Riddiford and Emma Piddington moved the family to Clerkenwell, London where Lily Beatrice was born in 1877. Again, the move seems to have been another failed attempt to find a better life for the family, as they had headed back to Cuddington by 1879. Thomas senior resumed his role as publican of the Crown Inn. Emma's father, a victualler, also had links to that pub and others in the district. In 1883, Emma died aged 34 and Thomas was left with eight children to care for, with three under five.
How does a family manage after such a tragedy? By the 1891 UK Census, the consequences of Emma's death had become evident. On the night of the Census, the two youngest children, Ernest Arthur, 11 and William Leonard, 10, were at the Aylesbury Union Workhouse. Youngest daughter Florence, 12, was living with her grandmother, Jane Piddington, and Lily, aged 14 was a servant for an Aylesbury hairdresser. My great-grandfather Tom, then 16 was boarding at the Plough Inn, Haddenham, working as an apprentice butcher.
Where was Thomas senior by this time? He had moved on. To Manchester in fact, working as a cab driver and living with his new wife, Sarah Browne, and their four-month-old son, Arthur. The saddest part of this stage in their lives is that I have never been able to find any trace of Ernest beyond the 1891 Census and his time in the Workhouse. My grandfather named a son after his younger brother. A tribute maybe?
Tom junior got on with his life, making a move to London working as a fully qualified butcher. He married 18-year-old Londoner Caroline "Queenie" Celia Ann Kirkin on February 7, 1896, at St Barnabus Church, Kennington, London. By the time of the 1901 UK Census, the couple was living at 169 Cromwell Road, Kensington with three sons. Tom was working for himself as a butcher.
In 1903, the family suffered a loss with the death of two-year-old Horace. Percy Ronald Riddiford, my grandfather, was born in Leytonstone in 1904 before a break of six years when Reginald was born in 1910 at Edmonton. That is where the family was living at the time of the 1911 UK Census, 54 Raynham Road, Upper Edmonton. Oldest son William was 14 and working as a metal polisher, Cyril 13, was attending school and working as an errand boy for a greengrocer. Father Tom was still a butcher, working for Universal Stores.
The former Riddiford home, possibly their last in England, is the cream house with red flower baskets.
Something must have nagged at Tom. A feeling like his father before had felt. How could he make a better life for his family? In 1906, he had travelled alone to Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada on what appears to have been a reconnaissance trip, but he returned to London. In 1912, Tom's cousin Aubrey Frank Riddiford immigrated to Australia, settling at Heyfield in Gippsland. This may have been the catalyst for Tom to pack up the family and sail to Australia aboard the "Commonwealth" arriving in Melbourne on September 15, 1913. Many of the passengers were Assisted Immigrants and I would assume the Riddfords were among them.
The Riddifords moved to Smeaton, just north of Ballarat. Lillian Ivy, the only girl in a family devoid of women, was born in 1914. War broke out and in 1915 Bill enlisted for his new country, followed by Cyril in 1916 and Ern in 1918. Bill was hit by an Army ambulance in France and was sent home an invalid in 1917.
In 1922, Stanley was born at Smeaton, 26 years younger than his oldest brother Bill.
By the end of the 1920s, the Riddifords moved into Ballarat, residing at 97 Humffray Street South. Tom and Queenie then moved to 619 Humffray Street where they remained until their deaths.
This photo is very special because of the circumstances in which I came to have it. Mum and I visited an antique shop at Newlyn, north of Ballarat. We spotted some old photos with the penciled name "Riddiford" on the cardboard frames. There were three, including the family photo and a wedding photo of my grandfather and his first wife Mavis McLeish. The shop owner was able to tell us how he acquired them, but it's a long story.
Thomas passed away in 1957 aged 81 and Caroline in 1962 aged 83. They are buried at the Ballarat New Cemetery.
The boys and Lillian married, and all but Bill had children. But there were few descendants as the seven children produced only 16 grandchildren, seven of them by my grandfather! Of those, there were five girls and nine boys. Seven of those boys were my grandfathers!
The most successful of Tom and Caroline's descendants to date has been Ern's son Leonard Riddiford. Len gained a scholarship to Melbourne High School and then studied physics at Melbourne University. During the late 1940s, he travelled to Birmingham to work on the world's first synchrotron under Sir Mark Oliphant's guidance, while completing his PhD at Birmingham University.
To think the Riddifords were the last branch I researched. As they arrived in 1913 and with my main interest being 19th-century Australian history, I considered them newbies. But when I did seriously begin researching the name I couldn't stop, not returning to research my other families for months. The research experience was also very different from my other families. While I have little information on my Victorian pioneer families prior to their departure from England, I have easily found information on the Riddifords from a variety of sources.
I have also had the pleasure of tracking my grandfather and great-grandfather right through to the 1911 UK census when my other families left soon after the 1851 Census. It has also given me a greater understanding of English history, geography, and records.
The Riddifords of New Zealand consumed a lot of my time and Papers Past got a workout. There are over 54,000 "Riddiford" matches at the New Zealand newspaper archive compared to 3449 on the same search at Trove and I have spent months just on this branch trawling through articles and books about the history of New Zealand.
Although I still have some brick walls, I can safely say that Riddifords everywhere are related. Like a jigsaw, all the pieces have come together to form a picture of a family who today can trace their links back to those early Gloucestershire cloth makers and, if my theory is correct, back to the Flemish cloth workers who arrived in Gloucestershire from the 1300s-1500s. That is another facet of the tale I had intended to share.
A book on the Riddiford family history would be the best way to do the stories justice. I have even considered a One-Name study or at the very least, a blog. I don't think I can manage any of those options at the moment. While writing Western District Families has given me an outlet for most of my families, it has also presented a problem. My Riddiford research has fallen into a state of neglect.
It is was not only genealogists who welcomed online records. Tabloid newspapers soon became fans too. This was evident in 2010 when a journalist wrote on the ancestry of Kylie Minogue. Numerous newspapers and magazines ran with the story chiefly because Kylie had not one but several criminal ancestors. Who were they? Well they were Riddifords! Yes that's right Kylie and Dannii Minogue are Riddiford descendants.
Many Riddifords knew this prior to 2010 and I had myself read that the Kylie and Dannii's mother was a Riddiford. It was actually her grandmother Millicent Riddiford, one of the Welsh Riddifords. Millie arrived in Australia in 1955 with her husband Denis Jones and their children. By my calculations that would make the Minogues my 7th cousins, as we share 6 x great grandparents Thomas Riddiford and Arabella Trottman. Distant I know, but the 8-year-old research assistant is very proud of his link, even if the kids at school won't believe him.
An article from the Daily Mail of February 2, 2010, describes the Riddiford/Minogue relationship – Hangings, Sex Assaults and Deportation: Meet Kylie Minogue's Criminal Ancestors…
I would like to trace the Minogue line to see if Kylie and Dannii descend from the Minogue family, pioneers of Cape Bridgewater in south-west Victoria. They too may have Western District Families.
Call it a family myth, but another piece of trivia Riddifords like to hang their hat on, is the link between Ronnie Barker and L.E Riddiford Grocers in Thornbury Gloucestershire. The story goes that while Barker was filming in Thornbury, he was so inspired by the grocers store in High Street that he created the show Open All Hours. If you look at the L.E.Riddiford website you will understand how this comparison may have come about.
This would be Edward Joshua Riddiford, born in the Hutt Valley, Wellington, New Zealand in 1842, son of Daniel Riddiford and Harriet Stone. Educated in Australia at Scotch College, Melbourne, Edward spent time on cattle stations in Queensland. He often visited Australia and on at least one occasion bought stock from the Learmonths of Ercildoune near Ballarat.
The reason I particularly like Edward Joshua Riddiford is for the relationships he forged with the Maori people. This quote from Edward's biography by Roberta Nicholls for Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand sums him up well:
"At Te Awaiti and Orongorongo Edward Riddiford interacted constantly with the local Maori population, as he had done when he was a child. He spoke their language, employed them, shod their horses, and bartered domestic products, foodstuffs and clothing for crops and wild pork. He played cards and drank with the men; he slept with the women. Out of admiration for his forceful leadership, commanding personality, and physical prowess the Maori called him 'King'. Because of his influence, Riddiford was able to acquire Maori land for leasehold or freehold on favourable terms." (from the biography of Edward Joshua Riddiford, by Roberta Nicholls, Te Ara – The Encylopedia of New Zealand)
If you are a Riddiford descendant you are more than welcome to join our Facebook group. Search "The Riddiford Family" at Facebook and you will find us. There are 130 Riddifords from all over the world. Many have commented on how they thought were the only Riddifords, rarely coming across others with the same surname. That's what I used to think growing up in Hamilton in the 70s and 80s. Mum, Dad, and I were the only three Riddifords anywhere in the world except for Grandpa and Grandma Riddiford and my uncles in Ballarat. How wrong we were!


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Main Street Christmas: Holiday Celebration in St. Charles, Missouri
Christmas Traditions
A woman cups her hands around her eyes and peers curiously in through the window of Boone's Colonial Inn, momentarily dissolving the historical spell cast here. My friend Natalie and I sit by the potbelly stove in the dining room and wonder what to do. Wave? Open the door?Instead, not quite ready to rejoin the 21st century, we pretend not to notice. She wanders away, and we giggle. Maybe she saw innkeeper Stephen Powell in his tricorn hat and thought we were volunteer actors preparing for Christmas Traditions, St. Charles' holiday fest. It would be a fair mistake. Since we arrived, we've felt like part of the show.Click ahead to read more about Midwest Living's trip to St. Charles, Missouri. A trip guide is on slides 7 to 10. Pictured: Guests at Boone's Colonial Inn enjoy a front-row seat to the festivities in St. Charles, Missouri.
Following in historical footsteps
History sets the tone in this Missouri River community 25 miles northwest of downtown St. Louis. Lewis and Clark, Daniel Boone, Missouri's first congressmen, westward-bound pioneers--they all walked along St. Charles' Main Street.Now, between Thanksgiving and Christmas, a cast of 40 strolling characters follow in their footsteps: Father Christmas, Tiny Tim, a frontier Santa in fringed buckskin, carolers in top hats, even a capped gent roasting chestnuts.Pictured: The Christmas Traditions characters include Santas from around the world.
White lights and evergreen garlands
The Christmas Traditions crew turns out for late-night shopping and a candlelit procession on Wednesdays and Fridays and parades on weekend afternoons. Natalie and I join the throngs on Friday. Kids race to collect baseball-style cards from the characters while a fife and drum corps plays cheerful tunes.Shop doors jingle as we pop into beautifully preserved 18th- and 19th-century buildings. The prickly perfume of fresh pine mingles with the heady cinnamon scent floating from Grandma's Cookies. We succumb to nostalgia and take a carriage ride, only to discover that brick streets make for quite a bumpy trip. Cocoa sloshing, we laugh hysterically but fall silent when we round the corner to see Main Street stretch before us again, a fairyland of white lights.
An annual outing
Feeling that we've earned ourselves a glass of wine, we head to the Vine restaurant, where Kimberly Staats and her girlfriends warm their toes around an outdoor fire. "It's our annual Christmas walk," she says. "We've been doing it for 11 years at least. We start at Little Hills Winery, then shop, eat and, some years, end up back around the fire at Little Hills." But even a pro like Kimberly pauses when Natalie and I mention we're staying overnight."Where?""There."We point to Boone's Colonial Inn across the street, where lemons nestle in wreaths and candles flicker in lanterns. The gals clearly are impressed. I realize that spending the night in town affords me an intimate perspective on St. Charles that most Christmas Traditions visitors don't see.Pictured: Visitors sip warm Alpenglow around a fire pit outside Little Hills Winery.
History, luxury and whimsy
Housed in a pair of restored 1837 and 1867 shops, Boone's Colonial Inn bed-and-breakfast blends history and luxury with a bit of whimsy appropriate for a town where Jack Frost runs around at night. (After a soak in the whirlpool tub, you can slip into a fluffy robe--or a Colonial-style nightgown.)When the crowds drift away, Natalie and I climb the stairs to the Thomas Jefferson Suite. We blow out the lanterns on our balcony and gaze out at the dark ribbon of the Missouri River, wondering what St. Charles will be like in the morning.Even better than at night, it turns out. We wake to caramel French toast served on a table nearly as old as the inn. We imagine we're shopkeepers 200 years ago, tucking into a hot meal before unlocking downstairs. Outside, Main Street is still. No Santas or kettle corn.Pictured: Owner Stephen Powell dresses up for breakfast at Boone's Colonial Inn.
Exploring St. Charles
Stephen Powell, Boone's innkeeper, takes us to the Borromeo Log Church, a replica of where Lewis and Clark worshipped before their expedition. He clicks the heavy padlock, and we marvel at the humble start to one of history's greatest trips. Later, at the First Missouri State Capitol site, we see where legislators, some illiterate, drafted the state's constitution above a general store. Wavy glass windows overlook evergreen-clad shops.By lunchtime, the sense of anticipation outside is palpable, like a child's toe-twitching excitement on Christmas Eve. Shopkeepers fuss over bows, and a horse-drawn carriage appears. Checking our watches, Natalie and I wait for the moment when an imaginary fairy waves her wand over this toy village, and the Christmas Traditions characters stroll down Main Street again.A version of this story appeared in Midwest Living® November/December 2011. Click ahead to read a trip guide on what to do, where to eat and where to stay in St. Charles.Pictured: Local kids participate in the Lewis and Clark Fife and Drum Corps.
St. Charles trip guide: What to do
For more information: St. Charles Convention and Visitor Bureau (800) 366-2427; historicstcharles.comFirst Missouri State Capitol(pictured) Tours here are well worth the $4. Check the website for special events including a candlelit concert. (636) 940-3322;mostateparks.comChristmas TraditionsHeld November 27 - December 24 (2015), St. Charles' holiday fest includes shopping, weekend parades and more. (800) 366-2427;stcharleschristmas.comFoundry Art CentreArtists' studios and galleries fill a renovated railcar factory. Free. (636) 255-0270;foundryartcentre.org
St. Charles trip guide: Where to shop
Moss (pictured) Trendy clothes and accessories appeal to all ages. (636) 410-0625; mossboutique.comCobblestone Cottage This elegant store showcases Colonial and Early American-style furnishings. (636) 949-0721; cobblestonesaintcharles.comMain Street Books Comfy seating invites booklovers to settle in. (636) 949-0105; mainstreetbooks.netMattie's Heritage Antiques This darling shop in the Frenchtown district is worth a detour. (636) 723-1665Provenance Soapworks Handmade bath products are artfully displayed in a tiny shop. (636) 577-1972; Provenance Soapworks on Facebook
St. Charles trip guide: Where to eat
Grandma's Cookies(pictured) True to its name, this cute spot sells nostalgic treats. (636) 947-0088;grandmascookiesonmain.comLittle Hills Winery RestaurantGather 'round an outdoor fire pit to sip wine. (636) 946-9339;littlehillswinery.comMiss Aimee B's TearoomGenerous helpings of pie a la mode draw guests to this Victorian tearoom. Don't miss the gift shop. (636) 946-4202;missaimeeb.comPicasso's Coffee HouseTry the spicy hot chocolate at this fantastic spot. (636) 925-2911;picassoscoffeehouse.comTrailhead Brewing CompanyThis lively pub offers good beer and decent food. (636) 946-2739; trailheadbrewing.com
St. Charles trip guide: Where to stay
Boone's Colonial Inn and Market (pictured) Three quiet rooms have gas fireplaces and luxe baths. boonescolonialinn.comCountry Inn and Suites This chain alternative to St. Charles' B&Bs blends well with historic Main Street. countryinns.com(A version of this story appeared in Midwest Living® November/December 2011. Prices, dates, and other details are subject to change, so please check specifics before making travel plans.)


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50 years ago today, IBM unveiled the System/360 mainframe, a groundbreaking computer that allowed new levels of compatibility between systems and helped NASA send astronauts to the Moon.
While IBM had been making its 700 and 7000 Series mainframes for more than a decade, the System/360 "ushered in an era of computer compatibility—for the first time, allowing machines across a product line to work with each other," IBM says. "It was the first product family that allowed business data-processing operations to grow from the smallest machine to the largest without the enormous expense of rewriting vital programs... Code written for the smallest member of the family had to be upwardly compatible with each of the family's larger processors. Peripherals such as printers, communications devices, storage, and input-output devices had to be compatible across the family."
Before the System/360, "businesses bought a computer, wrote programs for it, and then when it got too old or slow they threw it away and started again from scratch," IBM spokesperson Barry Heptonstall told the BBC.
Text of the original press release issued by IBM's Data Processing Division on April 7, 1964 is on IBM's site. The systems would sell for $133,000 to $5.5 million, or could be rented for $2,700 to $115,000 a month. The least expensive started shipping in 1965, with higher-end ones being delivered in 1966.
Despite the high price, there was much excitement. "More than 100,000 businessmen in 165 American cities today attended meetings at which System/360 was announced," IBM said at the time. Company President Thomas J. Watson Jr. called the System/360 IBM's most important product announcement ever and said it "represents a sharp departure from concepts of the past in designing and building computers." The initial announcement didn't actually call it a "mainframe," a word IBM wouldn't embrace for many years.
IBM received more than 1,000 orders in the month after the announcement and another 1,000 over the ensuing four months. The specs were impressive for the time. "Introduction of the 8-bit byte, over the prevalent 6-bit standard, made it easier to handle both business information processing and scientific data processing," an IBM retrospective says. "The six models announced in April of 1964 had a performance range of roughly 25-to-1, with the largest model being about 25 times more powerful than the smallest. The smallest model could perform 33,000 additions per second; the largest more than 750,000 additions per second."
System/360 machines were crucial for NASA's Apollo missions. "Apollo flights had so much information to relay, that their computers had to report in an electronic form of shorthand," IBM says. "Even in shorthand, however, it took a circuit capable of transmitting a novel a minute to get the information to NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center—now the Johnson Space Center—in Houston, Texas. Receiving this enormous amount of data was a powerful IBM computer whose sole task was to translate the shorthand into meaningful information for Apollo flight controllers. The IBM System/360 computer absorbed, translated, calculated, evaluated, and relayed this information for display. It was one of five System/360 machines used by NASA for the Apollo 11 mission. The same System/360 computer that processed the data for the first lunar landing from 240,000 miles away in Houston also calculated the liftoff data needed by astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin to rendezvous back with the command module piloted by Michael Collins for the flight back to Earth."
System/370 started to replace System/360 in the early 1970s as IBM continued to dominate the computing market. Even today, IBM mainframes are big business, raking in $1.1 billion in revenue in the most recent quarter.
Modern IBM mainframes go by the name System z, which maintains compatibility all the way back to System/360. "The need to support applications of varying ages imposes a strict compatibility demand on mainframe hardware and software, which have been upgraded many times since the first System/360 mainframe computer," IBM says. "Applications must continue to work properly. Thus, much of the design work for new hardware and system software revolves around this compatibility requirement."
The result is that "Programs for the original System/360s can still run, sometimes with only slight modification, on IBM mainframes today," IDG News Service reporter Joab Jackson noted. While complete compatibility over many decades and system changes isn't possible, IBM tries to give users at least a year's warning before they'd need to make software changes.
Here are some pictures to help you celebrate System/360's birthday:


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"One of photography's greatest values is in how it allows you to see through the eyes of a contemporary a situation which has now passed. I definitely feel that the value of the photographs in this show will be more recognizable in time than they are right now to a majority of people."
—Joe Deal, speaking at Arizona State University in 1977 about New Topographics: Photographs of a Man-Altered Landscape.
Visitors to LACMA's presentation of New Topographics: Photographs of a Man-Altered Landscape, which opened yesterday, have the opportunity to hear the artists talk about photography, their influences, and experiences. Just be sure to bring your cell phone; using your phone, you'll be able to listen to an audio tour with clips spanning the decades since the show was first seen in 1975 at the George Eastman House in Rochester, New York.
Coming up with audio from each of the ten photographers in the original show was no small feat. The clips were culled from roughly eight hours of audio, collected after contacting nearly fifty different archives in universities, libraries, and museums across the country. The earliest recording is from 1977—Joe Deal (excerpted above)—and the most recent was recorded this past summer expressly for LACMA—John Schott, reminiscing about photographing motels along Route 66. All of it was entertaining; I'm always fascinated at how vocal inflections from another era sound so, well… of another era (I must say, all the female audience members asking questions of Joe Deal in 1977 sounded like Jane Fonda in The China Syndrome to me).
Hearing the voices of the artists makes me feel that much closer to the work on the walls. I heard their distinct personalities, and I came to some quick conclusions that fuel my reception for their imagery: Robert Adams is a philosopher; Lewis Baltz, an anthropologist; Hilla Becher found art to be a visual dance; Joe Deal was quite prescient; Frank Gohlke is a storyteller; Nicholas Nixon is pragmatic, yet deep into image-making; Stephen Shore found art in keeping a visual diary of his life; John Schott was finding a new vision; and Henry Wessel explained to me what it means to follow visual instinct.
We are entering a time when knowing our heroes intimately through Twitter and the like is not unusual. But keeping and making accessible oral and video archives of what an artist was thinking years and decades ago is priceless.
Sarah Bay Williams, Ralph M. Parsons Fellow, Wallis Annenberg Photography Department


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SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ:MSFT) is so confident it has the Internet's best email service that it is about to spend at least $30 million to send its message across the U.S.The barrage begins Tuesday when Microsoft's twist on email, Outlook.com, escalates an assault on rival services from Google Inc (NASDAQ:GOOG), Yahoo! Inc. (NASDAQ:YHOO), AOL, Inc. (NYSE:AOL), and a long list of Internet service providers.
As part of the process, all users of Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ:MSFT)'s Hotmail and other email services operating under different domains such as MSN.com will be automatically converted to Outlook.com by the summer, if they don't voluntarily switch before then. All the old messages, contacts, and settings in the old inboxes will be exported to Outlook.com. Users will also be able to keep their old addresses.
Email remains a key battleground, even at a time when more people are texting each other on phones.
People still regularly check their inboxes, albeit increasingly on their smartphones. The recurring email habit provides Internet companies a way to keep people coming back to websites. It gives people a reason to log in during their visits so it's easier for email providers to track their activities. Frequent visits and personal identification are two of the keys to selling ads, the main way most websites make money.
That's why Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ:MSFT), Google Inc (NASDAQ:GOOG), and Yahoo have been retooling their email services in recent months.
After keeping Outlook.com in a "preview" phase since July 31, Microsoft is ready to accept all comers.
To welcome new users, Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ:MSFT) is financing what it believes to be the biggest marketing blitz in the history of email. Outlook.com will be featured in ads running on primetime TV, radio stations, websites, billboards and buses. Microsoft expects to spend somewhere between $30 million to $90 million on the Outlook campaign, which will run for at least three months.
The Outlook ads will overlap with an anti-Gmail marketing campaign that Microsoft launched earlier this month. The "Scroogled" attacks depict Gmail as a snoopy service that scans the contents of messages to deliver ads related to topics being discussed.
The Gmail ads are meant to be educational while the Outlook campaign is motivational, said Dharmesh Mehta, Outlook.com's senior director.
"We are trying to push people who have gotten lazy and comfortable with an email service that may not be all that great and help show them what email can really do for them," said Mehta.
By Microsoft's own admission, Hotmail had lost the competitive edge that once made it the world's largest email service. The lack of innovation left an opening for Google Inc (NASDAQ:GOOG) to exploit when it unveiled Gmail nearly nine years ago.
Gmail is now the industry leader, although estimates on its popularity vary.
Google Inc (NASDAQ:GOOG) says Gmail has more than 425 million accountholders, including those that only visit on smartphones and other mobile device. The latest data from research firm COMSCORE, Inc. (NASDAQ:SCOR) , which doesn't include mobile traffic, shows Gmail with 306 million worldwide users through December, up 21 percent from the previous year. Yahoo's email ranked second with 293 million users, a 2 percent decrease from the previous year, followed by Hotmail at 267 million users, a 16 percent decline from the previous year.
Microsoft, which is based in Redmond, Wash., is counting on Outlook.com to catapult the company back to the top of the email heap. During the preview period, Outlook attracted 60 million accountholders, including about 20 million that defected from Gmail, according to Microsoft. Comscore listed Outlook with 38 million users through December.