text:
In the quest to characterize the history and evolution of the Universe, cosmologists seek to identify standard candles—astronomical objects for which the intrinsic brightness is known, or can be easily determined. For very large distances, the problem is finding standard candles that are sufficiently bright. The discovery that white dwarf supernovas are standard candles led directly to the measurement of cosmic acceleration, not to mention the 2011 Nobel Prize in physics. However, supernovas are each one-time events that occur at random time intervals in a particular galaxy. Large surveys are still required to keep watch for them.
Quasars, on the other hand, are numerous and persistent sources of light. They're extremely bright jets of light beaming from supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies, from an era when such black holes were gorging themselves with matter. While their light emission isn't predictable in the same way that type Ia supernovas are, researchers may have discovered some patterns that would allow them to be used as standard candles. Based on a sample of 14 quasars in the MACHO (MAssive Compact Halo Object) survey, De-Chang Dai, Glenn Starkman, Branislav Stojkovic, Dejan Stojkovic, and Amanda Weltman developed two possible methods for obtaining the distance to a quasar from its spectrum. The techniques appear promising, but eventually a larger sample size—and a reasonable physical explanation for the patterns the researchers found—will be needed for quasars to truly be considered standard candles.
Many galaxies at cosmologically significant distances contain quasars. Unlike white dwarf supernovas, which peak at the point of explosion and fade slowly after that, a quasar's output of light is persistent. It can be observed over very long periods of time. Quasars are also very bright: their name came from the fact they appeared to be intense star-like points of light, even over distances of billions of light-years.
Looking for patterns
Quasars may be persistent, but they are not stable in their light output and vary a lot in the wavelengths of light they produce. As a result, they had been largely dismissed as possible standard candles. Some studies prior to the current paper hinted they might have patterns in their fluctuations, but the cause (assuming the effect is real) is not understood.
The researchers' first method involved identifying short-term patterns in 13 quasars from the MACHO sample. The timing of the light fluctuations received at Earth was shifted from what the quasars emitted, due to the expansion of the Universe—an effect related to cosmic redshift that stretches wavelengths. The authors corrected the timing using the known distances found through other techniques, so the light variations matched how they would appear when emitted by the quasars. They plotted the variation in ultraviolet flux—the rate of energy output per unit area—for more than six years. During that period, the quasars fluctuated in brightness substantially and on different timescales from each other, but with noticeable rises and falls in flux.
The researchers then fitted straight lines to periods of flux increase and decrease longer than 90 days. They found the slopes of these lines to be nearly the same. While the amount and duration of the change in flux differed, the rate of change in flux was similar. (This is analogous to comparing several cars with different top speeds, but the same acceleration capabilities). The data points were scattered, but still showed a clear trend: the quasars all seemed to vary in their light output at a certain rate, independent of their distance from Earth.
Finally, the researchers fitted straight lines to the flux variations from the fourteenth quasar in the sample, but without correcting for redshift. These lines had the nearly same slope, but a different value than that obtained using the corrected spectra from the 13 quasars. A simple formula comparing the slope values yielded a number remarkably close to the real distance value for the last quasar, a highly suggestive result.
The authors acknowledged the similar slope values could be coincidences, since their sample size is small and sufficiently scattered. However, if they are not coincidental, quasars could be used as standard candles using a simple technique. First, astronomers would identify variations in the flux longer than 90 days, and fit straight lines to those periods of increase or decrease. Next, they would determine the slopes of those straight lines to obtain the hopefully universal rates of change. Finally, a comparison to the distance-independent rate of change reveals the distance to the quasar—an additional way of measuring cosmologically significant distances.
The second method the researchers developed involves bootstrapping. They assumed the rise and fall patterns in the fluxes of two quasars corresponded to each other, and adjusted the shape of the variation of one quasar until it matched the other. This is less ad hoc than it sounds: they used a well-established method to fit parameters, called chi-squared fitting. The amount of adjustment was related to the relative distance between the quasars. This means that, unlike the first technique, the second method relies on knowing the distance to one quasar by some other means before the second quasar could be used as a standard candle.
If the similarity in flux variations is real, then quasars could be a new and very valuable way to measure the history of cosmic expansion. However, the small number of quasars in the MACHO sample means this study is preliminary—and no known physical mechanism explains why every quasar should have such a constant rate of change in its flux. On the other hand, that could simply be another aspect of our ignorance: astronomers lack a complete model for how quasars shine the way they do. It could be that improved theoretical modeling would show precisely the fluctuation patterns to make quasars into standard candles. Much hard work still needs to be done, both on the theoretical and observational side, but the potential benefit to cosmology would be phenomenal.
Physical Review Letters, 2012. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.231302 (About DOIs).


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Cherokee County Suicide Death Statistics
Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States. In 2017, over 47,000 Americans took their own lives. The national suicide rate has been rising steadily since the mid-2000's. However, the increase in suicide rates is not distributed equally among regions, or demographic groups. This report examines the data for Cherokee County, Oklahoma.
Individuals, the media, and public health departments in Cherokee County and throughout the country all have important roles to play in reducing the risk of suicide. The CDC released a technical package (pdf) of suicide-prevention policies, programs, and practices. Individuals interested in learning more about suicide can visit the National Suicide Prevention Hotline's website, Be the One to Save a Life.
Suicide and Demographics in Cherokee County, Oklahoma
By Sex
Nationally, men are significantly more likely to die by suicide than women. Research suggests gender differences not just in the outcomes but also in the psychological characteristics leading up to suicide ideation. Effective prevention strategies should take into account these differences.
By Race
Racial disparities in suicide rates are clear from the national data: the rate for whites and American Indians is higher than that for African Americans and Asians/Pacific Islanders.
Other differences manifest between racial groups. For example, nationally, the age ranges with the highest rates of suicide differ greatly for American Indians—peaking in adolescence—than for other race groups.
By Age
Overall, middle-aged adults have the highest suicide rate nationally. Since 1999, the rate has increased for most age groups, though the oldest range has remained relatively constant. (Data for the youngest and oldest age group has been omitted due to lack of data.)
More Information
1. "Suicide Statistics." American Foundation for Suicide Prevention.
2. "Gender-differences in risk factors for suicidal behaviour." NIH, 2014.
3. "Racial and Ethnic Disparities." Suicide Prevention Resource Center.
4. "Preventing Suicide: A Technical Package of Policy, Programs, and Practices (pdf)." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017.
About the Data
Mortality data in this story was queried from the CDC Wonder API, based on the following parameters:
• UCD codes: X60-X84, Y87.0.
Note: For small locations and demographic slices, data may not be reported: the CDC suppresses reporting of small death counts for privacy reasons.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wedding Photos from around the world
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10 Discussion Questions for Young Readers
Good Masters! Sweet Ladies!: Voices From a Medieval Village
By Laura Amy Schlitz
Illustrated by Robert Byrd
Source: One-Minute Book Reviews
Laura Amy Schlitz calls Good Masters! Sweet Ladies! "a book of miniature plays – 19 monologues (or plays for one actor) and two dialogues (for two actors)." Strictly speaking, she's right. The speakers in Good Masters! Sweet Ladies! are young people between 10 and 15 years old who live on or near an English manor in the 13th century, the time of the religious wars known as the Crusades. They include girls like Nelly, who helps to support her family by catching eels, and boys like Hugo, who has to track down a wild boar as his punishment for playing hooky. But some characters know one another, so their stories overlap and at times read more like a collection of linked short stories than a series of plays. This unusual format may have helped the book win the 2008 Newbery Medal, given by the American Library Association to "the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children."
Questions for Young Readers
1. The speakers in Good Masters! Sweet Ladies! live in medieval times, also known as the Middle Ages. Many people first learn about that era from fairy tales about princesses and others who live in castles. What ideas did you have about the medieval life before you read this book? How did your ideas change after you had read it?
2. Most books of fiction have a main or most important character. Does this book have one? Why or why not? How did the presence or absence of a main character affect your enjoyment of the book?
3. Why do you think Laura Amy Schlitz began the book with the tale of "Hugo, the Lord's Nephew"? What aspects of this story would grab your attention right away?
4. Schlitz made up all the stories in this book. If you didn't know that, would you have thought that some of the tales were true? What makes them seem believable?
5. "Camelot, it's not." These were the first words of a review of Good Masters! Sweet Ladies! that appeared in a New York newspaper. What did the writer mean? ["You Are There," by John Schwartz, The New York Times Book Review, Dec. 16, 2007.]
6. Some of the characters in the book speak in prose (such as "Nelly, the Sniggler," "Pask, the Runaway" and "Will, the Plow Boy"). Others speak in poetry (such as "Lowdy, the Varlet's Child," "Thomas, the Doctor's Son" and "Otho, the Miller's Son"). Why do you think they do this? Might the book have become monotonous or less interesting if everybody spoke the same way?
7. What does Otho mean by: "There's no way to retrace our steps, / the mill wheel's turning — "? How does this line relate to his life? How does the line relate to the theme of the book as a whole? [Page 29]
8. Pictures can have different purposes in a book. For example, they can show you exactly what you see on page (acting as a mirror), or they can or focus on and enlarge a detail (acting as a magnifying glass). What purposes do Robert Byrd's pictures serve in Good Masters! Sweet Ladies!? Why might the sun and moon have human faces on pages x-1 and elsewhere?
9. Before you read Good Masters! Sweet Ladies!, did you ever think that you might have liked to live in medieval times? How did the book affect your view?
10. The characters who speak in poetry in this book use different verse forms. Thomas speaks in iambic pentameter when he says: "A healthy man is careless with a bill — / You have to make them pay when they are ill." (The two lines form a heroic couplet, a specific type of iambic pentameter.) [Page 18] Lowdy speaks in a different verse, dactylic, when she say: "Fleas in the pottage bowl, / Fleas the bread." [Page 60] If you've studied verse forms, how many can you find in the book?
Extra Credit
Schlitz writes about the "Children's Crusade": "In 1212, a French shepherd boy had a vision that the Holy Land could be recovered by innocent children. Thirty to forty thousand children from France and Germany set off to Palestine, believing that God would favor their cause because of their faith, love, and poverty. They believed that when they reached the Mediterranean, it would part, like the Red Sea. They were mistaken. Most of them starved, froze to death, or were sold into slavery." [Page 37] Some scholars aren't sure that this "crusade" occurred in the form Schlitz describes. You may want do some research on the "Children's Crusade" and decide what you think might have happened.
Vital Statistics
Good Masters! Sweet Ladies! Voices From a Medieval Village. By Laura Amy Schlitz. Illustrated by Robert Byrd. Candlewick, 85 pp., $15.95. Ages 10 and up.
Published: August 2007 www.candlewick.com
Furthermore: The American Library Association has posted information about 2008 Newbery at www.ala.org/ala/alsc/awardsscholarships/literaryawds/newberymedal/newberymedal.htm .
Schlitz is a librarian at the Park School in Baltimore. She also wrote the text for the 2007 picture book The Bearskinner (Candlewick, $16.99) www.candlewick.com, illustrated by Max Grafe, and an excellent neo-Gothic novel for ages 10 and up, A Drowned Maiden's Hair www.oneminutebookreviews.wordpress.com/2007/03/10/.
Robert Byrd's site is www.robertbyrdart.com.
This reading group was not authorized or approved by the author, publisher or agent for the book. It is copyrighted by Janice Harayda, and its sale or reproduction in any form is illegal except by public libraries that many reproduce it for use in their in-house reading groups. Other groups that wish to use this guide should link to this site or use "Contact" page on One-Minute Book Reviews to learn how to request permission to reproduce the guide.
If you are a librarian and found this guide helpful, please consider adding One-Minute Book Reviews www.oneminutebookreviews.wordpress.com to your library blog or ready-reference links, so patrons can find other guides and reviews. One-Minute Book Reviews accepts no advertising and appears on Open Directory lists. It is the sixth-ranked book-review site in the world on the Google Directory of "Top Arts/ Literature" blogs: www.google.com/Top/Arts/Literature/Reviews_and_Criticism/.
Janice Harayda www.janiceharayda.com is an award-winning journalist who has been the book columnist for Glamour, the book editor of the Plain Dealer in Cleveland, and the vice-president for awards of the National Book Critics Circle www.bookcritics.org.


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The GNU Debugger GDB is the most common debug tool for Linux. It features most used features one can think of, including server-client debug architecture (so you run the heavy debug part on your host/pc machine), but lack some bits as checkpoint-restart during execution.
- 1 Documentation
- 2 Basic Usage
- 2.1 Debug version
- 2.2 Cross or not crosss
- 2.3 Tips
- 2.4 Breakpoints
- 2.5 Examining
- 2.6 Stepping
- 2.7 Manipulating Program
- 2.8 Changing Signal Handlers
- 2.9 Shared Object Paths
GDB ships with extensive documentation at http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/, but there are some good quick reference cards as well.
Basic Usage
Documentation is so large that sometimes its hard to get started, so most simple tasks can be done with the following commands, but please read GDB docs as soon as possible!
Debug version
Debug packages
First note that in order to use GDB in an efficient way,you need the debug packages,that is to say the -dbg version of your package. Under the opkg package management if you installed a binary like that:
opkg install binary
you need to install the debug part of it:
opkg install binary-dbg
Without debug packages you will be limited to assembly debugging(no source level debugging)
Note that if you have restricted space on the target,you could use NFS root if you have an ethernet connection.
No packages
As I don't have packages which segfault at hand,I'll create a binary which segfault First start exporting the path of the toolchain if it's not done yet:
$ cd arm-2010q1/bin #codesourcey $ export PATH=$(pwd):$PATH
Then create a main.c file with the following content:
#include <stdlib.h> struct test{ struct test *crash; }; int main(){ struct test *test = NULL; test = test->crash; }
Then compile it:
$ arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc -ggdb3 -static -o binary main.c
- ggdb3 is for including as much debug informations as possible
- -static is only for our test,it's for avoiding runtime issues in case the libc is different or incompatible between codesourcey and our target(in case of ucilbc for instance)
Cross or not crosss
A common error while using gdb,is using the wrong gdb. In order to debug a program that runs on a target from your host you need a cross gdb,that is to say a GDB that runs on your computer but can debug the target architecture. Such version is normally included in your toolchain/SDK or buildable if you use a build system
If you want to debug use GDB on target you can too,it's easier but has a huge drawback(amongs other) : ram usage (you can easily use too much memory and have an OOM(out of memory) )
Cross GDB
Code sourcey Linux
Let's say that you downloaded arm-2010q1-202-arm-none-linux-gnueabi-i686-pc-linux-gnu.tar.bz2
You will need to unpack it,and to run the following command on your host computer (instead of just running gdb):
cd arm-2010q1/bin ./arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gdb
If your build system is also your debug workstation do:
bitbake gdb-cross gdbserver
And it will build a cross gdb for your host and gdbserver for your target The resulting binaries will be found in your TMPDIR here:
replace "/home/embedded/tmpdir" by your tmpdir and armv6 by your target architecture The binary name changes according to your distro settings,for me it was:
So in order to run it do: ./arm-angstrom-linux-gnueabi-gdb
If you have networking,it's advised to choose it because it will be faster than serial,but if you only have serial choose serial
Core dump
Sometimes you can get a coredump. A man page describing the core dump,and in which condition it can occur can be found here In order to make possible core dumps(that unlimit the size limit on coredumps)
target/device$ ulimit -c unlimited
Then run your binary:
target/device$ ./binary
Then reproduce the conditions under which the coredump happen.The core file will appear in your current working directory and will be named core
Then copy the coredump to your workstation,and run gdb on your workstation(core is assumed to be in the current directory)
./arm-angstrom-linux-gnueabi-gdb (gdb) set sysroot /mnt/target (gdb) file /mnt/moko/usr/bin/binary (gdb) target core core
Fist start gdbserver on the target:
target/device$ gdbserver :2345 ./binary arg1 arg2
Note that will expose a gdb session to all networking interfaces,for instance if you have wifi on,someone could connect to it. So if you don't want that,make it listen only on your the ip of the target interface you want to use for debugging:
target/device$ gdbserver 192.168.0.202:2345 ./binary arg1 arg2
Then start GDB on your workstation,but do not connect to the target yet(else you'll have some undefined symbols):
host/pc$ ./arm-angstrom-linux-gnueabi-gdb GNU gdb 6.8 Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "--host=i686-linux --target=arm-angstrom-linux-gnueabi".
Then you need access to the target filesystem,knowing that we have networking we could use the following options:
- sshfs:
In order to use sshfs you need sftp-server installed on the target,and sshfs installed on the host computer. To mount the filesystem do:
sudo sshfs email@example.com:/ /mnt/target/
- NFS(maybe you already had nfsroot on the target)
- any other system that export the filesystem,and that is mountable
Then you need to set a variable called sysroot in order to make the cross gdb find the libraries to load
(gdb) set sysroot /mnt/target
Then load the binary:
(gdb) file /mnt/target/usr/bin/binary Reading symbols from /mnt/target/usr/bin/binary...Reading symbols from /mnt/moko/usr/bin/.debug/binary...done.
And finally connect to the target:
(gdb) target remote 192.168.0.202:2345
First set the serial port speed on the target(before you issue the gdbserver command):
stty speed 115200 < /dev/ttyS1
Then start gdbserver on the target:
target/device$ gdbserver /dev/ttyS1 ./binary arg1 arg2
That will freeze the program until you connect with the cross gdb version and that you type "c" for continuing the execution of the program. Note that GDB will slow the program a lot. if you have a program that uses a lot of resources,it's advised to attach to it just before the crash instead like that:
target/device$ gdbserver /dev/ttyS1 --attach PID
Then do that on your workstation
host/pc$ ./arm-angstrom-linux-gnueabi-gdb (gdb) target remote /dev/ttyS1
If you are using the serial method you need to make sure you have setup the serial speed correctly, On the host:
(gdb) set remotebaud 115200
Non-cross GDB
To start a new application for debug, use:
$ gdb ./binary $ gdb ./binary core.dump $ gdb --args ./binary arg1 arg2 $ gdb --command=my-gdb-commands.txt --args ./binary arg1 arg2
and then run it with (args just required if no --args were used):
(gdb) run arg1 arg2
If application is already running, find out its pid (ps, top, pidof, ...) and:
$ gdb --pid $PID
if you need to execute a series of commands every time, consider writing them on a file and use
--command=file (or
-x file).
If you control-C (^C), it will break at that point, but you can also schedule a breakpoint with:
(gdb) break function (gdb) break line (gdb) break file:function (gdb) break file:line
conditional breaks are in the form:
(gdb) break where if condition
condition is some C expression that evaluates to 1 or 0, like
*ptr == NULL
One can disable or remove breakpoints with:
(gdb) enable breakpoint-number (gdb) disable breakpoint-number (gdb) delete breakpoint-number (gdb) clear # removes all breakpoints
To list source code nearby position or specific places:
(gdb) list (gdb) list line (gdb) list function (gdb) list file:line (gdb) list file:function (gdb) list *address
To list execution backtrace (or
bt for short):
(gdb) backtrace
To change frame to operate on:
(gdb) frame frame-number
To change thread to operate on:
(gdb) thread thread-number
To print some value or expression:
(gdb) print $register (gdb) print variable (gdb) print *address (gdb) print *(int *)address (gdb) print *(char **)address (gdb) print myfunc(p1, p2) # will actually execute it and return result! (gdb) print *a = 123 # will actually change *a value and return 123! (gdb) print file::variable (gdb) print function::variable
To disassembly:
(gdb) disassembly (gdb) disassembly file:line
Print function arguments:
(gdb) info args
Print locals:
(gdb) info locals
Print breakpoints:
(gdb) info breakpoints
Print threads:
(gdb) info threads
To go to next instruction, possible entering a function (or
s for short):
(gdb) step
To go to next instruction, but avoid entering new functions (or
n for short):
(gdb) next
To continue until the function returns:
(gdb) finish
To continue execution (or
c for short):
(gdb) continue
Manipulating Program
To set variable to some value:
(gdb) set var name=value
To force function to return:
(gdb) return value (gdb) return expression
Changing Signal Handlers
(gdb) handle signal action
debugging applications with old libC, those pre-nptl, can be really annoying due SIG32 and SIG33, one can ignore those with:
(gdb) handle SIG32 nostop (gdb) handle SIG32 noprint (gdb) handle SIG33 nostop (gdb) handle SIG33 noprint
Often your cross compile root is not
/, so you might have to add new paths to the search list.
Unset absolute prefix:
(gdb) set solib-absolute-prefix null
Add paths to search paths:
(gdb) set solib-search-path /path1:/path2
Alternatively you can choose to set the prefix to the root of your target file system. Specially if you are doing embedded development and already exporting your root file system from you host machine to your target machine it can be very rewarding so simply use that as root:
(gdb) set solib-absolute-prefix /rootfs


text:
This article was originally published in the July/August 1999 issue of Home Energy Magazine. Some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content.
| Back to Contents Page | Home Energy Index | About Home Energy |
Home Energy Magazine Online July/August 1999
in energy
Cutting-Edge Blades Slash Fan Energy Use
Researchers at the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) are aiming to meet that need. They have developed a ceiling fan with efficient blades that are modeled on the same technology that allowed a human-powered plane to fly across the English Channel. This fan can save up to 50% in energy use over conventional ceiling fans. Called the Gossamer Wind fan, it is set to hit the market in September.Teamwork for New Technology The Gossamer Wind fan got its start in the fall of 1996, when FSEC researchers set out to improve three areas of current ceiling fan design: the blades, the controls, and the motor. FSEC wanted to see if a fan with better blades and a smaller motor could perform as well as the best currently available ceiling fans--and also be more energy efficient. The researchers wanted to achieve the maximum air flow (in CFM) per input watt, while providing uniform air flow distribution throughout the room and quiet operation.
For improving the fan blades, FSEC approached AeroVironment Incorporated of Monrovia, California, inventors of the Gossamer Albatross airplane. Based on their expertise in propeller blade design, AeroVironment designed new blades with a true airfoil. The blades are tapered, with the outer portion being narrower than the inner one. The taper provides even loading (lift and thrust) across the width of the blade, so that the fan is less prone to wobble. The blades provide roughly twice as much air-moving efficiency as conventional flat blades. The design was optimized for fans that run at 200 rpm.
FSEC put together two prototypes of the fan, one with a 52-inch diameter, and another with a 64-inch diameter. Researchers tested these prototypes against three leading flat-bladed fans. FSEC originally wanted to use a smaller, more efficient motor, but because high-efficiency motors are not readily available for commercial production, they gave the Gossamer Wind fan a standard 50W fan motor with an efficiency of about 3% on low speed and 13% on high. (The low efficiency comes from the fact that shaded-pole motors are very inefficient.) The Gossamer fans also have a smaller motor than most flat-bladed fans, so they use less electricity and generate less heat.Passing the Test FSEC tested the Gossamer Wind prototypes against three flat-bladed fans: the Emerson CF705, the Emerson CF 4852, and the Hunter Summer Breeze. The fans were tested in terms of air flow (m/sec), power (W), and speed (rpm). The performance of the 52-inch Gossamer Wind prototype is clearly superior to that of the flat-bladed fans (see Figure 1).
Because the Emerson CF705 and the 52-inch Gossamer Wind prototype have the same size motor, the fact that the Gossamer outperformed the Emerson was due solely to the efficiency of its propeller blades. The air-moving efficiency of this motor was increased by 86% at low speed--nearly doubling its overall performance.
The low-speed performance of the Hunter fan approaches that of the Gossamer Wind prototype (see Table 1) because the Hunter's highly pitched blades produce air flow that is highest toward the edge of the blade tips, which encompasses a larger area.
At high speed, the Gossamer Wind prototype showed an increase in air-moving efficiency of 110% relative to the Emerson CF705. It also had the greatest total air flow--even more than the Emerson CF4852, with a motor drawing 88% more power (see Table 2).
Buoyed by the success of these tests, AeroVironment and FSEC soon began looking for a manufacturer. Catalina Lighting Industries of Miami, Florida, agreed to manufacture the fans and began negotiations with Home Depot to carry them in its stores nationwide. They will be the most energy-efficient fans on the market. The basic model will sell for roughly $60 to $70, about the same as other, similar ceiling fans. More advanced models with special features will sell for as much as $200.Special Features Advanced models of the Gossamer Wind fan will have several different special features. One is an energy-efficient light kit that can provide up to 12,000 hours of superior lighting without a lamp change. FSEC adapted a 20W Circline fluorescent lamp (Lights of America: 2620C-MPF) to fit within the standard lens of the light kit housing. Six J-type, 100W R7S incandescent lamps would have to be replaced over the same time period. This light kit can reduce associated energy use by 80%, saving approximately $10 per year and reducing the frequency with which bulbs must be changed by 83%.
Another special feature is the 360° infrared motion sensor control, which automatically activates the fan when anyone enters a room and turns it off when occupants are gone. The control is sensitive to time as well as motion, and also has an override switch.
One feature that consumers sometimes look for in fans is a reverse switch that allows air to be pulled up; this feature is not available in the Gossamer Wind fan. Patents for both the ceiling fan blade and the automatic control system are pending.
--Colleen TurrellFSEC researchers Danny Parker and Michael Callahan contributed to this article.
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Home Energy can be reached at: email@example.com
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For the latest updates to Global Public Square, including show information and Fareed's Take, visit the new GPS site on CNN.com.
I drink pee pee from India Tastes like lemonade LMFAO!
111,383 killed
11,047 wounded
11,696 missing
123,968 captured
131,544 ran away to Bhutan and still are hiding scared from Chinese.
Hi Blue. I eat kitty poo poo and cow pee pee from India Tastes like chicken LMFAO! ! !
Hi Chappie.
I eat Hindu boogers from India.
Hi Bud Mueller.
I drink toilet water from Milwaukee
And Modi pee pee from India Tastes like chicken LMFAO
Hi Beef Shanks.
I eat camel poo poo and Hindu boogers from Bombay Truly marvelous!
I eat kitty poo poo from Milwaukee. I eat Hindu boogers from Bombay Truly marvelous!
Tastes like chicken LMFAO!
Murphy. Looks like you just NAILED IT!
I eat camel poop from Bombay Tastes like chicken LMFAO!
Me too. Copy that.
Hey banasy how do? I be back. Take a read, girl.
Modi from India goes to the doctor and says, "I feel terrible."
Doctor says, "go home, gang raipe your womenfolk, put on a suicide belt and walk around the neighborhood threatening people, sell some illegal drugs to high school students in the local convenience store, then burn some young brides by sprinkling kerosene on them and lighting them up. Do all of the above for three days."
Week later Modi goes back and says, "Doc, I feel wonderful, what was the problem?"
Doctor, "you were homesick!"
I eat kitty poo poo and cow pee pee from India.
I go to Bombay and enjoy the benefits of cow pee pee.
Me too chrissy. I eat Hindu boogers from India Very good Tastes like chicken LMFAO.
Moist salty gooey boogers.
Mmmmmm Great!
Ok ladies. I'm happy for you.
Just please save me a pound of Hindu boogers from India Tastes like chicken LMFAO!
Moist gooey salty boogers. Mmmmm good
I have decided to learn another language. It will help me earn more money.
Many adults in my native country could begin to earn money if they learned to read and write a first language. A doctorate is not always enough, and what would they do without SSI?
Religion is becoming less popular in the USA as we spread the wealth around. However, so are steaks, escargots, bread, and cakes.
The Hindu deities, it appears, are not pleasing to @ Blue Saffron.
I truly believe that Buddhism has done the least damage of all religions.
The failure of the USA's educational system cannot be blamed on the pupils' refusal to study.
Yes it can. If a brat refuses to study and WANTS to fail. Then fukk em.
Let him fail. Join a gang and die by age 21..or go to prison.
Bunch of spoiled brats. .15% ???
Blue Saffron is worthless.
To attempt to reason with that thing is like trying to reason with an animal
That DA.M S.T.U.P.I.D troll.
Blue Saffron is a POS
Dashing through the Ganges
In a one cow open sleigh
O'er the sewage filled waters we go
Raiping all the way
What fun it is to laugh and sing
A gang raiping song tonight
Oh, jingle bells, jhinga bells
Jhinga all the way
Oh, what fun it is to ride
In a one buffalo open sleigh
As the Hindoos gang raipe on the sleigh
Modi used to live on a mango tree in India with monkeys. There he met Rahul Gandhi who was eating fleas off ITS skin. Modi forced Gandhi to give him a B J. in exchange for a banana. Modi reneged. Gandhi shoved the strapped d ik up Modi's a zz. Bal Thackeray got born as a result. Hindus raipe each other to celebrate.
Eighty per cent of the "global total" who do not have access to toilets live in India, and hence are forced to defecate in the open. In actual numbers, eighty per cent translates to 1.1 billion. This makes India the number one country in the world where open defecation is practised.
Just like US is letting the Puerto Ricans decide their fate, a plebiscite needs to be held in Kashmir under UN supervision to allow these people to decide their future. That is what democracy is all about.
Therefore, the only Technology Transfer that India needs is how to hold plebiscite in Indian Occupied Kashmir. It took Putin of Russia a week to hold plebiscite in Crimea. India has not been able to accomplish this in 70 years. YES, 70 YEARS !! RUB YOUR EYES !!!
So India should import this technology from Russia pronto.
Stalin and Mussolinis were world leaders too. Modi is the Joseph Mengele of modern times.
He is a pariah. A murderer. A genocidalist. Like Gandhi he enjoys underage boys. In fact his boyfriend is from Myanmar.
He is a woman basher. He married an underage girl and abandoned her on nuptial night.
Indian Army::::
:::Killed 10 million bangladeshis
:::Rayped 7 million bengali women
:::M assacred 200,000 muslims in Meerut
:::Murdered 1 million Kashmiris and rayped 500,000 and 50,000 are missing
:::In Assam 350,000 have been killed
:::During 1947 hindus murdered 3 million muslims
::::Murdered millions of Sri Lankans
:::: Millions of Sikhs have been killed
An illiterate teenager is seated at his desk in a New York City public school.
Suddenly, the classroom door opens, and Jesus and Muhammad walk into the room. They stand beside the illiterate teenager, who fails to recognize them, but asks whether they can sell him some pot or not.
"Or whatever,' the teenager adds.
Who is mote likely to tell the teenager that the responsibility for his learning to read and write rests solely on the teenager himself: Jesus, or Mohammed?
111,383 killed
11,047 wounded
11,696 missing
123,968 captured
131,544 ran away to Bhutan and still are hiding scared from Chinese.
To compare India and China one just has to look at the 2012 Olympic Medal Chart !!!
China = 38 Gold Medals
India = 0 !!!!!
Same # of population ... Just different results. India has absolutely no chance of competing with China in any respect. USA has realized this, convinced India of it and is using India as its b itch in that region instead to further its goals.
Oh, wow.
Just ponder...the USA would not be what it is today, had not England held a plebiscite for the colonies...so that they could decide their own fate...yes.
Nevertheless, there are those in America who want to take away my gun(s). I wonder why.


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Government airstrikes on rebel-held suburbs show limits of opposition push to take Damascus
BEIRUT – Twin airstrikes by government jets on a large, rebel-held suburb of Damascus on Thursday sheered the sides off apartment towers and left residents digging through rubble for the dead and wounded.
The bombing of Douma came amid a wave of attacks on rebellious districts of the Syrian capital, part of the government's efforts to keep rebel fighters out of President Bashar Assad's seat of power. Late Thursday, a car bomb exploded at a gas station inside the city itself, killing at least nine people, activists said.
Douma, the largest patch of rebel-held ground near Damascus, illustrates why the opposition's advance on the capital has bogged down. Despite capturing territory and setting up committees to provide basic services, the rebels lack the firepower to challenge Assad's forces and remain helpless before his air force.
That stalemate suggests the war will not end soon. The U.N. said Wednesday that more than 60,000 people have been killed since March 2011 — a figure much higher than previous opposition estimates.
Rebels took control of Douma, a suburb of some 200,000 located nine miles (15 kilometers) northwest of Damascus, in mid-October 2011, after launching attacks on military posts throughout the city, activists said.
Less than a week later, the rebels had taken over a half-dozen checkpoints and government buildings, said activist Mohammed Saeed. The army withdrew from others.
"Since then, the city has been totally liberated," he said. "There are no government troops left, but we still suffer from regime airstrikes almost every day."
Today, those entering Douma must pass through rebel checkpoints at the city's main entryways. Rebels with camouflage vests and Kalashnikov rifles zip about on motorcycles, communicating by walkie-talkie. Some belong to the security brigade, an improvised police force to catch looters that works with a judicial council of Muslim clerics and lawyers who run a prison.
In November, residents formed a civilian council to provide services for the estimated one-third of Douma's residents who have not fled the violence.
The council oversees committees for medical issues, bakeries, media relations and other tasks, said its head, Nizar Simadi. A former cleaner at city hall runs a cleanup crew that helps remove rubble from the streets after shell attacks and airstrikes.
The city's electricity went out in November — activists accuse the government of cutting it in revenge — but former electric company employees have strung in power from nearby areas still on the government network, returning power to some of the city.
Douma has more than a dozen rebel brigades, and the city's fighters have joined battles in many other areas around the capital. Most of their support comes from wealthy Syrians abroad who send money to buy arms, said the head of one rebel brigade, the Douma Martyrs, who goes by the name Abu Waleed.
In November, Douma's fighters raided two army bases in the nearby suburb of Otaya, he said, making away with arms that helped them push closer to Damascus. But they can do little about the government's airstrikes.
Rebel forces are currently fighting the government in areas on three sides of the capital. They are closest in the south, where they have pushed into the poor Damascus neighborhood of Hajar al-Aswad. Recent weeks have also seen fierce clashes in the southwestern suburb of Daraya, which the government says it is close to reclaiming.
During Thursday's airstrikes on Douma, a government fighter jet launched two bombing runs on a densely populated residential area near a prominent mosque, said Saeed, the activist.
Videos posted online showed residents rushing though a smoke-filled street and loading wounded people into cars and pickup trucks. One man was buried up to his thigh in debris and helped rescuers dig himself out. Another man emerged from a pile of rubble with blood on his face and covered head-to-toe in gray cement dust.
One group provided videos of 12 people they said were killed in the attack. The videos appeared genuine and corresponded to other AP reporting on the strike.
The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said at least 10 rebel fighters and 32 civilians were killed Thursday in clashes, shelling and airstrikes in the Damascus Countryside province that surrounds the capital, more than anywhere else in Syria.
Late Thursday, a car bomb exploded at a gas station inside the city itself, killing at least nine people, activists said. Syria's state news agency blamed the attack on "terrorists," its shorthand for the rebels, but did not give numbers for the dead and wounded. There was no immediate claim of responsibility.
Despite rebel advances near Damascus, it remains unclear whether they'll be able to turn the tables on Assad's forces. Rebels launched a hasty offensive on Damascus last summer but were swiftly routed by government forces.
Before attempting to take Damascus again, Saeed said the rebels must gather enough ammunition to sustain the battle, take over nearby army bases to prevent attacks from behind and increase coordination between rebel brigades.
He guessed that could take six months.
The Syrian government has not commented on the fall of Douma to rebels, whom it characterizes as terrorists backed by foreign powers seeking to destroy the country.
The chief of staff of Syria's armed forces called on the army to continue its "holy and national task to crush the armed terrorist groups and their hideout," the state news agency reported.
Gen. Abdullah Ayoub said the "conspiracy" against Syria would fail "thanks to the bravery of the Syrian army and the coherence of the Syrian people."
Activists reported clashes in a number of other parts of Syria on Thursday, including inside the Taftanaz helicopter base in the north.
In Jordan, the U.N. refugee agency said that around 1,200 people have fled across Syria's southern border each day for the past three days, an increase reflecting fresh violence in the south. UNHCR reporting officer Danita Topcagic said many shops in the area were shut, making it hard for people to find food, and that electricity and water supplies were short.
About a half-million Syrians have sought refuge from the war in neighboring countries, and many more are displaced inside Syria.
Meanwhile, the parents of an American journalist who has been missing in Syria since he was kidnapped Nov. 22 appealed to his captors for compassion and any information about their son's health and welfare. Thirty-nine-year-old James Foley was in the country contributing videos to Agence France-Press, which has vowed to help secure his release.
Twenty-eight journalists were killed in Syria in 2012, prompting the Committee to Protect Journalists to name Syria the most dangerous country in the world to work in last year.
Associated Press writer Albert Aji in Damascus, Syria, and a journalist in Douma, Syria, contributed to this report.