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Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry
|Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry
|School information
9th or 10th century
Ogwarts (by Unidentified Beauxbatons girl (I)
Draco Dormiens Nunquam Titillandus (Never Tickle a Sleeping Dragon)
|Permanent Residents
|The finest school of witchcraft and wizardry in the world.
–Rubeus Hagrid praising Hogwarts., Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is a British wizarding boarding school teaching the magical arts, located in Scotland[1] inside Hogwarts Castle. The castle is in the mountains near a loch. The precise location of the school can never be uncovered because it has been rendered Unplottable. Similarly, most wizarding schools locations are protected in order to prevent their ways of teaching being revealed, as well as protect the students and schools themselves from any harm.
Established around the 9th or 10th century, Hogwarts is considered to be one of the finest magical institutions in the wizarding world, though other notable schools include Beauxbatons Academy of Magic and the Durmstrang Institute. Children with magical abilities may be enrolled at birth, and acceptance is confirmed by owl post at age eleven.
The school's motto is Draco Dormiens Nunquam Titillandus and is in Latin, which translates to "Never tickle a sleeping dragon".
Hogwarts School is located in Hogwarts Castle, a large castle somewhere in Scotland. The castle has extensive grounds with sloping lawns, flowerbeds and vegetable patches, a loch (called the Black Lake), a large dense forest (called the Forbidden Forest), several greenhouses and other outbuildings, and a full-size Quidditch Pitch. There is also an owlery, which houses all the owls owned by the school and those owned by students.
The three highest towers are the Astronomy Tower, the Ravenclaw Tower, and the Gryffindor Tower. There are 142 staircases, which are known to move, in the massive castle, which is set upon huge rocks above a magnificent lake. The castle is known for its many updates and changes in layout throughout the years, such as regenerating itself after the Battle of Hogwarts.
It should be noted that some rooms in the school tend to "move around," and so do the steps on the grand staircase. Albus Dumbledore once stated that he did not know all of Hogwarts' secrets, as the castle has a long history and has witnessed centuries of ancient magic.
The school has numerous charms and spells on and around it that make it impossible for a Muggle to locate it. Such people cannot see the school; rather, they see only ruins and several warnings of danger. Witches and wizards cannot Apparate or Disapparate in Hogwarts grounds, except when the Headmaster lifts the enchantment, whether only in certain areas or for the entire campus, so as to make the school less vulnerable when it serves the headmaster to allow Apparition. Electricity and electronic devices are not found at Hogwarts. Hermione Granger indicates that due to the high levels of magic, substitutes for magic used by Muggles, such as computers, radar and electricity "go haywire" around Hogwarts. Radios, however, make an exception. Rowling explains this by saying that the radios are not powered by electricity, but by magic.
Early history[edit]
Hogwarts was founded around 990 A.D. by two wizards and two witches: Godric Gryffindor, Helga Hufflepuff, Rowena Ravenclaw, and Salazar Slytherin. They each represented an aspect of personality that they wanted to bring out in new students. However, shortly after founding the school, Slytherin had a falling out with the other founders about blood purity. Slytherin wanted to admit only pure-blood students, but the other three founders disagreed. Slytherin left the school, but not before secretly building the Chamber of Secrets. When his own true heir, the Heir of Slytherin, (the heir of Slytherin is Tom Riddle/Voldemort) returned to the school, he or she would be able to open the Chamber and unleash a murderous basilisk to purge the school of all Muggle-born students.
Middle history[edit]
About three hundred years after the school was founded, the Triwizard Tournament began between the three most prestigious magical schools in Europe: Hogwarts, The Beauxbatons, and Durmstrang. This tournament was considered the best way for wizards and witches of different nationalities to meet and socialise. The tournament continued for six centuries, until the death toll became too high, and the tournament was discontinued.
Recent history[edit]
1942-1943 school year[edit]
The existence of the school was threatened twice when the Chamber of Secrets was opened. The first time it was opened was in 1942, when Tom Marvolo Riddle, the Heir of Slytherin and the man who would become Lord Voldemort, opened the Chamber in his fifth year. When a girl named Myrtle was killed, the Ministry of Magic threatened to close the school. As Riddle spent his time away from Hogwarts in a Muggle orphanage, he did not want the school closed (and having his request to remain in school over the holidays denied due to the situation he created), so he framed Rubeus Hagrid and dodged his crimes for decades. However, in 1992 the Chamber was reopened and the truth came out that Rubeus Hagrid was innocent and Riddle was guilty.
1991-1992 school year[edit]
In 1991, Harry Potter started at Hogwarts. Already being famous for being the boy who vanquished Lord Voldemort at the age of one, he soon began to unravel the secret of the Philosopher's Stone being kept at the school. Harry discovered that the Professor of Defence Against the Dark Arts, Quirinus Quirrell, was a host body for the barely alive Lord Voldemort, who wanted the Stone to restore him to his body and grant him everlasting life. Harry, Ron and Hermione suffered a series of difficult challenges down in the Underground Chambers in an attempt to stop the Philosopher's Stone being stolen by Severus Snape, who they believed was trying to steal it, when in reality it was Quirrell. Harry discovered Quirrell in the chambers, whom he was able to defeat and so thwart Voldemort from getting the Stone and returning to life.
1992-1993 school year[edit]
In 1992, the Chamber of Secrets was re-opened by Ginny Weasley, under the influence of a diary written by Riddle. The diary allowed Riddle's memory to possess Ginny, allowing him to act through her to open the Chamber a second time. Lucius Malfoy, through the desire to further the power of the Dark Lord, had slipped the diary into her bundle of schoolbooks, without knowing it was a Horcrux. His ulterior motive was to ruin the reputations of several great wizards, including Albus Dumbledore and Arthur Weasley, the latter of whom was highly influential concerning the Muggle Protection Act. However, Harry Potter discovered the truth and destroyed the diary and the basilisk, thus bringing an end to these dark plots.
1993-1994 school year[edit]
In 1993 Sirius Black escaped from Azkaban. Black had been in Azkaban for thirteen years, convicted of murdering twelve Muggles and Peter Pettigrew with a single curse. He was also convicted for turning James and Lily Potter in to Voldemort. It became apparent that Black was after Harry because he believed that killing Harry would bring Voldemort back to power. Black broke into the school twice, one time almost ripping the Fat Lady to shreds, and another time getting close to Ron Weasley's "rat," Scabbers. Harry, Ron, and Hermione met Black in The Shrieking Shack along with Remus Lupin, who had been a friend of Black during the time he attended Hogwarts as a student. Black revealed the truth to them. He was innocent, and it was Peter Pettigrew who had done the things Black had been convicted of. To blame Black he had chopped off one of his fingers as proof, turned into an Animagus, which in his case was a rat (Scabbers), and scurried off. Black had come back to kill Pettigrew, and now that Lupin had heard his story he believed him and was going to help. However, Pettigrew escaped and returned to Voldemort to help bring him back to power. Harry and Hermione helped Black escape on Buckbeak the Hippogriff while Ron was in the hospital wing, and saved both Black's and Buckbeak's lives.
1994-1995 school year[edit]
In 1994, the Triwizard Tournament recommenced with more powerful safety measures in place. However, more dark plots were being hatched. Barty Crouch Jr., disguised as Professor Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody, managed to enter Harry in the Tournament by putting his name in the Goblet of Fire under the name of a fourth school, which ensured he would be chosen by the Goblet. Harry's involvement in this plan caused him great misery at Hogwarts, as the representatives for Beauxbatons and Durmstrang, as well as many Hogwarts students, believed he was a cheater. It was because of Crouch Jr. and his influence over certain house-elves that Harry ended up at the end of the tournament with Cedric Diggory (who, under Voldemort's order, was killed by Peter Pettigrew) in a graveyard surrounded by Death Eaters. Voldemort was brought back to his physical form using Harry's blood and a dark potion.
Voldemort attempted to torture and humiliate Harry, but Harry escaped and succeeded in alerting all of Voldemort's enemies, Dumbledore in particular, that he had returned. Dumbledore restarted the Order of the Phoenix one hour after he was alerted. However, to the horror of all at Hogwarts, Cedric Diggory was murdered at the hands of Voldemort.
1995-1996 school year[edit]
Hogwarts was further threatened when the Ministry of Magic began implementing "Educational Decrees" in 1995, as part of a conspiracy to discredit and ruin Albus Dumbledore. Dolores Umbridge, the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, was the centre of this plan. With these Educational Decrees, she slowly took control of Hogwarts, and eventually replaced Albus Dumbledore as Headmistress. But it was through the cunning of Hermione Granger and the members of Dumbledore's Army that Umbridge was overthrown. The Ministry had no choice but to accept that Voldemort had returned and Umbridge was removed from Hogwarts.
1996-1997 school year[edit]
Through the 1996-1997 school year, new Minister Rufus Scrimgeour ordered Aurors to guard Hogwarts for protection from Dark forces. In 1997, Hogwarts was attacked by a mob of Death Eaters. Student Draco Malfoy was forced into the service of Lord Voldemort for the fear of his and his family's lives. As a result, Headmaster Albus Dumbledore's safety was compromised, and he was killed by Severus Snape. Following this horrible tragedy, Professor Minerva McGonagall was appointed acting Headmistress, although the security of the school hung by a thread. There was no certainty that Hogwarts would remain open. The faculty agreed to follow "established procedures" and let the school governors ultimately decide.
1997-1998 school year[edit]
Regardless of the school governors' decision, with the takeover of the Ministry by Voldemort, attendance at Hogwarts was mandatory for all eligible children. New, militaristic requirements were established, such as proof of blood status. This was so Voldemort can keep an eye on the entire wizarding world from a young age, and to weed out muggle-borns, which included eleven-year old children who have no knowledge before the forced invitation, with the possibility of never entering Hogwarts nor returning to their homes ever again.
Muggle Studies, involving mainly of how Muggles are vile things, became a required subject, while Defence Against the Dark Arts had simply become Dark Arts, teaching students illegal curses outright. Severus Snape was appointed Headmaster, and Alecto and Amycus Carrow, teachers of Muggle Studies and Dark Arts, respectively, have also been assigned as Snape's deputies. It was a time of great terror in which no one could be certain who was friend or foe.
1998 and beyond[edit]
|They stood up at once, and together he, Ron, and Hermione left the Great Hall. Great chunks were missing from the marble staircase, part of the balustrade gone, and rubble and bloodstains occurred every few steps as they climbed.
–The damage inflicted on the castle from the Battle of Hogwarts., Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
In May 1998, the Battle of Hogwarts took place. This battle ended with the death of many on both sides. Thanks to Harry Potter, Lord Voldemort was finally destroyed once and for all, and peace was restored, and Minerva McGonagall returned to her position as Headmistress and Harry was celebrated as a true hero.
Hogwarts sustained extensive damage during the battle. Multiple areas of the main building and adjacent areas were set on fire or blown up, and the Quidditch pitch was largely destroyed by fire.
Based on what is known since the time of the Battle, Hogwarts was repaired and open by 2017; Headmistress McGonagall had retired, the House System remained in place, many descendants of previous students were now coming to Hogwarts as new pupils, and Neville Longbottom became the Professor for Herbology after retiring as an Auror.
School year[edit]
Term begins on 1 September. Students usually reach Hogwarts via the Hogwarts Express, which leaves from Platform 9¾ of London's King's Cross Station at 11 a.m. sharp.
There seemed to be other ways of entering the school, such as via brooms or Floo powder, or simply Apparating to a nearby location such as Hogsmeade. Missing the Hogwarts Express for any reason is a very serious problem but will not cost the student points as long as they get there before the term has officially started.
The Hogwarts Express brings the students to Hogsmeade Station, where the first years traditionally cross the Black Lake in boats with the gamekeeper, and go under an opening in the rocks upon which Hogwarts is built, through a curtain of ivy, and finally into an underground harbour.
Older students travel on the road in carriages pulled by thestrals (invisible to any that hasn't witnessed death) to the castle. The Welcoming Feast takes place in the Great Hall. This feast includes the Sorting ceremony, followed by a few words from the current Headmaster or Headmistress, the banquet starts after this, including large quantities of food and drink. The feast is closed with a few more words from the Headmaster, but it also included the usual "start-of-term notices".
After dinner, students are led to their house common room by a prefect. This is a special time for new students to get comfortable with their surroundings, because the next day classes begin, 2 September. The class schedules are handed out during breakfast by the Heads of House. After two weeks of classes, the Quidditch team trials and flying lessons for the first years usually occur.
Hogwarts' school year is structured in a similar way to other non-magical schools and colleges in the UK, with a three-term year punctuated by holidays at Christmas and Easter and bounded by the long summer holiday of nine weeks. Students have the option of staying at Hogwarts for the winter and spring holidays. Those who choose to stay at the castle do not have lessons and attend a feast on Christmas Day. Students also do not have classes the week of Easter, but this is much less enjoyable due to the large amount of work that the teachers assign students at this time in preparation for final exams.
Other than the breaks and weekends, students do not receive holidays. However, students third year and above may visit Hogsmeade, the local village, occasionally. There are normally four feasts per year: the start-of-term feast at the beginning of the school year, end-of-term feast at the end of the school year, and feasts at Hallowe'en and Christmas. Feasts are also called to mark special occasions, as in Goblet of Fire, when there was a feast to celebrate the beginning of the Triwizard Tournament.
Classes will proceed normally and the next notable event occurs on the evening of 31 October: the Hallowe'en feast. Decorations include giant pumpkins and flocks of hundreds of bats flying across the halls. The served foods include pumpkin treats, tarts, cakes and all sorts of magical sweets. The Quidditch season starts usually with the first Quidditch match in the first weeks of November. In the second week of December, the Deputy Head takes names of those who are staying at Hogwarts over the Christmas holidays. The first term usually ends about a week before Christmas and most of the students and some of the teachers go home by the school train.
In Triwizard Tournament years, the Yule Ball occurs on the evening of Christmas Day, ending at midnight. On 25 December, a Christmas feast is held in the Great Hall. Shortly after 6 January (Epiphany aka Twelfth Night), the Hogwarts Express returns to Hogsmeade; the second term begins. The exact dates of the beginning of the Easter holidays vary every year. During these holidays, the students may go home. The final exams are held the first week of June and the results come out on the second week. In the evening before the Hogwarts Express goes back to London, the End-of-Term Feast is held. The Hogwarts Express returns to London during the third week of June. Some staff and all students leave Hogwarts for summer holiday.
|We must unite inside her, or we'll crumble from within.
–The Sorting Hat, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
Hogwarts students are divided into four houses: Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin.
|Coat of Arms
|Gryffindor is well known for bravery, daring, nerve, and chivalry. The house colours are deep red and gold, and the house is symbolized by a lion. The entrance to the common room is on the seventh floor hidden behind a portrait of the Fat Lady. In order to get into the common room, Gryffindor students must say the correct password.
|Hufflepuff is well known for loyalty, hard working, dedication, honesty, and tolerance. The house is symbolized by a badger, and the house colours are yellow and black. Its common room is near the kitchens. To get into the common room, rather than giving a password you must tap a fake barrel in the rhythm "Helga Hufflepuff." It is the only common room to have a way to keep students from other houses out (by dumping vinegar on them).
|Ravenclaw values wit, creativity, and wisdom. The house is symbolized by an eagle and the house colours are blue and bronze. The Ravenclaw common room is located in a high tower, and the interior is decorated with blue and bronze. To enter, rather than give a password, one must answer a riddle from an eagle door knocker, such as "Where do vanished objects go?" or "Which came first, the Phoenix or the flame?"
|Slytherin values ambition, cleverness, cunning, resourcefulness, and pure blood heritage. The house is symbolized by a serpent, and the house colours are green and silver. Its common room is located in the dungeons, underneath the Black Lake, and hidden behind a stone wall. The password for the 1992–1993 school year was "pure-blood". Many people believe students sorted into this house often get involved in the Dark Arts.
|Founded By
|Godric Gryffindor
|Helga Hufflepuff
|Rowena Ravenclaw
|Salazar Slytherin
|House Ghost
|Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, also known as Nearly Headless Nick.
|Fat Friar
|Helena Ravenclaw, also known as the Grey Lady.
|The Bloody Baron
|Notable Members
|Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, Albus Dumbledore, Minerva McGonagall, Rubeus Hagrid, James and Lily Potter, Sirius Black, Remus Lupin, Peter Pettigrew, Ginny Weasley, Lavender Brown, Parvati Patil, Neville Longbottom, Seamus Finnigan, Dean Thomas, Lee Jordan, Fred Weasley, George Weasley, Bill Weasley, Charlie Weasley, Percy Weasley, Katie Bell, Arthur Weasley, Molly Weasley, Andrew Kirke, Jack Sloper, Ritchie Coote, Jimmy Peakes, Angelina Johnson, Alicia Spinnet, Demelza Robins, Oliver Wood, Cormac McLaggen, Colin Creevey, Dennis Creevey, Romilda Vane, Nigel Wolpert, Mary Macdonald.
|Nymphadora Tonks, Pomona Sprout, Cedric Diggory, Justin Finch-Fletchley, Zacharias Smith, Hannah Abbott, Ernie Macmillan, Susan Bones, Leanne.
|Luna Lovegood, Moaning Myrtle, Penelope Clearwater, Cho Chang, Roger Davies, Michael Corner, Padma Patil, Anthony Goldstein, Terry Boot, Gilderoy Lockhart, Filius Flitwick, Quirinus Quirrell, Marietta Edgecombe, Marcus Belby.
|Tom Riddle, Draco Malfoy, Merlin, Lucius Malfoy, Bellatrix Lestrange, Vincent Crabbe, Gregory Goyle, Theodore Nott, Narcissa Malfoy, Regulus Black, Horace Slughorn, Severus Snape, Pansy Parkinson, Blaise Zabini, Millicent Bulstrode, Graham Montague, The Bloody Baron, Marcus Flint and Druella Black.
School spirit[edit]
|You will return them to their owners with your apologies... I shall know whether it has been done. And be warned: thievery is not tolerated at Hogwarts.
–Albus Dumbledore to Tom Riddle before entering Hogwarts., Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Hogwarts' motto is: "Draco dormiens nunquam titillandus". The translation is: Never tickle a sleeping dragon. Quidditch is possibly the most popular sport at the school, with most of the student body turning out to watch each match. Hogwarts also has a Frog Choir which sings at special occasions.
School song[edit]
There is an official school song, though this is only sung when the headmaster is in a particularly good mood and deems it appropriate (which is therefore why it was only known to have been commissioned once from 1991-1998). It doesn't seem to conform to the strict opinions of older headmasters and headmistreses, such as Armando Dippet. As such it may be an invention of the relaxed Albus Dumbledore and cirtanly sounds like its of his invention.[2] There is no standard rhythm to the song. Everyone can sing it how they like, as such the Weasley twins prefer a slow and deep style. The lyrics are shown below:
- "Hogwarts, Hogwarts, Hoggy Warty Hogwarts,
- Teach us something please,
- Whether we be old and bald,
- Or young with scabby knees,
- Our heads could do with filling,
- With some interesting stuff,
- For now they're bare and full of air,
- Dead flies and bits of fluff,
- So teach us things worth knowing,
- Bring back what we've forgot,
- Just do your best, we'll do the rest,
- And learn until our brains all rot."
The highest position of staff at Hogwarts is the Headmaster or Headmistress. There is also a Deputy Headmaster or Headmistress, who will take over responsibilities of the Headmaster should the circumstances demand it.
Heads of Hogwarts[edit]
- Unidentified Headmaster (early 11th century; Permanent)
- Professor Phyllida Spore (before 1408; Permanent)
- Professor Eoessa Sakndenberg (before 1503; Permanent)
- Professor Fytherley Undercliffe (before 1531; Permanent)
- Professor Vindictus Veridian (before 1703; Permanent) [3]
- Professor Amrose Swott (before 1724; Permanent) [4]
- Professor Dilys Derwent (1741—1768; Permanent)
- Unidentified Headmaster (c. 1792; Permanent)
- Professor Eupraxia Mole (1870s; Permanent)
- Professor Phineas Nigellus Black (before 1926; Permanent)
- Professor Armando Dippet (early 20th century—c. 1956; Permanent)
- Professor Albus Dumbledore (c. 1956—June, 1997; Permanent)
- Professor Minerva McGonagall (8 May, 1993—30 May, 1993; Interim)
- Professor Dolores Umbridge (April, 1996—17 June, 1996; Permanent)
- Professor Minerva McGonagall (June, 1997—1 September, 1997; Interim)
- Professor Severus Snape (1 September, 1997—2 May, 1998; Permanent)
- Professor Minerva McGonagall (2 May, 1998—Early 21st century; Permanent)
- Unidentified Headmaster (Early 21st century; Permanent)
Heads from an unknown time period[edit]
- Unidentified Headmaster (Permanent)
- Unidentified Headmistress (Permanent)
- Unidentified Headmaster (Permanent)
- Professor Dexter Fortescue (Permanent)
- Professor Everard (Permanent)
- Professor Vulpus (Permanent) [4]
- Professor Heliotrope Wilkins (Permanent) [4]
- Professor Quintin Trimble (Permanent)
- Professor Walter Aragon (Permanent)
- Professors: Wizard Chess Champions (Permanent)
Deputy Heads[edit]
- Professor Minerva McGonagall (during Professor Albus Dumbledore's tenure as Headmaster)
- Professor Alecto Carrow (during Professor Severus Snape's tenure as Headmaster)
- Professor Amycus Carrow (during Professor Severus Snape's tenure as Headmaster)
Heads of Houses[edit]
- Professor Salazar Slytherin
- Professor Horace Slughorn
- Professor Severus Snape
- Professor Horace Slughorn (2nd time)
Subjects and teachers[edit]
|We teachers are rather good at magic, you know.
–Minerva McGonagall, former Professor of transfiguration, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Hogwarts has in its faculty an abundance of wise and talented professors. Each specialises in a specific subject. Other staff positions include that of school nurse, caretaker, librarian, and Keeper of the Keys and Grounds of Hogwarts. There are a variety of classes taught at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. These include both the core curriculum and the electives, available from third year forward. Some classes may be dropped in sixth year.
Numerous lessons are described, instructing the students in various branches of magic. Transfiguration, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Charms, Potions, Astronomy, History of Magic, and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years. At the end of their second year, students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year. The five choices are Arithmancy, Ancient Runes, Divination, Care of Magical Creatures, and Muggle Studies.
Transfiguration is the art of changing the form or appearance of an object, and hence this is what this class teaches. Transfiguration is a theory-based subject, including topics such as "Switching Spells" (altering only a part of some object, such as giving a human rabbit's ears); Vanishing Spells (causing an object to completely disappear); and Conjuring Spells (creating objects out of thin air). It is possible to change inanimate objects into animate ones and vice versa — Minerva McGonagall, the class's teacher, transfigures her desk into a pig. The teachers of the class have been Professor Albus Dumbledore (?-1957) and Professor Minerva McGonagall (1957-1998).
Defence Against the Dark Arts[edit]
Defence Against the Dark Arts, commonly shortened to D.A.D.A., is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts, and to be protected from Dark creatures.
The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members — throughout Harry Potter's time at Hogwarts, no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has remained at Hogwarts for more than one school year. These included Quirinus Quirrell, Gilderoy Lockhart, Remus Lupin, Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody, Dolores Umbridge, Severus Snape, and Amycus Carrow. Hagrid suggested that "They're startin' ter think the job's jinxed. No one's lasted long for a while now." Dumbledore suggested that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected. The position had also been coveted by Snape, but he was denied the position as well. Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in 1996. After the end of the Second Wizarding War, the jinx on the position was lifted. Harry Potter would occasionally come to the class to give lectures on the subject.
The teachers of this class have been Professor Galatea Merrythought (c. 1895-1945), Professor Quirinus Quirrell (1991-1992), Professor Gilderoy Lockhart (1992-1993), Professor Remus Lupin (1993-1994), Barty Crouch Jr. (1994-1995), Professor Dolores Umbridge (1995-1996), Professor Severus Snape (1996-1997), and Professor Amycus Carrow (Dark Arts) (1997-1998).
Charms the type of spell concerned with giving an object new and unexpected properties, and hence this class mainly consists on learning those sorts of spells. Charms classes are described as notoriously noisy and chaotic, as the lessons are largely practical. Many of the exposition sequences in the books are set in Charms classes, which are on the second floor of Hogwarts. The class is taught by Professor Flitwick (c. 1976-?, possibly before).
Potions is described as the art of creating mixtures with magical effects. It requires the correct mixing and stirring of ingredients at the right times and temperatures. Snape's lessons are depicted as unhappy, oppressing times set in a gloomy dungeon in the basement of the castle, whilst Slughorn's, who replaces Snape as Potions Master, is shown as more cheerful and even fun at times. The teachers of this class have been Professor Horace Slughorn (?-1981) (1996-?) and Professor Severus Snape (1981-1996).
Astronomy is the only field of study at Hogwarts that has a direct equivalent in the Muggle world. Astronomy classes take place in the Astronomy Tower, the tallest tower in Hogwarts, and are taught by Professor Aurora Sinistra. Lessons involve observations of the night skies with telescopes. Lessons are held every week at midnight, and first years have lessons on Wednesday. Known student homework activities include learning the names of stars, constellations and planets, and their location, movements, and environments. The only known teacher of this class is Professor Aurora Sinistra (c. 1991-?, possibly before).
Arithmancy is a branch of magic concerned with the magical properties of numbers. As neither Harry nor Ron take this class, almost nothing is known about it. It is, however, a favourite subject of Hermione. Arithmancy is reportedly difficult, as it requires memorising or working with many charts. The subject is taught by Professor Septima Vector. It is separated into normal Arithmancy and Advanced Arithmancy Studies, the later of which is taught by an unknown teacher (possibly Professor Vector). The only known Arithmancy teacher is Professor Septima Vector (c. 1991-?, possibly before).
Study of Ancient Runes[edit]
The Study of Ancient Runes is a generally theoretical subject that studies the ancient runic scripts. Because only Hermione studies it, little else is known about this subject. It is taught by Professor Bathsheda Babbling (c. 1991-?, possibly before).
History of Magic[edit]
History of Magic is the study of magical history. Cuthbert Binns' lessons are depicted as some of the most boring at Hogwarts. They are only lectures, given without pause, about significant events in wizarding history. Topics have included goblin rebellions, giant wars, and the origins of wizarding secrecy. This is the only class at Hogwarts that is taught by a ghost, as the professor never noticed he had died and simply continued teaching as if nothing had changed. The only known teacher of this subject is Professor Cuthbert Binns (17th or 18th century-?).
Herbology is the study of magical plants and how to take care of, utilise and combat them. There are at least three greenhouses described in the books, holding a variety of magical plants of varying degrees of lethality. Herbology is also the only subject Neville Longbottom excels in. He later replaces Professor Sprout as the Herbology teacher. The known teachers of this subject are Professor Herbert Beery (?-early 20th century), Professor Pomona Sprout (early 20th century-early 21st century), and Professor Neville Longbottom (early 21st century-?).
Divination is the art of predicting the future. Various methods are described, including tea leaves, Fire-omens, Crystal balls, Palmistry, Cartomancy (including the reading of conventional playing cards and the tarot), astrology, and Dream interpretations. Divination is described by Professor McGonagall as "one of the most imprecise branches of magic". Supporters of the subject claim that it is an inexact science that requires innate gifts like the "Inner Eye". Those opposed claim that the subject is irrelevant and fraudulent. Harry is first taught Divination by Professor Trelawney, and then later by Firenze after Trelawney is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in Harry's fifth year. In the sixth (and presumably seventh) year, Firenze and Professor Trelawney teach Divination. The teachers of this class have been Professor Sybill Trelawney (1980-1995) (1996-?) and Professor Firenze (1996-?).
Care of Magical Creatures[edit]
Care of Magical Creatures is the class which instructs students on how to care for magical beasts. Classes are held outside the castle. In Harry's first two years, the class is taken by Professor Silvanus Kettleburn who then retires "in order to enjoy more time with his remaining limbs". Dumbledore then recruits the gamekeeper Rubeus Hagrid to accept a teaching position along with his gamekeeping duties. Although Hagrid is obviously very experienced and knowledgeable, he consistently misjudges the risk that the animals he uses in his lessons pose to his students, which sometimes results in chaos. When Hagrid is absent, his lessons are taken over by Professor Grubbly-Plank, a witch and an acquaintance of Dumbledore's.
The teachers of this class have been Professor Silvanus Kettleburn (early 20th century-1992), Professor Rubeus Hagrid (1993-?), and Professor Wilhelmina Grubbly-Plank (1995).
Muggle Studies[edit]
Muggle Studies is a class taught by Charity Burbage which involves the study of the Muggle (non-magical) culture "from a wizarding point of view." It also includes Muggle Art and Muggle Music. The only need for witches and wizards to learn about Muggle ways and means, is to ensure they can blend in with Muggles while needing to do so (for example, at the 1994 Quidditch World Cup). As the class is only mentioned as being taken by Hermione, and for just one year, little is known about its curriculum.
Voldemort murdered Professor Charity Burbage because she portrays Muggles in a positive light and is opposed to limiting wizardry to only people of pure-blood origins. For the rest of that academic year, Alecto Carrow, a Death Eater, teaches Muggle Studies. However, her lessons (which are made compulsory) mainly describe Muggles and Muggle-borns as subhuman and worthy of persecution. The known teachers of this subject have been Professor Quirinus Quirrell (?-1990), Male Professor (1990-1993), Professor Charity Burbage (1993-1997), and Professor Alecto Carrow (1997-1998).
Flying is the class that teaches the use of broomsticks made for the use of flying and is taught only to Hogwarts first years by Rolanda Hooch. The subject is the only one that requires physicality. The only teacher known to have taught this class is Professor Hooch.
Ghoul Studies[edit]
A subject taught by an unknown professor. It is assumed that students learn about ghouls like poltergeists, vampires, veela, etc. and how to defend themselves from these creatures.
Alchemy is a sort of composite subject between Transfiguration, Potions and Muggle Chemistry, focused roughly on the transmutation of substances into other forms. It is an elective, only offered to NEWT level students if the demand is sufficient.
Apparition is the magical form of teleportation in the wizarding world. Lessons are optional to those in the sixth and seventh years. In the wizarding world, performing Apparition requires a licence and may only be legally performed by people over seventeen years of age. The described reason for the restriction is that Apparition is dangerous if done improperly: insufficient concentration may lead to body parts being left behind in an unfortunate side-effect known as splinching. Although, as Hermione points out innumerable times throughout the series, magical enchantments on Hogwarts castle and grounds prevent Apparition and Disapparition inside the castle, these protections are temporarily relaxed within the Great Hall for short periods to permit students to practice Apparition. Wilkie Twycross, a Ministry of Magic Apparition Instructor, offers lessons in Apparition to sixth-years.
Art is a class where students paint, draw, and otherwise depict artistic things (presumably controlling the paint and pencils with either a spell that repeats the same thing over and over or a spell that stands upright over the paper / canvas and draws in the direction that the wand moves) . It is taught by an unknown professor.
Muggle Art[edit]
Muggle Art is a class where students paint, draw, and otherwise depict artistic things. It is taught by an unknown Professor.
Music is a class in which students are taught musical instruments and possibly sing in the Frog Choir. It was taught, in the early 1990s, by a male professor.
Magical Theory[edit]
A subject taught to at least first years. It is taught in Class 67 on the fourth floor of Hogwarts Castle. It presumably covers magic from a purely theoretical view, and Magical Theory by Adalbert Waffling may be a required textbook.
Support staff[edit]
- Poppy Pomfrey (c. 1970s - ?)
- Ogg (c. 1940s - c. 1968)
- Rubeus Hagrid (c. 1940s - ?)
Referee and Flight Instructor[edit]
- Rolanda Hooch (c. 1990 - ?)
Chief Attendant of Witchcraft Provisions[edit]
- Lucinda Thomsonicle-Pocus (c. 1990 - ?)
- Irma Pince (c. 1990 - ?)
Grading System[edit]
Grading on routine homework seems to be along the same lines as that for Muggle students. Hogwarts students also have difficult exams as they progress higher in the system. O.W.L.s (Ordinary Wizarding Levels) are a set of standardised tests for fifth year students which determine what courses a student may continue to study in their final years at Hogwarts. N.E.W.T.s (Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Tests) are optional levels of education for exceptional students, much like A levels for Muggle students. To progress to N.E.W.T.-level, students must receive certain high marks on O.W.L. exams. N.E.W.T tests occur at the end of the seventh year and cannot be retaken.
Ordinary Wizarding Level Grading System
- O - Outstanding (Pass, always continue to N.E.W.T.)
- E - Exceeds Expectations (Pass, usually continues to N.E.W.T.)
- A - Acceptable (Pass, rarely continue to N.E.W.T)
- P - Poor (Fail, may repeat subject)
- D - Dreadful (Fail, may not receive O.W.L. credit)
- T - Troll (Fail, with distinction. More than one T may mean refusal into other N.E.W.T.s)
This grading system is also used on W.O.M.B.A.T.s (optional tests taken outside Hogwarts) and it is most likely used on N.E.W.T.s also, making this the universal exam grading system in wizarding Britain.
Student years[edit]
A first year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is new to Hogwarts and in their first year of magical education. First years are typically eleven to twelve years of age. First years arrive at the castle by crossing the lake with the Keeper of the Keys in boats separate from the older students. They are not allowed to own a broomstick or be on one unless they are attending Flying class. An exception had been made for Harry Potter because he joined the Gryffindor House Team. First year classes consist of Potions, Herbology, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, History of Magic, Astronomy, Charms,and Flying.
A second year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is in their second year of magical education. Second years are typically twelve to thirteen years of age, unless a student had to repeat the second form. The second year is the first year in which students are allowed, when arriving, to go with the rest of the school in the school carriages pulled by Thestrals up to the castle. Second year classes consist of Potions, Herbology, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, History of Magic, Astronomy and Charms. Unlike first years', the second-years' timetable does not include Flying, although they are allowed to bring their own broomsticks. At the end of the year, second year students choose two or more classes they wish to study as electives the following year.
A third year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is in their third year of magical education. Third years are typically thirteen to fourteen years of age. The third year is an important one for students, as it is the first year that they are permitted to sit elective courses. Third year classes consist of Potions, Herbology, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, History of Magic, Astronomy, Charms, and the two or more electives the student chose the previous year. Third years are permitted to go to Hogsmeade during certain weekends if they have a signed permission form from their parent/guardian.
A fourth year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is in their fourth year of magical education. Fourth years are typically fourteen to fifteen years of age. The fourth form is almost identical in its structure to the third; students sit two or more elective courses in addition to the core classes, and are allowed in Hogsmeade during selected weekends. Fourth year classes consist of Potions, Herbology, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, History of Magic, Astronomy, Charms, and two or more electives. Although, fourth years typically get more work than third years, to prepare for their O.W.L.s.
A fifth year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is in their fifth year of magical education. Fifth years are typically fifteen to sixteen years of age. The fifth year is enormously important for students, due to the fact that it is the year in which they must sit their O.W.L. exams, which will determine what N.E.W.T. courses they will be permitted to take later on in their education. O.W.L.s determine what jobs they can apply for in their future careers. The fifth year is also the year in which students receive career counseling from their Heads of House. It is during this meeting that they will be advised as to what N.E.W.T.-level classes they should take in order to qualify for their desired career. Fifth year classes consist of Potions, Herbology, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Transfiguration, History of Magic, Astronomy, Charms, and two or more electives. Before the beginning of the year, one boy and one girl are selected by the Headmaster from each house to become prefects.
A sixth year is a student who is in his or her sixth year of magical education at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Sixth years are typically sixteen to seventeen years of age, although some may be older, if they have had to repeat a year like Marcus Flint did.
The sixth year is the first year in which students sit N.E.W.T.-level classes. Based on their O.W.L. scores, and depending on the minimum requirements of the professor teaching the subject at that time, students are allowed to sit any number of classes as long as they meet said requirements. If the student doesn't meet those requirements, they cannot attend the N.E.W.T.-level classes, having to repeat the O.W.L.-level classes and the fifth-year exams. While students do have the opportunity to choose whether they wish to continue in particular subjects, those who begin studying N.E.W.T.-level subjects in their sixth year are expected to carry on with the subject into the seventh year, and sit the N.E.W.T. exam in that subject. Sixth year students are initially excited to have more free time, but this extra time is intended to help them study and do homework, as many, if not all, teachers assign more homework and give more difficult lessons in their N.E.W.T.-level classes. Sixth years may also elect to take part in Apparition lessons for a fee of twelve Galleons.
A seventh year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is in their seventh and final year of formal magical education. Seventh years are typically seventeen to eighteen years of age, although some may be older if they have had to repeat a year. The seventh year contains the most important exams given at Hogwarts - the N.E.W.T.s. Students conclude their N.E.W.T.-level studies in the seventh year, at the end of which they sit the N.E.W.T. exam pertaining to each of their subjects. A student in the seventh year would have the same schedule he or she had in the sixth year, and would sit only those classes in which they received O.W.L.s meeting the minimum requirement of the professor for that subject. However, not all students take N.E.W.T.s, as some occupations require only O.W.L.s.
Every year, a male and female seventh year are appointed Head Boy and Head Girl. In most cases the Headmaster selects the Head students from the seventh year prefects. However students that have never been prefects, for example James Potter, can still be selected.
Daily routines at Hogwarts[edit]
The day begins at 7:30 a.m. with breakfast in the Great Hall. During breakfast, the mail arrives in a flurry of hundreds of owls. A bell chime signals the start of the first class at 9 a.m. The bell chimes again in one hour to signal the start of the next class.
There are four class periods before lunch (though NEWT student may have breaks during some of these), scheduled according to house. After lunch, there is another break and two more classes.[5]
Dinner is served in the Great Hall toward evening, after which the students are expected to be in their house common rooms for studying and socializing.
There is an Astronomy class at night on Wednesday every week (usually midnight).
The students must be in bed or in the common rooms by a certain time, after which is called after hours. The times are different for different years (for example, fifth years are allowed to be in the halls until 9:00)
Before school term[edit]
Each year, the Hogwarts Deputy Head sends letters to eligible witches and wizards who will be eleven years old. These letters invite the children to be students at Hogwarts. If for any reason a letter does not reach its intended recipient, owls will continue delivering letters until the person receives one (as was Harry Potter's experience when he turned eleven). The letter contains a list of needed supplies, signed by the Chief Attendant of Witchcraft Provisions, Lucinda Thomsonicle-Pocus, which includes uniform clothing, spell books, and cauldrons. Letters are also sent to existing students to inform them of the new supplies needed. Students usually obtain school supplies at Diagon Alley in London.
Letters to Muggle-born witches and wizards, such as Hermione Granger and Lily Evans (and Tom Riddle and Harry Potter, though half-bloods, who lived with Muggles and knew nothing of the wizarding world), who may not be aware of their powers and are unfamiliar with the concealed wizarding world, are delivered in person by a member of Hogwarts staff, who then explain to the parents/guardians about magical society, and reassure them regarding this news. They also assist the family in regards to buying supplies and gaining access to Diagon Alley.
Harry Potter's letter was sent via normal owl delivery, since the Headmaster, Albus Dumbledore, had presumed that the Dursleys had explained to Harry about Hogwarts and the wizarding world. When no response came from the first, several more letters, each reflecting Harry's new location, were sent. Ultimately, Rubeus Hagrid, Hogwarts' Keeper of Keys and Grounds, was dispatched to hand-deliver Harry's final letter. Once he found Harry, who was with the Dursleys in their vain attempt to keep all wizarding knowledge from Harry, Hagrid explained all about Harry's parents and what had really happened the night they died.
Students are allowed to bring a cat, an owl or a toad, but many exceptions such as rats and Pygmy Puffs are made.
Tryouts for house Quidditch teams happen at the very beginning of the school year. First years are usually prohibited from joining a Quidditch team because they are usually inexperienced with brooms and are forbidden to own them in the first place. However, exceptions have been made on both counts.
Students may go home for certain holidays such as Christmas and Easter. The students who choose to remain are treated to a feast along with some of the faculty.
When Christmas holidays end, classes begin again. In Harry Potter's second year, Gilderoy Lockhart organised a Valentine's Day celebration. It was not continued after he left the school. The Easter holidays are not as enjoyable as the Christmas ones, as students are overloaded with homework in preparation for their exams, which are taken at the end of the year. Students are not allowed to use magic over the summer holidays until they turn seventeen, magic is also banned in corridors.
The students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry are required to wear a uniform. Students must wear their uniforms during all lessons, and while eating meals or studying in the Great Hall. Students are allowed to wear their own clothes after lessons in their house dormitory and during the holidays. Most students are seen still wearing their uniforms in their house dormitory, most probably because they would need to change into their pyjamas to sleep before they go to bed, so they may feel that it is troublesome to change into their own clothes, then change again into their pyjamas.
The Hogwarts uniform worn in the books consists of a black robe and a black pointed hat. The robes bear no marks to distinguish between the houses. Students wear their own socks and shoes.
The uniform portrayed in the films consists of a white collared, long sleeved shirt, a tie of their house colours (getting more sophisticated each year), a grey jumper vest, black slacks for males and a black, knee length skirt for females paired with black or grey socks. Both genders wear black comfortable shoes. Each student wears a cloak that bears their house crest on the front, right side and has lining of their house colour: green for Slytherin, red for Gryffindor, blue for Ravenclaw, and yellow for Hufflepuff. During the winter months, a grey jumper replaces the jumper vest for comfort and a scarf bearing their two house colours is worn for warmth. A black pointed hat is provided, but is only worn for special occasions such as the opening ceremony, special dinners, house cup ceremony etc.
Possible etymology[edit]
J. K. Rowling speculated that she might have subconsciously produced the name Hogwarts from the Hogwort plant she saw when walking round Kew Gardens.[6] In the film Labyrinth, Sarah, acted by Jennifer Connelly, meets a goblin outside the gates of the Labyrinth who introduces himself as Hoggle. As they depart, she calls him "Hogwart" instead of his proper name, Hoggle. Also in the film Labyrinth, Jareth the Goblin King, acted by David Bowie, often calls his goblins by the wrong names and at one point he incorrectly calls Hoggle "Hogwart." It is of course possible that the name may have derived from the word "Warthog", but simply reversed.
Behind the scenes[edit]
- J. K. Rowling said she wanted a humorous motto for Hogwarts, since so many schools have less pragmatic ones such as "Reach for the stars".
- The school song is only sung in the first book, and partially by Hermione and Hagrid in the fourth film. However, the song is sung completely in the deleted scenes as a welcoming to the students of Beauxbatons and Durmstrang. Credited to one of the many eccentricities of Albus Dumbledore.
- A board game called Destination Hogwarts is based off the school and castle.
- In the Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone video game, a Muggle Studies Classroom is featured on the fifth floor, and an Ancient Runes Classroom is on the sixth floor.
- In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore believes that Hogwarts is the place Tom Marvolo Riddle felt was his real home. Ironically, this is also how Harry Potter felt about Hogwarts which is why it was stated that Harry's stomach lurched when Dumbledore told him this.
- According to Remus Lupin, attendance at Hogwarts by British students is not mandatory; they may be home schooled by their parents, or sent to another magical school[7](this rule was changed during the 1997–1998 school year, but was presumably restored after the demise of Voldemort). It is likely this extended to Lucius Malfoy's also expressed interest in his son attending the Durmstrang Institute.[8]
- There are two Headmasters known to have held the title more than once; they were Minerva McGonagall and Albus Dumbledore.
- In an interview with J. K. Rowling, she said there are about one-thousand students attending Hogwarts at any given time. This is supported by the fact, that when Harry sees his father doing his O.W.L. (in the Pensieve in Snape's office), there are over 150 students. Secondly, during a Quidditch match, everybody was supporting Gryffindor except around 200 Slytherins supporting their own. However, if each year had the same number of students as Harry's, with five boys and five girls in each dorm, there would only be two-hundred and eighty students. This means that there are usually around 35 or 36 students per house per year (give or take, since you can't expect an equal assignement to each house each year). (Or there are more dormitories that you don't see. The only ones mentioned in the books are the ones that house the students who are actually in the book, eg Harry, Ron, Neville, Hermione. There are likely more than two dorms for each year.)
- It is rumoured that on the W.O.M.B.A.T. test, Rowena Ravenclaw had a dream that a warty hog was leading her to a lake and that's how Hogwarts got its name.
- J.K. Rowling has said in an interview that Hogwarts is a multi-faith school,[9] and later confirmed that every "religion/belief/non-belief system" is represented at Hogwarts other than Wicca,[10] as she felt this was a "different concept of magic" as compared to that taught at Hogwarts.[11]
- The Anti-Disapparition Jinx was lifted in 1998 as Draco Malfoy could apparate to Blaise Zabini and Gregory Goyle.
External links[edit]
- The Harry Potter Lexicon's Hogwarts Atlas featuring numerous images of Hogwarts
- The Marauder's Map from the Warner Bros website
- How Many Students Are There At Hogwarts?, by Steve Vander Ark.
- The Collinsport Ghost Society A Muggle's Look of the School and Ghosts
- Hogwarts Floor Plan, most accurate from the films, by Randwulf
See also[edit]
- Hogwarts Castle
- Hogsmeade
- Hogwarts Houses
- Headmaster
- Headmaster portraits
- Secret passages at Hogwarts
- Discipline at Hogwarts
- Beauxbatons Academy of Magic
- Durmstrang Institute
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (video game)
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7
- Harry Potter LEGO Sets
- The Tales of Beedle the Bard (real)
- LEGO Harry Potter: Building the Magical World
- LEGO Harry Potter: Characters of the Magical World
- J.K. Rowling: A Year in the Life
- Pottermore
Notes and references[edit]
- ↑ "Hogwarts. It is the finest school of Witchcraft and Wizardry in the world and is run by the finest Headmaster Hogwarts has ever had, Albus Dumbledore. Logically it had to be set in a secluded place, and pretty soon I settled on Scotland in my mind." Fraser, L., An interview with J.K.Rowling, Mammoth, London, 2000. ISBN 0-7497-4394-8. pp 20–21.
- ↑ JK's official site (text only), accessed 28/7/2011
- ↑ The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
- ↑ pp.173-182 of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- ↑ 2001 Sydney Morning Herald article
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- ↑ http://maam-pince.blogspot.com/2007/10/jkr-hogwarts-is-a-multifaith-school.html
- ↑ J.K. Rowling (@jk_rowling) on Twitter: To everyone asking whether their religion/belief/non-belief system is represented at Hogwarts: the only people I never imagined there 1/2 and are Wiccans.
- ↑ J.K. Rowling (@jk_rowling) on Twitter: .@GredxForgex Me too! But it's a different concept of magic to the one laid out in the books, so I don't really see how they can co-exist.


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Midwest Living Holiday Cookbook 2007
Molten Chocolate Lava Cakes
Top these gooey-center, intense chocolate desserts with powdered sugar.Molten Chocolate Lava Cakes
Fabulous Red Velvet Cake
We gussied up chocolate cake mix with sour cream and red food coloring for Fabulous Red Velvet Cake. Then, we crowned the cake with a white chocolate-cream cheese frosting and toasted coconut.Fabulous Red Velvet Cake
Sticky Toffee Pudding
Chicago's MK the Restaurant used an English tradition as inspiration for this molasses-date dessert with honey-toffee sauce. Buttery toffee originated in England, but a Robinson, Illinois, company named Heath launched an empire when it began making toffee commercially in 1914.Sticky Toffee Pudding
Santa's Midnight Cookies and Key Lime Spritz Cookies
A dip in melted chocolate dresses up jam-filled Santa's Midnight Cookies, a popular treat at Dinkel's Bakery in Chicago. In our Key Lime Spritz cookies, lime juice gives new-American flavor to old-world butter spritz (the name derives from the German word spritzen, which means "to squirt").Santa's Midnight CookiesKey Lime Spritz Cookies
Sesame Seed-Crusted Tuna Appetizer and Indian Summer Cocktail
The crispness of fried wontons and the bite of wasabi alongside cooked tuna and greens create the flair in Sesame Seed-Crusted Tuna Appetizer, featured at Entourage on American Lane in Schaumburg, Illinois.Another Entourage on American Lane specialty: Indian Summer Cocktail, a beautiful green drink with a nice balance of liqueurs and fruit juice.Sesame Seed-Crusted Tuna AppetizerIndian Summer Cocktail
Mini Burger Party Platter
To keep in step with the small-plate trend in restaurants, we created this Mini Burger Party Platter with fun sauces to choose from, including Balsamic Mayo, Herbed Goat Cheese and Citrus Ketchup.Mini Burger Party Platter
Wine-Tasting Lasagna
If you're thinking about holding a holiday wine-tasting party, the flavors of the red meat sauce and cheese-spinach layers in this colorful lasagna will complement the wines.Wine-Tasting Lasagna
Herb-Crusted Pork Tenderloin with Red Currant Sauce
Coat lean pork tenderloin with mustard and herbs for easy-to-prepare Herb-Crusted Pork Tenderloin with Red Currant Sauce. We like it with the Browned Brussels Sprouts with Bacon and Feta also pictured on the plate.Herb-Crusted Pork Tenderloin with Red Currant SauceBrowned Brussels Sprouts with Bacon and Feta
Crispy Beer-Batter-Fried Walleye with Mango Sweet-and-Sour Sauce
Tartar sauce gets a mango upgrade for fried walleye at Gunflint Lodge on the Gunflint Trail near Grand Marais, Minnesota. The exotic, yellow-orange mango adds beautiful color, plus lots of Vitamins A and C. Serve the state fish with the state grain: wild rice.Crispy Beer-Batter-Fried Walleye with Mango Sweet-and-Sour Sauce
Finnish Baked Pancakes
This recipe comes from the Poplar Creek Guesthouse Bed and Breakfast on the Gunflint Trail near Grand Marais, Minnesota. The traditional big pancake has been adapted into a lighter version: puffed pancakes.Finnish Baked Pancakes
Vanilla Sables
These butter cookies, which have a crumbly texture, are named for the French word for sand. The recipe comes from Julee Rosso, owner of the Wickwood Inn in Saugatuck, Michigan, and author of the Silver Palate Cookbook.Vanilla Sables
Cappuccino Mousse
Cappuccino Mousse is "a creamy, cool and spoonable version of our favorite cappuccino," says Silver Palate Cookbook author Julee Rosso. "We think it's a perfect brunch treat."Cappuccino Mousse
Patsy's Egg Casserole
Midwest Living Creative Director Geri Boesen credits her mother-in-law, Patsy, for creating this easy sausage and-cheese brunch recipe, a popular food at family holiday gatherings. "It's nice because you can make it the day ahead and put it in the fridge overnight," Geri says.Patsy's Egg Casserole
Kringla breakfast cookies
Rolling and shaping these Scandinavian breakfast cookies is a fun and creative family bonding activity. Just don't get too carried away with flour, which can make the breadlike pastries tough and dry.Kringla
Easy Fudge
Midwest Living Senior Travel Editor Kendra Williams shared this Easy Fudge recipe; her grandparents made it every year, and it's just not Christmas for her family without it.Easy Fudge
Butter Dream Cookies
A festive red maraschino cherry tops each cookie in this recipe, contributed by one of our Midwest Living editors.Butter Dream Cookies
Holiday Seven-Layer Bars
Chocolate, nuts, coconut and more fill our easy-to-make bar cookies. Mixed dried fruit bits and candy-coated milk chocolate pieces are among the layers that make this bar cookie distinctive.Holiday Seven-Layer Bars
Fat Molasses Cookies
Packed with flavor from molasses, ginger, cinnamon and brown sugar, these cookies look especially nice when cut with a scalloped or round cutter and sprinkled with coarse sugar or crystallized ginger.Fat Molasses Cookies
Choose a chocolate or apricot filling for this swirled pastry that's a holiday tradition of the family of Midwest Living Food & Features Editor Hannah Agran.Rugalach
Spiced Cherry Pie
Bring all-time favorite cherry pie into the holidays. Although we tested it with refrigerated piecrust, you can use your homemade crust, if you like. The filling gets a tasty boost from cinnamon and allspice.Spiced Cherry Pie
More Holiday Cookbook 2007 recipes
Maple-Baked Stuffed PearsChocolate-Banana Butter Pound CakeChocolate Bread PuddingThe Taste of Christmas Cranberry CakeEgg Nog Creme CaramelAlmond-Pistachio CrispsRoasted Red Pepper-Chipotle Hummus DipGluhwein (Hot Spiced Mulled Wine)Ripe Olive Cheese BallPomegranate SpritzersRustic Potato Skins with Basil Cream DipRoast Breast of Chicken with Mushroom and Wild Rice StuffingCarrot MoldRed Apple SaladHoliday Squash RisottoHot Biscuits and Sausage GravyStuffed French Toast

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Head Teacher Job Circular 2020
Organization name: Head Teacher
• Post Name: Check in circular image.
• Publication Date: January 21, 2020
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• Age Limit: 18 – 30 years
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• Salary: As per policy
• Number of Vacancies: Check in circular image.
• Educational Requirements: Check in circular image.
• Experience Requirements: Check in circular image.
• Job category: Full time.
• Job location: Anywhere in Bangladesh.
• Other Benefits: Government policy.
• Jobs Source: Online Jobs portal.


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2014 Fire & Life Safety Deficiencies Identified in Buildings that House Cultural Resources- pdf
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This weekend Rick and I decided to move our compost bin. Rick built it last year out of seven pallets he was able to scavenge. I looked through all my old photos and posts and can only find a few random pictures with it in the background and no photos of its construction. But that's ok, because it wasn't that great.
I mean it worked, we had two full wheel barrows full of compost (we put it in the neighbor's garden), but the bin was poorly located, and too hard to move. First off, we put it too close to the house. It was really convenient for taking compost scraps to the bins from the kitchen, but it did attract some mice which wanted to move right in next door (in our house) when the weather turned chilly.
Basically the old bin was a two-bin system. One side held compost that was almost ready and we added scraps to the other side. Two of the pallets were hinged so we could open the bins and rotate things around as needed, but the whole thing was a bit unsteady and just awkward. Here's the best picture of it that I could find (that's our neighbor, Haylee, in front of it helping Henry with his garden last spring). See the vertical boards back there?
So when we tried to move it, it was all wobbly and heavy and kinda… well, you get the idea. We decided we needed something better. We built the bin Sunday afternoon reusing some of the same pallets and some scraps of lumber we had in the garage. The new bin, with horizontal side boards, is in the chicken yard where they can have easy access to the goodies it will contain, and if it attracts mice, the chickens will take care of those for us too. We'll most likely build a second bin next to this one, as it was really easy (and we also generate too much yard waste for just one bin).
Here's what we came up with, along with a "How-To" incase you want/need to build your own.
The design is based on a New Zealand Hot Box, modified to reuse the pallets we already had. It's roughly 3 feet high and about 4 feet square. The size is, of course, dependent on the pallets you have.
Materials Needed:
- (3) pallets in decent shape. Try to find ones with the top deckboards closer together, not further apart.
- (4) 3′-6″ 2×2″ pieces of lumber. We ripped a leftover cedar 4×4 post into fourths lengthwise.
- At least (18) screws
- (6) 1×6″ boards, approx. 4′ long each. We had leftover fence pickets this size. You could use (9) 1×4's instead.
- a saw, claw hammer, drill, measuring tape, sledge-hammer and helper
- Use a hammer to knock the bottom deckboards off of the pallets. Click on Photo A to see labeled parts of the pallet.
- You may also have to saw the center projection of the runner boards off on the sides of the pallet that will become the back of the bin.
- Using the saw, cut the ends of the 2×2″ stakes into a point. These will be driven into the ground. Two stakes will be used as corner stakes in the rear. The other two will support the sides and make slots for the front boards. See Photo B.
Measure the length of the pallet you plan to use for the rear of the bin. With a helper drive a stake into the ground about 6 inches on each side of the rear. The stakes should be on the outside edge of the pallet. Screw the rear pallet's runners to the stakes (Photo C). The wood on the pallets we used was quite hard, so we had to drill pilot holes first.
- Have your helper hold the one side pallet in place while you measure and drive in the front support stake, making sure the side pallet is square to the rear. The front support stake should be inside the pallet, butted up against the top deckboards and about 1 to 1½ inches from the runner that will be the front of the bin (Photo D). Screw the side pallet's runner to the back corner stake (again the rear stake should be on the outside edge of the pallet). Repeat with the other side, making sure it is also square to the rear.
Finally measure the distance between the two side pallets. This will be the length you will need to cut the 1×6″ boards into the removable front slats. Fill your bin with compost and slide the slats into the slot created between the front support stakes and the front runners on the side pallets (Photo E). These slats can be removed when you want to turn the pile or use your compost. These bins are easy to make and if you want a second or third bin to rotate your compost, it would be very easy to build additional bins adjacent to the first.
To see more of my Do-It-Yourself projects click the DIY category on the right.


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Kathleen Parker: Bowling for sanity
When President Obama said in his State of the Union address that "This time is different," referring to his push for tighter gun-control laws, he wasn't just whistling Dixie.
Analysts seeking insight into the gun debate need look no further than the land of cotton, where nothing is ever forgotten. In a matter of days, citizens and lawmakers on both sides of the gun issue have advanced laws to:
-- Allow concealed weapons to be carried in bars and restaurants;
-- Make it legal to purchase or own any weapon that could have been acquired legally at the end of 2012;
-- Strengthen background checks to identify people with mental illness.
The latter is the most serious of the batch and follows a recent near-tragedy at Ashley Hall, a private girls' school in Charleston where Barbara Bush, among other notables, was once a student. Several days ago, a woman with a long record of mental instability, including a 2005 court plea of not guilty by reason of insanity, brought a loaded semi-automatic pistol to the school and pulled the trigger several times while pointing the gun at a school administrator.
Fortunately, the gun never fired and Alice Boland, 28, was unable to complete her mission. What exactly that was isn't easily discerned from her bond hearing rant, which covered a diverse collection of complaints:
"I wanted to make a political demonstration about problems in my life relating to the fact that racist feminists, including institutions like that where I was demonstrating ... have been causing me these alleged mental problems ever since I met a lesbian professor," said Boland.
This was not Boland's first visit to Ashley Hall, which is located near her psychologist's office. Boland prompted a call to police two years ago when she reportedly was seen "harassing children and acting very suspicious," according to a Charleston police officer. This time, she brought a Taurus PT-22 pistol she had purchased a few days earlier, despite a mental health record that, in a rational world, would have blocked the sale.
The woman herself said she was crazy, yet she's sane enough to buy a gun?
More than 50 Ashley Hall parents have signed a letter sent to a dozen state and federal officials urging action to prevent people such as Boland from acquiring firearms. Boland managed to answer questions on a federal questionnaire adequately to purchase the gun. And because she has no criminal record, her name wasn't flagged during a routine background check.
Laws governing doctor-patient privacy prohibit disclosure of mental health issues -- as any who have sought psychological counseling would have it.
But Boland had another record that clearly should have disqualified her from gun ownership. Never mind an earlier diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. She also had faced federal charges for threatening to kill President George W. Bush and "the entire U.S. Congress." Her plea of not guilty by reason of insanity inarguably should have placed her in a database of those ineligible to purchase firearms. But because her charges were dismissed in 2009, she had no criminal record.
Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, speaking in Washington Wednesday, labeled the Ashley Hall case Exhibit A of a "broken system," and has vowed to introduce legislation that would enhance the background check process to include "prior exposure to court and ... mental status."
Meanwhile, state officials back home in Columbia were busy figuring out ways to skirt any new laws that might restrict gun ownership.
Citing an 1881 "unorganized militia" state law, state Sen. Tom Corbin, R-Greenville, proposed legislation guaranteeing everyone's right to own any weapon that could be purchased legally as of Dec. 31, 2012. Corbin's claim that federal law could not pre-empt South Carolina law, in addition to being incorrect -- federal law trumps state law -- was rather dramatically disproved during the unpleasantness of 1861-65.
In other action, a state Senate panel approved a bill to allow concealed weapons in restaurants and bars so long as the carriers don't drink. Noting the volatility of mixing guns and alcohol, some suggested that business owners could post signs banning guns in their establishments. But one speaker called that "un-American." Another insisted that he should be allowed to have a glass of wine with his lasagna while packing heat.
So it goes in the state that James L. Petigru, anti-secessionist and former South Carolina attorney general, long ago described as "too small to be a republic and too large to be an insane asylum."
It remains to be seen if this time is different.
Kathleen Parker's email address is email@example.com.
Washington Post Writers Group


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sold at: Target Stores
recall date:
For more specific information regarding this recall, visit the government agency or manufacturer website:
By clicking on the government agency or manufacturer website link you will be accessing information from another website and will be subject to the policies of that site.
The content of these pages represents only merchandise carried by Target stores or online on Target.com. Refer to the full press release for information on all items, models, lot codes, etc., that are included in the recall.
Specific questions regarding this recall should be directed to the manufacturer, which can be located in the link above. However, if you have additional questions you may also contact:
Target Guest Relations for in store purchases at 1-800-440-0680
Target.com Guest Services for online purchases at 1-800-591-3869
Target Borderfree Service team for international purchases made via Borderfree at email@example.com


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Coaches on spot for final 3 games of Stanley Cup
Boston, Chicago tied 2-2
They keep tinkering, each of them, looking for any advantage they can find.
Claude Julien made a line change in Game 2 that led to a victory for the Boston Bruins. A couple of subtle adjustments by Joel Quenneville helped the Chicago Blackhawks get a big win in Game 4.
Back and forth it goes. While the Bruins and Blackhawks compete on the ice, two former NHL defensemen are trying to become the 14th coach with at least two Stanley Cup titles.
"They've got a role to play, just like we do as players," Chicago forward Patrick Sharp said Friday. "Ultimately it's going to be decided on the ice, but our coaching staff, the Bruins as well, they have a lot to say with what goes on."
They've already had an impact. And the next move, along with the response from the other bench, could be a deciding factor in who wins this tight series between two of the NHL's most beloved franchises.
The Blackhawks' 6-5 overtime victory in Boston on Wednesday made it a split of the first four games. The series resumes on Saturday night in Chicago, with the rest of league's coaching fraternity enjoying the chess match between two of its most accomplished members.
"What has been fun to watch is, neither guy is hoping for chemistry to develop," St. Louis Blues coach Ken Hitchcock said. "They're not sitting on a combination. They're moving guys around to try to find something and their proactive approaches have been one of the great things about the series."
Quenneville's team appeared to be in trouble heading into Game 4. The Bruins controlled the last part of a 2-1 overtime victory in Game 2, stealing home-ice advantage from Chicago, and shut down the Blackhawks in a 2-0 victory Monday night that put Boston up 2-1 in the finals.
Looking for an offensive spark, Quenneville put captain Jonathan Toews back on the same line with Patrick Kane ahead of Game 4. Toews responded with his second goal of the playoffs, and Kane had a goal and an assist. The Blackhawks' defensemen also were more active in the offensive zone, with Brent Seabrook scoring the winning goal.
Shortly after the series-tying victory, Quenneville still managed to poke fun at himself when asked about putting Toews and Kane together again.
"Maybe it looks like I didn't know what I was doing," he said with a chuckle.
The moment of levity in the middle of a taut series was a prime example of why Quenneville has been so successful in his third stint as a head coach in the NHL.
"I think he's always been the same guy," defenseman Duncan Keith said. "I think you always know what you're going to get with him and I think that's probably the biggest thing for us, why we have success. He's level-headed, brings that even-keel attitude to the team."
The Bruins were struggling on the second night of the series when Julien put Chris Kelly, Daniel Paille and Tyler Seguin together on the same line, and they were responsible for both of Boston's goals in a victory that gave the Bruins a split of the first two games in Chicago.
"I think Claude has always been leading the same way and kind of coaching the same way," center Patrice Bergeron said. "I think a little adjustment during the series is a little different because you're playing the same team over and over again. So it's about little tweaks here and there and I think the whole coaching staff is good at that."
Boston has made it to the playoffs in each of Julien's six seasons in charge, and two more victories would make it two Stanley Cup titles in three seasons. It also won it all in 2011, coming back to beat Vancouver in seven games after losing the first two of the series.
The same relentless approach that helped the Bruins overcome the Canucks two years ago popped up again when they staged an improbable rally in the third period of a 5-4 victory over Toronto in Game 7 of the first round of this year's postseason.
It's no coincidence that the occasionally feisty Julien was behind the bench for each victory.
"I've always said I've got to be comfortable; in order to be comfortable, I've got to be myself," the 53-year-old Julien said. "As a player, I felt things. As a coach, I kind of remember those things. At the same time, when you are the coach, you are the guy that gives the direction so it's a fine line."
Quenneville, who turns 55 in September, coached the Blackhawks to the best record in the NHL in his fifth season in Chicago. Under his leadership, the Blackhawks ended a 49-year drought when they won the Cup in 2010.
Like Julien, Quenneville's coaching style also is influenced by his playing career.
"As a player, it's way more fun being a player than a coach," he said. "But at the same time, really enjoyed coaching in the different places I've been as a coach. I just think I've been fortunate to work with some great people, some great organizations. I've learned from some great people along the way."


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Apple has officially reached a licensing agreement with Swiss Federal Railway (Schweizerische Bundesbahnen, or SBB) to continue to use the design of its iconic station clocks for the iPad's Clock app. How much Apple is paying to use the design is unknown, however, as both parties have agreed to keep the terms of the deal private.
Apple's designers apparently liked the iconic Swiss railway clock so much—with its sweeping red second hand that looks like a railway signal flag—that it essentially copied the design for the iPad's new Clock app, introduced in iOS 6. However, SBB noted shortly after the release of iOS 6 in September that the clock design, an icon of SBB and Switzerland itself, was copyrighted and trademarked.
An SBB spokesperson said that the iPad Clock app was "an unauthorized use [of the clock's design] by Apple," and that it was contacting Apple to work out a "legal and financial" resolution to the issue. The SBB later clarified that it was "rather proud that a brand as important as Apple is using our design," and that it wasn't necessarily demanding money for use of the design. It's worth noting that SBB does license the clock's design around the world, perhaps most famously to watchmaker Mondaine, so we suspect Apple did in fact pay for use of the design.
The SBB railway clock was originally designed in 1944 by engineer and designer Hans Hilfike. SBB said in a statement that the design has become "a symbol of innovation and reliability," qualities it believes are shared by both SBB and Switzerland.


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The fourth Thursday of November is upon us, and this can mean only one thing – winter moths are coming! A few days ago, while trying to decide if this year we should have a turkey or two turkeys for dinner, Kristin looked up from the menu list she was working on and said, "Thanksgiving moths should be here soon." I never realized it, but this is a much more appropriate name for these insects, members of the family Geometridae, which begin to flutter around the lights of our house around this time of year. Sure enough, that very night the first Winter moth (Operophtera brumata) came to the light of the kitchen window, and their numbers have been picking up since.
Winter moths are interesting animals. Unlike most species of moths and butterflies, they are strongly sexually dimorphic. In fact, while the male looks like your typical, grayish-brown geometrid moth, you will be hard pressed to recognize the female as a member of the same order of insects. She is plump and flightless, with wings reduced to tiny lobes that often resemble tufts of hair. Her mouthparts are reduced (not much to feed on for a moth at the end of November), and the only clue that she is in fact a moth comes from the scales that cover her entire body.
In the coming days we will be seeing more and more mating pairs, until the arrival of permanent freezing weather kills them all off. But their eggs, safely hidden in the bark of maples that grow around our house, will hatch next spring, and thousands upon thousands of small, green caterpillars will commence their prodigious pooping on our deck at the end of April. Some years there are so many of them that the foliage of our maples is almost completely gone by the end of May. The incredible abundance of this moth is a clue to the fact that this species does not really belong here. It is an invasive species that arrived from Europe in the 1930's, and has since spread across the entire North American continent. And because it does not have too many natural enemies here, it is able to breed in numbers higher than those of many native moths. A closely related, native species, O. bruceata, is rarely seen in similarly high densities.
Winter moths (Operophtera) are not the only moths that come out around this time, and also not the only ones with remarkable morphological differences between males and females. I found another geometrid moth, the Fall Cankerworm Moth (Alsophila pometaria), yesterday on a tree trunk in Estabrook Woods. These animals are even stranger, with females completely devoid of any traces of wings, and resembling a velvet sausage running on long spindly legs.
Although winter moths are not the only insects active at this time of year, and some insects remain active even during freezing weather, their appearance reminds me of two things. First, that the insect season is truly over, and they are the last things to come to the lights of our house until spring. And second, that this Thursday night I will assume the appearance of a winter moth female, stuffed to the breaking point like a sausage, and definitely incapable of flying.


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Apple officially shot down a rumor about the demise of its internal pro audio group in a response to a concerned user. Music marketing head Xander Soren responded to an e-mail on Monday, originally sent to Apple CEO Tim Cook, saying the pro audio team is safe and sound, according to a copy seen by MacRumors. Soren added the team is "hard at work" on the next version of Logic Pro.
Apple's commitment to its pro users has been increasingly called into question since the release of Final Cut Pro X in mid-2011. Numerous users of Apple's previous versions of Final Cut Pro were put off by the changes and perplexed by the number of useful features seemingly dropped from the new release. Combined with Apple's lengthy gap between major Mac Pro hardware releases, pro users have begun to loudly voice their concerns about Apple's commitment to their sliver of the market.
This sentiment, no doubt, is what fed a recent rumor claiming Apple's pro audio team had been "decimated," according to sources speaking to Pro Tools Expert. The sources claimed Apple's European team was down to two employees with no replacements in sight, and that the "next big audio application from Apple will be for the iPad."
But Apple was apparently having none of it. Like Cook's rebuttal to an e-mail inquiry about the death of the Mac Pro, Soren responded to a user's e-mail about the future of the pro audio group. "As the lead for our music creation apps, I always want to hear what our users are thinking," Soren wrote. "I want to assure you the team is still in place and hard at work on the next version of Logic Pro."
As noted by MacRumors, the last major Logic Pro release came in mid-2009. The app and its live-performance companion MainStage 2 were moved to the Mac App Store last year, while Logic Express and Soundtrack Pro were left behind. Still, the software was otherwise left untouched. Perhaps it's time for that long-rumored Logic X to make an appearance?


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Manufacturing & Quality
American Brass and Crystal has truly embraced the old world style of manufacturing with masterful artisans putting pure attention to detail into every fixture they create. Our manufacturing facility holds more raw Brass components than any Lighting manufacturer in the world. This allows us to choose from thousands of raw individual castings to personally create the chandelier you chose for your home. This is where the process starts. Each individual component gets hand drilled to the specific crystal layout you have chosen from us.
The raw brass then gets a beautiful hand applied finish before being assembled to your specifications. While your frame is being built, the crystal style you have chosen is being individually pinned to your specific design choice. Every individual piece of crystal gets hand pinned to create the perfect fit for your chandelier. These processes ensure that every fixture gets the mastery and detail you deserve from us. Our manufacturing is designed to produce a true heirloom quality fixture that will be loved by your family for generations.
All of the components used on our fixtures are made of only the finest Italian Brass from the world's most renowned supplier of raw brass. They are located in Brecia Italy, an area known for generations to be masters at casting the most detailed and pure Brass components for manufacturers around the world. They use a dye cast process for the brass which allows them to have the utmost detail produced from each cast mold as well as a more robust and full final cast Brass component. They can produce thousands of castings from each mold all holding the same exquisite detail through and through.
Our crystal is supplied by only the best producers of crystal from around the world. Our precision grade crystal comes from one of the best manufacturers in Egypt, second only to Swarovski in Austria. Our hand-cut crystal is produced primarily in Czechoslovakia by artisans who have perfected the hand cut skills needed to produce the most perfect versions of this old world crystal style.


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Inventory Search – 4MATIC for Sale in Toronto, ON
137 Matching Vehicles Found
Pricing shown includes all applicable dealer fees including Freight/ PDI, Admin, EHF Tires, Filters and Batteries, AC Levy and applicable provincial fees. Prices do not include taxes, insurance and license fees, as well as any other products or services not listed that may be available to you through your selected Mercedes-Benz dealership. In addition, some vehicles may be subject to the federal luxury tax that comes into force September 1st, 2022 and that may be separately charged. Vehicle prices subject to change without notice. Dealer may sell for less. Please contact the dealership directly for exact pricing details. Note: Vehicle may not match the exact vehicle displayed. Optional equipment and technical specifications shown, may not be available in Canada. Please confirm with a sales representative. Regarding towing capacity listed: Maximum permissible gross weight of the trailer, if the trailer is equipped with a separate functional braking system. Please make sure to comply with local trailer load regulations.


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Abdomen: Muscle Tear/Hernia
Further investigation needed for climbing-precluding ab injury.
Four months ago I severely injured my abdomen training for climbing while doing side-to-side crunches on an inclined board. At first I was certain I had a hernia. The pain is centered one inch below and left of my belly button. My symptoms were swelling, bruising, severe pain from belly button to very low… and a bulge that stuck out of my stomach. After many doctor's appointments where various hernia diagnoses were ruled out, I was told that I tore the rectus abdominal muscle. A year on and tying my shoes still feels like a V12. My surgeon told me that surgical repair is not an option and that even with PT I probably won't be able to climb again. Climbing has always been the spiritual and grounding force in my life and I am very discouraged.
mkruzic | Rockandice.com Forum
Backflips, they seemed easy enough. I had practiced a few times on a beach in New Zealand where my partner and I had taken up residence for some world-class hanging out. On that fateful day my hottie and I were at a local ski area riding the natural half pipes. Too much snow for bouldering. Like the edge of a cliff, the precipice of a half pipe has a certain magnetism.
Nerves fired, hormones surged and my maleness amplifier roared like one of those teenage vampires in heat. Rationality rode away with the snowflakes. Toes on the icy edge, eyes wide and canines bared, I cranked it over. Apparently doing it in shorts on a beach is quite different than hauling all that regalia in pow-pow. Perhaps I should have sucked someone's blood first.
In the weeks that followed, my abs hurt so much I could not even lift my head off the pillow. Luckily my girlfriend was pregnant already. Luca is now 4 and my abs, though a bit more hairy, are like kryptonite molded into balls of contractile flab. Read: quite normal.
I draw the line at such irreverent advice as telling patients that they'll never climb again. People climb without legs, uno! One of my friends is bald, no less! He also has one eye, is pushing 60 and crushes like a steamroller. At least you can rehabilitate your abs. His hair is gone forever.
There is something not quite right with the level of investigation and the inoperable tag. By the sound of it you have not had an ultrasound or MRI, which are really the only two investigations worth acquiring for an abdominal tear. I may be going out on a limb here, since I am not an abdominal surgeon, but get another opinion from a more sportingly inclined physician, or at least someone willing to give you some more time and explanation.
You haven't detailed your rehab program or what the PT has been doing so I can't say too much about that. I have not seen a tear that could not be corrected with some finicky needlecraft and tailored rehab. Give me some more details on the forum and I am happy to direct you as best as 10,000 miles away will allow.


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Stonewall Jackson
Destiny (Expression) Number 7
Stonewall Jackson was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, who played a prominent role in nearly all military engagements in the Eastern Theater of the war until his death, had a key part in winning many significant battles, and is considered one of the best-known Confederate commanders after General Robert E. Lee.
He was born on Tuesday January 20th 1824, in Clarksburg, West Virginia, United States.
Stonewall Jackson is gifted with an analytical mind and an enormous appetite for the answers to life's hidden questions. He has a strong interest in exploring scientific matters, philosophy, and even mysticism. Stonewall possesses clarity and persistence in his search for truth, and he can be a great researcher, educator, and philosopher.
Jackson is driven by a desire for knowledge and truth. He must learn to discriminate between illusion and reality, but he is well equipped for this task. Stonewall Jackson's fine mind offers him insight into the veiled mysteries of life. Stonewall also possesses a considerable amount of perspective. Somewhere inside him, Jackson is aware of a peaceful place that he can call upon during difficult times.
Stonewall Jackson needs time to be by himself. Too much social interaction causes him stress. Stonewall needs his privacy and a place that can be shut off from the hustle and bustle of life. He tends to keep his thoughts to himself and is secretive. Unless Stonewall's 7 destiny is balanced by extrovert characteristics (usually revealed by the numbers 1, 3, 5, and 8), his introversion may pull him deeply within himself, even cutting him off from others.
Jackson has a strong dislike of the superficial and mundane. He is often surprised by the lack of understanding or depth of knowledge of others, many of whom do not take the search for knowledge as seriously as Stonewall does. This can cause Stonewall Jackson to be critical of others, and even cynical about life in general.
The more cut off from others he becomes, the more hidden are his motives. Once Jackson develops understanding of people and life, his advice and counsel will be sought by those around Stonewall who need his wisdom.
Stonewall Jackson loves to specialize his knowledge and develop great depth within his field. He is a perfectionist.
Stonewall should complete his studies early in life and not be driven too hard by a desire to be successful. He needs to let things come at there own pace, be open to opportunity, but remember that his rewards, satisfaction, and contentment come from a higher source.
Sevens can be distant and aloof. When dominated by their darker characteristics, they can be unfaithful, dishonest, and cruel. Contemplation, meditation, and the softer, finer vibrations of life can restore Stonewall's sense of harmony and keep him on the path to peace and balance.
Stonewall Jackson has a logical mind. His analytical skills cause him to approach a problem in a detached, surgical kind of way. Researchers, analysts, investigators, inventors, technicians, scholars, lawyers, bankers, watchmakers, priests, philosophers, theologians, and administrators in some scientific or technical field are among the vocations 7s are drawn to.
You and Stonewall
About Stonewall's Destiny (Expression) number
The Destiny number reveals the talents, abilities, and shortcomings that were with Stonewall Jackson when he entered his human body. His name, and the numbers derived from it, reveals Stonewall's development, as well as the talents and issues he will be working with during this life.
Read more about our interpretation of Stonewall Jackson's destiny (expression)