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I have the strange distinction of having Halloween as my birthday, a day that casts off long shadows and candy wrappers. And usually sensible people seem to let loose just that little bit extra, and it's always interesting to watch it happen in degrees or full immersion. The wild ones who've waited all year for this time, they commit to their characters as ever.
So back when LACMA approached me about taking time this Wednesday to DJ the 2012 Muse Costume Ball and to celebrate Mr. Kubrick's life and Halloween, I really couldn't resist. I began to try to think on a grand scale and hope I could live up to the bar these previous Muse events have set.
I enlisted help from the UK and summoned a device I've been using rarely (as it is a bit more of a spectacle then a typical venue can rightly hold). We've taken to calling it Archimedes, in honor of the ancient Greek mathematician and inventor, because it uses mirrors (less to set things on fire, but kind of—sort of—a similar idea).
Archimedes (the light show) was first developed to take the stage at the 2011 Coachella festival. When so many other stage shows have already been touted and triumphed as huge acts, I had the opportunity to try to do something different, but without huge major label backing. Such a difficult mandate, but luckily those previously mentioned UK friends are very clever and we worked out an idea to use mechanized mirrors on a frame of steel that move in response to user control.
Now we've kept developing, refining, and indeed practicing with it, but with the exception of a few choice festivals since (Barcelona's Sonar 2012, Camp Bisco, and scant others) it hasn't been used much. This will be a Los Angeles debut. I couldn't be more excited than on a birthday, this Halloween, and with you. For this event Archimedes will be one part monolith (from 2001: A Space Odyssey) to honor Mr. Kubrick, another part light show, but then mostly a reflection of the audience's outfit and LACMA's awesome architecture.

subset: commoncrawl


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First U.S. Retrofit to Passive House Standards
A San Francisco Bay Area row house is launched to a high standard of whole-house performance, comfort, and beauty.
November 06, 2008
A version of this article appears in the November/December 2008 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
Nabih Tahan's family has a classic wood-framed Craftsman bungalow in the center of Berkeley, California. It is close to good schools, transportation, and cultural resources, yet—like most of its neighbors—it was leaky and in need of a facelift, and its large lot would allow for a second unit. To bring this house up to a high standard of quality and efficiency, we decided to apply the Passivhaus principles, popular in Europe (see "What Is a Passive House?" p.28 ) We wanted to demonstrate that it can be done, and we learned by doing so that we can show others how to do it.
The Passivhaus Concept
The Passivhaus concept, (the word is German for "passive house"), which is rapidly gaining in popularity in Central Europe, evolved from the American superinsulated buildings of the '70s. It forms the basis of the Passive House standard—one of the most demanding energy performance-based standards in the world. Because the building envelope is super insulated and is almost completely airtight, a Passive House can recycle heat generated from the residents' daily activities, such as the use of lighting and appliances. This heat is recycled through a heat recovery ventilator (HRV), making a conventional heating system unnecessary. However, the building code requires a heating system, which is why we had to install electric baseboard heaters to meet Title 24 requirements. Homes built according to Passive House principles have three important attributes of sustainable design and construction. These attributes are energy efficiency, comfort, and excellent indoor air quality (IAQ).
Energy efficiency. The energy consumption of a Passive House is measured in kilowatt-hours per square foot (kWh/ft2) per year. A Passive House uses significantly less energy than existing and conventional new buildings.
Comfort. Temperature and humidity levels in a Passive House are relatively constant. They do not fluctuate, as they do in houses that are heated and cooled with fossil fuels. Constant temperatures help to make the house comfortable.
IAQ. A Passive House is supplied with fresh, filtered air 24 hours a day, without the need to open the windows. A ventilator is constantly introducing fresh air into the living spaces and removing stale air from wet spaces. A heat recovery component in the ventilator transfers the heat from the outgoing air to the fresh, incoming air.
A Bungalow in Berkeley
We set out to modernize Nabih's house aesthetically and functionally. At the same time, we wanted to bring it up to a much higher level of energy performance than Title 24 requires. We were aiming for the Passive House standard—and we achieved our goal. Nabih's family is now enjoying the benefits of a house remodeled to that standard, and today their house is a demonstration green home, offering tours to local architects, homeowners and builders, and setting an example to its neighbors of an affordable solution to a common problem.
2440 Grant Street was originally a two-story house with a brick foundation. It was built in 1904 on a long and narrow site (33 feet x 138 feet). The ground floor, which was originally built for storage, was less than 7 feet high, but it had always been used as livable space, even though it did not conform to the height requirements of the building code. The second floor, with its 9-foot ceilings, was the main living area. Over the years, the foundation bricks had deteriorated, and the house was settling, allowing rainwater to leak through the foundation. In 2005, it was time for a remodel.
What Is a Passive House?
A Passive House, from the German Passivhaus (not to be confused with passive-solar design, though there are overlapping principles), got its name because it uses so little heating energy that a conventional heating-and-cooling system is not necessary. The temperature in the house remains constant; the house keeps itself warm passively by reusing heat from internal sources, such as lighting, appliances, and people. This makes a house so energy efficient that heat generated from passive-solar or other renewable resources is enough to provide any additional heating required.
The Passive House Institute in Germany has developed the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP). PHPP is the energy-modeling tool used during the design stage to determine if a house will meet the Passive House standard. By monitoring completed projects designed according to the standard, the developers of the tool have proven that it can accurately predict the energy consumption of buildings under design. To use the PHPP tool, the user enters all of the elements of the building into the program. The program then calculates how much heating and source energy the building will consume. Elements that can be entered include climate zone, floor and wall areas and R-values, windows, ground heat losses, thermal bridging calculations, shading factors, ventilation, heat loads, summer shading and summer ventilation, domestic hot water, electricity requirements, and internal heat sources.
The Passive House Standards:
The house was lifted about 3 feet, the ground floor was completely rebuilt, and the second floor was remodeled.
The San Francisco Bay Area is attractive, densely populated, and has one of the best public transit systems in the United States. We felt that for maximum sustainability, the design solution for this project should achieve two goals. First, the house itself should be as energy efficient as possible. Second, to capitalize on the inner-city location of the site, the design should allow for adding a second unit in the future, without further remodeling the existing house.
The site is zoned R2 which would allow 2 units on the property as long as one on-site parking space is provided for each unit. The only solution for the parking issue was to create a driveway on the side of the house, which gave birth to the cantilever on the north side of the house.
When Is a House a Passive House?
In order to apply the Passive House standard to the new and existing portions of the home, Nabih consulted with Eco-lab, in Urbana, Illinois, to perform some initial calculations using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP). Our purpose was to determine what kind of building would be adequate to meet the standard in the mild California climate. Eco-lab was already familiar with PHPP and after some discussions on how buildings are built in California, Eco-lab entered different values for insulation, windows, shading, and so forth into the PHPP program until we arrived at a combination that would meet the standard.
Though these calculations might appear daunting, it's not hard to understand how a Passive House functions.
The goal is to prevent air from traveling through the building envelope in both directions—outside to inside, and vice versa. The building must be very airtight. A layer in the building envelope has to be designated as the continuous line of defense to prevent infiltration, from the lowest point of the foundation to the top of the roof. After this barrier has been created, a mechanical ventilation system is installed. Since it is not healthy to live in an airtight building, it is necessary to ventilate by supplying fresh air to the bedrooms and living spaces and removing stale air from the bathrooms and kitchens. Build Tight, Ventilate Right should be the motto for every house. A ventilator has two small fans, each the size of a bathroom fan, which are constantly running; one fan brings in fresh air and the other sucks out stale air.
Under typical use, occupants are constantly using electric and gas appliances inside the house, turning on lights, or using tools. Lighting and appliances are a steady source of heat. Every lightbulb, computer, refrigerator, oven, hair dryer, and toaster generates heat. In conventional homes, this heat travels with the air and leaks through the building. In a Passive House, this heat travels with the interior air, but it cannot escape through the insulation and the sealed airtight layer. The only place the air can go is through the ducts of the ventilation system, which is always sucking out old air and replacing it with the same amount of fresh air.
Besides circulating air, some ventilators can transfer heat and moisture, from the outgoing air to the incoming air. These are called air-to-air heat exchangers. Ventilators that exchange heat only are called heat recovery ventilators (HRVs). Ventilators that exchange heat and moisture are called energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) or air-to-air heat exchangers. In a Passive House, before the warm interior air leaves the building through the ventilator, the heat in the air is transferred to the fresh, incoming air. During the heating season, the interior air enters the ventilator warm and leaves it cold, while in the opposite direction the exterior air comes into the ventilator cold and goes into the house warm. The heat is recycled.
A home that is built using the Passive House strategy of combining a well-insulated, airtight envelope with heat recovery has an 80% lower heating requirement than a code-compliant house, according to European studies of Passive Houses. A Passive House does not need a conventional heating system; it can be kept warm with a small alternative system—one that uses renewable resources, such as solar electric power, solar thermal energy, pellet stoves, geothermal heat pumps, and so on.
How We Did It on Grant Street
Here's a summary of how each of the home's systems were brought to the passive house standards.
To begin with, a 15-mil vapor barrier was laid below the foundation slab and carefully sealed at all plumbing and electrical penetrations. For the concrete, we used cement with 25% fly ash. In order to reduce heat losses from the ground, 1 inch of rigid Dow Corning Styrofoam Bluecor R-5 insulation was installed below the slab and on the exterior of the footings. Two layers of 1 1/2 -inch Dow Rmax Polyisocyanurate (at R-9.8 per layer) were installed on top of the slab, between two layers of 2 inch x 2 inch battens. A 3/4-inch layer of tongue-and-groove (T&G) plywood was fastened to the top of the battens, as a subfloor.
The PHPP calculations determined that R20 cellulose insulation in a 2 x 6 wall would be adequate to meet the standard in this climate zone. Of course, thicker walls with more insulation would be needed in colder climates.
First floor. For the new ground floor, we used Optimum Value Engineering (OVE) techniques, first, to reduce the amount of lumber needed while maintaining the structural integrity of the building, and second, to optimize the insulation system. The walls were framed with 2 x 6 studs set 24 inches on center (OC). For our initial large load of lumber, we ordered Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified stock. Our local lumberyards did not carry FSC lumber, and it would have been prohibitively expensive to ask them to special order it for us. We therefore ordered it from Mead Clark Lumber Company in Santa Rosa (53 miles away), and it turned out to be less expensive than the conventional lumber we buy locally.
Second floor. For the second floor, we retained the existing 2 x 4 exterior studs at 16 inches OC and framed in new openings as required.
It is very important to design the insulation system as a continuous layer, from the foundation to the top of the building envelope. The critical points are at the intersections of walls, floors, and roofs, where heat can easily escape through voids in the insulation. We blew in GreenFiber Cocoon, cellulose insulation because it is a recycled product from renewable resources and can fill every cavity completely without leaving any voids.
First floor. For the new first-floor walls, R20 GreenFiber dry cellulose insulation was blown in between the 2 x 6 studs. By designing these walls with fewer studs (and thus fewer thermal breaks) than is standard and by doing an extremely complete job of insulation, we feel that the performance of our insulation is much closer to the specified values than is typical in standard construction.
Second floor. On the second floor, the same dry cellulose was blown into the existing 2 x 4 stud cavity reaching an R13 value. A new layer of exterior plywood sheathing was installed, and a 2-inch layer of R13 Thermax Polyisocyanurate rigid insulation was installed on the exterior of this sheathing. The second floor has a total value of R26.
Ceiling. The attic and roof were not part of the conditioned space. The ceiling above the second floor was strengthened by sistering 2 x 10 joists next to the existing 2 x 4 joists. Dry cellulose insulation was blown in between the 2 x 10 joists. A layer of T&G plywood was installed on top of the joists.
Interior walls and floor. All the interior walls, as well as the floor between the two levels, were insulated with cellulose insulation. This insulation was installed to improve the acoustics through the house and to contain the heat in each room as much as possible. It is not common to insulate interior floors in homes framed and insulated using conventional methods. The walls above and below the floors are insulated, but the floor is not, leaving a ring of thermal bridging at the floor level. It is necessary to insulate the perimeter of the floor to prevent heat from escaping. The required insulation used for the walls must be also installed in the floor around the perimeter. In the case of Grant Street, this issue was resolved by insulating the entire floor.
Thermal bridging. A very important factor in designing the framing and insulation system is the reduction of thermal bridging. Heat can escape through elements in the building envelope which are poor insulators such as concrete, wood, and voids where insulation is missing. In the Grant Street house, the walls of the first and second floor were framed and insulated differently. The ground floor has the advantage of using less lumber, spaced at 24 inches on center, and therefore more insulation. But studs and headers are poor insulators compared to the cellulose insulation and therefore act as small thermal bridges, where the heat has an easier path to escape. The second floor has framing at 16 inches on center, but the continuous layer of rigid insulation on the exterior, reduces the chances of thermal bridging because it spans across all framing members. Because California's climate is so mild, these differences should not affect our building as much as it would in a colder climate. The PHPP modeling tool can calculate thermal bridging in a building envelope so that the design eliminates potential problems caused by thermal bridging, which could lead to condensation, mildew and possible decay.
In all surfaces of the shell, extra attention and work was dedicated to airtightness. From the bottom plates (which were installed over a foam air seal) to the ceiling assembly (which was capped with T&G plywood and caulked at the joints), every potential air leak was stopped. The critical points where infiltration must be eliminated are the intersections of walls, floors, and roof elements, as well as any penetrations through these elements. Air that is allowed to infiltrate from outdoors usually has a higher (or lower) temperature and humidity than the temperature and humidity that residents want indoors. A Passive House saves all the energy that would otherwise be needed to condition the indoors because it prevents accidental infiltration.
We decided to tackle air infiltration at the layer of structural sheathing on the exterior of the building. It is more common to rely on the house wrap to make the house airtight. The house wrap is installed on top of the sheathing; its main purpose is to waterproof the facade. We felt that the layer of house wrap was not solid or stable enough to prevent infiltration for the life of the building. During construction, it is usually left exposed for long periods, during which it is constantly moving with the wind. Therefore, we decided to make the sheathing airtight instead. We did this by sealing all joints in the plywood with caulk.
We sealed all the gaps at the intersection of walls and floors, at the intersection of walls and ceiling, and at all blocking with Dow's expandable sealant, applied with a foam gun. We also foamed all holes penetrating this layer of sheathing, including holes around conduit for electric panels, hose bibs, and so forth. The holes around all pipes and wires that were installed through the studs were also sealed with expandable foam.
Doors And Windows
We used Sierra Pacific wood-framed windows, clad with aluminum on the exterior for durability and manufactured in California. After reviewing the test results for double-hung, slider, awning, and casement windows, we chose to install casement and awning windows, because they provide the best airtight seal. We also chose to install out-swinging French doors, to provide a tighter seal in windy conditions. We installed the windows paying special attention to airtightness: We caulked the nailing flanges and the metal sill flashing; we taped over the flanges; and we sealed the gap between the window frame and the rough opening with expandable foam.
Heat Recovery
Once we had achieved a high level of insulation and airtightness, we installed an Ultimate Air Recuperator (ERV) to supply fresh air throughout the house. The ERV softly blows (at 70 CFM) a supply of fresh air to each bedroom and into the living room, and returns the same amount of air from the bathrooms and kitchen. The heat in the outgoing air is transferred to the incoming fresh air through a heat exchanger. Thus whatever heat is generated by the residents' daily activities is captured and returned to the house, as we explained above. We also added dehumidistats and timers in the bathrooms and kitchen to quickly remove moisture or smells by turning the ventilator to "high."
Rain Screen
A home lasts years longer when it has a rain screen system. It protects the framing, insulation, exterior sheathing, house wrap, and caulk so they perform as they were designed to do for the life of the structure. A rain screen system creates a layer of air behind the facade. This allows any water that penetrates the facade to drain down to the bottom of the wall.
The rain screen on the second floor was created by salvaging the existing old-growth redwood siding, which had been on the building for 100 years. We get the most compliments on the house for how the siding looks. Many older buildings in the Bay Area have the same siding, which usually ends up at the dump after a remodel. We carefully removed the shiplap siding and ripped the top and bottom lips at slanted edges, so that water drains off the boards. The boards were flipped over, planed, stained, and installed over battens.
On the ground floor, we installed a plastered facade as a rain screen to demonstrate that a stucco finish need not be directly attached to the building. When cement stucco is installed directly onto the wall, it can crack over time, and water leaks into the building. The water cannot dry out, and eventually it decays the wood. A rain screen prevents this from happening; it provides the same stucco appearance, but it does not allow any water to penetrate the wall. We installed 1 inch x 2 inch battens on top of the house wrap and covered them with 4 x 8 sheets of cement board. We installed an insect screen between the battens on the top and bottom of the wall to prevent insects from nesting behind the cement board. An acrylic plaster was applied on the cement board to imitate a high-polish Venetian-style plaster finish.
One of the reasons the PHPP energy-modeling program can predict the energy consumption of a building at the design stages is that many Passive Houses in Europe have been monitored during occupancy. The results indicate that the PHPP program is accurate, with slight variations in energy consumption due to the habits and comfort levels of the users. To learn more, go to www.cepheus.de/eng.
We are interested to compare the interior temperature and humidity throughout the house with the exterior temperatures. We would also like find out the temperature of the air at the inlets and outlets of the ERV to measure how much energy is being recycled. We would also like to find out how much additional energy is needed (besides heat recovery) to keep the house at 68°F during the heating season. Once the data has been compiled and analyzed, we hope to publish another article summarizing the results and lessons we have learned.
A New Perspective
Designing a home to the Passive House standard makes one look at a building from a different perspective. It makes one analyze the simple problems that have caused buildings to negatively affect the environment, and at our attempts to resolve them.
One of the simple questions a Passive House raises is, Why do we waste "free" heat every time we use our lighting and appliances? Because we did not pay for that heat through our heating system, we seem to feel that it isn't valuable. We allow this "free" heat to escape—and then turn up the thermostat when we get cold. A Passive House resolves this issue by circulating air while recycling the heat. The result is better IAQ, better energy efficiency, and increased comfort.
The Grant Street house is possibly the first remodel in the United States that is built to the Passive House standard. The strategy and techniques described above are aimed at achieving concrete, measurable energy consumption targets for homes. Building to the Passive House standard is one effective strategy to reduce the effects of home construction and occupancy on global warming. It can help architects and builders to comply with the Architecture 2030 Challenge, which is an initiative aimed to achieve a dramatic reduction in the global-warming-causing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of the Building Sector by changing the way buildings and developments are planned, designed and constructed. The Passive House standard makes serious, quantifiable progress in the struggle to prevent catastrophic environmental collapse.
Our goal is straightforward: to achieve a dramatic reduction in the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the Building Sector by changing the way buildings and developments are planned, designed, and constructed.
Nabih Tahan, AIA, MRIAI, began his career 30 years ago in the Bay Area as a forensic, diagnostic, and remedial architect, analyzing and repairing defective buildings. In 1992 he moved to Europe where he spent 13 years living and working in Austria and Ireland. He decided to return to Berkeley with his family and remodel their old home on Grant Street while demonstrating sustainable design and construction techniques practiced in Europe.
Christopher Polk is a general contractor in Berkeley specializing in sustainable construction practices.
For more information:
Contact Nabih Tahan at www.nabihtahanarchitect.com or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Contact Chris Polk for design build and Passive House projects at (510) 501-8149, or email@example.com.
To learn more about German and American Passive Houses and the Passiv Haus Institut, go to www.passiv.de and www.passivehouse.us.
To order a copy of PHPP, go to www.e-colab.com.
Web sites for some of our suppliers:
Mead Clark Lumber Company—www.meadclark.com
Cocoon Insulation—www.cocooninsulation.com
Sierra Pacific Windows—www.sierrapacificwindows.com
The Ultimate Air Recuperator—www.ultimateair.com
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'Django Unchained' action figures discontinued
LOS ANGELES (AP) — The Weinstein Co. has asked a toy maker to discontinue a line of "Django Unchained" action figures after receiving complaints that they were offensive.
The studio said Friday that such collectibles have been created for all of director Quentin Tarantino's films, including "Inglourious Basterds," and that they were meant for people 17 and older, the audience for the film.
"Django Unchained" is a violent mix of spaghetti Western and blaxploitation genres about a freed slave (Jamie Foxx) who becomes a bounty hunter. Civil rights groups argued that the toys trivialized the horrors of slavery.
"We have tremendous respect for the audience and it was never our intent to offend anyone," The Weinstein Co. said in a statement. Toy maker NECA did not immediately respond to a request for comment.


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Jonathan Aguilar 786-501-1989
Being sincere, flexible and demanding when it comes to defending his client's interests has been the key to success for Jonathan Aguilar. He uses his professional knowledge to make each of his client's real estate experience as smooth as possible. His greatest joy is surpassing their needs and expectations. Dedicated and hardworking, Jonathan's commitment to his clients ensures professionalism and satisfaction to the end.
Whether buying, selling or renting, Jonathan Aguilar is ready to assist you with your residential real estate needs.


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Directory Listing
|Sticky Revision:
Creating the release
formatting errors in epydoc tags fixed
A few changes in the build mechanism and the file structure so scons can build release tar files: * paso/src/Solver has been moved to paso/src * all test_.py are now run_.py files and are assumed to be passing python tests. they can run by scons py_tests and are part of the release test set * escript/py_src/test_ are moved to escript/test/python and are installed in to the build directory (rather then the PYTHONPATH). * all py files in test/python which don't start with run_ or test_ are now 'local_py_tests'. they are installed i by not run automatically. * CppUnitTest is now treated as a escript module (against previous decisions). * scons realse builds nor tar/zip files with relvant source code (src and tests in seperate files) the python tests don't pass yet due to path problems.
pyvisi builds now
pyvisi builds now. tests still to be fixed.
+ NEW BUILD SYSTEM This commit contains the new build system with cross-platform support. Most things work are before though you can have more control. ENVIRONMENT settings have changed: + You no longer require LD_LIBRARY_PATH or PYTHONPATH to point to the esysroot for building and testing performed via scons + ACcESS altix users: It is recommended you change your modules to load the latest intel compiler and other libraries required by boost to match the setup in svn (you can override). The correct modules are as follows module load intel_cc.9.0.026 export MODULEPATH=${MODULEPATH}:/data/raid2/toolspp4/modulefiles/gcc-3.3.6 module load boost/1.33.0/python-2.4.1 module load python/2.4.1 module load numarray/1.3.3
More copyright info added.
more copyright statements added
typo fixed
some missing files
documentation on pyvisi added
pyvisi with vtk runs noe on the altix
example cleanup
pyvisi compiles now
more work on pyvisi integration
directories are moved around to match escript convention
some renaming
eigenvalues: compiles and passes tests on altix now
Implemented plotting of escript Data objects. This only works with the vtk renderer module at this stage.
Updated to current version of .todo file.
Updated to current state of .todo file.
Initial import to repository. This is the vtk-specific code for the arrow plot example.
Initial import to repository. This is the script that runs all the escript example scripts.
Initial import to repository. These are the example scripts specific for escript Data object testing.
Initial merge of pyvisi into esys repository.
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Add a classic feature to your room with this high gloss, timeless radiator. All heating products come complete with fixing screws, valves & brackets sold separately. After installing any new radiators; when refilling the system it is recommended a suitable inhibitor is used. All tappings are 1/2" British Standard Pipe. We recommend pipework is not installed until receipt of radiator or heated towel rail
- BTU Outputs (60°C) : 3029
- Thermal Outputs (Watts) (60°C) : 888
- Wall to Ctr of Tappings : 100
- Pipe Centres : 325mm
- Guarantee : 20 Year
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|Bayswater Wesley Towel Rail/Radiator - W 553 x H 1130 x D 230mm - Chrome & White
We charge a single delivery charge per order regardless of the number of items. The amount charged is based on the largest delivery cost i.e. smaller items are usually £10 delivery whereas a bath is typically £29 delivery, if you only have the smaller items you will be charged the £10, however if you then add a bath to your basket the delivery will be £29. Should you add a second bath to your order the charge will still be £29.
To determine your total delivery costs simply add the items you are interested in to your basket and the site will calculate your delivery cost and display it at the bottom of your basket.
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We quote a single estimated delivery timescale per order which is determined by the item with the longest lead time. Our smaller products are typically 3-5 working days and the majority of our sanitaryware is 5-7 working days. You may find that specific product options such as colour or finish may increase the estimated delivery time, this is usually as these are a special order and take longer to process or in some cases are made to order.
To determine your estimated delivery timescale simply add the items you are interested in to your basket and the site will calculate your estimated delivery timescale and display it at the bottom of your basket.
Orders are usually only dispatched when all items in your basket are available for delivery. Consider placing separate orders for items with longer delivery timescales.
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On occassion you may wish to collect from our warehouse, we are happy to accommodate this however this needs to be made by prior arrangement. Please read through our Further information about our Warehouses.
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For the latest updates to Global Public Square, including show information and Fareed's Take, visit the new GPS site on CNN.com.
As a woman, a mom, a high school educator, a member of the LGBT community I gratefully thank you and other CNN journalist for not surrendering journalistic integrity in the face of massive, repeated and at times personal political opposition and subtle threats. We, the people, need you, Mr. Tapper, Mr. Cooper, Mrs Burnett and others now more than ever as a checks and balances representative. Watching your broadcast today hearing those interviewed state that all politicians say things they know to be demonstratively false really breaks my heart. The current administration is to me, a 43 year old person, so confused and frustrated. What I teach my students about integrity, trustworthiness, honor, and respect in writing or speaking- about compassion, openness, and diversity- seem like values that would place me in a museum rather than the position of relevant, credible educator.... until I turn on CNN and watch our journalistic heroes go to work reiterating what I believe to be American values. Thank you for reminding my own daughter and son that these values matter and the fight to protect those values and the rights of ALL Americans is important and purposeful. It's just "mom talk" and "teacher spin" with our our journalistic national heroes. Please keep speaking up. It matters and Americans like me are listening and supporting you all.
Sargent Friday, on Dragnet: "M'am just give me the alternate facts and only the alternate facts.
Please see my tweets @chatterjeetanni about TPP. My reaction is the same as yours and well you can see the effect it is having on me. I am not being heard anywhere. I will be Dr.Chatterjee fresh new info each day and my parents were witnesses to Trumps everything as they are visiting. I was born here, I am 35 in NH. NOONE HEARS ME I HOPE CNN DOES. SINCERELY Tanni Chatterjee MsEd EDD (May 2018)
On last Sundays broadcast you puzzled over the motivations behind Donald Trump's grandiose claims regarding the crowd size at his inauguration. Absent a clinical evaluation it might best be explained that although he reports being teetotal his is most certainly a functioning hyperbolic.
Kindly stop inviting Conrad Black to make comments on your show. He is a disgrace to Canada, a criminal that served jail time, and his views are retrigrade and do not represent in any way what the majority of Canadian thinks. Canada has hundred of intellectuals that can reflect on world events in an intelligent and progressive manner, please enlarge your network of guests, othewise you will lose many of tour faithful viewers
I totally disagree with Levy Strauss opinion that the boycot and disinvestment movement is anti-semitic in nature. This movement is the result of the apparteid state that Israel has become. Any well informed viewer knows that if Israel would respect palestinian human rights and stop its invasive policy of Palestinian territory, this movement would stop instantly. And as long as Israel pursue this destructive approach, the world need to boycot and punish Israel for its agressive behavior
You should understand the history of both apartheid and of the reconstruction of the middle east after WW1, before you make statements of such ignorance. The idea of a palestinian state is ridiculous as there already is one, and it is called Jordan. You would understand this if you knew the history of how Jordan is a contrived state, that never had a people of its own and was supposed absorb the Bedouins of the area, the label palestinian came from the renaming of the jewish center by the Romans as an insult to the jewish people, and continued on from more anti-semetic cultures that came after. Beyond that you do violence to the the true racism of apartheid and minimize the abuse of people who fought the system without holding the view that they needed to commit genocide against those that they fighting against. Above all remember that these areas of Israel were only recovered because of the wars thrusts upon it by all the surrounding nations, and that it is a miracle after all these attacks that the jewish state still exists, as the stated goals of these people was to finish the job that the Nazi's started. Study then speak, please.
jebreal triade...why is'nt she standing in front of the bulldozers in the West Bank stopping the further exploration and prejudice against the Palestinian peoples
I watched a portion of Mr. Zakaria's Sunday broadcast (1/29/17), up until the point when he refused to stop one guest from interrupting, berating, and attacking another guest. Liberals like to claim that they are above the fray; that they hold the moral and ethical high ground. This is a fiction. Mr. Zakaria's failure to allow alternate points of view to be heard, his failure to exercise due diligence, as a host, betray not only his bias, but his willingness to allow this bias to cripple the integrity of his broadcast. One expects this sort of behavior from the likes of Sean Hannity, and now, unfortunately, we see it cropping up all over the Left-leaning side of political commentary, as well. Really disgraceful journalism, Mr. Zakarias.
I watch GPS and like the give and take presented by both sides of an issue. This morning I was disappointed when Jonathan Turley was responding to Mr. Zakaria and was interrupted by Rula Jebreal (thus demonstrating a point he was making re: the seeming lack of ability for rational discourse from both sides). I was especially unhappy when Mr. Zakaria not only did not interrupt on Mr. Turley's behalf but then proceeded to close this segment without allowing any further comment from Mr. Turley. While I realize emotions run high on this unamerican and divisive executive order and I can only imagine the frustration, uncertainty and anger being felt because you are being unfairly treated because of your religious beliefs or your country of birth , Mr. Turley deserved to be heard.
Rula Jebreal had a total meltdown on your 1/29 GPS...
Great program – have been watching for years but today Rula had me understand Trump supporters and how they think, and what drives them, for the first time ever!!! Here is the example of how and why some, not so brilliant minds, can be scared...
Dear Fareed,
At the beginning of today's (1/29) program you showed statistics regarding the probability that an American would be the victim of a terror attack, and which countries had contributed to the death toll of Americans in attacks over the last few decades. I inadvertently erased the recording before I could jot them down. Can you post them somewhere,, perhaps in an infographic?
Your program is something I look forward to every Sunday. Keep up the good work
Best regards,
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Steven Yellowcake Hadley has zero credibility on international concerns No wonder he supports the insanity of this disfunctional president
Thanks for bringing up the Russia-Antarctica issue – I wish you had included the fact that Exxon owns 69,000,000 acres in Antarctica and that now that Trump has Tillison(Sec. of State) in position, if (when)Trump relaxes sanctions, Exxon can then start drilling for oil on that land, in turn helping Russia develop the oil that they currently need US technology to gain access to. It's all about the money, as always, but with Trump as president the amount of money is HUGE and he is willing to do anything to make this work.
Will I ever be able to turn on the TV (even for 1 day)and not hear the name TRUMP. He is disgusting and totally self serving. I wish the media would start really exposing him and all his tricks instead of just reacting to his insulting tweets. You need to reach the people who voted for him and educate them with facts so they realize they made a mistake which is affecting the entire country. I'm hoping he will be impeached quickly. Of course, then we have Pence. I just read that Pence was Koch brothers person of choice to be president. Apparently he was easier to control than Trump and not as volatile.
Thank you for your attention.
Is is not obvious that Donald Trump personally directed General Flynn to reach out to Putin to discuss the issue of sanctions? Trump knows he is indebted to Putin and wants to do business with him. General Flynn, the loyal soldier, did as he was ordered, including lying to Mike Pence. Trump (and Bannon) are playing the Republican party for dupes – they despise them as much as they do the Democrats. No harm will befall General Flynn – he will be protected to conceal Trump and Bannon's betrayal of the Obama Administration and the American People.
Dear Fareed,
How do you think Benjamin Netanyahu really feels about Trumps closest adviser being haters of Jewish people? Specifically Steve Bannon.
Fareed please keep up your excellent reporting, we need you now more than ever.
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If the economy grows by 1% as a result of immigration, but the population grows by 2% as a result of the same immigrants, I submit that the normalized economy has decreased. This isn't to say that those percentages are applicable presently, but only as a general possible scenario. It is also true that the economy could grow by 2% in one year, but that the growth is meaningless if inflation is at 2%.
Donald Trump is corrupt
He did not really win the presidency on his own. He had Puttin, electrol college, uneducated public supporters, and of course, last minute Conley-FBI to get Trump to win. Otherwise, Hilary would have won by a landslide.
I believe Trump will resign, or be impeached.
This 70 year old does not have the intellect nor the health and energy that Obama did.
Tweets at 3 am...sleeping disorder?
Claims illegals were brought in by buses to vote for Clinton. Delusional?
Claims Obama wire tapped him. Paranoid?
And of course, he is a liar.
I think the only thing dumber than Donald Trump is a smart Donald Trump supporter.
I think Wikileaks relies on whistle blowers inside organizations to provide them with information. My guess is that, while there have been plenty of American whistle blowers, there have been few if any Russian or Chinese.
Why does no one mention the insurance companies and their part in the current "Obamacare" situation? They have always manipulated and controlled the cost of medical care, and I wish you, Fareed, would take a good look at the part they are currently playing in this mess. No one is talking about them. Big Ole Corporate, Super-Rich, Insurance Companies and their bottom line - and the investors in their stocks who demand a "good return on their investments" who are enjoying the benefits of those huge profits. Who invests in insurance companies? Just how rich are they these days? Is Trump going to de-regulate them too?
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Once again Fareed shows his true colors but pretending to give an balanced objective view of the current political divide. However his 4 guests were anything but balanced and objective. Two guests were actually trying explain the divide and the other two we pure liberal partisans who continually blamed everything on Trump and the Republicans. Where was the Republican point of view – No balance on Fareed's liberal show!
In today's (6-18-17) GPS discussion about bringing opposite politically peoples together, all of your guests focussed on how to stop blaming the other people and to promote more debate and civil discussion. I totally agee. But I think you should challenge such shallow panaceas by asking the questions:
1. Did this polarization just happen on its own or was it created/manipulated & promoted intentionally?
2. If it was the latter, then other underlying causative factors need to be brought to light and dealt with first. So what, or who may have intentionnaly stoked the fires of dissention, demonization, character assassination and division? And for what ultimate purposes?
3. In my considered view, there are both internal and external factors that have been at play here in America, some of which extend back to our founding times. But we must first cut off the fuel source and the individuals and businesses and organizations who work in secrecy shoveling more coal into the fire of national self-destruction. If we don't exterminate them first, we will never be able to heal the grievous wounds that now lie open and festering. Their strategy has been to divide and conquer. We are a nation already divided against itself. So if you concur, ask yourself "Who has been benefitting from stoking the political fires of discord?" My conclusion is there have been many and they are often seen cooperatively working together.
In summary, I advise that we must kill the germs and not just treat the resulting symptoms.
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This Saturday, LACMA Muse has the privilege of hosting The Golden Stag New Year's Eve Celebration at one of Los Angeles's oldest and best-kept secrets—the Park Plaza. The beautiful neo-gothic building was built in 1925 as Elks Lodge no. 99 by architect Claud Beelman. Park Plaza provided the Elks with a haven from Prohibition, hosted indoor swimming events for the 1932 Olympic Games, and has a staggering number of film shoots under its belt.
Hiding in plain sight on the edge of MacArthur Park, the impressive façade features an array of sculptures and shelters a breathtaking interior. Once inside the Park Plaza's doors, you are taken through time to the grandeur of the jazz age. Detail is everywhere from the high, intricately designed ceilings to the grand staircase in the foyer, to the brilliant Gold Room, Bronze Room, and Grand Ballroom. The Gold and Bronze Rooms (or Parlor and Speakeasy come Saturday) open to an expansive patio. Upstairs, the wood-paneled Grand Ballroom holds a large dance floor, perfect for the 18-piece jazz orchestra that will be on hand for the New Year's festivities. Walking through the Park Plaza's halls, it's easy to see what made the '20s roar.
Inspired by the hotel, we, along with Sypher Art Studio, created The Golden Stag to build on the Park Plaza's Jazz Age spirit. The environment, entertainment, and service pay tribute to the bygone era. It's going to be the cat's pajamas. Check out this video of Alice Underground, one of Saturday's many performers, for a preview of what's in store at The Golden Stag. For more information on the party, including tickets, visit The Golden Stag page.
Jason Gaulton, Muse Coordinator


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This article was originally published in the March/April 1994 issue of Home Energy Magazine. Some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content.
| Home Energy Home Page | Back Issues of Home Energy |
Home Energy Magazine Online March/April 1994
Blower Door Cruise Control
The use of pressure differential diagnostics to measure and interpret air leakage is changing the way blower-door users approach buildings. While measuring series leakage paths can give practitioners a better understanding of building dynamics, the techniques involved can sometimes be cumbersome.
Typically, the technician depressurizes a building to 50 Pascals (Pa), takes a pressure reading across the surface in question, and adds a hole to the surface. The resulting pressure drop in relation to the size of the hole is used to assess the extent of leakage. But to achieve accurate readings, a consistent whole-house pressure must be maintained with relation to the outside, before and after adding the hole.
It can be difficult to follow test procedures and keep the pressure constant in large or complicated houses, especially when working alone. Adding a hole or opening an attic door will, of course, change the whole-house pressure difference. To complete the tests, the technician must open the attic door, go downstairs to adjust the fan speed at the front door, then return to the gauges at the attic opening to see the results. In a large home, these trips back and forth, adjusting and readjusting, may be a good aerobic workout, but they can be time-consuming and frustrating.
Technicians working for Mass-Save Incorporated have been using a new flow control system that simplifies the diagnostic process. This system maintains a consistent house pressure relative to the outside by automatically adjusting fan speed. As the technician moves throughout the building opening various size holes into zones, the pressure difference will automatically return to 50 Pa, or any other preset pressure.
This flow control system, sometimes referred to as cruise control for the blower door, was developed at Mass Save and is based on a closed-loop feedback system. The system has two operating modes, manual and automatic. The operator initially depressurizes the building by increasing fan speed with the manual control, and then switches to automatic mode. The system automatically responds to any change in house pressure, increasing or decreasing fan speed as needed to maintain an even pressure difference.
System components include a pressure sensor with two taps set up like the Magnehelic gauges on the blower door. The low-pressure tap is inside the building and the high-pressure tap tees into the tube on the blower-door gauge that extends to the outside. When a pressure change is detected, a process controller sends a signal to the motor control to change fan speed, maintaining a constant pressure. In this automatic mode, the loop is closed, freeing the operator to experiment with the pressure dynamics of the building.
This technology can be applied to any of the many pressure diagnostic techniques, but it is especially well suited to the technique of increasing the hole size to double the zone depressurization with reference to the outside (see In Search of the Missing Leak, HE Nov/Dec '92, p.27). This simple technique can give a fast, visual estimation of leakage area. Opening a hatch to an attic, or a door to a garage, will automatically increase the fan speed until the initial zone-to-exterior depressurization is doubled (see Figure 1). The size of the opening roughly estimates the size of the existing leakage area. The cruise control keeps the sum of house-to-zone and zone-to-exterior pressure at 50, regardless of the opening size.
The applications of this prototype are still growing, changing the methods used to measure interzonal and duct leakage. One refinement that could be addressed is the sensitivity and responsiveness of the fan motor control. Sudden pressure changes due to an exterior door abruptly opening or a strong wind gust can cause the motor to overcompensate before readjusting to 50 Pa.
We hope that continuing development of this technology can be integrated with built-in computer programs to further enhance diagnostic procedures and make our efforts just a bit easier.
-- Bruce Torrey
Bruce Torrey is the building applications specialist for Mass-Save Incorporated, an energy services company based in Massachusetts.
Figure 1a. Initial view. With the whole house depressurized to -50 Pa, take a pressure reading from the house to the zone in question. In this example the attic-ceiling bypasses are causing the attic zone to be depressurized 10 Pa with reference to the outside.
Figure 1b. Second view. Gradually open a hole from house to attic until the initial attic-to-outside depressurization is doubled (in this case from 10 Pa to 20 Pa). To make this procedure work, the automatic flow device keeps the whole house depressurization at a consistent -50 Pa.
Figure 2. Schematic of a blower-door cruise control.
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Mumford & Sons Win Big
Mumford & Sons wrapped up a completely unpredictable Grammy Awards with perhaps the most surprising win of the night, taking home album of the year for "Babel."
It was an event that even shocked the London folk-rockers.
"We figured we weren't going to win anything because The Black Keys have been sweeping up all day, rightfully so," Marcus Mumford said.
Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys ended up the night's top winner with four trophies, including producer of the year and three rock category victories with bandmate Patrick Carney. But it was hardly a clean sweep as The Recording Academy's thousands of voters spread the love for the year's top singles.
Fun. took home major awards best new artist, in something of an upset over Frank Ocean, and song of the year for the transcendent anthem "We Are Young," featuring Janelle Monae.
"I didn't think we were going to win this one," lead singer Nate Ruess said after the best new artist win. "Frank Ocean. The Lumineers. Everybody, amazing."
Like Mumford & Sons, Gotye busted up the predictions, taking record of the year for 2012's top-selling single, the haunting "Somebody That I Used To Know," featuring Kimbra, and finished with three awards.
Prince, in hood and sunglasses and carrying a sparkly silver cane, presented him with the record of the year trophy and the Australian paid tribute to The Purple One's influence.
"A little bit lost for words, to receive an award from the man standing behind us with the cane," Gotye said. "Many years listening to this man's music growing up and a big reason I was inspired to make music. Thank you."
Jay-Z and Kanye West had three wins — sharing one award with Ocean — along with Skrillex, and a slew of nominees had two wins apiece, including former best new artist winner Esperanza Spalding.
Ocean was shut out in the major categories, but took home two trophies, including best urban contemporary album. Only Chris Brown, with whom Ocean scuffled last month, remained seated as the 25-year-old R&B winner walked to the stage during a standing ovation. Ocean beat Brown, who attended with girlfriend Rihanna, in the category.
Ocean won also won best rap/sung collaboration for "No Church in the Wild" with fellow top nominees Jay-Z and West, and The-Dream. The win came after victories for Jay-Z and West for best rap song and best rap performance for "… in Paris," another "Watch the Throne" track. Ocean also performed his song "Forrest Gump," the love song written about a man that first started the buzz that led to his announcement that his first love was a man.
"We Are Young" helped fun. earn a starring role at these Grammys with nominations in all four major categories after the release of their first album, matched only by Christopher Cross in 1981, and six overall. The band turned in a powerful early performance of "Carry On" as a downpour on stage began mid-song and guitarist Jack Antonoff got a kiss from girlfriend "Girls" creator Lena Dunham after winning.
The Black Keys took best rock performance for "Lonely Boy" during the main telecast and earlier in the day won best rock song for "Lonely Boy" and best rock album for "El Camino." He also got an assist — but no trophy — on Dr. John's best blues album "Locked Down," which he produced.
Other winners included Rihanna, Beyonce, Mumford & Sons and Taylor Swift, who opened the show as the Mad Hatter. Swift dressed in white top hat, tails, shorts and tall boots during the surreal version of her hummable hit "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" that included a troop of mime clowns and a guy on a tricycle with a flame-thrower attached.
The singer pretended to talk to the offending boyfriend on the phone: "I'm busy opening the Grammys and we're never getting back together."
Justin Timberlake debuted new tracks "Suit & Tie" with Jay-Z and "Pusher Love" in a performance that was broadcast in retro black and white. Rihanna and the extended Marley family paid tribute to Bob Marley. Sting and Bruno Mars helped each other out on their hits "Locked Out of Heaven" and "Walking on the Moon." Elton John and Ed Sheeran teamed on "The A Team" and Miguel and Wiz Khalifa joined forces on "Adorn." Alicia Keys played drums during Maroon 5's "Daylight," before Adam Levine's band backed her on "Girl on Fire."
Jack White brought both his male and female bands on stage, tearing through "Love Interruption" and "Freedom at 21" before a standing ovation from the crowd. And Elton John, Mavis Staples, Brown, Mumford & Sons and Brittany Howard of Alabama Shakes paid tribute to the late Levon Helm with a spirited rendition of "The Weight."
Adele won the first award of the night on the main telecast, taking home best pop solo performance for "Set Fire to the Rain (Live)," in one of the night's least-surprising moments — though the singer was somewhat taken aback.
"I just wanted to be part of the night, because I loved it last year, obviously," she said of winning a record-tying six awards in 2012.
Carrie Underwood won best country solo performance for "Blown Away," Zac Brown Band won best country album for "Uncaged" and Kelly Clarkson turned in the night's most exuberant acceptance speech after winning best pop vocal album for "Stronger." After hugging much of the front row and momentarily getting stuck to Miranda Lambert's dress, Clarkson charged the stage with a giant smile.
"Miguel, I don't know who the hell you are, but we need to sing together," she said. "I mean, good God. That was the sexiest dancing I've ever seen."
Skrillex won best dance recording for "Bangarang," featuring Sirah, best dance/electronica album for "Bangarang" and best remixed recording a year after winning those same awards in his first appearance at the Grammys.
"You know what, I thought I'd get used to it, but I tripped over every word when I was up there," Skrillex said of his acceptance speeches. "I felt like I just wanted a pool of ice water and just couldn't even breathe or think. It was crazy. I think it was even crazier than last year."
Celebrities rolled down the red carpet in the early afternoon under heavy police guard during a continued manhunt for an alleged cop killer. Many stars showed a fair amount of skin — check out the Twitter pic of Ellen DeGeneres ogling Katy Perry's revealing dress — despite CBS's mandate that stars dress appropriately with butts, breasts and other sensitive areas covered adequately.
Nevertheless, Jennifer Lopez showed up on stage in a dress slit all the way to her hip.
"As you can see, I read the memo," Lopez joked.
AP writers Mesfin Fekadu, Sandy Cohen and Anthony McCartney in Los Angeles contributed to this report.


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Writing about vaccines, evolution, and even dark matter has ended up setting off contentious discussions here at Ars. But no area seems to bring out impassioned arguments as reliably as climate change. Covering the latest scientific results can bring forth cries of scientific fraud, conspiracies, and denialism; considering policy implications can be even worse.
It can be really difficult for anyone not well-versed in the debate to get any sense of the science at all, something that's clear from the huge gap between the scientific community's acceptance of climate change and the public's wariness about the topic. So it's probably useful to step back from the latest findings, and look at science's basic understanding of how greenhouse gasses can force climate change, which often gets lost in the arguments.
All things being equal, adding greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere will warm it
The concept of greenhouse gas-driven warming was worked out about a century ago, shortly after it was realized that carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light, but absorbs infrared radiation. Once absorbed, it is transformed into vibrational and rotational energy, which we perceive as warmth. This plays out very simply: the sun's output in the visible spectrum passes through greenhouse gasses on the way to the ground, where a lot of it gets absorbed and radiated back out as infrared at a later point. With more greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, a greater fraction of that IR is absorbed by the atmosphere, increasing its heat content.
Not only are the physics simple, it's easy to calculate the impact of greenhouse gasses by measuring the amount of energy sent our way by the sun, and then assuming it's all radiated back to space. Without the influence of greenhouse gasses, including water vapor and CO2, the planet would be a much colder place, and uninhabitable by most of its current life.
It's also relatively simple to calculate that adding more of these gasses would shift the energy balance further. This really can't be emphasized enough. In the hyperbolic language that has infested the debate, researchers have been accused of everything from ditching the scientific method to participating in a vast conspiracy. But the basic concepts of the greenhouse effect is a matter of simple physics and chemistry, and have been part of the scientific dialog for roughly a century.
Greenhouse-driven climate change is used to explain many historic events
There are any number of indications that climate change driven by greenhouse gasses is far more readily accepted among the scientific community than it is among the general public, from surveys of researchers to statements released by organizations of professional scientists. But perhaps the clearest indication of the acceptance of an idea like this is the fact that it's deeply engrained in scientific discussions. The scientific literature makes it clear that scientists view greenhouse effects as plausible explanations for everything from historic shifts in the Earth's climate to the dynamics of the atmospheres of other planets.
In the last month or so, I've come across a paper that suggested the global glaciations occurred when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere because that oxygen reacted with and eliminated a specific greenhouse gas (I'd seen something similar years ago that proposed the same thing, but with a different greenhouse gas). In the same span, two papers have suggested that a plunge in atmospheric carbon dioxide caused the glaciation of Antarctica. The importance of atmospheric carbon dioxide for an earlier period of warming called the PETM has also been an area of intensive study.
It's important to emphasize that, with the exception of the PETM, the precise role of greenhouse gas changes in these events is pretty speculative at this point. But a couple of things should be clear: scientists consider changes in greenhouse gasses a plausible driver of changing climates, and view the field as a fruitful area of study.
That "all things being equal" caveat is a big one
Obviously, however, greenhouse gasses are hardly the only climate influence that can change. The amount of energy sent our way by the sun varies in 11-year cycles, and often displays longer-term trends. Aerosols, such as those released by volcanoes and burning fossil fuels, can reflect sunlight back into space; so can some clouds.
The levels of any of these can change at the same time as greenhouse gasses, either enhancing or obscuring their climactic impact. As a result, researchers have attempted to track the changes in these other factors in order to understand the precise role played by rising levels of CO2 and methane in recent temperature rises. These efforts have included tracking the activity of the sun (pretty easy) to measuring the levels of aerosols and the extent of cloud cover (much, much harder).
Complicating matters further, a change in temperature can induce changes in other factors that influence climate. So, for example, higher temperatures melt glaciers, which normally reflect sunlight back into space—their absence will tend to enhance the warming. In the same way, higher temperatures allow the atmosphere to hold more water vapor, which is a potent greenhouse gas (but one that circulates through the atmosphere within days, rather than the centuries typical of CO2).
It's pretty clear that these feedbacks play a critical role in modulating the climate—the Earth wouldn't either enter or exit ice ages if it weren't for feedbacks that enhance otherwise minor changes in the distribution of sunlight that reaches the planet. That said, the relative importance or magnitude of different feedbacks is an active area of research, and there is plenty of room for scientific disagreements there.
Still, not knowing everything isn't the same as not knowing anything; it's possible to get some reasonably accurate estimates of many of the feedbacks and forcings, or to set upper and lower bounds on their likely values. In the case of solar forcings, we actually have pretty good measurements of the changes in our sun's activity over the last several decades. The limits we have on these values mean that future estimates, such as those provided by the IPCC, include a range of potential values for likely future temperature changes.
This isn't weather forecasting
Both sides of the public debate have a really unfortunate tendency to equate climate with the weather. People will happily point to extreme weather events as evidence of a changing climate, even though the links between increased temperatures and, say, hurricane strength, are still not entirely clear. Others will list news reports of record low temperatures, apparently oblivious to the fact that one unusually cold day can easily occur in an exceptionally hot year.
These arguments conflate two very different things: weather is what happens on a given day, while the climate is what the weather will typically be like. To give a simple example: the climate in Texas is generally warmer than that in New York, but it's entirely possible to have a colder day in Texas, or hotter day in New York. So, although the global climate is now warmer than it was in 1900, that certainly doesn't preclude the possibility of record cold days.
There's a related misconception: many seem to think that if we can't get weather forecasts right, we can't possibly predict the climate. Not surprisingly, if weather and climate are very different things, the methods and tools used to predict them are equally different. We've gone into the differences in detail in the past, but the difference is what you'd expect based on the difference between weather and climate: it's very hard to predict the specific state of a complex system over longer time periods, but nowhere near as difficult to get a sense of what its general outlines are likely to be.
It's important to look for the science
It's impossible to cover every possible aspect of climate science in a single piece; the climate is big and complex, and raging arguments have developed over all sorts of minutia. So, the best piece of advice one can have when attempting to engage with climate science is simply to recognize scientific data and reasoning.
So, using examples from above, if you see someone confusing weather and climate, you can probably assume that they've not been paying careful attention to scientific issues. In the same way, you'll often see people arguing that since the planet's climate has changed in the past without human intervention, there's no reason to worry about human-generated greenhouse gasses now—which ignores evidence indicating some of those past changes have been driven by greenhouse gasses. We've also discussed (twice!) why using 1998 as a starting point for discussing some sort of "global cooling" involves a careful preselection of data.
You'll also see some people leave basic logic behind. Many will cite surfacestations.org in an attempt to show that recent temperature records are inaccurate, and then turn around and use those same records to argue that temperatures have recently cooled.
So, in addition to knowing the basics of climate science, perhaps the most important thing to know when dealing with the climate is how to recognize when someone has stopped using science entirely.


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just another person who wastes too much time on useless things.
6,895 total episodes
Hello! sothis is redesigning the anime-planet site, and plans to roll out an awesome new site design in July, we believe. The blog feature is not part of the new design, and it is going away. More information about this here: Announcement: the blog feature is being deprecated topic link. (Be sure to check out the new site design when it goes live!)
The blog pages are going away, and will be gone when the site redesign goes live. Your blog here will be removed from the site.
So, if want to keep the information posted in your blog, you will need to copy this information someplace else on the site. If you have any questions how or where to do this, please feel free to get back to me, and I will try to assist.
The 2 manga that you said were missing from the database were added today btw.


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The Fourth goes Pops: Arrive early, grab a spot and keep your cool
Spending the Fourth of July on the Esplanade takes toughness: There's the mad dash to claim a coveted spot, there's all that sitting and waiting in the hot, hot sun - doesn't it seem like it's always a thousand degrees on the Fourth of July? - and then there's the crush of the crowds and the pit stops in portable toilets.
But it's all worth it to the 500,000 or so people who make the pilgrimage into Boston every year for a performance by the Boston Pops, followed by fireworks over the Charles River.
The concert begins at 8:30 p.m. Joining the Pops this year will be rocker John Mellencamp, and the show will be hosted by Craig Ferguson of CBS' ''The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson.''
The part of the show many people look forward to most - the fireworks - gets started at 10:30 p.m.
The free-for-all scramble for space begins at 9 a.m. (camping out overnight is not allowed), so it's smart to get there by 6 a.m. if you want a decent spot in the oval area near the Hatch Shell where the Boston Pops will perform.
Only about 8,000 people fit comfortably in that area, so event planners usually close it by 11 a.m.
''We don't want people literally on top of each other,'' said Steve MacDonald, spokesman for Boston's Fourth of July celebration. ''We want it to be a nice friendly atmosphere.''
Expect tight security. People entering the oval area will be searched and will be asked to wear wristbands.
Experienced revelers get there early, settle into a spot and then work the day in shifts, with some in their party staying to man the blankets while others stretch their legs in the city.
''You can go in and set up a blanket, then head into the city, go to the Back Bay for dinner and come back for the concert,'' MacDonald said.
If you decide to stick around the Esplanade, fight boredom by bringing books, board games and cards. Take along a radio and listen to the Red Sox game, which starts at 1:05 p.m.
It's OK to set up a tent or canopy for shade, but expect to take it down once the show starts. And if you bring chairs, make sure they're not too tall.
''If you don't bring a low-lying chair, people might be yelling at you,'' MacDonald said.
Bring bug spray and sunscreen. Enjoy the concessions on hand or pack your own picnic lunch, but keep in mind: Alcohol is not allowed.
''Around the whole area there are several checkpoints where the police will check your cooler to see what you have in there,'' MacDonald said.
The event typically draws as many as 500,000 people, yet even with the massive crowds, the day tends to run smoothly, MacDonald said.
''If we have incidents, they're almost all health-related, where people get sunburned or dehydrated,'' he said. ''It's a long day, but it's a very low-key event, and we really don't have fights or anything of a criminal nature.''
After all, most people just want to enjoy the patriotic party.
The spectacular will feature the Pops' now-classic Independence Day rendition of Tchaikovsky's ''1812 Overture,'' with cannons and the live ringing of church bells.
In addition to Mellencamp, the Pops will be joined on stage by the winner of the POPSearch 2007 contest. The winner will be chosen tonight at Symphony Hall after the three finalists perform with the Pops.
Finalist Lydia Harrell, 30, of Everett can hardly believe she has a shot at taking the stage with the Pops on the Fourth. ''It's a really great feeling just to know that I'm close to it,'' she said. ''It's a big deal.''
Many insiders say the Pops' July 3 concert at the Hatch Shell - a rehearsal of the big show - is the best way to go. Sans fireworks, though.
And for many, the fireworks are not to be missed.
Event planners say this year's fireworks show will be the largest and most complex pyrotechnic display to date, involving more than 20,000 pounds of explosives. The show will include the largest shells yet to be used: 10-inch diameter shells that will climb to 1,500 feet - nearly one and a half times the height of the Hancock Tower.
When you're deciding where to set up camp for the day, be aware: The oval area gives you a nice view of the musical performances, but it is not the best place to see the fireworks since the trees surrounding that section tend to block much of the pyrotechnics.
Head further down the Esplanade and set your blanket down on the various grassy spots on both the Boston and Cambridge sides of the Charles River. There's often more open space on the Cambridge side than on the Boston side, where twice as many people are crammed in. If you head to Cambridge, you can arrive later in the day, even in early evening, spread out and have the Boston skyline as your backdrop to the fireworks.
''Our surveys have shown that a third of the people come after 5 p.m.,'' MacDonald said.
If you want to catch even the low effects that hover just above the water, align yourself near one of the four large barges on the river, while parking yourself near one of the 30 sound towers on either side.
''Then you can listen to the concert and have a front-row seat for the fireworks,'' MacDonald said.
Many people come to see the show by boat as well.
''I go just about every year,'' said Chris Harrington, rear commodore with the Squantum Yacht Club. ''You can put the concert on your radio and enjoy being close to the fireworks.''
Yet you don't necessarily have to trek into Boston to enjoy the display. The fireworks, which can be seen as far as 10 to 15 miles away, are visible in various spots, including Squantum and Hull.
And hey, if you don't want to wrestle with the crowds, you can always catch the show from the comfort of your couch. The national broadcast begins at 10 p.m. on CBS.
Dina Gerdeman of The Patriot Ledger (Quincy, Mass.) may be reached at email@example.com .


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May 25th, 2011
What causes leg cramps?
Every weekday, a CNNHealth expert doctor answers a viewer question. On Wednesdays, it's Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society.
Asked by Cleester of Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
I am generally a very healthy woman. I frequently wake up at night with painful cramps in the thighs and the back of my legs below the knee. What causes cramps and how can I get rid of them?
Dear Cleester,
Cramping is painful contracture of muscles. It generally lasts for five to 10 minutes and then remits. It can awaken someone from a sound sleep.
Cramping of the legs and feet is very common. Cramping in the hands and arms is seen but less common.
This condition is seen in children or adults of any age. People who have cramping regularly should be seen by a health care provider, even though the cause is often never found after extensive evaluation.
When the cause is found, cramping can be due to prolonged sitting or leg position during sedentary activity.
Perhaps most commonly, cramps can be due to overuse of muscles that are not accustomed to exercise.
The second most common cause is dehydration. Cramps can also be caused by electrolyte and metabolic disorders. Diuretic drugs can commonly cause cramping through dehydration, sodium or potassium depletion.
Parathyroid disease causes high or low calcium levels and is associated with cramping, as is thyroid dysfunction. Parathyroid and thyroid diseases are perhaps a more common cause of cramping in the hands and arms compared with other causes of cramping.
The evaluation of cramping will commonly involve a drug history and blood studies checking sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium levels as well as thyroid function tests.
The physical examination is usually normal in a patient with routine cramping. The health care provider will also be trying to distinguish common cramping from muscle diseases that can mimic it and be an uncommon side effect of commonly prescribed drugs used to lower cholesterol (such as cholestyramine) or decrease stomach acid (cimetidine or ranitidine).
Decreased oxygenation of leg muscles due to peripheral vascular disease and the pain of diabetic neuropathy can also be mistaken for cramps. Leg cramps are best prevented with nondrug treatments.
Daily stretching and muscle strengthening can be very useful in preventing cramps. Stretching the muscle group during the cramp attack can be helpful in relieving it.
Chloroquine or the similar compound quinine (an ingredient of tonic water) has been prescribed to prevent cramping. Chloroquine has recently fallen out of favor.
Calcium channel blockers have become the preferred first medical treatment for cramping in patients who get them often for unknown reasons.
A few people find that a daily dose of vitamin B complex prevents cramping.
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