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Papal election stirs Argentina's 'dirty war' past
BUENOS AIRES, Argentina — Pope Francis is rarely talked about without mention of his humility, his reluctance to talk about himself. The self-effacement, admirers say, is why he has hardly ever denied one of the harshest allegations against him: That he was among church leaders who actively supported Argentina's murderous dictatorship.
It's without dispute that Jose Mario Bergoglio, like most other Argentines, failed to openly confront the 1976-1983 military junta while it was kidnapping and killing thousands of people in a "dirty war" to eliminate leftist opponents.
But the new pope's authorized biographer, Sergio Rubin, argues that this was a failure of the Roman Catholic Church in general, and that it's unfair to label Bergoglio with the collective guilt that many Argentines of his generation still deal with.
"In some way many of us Argentines ended up being accomplices," at a time when anyone who spoke out could be targeted, Rubin recalled in an interview with The Associated Press just before the papal conclave.
Some human rights activists accuse Bergoglio, 76, of being more concerned about preserving the church's image than providing evidence for Argentina's many human rights trials.
"There's hypocrisy here when it comes to the church's conduct, and with Bergoglio in particular," said Estela de la Cuadra, whose mother co-founded the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo activist group during the dictatorship to search for missing family members. "There are trials of all kinds now, and Bergoglio systematically refuses to support them."
Bergoglio twice invoked his right under Argentine law to refuse to appear in open court in trials involving torture and murder inside the feared Navy Mechanics School and the theft of babies from detainees. When he eventually did testify in 2010, his answers were evasive, human rights attorney Myriam Bregman told the AP.
Bergoglio's own statements proved church officials knew from early on that the junta was torturing and killing its citizens even as the church publicly endorsed the dictators, she said. "The dictatorship could not have operated this way without this key support," she said.
Rubin, a religious affairs writer for the Argentine newspaper Clarin, said Bergoglio actually took major risks to save so-called "subversives" during the 1976-1983 dictatorship, but never spoke about it publicly before his 2010 biography, "The Jesuit."
In the book, Bergoglio explained that he didn't want to stoop to his critics' level — and then shared some of his stories. Bergoglio said he once passed his Argentine identity papers to a wanted man with a similar appearance, enabling him to escape over the border to Brazil, and added that many times he sheltered people inside church properties before they were safely delivered into exile.
The most damning accusation against Bergoglio is that as the young leader of Argentina's Jesuit order, he withdrew his support for two slum priests whose activist colleagues in the liberation theology movement were disappearing. The priests were then kidnapped and tortured at the Navy Mechanics School, which the junta used as a clandestine prison.
Bergoglio said he had told the priests — Orlando Yorio and Francisco Jalics — to give up their slum work for their own safety, and they refused. But Yorio later accused Bergoglio of effectively delivering them to the death squads by declining to publicly endorse their work. Yorio is now dead, and Jalics has refused to discuss these events since moving into a German monastery.
Both priests were eventually dropped off blindfolded in a field after a harrowing helicopter ride, two of the few detainees to have survived that prison.
Rubin said Bergoglio only reluctantly told him the rest of the story: that he had gone to extraordinary, behind-the-scenes lengths to save them.
Then in his 30s, the Jesuit leader persuaded the family priest of feared dictator Jorge Videla to call in sick so that he could say Mass instead. Once inside the junta leader's home, Bergoglio privately appealed for mercy, Rubin wrote.
All this was done in secret, at a time when other church leaders were publicly endorsing the junta and calling on Catholics to restore their "love for country" despite the terror in the streets.
"It's a very sensitive subject," Rubin told the AP. "The Argentine church was one of the most conservative in Latin America. It showed a good disposition toward the military authorities, who, to make matters worse, considered themselves Christians and called themselves good Catholics."
Within the church hierarchy at the time, there were about 50 bishops, and most were conservatives. Some were very progressive, and ended up killed. Bergoglio was somewhere in the middle, Rubin suggested.
"There were some who were in it up to their necks," he said, citing Christian Federico von Wernich, who served as a police chaplain then and is now serving a life sentence for torture and kidnapping.
"There were those who risked it all to openly challenge the junta, and some of those ended up dead," Rubin added, among them Bishop Enrique Angelelli who was killed in a suspicious traffic accident in 1976 while carrying evidence about two murdered priests.
Rubin says activists closely allied with the government of President Cristina Fernandez have "have tried to insert Bergoglio into some human rights trials, even when he truly shouldn't be."
On the other hand, activists say the Argentine church waited far too long to apologize for its human rights failures, and has yet to identify those responsible for many human rights violations that the church was aware of at the time.
Bergoglio was named Buenos Aires cardinal in 2001. But it wasn't until 2006, after then-President Nestor Kirchner declared an official day of mourning for Angelelli on the 30th anniversary of his death, that Bergoglio called him a "martyr" in the church's first official recognition that the bishop was murdered.
Under Bergoglio's leadership, Argentina's bishops also issued a collective apology in October 2012 for the church's failures to protect its flock during the dictatorship, but the statement blamed the era's violence in roughly equal measure on both the junta and its enemies.
"Bergoglio has been very critical of human rights violations during the dictatorship, but he has always also criticized the leftist guerrillas; he doesn't forget that side," Rubin said.
Bergoglio also was accused of turning his back on the De la Cuadra family, which lost five relatives to state terror, including Estela's sister Elena, who was five months' pregnant before she was kidnapped and killed in 1977.
The family appealed to the leader of the Jesuits in Rome, who urged Bergoglio to help them. Bergoglio then assigned a monsignor to talk with police, who gave them a heartbreaking statement: The woman was a communist, and therefore doomed, but she had given birth in captivity to a girl. That baby, in turn, was given to a family "too important" for the adoption to be reversed.
Despite this evidence in a case he was personally involved with, Bergoglio testified in 2010 that he didn't know about any stolen babies until well after the dictatorship was over.
"Bergoglio has a very cowardly attitude when it comes to something so terrible as the theft of babies," Estela de la Cuadra told the AP. "The question is how to save his name, save himself. But he can't keep these allegations from reaching the public. The people know how he is."


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As Tom Diaz sat in the Army band hall waiting to hear his late father's music for the first time, he had a troubling thought: What if it's lousy? What if the march his father wrote for Gen. George S. Patton Jr. during World War II was a stinker?
Diaz knew that his father, Gregorio A. Diaz, had written the "Third Army March" in 1945. But he'd never heard it. It hadn't been played in ages. And his father had been dead for 24 years.
Now, as the Army concert band prepared to record it for the first time, Diaz braced himself.
Lt. Silas N. Huff, associate conductor, told the band that the son of the composer was present. The band applauded. Huff raised his baton. What followed was a rousing, jaunty, toe-tapping piece of superb march music.
"Yeah!" Diaz thought, as he listened, "It's really good."
The recording, one day this month at Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall in Virginia, capped a story of an impoverished immigrant musician who joined the Army in 1924 and wound up becoming the band leader for one of most famous generals of World War II.
It brought back rich memories for his son.
"What a moment," Tom Diaz, 73, of Northwest Washington, said. "Knowing everything I know about my father, having grown up as an Army brat . . . it's almost a sense of unreality that this is actually happening."
The recording also culminated a 15-month quest to restore the march to prominence by Lawrence A. Devron, the former Army musician who rediscovered it last year. He had found, to his dismay, that the modern incarnation of the Third Army, U.S. Army Central, uses the popular "Patton March," from the 1970 film "Patton" for ceremonies, not the original.
No one there had ever heard of the march Diaz created over a half-century ago.
The story began in June 2012, when Devron, who works for the Army records management and declassification agency, was visiting Shaw Air Force Base in South Carolina, the main command post of U.S. Army Central.
During the visit, Devron was touring part of the installation with the command's archivist, Kathy Olson, when he spotted a drum major's mace and sash in a trophy case.
Devron, 67, of Springfield, Va., who had played French horn in the Army Band in the 1960s, was curious. He asked if he could take a closer look.
"When I looked in there . . . I saw this piece of manuscript," he said. It was written on now-aging paper and was dated April 10, 1945.
"I looked at it real close, and it was the 'Third Army March.' "
"That's great!" he told Olson, who had assembled the items in the case. "I've never heard that piece.'"
"Neither have we," she replied. "There's no recording of it."
"I said, 'Well, what do you play . . . at Third Army ceremonies?' " Devron asked.
"The theme from the movie 'Patton,' " Olson said.
Devron thought, "I got a mission."
Warrant Officer Gregorio Diaz was 39 when he composed the march in April 1945 in Germany.
"Respectfully dedicated to Lt. Gen. George S. Patton Jr. and the gallant officers and men of the Third U.S. Army," he wrote on the title page of the condensed score.
The war in Europe was almost over, and Patton's Third Army was famous for dashing across France, saving America forces at the Battle of the Bulge and pushing into the heart of Nazi Germany.
Patton, himself, had become a legend. Flamboyant, controversial and brilliant, he would say at war's end that commanding the Third Army had been the highlight of his life.
His men returned the affection. Gregorio Diaz, a diminutive man, referred to Patton as the "big boss."
Diaz's 61st Army Ground Forces Band had been chosen by Patton to serve as the Third Army's official band.
"It wasn't just some band," Tom Diaz said. "Gen. Patton had a very high standard. He liked pomp and circumstance and music, and this was the band he wanted for his Army headquarters."
It was an honor for Gregorio Diaz, who had been born in a poor village in the Canary Islands and left home when he was 12. He'd made his way to Mexico, crossed into the United States in 1924, and went right to Fort Bliss, Texas, where he enlisted in the 7th Cavalry's band, his son said in an interview.
He apparently had learned clarinet and saxophone while playing in a youth band in his home village.
In the Army, he moved among several different bands in Colorado, Panama and Washington, becoming leader of the 61st Ground Forces band on June 7, 1944, the day after Allied forces landed in Normandy on D-Day, according to his military service record.
Gregorio Diaz finished the march less than a year later.
"He wanted to call it 'The General Patton March,' " Tom Diaz said. "I think Gen. Patton thought that was, even for his ego, too much. So they called it the 'Third Army March.' "
It's a "pass in review" march that lasts for about three minutes, enough to allow a band to pass in front of a reviewing party. It's a light, European-style march — more festive than martial.
There is a snapshot of Patton, in gleaming helmet and knee-high boots, purportedly listening to the march's debut in Luxembourg. Another photo depicts Patton watching the band march by, with Gregorio Diaz in the forefront.
And Tom Diaz has a snapshot of his father talking to Patton, who is much taller, and another man. On the back is written, "Big Boss, his aide, and 'me.' "
Lawrence Devron, who did not know Tom Diaz, was determined to find out more about the old march in the trophy case.
After the war, the Third Army became an administrative headquarters back in the United States and then was deactivated in the 1970s, Devron said. Olson, the archivist, said she suspected that its band was also deactivated then.
The march faded into obscurity. A U.S. Army Central spokesman said he did not know exactly why.
Devron, the son of a prominent Washington dance-band leader, said he was motivated, in part, by one of his old music teachers, who used to tell students, "Music is a dead art. You must make it live."
He started contacting friends, music experts and Army band alumni. "I said, 'What do you know about this? Nothing. Is there a recording? No,' " he said.
He got a copy of the condensed score via e-mail but said it's difficult to extrapolate a full score from a condensed score. He asked the Army band to do some research, and the band located other parts in its library.
"The march has been played," Devron said. "That's never been the issue. The issue is it's been dormant for all these years, and nobody [had] ever recorded it."
Plus, it was historic. "How many guys have a chance to compose something" like that, he said. "The Schwarzkopf ceremonial march? Have you heard that?" he said. "The Colin Powell march?"
"It's a rare thing that a guy can . . . dedicate a piece that the [general] has listened to and blessed," he said.
He started lobbying the Army band to get the march recorded.
"Third Army does not need to be playing the 'Patton' theme only," he said he argued. "That's not its history."
The band agreed, and the recording session was scheduled for 11 a.m. Nov. 6 in the band's Brucker Hall.
Devron and Tom Diaz were both present. "I've been working on this for a year and three months," Devron said. "I was delighted."
As he sat listening to the music, Tom Diaz said he thought of his father — how he would listen to opera on the radio, how he loved the music of John Philip Sousa, and how he had showed up at the front door with a big duffel bag when the war was over.

subset: commoncrawl


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When professional stylists mix pigment with developer to create a custom color, they use a ratio that takes into account the state of the client's hair, allowing them to use chemicals that are no stronger than absolutely necessary. They'll also be able to respond to another facet of human hair: it's rarely all the same hue to begin with, and fresh growth will have a different look than the previously processed length that's already there. To produce a subtle, natural look, professional stylists will typically mix at least two different shades. And with their nearly limitless palette, salon stylists are able to turn coifs into works of art using complex techniques such as ombre highlights or lowlights that dim naturally neon locks.
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December 15th, 2010
Woman sues McDonald's over Happy Meals
A California woman is suing McDonald's claiming the fast-food giant uses toys to market directly to young children. Monet Parham, a Sacramento, California, mother of two small children filed the lawsuit Wednesday in San Francisco along with health, nutrition and food safety advocates Center for Science in the Public Interest . CSPI is seeking court approval to proceed as a class action.
Parham, a 41-year old state employee, says her kids repeatedly ask for Happy Meals, mainly for the toys. "We have to say no to our kids so many times and McDonald's makes that so much harder to do. I object to the fact that McDonald's is getting into my kids' heads without my permission and actually changing what my kids want to eat."
Michael Jacobson, CSPI's executive director accused McDonald's of "one of the most insidious marketing practices–dangling a toy in front of a small child." Jacobson called the practice "unfair, deceptive and illegal' in California and many other states. "The food industry has a responsibility not to intrude into families by using sleazy marketing techniques getting kids to pester their parents."
Jacobson compared the tactics to tobacco companies marketing to kids with things like Joe Camel. "In this instance, McDonald's is worse. They are going straight at little kids. The company is using unfair techniques to persuade the kids to persuade the parents to go to McDonald's. Tobacco companies don't go after 3 year-olds. Neither does Coca Cola or Pepsi."
In 2006, fast food companies spent over $520 million on advertising and toys to market kids meals. More than $350 million of that was for toys alone. Last month, The San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed an ordinance that requires happy meals and other fast food offerings with toys meet new nutritional standards or be removed from menus. It goes into effect next December.
McDonald's says it is proud of its Happy Meals and will vigorously defend the company's brand, its reputation and its food. "We stand on our 30-year track record of providing a fun experience for kids and families at McDonald's," said Bridget Coffing, a company spokesperson. "We listen to our customers, and parents consistently tell us they approve of our Happy Meals. We are confident that parents understand and appreciate that Happy Meals are a fun treat, with quality, right-sized food choices for their children that can fit into a balanced diet."
This is not the first time CSPI has challenged fast food companies in court. In 2006 the organization went after Kellogg for marketing cereals loaded with sugar to children. In that case CSPI and Kellogg reached a settlement. CSPI also sued Kentucky Fried Chicken for frying its chicken in partially hydrogenated oil, which is high in trans fat. When KFC phased out the oil, CSPI dropped the lawsuit.
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Get a behind-the-scenes look at the latest stories from CNN Chief Medical Correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, Senior Medical Correspondent Elizabeth Cohen and the CNN Medical Unit producers. They'll share news and views on health and medical trends - info that will help you take better care of yourself and the people you love.


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Today's Music: Godsmack – Voodoo
El Guapo: No dammit! It's a party. And we're all going to harmoniously sing happy birthday. Or else!
Easter Wallaby(EW): Or else what? You're gonna call me a bunny? Listen buddy, I'm used to that from you people.
EG: Settle down, fuzzy britches. And keep that tail where I can see it this time too. *Grabs the bottle of chocolate liquer from her hand* Let's not make this any harder than it has to be.
*EW grabs back the bottle*
GroundHog(GH): Hey! No cracks about fuzziness. *to EW* You're looking good, baby. Can I get a hit of that? *Tips the bottle*
EW: *leans in close* How'd they rope you into this?
GH: I thought there'd be a Kardashian here. Not a bunch of second rate holiday icons. *Leers at her* Present company excluded of course.
Captain Kirk(CK) (standing next to Picard(CP)): People! We have to…settledown…be…ORganized…Thisconfusion…andbickering…iswhatthey…want…fromUS
CP: Oh, shut up you windbag. *drinks tea*
Abe Lincoln(AL) (moving away from the other presidents): Tea! A fine choice, sir. *Claps CP on his back*
Teddy Roosevelt(TR): *whispering conspiratorially* I have a bully accompaniment for that! *pours a liberal slug of whiskey in*
EG: *Wrestling Tom Turkey(TT) to the ground* Roosevelt, if you turn this into another Panama Canal, I will personally send you back up the Amazon with out a paddle! *Jumps back into the fray*
AL: Theodore, you need another drink like I need-
TR: Another hole in the head? BWAHAH-
*Abe Lincoln crams his stovepipe hat onto Roosevelts head, temporarily blinding him, and smacks him about the jowls.
TT has broken free from EG and is now under the refreshments table pecking at the St. Patricks Day Leprechaun. EW and GH are on top of a bookcase, slowly taki- OHGOODLORD! Let's just say they're…busy, and leave it at that.
A loud crash freezes everyone.
A cloud of dust and debris floats around the remains of the front door, which has been mostly replaced by the nose of a classic red Cadillac. in the back seat, Lipschitz, Otis, Bown Shugga and Mrs. Claus choke in the fumes, as Santa Claus bounds from the front seat.
SC: HO HO HO!!!! Why so cheeeerless, everyone? We're here for a very festive occasion!
EG (*dusting the fallout from his lederhosen*): Thank you Kris! Now as I was saying before, we are going to sing a joyful Happy Birthday to a wonderful (wo)man. A (wo)man who has touched us all deeply, whether by collecting travel pictures for charming young lady who's battling cancer, or bringing us weird pictures of Invisible Man fellatio.
A (wo)man who has stuck to her dream to publish – not one, not two, but three!!! books, with the promise of more to come!
A (wo)man who I am proud to call a friend.
And HE would apprecia-
SC *head snapping around*: Who? Who'd you say, boy?
EG: HE is the (wo)man we should all be proud- no, privileged- nay, HONORED! to sing happy birthday to, to wish H.E. Ellis the best birthday EVER!
*EG realizes he's been shouting into a suddenly still room. He opens his eyes slowly from his fervor to see that he is now surrounded by a whole bunch of not-so-festive looking holiday icons, all of them victims of HE Ellis' sharp and delightful wit.* Um…maybe we'll just send her a card! *Runs off*
Sincerely, from me, and all your blogtastic friends!
Edward Hotspur
Ginger Snaap
Cheeky Diva
Rogue Blogger
Trask Avenue


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Welcome to part two of your first week of Urban Homesteading Boot Camp. Yesterday I talked about the basics of selecting and preparing a site for your vegetable garden. Today, we'll cover layout, crop rotation, and, the best parts: planting and maintaining.
If you are planting in pots, the scale on all of this will be much, much less. 😉
Garden Layout
Once you have decided what to grow in your garden, you need to decide where in the garden to grow it. One of the first things to consider is the height of the plants, at their maturity, that you intend to grow. This is more important than companion planting because, as some friends of mine learned the hard way, while carrots do love tomatoes, carrots also love sunlight. So first think about what grows high up and what stays low. Tomatoes can get very tall, so can pole beans, corn, and cucumbers if you trellis them. Summer squash can also shade out neighbors with their big leaves. Most of the root crops stay low, as well as the peppers and lettuces; even peas can be kept pretty compact. You will want to plant low growing things to the south of high growing things (here in North America, obviously).
You can see from my garden plan that I made in 2009, I did just that: Tall tomatoes in the back along the north border, middle size squash next, and short onions, kohlrabi and beets at the bottom on the south edge. It worked great.
But I bet if you read my post in October on crop rotation, you spotted the problem with the layout. If not, here was my 2010 garden plan:
See the problem yet? Tomatoes up top, squash and peppers in the middle, and onions and kohlrabi along the bottom. I did this also in 2006 and 2007. Yeah. Some people are thicker than others. It took me a while on this one.
Finally, finally, I wised up. I had to turn my beds 90 degrees. You can see this year's plan is much better for crop rotation.
Crop Rotation
So yes, it took me years and years to find a way to rotate our crops. But why is it so important? Most of the veggies we like to grow in our gardens come from certain plant families. There are about nine families for the main crops most people like to plant.
- Tomatoes, potatoes, peppers and eggplant
- Peas and beans
- Cucumber, squash and melons
- Spinach, beets and chard
- Cabbages, kale, kohlrabi, turnips and broccoli (the brassicas – they only "real" family name I know)
- Onions, leeks and garlic (oh wait, I know two, these are alliums)
- Sunflowers, lettuce and other leafy greens
- Carrots, celery, parsley, parsnips
- Corn, rye, oats, wheat
The varieties in each family need similar nutrients to grow, and they are susceptible to the same diseases and pests. So if you plant your tomatoes in the same place year after year, you can expect them to deplete their soil and/or die from a disease. If you rotate things though, the nutrients that the tomatoes take from the soil in 2012 will get replaced by another plant, say beans, the next year. And if a tomato disease came knocking at the end of 2012, the 2013 beans might not get it, since they aren't necessarily open to the same sicknesses. Make sense?
Clearly, it is pretty important to switch things up. Your original layout needs to accommodate this, and you have to think a few years ahead. Here is what I've done with our 2012 garden.
First I oriented the beds so the tall stuff didn't always have to go in the same place (North is at the top of the page). Then, the coup de grâce – sticky-notes. Yep. Instead of writing in my plants, I put each thing we want in the garden on its own sticky-note. You can tell, I love tomatoes. The little circled letter corresponds to a plant family. Now I can arrange and rearrange, and rotate.
Yes, I know, I have more veggies than room in my garden for them. Decisions are hard around here. That's why I've enlisted the neighbor's yard. 😉
When playing with your layout and rotation, don't forget about plant height. In 2008, I tried rotating things in that old layout by switching the tomatoes to the bottom (the southern edge). Guess what – nothing grew because the tall plants shaded out everything else. Learn from my mistakes, grasshopper.
Here's where I want to take a minute to mention square foot gardening. Square foot gardening is a very good way to get a lot of plants into a small space. It would probably be a great way to keep things rotating as well. I am not very good at it, I'll be honest. I lack the self control. 😉 But if you have a very small space, you should consider it. It looks like a great way to pack a lot into a small area.
So, to the planting.
First off, I'm totally skipping the starting seeds indoors thing. I'm sorry if this is a big disappointment. I only began gardening when Rick and I moved to this house 8 years ago, and we have no good place at all to start seeds indoors. I'm thinking of getting some lights this year, but so far all my seed starts have failed.
Because of this, we buy seeds to sow directly in the ground for most things, but we buy already started tomato and pepper plants from the garden center. The growing season in Colorado is a bit short to start these outside if you want much of a harvest.
To plant your seeds, read your seed packets. Planting depth is important. From the tip of your finger to your first knuckle is about one inch; the depth you would want to plant peas. I am somewhat flexible with plant spacing, however. If my packet says to plant seeds every six inches in rows 18 inches apart, I just go with six inches in any direction. I know, I'm a rule breaker. But it seems to work just the same for us, and I want to conserve space as much as possible.
Some seed packets tell you to plant in hills. Squash like hills. Tomatoes do too. So, for the first timers, this is what a row is (notice Henry, spacing rows with a yardstick – it's ok to measure if it helps you):
And this is a hill:
I use my fingers or the side of my hand to make rows for most seeds, but I use a hoe to make a row for things that should be planted deeper than an inch. I just drag one corner of the hoe in a straightish line where I want the row to be. The line is sort of a valley with the extra soil piled up along the sides. Drop the seeds into the valley and use the soil next to the line to cover them. Don't use all the extra soil, especially if your seeds should be planted shallowly. Some of that soil will be used to make the sides of your row so that it will hold water. Tap the soil down well with your hands, making a long trench that will retain water to feed your seeds.
To make a hill, I use the back of a rake. And by I, I mean Rick. Not that it's hard, it just seems to be Rick's job. Anyway. Rick pulls the soil with the rake into a mound, and then we use our hands to sort of flatten the top, and move the dirt until it's sort of a crater. You plant inside the crater, not around the sides. This is a nice bowl to hold water for your seeds or little baby plants. We usually plant one tomato per hill and we plant three summer squash in a (larger) hill.
Then what? You guessed it – water your seeds. Water them well. Give everything a good soaking. Then wait a couple of minutes and soak everything again. Don't use hard jets of water – sprinkle or use a soaker or drip hose. You don't want to wash your seeds away.
Now is the time to set your tomato cages and trellises around your plants. As the plants grow, thread them up through the cage, so they don't break off any vines, or so the tomato doesn't shoot off to one side.
After planting, there are three things left to do to keep your garden on track: watering, thinning, and weeding.
Your baby seedlings and newly planted seeds need to stay moist. We like to use a drip system for our garden, which basically consists of a back-flow preventor at the spigot, and a bunch of tubing with little plastic drip heads on the ends where each plant is for the hills and lengths of pre-drilled drip-tube for the rows. The heads release so much water per hour. We love it because it conserves water and only puts water at the plants so it cuts down on weeds. And, I just have to step out the door, turn on the spigot, and it waters everything for me. I have three kids, people.
The drip system is not complicated, but explaining it thoroughly could be a post in it of its self. (Perhaps in the near future?)
Anyway, that is one method for watering. We have also watered by hand with the hose many a season, and last year our neighbor put his corn and potatoes on a timer connected to his sprinkler system. Bottom line is during the summer you need to water. Here in Colorado, we need to water everyday. Technically, it's an arid climate here. If you live in the rainforest, gauge your water accordingly.
All that water will make your seeds sprout into seedlings. And you will have to thin them. That means, heartlessly grabbing those tender green shoots and ripping them from the ground (gently – don't kill the ones you want to leave). You have to give your plants room to grow. If you leave every carrot seedling growing, you'll get lots of tops and no carrots. So leave one strong-looking seedling every few inches for your root crops. And for heaven sakes, thin your zucchini. It's really, really hard the first time. But just do it. Now is the time to nut up or shut up. 😉
And weeding. You have to rip 'em out too. They will grow fast and steal your veggie's water, sunlight and room. Take 'em down. Show no mercy, troops. Defend your hills! And your trenches! If you do a little everyday, the enemy won't gain any footing in your garden.


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Today's News: Our Take - What Were the Top Google Searches of 2012?
Whitney Houston was the top U.S. trending topic in 2012, Google spokesperson Daniel Sieberg said on Today Wednesday morning.
Was your favorite show canceled?
Houston, who died in February, was followed by other timely events including Hurricane Sandy and then Election 2012. Hunger Games came in fourth, followed by NBA basketball player Jeremy Lin and Olympics 2012. Amanda Todd, a teen who committed suicide after being bullied, Gangnam Style, Michael Clarke Duncan, who died in September, and Kony 2012 rounded out the Top 10.
Put away your cleavage, ladies!
As for image searches, teen heartthrobs ruled the Top 10. One Direction was No. 1, "Funny Pictures" was No. 2, Nicki Minaj landed at No. 3, Justin Bieber was No. 4, "Love" was No. 5, "Flowers" No. 6, Selena Gomez was No. 7, "Heart" at No. 8, "Money" at No. 9 and "iPhone 5" at No. 10.
View original What Were the Top Google Searches of 2012? at TVGuide.com
Other Links From TVGuide.com


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SAN FRANCISCO — Less than 24 hours after California started issuing marriage licenses to same sex couples, lawyers for the sponsors of the state's gay marriage ban filed an emergency motion Saturday asking the U.S. Supreme Court to stop the weddings being performed in San Francisco. Attorneys with the Arizona-based Alliance Defending Freedom claim in the petition that the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals acted prematurely and unfairly on Friday when it allowed gay marriage to resume by lifting a hold that had been placed on same sex unions. "The Ninth Circuit's June 28, 2013 Order purporting to dissolve the stay…is the latest in a long line of judicial irregularities that have unfairly thwarted Petitioners' defense of California's marriage amendment," the paperwork states. "Failing to correct the appellate court's actions threatens to undermine the public's confidence in its legal system." The motion was filed as dozens of couples in jeans, shorts, white dresses and the occasional military uniform filled San Francisco City Hall on Saturday to obtain marriage licenses. On Friday, 81 same sex couples received marriage licenses. Although a few clerk's offices around the state stayed open late on Friday, San Francisco, which is holding its annual gay pride celebration this weekend, was the only jurisdiction to hold weekend hours so that same sex couples could take advantage of their newly restored right, Clerk Karen Hong said. A sign posted on the door of the office where a long line of couples waited to fill out applications listed the price for a license, a ceremony or both above the words "Equality=Priceless." "We really wanted to make this happen," Hong said, adding that her whole staff and a group of volunteers came into work without having to be asked. "It's spontaneous, which is great in its own way." The timing couldn't have been better for California National Guard Capt. Michael Potoczniak, 38, and his partner of 10 years, Todd Saunders, 47, of El Cerrito. Potoczniak, who joined the Guard after the military's ban on openly gay service was repealed almost two years ago, was scheduled to fly out Sunday night for a month of basic training in Texas. "I woke up this morning, shook him awake and said, 'Let's go,'" said Potoczniak, who chose to get married in his Army uniform. "It's something that people need to see because everyone is so used to uniforms at military weddings." The U.S. Supreme Court ruled on Wednesday that Proposition 8's backers lacked standing to defend the 2008 law because California's governor and attorney general have declined to defend the ban. Then on Friday, the 9th Circuit appeared to have removed the last obstacle to making same sex matrimony legal again in California when it removed its hold on a lower court's 2010 order directing state officials to stop enforcing the ban. Within hours, same sex couples were seeking marriage licenses. The two couples who sued to overturn Proposition 8 were wed in San Francisco and Los Angeles Friday. Alliance Defending Freedom Senior Counsel Austin Nimocks said on Saturday that the Supreme Court's consideration of the case isn't done because his clients still have 22 days to ask the justices to reconsider the 5-4 decision announced Wednesday. Under Supreme Court rules, the losing side in a legal dispute has 25 days to request a rehearing. While such requests are almost never granted, the high court said that it wouldn't finalize its judgment in the case at least until after that waiting period elapsed. The San Francisco-based appeals court had said when it imposed the stay that it would remain in place until the Supreme Court issued its final disposition, according to Nimocks. "Everyone on all sides of the marriage debate should agree that the legal process must be followed," he said. "On Friday, the 9th Circuit acted contrary to its own order without explanation." Many legal experts who had anticipated such a last-ditch effort by gay marriage opponents said it was unlikely to succeed because the 9th Circuit has independent authority over its own orders — in this case, its 2010 stay. While the ban's backers can still ask the Supreme Court for a rehearing, the 25-day waiting period is not binding on lower federal courts, Vikram Amar, a constitutional law professor with the University of California, Davis law school, said. "As a matter of practice, most lower federal courts wait to act," Amar said. "But there is nothing that limits them from acting sooner. It was within the 9th Circuit's power to do what it did." Also waiting to wed Saturday were Scott Kehoe, 34, and his fiance, Aurelien Bricker, 24. After finding out on Facebook that the city was issuing same sex marriage licenses Friday, the San Francisco couple rushed out to Tiffany's to buy wedding rings. "We were afraid of further legal challenges in the state," Kehoe said. The city, home to both a federal trial court that struck down Proposition 8 as unconstitutional and the 9th Circuit, has been the epicenter of the state's gay marriage movement since then-Mayor Gavin Newsom ordered his administration in February 2004 to issue licenses to gay couples in defiance of state law. A little more than four years later, the California Supreme Court, which is also based in San Francisco, struck down the state's one-man, one-woman marriage laws. City Hall was the scene of many more marriages in the 4 1/2 months before a coalition of religious conservative groups successfully campaigned for the November 2008 passage of Proposition 8, which amended the state constitution to outlaw same sex marriages. Standing amid the beaming couples on Saturday, John Lewis and Stuart Gaffney of the advocacy group Marriage Equality USA looked like proud fathers. The men have been together 26 years, got married in February 2004, had their union invalidated six months later and then became one of the 18,000 couples estimated to have tied the knot in California before Proposition 8 was enacted. "I don't think getting a license means as much to anyone who hasn't worked so long for it and fought so hard for it," Gaffney said. "It's been a very long engagement."
Gay marriage opponents ask court to intervene
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When it was released, Windows 8 integrated cloud services were unmatched by any prior Windows version. Chief among its improvements was the Microsoft Account integration: sign in to Windows with your Microsoft Account credentials, and your settings will roam from machine to machine. Behind the scenes, this syncing all used SkyDrive.
Windows 8 also included a Metro SkyDrive app for browsing SkyDrive storage. This plumbed into the Metro APIs, enabling Metro apps to save and load files directly from SkyDrive. However, it left the desktop behind. The file-syncing desktop app had to be installed separately.
With the desktop app installed in Windows 8 (and below), SkyDrive offers the same kind of syncing and cloud storage that Dropbox and other services provide. Microsoft is more generous with the amount of free storage you get (7GB for SkyDrive, to 2GB for Dropbox, though Dropbox users can earn up to 18GB with referrals and other bonuses), but the experience is broadly similar regardless of which service you use.
This means that SkyDrive in Windows 8 suffers the same annoyance as these other services: what do you do when you don't want to sync all your files to a machine? There's a selective sync option, of course, but if you then want to use a file that's not in the synced set, you have to stop what you're doing and switch to the Web front-end to download them.
SkyDrive in 8.1 changes this up.
First of all, SkyDrive is a lot more prominent now, as it's exposed on the desktop by default. Explorer shows a SkyDrive folder. Libraries, the aggregated storage locations first introduced in Windows 7, aggregate SkyDrive storage by default. The Documents library even uses the SkyDrive location as its default write location, so any file saved to the Documents library will automatically go on SkyDrive.
On the Metro side, SkyDrive is now integrated into the settings app. From here you can configure most of SkyDrive's behavior, including which settings are synced, which quality photos are uploaded, and whether to upload on connections that are billed per byte. The Settings app also lets you buy more storage.
What is missing, both in the desktop and the Settings app, is control over selective sync. But that's because of SkyDrive's new feature, which is magical.
SkyDrive now shows all your files as if they had been synced locally. They just look like normal files. They have thumbnails, filenames, all the usual metadata. What they don't do is take up space on disk.
As soon as an app opens a file (and this applies to both Metro apps and desktop apps), SkyDrive pulls it from the server. Modifications are then synced back normally. The same occurs if a file is copied or moved; it gets automatically retrieved.
Instead of the normal selective sync options, folders can be right clicked (in both the Metro app and Explorer) and set as available offline, forcing files to be downloaded, or online only, removing local copies and doing on-demand downloads.
Behind the scenes, the first time a PC syncs with SkyDrive, it pulls down all the basic metadata: the tree structure, filenames, and so on. Then, it pulls down special metadata, such as thumbnails and full text. In many ways, this makes the files act like normal files. They can be found in searches; they have the right icons in Explorer.
The files themselves use the reparse point mechanism first introduced in Windows 2000. During that first sync, stub files ("reparse points") are created to mimic the directory structure stored on SkyDrive. Any operation on these files is intercepted automatically, allowing SkyDrive to download the file on-demand.
The use of this (rather low-level) mechanism makes SkyDrive in Windows 8.1 very transparent. Virtually any application should work correctly, with only a download delay disclosing that a file isn't stored locally. Even the command-line can work with SkyDrive files. The system should even work correctly with backup applications. Backup software should understand reparse points and treat them specially, so backing up your SkyDrive folder shouldn't cause the entire thing to be downloaded.
As a result, you can have tens or hundreds of gigabytes of files stored on a server, while still retaining pseudo-instant access. There's no long sync process.
The system still has a few areas where I think it could be improved. It would be nice to be able to set some kind of overall limit on how much disk space SkyDrive can use; on a small tablet (say, 32 or even 64 GB), I'd like to be able to say, "You can use up to 4 GB for offline storage" and have the software automatically remove local copies of files that I haven't used for a while.
There's also an odd asymmetry with SkyDrive Pro, the similar cloud storage feature that's part of Office 365. SkyDrive Pro shares a name, but appears to share none of the functionality. The magic, transparent access of online files is only found in the regular SkyDrive brand.
In Windows 8.1, SkyDrive becomes an elegant, easy to use cloud storage solution. The free storage alone makes it compelling; the deep integration into the operating system makes it better than its competitors.


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There has never been anything like the Saturn V, the launch vehicle that powered the United States past the Soviet Union to a series of manned lunar landings in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The rocket redefined "massive," standing 363 feet (110 meters) in height and producing a ludicrous 7.68 million pounds (34 meganewtons) of thrust from the five monstrous, kerosene-gulping Rocketdyne F-1 rocket engines that made up its first stage.
At the time, the F-1 was the largest and most powerful liquid-fueled engine ever constructed; even today, its design remains unmatched (though see the sidebar, "The Soviets," for more information on engines that have rivaled the F-1). The power generated by five of these engines was best conceptualized by author David Woods in his book How Apollo Flew to the Moon—"[T]he power output of the Saturn first stage was 60 gigawatts. This happens to be very similar to the peak electricity demand of the United Kingdom."
Despite the stunning success of the Saturn V, NASA's direction shifted after Project Apollo's conclusion; the Space Transport System—the Space Shuttle and its associated hardware—was instead designed with wildly different engines. For thirty years, NASA's astronaut corps rode into orbit aboard Space Shuttles powered by RS-25 liquid hydrogen-powered engines and solid-propellant boosters. With the Shuttle's discontinuation, NASA is currently hitching space rides with the Russians.
But there's a chance that in the near future, a giant rocket powered by updated F-1 engines might once again thunder into the sky. And it's due in no small part to a group of young and talented NASA engineers in Huntsville, Alabama, who wanted to learn from the past by taking priceless museum relics apart... and setting them on fire.
Enter our young rocket scientists
Tom Williams is the kind of boss you want to have. He's smart, of course—that's a prerequisite for his job as the director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC) Propulsion Systems Department. But he doesn't mind stepping back and giving his team interesting challenges and then turning them loose to work out the details. Case in point: NASA's Space Launch System (SLS), intended to be an enormous heavy-lift system that will rival the Saturn V in size and capabilities. In thinking about propulsion for the SLS, NASA for the first time in thirty years is considering something other than solid rocket boosters.
The decision to use a pair of solid rocket boosters for the Space Shuttle instead of liquid-fueled engines like the F-1 had been partly technical and partly political. Solid fuels are hugely energy dense and provide an excellent kick to get a spacecraft moving off of the ground; also, selecting solid fuel boosters allowed the government to send some available contracting dollars to companies involved with building intercontinental ballistic missiles, leveraging that expertise and providing those companies with additional work.
But solid boosters have several downsides, including an inability to stop combustion. Without pumps to switch off or valves to close, solid boosters work a lot like the "morning glory" sparklers my dad used to buy on the Fourth of July—once lit, they burn until they're done. Solid rocket booster design decisions, specifically in regard to containing combustion, contributed to the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger and the death of its crew (though Challenger's destruction was more a failure of NASA management than of technology).
Still, as the Space Shuttle program drew to a close and potential successors came and went, the inertia of solid boosters and the facilities and people that produced them ensured that they remained a part of the plans.
SLS gave NASA the chance to do a total rethink. As design studies got underway, Williams realized it might be a good idea to re-familiarize the MSFC Propulsion Systems Department with huge kerosene gas generator engines like the F-1 (referred to in shorthand as "LOX/RP-1" or just "LOX/RP" engines, after their oxidizer and fuel mixture of liquid oxygen and RP-1 kerosene). Scale aside, the F-1 is conceptually a relatively simple design, and that simplicity could translate into cost reduction. Reducing cost for space access is a key priority—perhaps even the overriding priority—outside of safety.
There was a problem, though. SLS' design parameters called for a Saturn V-scale vehicle, capable of lifting 150 metric tons into low Earth orbit. No one working at MSFC had any real experience with gigantic LOX/RP-1 engines; nothing in the world-wide inventory of launch vehicles still operates at that scale today. So how do you make yourself an expert in tech no one fully understands?
Nick Case and Erin Betts, two liquid engine systems engineers working for Williams, found a way. Although no launch vehicles that used F-1 engines are still around, actual F-1s do exist. Fifteen examples sit attached to the three Saturn V stacks on display at NASA facilities, including MSFC; dozens more are scattered around the country on display or in storage. Williams' team inspected the available engines and soon found their target: a flight-ready F-1 which had been swapped out from the launch vehicle destined for the to-be-canceled Apollo 19 mission and instead held in storage for decades. It was in excellent condition.
Case and Betts spearheaded the paperwork-intensive effort to requisition the F-1 from storage and get it into their workshop. They were aided by R.H. Coates, a more senior member of Williams' team and lead propulsion engineer for the SLS Advanced Development Office. Williams offered encouragement and assistance from the management side, but the team was otherwise given free rein on how to proceed. After some study, they came to Williams with a request that was pure engineer: "Why don't we just go ahead and take this thing apart and see what makes it work?"
Williams said yes. "It allowed some of our young engineers to get some hands-on experience with the hardware," he told me, "what we would term the 'dirty hands' approach to learning, just like you did when you took apart your bicycle when you were a kid, or your dad's lawnmower or his radio. One of the best ways to learn as an engineer, or in anything, is to take it apart, study it, ask questions."
And then, hopefully, build a better one.
The plans! The plans!
The F-1 teardown started in relatively low-key fashion. As the team dug into the engine, it became obvious that the internal components were in good shape. In fact, though there was some evidence of rainwater damage, the engine overall was in great shape.
The team initially wanted to build an accurate computer model of every component in the engine so that its behavior could be modeled and simulated, but another goal soon began to take shape: maybe, just maybe, they could mount some of the engine components on a test stand and make the F-1 speak again after 40 years.
Why was NASA working with ancient engines instead of building a new F-1 or a full Saturn V? One urban legend holds that key "plans" or "blueprints" were disposed of long ago through carelessness or bureaucratic oversight. Nothing could be further from the truth; every scrap of documentation produced during Project Apollo, including the design documents for the Saturn V and the F-1 engines, remains on file. If re-creating the F-1 engine were simply a matter of cribbing from some 1960s blueprints, NASA would have already done so.
A typical design document for something like the F-1, though, was produced under intense deadline pressure and lacked even the barest forms of computerized design aids. Such a document simply cannot tell the entire story of the hardware. Each F-1 engine was uniquely built by hand, and each has its own undocumented quirks. In addition, the design process used in the 1960s was necessarily iterative: engineers would design a component, fabricate it, test it, and see how it performed. Then they would modify the design, build the new version, and test it again. This would continue until the design was "good enough."
Further, although the principles behind the F-1 are well known, some aspects of its operation simply weren't fully understood at the time. The thrust instability problem is a perfect example. As the F-1 was being built, early examples tended to explode on the test stand. Repeated testing revealed that the problem was caused by the burning plume of propellent rotating as it combusted in the nozzle. These rotations would increase in speed until they were happening thousands of times per second, causing violent oscillations in the thrust that eventually blew the engine apart. The problem could have derailed the Saturn program and jeopardized President Kennedy's Moon landing deadline, but engineers eventually used a set of stubby barriers (baffles) sticking up from the big hole-riddled plate that sprayed fuel and liquid oxygen into the combustion chamber (the "injector plate"). These baffles damped down the oscillation to acceptable levels, but no one knew if the exact layout was optimal.
The baffle arrangement "was just a trial and error thing," explained Senior Propulsion Engineer R.H. Coates. "But we'd like to model that and say, well, what if you took one of those baffles out?" Because the baffles are mounted directly to the injector plate, they take up surface area that would otherwise be occupied by more injector holes spraying more fuel and oxidizer; therefore, they rob the engine of power. "So if you want to up the performance on this thing, we can evaluate that with modern analytical techniques and see what that does to your combustion stability."
But before any "hot-fire" testing could occur, the team had to take the very physically real F-1 engine and somehow model it. It's easy—well, relatively easy—to turn a set of CAD files into a real product. Turning a real product into a set of CAD files, though, requires a bit of ingenuity, especially when that product is a gigantic rocket engine.
To tackle the task, NASA brought in a company called Shape Fidelity, which specializes in a technique called "structured light scanning." If you don't have access to the laser from TRON, structured light scanning is just about the next best way to cram something inside of a computer.


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World University Consortium
International Conference on
"The State of the World,
Need for the New World Paradigm and Role of Ukraine in it"
April 25, 2015 , The International Convention Centre "Ukrainian House" on 2 Khreshchatyk Str, Kiev, Ukraine
The Aims of the Conference
- Discover and discuss Global Challengers of the Modern world
- Share the experience of Ukraine with the World in search of solutions to the global crisis
- Integrate Ukrainian experts and think tanks into the global network of decision makers
Topics to be Discussed
During the Conference some of the world- known reflective scientists, scholars, independent thinkers and Ukranian experts concerned in the destiny of humanity and the problems facing it, will share their experience on the following topics:
- global challenges confronting humanity in the 21st century
- principles on which solutions to the global crisis need to be based
- quest for a new paradigm for global development
- The World is Helping Ukraine. Can Ukraine Help the World?
- Birth of the political nation and role of the civil society
- Development of value-based society
- Human obligations in the spirit of cooperation
Relevance of the Conference
The world is not in a healthy state. It needs some help in healing itself, in revitalizing its values of freedom, dignity of individual, supremacy of law, social justice (rather than focusing just on money). A shift from the "win-lose" to a "win-win" game is necessary through a shift to acting out of the sense of obligation in the spirit of cooperation.
Ukraine can be of help in the process because it has gone through a very painful process of rebirth of a nation, with values and behavior mentioned above, which could be useful for the world to be conscious of.
Bohdan Hawrylsyhyn
Format: one-day conference with two panels each followed by discussion.
- Members of Association of the Young Generation Will Change Ukraine Program participants (up to 200),
- VIP guests (up to 100) – MPs, governmental officials, heads of diplomatic missions to Ukraine, scientists, civil activists, scholars from leading Ukrainian Universities, representatives of socially responsible businesses.
- Heads and active members of progressive youth organizations (Plast, European Youth Parliament-Ukraine, AIESEC, Association of Students Self-Government), heads and members of pro-active civil organizations (Western-Educated Professionals for Government of Ukraine, Nova Krayina, Foundation of Regional Initiatives), heads of NGOs interested in the topic.
Total number of guests planned: up to 500.
Organizers: Bohdan Hawrylyshyn Charitable Foundation, World Academy of Art and Science, World University Consortium
Co-organizers: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, UN Office in Ukraine, First December Initiative Group (to be confirmed)


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NCLB: Rep. aims to make act more flexible
Editor's Note: This is the first story in a series on No Child Left Behind.
As Congress considers whether or not it will reauthorize the No Child Left Behind act, Rep. Howard "Buck" McKeon has introduced a bill that would increase flexibility for states and school districts.
McKeon, senior Republican on the U.S. House Education and Labor Committee, introduced the State and Local Flexibility Improvement Act (HR 2577).
He said that, under NCLB, states and local schools districts already are empowered to design and implement their own testing systems, set academic standards, define the meaning of a highly qualified teacher and decide how millions in federal education funds will be spent on student achievement. McKeon's bill strengthens this flexibility even further, while maintaining strong accountability standards for student achievement.
"While No Child Left Behind has provided unprecedented flexibility to states and local school districts, if Congress is really serious about raising student achievement in every American classroom, we must go even further," McKeon said. "A one-size-fits-all approach to education simply cannot meet the needs of our nation's diverse schools, and this new legislation is a reflection of this fact."
Administrators, principals and teachers need to have the freedom to do their jobs without Washington watching over their every move, he said.
"At the same time, taxpayers and parents need to know that schools will be held accountable for the education they are -- or are not -- providing our students. This legislation balances those two critical priorities," he said.
McKeon's bill would allow states to waive certain statutory or regulatory requirements under law; consolidate federal education programs; and use an alternative method for making allocations to local school districts if their new proposal targets funds more effectively to those areas with high concentrations of low-income families.
HR 2577 would also measure individual student growth to determine if schools and school districts meet Adequate Yearly Progress, including through well-designed growth models; and expand the poverty threshold for schoolwide programs, which frees local schools to consolidate all federal funds to improve the quality of the entire school.
Most notably, however, the State and Local Flexibility Improvement Act would empower states and local schools to use federal dollars on programs that best suit their unique needs and allow states and school districts to transfer 100 percent (up from 50 percent under current law) of its federal funds within certain programs such as the Safe and Drug Free Schools, teacher quality, or classroom technology programs and into the Title I program.
For example, if a state or local school district decides to transfer all of the funding that it receives under the Teacher and Principal Training and Recruitment, Education Technology, Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities, 21st Century Community Learning Centers and Innovative Block Grant Programs into the Title I program, it would only have to comply with the requirements of the Title I program to do so. Notably, no federal dollars could be transferred out of the Title I program under HR 2577.
The bill is before the House Education and Labor Committee.
Several other bills are also pending.
One is by Rep. Dennis Moore, D-Kan. -- HR 684, Keeping Our Promises to America's Children Act of 2007.
The bill calls for full funding of the No Child Left Behind act and allows states and local educational agencies -- if the federal funds appropriated for the pertinent remedial program, project or activity are less than those authorized -- to defer, modify or suspend related functions the agencies are required to carry out to ensure that schools achieve adequate yearly progress.
The bill is pending before the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary Education.
Another is SB 1194, No Child Left Behind Reform Act, introduced by U.S. Sen. Christopher Dodd, D-Conn.
The bill amends NCLB to allow states to include measures of individual or cohort growth over time in determining whether students are making adequate yearly progress toward state academic performance standards.
Dodd's bill eliminates the consideration of student attendance rates and allows schools to be given credit for performing well on measures other than test scores when calculating student achievement.
SB 1194 also authorizes the U.S. Secretary of Education to award competitive grants to state educational agencies to develop or increase the capacity of data systems for accountability and subgrants to increase the capacity of local educational agencies to upgrade, create or manage information databases for the purpose of measuring AYP.
The bill also allows schools to target school choice and supplemental services to the students who are members of specified types of groups that fail to make AYP and requires placement and service in the least-restrictive environment for students who receive services under the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act who use an option to transfer.
Dodd's proposal also revises the definition of highly qualified teacher to authorize states to use a generalist examination for middle-school teachers and issue certificates that qualify teachers to teach a number of subjects in social studies or in science.
The bill is before the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee.


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Category: main menu • wood charcoal menu • Cups South African
wood charcoal conversion
Amount: 1 cup South African (cup) of volume
Equals: 8.45 fluid drams (fl dr) in volume
Converting cup South African to fluid drams value in the wood charcoal units scale.
TOGGLE : from fluid drams into cups South African in the other way around.
CONVERT : between other wood charcoal measuring units - complete list.
Conversion calculator for webmasters.
Charcoal from wood weight vs. volume units
Charcoal pieces, produced by burning a wood into clean carbon or else called charcoal. 2 liters volume of these pieces were precisely weighed on accurate scales to get their mass of 608 grams for this volume mark, 1L/304g. That measure converts to 40.6 oz per 1 US gallon. The density mass (of such, similar bulk) comes to 0.18 ounce net wt. per one cubic inch volume (9/50th oz/cu in for charcoal pieces).
The main menu with a list of most measuring units for volume densities of powdered charcoal.
Convert wood charcoal measuring units between cup South African (cup) and fluid drams (fl dr) but in the other reverse direction from fluid drams into cups South African.
|conversion result for wood charcoal:
|1 cup South African
|fluid drams
|fl dr
Converter type: wood charcoal measurements
This online wood charcoal from cup into fl dr converter is a handy tool not just for certified or experienced professionals.
First unit: cup South African (cup) is used for measuring volume.
Second: fluid dram (fl dr) is unit of volume.
wood charcoal per 8.45 fl dr is equivalent to 1 what?
The fluid drams amount 8.45 fl dr converts into 1 cup, one cup South African. It is the EQUAL wood charcoal volume value of 1 cup South African but in the fluid drams volume unit alternative.
How to convert 2 cups South African (cup) of wood charcoal into fluid drams (fl dr)? Is there a calculation formula?
First divide the two units variables. Then multiply the result by 2 - for example:
8.4535056754608 * 2 (or divide it by / 0.5)
1 cup of wood charcoal = ? fl dr
1 cup = 8.45 fl dr of wood charcoal
Other applications for wood charcoal units calculator ...
With the above mentioned two-units calculating service it provides, this wood charcoal converter proved to be useful also as an online tool for:
1. practicing cups South African and fluid drams of wood charcoal ( cup vs. fl dr ) measuring values exchange.
2. wood charcoal amounts conversion factors - between numerous unit pairs variations.
3. working with mass density - how heavy is a volume of wood charcoal - values and properties.
International unit symbols for these two wood charcoal measurements are:
Abbreviation or prefix ( abbr. short brevis ), unit symbol, for cup South African is:
Abbreviation or prefix ( abbr. ) brevis - short unit symbol for fluid dram is:
fl dr
One cup South African of wood charcoal converted to fluid dram equals to 8.45 fl dr
How many fluid drams of wood charcoal are in 1 cup South African? The answer is: The change of 1 cup ( cup South African ) volume unit of wood charcoal measure equals = to volume 8.45 fl dr ( fluid dram ) as the equivalent measure within the same wood charcoal substance type.
In principle with any measuring task, switched on professional people always ensure, and their success depends on, they get the most precise conversion results everywhere and every-time. Not only whenever possible, it's always so. Often having only a good idea ( or more ideas ) might not be perfect nor good enough solution. If there is an exact known measure in cup - cups South African for wood charcoal amount, the rule is that the cup South African number gets converted into fl dr - fluid drams or any other wood charcoal unit absolutely exactly.
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Archipelago (Ark): CAIDA's active measurement infrastructure serving the network research community since 2007.
| Ark Monitors: Hosting an Ark Monitor Locations Data Coverage Statistics |
Sofia, BG (2)
AS Path Dispersion (by IP Hop)
3356 LEVEL3 - 34224 NETERRA-AS - 31490 NetIX-MGMT-AS - 6939 HURRICANE - 6762 SEABONE-NET - 4134 CHINANET-BACKBONE - 2914 NTT-COMMUNICATIONS-2914 - 174 COGENT-174 - 7018 ATT-INTERNET4 - 3257 GTT-BACKBONE - 4837 CHINA169-Backbone - 1299 TELIANET - 209 CENTURYLINK-US-LEGACY-QWEST - 39326 HSO-GROUP - 7713 telkomnet-as-ap -
UsesThis graph tells you more (compared to the AS Dispersion by AS Hop graph) about where different ASes transit data to their peers. For instance, some routers within an AS will pass off their packets to many other ASes at a single IP hop, whereas others will send some packets to different ASes but continue to move data within their own AS. It is useful to compare these results with the hosting organization's information about what ASes are providing transit for your data, to see whether it matches what the Ark probes have discovered.
CaveatsIt is important to recognize that these graphs are meant to illuminate the routing from a monitor, and not to show the volume of traffic normally flowing on the links or their bandwidth. Because of this, an AS/IP that might only be used for a small amount of actual traffic (but routes to a large section of the address space) can seem disproportionately large on the graph.
Characteristics of this graphIn this graph, we show the AS-level path dispersion, but adjacent IP hops within the same AS are not aggregated. It is characterized by AS chains that seems to break apart as one moves to the right; often a portion of paths will leave an AS at a certain IP hop distance and move on to a variety of other ASes, but the rest will remain within that AS for another hop or two (or ten) before finally exiting that AS. This lends the graph a step-like quality.
Background(See the Routed /24 Topology Dataset for more information. This summary applies to all the dispersion graphs.)
Ark monitors collect data by sending scamper probes continuously to destination IP addresses. Destinations are selected randomly from each routed IPv4 /24 prefix on the Internet such that a random address in each prefix is probed approximately every 48 hours (one probing cycle). A single monitor won't probe all prefixes, but the prefixes it does probe will be randomly distributed, which gives a good sample cross section of the address space. As each probe travels from the monitor to its final destination, it passes through several IP addresses (ie, routers) which are owned by different autonomous systems (ASes).
How This Graph was Created(This applies to all the dispersion graphs.)
Data ProcessingWe first take the IP addresses found in each path and look up its corresponding AS, creating a set of AS paths. We use heuristics to infer any unknown values in the IP and AS paths. First, any range of unknown ASes whose previous and following hops have the same value are all assumed to be within the same AS.
For example:
10 ?? ?? ?? 10becomes
10 10 10 10 10If there exists only one other known value between two neighboring values, the unknown hop is assigned that value. This can often happen when a router gives inconsistent responses, leaving an unknown hop some times and returning valid data at other times.
For example, say there are only three paths:
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 42 52 10 ?? 30 45 55From this, we infer the unknown hop in the third path, and end up with:
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 42 52 10 20 30 45 55


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A Twitter war for the record books...and for the RidicuList.
Post by: Anderson Cooper
Filed under: The RidicuList
Please! Take a pledge to just ignore Trump...with no publicity he'll just disappear.
I was going to repeat myself this time to Trump (see my comment on Manti Te'o) but Anderson you had me in stitches....best reinvention of the Ridiculist!!! Looking forward to seeing you top this!
Anderson Cooper goes beyond the headlines to tell stories from many points of view, so you can make up your own mind about the news. Tune in weeknights at 8 and 10 ET on CNN.
Questions or comments? Send an email
Want to know more? Go behind the scenes with AC361°