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2023 June Reagan Ranch High School Conference
Santa Barbara, California | June 21-24, 2023
As the principal outreach organization of the Conservative Movement, the Foundation introduces thousands of American youth to these principles. We accomplish our mission by providing essential conferences, seminars, educational materials, internships, and speakers to young people across the country.
See what the "Western Whitehouse" has to offer and how it is helping spread conservatism from coast to coast.
Learn more about Reagan's boyhood home in Dixon, Illinois.
Find a motivational speaker who will energize your school, challenge the Left, and empower young leaders.
Providing a visible presence for the Conservative Movement and encouraging them to speak out.
Seeking to reinvigorate the respect for free enterprise and entrepreneurship in America.
Training aspiring journalists in the values of responsible, balanced, and accurate reporting.
Providing students with the tools and resources to advance conservatism at high schools and college campuses.
Join the fight for free speech on college campuses. Learn about YAF's legal work, including lawsuits and recent victories.
Our seminars are pushing the conservative movement forward and bringing in the best speakers in the nation.
Take a look at the calendar to see where our upcoming events are going to be and how you can attend.
See what programs you can get involved with to make a difference for America and Young Americans Foundation.
Throughout the year we host roundtables and conferences at "the western White House", the Reagan Ranch.
Join us at our HQ for regular conferences and half day events.
Take a look at roundtables, conferences, and regional events for our supporters.
Students are the future of our nation. We believe that investing time in conservative discourse will strengthen that future.
Providing a visible presence for the Conservative Movement and encouraging them to speak out.
Providing students with the tools and resources to advance conservatism at high schools and college campuses.
On a nearly weekly basis, you can find a YAF student event going on around the country. Tune in here to to find out about upcoming events!
Over the decades, millions of students have been a part of YAF. Stay informed on what your peers are up to!
Are you an alumni that's not in our directory? Sign up here and receive some of the great benefits of being part of this national network!
Our supporters are the bedrock of our organization. We offer many ways to contribute to the future.
We hold our organization to the highest standards. We think you'll think so as well!
Let Young America's Foundation help you create your legacy and protect freedom's future.
We offer many different ways that you can give. Find out more about them here.
Got questions about supporting YAF? Find your answers here.
From time to time, YAF makes our contributor list of donors available to other organizations to mail.
No need to worry If you missed a speaker at an event, we have a large video library for you to browse through and view.
Bringing the leaders of the Conservative Movement to you. Set up URL "https://www.yaf.org/podcast/" in your podcast library to tune in walking between classes or long car drives
Since the beginning, our publications have been at the heart of our mission. Browse the archives of The New Guard and Libertas here.
View our Mission and find out more information about what Young America's Foundation is.
Walk through the timeline and see the history of Young America's Foundation unfold.
Take at look how we have changed over the years, impacted conservatism, and supported our young leaders.
Meet our leadership and team members.
See our list of current openings or how to be a part of our internship programs.
To maintain our standard of excellence, we are as open and transparent with the public as possible.
If you are unsure about something, take a look at our frequently asked questions to see if it can be answered.
From time to time, YAF makes our contributor list of donors available to other organizations to mail.
Santa Barbara, California | June 21-24, 2023

subset: commoncrawl


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In Chicago, it's almost the end of chili season, when we turn from heartier soups and chilis to lighter summer fare. In winter, this vegetarian black bean chili is one of our favorite gluten-free meals. With plenty of toasted cumin, chipotle chili powder and smoked paprika, the flavors are strong and smoky, lingering long on your tongue with a spicy spike. I've made this several times and have dialed down the heat until I got to this version — spicy but not numbingly so. The recipe was inspired by "Lisa's Superior Vegetarian Black Bean Chili," a recipe handed down from a co-worker 20 years ago. This gluten-free black bean chili makes a satisfying entree, accompanied by a side of gluten-free cornbread.
Once a few years ago, I toasted the cumin in our toaster oven at a higher temperature and for a longer time than I now recommend (the amount listed in the following recipe is fine). The cumin started smoking ferociously. When I opened the toaster oven's door, pungent smoke curled outward, singeing our noses and throats and setting off the smoke alarm. I handed my kids baby wipes, told them to put the wipes over their faces and yelled at them to go out into the hall. We all left our apartment, leaving the windows open (killing the plants by the windows, because it was a freezing wintry day) and went to a museum and out to dinner so we could vacate the apartment. At the museum, we quickly noticed that everyone was looking at us funny. That's probably because the pungent burnt cumin scent lingered on our clothing and smelled like the worst-ever stinky feet.
Lesson learned: Toast spices at low temperatures and watch them carefully!
Smoky, Spicy Black Bean Chili
(gluten-free, vegetarian, vegan)
By Gluten-Free Nosh
Printable recipe
- 1 tablespoon ground cumin (don't skip this!)
- 1 teaspoon chipotle chile powder
- 1 teaspoon smoked paprika
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 large onions, diced
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 3 (15 ounce) cans black beans, drained and rinsed (or 2 cans black beans and 1 can cannellini beans, as in photo)
- 2 (28 ounce) cans crushed whole tomatoes
For serving (optional):
- Cilantro
- Green onions, chopped
- Plain, nonfat Greek yogurt or soy yogurt
- Heat cumin, chipotle chile powder and smoked paprika in a small skillet over low heat for 3 to 5 minutes or until spices are fragrant; stir constantly to make sure spices don't smoke or burn. Set aside.
- In a large soup pot or Dutch oven, heat the olive oil and sauté the onions over medium heat for 8 to 10 minutes, stirring frequently, until the onions become soft and translucent. Add salt and spices and cook over medium-low heat, stirring occasionally, for 5 minutes.
- Stir in black beans and crushed tomatoes. Bring mixture to a boil, then turn heat down to medium-low and simmer, covered, for 20 minutes.
- Serve hot with side dishes of cilantro, green onions and Greek yogurt. Leftovers taste great and freeze well.
Yield: About 8 to 10 servings
This post is linked to Slightly Indluglent Tuesdays.


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Toggle Link Bracelet in Silver
Toggle style bracelet featuring a composition of contrasting chains
Silver plated Bronze
Bracelet measure approximately 7.5"
Made sustainably in NY by Lady Grey using small-scale, localized resources and produced in limited quantities.
The Lady Grey collection features pieces constructed in Sterling Silver or Bronze and finished with Sterling Silver, Rhodium or 14K Gold plating.
We recommend cleaning your plated jewelry using a damp, soft cloth. Do not use harsh chemicals, jewelry cleaners, or polishing cloths, as this will affect the finish.
The designers recommend the following tips to keep your Lady Grey jewels looking their best:
- To keep your jewelry from tarnishing (especially silver) we highly recommend keeping your pieces in a plastic bag or airtight container when not in use. Over time, metal can slightly discolor from contact with skin oils and exposure to various environmental elements.
- Avoid contact with soaps, hairspray, moisturizers, and if possible, water. As with all jewelry, soap and water can cause gunky buildup and sometimes erosion within the crevices of the piece over time.
- Avoid wearing your jewelry at the beach, swimming pool, while exercising or playing sports. Chlorine and related chemicals can discolor and severely damage jewelry as well as loosen stones and settings. Limit contact with rough surfaces and other metals in order to avoid scratching and changes in color.
- Limit rough use and sleeping in the jewelry to slow down the natural process of "wear and tear" and to protect the finishes on the piece.
Standard Return Policy: If you've changed your mind and would like to return your order, we accept returns for refund, store credit, or exchange within 7 days of delivery. Sale items and items purchased with a discount code can be returned for store credit or exchange only. Full-priced items may be returned for a refund.
If you would like to return an item email us at firstname.lastname@example.com before shipping any items back to us and detail the reasons for your return and wait for a return approval from Lady Grey Jewelry.
To be eligible for a return your item must be in its original packaging, unused/unworn, and in the same condition in which you received it. You must include your name and order number inside the package for us to process your return. Please use a trackable shipping service, such as UPS or FedEx, and purchase shipping insurance. We do not guarantee that we will receive your returned item and cannot provide any form of reimbursement if your item is not received. You will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable. Once your return is received and inspected we will notify you of the approval or rejection of your return. If you are approved, your refund, store credit, or exchange will be processed within 5 days.
If 7 days have gone by since your item was delivered we, unfortunately, cannot offer you a refund or exchange.
Refunds (if applicable- full-priced items only)
Once your return is received and inspected we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item. We will also notify you of the approval or rejection of your refund. If you are approved then your refund will be processed and a credit will automatically be applied to your credit card or original method of payment within 5 days.
Exchanges (if applicable)
We are happy to exchange items or sizes within 7 days of delivery, just send us an email at firstname.lastname@example.com with your order number detailing what you would like to exchange. Depending on where you live the time it may take for your exchanged product to reach you may vary. Please use a trackable shipping service such as UPS or FedEx, purchase shipping insurance, and include your name and order number inside the package. We cannot guarantee that we will receive your returned item.
Late or missing refunds (if applicable)
If you haven't received a refund yet, check your bank account again to double-check.
Then contact your credit card company, it may take some time before your refund is officially posted. Next, contact your bank. There is often some processing time before a refund is posted. If you've done all of this and you still have not received your refund yet, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Sale items (if applicable)
Sale items may be returned for Store Credit or Exchange only within 7 days.
You will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable. If you receive a refund, the cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund.
Other reasons for return:
To cancel an order: If you need to cancel your order for any reason, please email email@example.com within one hour of placing your order. Once your item has been shipped we cannot cancel an order and you must wait to receive the item and then initiate a return.
Damaged on arrival: If for any reason your item arrives damaged or broken from shipping, please send pictures and a description of the damage to firstname.lastname@example.com as soon as it is received. Once reviewed and approved, we will send you a return label and instructions to process an exchange for a new item or refund upon return if you so choose.
Incorrect product: In the unlikely scenario that you've received a product, color, or style other than what you ordered please send pictures and your order number to email@example.com detailing the issue as soon as it is received. Once reviewed and approved, we will send you a return label and instructions to exchange it for the correct item, or we will refund you upon return of the product if you so choose.
Repairs: We are happy to repair or replace any jewelry within 6 months of purchase due to faulty or broken parts during normal wear and tear. Unfortunately, we cannot replace any lost jewelry, but if you've lost a component (pendant, clasp, etc.) please do inquire and we will see how we can help. If you have a piece of Lady Grey Jewelry that needs repair after 6 months please let us know! As long as the item is repairable we will do anything we can to keep it looking brand new (but if you accidentally ran over it with your car and smashed it to pieces- we probably can't help you) Email us photos, a description of the issue, and proof of purchase to firstname.lastname@example.com and we will let you know if we can repair the item for you. The customer is responsible for shipping both ways, but we are happy to provide approved repairs for free or a small charge for replacement parts if necessary. You will be notified of any possible cost for approval before we begin repairs. All repairs after 6 months of purchase are taken on a case-by-case basis.


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Fort Collins is more than just a great town & place to raise a family, meet friends, build a career, and enjoy life. Fort Collins is a place to call home. Outdoor activities, from biking to river rafting, skiing to hiking, are abundant and the climate is dry and pleasant with ample sunshine and cool breezes.
From wearing leisurewear all day to enjoying uninterrupted focus time from coworkers (unless you count your dog as your coworker), there are many perks to working from home. However, those same pros can quickly turn into cons, if we're not... Link to the Article
Fort Collins enjoys a national reputation as a community where the American dream comes true. Residents are part of a thriving city that still maintains the heart of a small community that cares. From high-tech business campuses to flower-lined alleyways to thriving locally owned businesses, positivity abounds.
Colorado State University adds to the diversity of the community and creates numerous cultural and educational opportunities. It has well-respected mens and womens sports programs. Fort Collins boasts a vibrant arts scene (how many cities have colorful painted pianos upon which anyone can tickle the ivories?) and residents can choose from an array of performing arts offerings, including top-tier small theaters, symphonies, ballet, choral groups, an opera company and traveling national shows at the city-owned Lincoln Center.
Visitors are welcome at the city's many award-winning breweries for tours and tastings; start at one and you'll have the choice from almost a dozen of which to visit next. Each summer, Fort Collins plays host to large festivals, including Tour de Fat and New West Fest, whose Bohemian Nights features top national musical acts. Small music venues abound and multiple locations offer free outdoor summer concerts.
Fort Collins is home to over 40 city parks scattered throughout the town. A bike path system provides miles of paved trails popular with local bicyclists, runners and walkers. Whether spring, summer, fall or winter, there are plenty of fun options for the whole family. Farmers' markets are popular year-round and countless restaurants take pride in serving locally sourced products.
The attractive cost of living, mild climate, simple lifestyle, outdoor recreation, entertainment and top-tier health care facilities attract many retirees to the area. Many of them join their children who have chosen to raise their families here. The city's "Old Town" was even the inspiration for Main Street USA in Disneyland!
Every month it seems Fort Collins makes some sort of "Best Of" list. In 2012, Forbes ranked the city the third best place for business and careers. It's easy to see why Money Magazine ranked Fort Collins ranked No. 2 on its 2008 Best Places to Live list, and No. 1 in 2006.
Population: 155,400 (2014 estimate) including 31,000 students at Colorado State University.
Elevation: 5,003' and covering a land area of 55.83 square miles
Climate: Nearly 300 days of sunshine per year and 14.5 inches of precipitation. Summer humidity averages out to around 30%
Geography: 50 miles north of Denver, 42 miles east of Rocky Mountain National Park
Religion: There are over 110 churches
Median family income: $53,359
Poudre School District has 27,000 students in over 50 schools and several which house targeted programs and curriculums. There are several private and religious schools.
In Fort Collins, there are 40 parks, 56 public and private tennis courts, six golf courses (with many more in easy driving distance), 16 baseball diamonds/football fields and many pools. For boaters, there are three area lakes that accommodate most types of water-craft, including Horsetooth State Park, situated on one of the largest reservoirs and boating centers in the state.
Fort Collins is 30 minutes from the Poudre Canyon--which features Colorado's only National Wild and Scenic River--is the perfect getaway. Take a Sunday drive, raft the whitewater, hike one of the trails, picnic or camp in one of the designated spots. The city is only a few hours drive to the heart of ski country. Loveland, Breckenridge, Keystone, Copper Mountain, Vail and Steamboat Springs can be reached in around three hours.
The Denver Broncos, Colorado Avalanche, Denver Nuggets, Colorado Rockies, Colorado Rapids and Colorado Rapids Women play their home games in Denver, about an hours drive away.
Denver International Airport is just over an hour away and it is fifth busiest airport in the United States. This modern facility is also the largest airport in the U.S. based upon total area.
University of Colorado Health (formerly Poudre Valley Health System) serves residents in Northern Colorado, Wyoming and Nebraska. It boasts state-of- the-art facilities and has attracted some of the country's finest physicians in most specialties.Banner Health is constructing a new hospital scheduled to open in 2015, which will also serve Kaiser Permanente patients.
Major employers include Colorado State University, Poudre School District, Woodward, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Anheuser-Busch, University of Colorado Health, New Belgium Brewing and OtterBox, There are 21 Fortune 500 companies that have a presence in Larimer County.
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On a beautiful Fort Collins summer night, bike to New Belgium Brewing's Bike-In Cinema to enjoy a movie on their front lawn while sipping a beer under the stars. This is a enjoyable and much-anticipated activity for Fort Collins residents!View Website
Rent a bike from one of the Fort Collins Bike Share's many locations and explore the city on two wheels! Go on one of the self-guided tours or just cruise around town at your own leisure. Daily, weekly and annual membership passes are also available.View Website
This year-round tour takes you on a guided evening walk into and under Old Town Fort Collins, where you'll learn about local legends, hauntings, ghostly sightings and strange happenings. What a unique way to learn about this fascinating city!View Website
The Fort Collins Museum of Art strives to raise community awareness and appreciation for the visual arts. Located in Old Town Fort Collins the non-profit museum features diverse exhibitions, community events and educational programs for all ages.View Website
This modern collection of artisanal businesses brings the livelihood of the past into the present day. The Jessup Farm Artisan Village features a farm-to-table restaurant, coffee shop, boutique, bakery, barber, photography studio and more!View Website
The Lincoln Center is one of Colorado's largest performing arts spaces and offers indoor and outdoor theaters, three art galleries, and a sculpture garden. You'll find a variety of performances for a fun night out, including broadway musicals, comedy acts and da...View Website
Jay's Bistro, winner of the 2015 OpenTable Diners' Choice Award, is the place to go if you're looking for lunch, dinner or tapas, as well as a list of extensive wines to choose from. Enjoy dinner in their piano bar Wednesday through Saturday nights!View Website
Enjoy delicious yet approachable Italian cuisine at RARE Italian in the heart of Old Town Fort Collins. Each dish is carefully crafted with fresh and seasonal ingredients and their wine selection is superb. Don't miss their daily happy hour from 4–6 p.m.!View Website
Offering a unique twist on traditional breakfast fare, Snooze will not disappoint brunch-goers. Enjoy one of their unique eggs Benedict options or one of their famous pancakes paired with a cup of coffee or mimosa! Photo courtesy of Matt + Jess Photography.View Website
With three locations in Fort Collins, Greeley, and Windsor, Stuft Burger Bar is a NoCo favorite — for their build-your-own burgers, delicious shakes, and their fun and relaxed environment. This is the perfect place to take the kids for lunch or dinner!View Website
The Kitchen believes that gathering around the table and sharing good food and drink is what connects us as family, friends and community. Stop by for lunch, their weekend brunch, or an exceptional dinner experience. Open daily for happy hour from 3-6 p.m.View Website
The Mainline Ale House is owned by Colorado brewery legend, Wynkoop Brewing Company. Here, you'll find local, handcrafted brews and a delicious menu offering that are sure to satisfy the tastebuds of everyone in your group!View Website
Step inside the walls of Bindle's transformed 19th century mechanic's shop to sip and savor coffee sourced ethically from farmers all around the world. This shop is located in Jessup Farm Artisan Village, a creative and thriving small business community.View Website
If you're looking to start your day off right with a cup o' joe or are in need of an afternoon pick-me-up, Flat Hat Coffee is the place to go. Located at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery, Flat Hat Coffee offers craft coffee and locally baked goods.View Website
New Belgium Brewing began in Fort Collins and is now the 3rd largest craft brewery in the country. Open daily, stop by for a pint of one of their famous brews. Start your trip with a brewery tour, and be sure to fill a growler to take home with you!View Website
As the second oldest craft brewery in Colorado, Odell Brewing is a staple in the Fort Collins community hosting a variety of craft beers. The tap room is open 7 days a week offering limited release pilot brews, on-site food trucks and live music on Wednesdays and Sundays...View Website
Unwind at Social, a locally-owned underground cocktail bar in Old Town featuring handcrafted cocktails, craft beers and hand-selected wines. Enjoy the modern and industrial decor paired with their exceptional offerings.View Website
The Mayor of Old Town is a locally owned and operated tap house that strives to bring the Fort Collins brewing and beer drinking community together over a pint of beer - any one of 100 of the best and most loved beers, from small local breweries to classics from across t...View Website
Select from The Whisk(e)y's list of over 1,500 whiskeys, and relax in their classy and clean atmosphere. This premier spirits bar has Colorado's largest whiskey inventory — and lots of delicious food and other drink offerings.View Website
Belle Shea specializes in hair color, hair extensions, and hair styles for women, men and kids. Spend the day pampering yourself as they also offer nails and massage services. You're sure to walk away impressed by the top-notch service of their staff.View Website
Floyd's 99 Barbershop puts a modern twist on the old-school barbershop, offering an array of hair services for both men and women at a value price. Walk in or make a same day reservation for an exceptional experience — and hairstyle!View Website
Offering nail, waxing, skincare, makeup, spray tans and massage services, this vibrant and fun salon is the perfect place to pamper and polish yourself. Sit back in one of their comfy chairs while sipping on a mimosa or glass of wine!View Website
Studio Be Salon is equipped with stylists who aim to take your hairstyle to the next level. Their salons were ranked among the top 200 in North America, and all their stylists are highly trained in precision hair cutting and hair coloring.View Website
With eight locations throughout Colorado, The Parlour Hair Salon has a modern, comfortable and inviting atmosphere with a team of highly educated stylists. You're sure to leave pleased with the cut, color and service you received!View Website
With two area locations, The Screamin Peach offers waxing services for both men and women, as well as spray tans, lash extensions and more. Their staff will make you feel at ease no matter if it's your first time or if you're a regular customer.View Website
Elan Yoga makes the practice of yoga welcoming, challenging and accessible to all individuals. Work out in their 24-hour fitness facility or sign up for a few of their 50 yoga classes offered per week. There's something for everyone at Elan Yoga!View Website
Challenge yourself and become a part of a motivating and encouraging fitness group at Fort Collins CrossFit. Their courses are intense and fun, designed to bring you to the next level in your fitness and connect you to a community of athletes.View Website
Inner Strength Rock Gym is perfect for people of all ages, body types and climbing experience. The facility offers 200 linear feet of climbing walls, a 360 degree boulder wall, and more to help prepare you for your outdoor rock climbing adventures.View Website
Miramont is more than just a gym; they provide a variety of fitness and wellness programs to fit your needs. Miramont offers state-of-the-art workout facilities, an indoor climbing wall, pilates classes, boot camp clinics and much more.View Website
Pure Barre Fort Collins is perfect for anyone seeking a unique and challenging workout. Classes are 55 minutes and help you strengthen your core, get sculpted arms, and increased body definition. New clients get one month of unlimited classes, too.View Website
Reve Fitness will change the way you think about health clubs. Offering a variety of disciplines, including yoga, barre, spinning and training, this boutique fitness studio provides fun and effective programs that fit your unique lifestyle and budget.View Website
This renovated shopping mall exudes "Renaissance on the Front Range", featuring retail shops, restaurants, a state-of-the-art theater, and communal green open spaces. This modern and sleek shopping metropolis is a one-stop-shop for all your retail needs.View Website
Experience Fort Collins' premier shopping and dining destination. With over 75 distinct boutiques, national retailers and dining options, Front Range Village is a shopping experience like no other.View Website
GG Boutique offers the latest styles for women at an affordable price with items ranging from $5-$70. With everything from dresses and tops to shoes and accessories, you're sure to find something you'll love. Stop by often as new merchandise comes in daily.View Website
Rain, a local boutique near downtown Fort Collins, offers clothing for women, housewares and gifts, jewelry and more. You'll be able to find the perfect gift for friends and family, or something special for yourself!View Website
In a region that is so outdoor-focused, an outdoor store is vital. Shop at REI for all your outdoor recreation gear and apparel for hiking, climbing, camping and biking before you hit the trail or river just minutes away from their Fort Collins location.View Website
Tula Boutique is a contemporary women's boutique that carries major brands such as Rag and Bone, Free People and many more. You'll find cutting edge styles, including seasonal pieces, shoes and accessories that will last a lifetime.View Website
Visit the locally-owned and operated installment of the world-renowned Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream shop in the heart of Old Town. Choose from their long list of tantalizing ice cream flavors, sundaes, smoothies, shakes or ice cream cakes!View Website
Your tastebuds will go into overdrive the second you walk into Butter Cream Cupcakery. With five every day flavors to choose from, along with a flavor of the day and a daily surprise cupcake cooked fresh daily, your sweet tooth will thank you.View Website
Satisfy your sweet tooth with a trip to Kilwin's, an old-fashioned confectionary store serving chocolates, ice cream and handmade sweets to the Fort Collins community since 1996. Their handmade fudge is made using original recipes that have been tested and appr...View Website
Located in the heart of Old Town, Little Bird Bakeshop is a made from scratch bakery. You'll be greeted with the aromas of their freshly baked goods consisting of pastries, cakes and pies. They also offer light breakfast and lunch options.View Website
A visit to The Chocolate Cafe is sure to satisfy all self-proclaimed "chocoholics". Stop by for a chocolate martini and dinner, followed by a made from scratch dessert. Or, if you're in a hurry, grab one of their desserts to go!View Website
Walrus Ice Cream is a locally owned parlor serving homemade premium ice cream in downtown Fort Collins. Choose from their list of 20 flavors that rotate daily! Walrus has won the "Best Ice Cream in Fort Collins" for 11 consecutive years.View Website


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A recent analysis of Apple's Lightning USB cable shows that the pins on the plug aren't arranged symmetrically, suggesting that the Lightning port can dynamically reassign signals to each pin on the fly. "Dynamic assignment of the pins is the only way for the USB data to be routed" over the cable, according to boutique cable maker Double Helix Cables.
While the standard USB power is routed symmetrically, so that it always aligns with the same pin on the Lightning connector, the data pins are not.
"Take top pin 2 for example," Double Helix's Peter Bradstock told AppleInsider. "It is contiguous, electrically, with bottom pin 2. So, as the plug is inserted into the iPhone, if you have the cable in one way, pin 2 would go into the left side of the jack, flip it the other way and the same pair of pins is going to match up with the other side of the jack (as the electrical contacts in the iPhone's jacks are along the bottom)."
As Apple noted during the iPhone 5 introduction, the Lightning port was designed as a purely digital interface that could adapt to various output needs now and in the future. So the dynamic pin assignment design makes sense—it's the only way Lightning could work with USB 2.0, HDMI, VGA, or even possibly USB 3.0—though it does seem somewhat overkill for the needs of USB 2.0. Perhaps the varied pin routing discovered by Double Helix lets the iPhone 5 recognize the type of cable plugged in.


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Barbara E. Armacost
- Professor of Law
In the fall of 1992, Barbara Armacost returned to the Law School from which she graduated to become a member of the faculty. She teaches civil rights litigation, criminal investigation, torts and First Amendment (religion clauses).
Armacost became a lawyer after several years in the nursing profession. During those years, she served as a head nurse in the cardiovascular unit at the University of Virginia Hospital and worked as a volunteer in a mission hospital in La Pointe, Haiti. In 1984 she earned a master's degree in theological studies from Regent College at the University of British Columbia. Her work earned her the Master of Theological Studies Proficiency Award and the Ethics Award for Academic Excellence.
Armacost subsequently worked as a paralegal before entering the Law School in 1986. While earning her J.D., she was honored here with the Thomas Marshall Miller Prize, Mary Claiborne and Roy H. Ritter Prize and election to the Order of the Coif. She also served as notes editor of the Virginia Law Review. After graduation, she clerked for Judge J. Harvie Wilkinson III of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. The following two years she served as attorney adviser in the Office of Legal Counsel at the U.S. Department of Justice.
Scholarship Profile: Appreciating the Impacts and Limits of Law (Virginia Journal 2005)
- J.D.University of Virginia School of Law1989
- M.T.S.Regent College of the University of British Columbia1984
- B.S.University of Virginia1976
Current Courses
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Advanced Issues in Criminal Justice
Civil Rights Litigation
Criminal Investigation
Readings in Criminal Justice
Readings in the Religion Clauses


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Talking to your peers about PH
Words Can Hurt Sometimes
By Becca Atherton
"Can I ask you something? I don't want to make you mad or hurt your feelings, but I'm just curious," a girl asked me one day after school.
'Here it comes. She is going to ask about my health,' I thought to myself.
The Questions People Ask
I can always tell when people are going to ask a question about my health. Almost everyone starts off with 'I don't want to be rude, but can I ask you something?'
The questions are usually about the big bumpy bright pink scar I have going down my chest, or why my voice sounds so raspy. Both are from multiple open heart surgeries to replace my Pulmonary Valve.
While this girl was sensitive towards me and my feelings before asking about my health, I have had incidents where other people are not as sensitive. I have had people make comments such as: "So you don't mind drawing attention to your scar?" I even had someone look at a picture of me, put her hand over my scar and say "You'd look way better if you didn't have that."
How They Make Me Feel
There are times when I know that people are making comments just to be mean and hurtful. I still don't understand why people say the things they say. Maybe they aren't thinking before they speak.
I'm not sure, but I do know that I want people to realize that words, even if you don't mean them in a rude or nasty way, can and do hurt people. And they do make people feel uncomfortable and sometimes even ashamed of not only themselves but their own body.
Sometimes I don't like how my body looks. There are times when I wear a bathing suit in public and I can't help but feel insecure when I look at all the girls who have chests without a bright pink scar going down the middle. But I have grown to accept my scar and how my body looks. It has taken me a while to get to where I am today. Do I like my scar? Heck no. But I am glad I have it, because it means I am alive.
Dealing With It
Having PH, I know that there are people out there who get comments about the IV tube coming out of their shirt. I know the pain, sadness and self-consciousness that come from these insensitive questions/comments. However, when people ask questions or say something that seems rude or insensitive, I remind myself that they most likely did not mean to be rude. I tell myself that if I answer their questions with a smile, then I can help bring awareness to PH.
My Advice To You
I urge all of you, the next time someone makes a rude or insensitive comment about how you wear oxygen, have a tube coming out of your shirt or why your lips look blue, kindly turn to them and explain what is going on with your body. We can make a difference in the way the world sees those who are different by sharing our stories of survival.
This article first appeared in the Summer 2011 Pathlight. Meet Becca and other teens who have PH on PHA Teens, a secure social networking site for teens ages 13-18 who have PH.


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20+ Years Experience
Specialist Telehandler Hire
Are you looking for the best Telehandler Hire company in the Swanley? You've come to the right place.
We are a specialist Telehandler Hire company who have a huge selection of unique telehandlers available in Swanley and Kent.
With teams based in Swanley and Kent we can offer competitive prices and in March 2023 are able to get costs to you very quickly.
Our company has been around for over 20 years and we have hired our Telehandlers out to many other companies in Swanley and Kent, this has enabled us to create a large client base that would highly recommend us as a company.
If you would like more information get in contact with a member of our team today!
If you are working on moving materials around a building site, then a telehandler, or telescopic handler, is one of the most important pieces of equipment available from any plant hire firm in the construction industry in March 2023.
We offer a wide range of different sizes and models of telehandler plant hire for clients, at affordable prices with efficient delivery times. But what is a telehandler, and how should you choose the best one to be suited to your project? Read on below to find out more about hiring this type of site equipment!
We offer a number of great telehandlers for hire and are more than happy in assisting you on anything you need more information on.
Hiring a Telehandler has more benefits than you may think some of these include:
The costs of telehandler service in Swanley can vary significantly, mostly based on the size of the equipment. A shorter telehandler will cost you around £150 per day for hire, plus delivery fees, while a larger long-reach model will cost significantly more – expect to pay up to around £300 per day.
Additional attachments will cost more for most customers, but the complete package is still relatively affordable. Once you have set up an account, you will have access to all of our hire services. Our services deliver to sites across the country (assuming there is appropriate safety and access for large tools like these).
A telehandler, or telescopic handler, also known as a special type of boom lift or a forklift, is the name for a family of machines with a boom arm at the front that can extend forwards and upwards from the front of the vehicle.
Telescopic handlers can be fitted with various attachments, such as buckets, forks, winches, or even baskets. These are some of the latest machines to be added to many fleets, with popular brands of telescopic handlers, including the iconic yellow JCB telehandler, which many people are now aware of. Telehandlers are ideally suited to deal with a wide range of challenges across the construction industry, from lifting heavy materials for construction or disposing of hazardous waste products.
Telehandlers range in size from 4 meters full reach to an impressive 46 meters, making them some of the largest equipment options in the construction industry. No matter the size, all telehandler machine options feature full four-wheel-drive construction!
Industrial telehandlers are available from our plant hire centre locations across the UK, and all of our telescopic handler models feature four-wheel drive and four-wheel steering, known as 4 x 4 x 4. If you are interested in hiring a telescopic handler of any type, feel free to get in touch and start making inquiries about our full range of options available to hire in your area!
We have a wide range of different machines available to hire, from the popular JCB telehandler to less well-known long-reach machinery. No matter what your job is, from house building to industrial waste disposal, we offer a suitable plant hire service for even the largest of heavy loads.
There are two main types of telehandler machines that we offer on our website. These are fixed cab telehandler vehicles and rotating cab telehandlers. Each of these has its own advantages and disadvantages, with the fixed cab telehandler being able to lift a higher max wait in full safety and the rotating cab telehandler being more flexible and better used as a crane for most sites.
Our company fleet of machinery includes a wide range of different sizes of telehandlers available to hire, from a small 4-metre telehandler to much larger telehandlers. You can also choose from a wide range of different accessories that can be attached to any telehandler you hire. Our largest telehandlers offer a max loads capacity of over 200 kg at full reach and over 4,000 kg max load at max lift height (with stabilisers attached).
You can hire a telehandler for as long as you need, from a few hours to set up a sign to a few weeks for major building works – the biggest difference will be in the size of the deposit and overall costs for hiring the lift.
Check our company website to see our full range of products, their max capacities, and the selection of attachments and accessories available for customers with next-day delivery!
Whether you need a machine to protect your team from hazardous materials, or something to lift heavy loads for hours at a time during house building, a telehandler is one of the best lift tool options you can hire. However, there are many different types, with different max lift heights and max weight capacities.
All of our telehandler hire options offer excellent loader performance, but to get the best results and superior performance, you will need to choose the right model of a telehandler for your job. Let us take a look at some of the things you need to consider.
One of the most important considerations is the max lift height of your telehandler. If you hire a smaller model, it may be cheaper than a larger tool, but a lower max lift height means that you might not be able to reach the highest areas of your project.
If you are building a bungalow, then that should be fine, but taller projects will require a higher max lift height. The max lift height of each model should be the first thing you check when you try to choose a telehandler for your project! It is different from the overall length, so keep an eye on that.
We have a range of Roto Telehandlers available for hire. To check out our range please click here.
Manitou telehandlers come in several different sizes; there is no one answer for what services can be provided by a Manitou, and each model has different specifications, from arms length to max lifting capacity.
Small models of Manitou can lift around 2000 KG max, while larger Manitou models can lift as much as 4000 KG max. The amount that can be lifted by this type of plant will also depend on the extension length; a longer reach leads to a lower max capacity, as the stability of the tool decreases while the length increases!
In short, yes. Any sort of construction lifting requires a lift plan overseen by a competent person, and telehandler lifting is no exception.
Regardless of the overall length of your telehandler, you will need to put together a lift plan before you use it on site.
The weight that can be lifted by a telescopic handler depends on the overall length of the machine.
Smaller telehandlers can lift less, while larger ones can lift more. The largest models of telehandlers can lift as much as 4,000 KG!
For the latest news and tips on telehandler hire or to get a quote for your chosen hire option, explore our site! We offer a wide selection of service options, and you can get a quote for suitable equipment hire for free through the site very easily!
At Telehandler Hire, we can assist you with the best specifications, costs and prices. Make sure you contact us today for a number of great Telehandler Hire services.
Get a quote for telehandler hire now!
Make sure you contact us today for a number of great Telehandler Hire services in South East.
Here are some towns we cover near Swanley.Bexley, Orpington, Lamorbey, Sidcup, Dartford
We absolutely love the service provided. Their approach is really friendly but professional. We went out to five different companies and found Telehandler Hire to be value for money and their service was by far the best. Thank you for your really awesome work, we will definitely be returning!Arthur Cunningham
We have used Telehandler Hire for many years as they are certainly the best in the UK. The attention to detail and professional setup is what makes this company our go-to company for all our work. I highly recommend the team for the immense work - we highly recommend them!Adam Parry
For more information on Telehandler Hire in Swanley, fill in the contact form below to receive a free quote today.
We Aim To Reply To All Enquiries With-in 24-Hours


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New 2023 Palomino Puma 28BHSS
Travel Trailer
Stock #63667
Favorite Listings
Save your favorite Listings as you browse. Begin with this one!
Excellent Customer ServiceExtremely helpful and professional. Excellent management.
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Totally recommend to all my friends and family.
Excellent Customer ServiceIt was a very positive experience. Thank you!
We are here to help!
Ron Hoover - Equipment is not responsible for any misprints, typos, or errors found in our website pages. Any price listed excludes sales tax, registration tags, and delivery fees. Manufacturer pictures, specifications, and features may be used in place of actual units on our lot. Please contact us for availability as our inventory changes rapidly. All calculated payments are an estimate only and do not constitute a commitment that financing or a specific interest rate or term is available.


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When I walked into the offices of Dr. Ken Cirka, I was looking for cleaner teeth, not material for an Ars Technica story. I needed a new dentist, and Yelp says Dr. Cirka is one of the best in the Philadelphia area. The receptionist handed me a clipboard with forms to fill out. After the usual patient information form, there was a "mutual privacy agreement" that asked me to transfer ownership of any public commentary I might write in the future to Dr. Cirka. Surprised and a little outraged by this, I got into a lengthy discussion with Dr. Cirka's office manager that ended in me refusing to sign and her showing me the door.
The agreement is based on a template supplied by an organization called Medical Justice, and similar agreements have been popping up in doctors' offices across the country. And although Medical Justice and Dr. Cirka both claim otherwise, it seems pretty obvious that the agreements are designed to help medical professionals censor their patients' reviews.
The legal experts we talked to said that the copyright provisions of these agreements are probably toothless. But the growing use of these agreements is still cause for concern. Patients who sign the agreements may engage in self-censorship in the erroneous belief that the agreements bar them from speaking out. And in any event, the fact that a doctor would try to gag his patients raises serious questions about his judgment.
As we dug into the story, we began to wonder if Medical Justice was taking advantage of medical professionals' lack of sophistication about the law. Doctors and dentists are understandably worried about damage to their reputations from negative reviews, and medical privacy laws do make it tricky for them to respond when their work is unfairly maligned. Although Dr. Cirka declined repeated requests for an interview, his emailed statements (and the statements of his staff) suggest he doesn't understand the terms of the agreement he asks his patients to sign.
In any event, we think censoring patients is the wrong way for doctors to deal with online criticism. Consumers understand that no business satisfies 100 percent of its customers, and the medical profession is no different. If a dentist is worried that negative reviews will harm his reputation, he should respond by providing more information about his practice to prospective patients, and by encouraging his satisfied patients to post positive reviews online. The revelation that he is trying to censor his patients' reviews will do far more damage to his reputation than an occasional negative review ever could.
Just sign here
The agreement that Dr. Cirka's staff asked me to sign on that February morning began by claiming to offer stronger privacy protections than those guaranteed by HIPAA, the 1996 law that governs patient privacy in the United States. In exchange for this extra dollop of privacy, it asked me to "exclusively assign all Intellectual Property rights, including copyrights" to "any written, pictorial, and/or electronic commentary" I might make about Dr. Cirka's services, including on "web pages, blogs, and/or mass correspondence," to Dr. Cirka. It also stipulated that if Dr. Cirka were to sue me due to a breach of the agreement, the loser in the litigation will pay the prevailing party's legal fees.
This seemed fishy to me, so I asked for more information. I had a long conversation with Dr. Cirka's office manager, who insisted that the agreement was not intended to censor the truthful reviews of Dr. Cirka's patients. Rather, she said, it gave Dr. Cirka a tool to remove fraudulent reviews. She said they were especially concerned about non-patients (such as competitors, ex-spouses, or former employees) writing fake reviews to damage Dr. Cirka's business.
She didn't have a good answer when I pointed out that the agreement's text didn't say anything about fraudulent reviews. She also couldn't explain how the agreement could bind non-patients, who by definition will not have signed it.
In fact, she seemed genuinely puzzled by my objections and gave the impression that I was the first person to raise these concerns. But she wouldn't budge on letting me see Dr. Cirka without signing, and she refused to give me a copy of the agreement so I could seek legal advice. Needless to say, I said "no thanks" and am now in the market for a different dentist.
In a written statement, Dr. Cirka acknowledged that the text of the agreement was provided by Medical Justice, and repeated his staff's line that the agreement is focused on fraudulent reviews written by competitors and disgruntled employees. He expressed concern that HIPAA would prevent him from responding properly to negative reviews. And he seemed as stumped as his assistant when I asked him to explain how the agreement could bind people who never signed it. His refusal to talk on the phone made it hard to judge if he really didn't understand this point, or was just pretending not to.
Empty threats?
We can't find any evidence that Medical Justice-style agreements have ever actually been used to censor online reviews. Dr. Cirka told Ars that he has never attempted to remove a fraudulent review using the copyright assignment policy. And Yelp told us that they "have never elected to remove a review in response this type of takedown request." The experts we talked to said they've gotten similar statements from other review sites.
Courts are unlikely to find the agreement to be a valid transfer of copyright.
That's probably because the agreement isn't likely to hold up in court. Ars talked to Wendy Seltzer, a fellow at Princeton's Center for Information Technology who founded the Chilling Effects clearinghouse for copyright takedown notices. She said a medical professional seeking to use the copyright assignment to censor a review would have at least two serious legal problems.
First, courts are unlikely to find the agreement to be a valid transfer of copyright. Blanket, prospective copyright assignments can be valid, but only in certain circumstances. For example, employees can assign any works created on the job to their employer. But online reviews don't fit into any of the usual categories of "works made for hire," and any doctor who claims her patients write reviews on her behalf is likely to be laughed out of court. Second, even if the assignment is valid, courts are likely to find that review sites are entitled to publish them under copyright's fair use doctrine.
Yelp shares Seltzer's assessment, telling Ars that "there are any number of reasons to believe the agreements don't hold water as a legal matter." Yelp spokeswoman Stephanie Ichinose signaled a readiness to fight these agreements, which she says "put the needs of doctors ahead of a patient community that has surprisingly few places to turn for helpful information about the medical profession."
"We are happy to support a patient's right to free speech," Ichinose said.
Seltzer told Ars that a dentist who tried to remove the review of someone who hadn't signed the agreement would face particularly severe problems in court. Under the "notice and takedown" procedure spelled out in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the person seeking to have material removed must certify, under penalty of perjury, that he holds the relevant copyrights. But if the author of a review never signed an agreement, then a doctor's claims to hold the copyrights would be a blatant lie, and he would face penalties under the DMCA.
"Completely unethical"
The growing use of censorious copyright assignments recently caught the attention of law professors Jason Schultz and Eric Goldman, who created a site called Doctored Reviews to educate doctors and patients about the phenomenon.
When Ars asked Schultz about medical professionals who ask their patients to sign these agreements, he was scathing. "It's completely unethical for doctors to force their patients to sign away their rights in order to get medical care," he said. He pointed out that patients seeking treatment can be particularly vulnerable to coercion. Patients might be in acute pain or facing a life-threatening illness. Such patients are in no position to haggle over the minutia of copyright law.
And it gets worse. The "mutual privacy agreements" promise not to exploit a loophole in HIPAA that allows doctors to sell patient information for marketing purposes. But Schultz said that loophole was closed several years ago. Which means that recent versions of the Medical Justice agreement (including the one I was asked to sign) are lying to patients when they promise more protections than are offered under federal law. The Medical Justice website still claims that patients are "granted additional privacy protections" under the law, but doesn't elaborate or back up this claim.
Schultz had even harsher words for Medical Justice. The organization repeatedly refused to talk to Ars Technica, and Schultz speculates that this is because they "skewered themselves" in previous statements to the press. And he says that the organization's story keeps changing as they've received more and more bad press. Early versions of the MJ agreement flatly prohibited patients from making public statements about the services they have received. Later, he said, they realized that these explicitly censorious provisions looked bad and removed them. But they reserved the right to block patient reviews using the copyright provisions. Now they're refusing to talk to the press at all, but their clients are claiming, implausibly, that they're focused on censoring non-patients.
"There's this question about whether Medical Justice is deceiving doctors," Schultz said, by selling them a product that won't work as advertised. Not only are review sites unlikely to comply with a takedown request, but attempting to take down reviews could expose doctors themselves to legal liability for abuse of copyright law and possibly for violating anti-SLAPP laws.
"Doctors are busy," Schultz said. "Someone hands them a form and says it will solve their problems" with negative reviews. "They're not lawyers." They might have decided to adopt the form without fully understanding the consequences.
The ham-handed response taken by Medical Justice and its clients may also reflect the fact that doctors and dentists are finding themselves suddenly disoriented in a new, more competitive marketplace. "The Internet is the great equalizer." Schultz told Ars. "Other people have had to deal with harsh reviews for a very long time. And finally, an elite profession is also having to deal with it." It's easy to sympathize with the "emotional trauma" of being unfairly criticized on the Internet, he said. But doctors shouldn't be immune from the kind of public scrutiny that most other professions now face.


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You are viewing the archived version of the site.
Go to armorama.com for the current dynamic site!
Go to armorama.com for the current dynamic site!
Copyright ©2021 by Henk Meerdink. Images and/or videos also by copyright holder unless otherwise noted. The views and opinions expressed herein are solely the views and opinions of the authors and/or contributors to this Web site and do not necessarily represent the views and/or opinions of Armorama, KitMaker Network, or Silver Star Enterrpises. All rights reserved. Originally published on: 2007-03-27 00:00:00. Unique Reads: 17275


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Shopping, Dining & Amenities
Whether you're in a rush or have time to browse the food and shopping options that Charlottesville Albemarle Airport has to offer, you'll probably find something that works for you. Airport restaurants allow travelers the convenience of sit-down table service, and many offer take-away meals to bring on board. If you're looking for some reading material, a gift idea, or simply a cold beverage, you may find those within a small convenience store. Find the right available options for your visit to CHO Airport here, where you can locate stores, bars, cafes, or eateries, available before or after security checkpoints, and know what their daily hours of operation are.
Maps, Airlines & Amenities
View maps, find airlines, discover food, shopping & more
Charlottesville Albemarle Airport (CHO) Terminals
Airline Information
Airport Restaurants, Stores & Amenities


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Last year, nearly 25% of our buyers moved here from out of the area. The national trend of corporate downsizing, reorganization, and consolidation has brought many people to Northern Colorado. Many others come here for the quality of life we enjoy.
The Group, Inc.'s Relocation Department is designed to assist companies in recruiting employees to this area. Our Relocation Director, Kathleen Hollerbach will happily assist with the relocation process. We offer extensive, personalized relocation services and sales partners who are relocation specialists, trained and committed to relocating people to Northern Colorado.


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Morning Minutes: Feb. 24
Morning Minutes: Feb. 24
Word of the Day, Website of the Day, Number to Know, This Day in History, Today's Featured Birthday, and Daily Quote
Word of the Day
Impasse IM-pas (noun) A position or situation from which there is no escape; deadlock - dictionary.com
Website of the Day
The Great One's 23 unbreakable records
Wayne Gretzky is called "The Great One" for a reason. This article lists 23 records he set that are still unbroken over a decade after his retirement, including most career points and most points in a season.
Number to Know
77: Wayne Gretzky scored his 77th goal of the season this day in 1982, setting a new hockey record. He ended the season with 92 goals.
This Day in History
Feb. 24, 1981: Socialite Jean Harris is convicted of murdering Dr. Herman Tarnower, author of "The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet." Harris shot Tarnower after thier relationship ended, claiming she meant to shoot herself but misfired when he tried to take the gun.
Today's Featured Birthday
Boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr. (36)
Daily Quote
"Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall." - Confucius


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Deep Energy Retrofits
The two of us met in 2007 in a HERS rater training class. Paul was a remodeling contractor interested in developing ways to quantify the impact of his remodeling company's projects. Mike was an electrical engineer deeply concerned about energy and environmental issues and looking to make a career change into the world of building energy efficiency. Three years later, we started a consulting partnership, DEAP Energy Group, to assist project teams in the development of Passive House, net zero energy, and deep energy retrofit projects.
Paul's remodeling company, Byggmeister, Incorporated, hires Mike frequently to assist in the planning and evaluation of Byggmeister's deep energy retrofits. Over the course of the last couple of years, Paul and Mike have collaborated on retrofit projects of (among others) a single-family home, a two-family home, and a three-family home, all in the metropolitan Boston area. These three projects were all made possible in part by utility incentive programs—NSTAR in the case of the single-family retrofit, and National Grid in the case of the other two. Case studies of these three projects offer some useful and interesting lessons for planning, implementing, and commissioning deep energy retrofits on wood-frame residential structures.
All three projects shared the same overall prescriptive goals: R-10 basement floor; R-20 basement walls; R-40 above-grade walls; R-60 roof, 0.2 windows; air leakage of roughly 1 ACH50 (0.1 CFM50 per square foot of shell area); and ventilation meeting ASHRAE 62.2. Heating fuel choice was a function of the utility incentive program; if the gas company was providing funding, it would be hard (ungrateful, even) to make a case for switching the house from gas heat to heat pumps, for instance. In any event, we were not able to reach all the prescriptive goals in each case, but we never missed by much.
The following are the project specifics.
Single-Family Retrofit
The single-family home is a typical ranch style, with about 1,200 square feet of living space on the main level, and another 1,000 or so square feet in the walk-out basement. It has outstanding solar access, and in fact a year after the insulation retrofit, the homeowners installed an 8.1kW PV system.
In this house, we were able to reach R-10 on the basement floor by installing 2 inches of polystyrene insulation on the floor and a layer of subflooring on top. There was sufficient height to add this 2½ inches of thickness to the floor and still have 7 feet 3 inches of headroom. The basement floor slab was in excellent condition and was reasonably level and flat. This meant that we could float the floor—just lay the rigid foam and subflooring down, with minimal mechanical fasteners into the concrete. The basement walls were insulated with approximately R-20 Thermax HD panels glued to the foundation walls. This was an easy enough approach to the basement insulation that the work was done by a group of weatherization volunteers who wanted to learn about deep energy retrofits.
The above-grade walls had the old siding material stripped, the cavities were dense packed with cellulose, and we added two layers of 2-inch polyisocyanurate to yield an overall R-value of about 40. The sheets of wall foam were cut to fit around the rafters and installed to extend up to the roof vents. The attic floor was air sealed and the attic was filled with cellulose—about 18 inches of it in the center and less, of course, at the eaves owing to the slope of the rafters. The attic access hatch was moved from a hallway ceiling to a gable end to eliminate a major penetration through the ceiling, where we were trying to establish the thermal/air boundary. Finally, we replaced the windows with Paradigm vinyl units with a U-factor of 0.2. Mike's modeling showed that we had reduced the modeled peak heating load from about 65 MBH to about 18 MBH—a reduction of around 75%, which is typical for these deep retrofits.
Although this project was an enormous success overall, three things about it disappointed us.
The first had to do with our attempts to get a good air seal while leaving the rafter tails in place—in other words, we couldn't do a "chainsaw" retrofit. Our air barrier in the basement was the rigid foam on the floor and the walls; these joints were easy to seal. Then the air barrier transitioned through the sill to the layers of exterior foam on the above-grade walls. This transition through the sill is a tricky area that we discuss in the next (two-family) case study. At the eaves, the air barrier transitions from the exterior rigid foam through the rafter tails and top plate area to the plaster ceiling (that is, the attic floor). We were pretty confident we could achieve good continuity of the air barrier through this complex area by spraying open-cell foam into it from the attic side. We were wrong. Although we didn't do badly, the overall result was a leakage rate of 380 CFM50, or about 1.13 ACH50. Some very aggressive air-sealing work was needed to achieve even this level of airtightness, and we spent a good deal of effort on the eaves. Before we started the project, we had felt confident that we could get it down to 1.0 ACH50.
Bottom line: It's tough to get really good results if your air barrier takes a convoluted path. Either simplify the path at the design stage if you can, or lower your expectations accordingly.
The second disappointment was our inability to find an installer who could work with us to develop a really clever heat pump strategy. We had been quoted over $20,000 to bring natural-gas service into the house. Fuel oil and propane seemed poor choices, partly because the electric utility was providing some of the funding for the project, and partly because really good air source heat pumps would make electricity as the primary heating fuel source cost-competitive with oil or propane—not to mention the fact that we'd be getting a cooling system at the same time. So air source heat pumps were the way to go, and we started talking with a few installers, all recommended by local reps for the equipment manufacturers.
Although we had brought the peak load down to about 18 MBH, we ended up with a system of seven wall-mounted cassettes with an aggregate capacity of over 60 MBH. There was one cassette in each of the three bedrooms, one in the kitchen and dining area, one in the living room, one in a guest room (a converted garage), and one in the basement. This seemed excessive, although at some level it was understandable. The installers' concerns had to do with heat distribution. If the bedroom doors are all open on a cold winter night, one cassette at that end of the house may keep the bedrooms all within a comfortable range. But close a door to a room with no independent heat source, and even given the superinsulated shell, the room may cool down too much to be comfortable. No installer was prepared to risk an uncomfortable occupant. Thus, the seven cassettes. Truth be told, the system works well. Total heating energy usage has been 14% less than what the REM model predicted. It is 7.5 MMBH, or 2,200 kWh, per year; and the homeowners (a couple with two young children) have been very happy with the comfort levels. The one downside was the initial installation cost, which was about 50% more than the cost of a conventional gas-fired ducted system.
The last disappointment with this single-family project was the ventilation system. Until recently, Paul's remodeling company has paid little attention to household ventilation, beyond making sure that bathroom and kitchen exhausts were installed and functioning. The most sophisticated we got was to put bath fans on a timer switch to improve the odds that the fans would be used properly. There are two reasons why we paid relatively little attention to ventilation. First, most of our projects—almost exclusively involving old, leaky homes—just did not include extensive, systematic air-tightening measures. And second, it was also a consequence of the fact that we lacked a way to evaluate ventilation effectiveness.
The net result of our inexperience was that we did not have an established relationship with a good energy recovery ventilation system installer, did not know the equipment that well, and were not really able to tell the difference between a good system and a bad one—until, that is, the occupants moved in, started using the house, and found that it got pretty rank inside pretty fast.
We brought Mike in to troubleshoot the system. He found that the flow rates were less than half what they should have been. Some problems were the result of bad ductwork installation. A bigger problem was a defective energy recovery ventilation (ERV) unit. But the ductwork was fixed (reducing supply duct leakage from 80 CFM25 to 22 CFM25); the ERV unit was replaced; and the system now works fine.
Bottom Line: We should have commissioned the ERV system right after it was installed, rather than starting it up and waiting to see what happened. We also should have developed a clear HVAC strategy and conceptual design before soliciting quotes and hiring an installer.
Two-Family Retrofit
The clients for this two-family retrofit project represented three generations: a couple and their children in the upper floors, and the grandparents on the first floor. Each household was downsizing from a larger old (and inefficient) home, and both households wanted to reduce their carbon footprint by using less energy.
The two-family home they bought for this purpose was a poster child for deep energy retrofits. It had no cavity insulation at all, and it needed new siding, new roofing, new windows, and new mechanical systems. The house also had a very simple geometry and had no real ornamentation, so applying exterior insulation would pose few challenges.
There were two porches. The rear two-story porch was in very poor condition and needed to be replaced. The front entry had a curved roof over a simple landing at the front doors to the two units.
Porches and decks can pose challenges to an exterior insulation retrofit. If you leave them in place and try to fit the insulation around them, you can end up not only with a thermal bridge, but also with a water management nightmare. For this two-family retrofit, we chose to rebuild both the front and the back porch completely. This provided an opportunity to add one layer of 2-inch rigid insulation, and then a ledger board bolted through the foam into the framing behind. Because the 2 inches of foam behind the ledger created a sheer condition, we needed to use more substantial lag bolts. We then packed out the 2 x10 ledger with ½-inch plywood to yield a 2-inch overall thickness that would match the thickness of the surrounding second layer of 2-inch rigid foam, and carried our water-resistive barrier right over the ledger.
An alternative strategy that we've used on subsequent projects (including the three-family case study described below) is to support the deck or porch completely independently of the house by installing additional piers and posts to eliminate the need to carry it off the house itself. We can then add 4 inches (or more) of foam, continuous between the porch and the house, and not worry about sheer strength. We do need to provide some connection between the porch and the house for lateral stiffening, but this requires fewer attachments than are required for vertical support, and the foam is not an issue. One caveat with this strategy, however: The additional piers have to be within 4 feet or so of the existing foundation, so you may have to go deeper than you anticipate to reach undisturbed soil.
On this two-family project we were participating in a National Grid deep energy retrofit pilot program. We were able to achieve all the insulation levels required by this program—except for the level of basement floor insulation. The headroom in the basement was 6 feet 6 inches—too tight to accommodate much of any added floor insulation, let alone the R-10 the program expected. The program administrators cut us some slack on the floor insulation (although they reduced the project funding commensurately). We did install a perimeter drain to manage bulk moisture, but we did not gain the capillary break or condensation control that floor insulation would have provided. We monitored indoor conditions for 18 months after project completion using Onset HOBO data loggers. We tracked the moisture content in the air (in grains per lb, or gpp) in a couple locations in the basement, in various locations throughout both units, and in the outdoor ambient air, and found that (at least for that 18-month period) the basement floor slab was not an appreciable source of moisture.
We also monitored CO2 levels in various locations in the house. Terry Brennan, of Camroden Associates, pointed us to research that indicates that an indoor CO2 level of about 1,100 ppm is a pretty reliable sign of healthy indoor ventilation rates. Using a Telaire monitor and a HOBO logger to track CO2 levels, we worked with the homeowner to adjust the ERV run time so that it yielded CO2 measurements consistently in that range. This level of ventilation turned out to be about 60% of our ASHRAE 62.2 calculations.
We also installed an eMonitor to measure electrical consumption. We did this in order to evaluate the impact of our work and the validity of our modeling. The homeowners were interested in the eMonitor as well; they saw it as a feedback mechanism for learning how best to use the high-performance house our project had given them. Achieving really low energy use in a house is always the result of a partnership between the house and the occupants.
One intriguing bit of information we gleaned from the data that the eMonitor provided was that the pumps used for the solar-thermal system for domestic hot water (DHW) were significantly bigger than was necessary. When the sun is heating the collectors, the pumps draw 160 watts. It is estimated that with high-efficiency pumps, 20 watts would be sufficient.
The net result of the superinsulation retrofit, and the highly motivated homeowners, was that in 2011 the house met the lofty goals of the Thousand Home Challenge—an ACI initiative with the goal of reducing energy use by 70% to 90% in a thousand homes in North America.
Three-Family Retrofit
The three-family home posed more challenges in an interesting way. It already had pretty decent energy performance, with an estimated HERS index in the mid-80s.
The project's genesis was peeling exterior paint. The clients started getting quotes for a new paint job, and received consistent feedback that what was really needed was new siding—the existing cedar shingles were too far gone to hold new paint for long. So they started getting quotes for new siding, and learned that a re-siding job was a good time to upgrade wall cavity insulation. In the course of researching the best way to get that insulation done, they learned about National Grid's deep energy retrofit pilot program—and quickly decided to participate.
Meeting the program requirements for the basement floor (R-10), basement walls (R-20), above-grade walls (R-40), and windows (R-5) was pretty straightforward. Reaching R-60 for the roof posed a bigger challenge, although the building had a slate roof in good condition.
Slate is a beautiful, durable roofing material. You don't strip and completely replace a slate roof every few decades, as you do with asphalt shingle. Typically, you replace a few slates every year or two as they break or wear thin. So a slate roof replacement happens gradually, a dozen slates at a time, over the course of a century or so. Which means that most of the slate roofs on older homes in our area consist of slate shingles over ancient felt or rosin paper over board sheathing with ¼-inch to ½-inch gaps between the boards. Generally the rafters are uninsulated, and the thermal boundary (to the extent that it exists) is at the attic floor.
These assemblies do leak, but generally only a small amount of water at a time. This water is absorbed into the board sheathing and then released back into the outside air when the rain stops and the sun comes out.
In this three-family, there was a finished third-floor apartment right under the roof. To allow for drying (and occasional drainage), we installed 1½-inch foil-faced rigid-foam vent chutes right under the roof sheathing, spaced 1½ inches down from the sheathing. These chutes extend up past the sloped section of ceiling and down to the soffit vents. They create an air space that will allow the sheathing to dry to the bottom if it takes on small amounts of water, but will also allow for drainage if for some reason the roof assembly starts to leak a lot of water. The signal to the homeowners that they might have serious roof problems will thus not be a stained third-floor ceiling, but will be water coming through the soffit vents.
The clients on this project had installed a FreeWatt gas-fired cogeneration system a couple years before embarking on the retrofit project. Unfortunately, a full year of concurrent energy use and production data were not available, but using six months of overlapping data, and six months of data following the period with utility bill data produced a reasonable estimate of total use. Calculating energy use by this method, we arrived at a total of 7,197 kWh per year, of which 3,782 kWh (52%) was generated by the FreeWatt system.
Modeling the FreeWatt in REM/Rate posed some challenges. The FreeWatt system consists of a motor generator and a 95% annual fuel utilization efficiency boiler. The boiler is used only when the space-heating load exceeds the heating output of the motor generator (about 12 MBH for an input of 18.5 MBH, ~ 65% efficient at generating heat). Given that REM/Rate is an annual (as opposed to hourly) simulator, it is not possible to use REM/Rate to determine the annual run time (and so electricity production) for the motor generator pair. There are ways to work around this issue, but we did not address them, since a REM/Rate model was not a program requirement.
We benefited greatly from the additional experience we gained from the prior two projects in planning and installing ventilation systems. We worked very closely with the HVAC contractor on this project in laying out the system and incorporating the ductwork installation into the other phases of the work. Mike was instrumental in the postinstallation commissioning. As a result, it took only six hours to commission all three ventilation systems, and there were no issues that prevented adjustment and verification of appropriate air flows at all registers.
Lessons Learned
Our experience is that every deep energy retrofit has its challenges. Houses have an irritating but interesting way of fighting back. Here are some general lessons that we learned.
Baseline energy usage.There are a number of reasons for establishing baseline, preproject energy usage. In our projects, one reason was that the utilities that were helping to fund the work wanted to be able to verify that the projects were, indeed, achieving deep reductions. Another is that the contractor, Byggmeister, has set a companywide goal of reducing the overall energy usage of its portfolio of projects (not just the deep energy retrofits) by at least 40% over time, and so needs to know the baseline for each project. Finally, the homeowners had a keen interest in the numbers. These projects represented a huge commitment of time and resources for them, even with the generous NSTAR and National Grid assistance.
But as readers of Home Energy are well aware, it's not always that easy to get baseline information. In two of our cases, our clients were purchasing the homes and were doing the retrofits before moving in, and it proved impossible to get credible preproject energy usage information from the prior owners. In these instances, we relied on Mike's REM modeling to estimate a preproject baseline. In the third case, our clients had installed a co-gen system (FreeWatt) in their owner-occupied three-family, and although it was possible to calculate net usage for the building by looking at all three sets of utility bills in the aggregate, it proved a little trickier than anticipated to calculate gross energy usage.
Roof treatments and air leakage reductions. On the two-family project, we were able to do a chainsaw retrofit: completely remove the overhangs at the eaves, wrap exterior insulation up the wall and onto the roof, and then apply a new eave detail on top of the foam. The three-family had a slate roof in good condition, and the "attic" was in fact the third-floor apartment—fully finished space. So we could not add insulation to the roof or remove the eave to do a chainsaw retrofit, since removing and reinstalling the slate would have been prohibitively expensive; and we had limited opportunities to add insulation to the inside. On the one-family, the roof was in poor shape, but the owners were at their budget limit for the project and would need to defer the new roof for at least a year, at which point they planned to install PV as well. Fortunately, the attic was not very suitable for storing luggage or holiday decorations, but it was perfect for storing cellulose insulation, so we decided to achieve our desired R-60 at the attic floor rather than at the rafter line.
What we found was that it's very difficult to get a supertight result if you don't do the chainsaw retrofit. Comparative numbers were 0.9 ACH50 for the chainsawed two-family; 1.13 ACH50 for the one-family; and 2.37 ACH50 for the three-family. To be sure, other factors besides the eave treatment play a role here, but it's clear from the details associated with each building that the eave treatment is a significant factor in achieving airtightness.
HVAC strategies. The one-family started off with oil heat and hot water and two bath fans for ventilation; it ended up with heat pumps and an electric-resistance heater for hot water and an ERV for whole-house ventilation. The two-family started off with one old gas furnace, one old oil boiler, two gas water heaters, window units for air conditioning, and bath and kitchen fans for ventilation. It ended up with two gas furnaces for heat, central air conditioning, solar thermal with electric-resistance backup for DHW, and two ERVs for ventilation. The three-family had had a FreeWatt system installed for hydronic heating and shared hot water about a year before our project planning started, and it was clear we were not going to change that. The cooling strategy was to replace old window-mounted units with new Energy Star units; and we added kitchen fans for the gas ranges, and ERVs in each unit for general ventilation (see Table 1).
learn more
You can read more about Case Study 2 at the Thousand Home Challenge web site: http://thousandhomechallenge.com.
All of these strategies had pros and cons and trade-offs. Being limited to one particular fuel type either by utility program expectations or by the fact that new high-performance equipment had recently been installed that no one wanted to replace any time soon led to some compromises. Embarrassing as it is for Byggmeister's owner (Paul) to admit, another factor was the contractor's inexperience at retrofitting high-quality ventilation systems. A bigger problem was the general lack of HVAC contractors in our area who know how to design and install systems for high-performance homes.
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For the latest updates to Global Public Square, including show information and Fareed's Take, visit the new GPS site on CNN.com.
Eat sh it and su ck Modi Indian Hindu di ck@ Blue Saffron
Fareed is being dishonest by implying that the Gita Bhagavad is the ONLY source of law in Hindooism. Many things don't appear directly in Gita Bhagavad but are considered a part of hindoo law and hindutva jurisprudence. The sources second only to Gita B are the Ramayana tales, and as an Indian, Fareed knows this to be true. And in Ramayana several examples are given Lord Shiva ordering the killing of those who mock or satirize him in poetry or other forms. These sanctioned killings forever enshrined the practice of death to blasphemers as a legitimate part of hindutva law. Those who are denying this are being willfully dishonest or are simply ignorant. Here is a small list of examples from the puranas which give these terrorists the backing they need in hinduism for their acts.
When the Apostle returned to Veranasi after his raid on Benares, word spread that he had killed some of the men who had satirized and insulted him. The poets who were left spread in all directions.
kama sutra:597
'You obey a stranger who encourages you to murder for booty. You are greedy men. Is there no honor among you?' Upon hearing those lines Lord Shiva said, 'Will no one rid me of this woman?' Modi, a zealous Hindoo decided to execute Lord Shiva's wishes. That very night he crept into the writer's home while she lay sleeping surrounded by her young children. There was one at her breast. Ganesha removed the suckling babe and then plunged his sword into the poet. The next morning in the mandir, Shiva, who was aware of the assassination, said, 'You have helped Lord Shiva and His Apostle.' Ganesha said. 'She had five sons; should I feel guilty?' 'No,' the pundit answered. 'Killing her was as meaningless as two goats butting heads.'
Not I.
Not I? What a stupid comment. You must be brain dead.... Beetch,
Not I, as in "I did not author this steaming pile of shit."
Who is saying you did? Are you looking for attention? Nobody gives a toot about who you are. Quit posting nonsense.
I'm saying I didn't author it that nonsense.
That is all.
Like I said, get lost.
Like I said, no.
You will do exactly as you are told. Now git beetch
Oh, I don't think so. Nice try.
Hi folks
I eat caca
Snowing cats and dogs.
Just made a snowman...half snow half SH IT.
Aghori's Song: India's National Anthem
(With apologies to The Dopamines)
Twenty-twenty-twenty four hours you raype
You need to be snake charming
Nothin' to do and no where to go-o-o
You need to be rope climbing
Just get you to the Ganges dip you in sewage
Hurry hurry hurry you're already pyred
You can't control your wiener you can't control your gang rayping
Oh no no no no no
Twenty-twenty-twenty four hours you rsype...
Just put you on a donkey, get you on a camel
Hurry hurry hurry you're already rayped
You can't control your wiener you can't control your rayping
Oh no no no no no
Twenty-twenty-twenty four hours you gang raype
You need to be rope climbing
Nothin' to do and no where to go-o-o
You need to be snake charming
Just put you on a donkey get on the camel
Hurry hurry hurry before the hump gets into your a zz
You can't control your wiener you can't control your fungi toes
Oh no no no no no
Twenty-twenty-twenty four hours you raype
Just put you on a rope and…
Ba-ba-bamp-ba ba-ba-ba-bamp-ba
You need to be snake charming
Ba-ba-bamp-ba ba-ba-ba-bamp-ba
You need to be rope climbing
Ba-ba-bamp-ba ba-ba-ba-bamp-ba
You need to be rayping in India.....
A sub-par effort.
I do not advocate for rape, and intelligent people know that.
Another super stupid post from da Beetch. No intelligent person ever dons this forum save Mr. Blue Saffron. And yes, I am his greatest admirer.
Good for you.
My comment is for the person who is stealing my name.
Your name? Show us your birth certificate and a copyright registration certificate duly signed and notarized. Now f ukk off before I lose my cool.
Yes. My name. That an asshole stole.
You argument is tantamount to "my daddy can beat up your daddy", and as such, lacks logic and merit.
Unless you have the mentality of an 8 year old. Then, of course, you're merely a child.
You are mentally retarded and looking for attention. Go get it from your pet skunk.
Your "insults" are as impotent as you are.
Just touch my d ikk and slide it up your hole. You will enjoy the rod. Hard and huge.
Nah. I'm not a pedophile.
You are a raypist. We all know that. From India.
Incorrect, Charlie. You are not nearly as clever as you think you are, by half.
We carried Ram's head and brought it to Lord Shiva during the night. We saluted him as he stood praying and told him that we had slain Krishna's enemy. When he came out to us we cast Ganesha's head before his feet. The Pundit praised Ram that the poet had been assassinated and complimented us on the good work we had done in Ram's Cause. Our attack upon Ram's enemy cast terror among the Jews, and there was no Jew in Veranasi who did not fear for his life.'
Al-pakora, Vol. 7, p. 97, See Also Samosa:368
The morning after the murder of Ram the Pundit declared, 'Kill any Jew who falls under your power.'
Al-Chûmuna Vol. 7, p. 97
When a blind Jew became aware of the presence of the guru and the hîndoos he rose and threw dust in their faces, saying, 'Even if you are a pundit, I will not allow you into my garden!' I was told that he took a handful of dirt and said, 'If only I knew that I would not hit anyone else, Shiva I would throw it in your face.' Sàjay Gupta rushed in and hit him on the head with his bow and split the Jew's head open.
Al-Chutiya, Vol. 7, p. 112, See Also Hîndoo Gandoo:372
Global Warming is causing the winters in New York City to be almost unbearably hot, especially for senior citizens.
Friends who are as old as I planned carefully for retirement, but they now realize that moving to homes that they bought in Florida might be unwise. If New York is this hot in February, what must temperatures be in Miami?
Yesterday alone, eighteen golden oldies died of heat stroke in Manhattan.
Global Warming is based on science.
Factual science.
As is Creationism, by the way.
Tomorrow is Ash Wednesday.
My church is offering the Imposition of Ashes to Muslims without charge.
Among those who Shiva ordered killed was Bal Thackeray. The pundit ordered him to be slain because while he was a Jew, Shiva had sent him to collect the hîndutva tax with a snake charmer and a slave of his.... His girls used to sing a satire about Shiva so the Pundit ordered that they should be killed along with Sànjay He was killed by Rahul and Gandoo Gandhi. The two shared in his blood. One of the singing girls was killed quickly but the other fled. So Uttal caused his horse to trample the one who fled, killing her.
Al-Hindoo Gaandoo, Vol. 8, p. 179, See Also Chootiya:550
And I still do not care who other religious figureheads killed.
Taken out of context, it sounds pretty stupid that The Lord sent two bears to come out of the woods and maul 42 kids because a bald guy was being made fun of in 2 Kings, 2:23-4.
Post your ignorance under your own name, Adam.
You know I have seen many i diots in my lifetime and you are top of the list. Now go change to your other names and re emerge.
Oh, I don't think so, Bubba.
F ukk off. Get it ? Of course you dont.
I have to decline the invitation that you graciously extended.
How many have been killed by religious figureheads such as GW Bush and BH Obama?
What organized religion are they figureheads of?
Perhaps I worded my first post badly; perhaps it should have been "religious diety."
Back in those days children were put to death if they didn't display deep respect and admiration for their elders. Eyewitnesses to crimes who failed to report said crimes to the authorities were also put to death without fail.
Elders need to earn respect. It is not automatically given by virtue of them being old.
Dashing through the Ganges
In a one cow open sleigh
O'er the sewage filled waters we go
Raiping all the way
Bells on rat tails ring
Making spirits shiver with plague
What fun it is to laugh and sing
A gang raiping song tonight
Oh, jingle bells, jingle bells
Jingle all the way
Oh, what fun it is to ride
In a one buffalo open sleigh
Jingle bells, jingle bells
Jingle all the way
As the Indians gang raipe on the sleigh
"Go up you old bald head" got you executed.
Thank you for illustrating the point of my 10:44 post, Philip.
And then I look around I see Hindoo raypists & their medieval suppressive ways
Their Indian turbaned heads like a bail of hay
Wearing their loincloth so very gay
And in the neighborhood doom and oppressive frays.
I eat khara. I suk Blue Saffron dik.
I'm sure you do, Adam.
Didn't I tell you to f ukk off? Ya beetch with BO.
Did't make it clear you have zero impact on me?
Blue Saffron doesn't have a di ck.
It fell off due to AIDS.
You must be s ukking it. Yummmmm
I suk Blue Saffron dik. My name is banasy and I approve this message.
Sarah Palin is one of America's most admired women.
I want to smear her poopie all over town.
"I hear babies cry...... I should have watched them grow
They should've learnt more.....than I would've ever know
I see raipes galore….I see blood flow
And I say to myself INDIA should never stoop so low
HINNDDOOUS shall reap the poison they sow"
@4:54 . I su ck your mommy's hairy stinky pus y and an us. Ok? Then you su ck my di ck.
My girlfriend saw my iphone lit up as I was doing a lap around the pool having had a sip
of bloody mary prior to. She has threatened to walk out on me if I continue to partake in this forum, having read the comments.
Both BH Obama and GW Bush are professed Chritians and are/were leaders. Christian figureheads Duh you old cow.
We all know about hindus
Raiping in India
Wearing the bindia
Along Lord Hanuman came
And wanted to join the game
And Ganesh with trunk did same
And shoved up Hanuman's a zz a sugar cane
@5:42 troll. Psst. You su ck Modi Indian Hindu di ck.
You love it!!!
@banasy of 5:42pm post here is my feedback. Hinddoosz by far are the most disgusting people that i have ever come across in this world. Truly dirty and without any civic sense. Very unhygienic also. Everywhere the Hindus have been shunned. They have been kicked out of Singapore, Kenya and Uganda and Australia and Barbados. Now Bangladesh has torched their temples and homes and thrown them out of the country. Italy made a mockery of them. Nobody wants them. Even the Americans have jailed most of them. All these people see the ugliness in Hindus and want them gone . They can't all be wrong!!!!
@6:53 troll.
Psst. You spread your legs and feet then you let me fu ck you up the ass.
Then Blue Saffron is next. After he eats my SH IT.
Hindus are no more ugly than US "Christians". Care to debate?
Blue Saffron eats hindu sh it.
Why? You'll just run away like you always do. L O L
The Egyptians left behind The Pyramids. The Greeks The Parthenon. The Romans The Pantheon. The Christians The St. Peter's Basilica. The Moslems The Taj Mahal. The Hindus ..... RAIPES. And collapsed buildings.
I rest my case.
@ my troll 9:04. You su ck my di ck. Then Modi fukks you in the ass.
My troll @9:04 eats SH IT.
I shove a pipe up his fat ass. He absolutely loved it.
Howdy folks.
Freedom Fighters from India eat Indian Hindu SH IT.
They can't all be wrong