text:
|Bombardier Electrostar
A Southern Class 377 approaching Norwood Junction
|In service
|2000 - present
|Bombardier Transportation
(formerly ADtranz)
|Class 421
Class 423
Class 319
Class 456
Class 313
Class 508
Class 365
Class 466
Class 411
Class 465
Class 310
Class 317
Class 312
Class 442
Class 165
Class 166
Class 321
|1999 - 2017
|Number built
|679 trainsets
|Bombardier Aventra
|3, 4 or 5 cars per trainset
|Varies depending on number of carriages and seating configuration, see individual articles for details
|Greater Anglia
London Overground
Great Northern
Great Western Railway
|Car length
|Class 357: DMSO: 20.75 m (68 ft 1 in) each, MSO and PTOSL: 20.10 m (65 ft 11 in) each
Classes 376 and 377 DMSO: 20.4 m (66 ft 11 in) each, MSO and PTOSL: 19.99 m (65 ft 7 in) each
|2.80 m (9 ft 2 in)
|3.78 m (12 ft 5 in)
|Maximum speed
|75 mph (120 km/h) (376/378)
100 mph (160 km/h) (357/375/377/379)
110 mph (180 km/h) (387)
|Class 357 c2c:157.6 t
Classes 375/3 and 377/3: 133.1 t
Classes 375/6, 375/7, 377/1, 377/2: 173.6 t
|Power output
|2x373 = 746 kW kW (377/3 only)
3x373 = 1,119 kW (others, third rail)
3x560 = 1,680 kW (AC mode)
|Electric system(s)
|25 kV AC Overhead lines
750 V DC third rail
|Safety system(s)
ETCS (Heathrow Express fleet only)
|Track gauge
|1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
The Bombardier Electrostar (sold as the ADtranz Electrostar until 2001) is a family of electric multiple-unit (EMU) passenger trains manufactured by Bombardier Transportation (formerly ADtranz) at their Derby Litchurch Lane Works in England between 1999 and 2017. Since the privatisation of British Rail, it has become the most common new EMU type in the United Kingdom, where different variants referred to as Class 357, Class 375, Class 376, Class 377, Class 378, Class 379 and Class 387. Electrostars are most common on the high-volume suburban commuter routes in North, South and East London, and mainline services south of London to the Surrey, Sussex, Kent & South Essex coasts and north to Cambridge and Stansted Airport. It shares the same bodyshell and core structure as the Bombardier Turbostar, which is in turn the most common post-privatisation diesel multiple unit (DMU) family, and both evolved from the Class 168 Clubman design by ADtranz.
The Turbostar and Electrostar platforms are a modular design, which share the same basic design, bodyshell and core structure, and are optimised for speedy manufacture and easy maintenance. They consist of a common underframe, which is created by seam-welding a number of aluminium alloy extrusions, upon which bodyside panels are mounted followed by a single piece roof, again made from extruded sections. The car ends (cabs) are made from glass-reinforced plastic and steel, and are huck-bolted onto the main car bodies. Underframe components are collected in 'rafts', which are bolted into slots on the underframe extrusion. The mostly aluminium alloy body gives light weight to help acceleration and energy efficiency.
The Electrostar was also selected for use on the Gautrain system in South Africa, a new railway between Johannesburg, Pretoria, and the Johannesburg International Airport. The trains were assembled by UCW Partnership in South Africa from components made in Derby.[1]
Transport for London (TfL) announced in August 2006 that it had ordered 48 three- and four-car Electrostar trains for the new London Overground service. These were categorised by Network Rail as Class 378, and entered service in 2009 to replace the Class 313 and Class 508 on the North London Line and West London Line, and to provide the opening service on the new East London line extension from 2010.[2]
In 2009, as part of the government's wider rolling stock plan, an order was placed for thirty four-car Class 379 Electrostar units intended for use by National Express East Anglia (now operated by Greater Anglia) on the Stansted Express and West Anglia services.[3] The first of the new Class 379 units entered passenger service on Thursday 3 March 2011 running the 20:10 Stansted Express from London Liverpool Street to Stansted Airport and the 21:15 return service.
Production of the trains ended in 2017 when unit no. 387174 for Great Western Railway was completed at Derby[4] and was superseded by the Bombardier Aventra.
Electrostar variants
|Door configuration
|End gangways
|357 Electrostar
|AC electric
|"Plug" style
|375 Electrostar
|Dual Voltage/DC electric
|3 or 4
|"Plug" style
|Class 375 and 377 differ only in their coupler configuration and other minor fittings; all Southern units built as Class 375 have since been converted to Class 377 couplers and re-classed. Minor differences in interior trim remain.
|376 Electrostar
|DC electric
|Sliding pocket
|377 Electrostar
|Dual Voltage/DC electric
|3, 4 or 5
|"Plug" style
|Class 377/6 and Class 377/7s have been built with different exteriors, matching the Class 379s and Class 387s.
|378 Capitalstar
|London Overground
|Dual Voltage/DC electric
|Sliding pocket
|Emergency only
|The Class 378s were constructed in three separate batches - 24 three car units designated as Class 378/0 with dual voltage capability were utilised on the North London Line and West London Line. 20 four car DC-only units designated Class 378/1 were built for the East London Line. 13 four car Class 378/2s were also built, and the Class 378/0s had an extra car added to make them Class 378/2s. All later extended to 5 cars.
|AC electric
|"Plug" style
|379 Electrostar
|Greater Anglia
|AC electric
|"Plug" style
|The Class 379s incorporate some technical features of the proposed Aventra Mark II Electrostar.[5] However they are outwardly similar to Class 375 and Class 377.
|387 Electrostar
Great Northern
Gatwick Express
Great Western Railway
|Dual Voltage
|"Plug" style
|Class 387s for Thameslink have been ordered to cope with extra service before enough Class 700s are built. These will then transfer to Great Northern. 387/2s will replace Class 442s on Gatwick Express. Great Western Railway units on the Thames Valley services to replace the 165s and 166s.
Bombardier Electrostar routes
c2c uses Class 357 and Class 387 units on services down the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway line from Shoeburyness and Southend to London Fenchurch Street.
The Class 375 is the backbone of Southeastern's long-distance routes, seeing services on most of its lines originating from its London termini (London Victoria, Charing Cross, Cannon Street and London Bridge) including;
- Chatham Main Line
- Medway Valley Line
- South Eastern Main Line
- North Kent Line
- Mid Kent Line
On the outer suburban portions of these above routes, Class 465/9 Networkers support the Electrostars, but they do not work in multiple together.
The Class 376 operates on the metro routes in suburban London, in conjunction with the Class 465 and Class 466 Networkers, operating over the London portion of the above lines from the London Termini (including Blackfriars) out to Dartford and Sevenoaks);
- North Kent Line (to Dartford)
- Bexleyheath Line (to Dartford)
- Dartford Loop Line (to Dartford)
- Chatham Main Line (to Sevenoaks)
- Maidstone East Line (to Sevenoaks)
- South Eastern Main Line (to Sevenoaks)
- Hayes Line
This leaves the Bromley North Line and Sheerness Line, both operated by Class 466s (2 car Networkers) which also used to operate on the Medway Valley Line prior to the May 2012 Timetable Changes.
Southern's Class 377 fleet is found on all parts of the network apart from the non-electrified routes. They also now run frequently in metro routes alongside the Class 455s and used to run alongside the Class 456s until their transfer to South West Trains in 2014.
Main lines
- Brighton Main Line (Victoria–Gatwick-Brighton)
- East Coastway (Brighton–Eastbourne/Hastings)
- West Coastway (Brighton–Portsmouth/Southampton)
- Arun Valley Line (Victoria–Horsham/Littlehampton/Chichester)
- West London Line (East Croydon–Milton Keynes Central) (Using Class 377/2 or Dual Voltage Class 377/7)
Outer suburban
- London Victoria–Horsham via Dorking
- London Victoria–East Grinstead
- London Bridge–Horsham via East Croydon
- London Victoria-Reigate
- Redhill-Tonbridge
Often found on
- London Victoria–Dorking via Sutton
- London Victoria–Epsom Downs
- London Bridge-London Victoria via Sydenham
- London Bridge-Caterham
- London Victoria-Caterham
- London Victoria-Epsom
- London Bridge-Tattenham Corner
London Overground
London Overground operates Class 378s over five lines around London:
- North London Line (Richmond–Stratford)
- West London Line (Clapham Junction-Willesden Junction/Stratford via West Brompton)
- Watford DC Line (Euston–Watford Junction)
- East London Line (Crystal Palace/New Cross/West Croydon–Dalston Junction/Highbury & Islington via Canada Water)
- South London Line (Clapham Junction-Dalston Junction)
The sixth major route it's responsible for is the unelectrified Gospel Oak to Barking Line. For this, London Overground obtained Class 172 Turbostar DMUs and have been replaced by new Class 710 Aventra EMUs.
Gautrain (South Africa)
On 8 June 2010, the route between Sandton and OR Tambo International Airport in South Africa opened in time for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[6] The rest between Johannesburg Park Station and Rosebank was to be completed in 2011. This section was actually opened 7 June 2012,[7] the delay caused by work to resolve a water-seepage problem in the single-track tunnel section between Rosebank and Park. Although railways in South Africa use the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) Cape gauge, Gautrain is built to the more expensive standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in). According to the Gautrain planning and implementation study,[8] this is done for several reasons, including that standard gauge is safer and more comfortable to passengers. The rolling stock is also easier, quicker and less expensive to obtain than Cape Gauge rolling stock, and standard gauge is also less expensive to maintain as it is more tolerant of track imperfections than Cape Gauge. Standard gauge allows for travel at Gautrain's required speed of 160 km/h (99 mph).
Greater Anglia
From March 2011 National Express East Anglia introduced 30 x 4 car Class 379s on Stansted Express and West Anglia Main Line services.[9] These incorporate some features of Bombardier's planned 'Aventra' Mark 2 Electrostars.[5]
All units had entered service by mid-August 2011, two months ahead of schedule. A major timetable update in December 2011 entailed the introduction of 12-car trains on some peak workings to and from Cambridge.[10] These trains are now operated by Greater Anglia as of 5 February 2012.
All of Greater Anglia's units will be replaced in 2020 by Class 745s on the Stansted Express route and Class 720s on the Cambridge route.
Great Western Railway
From September 2016 Great Western Railway introduced 45 4 car Class 387/1s on peak services between London Paddington and Hayes & Harlington. They currently replace the Class 165s and the Class 166s on the Thames Valley services and now operate between London Paddington and Reading, Didcot Parkway and Newbury.
GWR announced in 2018 that they will modify 12 units to be used on Heathrow Express due to the Class 332s no longer having a depot.
From December 2019, services to Reading have mainly transferred to TfL Rail as part of the Elizabeth Line.
Great Northern
From late 2016, 29 of the Class 387/1s operating on Thameslink were displaced by the delivery of Class 700 Desiro City units, and were transferred to Great Northern. They operate mostly on the Kings Cross-Cambridge-King's Lynn route, though they can also been seen on other services. These units were delivered in the livery of Southern, with green doors and Southern upholstery.
See also
- Bombardier
- Govia Thameslink Railway
- Southern
- Southeastern
- London Overground
- c2c
- Greater Anglia
- Gautrain
- Bombardier Turbostar
- ^ "Bombardier Selected Preferred Bidder for Rapid Rail System in South Africa". Bombardier. 2 July 2005. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
Bombardier Transportation's facility in Derby, United Kingdom, will be responsible for manufacturing the fleet of Electrostar vehicles, with final assembly performed in South Africa by UCW Partnership, a broad-based empowered subsidiary of Murray & Roberts.
- ^ "TfL awards £223m new trains contract". Transport For London. 31 August 2006. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
Funded by TfL's £10 billion Investment Programme, the new trains will operate on the North London Railway, which TfL will manage from November next year, and the extended East London Line.
- ^ "Express delivery". Railfuture. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
- ^ "Last-ever Electrostar finished in Derby as 18 years of production come to an end". 28 November 2017.
The final carriage marks the 2,805th to be constructed at Bombardier's Derby Litchurch Lane facility, with engineers, company bosses and local MP Margaret Beckett attending a sending-off ceremony to celebrate to the occasion.
- ^ a b "First new Stansted Express train rolls out". Railway Gazette International. 14 October 2010.
- ^ Smith, David (8 June 2010). "Welcome aboard the Gautrain, Africa's first high-speed urban train". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
- ^ "Gautrain Rapid Rail Link: Park Station Opening". Official Gautrain Website. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
- ^ "Gautrain Rapid Rail Link: Planning and Implementation Study" (PDF). Official Gautrain Website. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
- ^ "National Express launches Class 379s on Stansted Express Service" (PDF). Railway Herald. 21 March 2011. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "New timetable for the West Anglia network". National Express East Anglia. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bombardier Electrostar.
- Southern Electric Group Historical Features Index
- Bombardier website - the manufacturer of the Electrostars
The Operators of the Electrostars
- c2c website (Class 357)
- Southern website (Class 377)
- Southeastern website (Classes 375/376)
- First Capital Connect website (Class 377)
- Transport for London website for London Overground (Class 378)
- Greater Anglia (Class 379)
- Gautrain website


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text:
Important: Please read the Qt Code of Conduct - https://forum.qt.io/topic/113070/qt-code-of-conduct
Collection and Fixed Number of Items
webzoid last edited by webzoid
I'm interested to see how others have tackled this scenario.
What would be a cute or efficient or fast way of limiting the number of elements in a
QListor other collection?
Considering the following crude example:
QList<double> list; void addItem(double VALUE) { if (list.count() == MAX_ITEMS) list.pop_back(); list.insert(0, VALUE); }
This could achieve what I want, but seems very inefficient.
You may ask why I'm inserting elements at the start of the list rather than appending to the end, well, in my application the entries in a list are all timestamped and I prefer to have the most recent entry at the start. I don't know whether there is a performance impact based on doing things this way.
Is there a more credible alternative in existence within the Qt world?
SGaist Lifetime Qt Champion last edited by
Do you mean something like QQueue ?
A Former User last edited by
This could achieve what I want, but seems very inefficient.
Hi! It is ineffcient. What you're asking for is called a "ring buffer" or "circular buffer". Boost has one, see Boost.Circular Buffer.
Chris Kawa Moderators last edited by Chris Kawa
If you know the maximum size and you can afford to pre-allocate the entire space (to avoid dynamic allocation on insertions) a much better container than a linked list is a ring buffer.
It is basically a fixed size array with two pointers (start and end). Insertions/deletions are basically pointer increment/decrement, so it's cheap. Indexed access is just (start + index) so cheap also.
There's no ring buffer in Qt but there are many implementations out there (e.g. circular_buffer in boost). If you don't want to pull a dependency you can easily implement it on top of any continuous container like QVector or std::vector, but for better results I suggest something with a constant size like std::array.
webzoid last edited by
@SGaist isn't
QQueuejust built on top of a
QListwith just
dequeuefunctions? Fundamentally, nothing is different behind the scenes?
@Wieland correct, a ring buffer would suit but wasn't sure whether Qt had such classes available.
@Chris-Kawa I can certainly afford to pre-allocate a buffer. What I'm storing in these lists won't break the bank in terms of memory but I do need the end result to be fast - these buffers may get updated rather quickly (for instance, during a log file replay). I'll look at wrapping something up into a circular buffer.
SGaist Lifetime Qt Champion last edited by
I was wondering whether you wanted to use a FIFO or as my fellows rightly pointed to a ring buffer.
webzoid last edited by
@SGaist you were indeed correct.
I've found this implementation of
QCircularBufferbut this seems to have been discontinued since 5.5 (for some reason)
I guess I could just re-implement this in my application


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Reverse Osmosis, Corrosion
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Gold Coast desalination plant finally handed over
The Tugun desalination plant in Gold Coast, Australia, was handed over to the Queensland state government on 1 October 2010 and has become part of the South East Queensland Water Grid (SEQWG).
RO included in Czech powerplant water treatment upgrade
Wabag Brno has begun modernisation of the water treatment plant at the Prunéřov power station in the Czech Republic, involving clarification, filtration, reverse osmosis, softening and demineralisation.
Innovations in IDA Congress technical program
Round-table sessions and touch-screen availability of poster presentations will be used for the first time in the International Desalination Association's World Congress in Dubai on 7-12 November 2009, IDA announced on 19 October 2009.
AquaSure's Victorian Desalination Plant secures its first water order
The Victorian Desalination Project (VDP) is a mega-size seawater RO facility, able to produce up to 150 billion litres of water a year when running at full capacity. Located at the southerly most tip of Australia on the Bass Coast, it was procured by the Victorian State government from AquaSure, a joint venture of Degrémont (now Suez), Macquarie Capital, and Thiess (now Ventia), in 2009, for a capital cost of $3.5 billion.
Italmach acquires Compass, adds manufacturing base in North America
Italmach Chemicals has acquired Compass Chemical International, adding a strategically important site in Texas that it hopes will support its growth in the oil and gas industry.
Gold Coast desalination plant producing water again
The major phase of final works at the Tugun desalination plant on Queensland's Gold Coast in Australia has been completed, the minister for infrastructure and planning, Stirling Hinchliffe, announced on 10 September 2010.
Membrana filtration curbs corrosion in Disney Shanghai cooling
Membrane manufacturer Polypore has supplied its Membrana ultrafiltration units for Shanghai Disneyland to curb corrosion in the resort's cooling water system.
Membrane market growth to run until 2020
The fruits of growing research and development in forward osmosis for desalination are highlighted in a recent sector report as drivers of growth in the market for membrane separation technologies running to at least 2020.
Some Gold Coast desalination issues still unresolved
A large number of non-compliance issues relating to the Gold Coast seawater desalination plant in Queensland, Australia, have been listed in a letter sent on 2 July 2009 by Keith Davies, CEO of WaterSecure, who are taking over the project, to the Queensland Department of Infrastructure & Planning.
Piedmont signs new supply and distribution contracts
Piedmont, a producer of corrosion resistant equipment for desalination plants, has signed a roster of new supply and partner distribution agreements globally.
Gold Coast desalination plant starts at 33% capacity
The Gold Coast desalination plant in Queensland, Australia, began operating on 26 February 2009 at 33% capacity, producing more than 40,000 m³/d.
Mega-ton project symposium set for Tokyo in November
A symposium is to be held in Japan in November 2013 centred on the Mega-Ton Water System, a national research program to develop sustainable water treatment technologies, including large-scale desalination, that have a low environmental load and are energy-saving and low in cost.
Two workshops ahead for SEDA in January
The Southeast Desalting Association (SEDA) is holding two technology transfer workshops in Florida at the end of January 2013.
Voltea gets funding for two desalination applications
Dutch desalination innovator Voltea BV announced on 21 February 2012 that it had completed a € 4.5 million funding round to support the commercial rollout of its Capacitive Deionization (CapDI) technology.
WRF unveils initial findings of study into blending variables in DPR
The US Water Research Foundation has shared preliminary findings from its ongoing research into the impact of blending variables on direct potable reuse water.
IDA 2015 World Congress draws 1,700 delegates
More than 1,700 delegates from 63 countries attended the International Desalination Association's (IDA's) 2015 World Congress held in San Diego recently according to the association's key metrics published this week. Awards for papers and presentations topped US$ 30,000.
Treatment chemicals annual demand rise to top 3%
Demand for water treatment chemicals in the US will rise 3.2% a year to US$ 7.3 billion by 2019, according to a report by market researcher, ReportLinker.
Energy Recovery hires senior management duo
Pressure energy technology firm Energy Recovery has appointed Chris M Gannon as chief financial officer and Eric O Siebert as vice president of corporate strategy. Both appointments are effective from 8 June 2015.
Cutting the costs of corrosion in seawater desalination with shut-off butterfly valves
Lower cost materials and coatings used in addition to corrosion-resistant valve designs both urged on by preferences in plant construction contracts have reduced the capital and operational costs of valves used in membrane and thermal seawater desalination. The design of the valve too has a significant role to play in keeping a rein not only on corrosion but also cost of operation. This article first appeared in the issue of Desalination & Water Reuse magazine.
H2O Innovation updates Piedmont Pacific acquisition
Its recent acquisition of Piedmont Pacific means that Canada's H2O Innovation Inc is now supplying flexible pipe couplings to some of the largest desalination plants under construction in the world.
Promotions and appointments announced by BWA
Two appointments affecting the European and Americas regions were announced by BWA Water Additives of the US on 2 April 2012, as well as two new vice-president positions.
CaribDA opens registration for Aruba conference
The Caribbean Desalination Association (CaribDA) has opened registration for its 2012 Conference & Exposition 80 Years Of Desalination Makes For One Happy Island.
Q&A: De Nora group CEO Paolo Dellacha on the acquisition of MIOX
Electrochemical tech company De Nora has acquired water purification firm MIOX. De Nora group chief executive Paolo Dellacha explains the thinking behind the deal and what the future holds
IDA publishes program for Gulf desalination and environment seminar
The International Desalination Association has published details of program sessions and topics for its seminar on Desalination and the Gulf: The Relationship between the Environment and Meeting the Region's Water Needs, which will take place in Bahrain on 6-7 December 2010.
Flowserve valves for Perth 2 desalination plant
Flowserve Corporation announced on 3 June 2010 that it had received an order for plug valves for the Southern Seawater Desalination Plant in Western Australia. The order was booked in the fourth quarter of 2009.
Huntington Beach is 'precedent-setting' for California
When the California State Water Board adopted new regulations on seawater desalination plants in 2015, Poseidon, the developer of a proposed 50 million gallons a day (189,000 m3/d) capacity seawater RO plant in Huntington Beach, California, went back to the drawing board on its water intake technology.
Weir Materials acquired by Rolled Alloys
The Weir name finally dropped out of the desalination mainstream in mid-October when Weir Materials was acquired by Rolled Alloys (RA) a US-based supplier of heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant alloys and branded stainless steels.
Low-pressure valves for desalination: time for a new look at the butterfly?
Across the entire water industry spectrum, valves are an essential element in the treatment of water and in its supply. The subject of butterfly valve technology and its suitability for desalination plants is one particular aspect that rightly demands attention, particularly in respect of specifying materials that will withstand corrosion. The centred-disc butterfly valve is a proven technology and, according to KSB's Amri Water Valve Division Competence Centre in La Roche Chalais, France, it is in widespread demand from all types of desalination plant. It is a simple yet effective design principle whereby the disc rotates around an axis at right angles to the flow. When open, the fluid passes around both sides of the disc. "Low pressure valves are rarely considered as a critical item," says Pascal Viaud, "but if not correctly specified at the outset of a project problems can occur over the long term. Wrong selection of valves can be the cause of up to 40% all operational problems, so the customer must consider the real importance of valves at the specification stage. Even though valves may only constitute 1% of the plant investment costs, it only takes a single valve to create problems and seriously affect plant production." Butterfly valves are installed in the low-pressure areas of a desalination plant, usually in the early stages of production upstream of the membranes and then again at the end on the permeate lines. By keeping the butterfly valves open each valve creates a pressure loss and with the centred disc the differential pressure is much lower than an offset disc valves. Where a high number of valves, say 1,000 units, are installed in a desalination plant the accumulation of pressure saved on each valve will contribute to lower energy savings. The full article first appeared in the November/December 2008 issue of D&WR magazine
Mott Macdonald to advise lender in Moroccan dealination project
Banque Marocaine du Commerce Extérieur has appointed consultant, Mott Macdonald, as technical advisor in support of the bank's role as financer for a MAD 937 million (US$ 94.6 million) desalination project in Morocco.
Hyflux-led venture wins deal for giant Oman desalination plant
A consortium led by Singapore-based desalination company, Hyflux, has won a contract to build a OMR 100 million (US$ 260 million) seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant in Oman. The 200 Ml/d independent water project located in Qurayyat, in the Muscat governorate, will be the largest in the sultanate and supply some 17% of its peak demand.
Qatar to set up US$ 500 million reverse osmosis desalination plant
Qatar utility, Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation (Kahramaa) is set to establish a US$ 500-million, reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant that will produce freshwater at 136 Ml/d.
US Navy reverse osmosis nears battle readiness
A prototype reverse osmosis (RO) system developed by the US Navy has successfully completed testing for use in the service's newest class of warship - littoral combat ships (LCS) - designed for use close to shore.
Papermaker ups water performance with Desalitech reverse osmosis
Arizona-based papermaker, Doubletree Paper Mills, said it has increased its purified water recovery by 20% at its Gila Bend plant since replacing its reverse osmosis water treatment system in 2014 with Desalitech's ReFlex RO system. The modification has also cut wastewater output by almost two thirds and lopped 25 % off energy consumption said Doubletree.
RWL-led Mexico seawater desalination project starts construction
A consortium of RWL Water Group and Mexico's, Libra Ingenieros Civiles and RJ Ingenieria has begun construction of 22,000 m3/d reverse osmosis (RO) seawater desalination plant in Mexico's Baja California.
Black & Veatch wins consultant contract for giant Jeddah desalination project
Saudi Arabia's Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) has awarded consultancy, Black & Veatch, the engineering and design contract for a major desalination project that will supply the kingdom's second largest city, Jeddah.
Acciona wins desalination deal in Cape Verde islands
A consortium of Spanish water technology firm, Acciona Agua, and construction firm Sade-CGTH, has won a €16 million (US$ 18.5 million) design and build contract for a 5,000 m³/d seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant on each of the African Cape Verde islands of Sal and São Vicente from the local energy and water utility, Electra-SARL.
Live Webinar Masterclass - Membrane Fouling Control
The first in a series of Desalination and Water Reuse Masterclass webinars will run on 12 February this year. Each event will offer practical, readily applicable guidance delivered by an expert in the topic covered.
Asia's largest reverse osmosis plant begins operation
Asia's largest reverse osmosis plant, with a capacity to produce 10 Ml/d, has recently been inaugurated in Pakistan's drought-ridden Sindh province.
Biwater completes Virgin Islands desalination plant
Water technology company, Biwater, has started full commercial operation of a new 10,400 m³/day reverse osmosis seawater desalination plant constructed by the firm on the island of Tortola in the British Virgin Islands.
GDF Suez kicks off giant Mirfa desalination project
Paris-based GDF Suez has begun work on the desalination component of its Mirfa gas-fired power and water project, the French firm said.
Hyflux-led group wins US$ 250 million desalination plant tender
A consortium led by Singaporean water and environmental solutions company Hyflux has been awarded a US$ 250 million contract to design, build, own and operate an independent water project (IWP) in Oman.
Palo Pinto passes desalination plan
With water supplies for the Texas city of Mineral Wells dwindling, Palo Pinto county has approved, as part of its drought contingency plan, the construction of a US$ 6.1 million reverse osmosis desalination plant to treat water from the Brazos river.
Reverse osmosis to drive US membrane demand to $6.2 billion in 2018
Water and wastewater industry demand for membranes will drive a 7.9%-a-year increase in US demand to reach US$ 6.2 billion by 2018 with reverse osmosis membranes surging 8.6% a year according to report by market research firm, The Freedonia Group.
Contractor strength drives investment grade rating for Carlsbad bonds
Credit rating agency, Fitch, has assigned an investment grade 'BBB-' rating to bonds issued for the under-construction Carlsbad desalination plant and associated networks in California.
San Diego gives green light to potable reuse plan
San Diego's city council has given the green light to the construction of a 415Ml/d facility for direct potable reuse of wastewater costing up to US$ 3.5 billion. The reverse osmosis recycling scheme is expected to meet as much as a third of San Diego's daily drinking water requirement by 2035 making it the second largest potable reuse plant in the US.
Advisor ups Santa Barbara desalination restart cost by 25%
The city council of Santa Barbara in California may need to add to its planned water rates increase to cover the cost of a restart to the city's mothballed desalination plant according to acting water advisor, Josh Haggmark. He issued his warning after upping his US$ 32 million September estimate of the cost of re-booting the plant by about 25%.
Saudis to build second expansion to Oman desalination plant at Barka
Saudi generation and desalination firm, ACWA Power Barka has won a contract with Oman Power and Water Procurement (OPWP) to build a second seawater reverse osmosis plant at Barka 60km from the Omani capital, Muscat.
Commission approves California American Water test slant well
The California Coastal Commission has approved the application by water utility, California American Water, (Cal Am) to construct a test slant well for its proposed 48 Ml/d seawater reverse osmosis desalination project.
Africa's largest desalination plant opens
Singapore-based desalination company, Hyflux, has officially opened its recently completed 500,000 m³/d desalination plant at Magtaa, Algeria. The facility is Africa's biggest and contains the largest ultrafiltration pre-treatment facility in the world according to Hyflux.
Degremont chooses Dow for green reverse osmosis pilot
Suez Envionnement water treatment subsidiary, Degremont Technologies, has selected Dow Water and Process Solutions to supply ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes for a pilot desalination project in Abu Dhabi, in partnership with renewable energy company Masdar.
Cal Am strikes deal on test well
Utility, California American Water (Cal Am), has struck a deal with cement maker, Cemex, to allow the water firm to drill slant test wells, and possibly production wells, on Cemex' north Marina sand mining plant site.
RWL wins contract to build desalination plant in Argentina
RWL Water has won a contact to build what it claims will be Argentina's largest seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant.
Belville planning board approves reverse osmosis plant
A request by US local water utility, H2GO (Brunswick Regional Water and Sewer), for an amendment to allow for the building of a reverse osmosis brackish water purification plant has been approved unanimously by the planning authority at Belville, North Carolina.
West Basin declares record year in recycled water output
West Basin Municipal Water District in California has declared fiscal year 2013-14 a record 12 months in recycled water production at its Edward C Little Water Recycling Facility. The plant produced 60,000 Ml of recycled water in the period.
POSCO claims desalination first in Korea
Korean construction company POSCO E&C has completed the construction of what it claims to be the nation's first commercial seawater desalination plant.
Desalitech teams with TEC to target municipalities
Reverse osmosis (RO) specialist, Desalitech, has tied up with Treatment Equipment Company (TEC) to provide sales support for municipal water treatment projects.
Suez Environnement lands US$ 200 million Middle Eastern deals duo
Suez Environnement has won a desalination contract in Abu Dhabi worth more than US$ 180 million and a separate water reuse deal in Oman taking the total value of the Middle East wins to more than US$ 200 million.
Researchers uncover new membrane fouling mechanism
Researchers have uncovered "an additional reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling mechanism" arising from organic compounds present in ultrafiltration (UF) permeate during wastewater desalination.
Singapore utility awards desalt deal to Chinese-led group
Singapore's national water agency, PUB, has selected the BESIN-UEN consortium - led by China's Beijing Enterprises Water Group (BEWG) - as the preferred bidder to construct the second reverse osmosis (RO) plant sited at Changi under a public/private partnership.
HICL ups stake in Victorian Desalination to over 9%
Infrastructure investor, HICL Infrastructure, has upped its holding in Australia's Victorian
Desalination public private partnership project to about 9.3% with an additional 3.4% stake
acquired for £25.2 million (US$ 40.5 million).
STW Water bags Horizon, Texas US$ 2.2 million brine concentrator deal
STW Water has won the US$ 2.2 million contract to design, engineer and construct a reverse osmosis concentrator for the Municipal Utility District of Horizon City, Texas.
Researchers share industry prize for fouling research
Doctoral students, Ariel Atkinson of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Erin Partlan of Clemson University, have received the 2014 Fellowship for Membrane Technology award from the American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) and the National Water Research Institute (NWRI) for research in membrane fouling.
Desalia starts works on Egypt reverse osmosis plant
Spain's Desalia has started site works for a new, 24,000 m³/d seawater reverse osmosis plant west of Alexandria, Egypt near the city of Matrouh.
California slant test gets US$ 1 million grant
Water utility, California American Water, has received a US$1 million grant from the state's Department of Water Resources to help fund the company's $4 million planned slant well test.
Global desalination market to grow 9% a year
The global water desalination market is set to grow at nearly 9% a year to 2018 according a report by market researcher, TechNavio.
Namibian government poised to table offer for Areva desalination plant
Namibia's government is poised to table an offer to buy Areva's seawater desalination plant at Trekkopje and to use the 20 million m³-a-year facility to supply the country's semi-arid Erongo region.
Planned Mexican desalination plant to serve US utility
Reverse osmosis desalination company, Consolidated Water, has reported progress in its plan to build a seawater desalination plant in Mexico to supply a US water utility.
Israeli group to build desalination plants in Dar-es-Salaam
Water authorities in Dar-es-Salaam are planning to work with an Israeli consortium in constructing two reverse osmosis desalination plants to alleviate water shortage in the Tanzanian commercial capital.
Purification plant donation may slow Sri Lankan kidney disease spread
A recently commissioned reverse osmosis water purification plant donated by water treatment company Puritas will help to curb the spread of chronic kidney disease in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka according to the plant owner. Some 400,000 people in the region are understood to be currently affected with the disease.
Spanish opposition calls for end to paralysis of giant desalination project
Opposition politicians in Alicante, Spain have called on the country's central government to implement the completion of two, long-delayed reverse osmosis desalination plants to avoid urgent problems in the province amid a current drought.
Venezuela's largest desalination plant to start this year
Venezuela state-owned oil firm PDVSA expects by the end of the year to start operating a US$ 200 million seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant to provide water for oil refineries on the Paraguaná peninsula and drinking water for local communities.
Torishima wins pump deal for Chilean reverse osmosis desalination
Japanese pump manufacturer Torishima Pump has received an order for high-pressure pumps and booster pumps for a new reverse osmosis desalination plant being built in Copiapo, Chile.
Delayed Tarpon Springs reverse osmosis plant nears completion
Construction of a long-awaited US$ 45 million brackish water reverse-osmosis plant at the US city of Tarpon Springs, Florida is close to completion a few weeks behind schedule.
LG Chem seeks global player status in reverse osmosis membranes
South Korean petrochemicals company LG Chem has unveiled plans to become a global player in the market for reverse osmosis membranes for desalination.
Joint venture wins Perth groundwater replenishment contract
Western Australia's Water Corporation has awarded a contract to design, construct, and commission a full-scale advanced water replenishment plant (AWRP) to a joint venture between CH2M Hill,and engineering company Thiess. The project will help secure Perth's drinking water supplies through 2060
Acciona wins Italian jobs
Spanish infrastructure company Acciona has won a contract to supply potable water through seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination on the Italian islands of Pantelleria, Linosa and Lampedusa.
Tunisia desalination project completes feasibility check
Tunisia's National Water Company has completed a feasibility study for a seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant to be located at Zaarat, in the south east of the country. The plant will be constructed in two 50,000 m³/d phases.
Dow signs Fluor to build new Saudi desalination component factory
The Dow Chemical Company has appointed Fluor Corporation to build a new factory to manufacture reverse osmosis components for desalination plants in Saudi Arabia.
US research challenges value of forward osmosis in seawater desalination
Researchers in the US have claimed that forward osmosis desalination of seawater is significantly less energy efficient than reverse osmosis
Pure Aqua builds solar-powered desalination for Cameroon
US-based Pure Aqua has designed and manufactured six solar-powered reverse osmosis water purifiers for river water in the African state of Cameroon.
Point Lisas nears end of sixth expansion
Desalcott's Point Lisas seawater reverse osmosis plant in Trinidad, West Indies, is nearing completion on its sixth expansion since it was commissioned in 2002.
Planned Texas inland desalination plant will be USA's biggest
San Antonio Water System (SAWS) is constructing what will become the largest inland desalination plant in the USA. The plant will desalinate groundwater from the Wilcox Aquifer in southern Bexar County, Texas.
Masdar picks four firms to test new desalination techniques
Abu Dhabi clean energy company, Masdar, has selected four international water technology firms to test techniques that could reduce the energy intensity of desalination and lead to a large renewably powered water purification station.
Saudi plans two more giant desalination plants
Saudi Arabia's Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) has unveiled plans to build two huge sea water desalination plants including a vast 1.5 million m³/day capacity hybrid plant with 30% of its production coming from reverse osmosis and the rest from thermal desalination.
Saudi Arabia unveils plans for giant desalination plant
Saudi Arabia's Saline Water Conversion Corporation has announced plans for what would be the world's largest desalination plant.
Toyobo desalination membrane plant opened in Rabigh
The ACWA-Toyobo joint venture in Saudi Arabia, Arabian Japanese Membrane Company LLC (AJMC), opened its reverse-osmosis membrane production facility in Rabigh on 29 May 2014.
Abengoa to build SWRO plant in Agadir, Morocco
Spanish contractor Abengoa has been chosen by Morocco's Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable (ONEE) to construct a new desalination plant in Agadir, Morocco.
Land-purchase brings Consolidated's Mexican SWRO nearer
The planned Rosarito seawater desalination project in Mexico close to the US border took a step nearer on 22 May 2014 when Consolidated Water Co Ltd announced that it had completed the land purchase for the project.
Grenada government tries again with RO desalination
The report on the Grenada government's website on 21 May 2014 that it was building reverse-osmosis (RO) desalination plants on the islands of Carriacou and Petite Martinique might not be quite as good as it sounds.
Fluor to build Dow's RO membrane factory in Saudi Arabia
Fluor Corporation has been awarded a contract by the Dow Chemical Company to build Dow's reverse osmosis (RO) membrane manufacturing facility in Jubail Industrial City II in Saudi Arabia.
Desalination quartet booked for Masdar pilot plants in UAE
Three major contractors in the global desalination business - Abengoa, Degrémont and Sidem/Veolia - together with forward-osmosis developer Trevi Systems, were awarded contracts on 5 May 2014 by Abu Dhabi's Masdar, to each start the construction of a 1,500 m³/d desalination plant as part of Masdar's pilot project announced in 2013.
Largest desalination plant produces its first water
Production of water has started at what will be the largest desalination facility in the world, the 1,025 million m³/d Ras al-Khair (Ras Azzour) seawater plant northwest of Jubail in Saudi Arabia.
Gulf red-tide early-warning system funding 'soon'
A new early-warning system in the Gulf for harmful algal blooms (HABs), also known as red tides, using satellite imagery, remote sensing, and modeling could be one result of a conference on HABs held on 16‑17 April 2014 by the Middle East Desalination Research Center (MEDRC).
SEDA to hold May Day membrane cleaning workshop
The Southeast Desalting Association is holding a workshop in Cape Coral, Florida, on 1 May 2014 focused on reverse osmosis (RO) membrane cleaning.


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This regulation may be cited as the Land, Explosives and Other Legislation Amendment (Postponement) Regulation 2020.
2Postponed commencement of uncommenced provisions
(1)The period before automatic commencement, under the Acts Interpretation Act 1954, section 15DA(2), of the postponed law is extended to the end of 29 March 2021.(2)In this section—postponed law means an uncommenced provision of the Land, Explosives and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2019 stated in schedule 1.
This regulation expires on 31 March 2021.
Uncommenced provisions
sections 275, 284 to 287 and 289 to 293
section 294, to the extent it inserts sections 998 and 999
section 295
section 296(2), to the extent it inserts definition gas device approval authority
section 296(3)
schedule 1, part 3, amendments 5 to 8 of the Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Act 2004
The postponed laws mentioned in items 1 to 6 now automatically commence on 30 March 2021.


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After selling about 20 million Macs in 2017 alone, Apple became the fourth-largest PC maker worldwide. The Mac has always been an incredibly powerful and efficient machine, attracting the admiration of computer users in the U.S. and elsewhere.
If you recently bought a Mac computer, chances are you still aren't aware of all the things it can do. That's why we've prepared this comprehensive guide on how you can get more out of your Mac.
Here are nine top Mac computer tips everyone needs to know.
1. Stacking Your Desktop Icons
Many people use their computer as a place to dump folders, files, shortcuts, and much more. While this is a good way to keep your stuff within reach, it could also result in wasted time as you hunt for a file you need.
The good news is that there's a way to order to your desktop using the Stacks feature. Simply click on any blank part of your desktop and open the View menu. Next, select Use Stacks.
The feature automatically groups and piles up your files and folders by category. This makes it easy to organize your files and view them.
2. Saving Your Searches
You don't have to waste time running searches repeatedly from scratch. Your macOS allows you to save common searches in Smart Folders. In other words, you always have virtual folders with continually updated search results.
To use this feature, simply run searches in Finder. Use the search box at the top right and a filtering criterion of your choice.
Once you've set up the search for how you want it, click Save. Choose a name for your folder. From then onwards, you can always access the folder with a single click.
3. Using Text Replacements
It's easy to type faster using text replacements. If there are bits of text you frequently use, such as your address, you don't have to keep typing them out. All you need is create a shortcut, and your Mac will do the rest.
Every time you type in a previously agreed-on shortcut, your Mac will expand it to the full statement you need. To set up this feature, go to the Apple menu and choose System Preferences, Keyboard, and Text. You'll notice several examples provided for you, and you can add new ones using the plus button.
All the text replacements will be applied across the different apps on your computer every time you input text.
4. Understanding Mac Shortcuts
Using shortcuts on your Mac can significantly boost your productivity. macOS offers an extensive list of these shortcuts. Some shortcuts that you may find useful include Cmd + Space for promptly bringing your Spotlight search bar up.
macOS also lets you modify specific keyboard shortcuts or even create yours. Go to the Apple menu and choose System Preferences. Next, select Preferences, and click on Keyboard.
Under Shortcuts, there are keyboard combinations that you can edit. Use Restore Defaults to reverse your changes.
5. Taking Screenshots
Many new Mac owners don't know how to screenshot on Mac. In reality, the process is quite simple.
For video screenshots, press Shift + Command + 3. If you'd like to choose an area of your screen, press Shift + Command + 4. You can record the screen or a portion of it using Shift + Command + 5.
Your Mac also lets you take a cleaner Mac screenshot. Use Shift + Command + 4 and press the spacebar to turn on the camera. After that, click on an open window to get the screenshot of the area you've selected.
6. Dictating Instead of Typing
Typing on your Mac can be fun. However, it's possible to save yourself all the strain and speed up your writing by opting to dictate instead of typing. Every Mac comes with a dictation feature that you can take advantage of.
From the Apple menu, open System Preferences. Go to Keyboard, and then click on Dictation to turn the feature on.
Every time you want to enter text, double click the Fn key, choose Edit, and Start Dictation. Your Mac will show a microphone whenever it's listening for you to speak. Once you're done dictating, click Done.
7. Activating Hot Corners
Unlike the name suggests, hot corners aren't meant to raise your Mac's temperature. Rather, they offer you a simple, convenient way to navigate around various parts of your macOS. All you have to do is move the mouse cursor to the corners of your Mac's display.
If you'd like to turn on this feature, choose System Preferences from the Apple menu. Next, select Mission Control and click Hot Corners. You'll get four drop-down menus, one for each corner of your screen.
You can assign a different action for each corner. There are several actions available, including locking your MacBook, starting a screen saver, opening Launchpad, putting your Mac's display to sleep, and so on.
8. Alternating Mouse Control
Your Mac lets you control the mouse cursor using your keyboard. You can enable this feature in Accessibility. Simply open up the settings on Accessibility and select the Alternate Control Methods tab.
Switch on Enable Mouse Keys. Select toggle. This turns on Mouse Keys every time you press Option five times.
9. Managing Files
One of the most useful Mac tips has to do with how you can manage your files. If you'd like to open any folder in your desktop or in Finder, press the down arrow key while holding Command. You can go back by holding Command and pressing the up arrow key.
You can also delete files instantly. The idea is to bypass the Trash Can on your Mac, so deleted files aren't saved before getting deleted. Simply select the file you'd like to delete and press Option + Command + Delete at once.
Mac Computer Tips That Can Help You Maximize Your Machine
As you can see, there are many tricks that can help boost your Mac experience. Once your master the Mac computer tips we've shared on this guide, your workflow should become more streamlined, and you should enjoy spending your time with your Mac even more.
Would you like to learn more about your Mac? Please keep visiting our blog.


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The Maha Nayake of Malwathu Chapter has requested the Chief Justice to conduct court activities without damaging the dignity of the Maha Sangha
The Maha Nayake of Malwathu Chapter Most Venerable Tibbatuwawe Sri Sumangala Thera has said that there are problems related to the dignity of the Maha Sangha when conducting legal activities.
He said this when the new Chief Justice Jayantha Jayasuriya called over on him today. The Maha Nayake Thera pointed out that it has taken more than ten years to decide the place to hear a court case in connection with a case filed by a Buddhist Monk in Kandy about a land in Colombo belonging to a temple.
The Maha Nayake Thera pointed out that many believes a decision given by a court has more acceptance than the decisions of a Maha Viharaya. Chief Justice Jayantha Jayasuriya said that he would pay the attention to the hardships to the Maha Sangha and would take appropriate action.
Thereafter, the Chief Justice visited thee Maha Nayake of Asgiri Chapter Most Venerable Warakagoda Sri Gnanarathana Thera.


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What is Hydropacking™?
Hydropacking™ is an extrusion resistant braided packing that provides maximum extrusion resistance with minimal amount of reinforcing yarn.
Conventionally braided, extrusion resistant packings have the reinforcing yarns on all four corners of the braid.
NEBCO AKII™ Hydropacking™ reduces these extrusion resistant corners to two. Thus the maximum amount of desired primary yarn is used in any given style of Hydropacking™.
Primary yarn maximizes chemical resistance and heat transfer, minimizes shrinkage. Secondary yarn provides extrusion resistance and reduces distortion of the packing shape.


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ADS-B IN/OUT Unit prices go DOWN & prospects of NextGen equipage go UP
The BIG NEWS is that this is a "more affordable" ($6,800) instrument rich solution.
The BIG NEWS is that this is a "more affordable" ($6,800) instrument rich solution.
Should the FAA throw a red flag and issue a penalty or should it show a white flag symbolic of trying to find a win/win solution?
The legal risks that the FAA would be able to stop the crane extension are minimal or none.
This issue includes a wide range of issues from the US and the UK.
Insight into stories about two airports and the FAA's problem with them—one on "unjust discrimination" and the second on safety.
What should be done to cure WN's bad habits and/or to improve the soured communications between these two critical links in the aviation safety process?
Here's a list of FIVE not so easy pieces which ought to be considered in writing the Schumer geofencing provision.
The media has made it abundantly clear that drones are posing a threat to public safety. It is important that the industry, particularly the associations, supports a hardline approach to violations. Mixed messages will not help.


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Fitch downgrades Sacramento schools, sparing some GO bonds
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The struggling Sacramento City Unified School District received Fitch Ratings downgrades for some bonds, but not others, based on whether or not the ratings agency had a legal opinion designating them "pledged special revenues" in a bankruptcy.
Fitch on Wednesday downgraded to BBB-plus from A-plus the issuer default rating and the school district's Series 2007 general obligation bonds and Series 2011 GO and Series 2012 GO refunding bonds. It also downgraded to BBB from A Series 2014A lease revenue bonds that were issued by the district's Joint Powers Financing Authority.
The outlook on those bonds was also revised to negative from stable.
The districts series 2017E and series 2017C unlimited tax GO bonds ratings were affirmed at AAA with a stable outlook.
"The downgrade and outlook revision are triggered by significant deterioration in the district's financial position compared with prior expectations and Fitch's concern the district could face challenging expenditure control while it stabilizes its finances," Fitch analysts wrote.
The Sacramento County Superintendent of Schools installed a fiscal advisor with veto power over spending after it disapproved the district's budget in October. The budget carried a $30 million deficit. The state's 10th largest school district has 43,000 students enrolled on 76 campuses.
In the absence of fiscal adjustments, the district could have a negative cash balance by November, Moody's Investors Service analysts wrote in a Feb. 1 report.
Fitch began drawing a distinction between issuer ratings and unlimited tax general obligation bond ratings for California school districts in 2016. It issues a rating based on its "special revenues," distinction and another based on operational risks.
Fitch assigned AAA underlying general obligation ratings to bonds issued by several California school districts in 2016. The higher underlying GO ratings reflect Fitch's opinion that the property tax revenues pledged to bond repayment would be considered pledged special revenues under the bankruptcy code.
The district's 2017E and 2017C unlimited tax GO bonds retain their AAA ratings based on a dedicated tax analysis without regard to the district's operations, Fitch analysts wrote.
The distinction between the triple-A ratings on the 2017E and 2017C GO bonds and the BBB-plus issuer default rating reflect Fitch's assessment, supported by legal opinions provided by district counsel, that the pledged revenues for repayment of the 2017E and 2017C GO bonds meet the definition of "pledged special revenues" under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, and therefore bondholders are legally insulated from any operating risk of the district, analysts wrote.
Fitch was not provided legal opinions for the 2007, 2011, and 2012 bonds; analysts wrote, therefore, those bonds are rated at the district's issuer default rating.
Fitch's actions follow a wave of downgrades from other rating agencies.
Moody's downgraded the school district's ratings two notches to A2 from Aa3 on Feb. 1 and revised the outlook to negative from stable on $327 million in general obligation debt it rates.
S&P Global Ratings on Jan. 25 lowered its long-term rating on the school district four notches to BBB from A-plus and lowered the district's lease-revenue bonds five notches to junk-level BB-plus from A. S&P also placed the ratings on CreditWatch negative.


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Computer device is quite complicated - it consists of many blocks, each of which emits a lot of heat. Overheating of any of them can lead, at best, to malfunctioning and emergency shutdown of the computer, at worst - to failure. The processor, video card, chips of the north and south bridge on the motherboard are especially hot. But other nodes are also heated - for example, the hard drive with active work heats up very noticeably. Therefore, the computer needs cooling.
The order of installation of fans in the computer case.
Typical computer air cooling
The most common and cheap cooling system used in computers is air, which works with the help of special fans. For better heat removal and increase in the heat-dissipating surface, metal radiators are placed on the most important details. They take away a lot of heat, but their area is limited, so fans are additionally used. For example, it is on the main processor, in addition to the radiator, since this is one of the most important and hottest microcircuits. For the best effect, at least one additional cooler should be installed in the system unit, which will create a constant air circulation and bring the hot air out. In most computers, especially in the minimum configuration - the so-called office version, no additional cooling is installed. However, these models still have one cooler - in the power supply, which is located at the top of the computer. Warm air, rising up from the motherboard and additional devices, is blown out with its help. But this design has drawbacks:
- All the warm air goes through the power supply, which itself is not weakly heated, causing its parts to overheat even faster. Therefore, it fails most often.
- A reduced pressure is created in the computer case, and to level it, the air enters from anywhere - through all the gaps. Therefore, a lot of dust quickly accumulates inside, worsening the heat removal even more.
- The created flow is not very stable, again, because of the influx from all possible openings. It creates unnecessary and harmful turbulence, greatly reducing the efficiency of the entire system.
- The air flow is not very strong, for low-lying devices, such as a video card, is clearly insufficient.
Therefore, the installation of additional coolers in the system unit is required. They are inexpensive and can be set independently.
How can I install the fans in the computer case
Installation of coolers in the system unit is performed according to different schemes. Before you start working with them, you need to be familiar with it, since the incorrect location of these nodes can do even more harm than their absence. Usually on the motherboard there is a pair of connectors for cooling. They can use both or only one. The installation schemes of the fans in the computer case will then be as follows:
- On the back wall above, in front of the processor.
- On the front wall.
- The use of two fans - front and rear.
You can choose any of these options, but the most preferred one is the last one. Note that the use of only one cooler somehow violates the air balance in a closed system. Therefore, we consider each option separately.
Location on the back wall
The fan installed at the back must work for blowing, that is, bring warm air out. In this case, the warm air flow no longer goes through the power supply and does not cause it to overheat. In addition, the cooling of the processor is improved. This option has a drawback - in a case a thinness is created in the case, and the flow of air through all sorts of openings in the case brings with it a lot of dust. However, the use of such a scheme still significantly improves the situation.
Location on the front wall
This fan should be located at the bottom, preferably opposite the hard drive, and work on blowing. It not only cools the hard drive directly, but also helps to equalize the pressure inside the case. The flow naturally flows from bottom to top, flowing around all the important nodes and is heated blown from top to outside.
Double option
Installing a pair of fans in the computer case is the best option. One of them should stand under the power unit on the back wall and work on blowing. The second one is frontal, it is mounted on the front wall, and it works for blowing. This is the correct location of the coolers in the system unit, as it creates a good air flow past all the nodes. A big plus - the balance of internal pressure does not allow accumulate ardor inside the case. But everything will work fine only if a couple of rules are followed:
- The size of the fans is better to choose the maximum for the installation site - if you can install a 140-mm model there, then put it, otherwise stop at the 120-mm version.
- It is necessary to control where the fan in the computer case should blow. Front - for blowing, rear - for blowing. Otherwise, the internal pressure and air circulation will be disturbed, and as a result there will be more harm than good.
Basic errors when installing cooling
It is important to know how to properly install coolers in the system unit. A malfunctioning cooling system may be inefficient, or, conversely, create conditions for rapid overheating. The most important thing here is which way the case cooler blows.
- Installed only the rear fan, working on "blowing." At the same time, the warm air coming out of the power supply unit is immediately brought back inside and moves in the same circle to the outside. In the lower part of the body of circulation does not create at all, and everything is heated.
- Installed only the front fan, which works on "blowing." So in the case low pressure will be created, and a lot of dust will quickly accumulate. Heat removal will not occur, so everything will overheat, and the computer will constantly keep coolers at maximum speed, so that the noise will be much more.
- The rear cooler blows air, and the front one blows. This is not normal, if only because warm air rises, and its flow cannot be directed down. Therefore, the effect will be the same as in the previous paragraph.
- Both coolers are blown inside. Overpressure is created in the case, the fans work for wear, and there is, of course, no benefit.
- Both coolers blow. This is the most dangerous situation, since a reduced pressure is created in the case, the air circulation is disturbed, and all computer components overheat very quickly.
As you can see, it is very important which side is installed cooler. Turn it over and it will start to blow in the wrong direction. Therefore, it is always necessary to check. Proper installation of the fans in the PC case - the upper rear should blow out the air, and the lower front should blow. Then its circulation will be natural and correct, and the cooling system will work as efficiently as possible. Now you know how to install cooling coolers in the system unit. If you installed them yourself, check their work. If you are just going to do this, do it right away.


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Indeed, even with refined nonstop web nearness, e-bulletins, web journals and other online gadgets, pamphlets (and handout publicists) keep on assuming a crucial job in promoting. There's perpetual quality and a convenientce to a printed copy handout; and pamphlets will in general be perused and alluded to at an alternate pace to web content, which implies that advanced messages and contentions can be grown in an unexpected way. What's more, obviously, when an elegantly composed and delightfully structured leaflet drops through a letter-box it has an effect that no site can ever accomplish. All in all, with regards to copywriting tips, what are the five key copywriting characteristics of a decent handout? Brochures Orange County CA
Each pamphlet should be objective-driven
A decent handout recounts to a story
Drawing in pamphlets offset influence with data
Leaflet duplicate must work in association with plan
It's basic to get the handout's manner of speaking right
Leaflet copywriting should consistently be objective-driven
From Gloucester, UK to Gloucester, Massachusetts, promoting financial plans are valuable and each penny must work viably for brands. Similarly as with any promoting action, handout copywriting ought to consistently be driven by a reasonable target. What do you need your handout to accomplish and for whom? It's basic and it's principal to the achievement of your showcasing insurance.
A leaflet should recount to a pertinent story
A pamphlet should recount to a story as the marketing specialist takes the peruser on a convincing, useful and applicable excursion from intro page to the last source of inspiration. That story will be made by your handout goals and the key messages that you concur with your marketing specialist.
Talented leaflet essayists balance influence and data
Great leaflet publicists consistently accentuate benefits. Data alone, regardless of whether item highlights or administration offers, is negligible except if clients can comprehend what it implies for them. This normally boils down to setting aside cash, sparing time and assembling or ensuring notorieties. Painstakingly made powerful contentions, partnered to overwhelming client benefits, lie at the core of fruitful pamphlet content composition. For a handout or some other advertising composing, concentrating on client benefits reliably rises as one of the top copywriting tips.
In a decent handout, duplicate works in association with leaflet structure
Leave handout plan to beginners and the outcome is generally over-burden pages, poor designing and not well thought about communication between duplicate, pictures and format. An image might merit a thousand words, in any case it's words that convince. Copywriting and pictures should work in association, with each having space to inhale in the midst of a lot of void area. The best handout copywriting is structured related to the leaflet's visual communication; gifted pamphlet journalists get this.
It's basic to get the leaflet's manner of speaking right
While a similar fundamental message can be conveyed from numerous points of view, the decision of conveyance can have a colossal effect to how your business is seen. Manner of speaking will be driven by your image and the messages and qualities that you wish to convey to your intended interest groups. From the unpretentious offer to a punchy 'in your face' approach; from energetically captivating to preservationist and legitimate, manner of speaking is the manner in which your business talks: cautious thought of the selection of words, the utilization (or evasion) of explicit expressions; their conveyance and even their format on the pamphlet page are exceptionally significant. A decent leaflet marketing specialist will comprehend your image and assist you with utilizing manner of speaking to depict your business in the manner that you need.


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Meghan Markle and Prince Harry recently moved into their new home at Frogmore Cottage to gear up for the birth of their first child. To help christen their new pad, brother Prince William and sister-in-law Kate Middleton paid the first visit to the house on Easter Sunday. Could this meeting mean that the fab foursome aren't feuding? Keep reading for all the details!
Sound off in the comments below!
Join the conversation


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Folgender Veranstaltungshinweis hat uns erreicht:
We are happy to invite you to the 5th HBP Student Conference on Interdisciplinary Brain Science.
Please also share this information in your network!
The 5th HBP Student Conference will take place virtually over four days, with a versatile online schedule from 1 to 4 February 2021. Participation is open to the entire student community and early career researchers, regardless of whether they are affiliated with the Human Brain Project (HBP) or not.
Call for Submissions
The Conference invites high-quality submissions describing innovative research in all disciplines addressed in the HBP. For further information on abstract submission please visit the Conference website.
The deadline for abstract submission is 6 November 2020.
The deadline for abstract submission is 6 November 2020.
Registration is now open!
Young scientists are encouraged to register free of charge via the Conference website. The registration is mandatory and free of charge.
Participants are also welcomed without contributing to the scientific programme.
The registration deadline is 14 January 2021.
The registration deadline is 14 January 2021.
For any further questions, please contact the HBP Education Programme via Diese E-Mail-Adresse ist vor Spambots geschützt! Zur Anzeige muss JavaScript eingeschaltet sein!.
We are looking forward to an interesting and productive conference!
With kind regards,
HBP Education Team
Human Brain Project Outreach & Education Office
Medical University Innsbruck
Müllerstraße 59, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Medical University Innsbruck
Müllerstraße 59, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria


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WORSENING THE RIFT? President Barack Obama's planned executive action on immigration is a "big mistake" that will make working with the GOP on other issues more difficult, Sen. John Thune told CNBC on Thursday. Read more
THE PRICE OF OBESITY: Our expanding waistlines are costing the global economy almost as much to deal with as smoking and military conflict, according to a new report by the McKinsey Global Institute. Read more
VETS FIGHTING NEW BATTLE — COLLEGE BILLS: Veterans get generous education benefits, but that's where the good news ends. For-profit colleges aggressively lure them, and completion rates there are lousy. Vets may also have a hard time fitting in with the younger, less experienced college crowd. Policymakers starting to address veterans' needs, but change needs to happen fast. Read more
DOW, S&P NEAR HIGHS; INTEL UP 4%: Read more


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