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Ken Black
There's no question that the choices we make will define who we are. However, God intercedes along the way to suit His purpose. My testimony reports how I ignored God for the first 46 years of my life, but He clearly did not ignore me. He saw to it that I should experience some personal hardship so that humility came easier. A dose of spiritual awakening quickly followed, and I went to my knees before Him. From that point forward, everything changed.
Education & Life Experience:
Growing up in West Texas helped me appreciate my family's heritage, but I was restless and eager to find adventure. As a "fish" at Texas A&M in 1969, I was a great cadet but a lousy student. I lost my draft deferment and entered the military in 1970. That same year, I married Susan. Military life for a young, married airman was really tough. We became parents of two special girls before I went off to pilot training. Over 22 years in the Air Force, we experienced life overseas in Asia, Latin America, and Europe. We adopted our son Matthew while serving in the Philippines. Many deployments kept me away from family, and we ultimately settled in Manhattan, KS. It was there that we discovered Jesus Christ.
This Jesus called us to leave Kansas for the mission field, and we served the Samburu people in Northern Kenya for 10 years. This was a time of unparalleled blessing and suffering, but the suffering brought us an awareness of God's sovereignty and power that we could not possibly have seen from life in the Midwest. A Master's degree from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University was traded for Bible College during that same time frame and pastoral ministry replaced aviation for a while.
Now, as we speak…
My 68 years have passed quickly, Over 20 of those years was lived overseas, and our cross-cultural experience has been truly unique. We are settled now in San Antonio, where I am employed with Port San Antonio. Our ministry in Northern Kenya continues to thrive by God's blessing and serving as an Elder with Vista Community Church offers me a different perspective regarding the local church body I serve.
I am blessed to be a husband to a wonderful woman of God for 48 of those years. We adopted our biological grandsons, Robert and Joseph about the same time that we came to Christ. With five children and 4 grandchildren our blessings continue to flow. Praise God for His providence over our lives!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Discover How to compose an assess Essay: important components you need to know to be able to wow your reader and also otherthings!
Writing a compare and contrast essay requires that you examine the comparison or contrast current between two topics, and these can be item, individuals, or some ideas. You must glance at any similarities involving the two subjects or even the current distinctions. Instead, you are able to opt to concentrate entirely on the distinctions, or similarities, in place of handling both elements.
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After writing out the faculties of both subjects, you will need to recognize those traits that may be compared and contrasted. The way that is best surrounding this will be have an item of paper divided into two using a line. On a single region of the divide, write all the faculties of subject A and on the reverse side for the line, throughthe traits of topic B. You may then compare the faculties you have actually listed right down to see which ones are shared between your two subjects. The way that is best to get this done is utilizing a Venn diagram, where you could list the shared traits that will help you identify those that to utilize when you look at the compare essay. Keep in mind, it really is your responsibility to choose whether you shall give attention to comparison or similarities, or both. But, to possess a well-balanced paper, you ought to deal with both elements in your compare and contrast essay.
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Considering you have to identify similar or contrasting characteristics, the way you arrange the work matters a lot that you are dealing with two subjects and. There are numerous methods of arranging your essay well, but here about this post, we will just focus on two methods of arrangement, the following:
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On paper your comparison essay, you can make use of any style of arrangement to own your contrasting and similar traits articulated well. The aforementioned types of arrangement will be the better to make use of since they offer a definite method of pinpointing those characteristics as well as your readers could have a simple time after your way of thinking. The 3 recommendations work well in aiding you compose a comparison/contrast essay that is clear. Itwill be possible to provide your conversation in a logical way that will undoubtedly be pleasing to your visitors.


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Delegated tokens are subject to the same unbonding rules as the tokens staked by
validator from their own accounts.
Further, delegated tokens can be used in bidding for validator slots and can be
lost due to equivocations.


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The lysin motif (LysM) is a ubiquitous protein module that binds peptidoglycan and structurally related molecules. Here, we used single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to measure and localize individual LysM-peptidoglycan interactions on both model and cellular surfaces. LysM modules of the major autolysin AcmA of Lactococcus lactis were bound to gold-coated atomic force microscopy tips, while peptidoglycan was covalently attached onto model supports. Multiple force curves recorded between the LysM tips and peptidoglycan surfaces yielded a bimodal distribution of binding forces, presumably reflecting the occurrence of one and two LysM-peptidoglycan interactions, respectively. The specificity of the measured interaction was confirmed by performing blocking experiments with free peptidoglycan. Next, the LysM tips were used to map single LysM interactions on the surfaces of L. lactis cells. Strikingly, native cells showed very poor binding, suggesting that peptidoglycan was hindered by other cell wall constituents. Consistent with this notion, treatment of the cells with trichloroacetic acid, which removes peptidoglycan-associated polymers, resulted in substantial and homogeneous binding of the LysM tip. These results provide novel insight into the binding forces of bacterial LysMs and show that SMFS is a promising tool for studying the heterologous display of proteins or peptides on bacterial surfaces.
The lysin motif (LysM), originally identified in enzymes that degrade bacterial cell walls (21), is present in many bacterial proteins, among which the well-characterized N-acetylglucosaminidase AcmA of Lactococcus lactis (7, 8), which binds in a noncovalent manner to the cell wall and is responsible for cell lysis. Several LysM-containing proteins are involved in bacterial pathogenesis and symbiosis. For instance, the major extracellular murease of Listeria monocytogenes, p60, which contains LysM modules, may be involved in bacterial adherence and in the invasion of non-professional phagocytic cells (12). Intimin, an outer membrane protein in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, containing also a LysM motif, is involved in the attachment to mammalian cells (1). The protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, an immunoglobulin-binding protein, contains an immunoglobulin G-binding region at the N terminus and a LysM at the C terminus (16). LysM also appears to be a key motif in the recognition of symbiotic bacteria and fungi by plants (30). Many proteins contain only one LysM module, such as the prophage amidase XlyA of Bacillus subtilis (23), while others show several LysM repeats, such as the cell wall-bound γ-d-glutamate-meso-diaminopimelate muropeptidases LytE and LytF of B. subtilis (20, 24, 25, 29), muramidase-2 produced by Enterococcus hirae, and the major autolysin AcmA of L. lactis (32, 33).
There is increasing evidence supporting the notion that LysM is a general peptidoglycan-binding module (5, 8, 19, 20, 22-25, 29, 31-33). Partially purified muramidase-2 of E. hirae, a protein similar to AcmA and containing six LysM repeats, binds to peptidoglycan fragments of the same strain (22). The p60 protein of L. monocytogenes contains two LysM repeats and was shown to be associated with the cell surface (31). The γ-d-glutamate-meso-diaminopimelate muropeptidases LytE and LytF of B. subtilis have three and five repeats, respectively, in their N termini and are both cell wall bound (20, 24, 25, 29). Notably, Steen et al. (32) showed that the LysM domain of AcmA binds to many gram-positive bacteria with different peptidoglycan structures, including L. lactis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus thermophilus, B. subtilis, Lactobacillus sake, and Lactobacillus casei. The LysM domain showed similar affinity for both A-type and B-type peptidoglycan. As repetition of the disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) is the only part common to both A-type and B-type peptidoglycan, LysM modules most likely bind to this component (8). Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the LysM domain interacts with specific loci on the cell surface (32). In addition, specific chemical treatments of cells and cell walls indicated that a cell wall component, extractable with trichloroacetic acid (TCA), is responsible for hindering LysM recognition, thereby causing this localized binding (32).
Despite the multiple important roles played by LysM domains (8), the forces and dynamics underlying their interaction with peptidoglycan as well as the spatial distribution of LysM binding sites on bacterial cell walls remain essentially unknown. Here, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) (10) in the single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) mode (18, 27) for exploring specific LysM-peptidoglycan interactions between AFM tips modified with the recombinant AcmA cell wall-binding domain (three LysM repeats) and model surfaces coated with peptidoglycan. Moreover, AcmA tips were used to detect and localize single LysM interactions on the surfaces of L. lactis cells. Major differences were found between native and TCA-treated cells, demonstrating that the binding of LysM to native L. lactis surfaces is hindered by cell surface constituents.
Bacterial strains and growth conditions. L. lactis wild-type strain NZ3900(pNZ8048) (conferring resistance to chloramphenicol) was grown in M17 (Difco) medium at 30°C with the addition of 1% of glucose (Sigma, St Louis, MO) and 10 μg·ml−1 of chloramphenicol to avoid contamination. For cell experiments, bacteria were harvested by centrifugation from exponentially growing cultures (optical density at 600 nm, 0.3), washed three times with Tris-maleate (50 mM maleic acid, 40 mM Tris, pH 5.3), and mechanically immobilized onto porous polycarbonate membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA).
Chemical treatment of the cells.For some experiments, cells were treated with TCA as previously described (6, 32). Briefly, cells were harvested from exponentially growing culture by centrifugation, washed two times with Tris-maleate, resuspended in a 10% solution of TCA (Sigma), and boiled for 10 min. Treated cells were then washed three times with Tris-maleate and directly used for AFM experiments.
Preparation of LysM-modified supports and tips.Recombinant AcmA cell wall-binding domains (PA3), purified as described before (6) and each bearing a cysteine residue near the extremity of its N-terminal end, were immobilized onto gold-coated supports and AFM tips. Silicon nitride AFM cantilevers (Microlevers; Veeco Metrology Group, Santa Barbara, CA) and silicon wafers (Siltronix, France) were coated, by thermal evaporation, with a 5-nm-thick Cr layer followed by a 30-nm-thick Au layer. Before use, gold-coated cantilevers and supports were cleaned for 5 min by UV-ozone treatment (Jelight Co., Irvine, CA), rinsed with ethanol, and dried with a gentle nitrogen flow. They were immersed overnight in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solutions (10 mM PBS, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) containing 10 μg·ml−1 of recombinant peptide for 12 h, rinsed three times with PBS, and briefly sonicated to remove aggregates that may be adsorbed.
Preparation of peptidoglycan-modified surfaces.Peptidoglycan solutions were prepared by dissolving peptidoglycan from B. subtilis (Fluka) in PBS solution at a concentration of 10 μg·ml−1 and sonicated for several minutes. Gold supports (see above) were immersed for 12 h in ethanol solution containing 1 mM of mercaptododecahexanoic acid (Sigma), rinsed three times with ethanol, and briefly sonicated. The supports were then immersed for 30 min into a solution containing 20 g/liter N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and 50 g/liter 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) (Sigma), rinsed with MilliQ water (Millipore), incubated with 10 μg·ml−1 of peptidoglycan solution for 1 h, rinsed further with PBS, and then immediately used.
Surface characterization.The chemical composition of the modified surfaces was assessed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Supports were rinsed with water and dried by flushing with a gentle nitrogen flow and then immediately introduced in the XPS vacuum chamber. The analyses were performed on a Kratos Axis Ultra spectrometer (Kratos Analytical, United Kingdom) equipped with a monochromatized aluminum X-ray source. The samples were fixed on a stainless steel multispecimen holder by using double-sided conductive tape. The angle between the normal to the sample surface and the electrostatic lens axis was 0°. The analyzed area was approximately 700 μm by 300 μm. The constant pass energy of the hemispherical analyzer was set at 40 eV. The following sequence of spectra was recorded: survey spectrum, C1s, N1s, O1s, Au4f, S2p, and C1s again to check the stability of charge compensation as a function of time and the absence of degradation of the sample during the analyses. The binding energies were calculated with respect to the C-(C,H) component of the C1s peak of adventitious carbon fixed at 284.8 eV. Following subtraction of a linear baseline, molar fractions were calculated (CasaXPS program; Casa Software Ltd., United Kingdom) using peak areas normalized on the basis of acquisition parameters, sensitivity factors, and the transmission function provided by the manufacturer.
AFM measurements.AFM images and force-distance curves were obtained either in PBS (for supports) or in Tris-maleate (for cells) at room temperature using a Nanoscope IV multimode AFM (Veeco Metrology Group, Santa Barbara, CA). Native and treated cells were immobilized by mechanical trapping into porous polycarbonate membranes (Millipore) with a pore size similar to the bacterial cell size (10). After filtering a concentrated cell suspension, the filter was gently rinsed with PBS, carefully cut (sample size, 1 cm by 1 cm) and attached to a steel sample puck (Veeco Metrology Group) by use of a small piece of double-face adhesive tape, and the mounted sample was transferred into the AFM liquid cell while avoiding dewetting. All force curves were recorded with a maximum applied force of ∼450 pN. The spring constants of the cantilevers were measured using the thermal noise method (Picoforce, Veeco Metrology Group), yielding values (0.011 N/m) that were slightly larger than those announced by the manufacturer (0.01 N/m). Control experiments on the model surface were conducted by incubating tips in a solution of peptidoglycan (10 μg·ml−1) for 30 min and by injecting a peptidoglycan solution in the fluid cell. To account for the flexibility of the biomolecules, loading rates (pN·s−1) were estimated by multiplying the tip retraction velocity (nm·s−1) by the slope of the rupture peaks (pN·nm−1). Adhesion maps were obtained by recording 32-by-32 force-distance curves on areas of given size, calculating the adhesion force for each force curve and displaying the value as a gray pixel.
Surface modifications for preparing AFM tips and supports.The C-terminal region of AcmA contains three LysM modules of 45 amino acid residues which bind specifically to peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is composed of glycan strands with a disaccharide repeating unit of GlcNAc and MurNAc, cross-linked via pentapeptides of various compositions (9). Binding of AcmA LysM repeats to many different bacteria, including L. lactis and B. subtilis, has been observed, suggesting that LysM modules recognize a common glycan part, presumably GlcNAc, in all peptidoglycans (8, 32, 33).
To measure LysM-peptidoglycan interactions, AcmA LysM modules terminated with cysteine residues (Fig. 1A) were attached onto gold-coated AFM tips (Fig. 1B), while peptidoglycan from B. subtilis was covalently attached onto carboxyl-terminated surfaces via NHS/EDC chemistry (Fig. 1B). The chemical composition of the functionalized surfaces was assessed using XPS. Table 1 presents the XPS data obtained for gold supports prior to and after LysM and peptidoglycan immobilization. After incubation with LysM peptides, the gold samples showed a large increase of the nitrogen concentration, indicating the presence of a significant amount of peptide at the surface. Following treatment with COOH-terminated alkanethiols, the gold surfaces showed significant oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen concentrations, consistent with the presence of an alkanethiol monolayer. Treatment with NHS/EDC and peptidoglycan led to an increase of the nitrogen, the oxygen, and the carbon concentration, essentially reflecting the presence of covalently bond peptidoglycan.
The modified supports were further characterized using AFM topographic imaging in aqueous solution. Figure 1C and D show that, respectively, the LysM and peptidoglycan surfaces were rather smooth (root mean square roughness values on 1-μm by 1-μm areas of 0.5 ± 0.01 nm and 1.6 ± 0.1 nm, respectively) and stable upon repeated scanning. To confirm the presence of peptide layers, a small area was first recorded at large forces (>10 nN) for short periods of time, followed by imaging a larger image of the same area under normal load. Figure 1C and D show that imaging at high forces resulted in the grafted material being pushed aside, thereby revealing the underlying support. The thicknesses of the removed films were found to be 2.2 ± 0.1 nm and 1.9 ± 0.2 nm, confirming the presence of LysM and peptidoglycan layers, respectively, on the surface.
Forces and dynamics of the LysM-peptidoglycan interaction.Having validated the functionalization strategies, the LysM-peptidoglycan binding forces were measured by recording force-distance curves between LysM-terminated tip and peptidoglycan-terminated support at a loading rate of 6,700 pN·s−1 (Fig. 2). As shown in Fig. 2A and B, 52% of a total of 750 curves displayed single or multiple binding forces, with the remaining curves exhibiting no adhesion. The corresponding histogram of binding forces showed two maxima centered at 75 ± 17 pN and 170 ± 28 pN. Several observations suggest that the 75-pN binding force reflects the rupture of a single LysM-peptidoglycan complex. First, the specificity of the interaction was confirmed by showing a dramatic reduction of adhesion probability when the same experiment was performed with a silicon nitride tip (data not shown) or in a solution containing 10 μg·ml−1 of peptidoglycan (Fig. 2C and D). Second, the observation of two maxima at 75 and 170 pN in the histogram suggests that the value of ∼75 pN corresponds to the adhesion strength quantum between individual molecules. Third, this value is in the range of those obtained at fairly comparable loading rates for other receptor-ligand complexes (18).
Unbinding forces between receptors and ligands measured at constant pulling rates represent only a single point in a continuous spectrum of bond strengths, since these depend on the rate at which the load is applied (4, 13, 14, 18, 26, 28). We therefore explored the dynamics of the LysM-peptidoglycan interaction by measuring the unbinding force as a function of the loading rate (dynamic force spectroscopy). Figure 3A shows that the mean adhesion force (F) increased linearly with the logarithm of the loading rate (r), as observed for other receptor-ligand systems (13-15, 26). Kinetic parameters on the unbinding process were extracted from these dynamic measurements (18). First, the length scale of the energy barrier was obtained from the f β slope of the F versus ln(r) plot. This slope represents the characteristic force scale for a specific energy barrier and is defined as the ratio of thermal energy (k B T) (∼4.1 pN nm at room temperature) to the projected bond displacement, x β, along the direction of the applied force. A slope of 8.2 pN was found, yielding a length scale of the energy barrier x β of approximately 0.5 nm. Second, extrapolation to zero forces yielded the kinetic off-rate constant of dissociation at zero force, k off = rF = 0 x β/k B T = 0.15 s−1. Note that given the error bars and distribution of the data points, the uncertainty on this extrapolation is fairly large, meaning the obtained k off value should be taken only as a rough estimate.
The interaction time is another parameter that may affect specific biomolecular forces. For instance, the adhesion probabilities of cadherin, bacterial adhesin, and vancomycin interactions were shown to increase dramatically with interaction time (2, 3, 11, 15). To determine whether this applies to the LysM-peptidoglycan interaction, we varied the interaction time while keeping the loading rate constant (Fig. 3B). Interestingly, we found that the adhesion frequency increased exponentially with contact time to reach a plateau after only 0.2 to 0.5 s. This value, similar to that of the cadherin system (0.2 s) (2, 3), is much smaller than those of the adhesin (11) and vancomycin interactions (2 to 5 s) (15), indicating that the formation of the LysM-peptidoglycan bond is relatively fast. Such a fast binding may play a crucial role in defining the biological function of the L. lactis AcmA. The peptidoglycan binding and catalytic activity of AcmA are known to increase with the number of LysM repeats to up to three, suggesting that LysM is needed to properly position the active-site domain(s) toward their substrate (33). Moreover, the peptidoglycan binding mechanism could allow "scooting" of the enzyme along its polymeric substrate. It is therefore tempting to speculate that the fast formation of LysM-peptidoglycan bonds is important to ensure optimum catalytic activity and thus cell wall hydrolysis.
From these data, we can estimate the interaction time needed for a half-maximal probability of binding (t 0 . 5) of 5.5 × 10−3 s, and, in turn, the association rate constant, k on, of t 0 . 5−1 N A V eff equal to 2.4 103 M−1 s−1, where V eff is the effective volume explored by the tip-tethered LysM, approximated here to a half-sphere of 2.2-nm radius (17), and N A is Avogadro's constant. Here again, we note that the accuracy of the estimated t 0 . 5 and k on values is rather limited and should be considered with caution. Nevertheless, considering the above rate constant values, a rough estimate of the equilibrium dissociation constant can be obtained, namely, KD equals k off/k on equals 61 μM, which is on the order of that estimated for cadherin-cadherin interactions (2, 3). Taken together, the above data indicate that the LysM domain binds to peptidoglycan with high specificity and affinity.
Detection of single LysM-peptidoglycan interactions on L. lactis.Immunofluorescence microscopy studies have revealed that peptidoglycan of L. lactis and other gram-positive bacteria bind the AcmA LysM domain (8, 32). With this in mind, we used LysM tips to probe the surfaces of L. lactis cells (Fig. 4 and 5). Bacteria were immobilized in porous polymer filters, a method allowing AFM analysis of living cells while preserving their native macromolecular architecture. Topographic images of living L. lactis cells (Fig. 4C) revealed a smooth morphology, consistent with an earlier report (15). Interestingly, most force curves recorded either over the cell surface or over the filter with a LysM tip did not show any binding events (Fig. 5C and E). The very poor binding on the native L. lactis surface suggests that peptidoglycan is hindered by other cell wall constituents. These AFM data differ from earlier immunofluorescence results in that the latter showed some binding of the LysM domain on very specific locations of L. lactis (32). Presumably, this behavior reflects differences in the probing depths of the two techniques: while fluorescence microscopy probes peptidoglycan from the entire cell wall, AFM detects only those peptidoglycan molecules exposed on the outermost cell surface.
To support the hypothesis that peptidoglycan in native L. lactis cells is indeed hindered by other cell wall constituents, we performed similar experiments following treatment of the cells with TCA, which is believed to remove peptidoglycan-associated polymers (32) (Fig. 4B). As shown in Fig. 4D, TCA-treated cells could be imaged by AFM by use of the same immobilization procedure as for native cells. Although the cell surface was slightly rougher, it could be imaged repeatedly without significant alteration by the scanning tip. Notably, most force curves recorded with a LysM tip on the treated cell surface showed single or multiple binding forces (Fig. 5D and 5F), the resulting force distribution being reminiscent of that observed for the model peptidoglycan surfaces (Fig. 2B). The observed force distribution (Fig. 5F) showed a single well-pronounced maximum at 73 ± 23 pN; thus, it was rather close to the force values found for model surfaces. This strongly suggests that the measured 73-pN forces originate from specific LysM-peptidoglycan interactions and therefore provides direct evidence that peptidoglycan is homogeneously exposed on TCA-treated cells. These data also demonstrate that cell wall components, presumably teichoic acids (32), hinder peptidoglycan on the surfaces of L. lactis cells.
In summary, using SMFS (i) we measured the specific binding forces of single AcmA LysM-peptidoglycan interactions on model surfaces, thereby providing an estimate of association and dissociation rate constants; and (ii) we detected these interactions on L. lactis cell walls. Clearly, it would be most interesting in future research to further explore the force and dynamics of LysM interactions using other purified peptidoglycans and other bacterial strains. A crucial question is to clarify whether other moieties besides GlcNAc are also recognized (8), which could be achieved by SMFS using various possible peptidoglycan-based substrates. SMFS experiments could also help our understanding of how the number of LysM repeats in AcmA modulates its binding forces, since this factor is known to affect the binding efficiency and, consequently, the in vivo activity of the enzyme (33). In addition to providing novel insight into the structure-function relationships of bacterial surfaces, these single-molecule analyses may find promising applications for studying the heterologous display of proteins or peptides. Indeed, Bosma et al. (6) recently proposed a novel display system that allows a highly efficient immobilization of heterologous proteins on L. lactis surfaces. Nonliving gram-positive enhancer matrix particles were obtained from gram-positive bacterial cells by use of TCA treatment, e.g., and then used as substrates to bind externally added heterologous proteins by means of the high-affinity LysM binding domains. Hence, AFM may be powerful method in future research for assessing the quality of such novel surface display systems.
This work was supported by the National Foundation for Scientific Research (FNRS), the Foundation for Training in Industrial and Agricultural Research (FRIA), the Université catholique de Louvain (Fonds Spéciaux de Recherche), the Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs (Interuniversity Poles of Attraction Programme), and the Research Department of the Communauté française de Belgique (Concerted Research Action). Y.F.D. and P.H. are research associates of the FNRS.
- Received 16 April 2008.
- Accepted 21 August 2008.
- Copyright © 2008 American Society for Microbiology


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England | Scotland | Wales | Northern Ireland | Ireland
Get the latest NHS information and advice about coronavirus (COVID-19).
Get a test to check if you have coronavirus
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Find out about the main symptoms of coronavirus and what to do if you have them.
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Get a test to check if you have coronavirus, understand your test result and find out what to do if you're contacted by NHS Test and Trace.
Self-isolation and treatment if you have coronavirus symptoms
Advice about staying at home (self-isolation) and treatment for you and anyone you live with.
People at high risk
Advice for people at higher risk from coronavirus, including older people, people with health conditions and pregnant women.
Social distancing and changes to everyday life
Advice about avoiding close contact with other people (social distancing), looking after your wellbeing and using the NHS and other services.
COVID-19 support recovery service
'Your COVID Recovery' helps you to understand what has happened and what you might expect as part of your recovery.
GOV.UK: coronavirus – guidance and support
Government information and advice.
GOV.UK: local restrictions – areas with an outbreak of coronavirus
Local outbreak advice.
The Cairns Practice Tel: 0141 531 6220
Branch SurgeryTel: 0141 531 6235
Patients 18-64 (at risk) cohortPatients who received an invite for our flu clinic on 3/10/20 and did not manage to come along should contact our reception team to arrange a further appointment.Patients 65 years and over, housebound patients and childrenPatients will receive an appointment directly from the health board.Pregnant WomenYou will receive your vaccination from your midwife.CarersYou should contact your pharmacist for advice.
We are currently providing telephone consultation appointments. Following your consultation you may be asked to attend a face to face appointment where you will be given a specific appointment time. We ask that you wear a face covering and attend alone at the time of your appointment. If the clinician assesses you as suitable for a video consultation please click here for instructions to connect to this service.
Michele Blair, our Links Worker can provide assistance to patients who may require additional support during this challenging time. Please contact our administration team who will pass on your details.
There are services available to support people during COVID-19. Please click this link for further information.
The Cairns Practice offers a range of pre-bookable advance appointments and book 'on the day' appointments.
We also have a number of 'overflow' appointments available each day at 10:00 for patients who feel they need to be seen that day. Patients must telephone the surgery to request an overflow appointment and will be seen in strict order of arrival.
If you feel your problem could be dealt with over the telephone you can ask the receptionist for a telephone consultation. The receptionist will take some details including your telephone number and a brief description of your enquiry. This will help the doctor to prioritise urgent calls. Please leave a landline contact number where possible and alert the receptionist if your phone does not accept withheld numbers.
If you are running late for your appointment please inform a member of the reception team as soon as possible. The receptionist will check with the doctor/nurse if they are still able to see you.
If you cannot attend an appointment for any reason please inform us as soon as possible in order for us to give the slot to someone else.
Whilst we encourage our patients to come to the surgery, where we have the proper equipment and facilities available, we do appreciate this is not always possible. In this respect, if you do need a home visit, you can help us by calling reception before 10:00.
You may only request a home visit if you are housebound or are too ill to visit the practice. Your GP will only visit you at home if they think that your medical condition requires it and will also decide how urgently a visit is needed. Please bear this in mind and be prepared to provide suitable details to enable the doctor to schedule house calls
You do not require a doctor's sickness certificate for any illness lasting seven days or less. Your employer may however require you to complete a self-certification form (SC2) which is available from your employer or on the HMRC website.
If you are sick for more than seven days, your employer can ask you to give them some form of medical evidence to support payment of SSP (statutory sick pay).
It is up to your employer to decide whether you are incapable of work. A medical certificate, now called a 'Statement of Fitness for Work' (see below) from your doctor is strong evidence that you are sick and would normally be accepted, unless there is evidence to prove otherwise.
You could also provide evidence from someone who is not a medical practitioner, e.g. a dentist. Your employer will decide whether or not this evidence is acceptable. If your employer has any doubts, they may still ask for a medical certificate from your GP.
The 'fit note' was introduced on 6 April 2010. With your employer's support, the note will help you return to work sooner by providing more information about the effects of your illness or injury.
For more information see the DirectGov website (where this information was sourced)
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Shown: posts 1 to 4 of 4. This is the beginning of the thread.
Posted by agencypanic on January 18, 2003, at 19:55:29
Probably a stupid question, but how long does Zoloft retain its
effectiveness after it's past its expiration date?
Is it preferable to skip a day or two or to take an expired drug?
Posted by Phil on January 18, 2003, at 20:19:35
In reply to Expiration dates, posted by agencypanic on January 18, 2003, at 19:55:29
As long as drugs have been stored correctly in a cool dry place, they should still be fine to take after expiration. How long? I would guess a few months but, 'I'm guessing' so you might do more research or wait for more input. I think it would be better to take the pills rather than skip.
I had a pdoc that often gave me slightly outdated samples and said they would be fine.
Posted by lostsailor on January 19, 2003, at 9:53:17
In reply to Re: Expiration dates, posted by Phil on January 18, 2003, at 20:19:35
if $$ is part of the concern, just ask doc for sample packs and be honest about situation . HE/she gets tons for free...
Posted by BekkaH on January 19, 2003, at 12:52:16
In reply to Expiration dates, posted by agencypanic on January 18, 2003, at 19:55:29
This is not a "stupid question" at all. For zoloft, you are probably safe, as long as it has been stored in a cool, dry place, as Phil said. However, for some other drugs, like antibiotics, that rule-of-thumb does NOT apply. Antibiotics do deteriorate and may cause severe illness. For example, ingestion of outdated tetracyclines (one of which is Doxycycline) can cause acquired Fanconi's Syndrome.
This is the end of the thread.
Psycho-Babble Medication | Extras | FAQ
Dr. Bob is Robert Hsiung, MD, email@example.com
Script revised: February 4, 2008
URL: http://www.dr-bob.org/cgi-bin/pb/mget.pl
Copyright 2006-17 Robert Hsiung.
Owned and operated by Dr. Bob LLC and not the University of Chicago.


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If you're going to war, it is best that you know your opponent's strengths and weaknesses "Sun Tsu". Let me lay out a scenario that could put Mike Bloomberg in the driver's seat at the Democratic National Convention. If there is no real leader before the convention the democrats will have a brokered convention meaning just about anyone could be nominated. I'm suggesting that in such a convention the candidate with the most money will win and that would be Mike Bloomberg. There will be a lot of gnashing of teeth and Bernie's followers are not likely to be happy but the fact is the Democrats know that none of their current candidates are capable of winning this election. The DNC has already seen the handwriting on the wall and will bite the Bloomberg bullet to have a chance of beating Trump.
Mike Bloomberg was a competitor of mine in my Wall Street days when he worked as the head trader for Solomon Bros. He is an excellent businessman with creative management skills and has the credentials and long record of success to prove it. You don't attain the kind of wealth he has by making a lot of mistakes. His current campaign strategy is a bit unusual for good reason and so far he has been able to avoid the muckraking that takes place in primaries like Iowa and New Hampshire. When you look at what is currently happening in the Iowa caucus it tells a tale of a very disorganized Democratic Party. It took them a week just to figure out how to count the votes in one state. This is why Bloomberg has avoided these types of trial runs as the DNC looks for someone who can possibly compete against Trump this year. The democrats are in serious trouble and there appears to be no real leadership either in the DNC or in the presidential race.
Bloomberg is the democrats' dream candidate who has been strategically setting up a nationwide organization opening up offices in potential swing areas of the country where he thinks he can make an impact with progressives. He is working to bring out voters in November's election in places like Tucson and Boise. These are the up and coming liberal progressive bastions that would probably not have voted if someone like Biden or Bernie were running. So far he has spent $350 million on his campaign advertising on TV, radio, and newspapers around the country and is polling the high single digits. He doesn't have to worry about campaign contributions with $58 billion in assets as he will be self-funding and contributing heavily to other needy democrats in tough races. The question is how much is he willing to spend to win the election?
Although he is not well-liked by many in the Democratic Party, his extreme wealth and willingness to spend it to win is well known as he bought all of his elections in N.Y.C. spending in excess of $70 million in each of his three campaigns for mayor. This is why the DNC would be willing to bite their tongues give him the nomination and fill their empty election coffers at the convention. He ran as a republican the first two terms and as an independent for his third and final term in N.Y.C. His record as Mayor is not all that bad and he has a record of being a law and order mayor. During his 12 years in office, homicide rates dropped by 65% and shootings dropped by 55%. The city's overall crime rate was reduced by 32%.
He favors free trade is pro-business and considers himself a fiscal conservative because he balanced N.Y.C. budget by raising taxes. He is regarded as socially liberal or progressive on multiple issues, supporting abortion rights, same-sex marriage, strict gun control measures, environmentalism and a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants. He is a strong anti-gun advocate who thinks any gun in public hands should hold no more than three bullets. He has spent hundreds of millions of his own money supporting gun control. He is also against the execution of criminals regardless of the crime and would prefer to lock them up for life and throw away the key. He called execution murder by the state while being a staunch supporter of abortion. Bloomberg replaced New York City's school board set up by the state of New York with a setup providing direct mayoral control over public education. A huge proponent of climate change he has already committed over $500 million of his own money to reduce greenhouse gases.
Bloomberg is in favor of lower taxes for large corporations for the good of the community and even offered Goldman Sachs $1.65 billion in tax breaks to establish its headquarters across the street from ground zero. He places strong emphasis on public health and has been an avid supporter of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation – the largest urban healthcare agency in the United States – serving over 1.3 million New Yorkers.
Bloomberg is in many ways a pseudo-dictator and he runs his company very much the way he ran the city of N.Y. While he had to deal with a city council and the state he pretty much did whatever he wanted because of his wealth and would not be above running our country by executive order. If you liked the way Obama ran the country you will love Bloomberg because while he is not an apologetic person for America like Obama was he is certainly as narcissistic but with 58 billion dollars at his command. Do not think that this man is not a viable candidate because he is and also the most dangerous to another four years of Donald John Trump. He will do whatever and spend whatever is necessary to win the presidency in 2020 should the democrats nominate him. Keep in mind he is already in for $350 million which is just a drop in the bucket for a man of his wealth. While Trump has got everything going for him we must be vigilant of this N.Y.C. huckster who will stop at nothing to beat Trump in 2020. If Bloomberg is the candidate It will up to us the American people to make sure we have President Trump for another four years so make sure you get your butts off that couch, go to the polls and vote this November.


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Uber allowing drivers to set their own fare rates in parts of California to beat employees decision
Uber is now letting drivers in Southern California and Sacramento set their own fares, as the ride-sharing firm attempts to prove drivers should not be classified as employees following California's new AB5 gig-work law.
The new AB5 law is a piece of legislation signed into law by Governor Gavin Newsom in September 2019, and which came into effect on 1 January 2020. It required companies that hire independent contractors to reclassify them as employees, with a few exceptions.
The bill expanded on a ruling made in a case that reached the California Supreme Court in 2018, Dynamex Operations West, Inc. vs. Superior Court of Los Angeles, and is designed to regulate companies such as Uber, Lyft and DoorDash.
In the 2018 Dynamex case, the California Supreme Court ruled that companies must use a three-pronged test in determining whether to classify workers as employees or independent contractors. This test assumes that workers are employees unless the company that hires them can prove the following three things:
The worker is free to perform services without the control or direction of the company.
The worker is performing work tasks that are outside the usual course of the company's business activities.
The worker is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, or business of the same nature as that involved in the work performed.
This test holds companies to a higher standard in proving workers are independent contractors than was previously used in California. AB5 makes this test the new gold standard requirement for companies that hire workers in the state of California.
Uber drivers in Los Angeles, Bakersfield, San Diego, Fresno and surrounding areas can now set fare prices as a multiplier of Uber's existing time and distance rates. They can charge as little as half the standard fare and as much as five times the standard. Those choices come in increments of 10%, so a driver could charge 30% above the regular fare, for instance. They also can stick with Uber's default rates.
Uber said it will expand the name-your-price regime to the San Francisco region in the coming weeks.
Image credit: TaxiPoint


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Walmart Canada Has A Special Sale This Week In Honour Of People Who Are Single
It's the perfect time to buy yourself a little "Valentine's" treat!
Step aside Valentine's Day, Singles' Day is here and you can actually save some big, big bucks! Thanks to the unofficial Chinese holiday "Singles' Day," Walmart Canada is offering discounts on hundreds of their biggest products, and it's all in the name of enjoying being single. Walmart Canada's Singles' Day Sale has some pretty huge savings, and here's what you need to know.
If you've never heard of Singles' Day before, you're not the only one. While it's not a globally recognized event, it's a pretty big deal in the world of Chinese retail.
In fact, Singles' Day was China's biggest retail event last year, making more money than Thanksgiving, Black Friday, Cyber Monday and the weekend in between combined.
Not prepared to let single Canadians be left out, Walmart Canada has decided to get involved with the celebrations, and they're now having a huge sale on hundreds of items.
While the discounts are online-only, you can get up to 70% off some of the season's most popular products, and it's only right that you treat yourself on this special day!
Between November 7 and November 13, Walmart Canada is offering hundreds of extra-special discounts online, with discounts ranging across shoes, clothing, toys, homeware and even electronics.
Back in 1993, students at Nanjing Universityin China's Jiangsu province decided they were sick of Valentines Day, and wanted to create a special day just for single people.
They started hosting special "singles parties," designed to counter the negative social stigma associated with being single.
Choosing the date for Singles' Day wasn't hard for the students, and they went with the date that had the most 1s in it. Therefore, November 11 became Singles' Day.
Since then, it's become the biggest shopping day of the year in China, and it could be slowly making its way to the U.S. and Canada, too.
While Walmart's Singles' Day Sale is pretty cool, the majority of Canadians are probably saving up for better-known Black Friday.
While companies like Amazon and Best Buy are already starting to introduce pre-Black Friday sales, most are holding off until November 29.
For people looking to make the most out of Black Friday's discounts, Walmart Canada has revealed their top tricks and hacks to survive the crazy weekend.
For more details and a full look at all of Walmart Canada's special Singles' Day sale, you can click here.


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NAI Isaac Facilitates Lease of 15,000 SF in Berea, KY
NAI Isaac represented the landlord in the lease with Heniff Transportation Systems, LLC. The 15,000 SF industrial facility is located at 1100 Mayde Road in Berea, Kentucky. Heniff Transportation Systems specializes in the delivery of bulk chemicals throughout the United States and Canada. For more information visit http://www.heniff.com/ . Bruce Isaac, SIOR, CCIM and Chad Voelkert of NAI Isaac Commercial Properties, represented the Landlord, Setzer Investments, LLC, in this transaction.


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201 181 Athletes Way, Vancouver Listing #: R2515838
Relax & enjoy the expansive water views of SE False Creek, park greenery & city views from every room in this elegant, 2406 sf 2 bdrm & den home in Canada House. Exclusive & upscale bldg designed by renowned architect Arthur Erickson. Located on the waterfront in the dynamic Olympic Village. Only 40 units with 4 suites per floor. This most sought-after floor plan features open flowing space with custom luxurious finishes. Many designer upgrades by the present owners, plus a wine/bar room, make it a truly special one-of-a-kind home. Incredible location next to the Seawall. Close to Canada/Expo lines & shopping & restaurants. Radiant heating & cooling, 24/7 concierge, gym, yoga room, theater,library & lounge. Private double garage & storage. Pets welcome. Call now for private appt.
Taxes (2020): $12,962.70
- Air Cond./Central
- Elevator
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Listed By: Homeland Realty
Disclaimer: The data relating to real estate on this web site comes in part from the MLS Reciprocity program of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board. Real estate listings held by participating real estate firms are marked with the MLS Reciprocity logo and detailed information about the listing includes the name of the listing agent. This representation is based in whole or part on data generated by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board which assumes no responsibility for its accuracy. The materials contained on this page may not be reproduced without the express written consent of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board.


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By Shantay Patterson, Senior at WHS
Being a senior in high school to me means, this is the last year to go all out. My mindset towards this year is to just make it fun, create awesome memories of it all, and leave with a bang and with no regrets. In order to accomplish this goal, I felt like I needed to do something spontaneous. I needed to do something that would be considered "out of the ordinary" for me to do. So I did the extreme and signed up for Mr. Hennel's Outdoor Education class. With that being said, here is my story/entertaining explanation of my experience during our first overnight backpacking trip.
Shantay Patterson
Backpacking Trip Report
On Saturday October 15, I did something that nobody in the Patterson family has ever done before. I went backpacking!
If you're wondering how I would describe this trip, I would say is was like an extreme exercising program I did not sign up for. The reason for this is because I thought this was just going to be a regular 'extended' walk on a trail type of trip …but it wasn't just a regular 'extended' walk on a trail type of trip. This was a carry-a-heavy-ole-oversized-backpack-on-ya-back-for-twenty-some-miles-in-the-cold-ole-woods-with-bears-and-snakes-everywhere type of trip. At one point during that hike, I had to lay down and talk to Jesus because I thought I wasn't going to make. It was that bad! Lol sike. I'm just being dramatic but let me just go on and tell you my story.
We started this adventure bright and early. I'm talking about 8:30 in the morning early. Now, I'm usually a morning person, but this was a Saturday. Do you know how much Saturdays mean to me? Let me break it down for you: Saturday is a part of the weekend, and on the weekends I need my sleep because that's the only time I can catch up on it. But Mr. Hennel (head captain of the class) didn't care about none of that. He made sure we started this trip way before the birds even got up out of their nests and before we would even have enough energy to complain about how early he made us get up for this.
Skipping a few hours forward, boom we're on the trail. Everybody is just walking and breathing. It was great. The scenery, weather, and everything that the good universe had provided us with was just amazing. As you can tell by that poetic description, I was in a good mood. I felt like I was at one with nature. I was at home. I wanted to share my positive energy with everyone else on the trail, so I started singing. At first, they just all looked at me like I was crazy (which I am), but I didn't care. This acapella singing session needed to happen. Eventually, it got to a point where I felt like I wasn't doing enough. I needed that jungle music in the background so everybody could really feel my vibe. So I reached for my phone that I put in my pants pocket earlier and guess what? It wasn't there. I lost my phone on the trail. Lord Jesus no!! Something told me not to bring it but I had too. That's my baby!! I dropped that backpack so quickly and just started running back on that trail. I HAD TO find that phone. I just knew my mama was going to beat me if I didn't. After about five minutes of searching, I finally find it. Good thing I realized it was gone that early because if I would have waited until later, my butt would've been toast.
With 500 miles down and 900 more miles to go (over exaggerating of course) I was exhausted. Not to mention I was also injured. Yes. Somehow ya girl managed to hit her toes against a rock and was now limping. Mr. Hennel said this was called Zen Hiking or something like that. All I knew was that I needed something to help me get to the last bit of this trail so I could get to the camp site. I needed a stick. After going through so many tests and trials with a few, I finally found the one. I deeply connected with this stick and was able to make it all the way to the camp site with my born savior, Tylika.
The relief I felt when I got to that camp site was indescribable. I immediately dropped my pack and just laid down. I didn't wanna move or do anything, nor did I. I set up my tent, ate a little bit of food, and went straight to sleep. I was the definition of done.
The next morning, I was ready to go. I have had enough of this nature stuff. It was time to get up and out of there. After I got my backpack and everything together, I went looking for my 'A1 day 1', Tylika, so I could start walking. But I couldn't find her. My other classmates told me they made a fire last night and had to use sticks nearby to keep it going. At that moment, I knew she was gone. How was I going to make it without her? This is where SOTA came in. Spirit Of TylikA is what she stood for. With SOTA by my side, I was able to make it safety to the end of the trail. To thank her for all her hard work, I laid her against a log and gave her a proper ceremony. Everything that I had concurred on that trip would not have been possible if I didn't have that stick by my side. The end.
The trails end for my trusted hiking stick SOTA. May she serve another hiker well!
Posted by Alyssa Kerrigan


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Client: IUCN
Year: 2013
Outcome: Project proposal based on Logframe matrix
Regional IUCN staff, conservationists and parliamentarians worked together to develop a conservation strategy. The strategy focused on establishing a parliamentary network for the conservation of the West-African coast.
- Provide 1-week training in the CMP Open Standards approach for adaptive conservation management
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Assignment carried out by Albertien as affiliate consultant for Foundations of Success (Europe).


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In a world of defined contributions, American workers have three challenges — inadequate savings, leakage (or loans/early withdrawals) tied to their retirement accounts and the need for retirement income. Plus, just half of all DC plans offer a way for investors to transform balances into periodic retirement income, with only one in five offering guaranteed lifetime payouts.
This situation prompted Steve Vernon of the Stanford Center on Longevity, Wade Pfau of The American College of Financial Services and researcher Joe Tomlinson to explore and devise solutions to "pensionize" retirement plans. Their work, first published last year and then updated this year, finds that only one-third of workers contact financial advisors, and most lack the necessary skills to convert savings into retirement income and typically have short planning horizons.
But research from the Stanford Center on Longevity (SCL) and Society of Actuaries (SOA) has found a "straightforward retirement strategy," according to the three authors. "Choosing a specific solution that will help workers generate retirement income requires them to make informed tradeoffs between potentially competing goals," they explain, such as "maximizing lifetime income; providing access to savings (liquidity); planning for bequests; minimizing implementation complexity and costs; minimizing income taxes; protecting against common risks, like longevity, inflation, death of their spouse, cognitive decline, fraud and political/regulatory issues."
For advisors and investors, the team of researchers developed eight metrics for comparing retirement income solutions:
- Average annual real retirement income expected in retirement,
- An increase or decrease in anticipated real income (inflation protection),
- Average accessible wealth expected throughout retirement (liquidity),
- The rate that wealth is spent down, the average bequest expected upon death,
- Downside volatility (the estimated magnitude of potential future reductions in income),
- The probability of shortfall relative to a specified minimum threshold of income, and
- The magnitude of shortfall.
Investors should maximize the value of Social Security and also work with advisors and/or available software to optimize this income stream. "Our analyses show that for many middle-income retirees, Social Security benefits will represent one-half to two-thirds of total retirement income if workers start Social Security at age 65, and from three-fourths to more than 85% of total retirement income if they optimize Social Security by delaying until age 70," the report states.
The Social Security/RMD Option The key strategy highlighted by the team is based on Social Security payments starting at age 70 and required minimum distributions (RMD). For older Americans who find it tough to work longer, it may be advisable to use some savings to delay taking Social Security benefits. The Spend Safely in Retirement Strategy, the report authors point out, may produce "more average total retirement income expected throughout retirement compared to most solutions," automatically adjust RMD withdrawal amounts to recognize investment gains or losses, provide lifetime income "no matter how long the participant lives," project total income that increases moderately in real terms, produce "a moderate, compromise level of accessible wealth for flexibility and the ability to make future changes," provide "a moderate, compromise level of bequests," produce "low measures of downside volatility," and give older workers flexibility to transition from full-time to part-time work.
"The Spend Safely in Retirement Strategy has another significant advantage: It can be readily implemented from virtually any IRA or 401(k) plan without purchasing an annuity," the exports say.
In the years leading up to retirement, an older worker might want some retirement savings to build a "retirement transition bucket" for delaying Social Security, based on the amount of benefits the retiree would forgo during the delay period. The transition bucket also would act as a buffer if the older worker is uncertain about the timing of his or her retirement and might protect the worker against large stock market declines during the pre-retirement period.
The bucket might include investments in a liquid fund with minimum volatility in principal, like a money market fund, short-term bond fund or stable value fund.
"Our analyses support investing the RMD portion significantly in stocks — up to 100% — if the retiree can tolerate the volatility," the report explains, noting that volatility in the full retirement income portfolio is reduced by income from Social Security, "which doesn't drop if the stock market drops."
The analyses forecast "reasonable results" with target date funds (many with a 50% stock allocation) or balanced funds (60% stock allocation), which are available on most IRA and 401(k) platforms. "These lower stock allocations could reduce expected income but would also produce lower downside volatility, compared to a 100% stock allocation," the report says. Low-cost balanced, target date or stock index funds have a critical role to play, they add.
Refinements The authors recommend that retirees have an emergency fund to cover onetime purchases or unforeseen expenses. Some retirees also need money for active travel or other expenses they wish to pursue early on in retirement.
For those who want more guaranteed income than produced by the Spend Safely in Retirement Strategy, a portion of savings could be used to buy a low-cost single premium immediate annuity (SPIA), guaranteed lifetime withdrawal benefit (GLWB) or fixed income annuity (FIA).
For retirees with home equity, these resources could be tapped for a reverse mortgage to generate additional monthly income or a reverse mortgage line of credit to help cover living expenses.
Overall, this strategy "works best when a retiree delays Social Security until age 70, but delays until earlier ages, such as 67, 68 or 69, still provide significant advantages," according to the report.
The experts emphasize that investors should delay drawing down Social Security and retirement savings and that for those with modest savings, it's crucial "to squeeze every dollar out of available retirement resources."
In addition, it's best to automate the payment of retirement income, use low-cost index funds, make adjustments as investors move from full-time to part-time to full retirement, alter withdrawals from savings for investment gains and losses throughout retirement and maintain some accessible savings to respond to changing circumstances throughout retirement.
"As such, the Spend Safely in Retirement Strategy can be characterized as a navigational guide to help older workers decide when to retire and how to deploy their retirement savings …," the report states.
"The RMD, combined with the plan's qualified default investment alternative (QDIA), might be a viable default retirement solution that offers fiduciary protection to the plan sponsor …," it continues. "In addition, our analyses show that the RMD helps maximize expected retirement income."
Retirees also can elect to meet their unique goals, such as using some retirement savings to build a retirement transition bucket by starting withdrawals before age 70-1/2 or choosing another payout option.
The Spend Safely in Retirement Strategy won't compensate for inadequate savings and other risks, but other retirement income solutions appear to deliver equal or less retirement income, the researchers say: "Our analyses show that the Spend Safely in Retirement Strategy helps address modest savings by squeezing as much income as possible from existing resources."
Furthermore, many older American workers can fall short of goals that income equal to 70-90% of pre-retirement pay and may need to live on lower incomes. Plus, the Spend Safely in Retirement Strategy won't address other retirement planning risks, such as the cost of high medical expenses or long-term care.
One smart risk management strategy, the experts say, is to convert large, unexpected medical costs into predictable monthly premiums via Medicare and Medicare supplement policies, which can be paid from retirement income. A costly long-term care event can overwhelm many retirement income strategies and rapidly drain savings.
"Addressing this risk calls for separate strategies, such as purchasing long-term care insurance, holding home equity in reserve, and/or dedicating a separate investment account solely to long-term care expenses and not using it to generate retirement income," according to the report.
Janet Levaux is editor-in-chief of Investment Advisor. She can be reached at [email protected]
— Related on ThinkAdvisor:


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Write an Op-Ed Essay That Persuades PeopleMany people think that writing an op-ed is a difficult and time consuming task. In fact, it is actually the easiest form of writing you can do. It only requires you to write a concise and well-written opinion on a matter of public interest.
Writing an op-ed essay is not very different from writing a regular article in most respects. There are a few things to keep in mind when writing an op-ed. You have to be sure that your opinion is backed up by facts and relevant data.
The first thing to remember is that you will be arguing against someone or something. If you want to appeal to your audience, you will need to convince them that you are right. You may also find it necessary to present your arguments in a coherent and orderly manner. Make sure that you are well prepared before you begin.
While there are many websites and magazines that can provide you with relevant information and facts on a topic, there are also some online websites that provide links to Internet websites that offer the same facts and information. If you want to locate a large collection of op-ed essays written by well known and respected individuals, such as lawyers, doctors, journalists, businessmen, etc., then you can easily find such links in the online database of leading newspapers and magazines. You can also find comprehensive lists of op-ed essays written by a wide variety of authors.
When you write an op-ed essay, make sure that it contains a clear and unambiguous statement of facts. For example, you could start the first paragraph by stating the problem, the problems it has created for everyone, the sources of the problem, the solutions that can help fix the problem, and so on. Use all of these facts in the second paragraph to provide a logical progression to your thesis. Make sure that your essay is clear and concise and leaves no room for any sort of speculation or claims.
To support your argument, you may find it necessary to cite and refer to other experts in the field. As long as your argument is supported by facts and figures, and it is not too full of conjecture or generalization, then it can be read and taken seriously by your readers. However, if you try to start your op-ed essay with a highly generalized claim and argument, then it is quite likely that it will end up being laughed at and discarded as an opinion rather than being a serious statement of fact.
You might find it beneficial to consider working as a public relations and communication consultant. As a professional writer, you will be able to write persuasive essays that persuade and influence people.
How to Create the Perfect XAT Essay TopicAs you head into the new school year, don't miss out on an opportunity to be aware of your class XAT essay topic. This will provide you with important material to work with when you're planning your paper. Read on for some tips on creating the perfect class XAT essay topic.
The Internet is awash with day to day ideas for topics. Go online and search for one that's right for you. You may also want to browse forums to see what people are talking about. It can be a lot of fun to search online and find out what people are doing with their papers.
After you've found a topic, you'll need to choose an author and a topic. That author or topic will be the driving force behind your paper. It's important to decide how you're going to structure the paper before you begin writing. Do you want a more traditional, word-for-word approach? Or do you want a more engaging writing style?
What's the point of having a topic? It will bring you to a central theme that will sustain your writing throughout the paper. For example, if you were to read a novel about a simple man with a simple life, the main theme of the paper would be his struggle to find purpose in his life. By using a topic as the focus, you'll be able to establish your argument throughout the paper.
For your XAT essay topic, choose one that has interest to you. Choose a topic that matches what interests you. If you're a writer who likes to write about animals, why not write about dogs or cats? Choose something that is relevant to you and that you have an interest in.
Choose a topic that you enjoy writing about. If you hate writing, it's very easy to get sidetracked with an idea that is interesting. Start off with a topic that you love to write about, and you'll find yourself coming back to it time again.
Don't write your XAT essay topic based solely on your love of writing. While this is often a great way to start, it won't hold up very well later on down the road. Your topic must match who you are as a person.
Be clear about what your goals are when choosing your essay topic. In doing so, you'll have the perfect opportunity to make a solid grade on your essay.
Write something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview.


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