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The 32-year-old has been ostracised since the arrival of new Red Devils boss Jose Mourinho but made a surprise appearance on Wednesday evening against West Ham.
Bastian Schweinsteiger has thanked Manchester United fans for their support after making his long-awaited return for the Red Devils during their 4-1 win over West Ham on Wednesday evening.
The German midfielder was forced to train with the club's reserves and told to work on his fitness by Jose Mourinho as his time at Old Trafford looked to have come to an end.
However the Portuguese boss brought Schweinsteiger back into the fold in November, allowing him to train with the first-team and included him in the matchday squad for Wednesday's cup tie.
While Michael Carrick and Ander Herrera started in the midfield roles, Schweinsteiger replaced Anthony Martial, who scored twice during the game, after 86 minutes and received a standing ovation from the onlooking home fans.
The 32-year-old was cheered each time he received the ball and has thanked the Red Devils fans on his social media accounts, saying: "Amazing evening with a perfect result. Thanks for the warm welcome at Old Trafford!"
Schweinsteiger made 31 appearances under Louis van Gaal last season but is yet to feature in the Premier League under Mourinho so far and is thought to be on his way out once the January transfer window opens.

subset: commoncrawl


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Economist: Budget must deal with energy
Economist Jeremy Stephen.
Jeremy Stephen wants energy cost to be on the front burner when the budget is laid in Parliament.
With many Bajans talking about possible hikes in taxes, especially the Value Added Tax (V.A.T), Stephen called on Barbadians to pay close attention to the energy sector in a Facebook Live this morning.
Referring to an article in the Wall Street Journal which he deemed troubling, he said,
"I want to put Barbadians on notice, no matter how the budget plays out, if it's a good budget or if it's bad, the worse possible thing occurred in Venezuela this week."
He said that Goldman Sachs "the company that brought down nation states and made some good money", their asset management division has spent $865 Million for bonds issued by Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A.(PDVSA) to mature in 2022.
Highlighting the fact that around 2022 is when the production of commercially viable oil is set to begin in Guyana, he insisted, "oil prices are being raised back up."
Therefore he stressed:
"So any policy, policies that don't deal with energy cost - lowering energy costs or maintaining energy costs, I don't know, God, I don't know how they will do it, but any policies that doesn't look at lowering energy costs or dealing with energy costs, has to be implemented in this budget or at least spoken to in a serious way in this budget.
"I know oil was already on the rise for years but this is a certainty; Goldman Sachs does not take losses."
Furthermore, he asserted, "As far as I'm concerned, the main thing is to start, even if you don't have, looking at implementing an energy strategy" whether it is dependent, independent or interdependent.
He urged, "This is a clear signal… I am more worried not about the budget, and this is probably my first piece of speculation, now that I'm seeing this and this is about certainty, I am more worried that this budget will be lacking one thing, that it would not be paying attention to energy cost, anything else as far as I'm concerned leads us to austerity anyhow, but the worse thing that could ever happen is an austere environment where energy cost spike through the roof."
And he called for attention to be paid to "free-up renewable energy" because at present, Barbados spends "over $60Million a month importing fuel and that is at $50 a barrel…
"Happy Budget Day to all!"


text: razzman 0 Posted September 1 Share Posted September 1 In-Game name: ThatRenaultLagunaGuy Discord User: ThatRenaultLagunaGuy#3948 Full name of the vehicle/mod Renault Laguna 3 GT 2012 Why do you want this mod? Because this is a newer generation of my dream car and I would love to drive it with my friends. URL Link: https://www.gtainside.com/en/gta5/cars/113763-renault-laguna-iii-1-add-on-extras-tuning/ Does anyone else want this mod? probably other renault fans and my friends. Which platform are you requesting the mod for? FiveM Freeroam & Chill Type of mod: Normal Vehicle Is this mod already on the server? No Has it been 3 days since your last request? Yes Link to post Share on other sites


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Best sauna 2020
Which is the best sauna in Germany?View the best offer
The 10 best saunas to buy in Germany
The top 10 list of the best saunas lists various manufacturers and prices
Review10Best looks at the best saunas in Germany and selects the one by Dewello as the best sauna. In a sauna buying guide, you can read more about the features of the different saunas and see a recommendation on which sauna to buy in Germany in 2020. By considering the top list of saunas, you can find the best saunas and save time shopping online.
Table of contents
- Read the ultimate sauna buying guide
- View the sauna picks and see how they rank in the top list
- More about saunas on the web
Go to the ranking
(skip buying guide)
Best saunas: A complete buying guide
All you need to know before buying a great sauna
With so many great celebrity endorsements today saunas have become all the rage. Not only due to the alternative health approach being the new in-thing but the benefits received from a sauna experience can go a long way to making you feel better relaxed, less stressed and put you in good health both mentally and physically. With so many saunas on the market, we hope to pull apart some of the better types of saunas so you can make a good choice when either using or purchasing your sauna.
What are saunas?
Saunas are normally made from good solid wood and often house the person using it in a cubicle style box, sometimes large and luxurious other times cozy and accommodating. Also you don't need to go in alone: More and more couples are using saunas together which is great not only for their health. There are many types of saunas on the market and they work in different ways. Traditionally saunas use steam which produces sweat but nowadays the trend is focused on far infrared saunas.…are you ready for the top picks?
Top 10 list of saunas in Germany (November 2020)
This top 10 list shows how manufacturers and their saunas rank and which sauna is the best.
- Intensive deep heat thanks to the safe radiation in the infrared A / B / C range…
- Canadian hemlock fir wood in a solid construction with a simple click assembly system,…
- Control unit (can be used from the inside and outside) with Bluetooth, SD, MP3, USB,…
- Starry Sky Multicolour LED
- 9 kw Bio combination oven with vaporiser, temperature controlled
- High quality white mosaic Marble
- Note for the installation location: in addition to the dimensions at least 10 cm…
- 4 wooden shelves and 2 lamps for indoor lighting.
- Equipped with a powerful 9000 watt sauna oven from Harvia.
- Affordable – enjoy a sauna at home. Explosion-proof, dry and leak-free. - -…
- 2 l steam tank with digital display. With a large folding chair for your comfort…
- Adjustable output and time. 5-95 minute timer. Easy to use with a remote control…
- Variations: we offer you different sizes. Have a look in our Amazon shop.
- Easy to use: the Skyline series is delivered in element components. Thanks to the…
- Design: thanks to the simple and elegant design, you can create your own wellness…
iAffiliate link. We participate in the Amazon Associates Program. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. There are no additional costs for you. For the top 10 list we consider only products that are available on Amazon while the ranking is based on factors such as customer reviews, number of sales and keyword. It is not a sauna test. Last Update 2020/11/25 17:58. o'clock.
Further resources about saunas
- Quality sauna made in USA | Almostheaven: Exceptional quality saunas have been produced by Almost Heaven Saunas for nearly 40 years. (source: almostheaven.com)
- Best Infrared Sauna Reviews | healingheattherapy: Comparison Table and Reviews of the Premier Brands will Save you Time and Help You Choose. (source: www.healingheattherapy.com)
- Traditional vs Far-Infrared Sauna | Finnleo: This blog compares and contrasts the Traditional and Far-Infrared saunas. (source: www.finnleo.com)


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As the United States continues to struggle with the COVID-19 pandemic, both the House of Representatives and the Senate are both plowing through with their agenda of discrediting each other; the Senate is mired in an investigation of the 2016 investigation of Donald Trump, while the house continues to investigate everything they believe is corrupt in Trump's administration.
Because there isn't anything else going on in America that might warrant their attention, of course.
But the House has gone to an entire new level; Remember Stormy Daniels, Trump's former porn star pet? She will be testifying before two of the House subcommittees... behind closed doors.... on Monday.
At least we know they all have their priorities in place in Washington while Americans protest and die.


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It's no surprise that living the life of a college student means that spending excessive amounts of money on clothing is not exactly a priority however that doesn't mean we can't indulge in a shopping spree every once in a while. The only difference is your typical shopping spree tends to take place in a mall, my idea of a shopping spree consists of Value Village and Value Village only. If you're not exactly an avid thrift-shopper you may wonder what's the appeal? Well let me tell you there's just something special about it, there's something so satisfying about finding the perfect piece and knowing no other person has it. So, if your new to thrifting or maybe you've always wanted to try it let me give you some tips to make your thrifting experience the best it possibly could be.
I was inspired to write this article after going to my local thrift store's 50% off sale, I left with a bag of new clothes and a desire to enlighten potential new thrift-shoppers to follow my lead and start to consider thrifting more often and potentially even get to my level where most of my wardrobe is thrifted. You may wonder what are the benefits of thrifting? Well for one thing it's a better option in terms of environmental impact, another thing to keep in mind is you can find high quality heck even designer options from an extremely low price point.
Now as for the tips to start we need to talk location, obviously its convenient to go to your local thrift stores but I would advise you to attempt to venture out. It's a great idea to check the thrift stores in other towns or cities. It'd be especially perfect if you managed to find an area with several thrift stores close to each other.
For the next tip were going to talk about what items in particular your looking for, when it comes to vintage clothing there's definitely a varying degree of quality that has to be taken into account. When it comes to fabric you want to find the most luxurious ones, the fabrics like cotton, linen, silk, wool are all fabrics to be on the look out for.
Another aspect to this what styles are best to find at the thrift store and in my experience there's a few main categories that always manage to deliver. The first would be jackets for some reason the jacket section is always full of amazing finds whether denim or perhaps even a blazer. The next would be pants more specifically jeans, its hard to find the right fit but once you do, you'll never want to take them off. One of my other favourites to look for is blouses I specifically look for silk blouses, I also love to look for any knit sweaters but especially cardigans.
My last tip is not to be afraid to experiment, obviously you don't want to overdo this but I think that its perfect to experiment with your style through clothes you pick up from the thrift store. You'll always be able to find something unique and the fact that the price isn't too high make thrifting the perfect opportunity to try out a new silhouette or perhaps a bright colour.
I hope you found this to be a good introduction to thrifting, obviously there's a lot more to be considered but I think I covered the basics. Thrifting is something that I hold very close to my heart it's a great pastime, its better for the environment, and it will add a lot of character to your wardrobe so hopefully you've been inspired to give thrifting a try! Thanks so much for reading this week Sustainable Sunday come again next week for another article about sustainability in fashion.
BY: Geneva


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Women's basketball to fortify defense before weekend home game against Rice
Senior guard Kennedy Burke scored 13 points in the first game of the season against LMU. Burke played in 35 games last season posting an average 10.6 points per game. (Elise Tsai/Daily Bruin)
Women's basketball
Friday, 2:00 p.m.
Pauley Pavilion
UCLA Live Stream
By Adriana Conte
Nov. 9, 2018 2:35 a.m.
Cori Close said that the Bruins' season-opening loss revealed the team's weaknesses.
"We got exposed," the coach said. "We have to own where we are not responding the way we need to, and we have to be more willing to compete with a sense of urgency with each other and for each other."
UCLA women's basketball (0-1) will return to Pauley Pavilion for its first home game against Rice (0-1) on Sunday. This is only the third time UCLA has faced Rice in school history, but Close said she is not concerned.
"We have a real advantage because Tasha Brown, our assistant coach, was at Rice last year," Close said. "So that is not going to be an issue."
The last time the two teams saw each other was in December 2008. The Bruins took home the victory on the road in a 82-64 decision over the Owls.
Rice went 23-10 in the regular season last year, with an 8-8 record away from home. Owls' guard Erica Ogwumike – the younger sister of WNBA All-Stars Nneka and Chiney Ogwumike – averaged 17.9 points last season and is the top returning scorer for Rice.
Rice played its first game this season Wednesday against No. 20 Texas A&M (1-0) and Ogwumike racked up 12 points on the night.
The Owls shot 38.6 percent from the field, logging 18 total turnovers. They trailed for the entirety of the contest, falling to the Aggies 65-54.
In UCLA's season opener against Loyola Marymount, the team shot 35.4 percent from the field and only 20 percent from behind the arc. The Lions cashed in 17 points off of the Bruins' 18 turnovers in the Bruins' loss Tuesday night.
"Honestly, it starts with me," said senior guard Kennedy Burke. "And knowing that I have to fight more, because even coming from film, it exposed a lot in us."
As the Bruins turn their attention away from Tuesday's loss, Close said they aim to enter the upcoming contest with a new mindset.
"All I am really concerned about is how we respond," Close said. "You need to have the courage to own it and respond according to what the reality or outcome showed you."
Both Burke and senior guard Japreece Dean said the team needs to improve defensively for Sunday.
Burke logged three fouls against the Lions, while Dean registered five of her own. Four of their combined eight fouls were in the fourth quarter, in which UCLA's 8-0 run fell short of the comeback.
"I think when I hit fatigue, I get really tired and lazy on defense," Burke said. "I just have to be more consistent on defense because I know that my team needs that from me."
Dean said playing as a team will be the Bruins' main focus going forward.
"I think it's about finding ways to lead this team so we can move on and be better for our next opponent," Dean said. "The most important thing I am thinking of right now is finding ways to lead and make my teammates better."


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'I Was Taken To My Own House And Brutalised': Vinta Nanda Accuses 'Sanskaari' Alok Nath Of Rape
"He created an environment in which I was made to feel threatened," she said.
On Monday, writer-producer Vinta Nanda accused actor Alok Nath of "brutalising" her in her own house, almost two decades ago, while she was producing TV series Tara with Nath as the lead actor.
Sharing the horrific details of continuous torture, Nanda wrote in a Facebook post, "He was an alcoholic, shameless and obnoxious but he was also the television star of that decade, so not only was he forgiven for all his bad behaviour but many of the guys would egg him on to be his worst."
She revealed that Nath also harassed the lead actress of the show. "He continued to drink till the time he was called for the shot. When the moment came and the camera rolled, he felt up our female lead and very viciously. My lead actress slapped him."
Then the sexual predator came preying for her. One night, when Nanda was travelling back to her house from a party, she was accosted by a man who was driving his own car. "He asked me to sit in it and said he would drop me home. I trusted him and sat in his car. I have faint memory after that. I can remember more liquor being poured into my mouth and I remember being violated endlessly. When I woke up the next afternoon, I was in pain. I hadn't just been raped, I was taken to my own house and had been brutalised."
Also Read: Accused Of Sexual Harassment, Prashant Jha Steps Down As Chief Of Bureau And Political Editor Of Hindustan Times
However, the harassment did not stop there. "My company was closed but I got a job to write and direct a series for Plus Channel. The man found his way through the casting route and became one of the lead actors on the show. He created an environment in which I was made to feel threatened so I asked the producers to release me from directing the series because I didn't want to be around where he was," Nanda wrote.
"The most difficult part, the main reason why I have taken so long to come out with the truth," she continued, "While I was working on this new series, he asked me to come to his house again and I went to allow him to violate me. I needed the job and didn't want to leave it as I needed the money. It was after this that I quit."
Nanda didn't mention Nath's name in the entire Facebook post but left suggestive remarks like "lead actor of Tara", "most Sanskaari person in the film and television industry" and "television star of that decade."
She later confirmed to news agency IANS that her harasser was indeed Alok Nath. "It is Alok Nath. I thought saying 'sanskaari' would do the needful," Nanda told IANS via SMS.
Concluding the Facebook post, Nanda urged those "who have suffered at the hands of predators to come out and say it aloud."
"Don't hold yourselves back. This is a moment for change so your silence will only hold barriers to its evolution. Speak out," wrote Nanda.
Read the Facebook post here.


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A 2x2 factorial experiment was used to investigate the interaction between dietary Crude Protein (CP) concentration (23 and17%) and zinc supplementation (100 and 3,000 mg/kg, from zinc oxide) on performance and biochemical responses in 32 crossbred piglets weaned at 21 days of age (4 groups of 8 each, 6.3±0.4 kg live weight). Pigs were offered four diets for 28 days after weaning, i.e., 23% CP +100 mg/kg Zn; 17% CP + 100 mg/kg Zn; 23% CP + 3,000 mg/kg Zn and 17% CP + 3,000 mg/kg Zn. There were no interactions between CP and Zn concentration on performances except for on ADG during 3 and 4 weeks. As CP content increasing, ADG, ADFI and Gain: Feed ratio (G:F) were increased across feeding period (p<0.01), however, the incidence of diarrhea was also increased (p<0.05). Supplemented those diets with pharmacological concentrations of Zn improved ADG (p<0.01), ADFI (p<0.05) and G:F (p<0.01) during first 2 weeks after weaning and decreased the incidence of diarrhea significantly (p<0.01), compared to the low-Zn diets. Dietary treatments also affected some enzymes and urea nitrogen in serum, but interactions were observed on AST and LDH from samples of 14 days only (p<0.05). In conclusion, pharmacological concentrations of Zn supplementation was favourable to ensure benefits of high-CP diets on performance of weanling pigs and this may due to its effect on lowing incidence of diarrhea at high CP concentrations. Pharmacological concentrations of Zn had no negative influence on pig health when period was 2 weeks post-weaning.
Science Alert
Early weaning of piglets is usually association with depressed growth and greater incidence of diarrhea (Aherne et al., 1992) mainly due to an immature gastrointestinal tract and some change of gut morphology such as villous atrophy and digestive enzymes activities reduction (Lallès et al., 2004). Diets with high CP content are commonly used for early-weaned pigs. This kind of diet can improve growth performance of piglets (Yue and Qiao, 2008), but is always associated with high incidence of scouring (Ball and Aherne, 1987). Reducing concentration of dietary CP with supplementing essential AA decreased the incidence of diarrhea, but also caused poorer performance (Luo, 2005; Yue and Qiao, 2008).
Over the last decades, dietary antibiotics have often been used to promote growth and control diarrhea in piglets at this stage. Due to the progressive ban of dietary antibiotics, control of post-weaning diarrhea may require using strategies other than dietary antibiotics (Wierup, 2000). Pharmacological concentrations of zinc (from ZnO) are usually added to nursery pig diets during the early weaning period, which have been implicated in the prevention of diarrhea (Holm and Poulsen, 1996) and can improve performance of piglets (Kavanagh, 1992; Poulsen, 1992; Hahn and Baker, 1993). Serum biochemical parameters can reflect health status, condition of immunity and metabolism of animals, which are used widely in clinical situations. Since, protein and zinc were both important in improving growth of piglets, there was limited information about effects of diets with different levels of protein supplemented with or without pharmacological zinc on performance and blood parameters of early-weaned piglets.
The objectives of the present experiments were to determine the effects of reducing the dietary CP content from 23-17%, while supplementing with or without pharmacological concentrations of ZnO on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and incidence of scouring in early-weaned pigs. The approach was to feed diets based on corn and soybean meal that were formulated to differ by 6 percentage units in CP but with an fixed ratio between vegetable and animal materials.
Animals, housing and experimental design: The experiment was conducted
with 32 crossbred piglets ([YorkshirexLandrace]xDuroc), with an initial BW of
6.3±0.4 kg and weaning at 21 days of age. At weaning, piglets were allocated
to 1 of 4 dietary treatments according to a 2x2 factorial arrangement, with
4 pens (2 piglets per pen) for each. Littermates of similar BW were randomly
allocated to the treatments. Treatments contained equal numbers of females and
castrated males.
All piglets were kept in stainless steel metabolism crates with slatted flooring. Pigs had free access to feed and water over the 28 days study. Room temperature, which was regulated by warmers, was initially set at 28°C and progressively decreased by 1°C each week. This study was approved by the Committee of Sichuan Agricultural University for Animal Care and Use.
Experimental diets: Four experimental diets based on corn-soybean meal were formulated with 2 levels of CP (23 or 17%), supplemented with two contents of Zn (100 mg Zn/kg diet or 3,000 mg/kg) from ZnO (Table 1). All the diets were supplemented with synthetic lysine (HCl-Lys) and only 2 diets containing low CP were supplemented with methionine. These diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (1998) recommendations for all other nutrients and were supplied in mash form.
Performance, blood sampling and assessment of severity of diarrhea: Piglets in each pen were weighed as a group on d 0 (weaning), 7, 14 and 28. Feed intake was determined weekly. Average Daily Gain (ADG), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) and Gain: Feed ratio (G:F) were calculated per pen.
On 14 and 28 days, blood samples were collected from all experimental pigs via anterior vena cava puncture into 10 mL heparin-free glass tubes, which were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm (Centrifuge Model 0406-1, Shanghai Medical Instruments Corp. Ltd., Shanghai, China) for 10 min. Supernatant was gathered into Eppendorf tubes respectively and then immediately stored at -20 for later analysis.
Severity of diarrhea was monitored twice per day (i.e., at morning and dark). A faecal consistency score were used to evaluate the severity, which was based on a scale from 0-3 (0 = normal faeces, 1 = soft faeces, 2 = mild diarrhea and 3 = watery diarrhea). A co-worker who was not aware of pig treatments was asked to record the score. When score was 2 or 3, diarrhea was recorded once. Incidence of diarrhea was calculated according to following equation:
Analysis of biochemical parameters: Serum samples were analyzed for enzymatic activities of glutamic-oxal(o)acetic transaminase (AST), Glutamate-pyruvate Transaminase (ALT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP). The activity was determined with an automatic biochemistry analyzer (CL-7200, Shimadzu Instruments Manufacturing. Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China) using standard assay kits (Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, China) and results were expressed as international units per liter as 25°C. Serum urea nitrogen concentration was measured using the same instrument.
Statistical procedures: Pen was the experimental unit for ADFI, ADG, G:F and biochemical parameters. Data was analyzed as a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with dietary CP and Zn content as the factors by General Liner Model using Univariate procedure. Statistical analysis of incidence of diarrhea was performed using the data from 8 dissections per treatment, with piglet as the experimental unit. Statistical significance was accepted at p<0.05 and tendencies for P between 0.1 and 0.05 were also presented. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 13.0.
Animal performance and incidence of diarrhea: There was no decease throughout
the experiment. In Table 2, ADG, ADFI, G:F and incidence of
diarrhea are presented. During first 2 weeks after weaning, either high-CP or
low-CP diet supplemented 3,000 mg/kg Zn improved ADG (p<0.01), ADFI (p<0.05)
and G:F (p<0.01), compared to those with 100 mg/kg Zn. Although for 3 and
4 weeks, low-CP supplemented with this content of Zn decreased ADG, ADFI and
G:F (399.55-370.09, 832.08-795.73 and 0.48-0.47, respectively), 3,000 mg/kg
Zn improved ADG (p<0.01) and G:F (p<0.05) across the period with no effect
on ADFI (p = 0.548). The reduction in CP content decreased ADG and G:F in any
period of the experiment (p<0.01), but only affected ADFI (p<0.01) during
4 weeks after weaning. As CP content increasing, the incidence of diarrhea was
increased sharply (p<0.05), indicated that high-CP diet resulted in much
more serious scouring of early-weaned piglets. But this situation was alleviated
when pharmacological concentrations of Zn were supplemented to this diet. No
interactions between Zn and CP content were found for those data except for
their effect on ADG of 3 and 4 weeks (p<0.05).
Biochemical parameters: The effects of dietary treatment on biochemical parameters were shown in Table 3. During first 2 weeks after weaning, high-CP diet supplemented with 3,000 mg/kg Zn tended to increase concentration of ALT (p=0.051) but increased serum LDH (p<0.01), AKP (p<0.01) and decreased serum BUN (p<0.01), effects of which were similar with low-CP diet compared with that of 100 mg/kg Zn. High content of CP decreased serum LDH (p<0.01) and tended to lower ALT (p = 0.097) of piglets, but the tendency for effect on AST was different between the two content of Zn. Interactions between dietary CP and Zn concentration were found for AST and LDH (p<0.05) in this period and there was a tendency for AKP (p = 0.08). For last 2 weeks of this study, the effects of Zn on ALT (p<0.01), LDH (p<0.05) and AKP (p<0.01) were similar between high-and low-CP diets. Increasing CP content resulted in higher BUN (p<0.01) and tended to lower AST (p = 0.076). There was no interaction between CP and Zn levels on those parameters from 15-28 days after weaning, except a tendency for AKP (p = 0.086).
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary CP and Zn content on growth performance, incidence of diarrhea and biochemical parameters of piglets. We hypothesized that increase in dietary CP would improve the performance and result in more serious diarrhea, but supplementing pharmacological concentrations of Zn (from ZnO) may prevent or decrease incidence of diarrhea so as to gain a better performance of weaned piglets.
Diets with high content of CP improved overall growth performance, this is in close agreement with previous studies (Luo, 2005; Htoo et al., 2007). The role of protein is very obvious, young animal need much more protein from diet for development because of the contrary between the immature gastrointestinal tract and fast growth, but high CP may increase microbial fermentation of undigested protein and encourage proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract (Ball and Aherne, 1987), which would cause scouring. It was anticipated that reducing dietary CP while balancing the diets for essential AA would support similar piglet performance (Hansen et al., 1993; Le Bellego and Noblet, 2002). However, some reports were contrary to them. Nyachoti et al. (2006) reported that final BW and the overall ADG and ADFI were reduced by feeding diets containing lower CP compared with which containing 23% CP. Recently, Yue and Qiao (2008) showed that reducing CP level did not affect ADFI but resulted in poorer ADG and F:G of early-weaned pigs during first two weeks post-weaning. In this study, only two essential AA was considered, both of which met or exceeded recommendations of NRC (1998), but the ratio between vegetable and animal materials was the same within diets with different levels of CP. It was aimed to avoid the effects of crystalline AA supplemented, which may affect the responses estimated in this study and also to find out another strategy to improve performance of early-weaned piglets.
Addition of 3,000 mg/kg Zn (from ZnO) also improved performance of young pigs fed with either high or low content of CP. It has been demonstrated that pharmacological concentrations of Zn (from ZnO) could improve growth performance of early-weaned piglets and decrease the incidence and severity of diarrhea (Holm, 1990; Hahn and Baker, 1993) and this positive effect happened when dose was 2,000-4,000 mg Zn/kg diet (Smith et al., 1997; Hill et al., 2000). In general, young pigs fed diets with high level of Zn had better performance than that of low level in this study, except for ADFI of 1-2 weeks. It was in our expectation that pigs received high-CP diet supplemented with 3,000 mg/kg Zn had the best performance (except for ADFI of 1 and 2 weeks), which may due to the prevention of Zn against diarrhea. Some mechanisms may explain why pharmacological concentrations of Zn had this effect, one of which was the inhibition of Zn on proliferation of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli (Broom et al., 2003). This may explain when high-CP diet was supplemented with pharmacological concentrations of Zn, the incidence and severity of diarrhea was modified.
The amount of any single enzyme in serum indirectly reflects its concentration
in the cell, extent of cell injury, normal cell death or apoptosis and its degradation
in plasma (Kaneko et al., 1997). ALT and AST are two of the most reliable
markers of hepatocellular injury or necrosis. AST is known to present in various
tissues like liver, heart, kidney, brain, pancreas and lungs. Therefore, the
present of AST is a sensitive marker of soft tissue damage although, it is not
an organ-specific enzyme (Boyd, 1983). Dietary CP may affect functions of liver
and proper content of CP can prevent some diseases (Tanabe et al., 2002).
In our study, there was an interaction between CP and Zn content on AST of 1
and 2 weeks. During this period, High content of CP tended to decrease AST while
did not affect ALT, indicated that higher content of CP may benefit for pig
health, which was similar to others report (Luo, 2005). But pharmacological
concentrations of Zn increased AST in pigs fed with high-CP diet, compared with
that of low-CP diet. Furthermore, Pharmacological concentrations of Zn increased
content of ALT during 3 and 4 weeks after weaning, indicated that the supplement
of Zn lasting long may have no benefit. However, the content of ALT of this
study was in the normal range (10.5-45 IU/L) of animals (Lu, 1974).
AKP and LDH play a role in AA and carbohydrate metabolism and are sensitive to Zn. Their activities increase can enhance synthesis of protein. Zn increased activities of those 2 enzymes in our study, which was similar with others (Cai, 2004; Leng et al., 2004), indicated that Zn may improve synthesis of protein which may explain the promotion of Zn on performance.
Urea excreted in urine is the main nitrogenous end-product from AA catabolism in pigs and plasma or serum urea concentrations may be indicative of excreted N in urine (Brown and Cline, 1974; Zervas and Zijlstra, 2002). In addition, Serum or plasma urea nitrogen can be used in various animal species to quantify N utilization and excretion rates (Kohn et al., 2005). Lower blood urea nitrogen indicated higher availability of dietary nitrogen (Figueroa et al., 2002; Owusu-Asiedu et al., 2003). In the present study, the effect of CP level was different in two periods. In first 2 weeks post-weaning, CP level had no effect on serum urea nitrogen. This was contrast to Yue and Qiao (2008), who found that as CP level increasing, serum urea nitrogen was increased in piglets during first 2 weeks post-weaning. The discrepancies may be explained by differences in the age and the genetype of piglets used. In our study, (YorkshirexLandrace)xDuroc piglets were weaned at 21 day of age, whereas Yue and Qiao (2008) used WhitexLandrace barrows weaned at 18 days. But during 3 and 4 weeks, serum urea nitrogen was lower in pigs fed with low-CP diet, compared to which consumed a higher CP diet. High Zn content decreased serum urea nitrogen during first 2 weeks after weaning, which was in agreement with others (Brown and Cline, 1974; Fang, 1999). Lower concentrations of serum urea nitrogen indicated a lower rate of protein catabolism and a higher deposition of protein, which may cause a better response of performance.
Conclusion: In our study, there were positive responses of performance and biochemical parameters in piglets when fed higher content of CP or Zn. High-CP diet did have a positive effect on performance and pharmacological Zn (from ZnO) could enhance this advantage by decreasing incidence of diarrhea without an injury to piglet health, such as soft tissue damage.
This RESAERCH was supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRTO555).


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At the Newro Foundation, we're seeking to develop new ideas and new research for new hope in the fields of neurology, neurosurgery, spinal surgery and the neurosciences.
Through research, our goal is to improve the treatment and post-operative care of patients so they can return to a normal life as quickly as possible.
The Newro Foundation has been busy working with our partners to run unique and world-leading trials aimed at finding better outcomes for brain tumour patients. We are actively recruiting patients for a number of clinical trials... Read On »Subscribe to our Newletter »
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Advice on a trestle table with leaves12/20
I need advice about the best way to design a trestle table that can expand in length.
How are you going to mount the top if you use slides? If you screw the center of the slide to some stretchers, the top is going to expand in it's width. So any solid fastening of the slides to the base is going to put the top in a bind. 33" is way too tall in my book. I make most of my tables 29 to 30". I always consider how the people will sit when doing leaves. At 42" wide, two can sit on the end if they favor themselves to the outside. I usually figure 24" per person. Now you have those people on the edge, and then it gets them too close to the person that centers up on 24" leaf pulled from the end of the table.
There are several ways to do leaves in a trestle base table. If you want to pull the top apart and put leaves in the center, you will need to build a frame with a solid bottom that's attached to the top of your trestle base. Steel bottom mount slides have flanges that mount to the bottom of your frame and to the underside of your top. The frame has to be sized to accommodate the slides travel and length of your leaves. leevalley.com carries these slides in several lengths. To keep your leaves flat, screw some solid wood cleats approximately 1.25 x 2" to the underside on each end of your leaves. To accommodate seasonal wood movement, counterbore your cleats on the ends about 3/4" deep on the edge against the underside of your top. This will allow your top to expand or contract without splitting the top or breaking a screw. I've built quite a few tables this way and never had a problem.
Thanks for the responses. Both were helpful.
Most people, tall or not, that want more leg room at a table actually want the apron to be very narrow or gone. Apron to chair seat clearance is what is wanted so they can cross their legs, etc. A trestle table typically will have no apron, so will solve that.
Also, a tall table will put anyone else at the table ill at ease, with their plates at chin level. You might seriously consider removing 1" in height from the client's chair.
At any rate, mock it up directly in front of him to be sure before you start cutting wood.
When I first started out on my own, I would take odd requests and think I was doing the world a favor, finding a niche, etc. After a couple of reworks once the clients got what they ordered and saw where they went wrong, I relied on my knowledge of design and historical precedent to keep everybody happy.
The housewife that demands seating 16 at an 8' long table by making it 10' wide gets a quick math and design lesson, and is sent off, unfulfilled. At least by me.
Yes Rick, that table was all solid alder except the 3/4 ply base I used in the frame to attach the slides.
I agree with David that 33" is too tall for a dining table, and would make your clients guests feel like a little kid at the adult table. Maybe that's the point...
That being said, a new trend is bar height dining tables that use barstools instead of chairs. I've done a couple lately including this one in walnut that was 60 wide x 84 long x 36 high. The designer put 10 barstools around it.


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The heated metal blank is formed into a die, which gathers metal, to produce a shape close to the final finished dimensions. This process route maintains the piece integrity and gives excellent grain flow to the formed shape.
The use of Yifei forging to produce a shape close to the required finished shape minimizes waste of the often expensive raw material and produces substantial cost savings in subsequent metal removal and machining operations.
Product Description
Precision Shaft Machining Process
We still learning the advanced technology and production management experience from Domestic and abroad, introducing the advanced production and testing equipment from Germany and Japan . also have several shaft production lines made of advanced CNC sets of equipment.
Our products cover dozens of shaft products, such as micro-motor shaft, vacuum cleaner motor shaft, automobile motor shaft, electric tool shaft, water pump shaft, small home appliance shaft, VCD / DVD optical drive shaft and PCB steel handle.
Our products are exported to North America, South America, Southeast Asia market, and with Taiwan LETON, FOXCONN, and other well-known multinational companies have a good business dealings.
Precision Extrusion Process
Our company has "Precision extrusion" core technology, mainly used for forming the Cups, hollow parts, rectangular splines, involute splines, asymmetric shaft and disk, gears and other parts. The technology has been widely used in the car hydraulic steering and electric steering, brake systems, automotive gear boxes and other products.
Put the material (ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals) into the mold cavity at normal temperature under a certain pressure, the material into the desired shape, size, precision parts. "Precision extrusion" can replace machining to produce machining can not be completed products.
The mechanical properties and material utilization of Precision extrusion processing is higher than the machining processing about 30%.Also,size dispersion, roughness, processing efficiency increased exponentially.
We introduce advanced MMK2-630 warm forging press line made by SCHULER,equiped with automatic feeding system, inductive heating system, temperature-rating and selecting system, 4 locations NC-Transfer, mould lubricating and cooling system and etc., with the production times as 30 pieces per minute.and the product accuracy can reach to the cold forging processing,which is a reliable guarantee for batch production of precise forging parts.
At the same time, our company has Dozens of advanced forging equipment such as 1600T electric screw multi-position press, friction press, forging hydraulic press and flat forging hydraulic press, etc.can produce 0.5 - 30 kg / piece of various high-quality forgings.
We can offer you investment casting parts, railway casting parts, railway parts, excavator machinery parts, mining machinery parts, engineering machinery, agricultural machinery parts, sand casting, bucket tooth, auto parts, stamping & forging, and valve parts. We are capability in manufacture non-standard metal machining.
We can also produce precision castings, investment castings, lost foam castings, lost wax castings, sand casting, green sand castings, die casting, gravity castings, aluminum castings, steel castings, iron castings.
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For over half a century, luxury yacht maker Princess Yachts has delighted the world's discerning seafarers with some of the most sumptuous, innovative vessels to grace its oceans. Now, having just launched the new Y85 Flagship Flybridge Motor Yacht and on the eve of the unveiling of its all-new X95 Superfly flagship model in January, Gafencu chats with Kiran Jay Haslam, the brand's Marketing Director, about its long history and the secrets behind its continued success.
Tell us about Princess Yachts and what sets it apart from competitor brands.
Princess was founded in 1965, and in our 54-year history we have remained true to our mantra of "Crafted in Plymouth, England" – that makes us extremely unique, not just in the world of luxury yachts, but in manufacturing as well, as we still go from raw material to finished yachts on our premises here in the South West of England. We have 3200 full time employees designing, building and delivering our yachts in over 103 countries across the globe, and since the company was founded we have manufactured over 17,800 yachts. Our detail oriented and sophisticated design processes are leading in the luxury yacht sector.
How has the luxury yachting industry evolved over the past decade? What new features are customers looking for?
Customers are always after luxury – and for us that is defined as design simplicity and a level of relaxation and comfort that is second to none. It is quite complicated to design something that is simple – and quite simple to design something that is complicated! So we see more customers looking for that design simplicity. The truly revolutionary change is coming, however, as never before have we had so many customers expressing a desire to embrace eco-friendly and sustainable materials and products. Princess customers are also continuously looking for a yacht that allows that wonderful interaction of a group of friends or family aboard. The typical features we see our customers appreciated are strong seakeeping and safety, and space! You can never have enough space aboard, so we are always redefining space and looking at packaging that space to provide as much opportunity to store and enjoy extended time aboard.
Can you introduce us to the new Y85 Flagship Flybridge Motor Yacht? How does it differ from its predecessors, and what new innovations can be found on board?
This is a truly exciting product in our range. It is a mini megayacht! And by that I mean, we have squeezed some wonderful features that one would expect to see on a megayacht but on an 85ft hull. Privacy for guests in the main saloon, a converting open-closed galley, expansive glazing bringing in the outside world, a jacuzzi on the flybridge, and four cabins with one a full beam master cabin. The exterior space is exceptional and we have applied our detailed approach from our interiors to the outside surfaces and finishes.
You'll also be unveiling a new design – the X95 – in January. Tell us more about this upcoming launch.
Well, the X95 is the first of our X Class – our new flagship line of Superfly yachts. It re-invents space aboard, with volume that is class leading. We have developed a very efficient wave piercing bow, and the result is an incredible weight distribution and hull performance that is stable and safe in even the roughest of weather conditions. The design of the X is very ship-like and vertical, and we have 5 cabins, an enormous cockpit, skylounge, and the best part? The super flybridge! We have called this product "superbly" as the 29 metre yachts had a 22 metre-long flybridge that connects the aft deck with the foredeck. This yacht has more interior space than our 35M, and even prior to launch it is our most successful model – in terms of pre-launch sales. We will give visitors an under-the-skin experience at boot Dusseldorf in January, and the first customers will take delivery of their boats throughout 2020. I invite Gafencu readers to join us for the Dusseldorf boat show to also experience this!
How important is the Hong Kong / Greater China market to Princess Yachts, and what unique design influences are crafted for this region?
Hong Kong and China are very important markets for Princess. Hong Kong has always been a yacht-savvy marketplace, however, the Chinese market is really developing rapidly into a yacht connoisseur market place, too. I often get asked what design features and influences do we craft for Asia, and I must say, I never like to patronise or generalise on a culture specific level, so my answer is simply: we design and craft features for each and every one of our customers, specific to their individual tastes. Most owners really just want a unique way to make their boat individual without compromising on functionality, performance or safety.
Thank you.


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Burundi: 25 foreign NGOs authorized to resume operations /update 2
25 foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) authorized to resume operations November 5
Read all related news alert(s):
Burundi: Three NGO workers arrested in Muyinga October 10 /update 1
Burundi: Government suspends NGO operations
On Monday, November 5, the government authorized 25 foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to resume operations following a month-long suspension. It remains unclear, however, when their operations will effectively resume.
On October 2, the Burundian government, following a National Security Council decision, ordered the majority of international NGOs operating in the country to cease operations for three months. The move reportedly seeks to force NGOs to comply with a law passed in January 2017 that imposes an ethnic quota for NGO workers - 60 percent Hutu and 40 percent Tutsi - as well as financial regulations. The suspension may, however, be extended beyond the original three-month period if NGOs continue to fail to comply with the law; only four of the 130 NGOs present in the country had complied as of mid-October. Eleven other NGOs have filed applications for re-registration.
The Burundian government has hinted that noncompliant NGOs would be permanently banned from the country.
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When Celebrities Snap
Paparazzo Ron Galella was the ultimate celebrity photographer—they couldn't live with him, and they couldn't live without him. Throughout his long career, Galella was sued by Jackie O. and had his jaw broken by Marlon Brando, got into near-fisticuffs with Steve McQueen, and shot countless other stars of Hollywood's halcyon glamour era. He was a sniper, a con-artist, an intruder, a stalker, and a genius at getting the money shot, but he also was responsible for some of the most iconic and lasting images of celebrities. Documentarian Leon Gast ( When We Were Kings) explores the complicated subject of Galella and his celebrity adversaries in the new film Smash His Camera, which hits theaters this weekend. It is a must-see for lovers of fame, greed and money (and really, who isn't?). Eric Hynes of the Village Voice writes that Gast's documentary has "a freewheeling charm that perfectly matches its subject," while Movieline's Michelle Orange says, "There is casual genius in some of the captured moments, a combination of access, timing, and luck, with the subject almost always carrying most of the image's weight."
Plus: George Clooney's Girlfriend's Sex-Scandal Ties
Plus: Jean-Michel Basquiat's Radiant New Movie
Plus: Plus: Watch 9 Great Jersey Shore Moments
Plus: The Four Actresses Vying to Star in The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo
Crashing Wavves
Young San Diego musician Nathan Williams has already been through his share of drama as frontman of the beachy pop band Wavves—in 2009 he had a public meltdown at a show in Barcelona as a result of a drug and alcohol binge, and he couldn't perform for the crowds. Now, back and recovered, Williams and his band have created the perfect end-of-summer record, King of the Beach, out online this week and in jewel box form this coming Tuesday. The record lacks the grittiness of Wavves' previous work, and that's a good thing; the band finally sounds like it has come into its own, and the record may be their first big mainstream breakthrough. As the rock website Stereogum notes, "The textures offer more details and patterns. The songs feel fleshier, less solo: Wavves has become a real band, which serves Williams' knack for sunny, catchy melody."
Just Plain Guilty
We all have to have that mid-summer guilt trip of lounging lazily on the couch, blank stare focused at the TV. This week, your guilty pleasure comes in the form of The CW's newest and irresistible reality show, Plain Jane. The show is the ultimate makeover hour; British fashion expert Louise Roe helps wallflowers bloom as she gives them fashion tips, beauty overhauls, and confidence-building activities to help shy, mousy-types finally confront their secret crushes. Sure, it's excruciating to watch at times, and it's picking on the low-hanging fruit of the reality world, but we told you it is very guilty. We recommend watching it alone, eating sorbet, in sweatpants. Let your inner plain Jane fly and you'll fit right in.


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I am humbled and honored to be a Pastor. God called me into vocational ministry in February of 2009.
The Lord has blessed me with a wonderful wife. Shayla and I were married on May 21, 2005. We serve together. The Lord has also blessed us with three daughters.
I was called to be the Lead Pastor at Warner First Baptist Church in Warner, Oklahoma on June 28, 2020.
I graduated from the University of Central Oklahoma with a Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Journalism – Public Relations. I obtained a Masters of Theological Studies from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. I am also working on a Doctor of Ministry in Biblical Counseling from Andersonville Theological Seminary.
My desire is to feed, lead, and care for the people of the church. My heart is for the people to be equipped to walk with the Lord and I believe this is properly done through the expositional teaching of God's Word.
Students & Music
For more information please contact Justin Villines at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Paul has been Minister of Music at First Baptist Church since 1986. He has directed music in six different Baptist churches; 14 years in Texas, and 26 years in Oklahoma. In 1964, Paul was ordained as a Deacon at the Northside Baptist Church in Midland, Texas.
Paul graduated from Oklahoma Baptist University (B.S.) in 1961, with a major in Math, and a minor in Music, and from Texas Tech University (M.S.) in 1965, with additional graduate study in computers at Southern Methodist University. He was Director of the Computer Center at Connors State College for 29 years, before his retirement in 2004.
Paul believes that the music of the church should include as many people as practical. He currently directs a group of adults, called the Unified Singers, a Youth Handbell Choir, the Youth Singers, aTeam Kids Children's Choir, and a Senior Adult Choir. These groups sing regularly in the services at FBC. Paul also enjoys spending time with his eight grandchildren.


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Messier 3
By Toxophilus
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M3 - Globular Cluster
My first attempt at a globular cluster. I had a feeling that this would be a tricky target and I was right. But not bad for a first go. Globular clusters, often referred to as Jewels in the Sky and it's easy to see why. These amazing clusters of stars are orbiting our galaxy and so are actually part of it. This one was discovered in 1764 and is estimated to contain 500,000 stars and around 8 billion years old. It is approximately 33,900 light-years away from Earth. If you want to know more the astrobin link is: http://www.astrobin.com/251536/
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"A lot goes into making a marriage, and sex is just a part of it"
Having a threesome is a popular sexual fantasy for most people. But having one isn't as simple as it sounds, especially if you're married and doing it with your partner.
As a Delhi married couple reveals, a threesome has more to it than you'd have imagined.
The husband shares his take
"A lot of people may find it hard to believe but neither of us had ever fantasised about having a threesome. We'd been together since college, and even after a decade of our marriage, we were totally in love. Yet, I can't deny that we weren't particularly happy. Why's that? I guess, after so many years of being with each other, a certain kind of boredom had seeped in. Sex had definitely become mundane, and a tad bit unexciting, and that had started to have a far bigger impact on our marriage than either of us would've envisaged."
"As an immediate measure to fix things, we went for couple's therapy. And after many sessions of talking it out together, and individually, with our therapist, we arrived at the conclusion that our sex life needed an immediate reboot."
QUICK READ: A Mumbai couple in an open relationship reveals how they make it work
"Honestly, we tried everything we possibly could. Role-play, sex toys, even BDSM, but nothing seemed to be working. I really didn't know what to do, as I definitely didn't want my wife to leave me for another man."
"It was around this time that she suggested having a threesome. Her argument was that maybe having a another person in our bedroom would add the exact kind of spice our sex life needed. At first, I protested. We had a massive fight about it!"
"However, a few days later, I confided in a friend and he made me realise how common it was for married couples to have a threesome, and how having one didn't mean that my wife would leave me. It was just a fantasy, and fulfilling it was going to have no impact on our marriage and love for each other."
"We have had a couple of more threesomes since"
"We set some pretty clear and concise rules - this person had to be a complete stranger, we weren't going to repeat the act with him ever again and my wife wouldn't exchange numbers with him. I also made it clear that I wasn't going to do anything with him during the act!"
"How did we find him? At a popular nightclub in Delhi. He was flirting with my wife, and during that conversation she asked him if he'd be up for a threesome. He consented, and that very night, we brought him home!"
ALSO READ: Best nightclubs in Delhi open past midnight
"I have to admit that having that threesome totally saved our marriage. It opened us up to the idea that our marriage just didn't depend on our sex life, and if needed, we could do whatever it takes to fix things. My wife and I have always had deep love for each other - bringing a third person into our bedroom was just for sex and nothing more."
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The wife puts across her point of view
"When did I first start feeling that something was amiss in our marriage, or rather, our sex life? It was when I completely stopped enjoying have sex, and dreaded having it with my husband."
"We'd been married for over a decade, and despite having a lot of love for him, I just wasn't able to enjoy having sex with my husband anymore. Why and how did that happen? I don't do, honestly. All I know is that I had gotten bored. It happens, you know? Not all men and women remain sexually satisfied with their partners alone for their entire lives."
"Let me just clarify that it was never about dating or marrying another man. I always have and always will love my husband. Our problems were only in the bedroom, and I never thought about leaving him, just to solve those issues. Even when we were talking to the therapist, I always insisted that it was just about having better sex!"
"Fortunately, my husband was open to the idea of having a threesome. At first, he did protest, yes, but eventually, he did come around. I suppose he too understood that our bond was, and is way more strong than that. We needed to fix a problem, and if that meant inviting a third person in our bedroom, then so be it!"
"Suddenly, there was so much chemistry and passion in our bedroom"
"We met him at a party. He was shamelessly flirting with me, and when I asked him if he'd be open to having a threesome with us, he immediately agreed. I don't know what made me ask him - he just looked like he'd be okay with something like this!"
"Did I enjoy the threesome? Of course, I did. It was everything my body craved for. Suddenly, there was so much chemistry and passion in our bedroom, and nothing felt familiar which is what made it exciting. Even my husband felt like a whole new person!"
NOW READ: Confessions of a Delhi couple in long-distance marriage
"We don't have regular threesomes - it's always as and when either of us crave something different. I don't see what's wrong with it, though. I know a lot of people may frown upon us, but who cares about them? My husband and I are happy, in love and completely committed to each other."
"A friend once asked me if there's a larger issue in our marriage that we're both ignoring. She wondered if this desire to have a threesome is symptomatic of something else. All I have to say to that is there's a lot that goes into making and breaking a marriage, and sex is just a part of it."
"Every couple has to put in work to make their marriage work, and that work can literally be anything. For us, it is sex with a third person, and we don't think there's anything wrong with that."
*The opinions expressed in this article are solely of the couple who're based out of Delhi and chose not to reveal their identity*
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Skywing's Blog
A Kabuki Experience: The Tale of Princess Usuyuki (Part 2)
Hello world explorers and travelers alike,
Throughout my time living in Japan, I tried to do things that I had never done before. I went to Osaka (大阪) and ate Takoyaki (たこ焼き), traditional Japanese, fried Octopus Balls. I climbed the steps of Himeji-jo (姫路城), an original Japanese castle. I ate Owakudani (大涌谷) black eggs at Ashi no Ko (芦ノ湖) or Lake Ashi in Hakone (箱根) near Mt. Fuji (富士山). I cosplayed at huge "Cosplay Photo Stadiums". I climbed into onsens (温泉) completely naked while heat from the mineral-infused water soothed my sore muscles. I even went to the Maid Cafés that Akihabara (秋葉原) was famous for. My first Kabuki experience though, was a no joke, INTENSE experience steeped in rich Japanese history and culture.
As readers will know based on the first part of this mini-blog series (which you can read here), I went to my first Kabuki experience in 2015 with my Japanese Professor, who, upon our first class, I was told to call 'Sensei', meaning 'Teacher' in Japanese, and that is who and what she has been to me ever since. Since 2010, I had studied Japanese language and culture. I then moved to Japan, where I continued to work on my fluency and went out of my way to experience as much as I could in the land of the rising sun. Our meeting five years later in front of the Kabuki theater was both an exciting and happy day, but it was also a day in which I would get to enter a building in which I would see an ever evolving art form that was over 400 years in age. As such, there's going to be a LOT more Kanji in this post, so get ready! (And forgive me for any errors, Kabuki translations are hard. But I did my best!)
So what exactly is Kabuki?
Kabuki is a Japanese performing art done on stage revolving around dance and an acted out story line. It could be said in some ways to be similar to the theater performances of plays and musicals of the west, though structured differently and, obviously, rich in Japanese traditional culture and storytelling aesthetics. The characters for Kabuki translate to mean 'song' (歌), 'dance' (舞), and 'skill'(伎) respectively (歌舞伎), quite appropriate for the art. Kabuki initially began in 1603 in Kyoto (京都), at which point it was performed by women, though it later transitioned to an art form in which the casts became all-male, resembling the casts of Kabuki theater seen today, with men at times undertaking what are known as 'onnagata' (女形) or female roles.
The art form thrived during the Edo-jidai (江戸時代), a period in which Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate's rule isolated itself from the outside world, which lasted from 1603 to 1868. As a result, the country's arts flourished, driving the creation of elements that would eventually become well known as part of Japanese history and culture, including Kabuki theater. Over time, Kabuki took on more unusual and exaggerated styles of dress, make up (known as Kumadori, 隈取) and behavior on stage. Near the end of the Edo-jidai, Kabuki theater faced hurdles, but from the time of the Meiji Restoration (Meiji Ishin, 明治維新) in 1868 and the proceeding Meiji-jidai onward, the art form once again was able to return to a 'full stage' level of activity.
Kabuki Today
The theater we went to when we met on that day in June is known today as "Kabuki-za" (歌舞伎座), the primary theater for the art form within Tokyo (東京), and was located in the Ginza (銀座) district, an upscale area known for its high end shopping. It is presently run by Shochiku, a Japanese entertainment company, and employs many actors descending from many generations of Kabuki actors, who often pass on their stage names to present day performers. For those wishing to see Kabuki who live overseas, some Kabuki troupes now travel the world performing, but of course the best place to see Kabuki is in the homeland of the art itself.
The Kabuki-za theater was originally built in 1889 by Fukuchi Gen'ichiro (福地 源一郎). Unfortunately, since it was first built, it underwent several tragedies, including an electrical fire in 1921, a fire due to the Grant Kanto Earthquake of 1923 (also known as the Kanto Dai-Jishin, 関東大地震), and destruction due to the air bombings of World War II. In 1950, it was rebuilt based on the 1924 structure and lasted for 60 years, at which point it underwent reconstruction to fortify the building against earthquakes as well as allow for easier accessibility for all patrons. Thus, the day of our show, it was this final and present day refurbished structure that we got to see and go into.
Over the years, many Kabuki shows have been written and performed throughout Japan. The one we saw a part of was called "Shin Usuyuki Monogatari" (新薄雪物語) which roughly translates to "New Usuyuki Story" or officially in English "The Tale of Princess Usuyuki". It was first performed in a Kabuki theater format in 1741 in Kyoto. Originally a 3 part drama, it later became a 4 act show divided into 7 scenes. Normally, not all acts of the show are performed, but for this June 2015 rendition, all 4 acts were staged. We were able to see Act 1: "Hanami" (花見), meaning "Cherry Blossom Viewing".
Typically, there are two ways to get tickets to Kabuki theater. The first is through a reservation system (sometimes found online, like there English sites for Kabuki-za here or for general Shochiku-run Kabuki shows here), while the second is when one arrives the day of and stands in line to get tickets from the box office. The first system works very well for securing spots close to the stage as well as seats for all acts of the show, whereas the second method does not guarantee close seats or the ability to see every act of the show, but it is significantly more affordable.
As mentioned in my last post, we took the latter approach and secured two tickets each for two acts, Act 1: Hanami and Act 2: Sengi (詮議) as we managed to be in the first 50 who lined up for tickets. After, we went to the basement level of the building to grab a quick bento (弁当) lunch box prior to the show. I was a little surprised, as the place reminded me a bit of a mini-depachika (デパ地下), which I wasn't expecting! After eating our bentos and catching up, we walked around the basement, where there were a variety of omiyage (お土産), or souvenirs available for sale, much of which included small trinkets and pristine, wrapped snacks. Additionally, there were also some kimono (着物) and other costumes on display below from past shows that we were able to admire too.
Shin Usuyuki Monogatari
Finally though, the time came to go and get in line for admission. While we stood in line, we spoke a bit about what the experience might be like, which gave me a bit more of a heads up for what I was about to experience. One thing that stood out to me that Sensei said was that oftentimes in Kabuki the actors use old Japanese language, which can be so difficult that not even native Japanese speakers can fully understand it (It gave me the impression that it must be a bit like of how Shakespearn or Biblical language can be for Native English speakers). We soon presented our tickets and were directed along with many others to go up to the third level. Prior to entering the theater, Sensei told me to grab a translation headset and I did so promptly, knowing my Japanese was not at the level of translating "old classics".
Once inside, we managed to grab some seats which allowed us to see most of the whole stage! The stage itself at first displayed a beautifully gold painted background, which reminded me of some of the beautiful, sliding fusuma (襖) doors at Nijo castle (二条城) in Kyoto, only this time, it was in one huge panel instead of several that met together. Later, it would be covered prior to the start of the performance with curtains in the traditional black, red, and green colors for Kabuki shows. And of course, a hanamichi (花道) or a "flower path", a common feature of Kabuki theaters, was present near downstage right, to allow performers to come in from the back of the theater behind the audience to the front of the stage. As such, though fully refurbished, the theater's stage itself kept key elements of Kabuki plays intact and present. And soon enough, the show began!
The story itself was a Kabuki epic. The Act Hanami told the story of Saemon Sonobe (園部左衛門) and Princess Usuyuki (薄雪姫), who fall in love under the cherry blossoms at Kiyomizudera (清水寺), a temple in Kyoto (which I have since managed to actually visit!). The two become drawn to one another when Saemon is out to deliver on behalf of the Shogun (将軍) a sword to the temple and discovers a poem written by the princess. Meanwhile, the antagonist Daizen (大膳) damages (or 'curses') the sword presented to the temple by Saemon with the hope of framing the couple and destroying the union in the process as he lusts after Usuyuki (Damaging the sword would have been considered a capital offense, as a samurai's sword was often thought of as a part of his soul. thus damaging the sword symbolically represents the desire to kill the samurai himself). Saemon's yakko footman servant (奴物) Tsumahei (妻平) attempts to disrupt this plot of Daizen's, but is ambushed by his henchmen, who are in love with Tsumahei's love interest Magaki (腰元籬… don't quote me on that Kanji translation though), who is Usuyuki's attendant, and a fight ensues as the curtains are drawn.
Though I would learn it later on, during the performance, we got to see many of the current members of the Nakamura family, well known for their history within the performing art. As mentioned above, in Kabuki, the traditional art form is often passed down through family lines directly through blood or sometimes via adoption, thus allowing for keeping such a long standing tradition alive and well. Notable actors we saw included, but were not limited to Nakamura Kinnosuke II (中村錦之助) as Saemon, Ichimura Kakitsu IX (市村家橘), Nakamura Kichiemon II (中村吉右衛門), Nakamura Tokizô V (中村時蔵) as Magaki, Nakamura Hashinosuke IV (中村橋之助), Onoe Kikugorô VII (尾上菊五郎) as Tsumahei, and Kataoka Nizaemon XV (片岡仁左衛門) as Daizen. Also, take a look at that last name and roman numeral next to it. The current Kataoka Nizaemon is the fifteenth in his family line to undertake that Kabuki name! That's incredible!!
Impressions and Takeaways
The Act "Hanami" took roughly a little over an hour in its entirety to perform and was very different from any kind of stage performance I had seen previously, and I had grown up around many a theater productions. Attributes of Kabuki that I immediately noticed as different than western theater included the much slower speed at which the plot, words, and even motions progressed. Whereas often in western theater some behavior can be improvised if needed, I got the impression that every way in which something was said or a movement was done was carefully planned out prior to the performance and necessary for the performance to achieve 'perfection'. Very slow and deliberate are good adjectives for this art form, with everything being stylized in an intentional manner. Even the way words were said often had a song like quality to them, with intonation, pitch, and tone undertook a similar manner of execution as that of the movements – very detailed and pre-planned for precise execution.
Additionally, Sensei was completely correct in noting that I would likely not understand anything without the translation device. I was so grateful to have the translation machine, as even though I had studied Japanese for five years at this point (and I got A's mind you), I would have been very lost without it! (So no, I did not understand the full plot until after the show – only the gist of it). Another noticeable difference from other plays I had seen was that, considering the act structure, a full performance (all acts included) could easily take up to 5 hours, not including breaks I'd imagine, to get through them all. This is a substantially much longer time frame than most western shows (when I saw Hamlet in almost its entirety, it was about 3 hours long and that's known as being one of, if not the longest of Shakespeare's plays). I'd later learn that this was because as Kabuki grew, it became a 'day escape' for audiences, thus a much longer story was told than those in the west.
Interestingly though, in the case of Shin Usuyuki Monogatari, it seemed to me that one did NOT have to see the entirety of the show (in this case 4 acts) to enjoy it. The act itself told a very succinct tale, much like an episode of a mini-TV series. So you could enjoy the story the act told and if you wanted to see more, you could do so. If you didn't want to see more, you had the choice to vacate during a break between acts. Though I'm not sure if this is the case with every Kabuki show, considering Sensei and I choose to forgo the second act, I wouldn't be surprised if the structure of the Kabuki acts developed to accommodate patrons in this manner or if other Kabuki shows have similar plot structures within their respective acts.
Overall, it was quite an enjoyable performance and very different from any other sort of theater production I had seen in the past. While it was certainly steeped in rich traditions, the performance still incorporated new ways of performing, such as the added acrobatic fight sequences added at the end of the act for a more modern audience, which were unique and visually very entertaining. And of course, from an aesthetic standpoint, the sets and costuming were visually stunning and I could not get over how beautiful the kimono and hairpieces were. (Yes, I put 'buy a real Kimono' on my bucket list after seeing this). Just absolutely beautiful. In short, it was a very unique theater performance and I hope to go again in the future!
So if you're in Japan and have the chance to go to see Kabuki, should you go? I'd highly recommend it, particularly if you are interested in Japanese history, traditional culture and language or if you are interested in theatrics of any kind, as it is so very unique and elaborate. It retains a long performance structure for sure and the Japanese is rather ancient. But it's such a cool and definitive experience. While the theaters are modern in luxury, you definitely feel like you're been thrown into a world steeped in the richness of the Edo-jidai – as though you've gone back in time a bit. I'd also highly recommend grabbing a translation machine if Japanese is not your first language, as well as checking out the summary of the show you're about to see prior to going. Both will really help you out in understanding exactly what is going on during the play.
Personally, I feel very lucky to have been able to go with Sensei and experience it in a way that called back to how Kabuki was all the way back in the Edo Period – people just sort of showing up ready to be entertained by whatever it was that was being performed that day. It truly is a unique element of Japanese culture and, if you have the chance to see it, it's certainly not one to miss.
Till the next adventure,
Skywing Knights
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