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Bioremediation of Metal Contamination – It' S Future Use In Bangladesh
Introduction and Literature Review
Metal contamination
Metal contamination is a global concern. The levels of metals, in all environments including air, water and soil are increasing, in some cases to toxic levels, with contribution from a variety of industrial and domestic sources. For example, anthropogenic emission of lead, cadmium, vanadium, and zinc exceed these from natural sources by up to 100-fold.
Metal contaminated environments pose serious health and ecological risks. Metals, such as aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, lead , mercury and silver cause conditions including hypophosphetema, heart disease, central nervous system damage, cancer, neurological and cardiovascular diseases.
However, microbial activity in the sediment converted the elemental mercury into the highly toxic and bio-available methylmercury which accumulated in fish. Lead is a second metal of concern especially because lead poisoning of children is common and leads to recantation and semi-parmanent brain damage.
Because of the toxic nature, metals are not as amenable to bioremediation as organics. Unlike organics metals are persistent in the environment and can't be degraded through biological, chemical, or physical means to an innocuous by product . The chemical nature and, thus bioavailability of a metal can be changed through oxidation and reduction; however the chemical nature remains the same because metals are neither thermally decomposable nor microbiologically degradable. Consequently, metals are difficult to remove from the environment.
Because metal bioavailability is strongly dependent on environmental components, such as pH, redox potential, and organic content, there is a discrepancy between the total and the bio-available amount of a metal present. In environmental samples, a bio-available metal is generally soluble and not sorbed to colloids or soil surfaces, and thus mobile. Moreover, because of the toxicity and ubiquity of metals in the environment, microbes have developed unique and sometimes bizarre ways of dealing with unwanted metals. Some microorganisms have mechanisms to sequester and immobilized metals, whereas others actually enhance metal solubility in the environment.
Metals most commonly associated with metal pollution include Arsenic (Ar ),Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu ), Chromium (Cr), Mercury (Hg), and Zinc (Zn)
In general, the term bioremediation can be defined as technology employing living organisms for removal of pollutant from the environment.
Bioremediation can be defined as " A method of monitoring natural progress of degradation to ensure that the contaminant decreases with sampling time (Bioattenuation)".
The intentional stimulation of resident xenobiotic-degrading bacteria by electron acceptors, water, nutrient addition or electron donors (Bioaccumulation), or
The addition of laboratory grown bacteria that has appropriate degrading abilities (Bioaugmentation).
Sources of metals
Metal pollution results when human activity disrupts normal biogeochemical activities or results in disposal of concentrated meal waste. Sometimes a single metal is involved but more often mixtures of meals are present. Examples of processes that produce metal by-product include
1. Mining
2. Ore refinement
3. Nuclear processing
4. Industrial manufacturing of batteries, metal alloys, electrical components, paints, preservatives, and pesticides.
Examples of specific metal contaminants include Cu and Zn salts that are used extensively as pesticides in agriculture purpose; Pb which is utilized in the production of batteries, cable sheathing and alloys, Hg compounds that's that are used in utensils electrical equipments, thermometers , and as preservatives in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Metal bioavailability in the environment
Metal in the environment can be classified into two classes
1. Bio-available (soluble, nonsorbed, and mobile)
2. Nonbio-available ( precipited, sorbed, complexed and nonmotile)
The environmental hazards posed by metals are directly linked to their mobility and thus their concentration in the solution. High metal concentrations in the soil solution results in the greater plant uptake, transfer up the food chain, and thus accumulation of toxicity in biological system and/leaching of metals to groundwater; however, metals that are remained in the soil solid phase pose a greatly reduced environmental hazard. Nonetheless, such a metal deposited soil provide a metal sink from which surface waters, groundwater can become contaminated. Metal transformations by microbial activity may also occur at the surface of soil particle or colloid or in the soil solution.
Several a biotic and biotic factors can affect the bioavailability and overall toxicity of metals in the environment. These factors include metal chemistry, sorption to clay minerals and organic matter, pH redox potential and the microorganisms present.
Metal Chemistry
Weather a metal is cationic or anionic in nature determines its fate and bioavailability in the environment. Most metals are cations that mean that they exhibit positive charge when in their free ionic state and are most reactive with negatively charged surfaces. Thus in the soil, cationic metals such as Pb²+ or Ca²+ strongly interact with the negatively charges on clay minerals and with anionic salts, such as phosphates and sulphates. Positively charged metals are additionally attracted to negatively charged functional groups such as hydroxides and thiols on humic residues.
Unfortunately, cationic metals are also attracted to negatively charged cell surfaces where they can be taken up and cause toxicity. Cationic metals adsorb to both soil particles and cell surfaces with with various strength, termed absorption affinity. For example, of the common soil cations, aluminum binds more strongly calcium or magnesium.
Al 3+> Ca 2+ = Mg 2+> K +> Na +
The size and charge of the cationic metal determines the strength of adsorption. For example, Al 3+ has much strong affinity for clay particles that it is primarily found as Al(OH)3, and therefore has extremely low bioavailability. In contrast, negatively charged or anionic metals such as AsO43-(arsenate) are attracted to positively charged surfaces
Cation Exchange Capacity/Sorption to clay minerals and organic matters
One of the most important factors affecting metal bioavailability is the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), which is dependent on both the organic matter and clay content of the soil. Cation exchange reflects the capacity for a soil to adsorb metals. Thus, the toxicity of metals within soils high CEC (organic and clay soils) is often low even at high metal concentrations. In contrast, sandy soils with low CEC, and therefore low metal binding capacity, show decreased microbial activity at comparatively low total metal concentrations, indicative of metal toxicity.
Redox Potential
Metal bioavailability changes in response to changing redox conditions. Under oxidizing or aerobic conditions(+800 to 0 mV), metals are usually found as soluble cationic forms, for example Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Ca2+ . In contrast, reduced or anerobic condition (0 to – 400 mV), such as those found in sediments or saturated soils, often results in metal precipitation.
For cationic metals, the pH of a system can have an influence on metal solubility, and, hence, metal bioavailability. At high pH, metals are predominantly found as insoluble metal mineral phosphates and carbonates: while at the low pH they are more commonly found as free ionic species or as soluble organometals.
The pH of a system also affects metal sorption to soil surfaces. The effect of increased soil pH is to decrease metal bioavailability. In contrast, as soil pH decreases, metal solubility is increased, enhancing metal bioavailability.
Microorganisms Present
Most microorganisms are negatively charged. Metals can attach with negatively charged microbes. The metals can be taken up by microorganisms. Many microorganisms can neutralize the toxicity of metals. In response to metal toxicity, overall community number and diversity decreases.
Mechanism of microbial metal detoxification
In response to metals in the environment, many microorganisms have evolved unique mechanisms to resist and detoxify harmful metals. Some resistance mechanisms are plasmid mediated and tend to be specific for a particular metal. Others are general conferring resistance to a variety of metals.
Microbial metal resistance may be divided into three categories. These include resistance mechanisms that (1) are general and do not require metal stress; (2) are dependent on a specific metal for activation; and (3) are are general and are activated by metal stress.
General mechanisms of metal resistance
Slime Layer Production
Binding of metals to extracellular materials immobilizes the metal and prevents its entry into the cell. Metal binding to anionic cell surfaces occurs with a large number of cationic metals, including Cd, Pb, Zn and Fe. For example, algal surface contain carboxylic, amino, thio, hydroxyl and hydroxycarboxylic groups that strongly bind metals. Phosporyl groups and phospholipids in bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane also strongly interact with cationic metals.
Microbial Exopolymer
Microbial exopolymers are particularly efficient in binding heavy metals, such as Pb, Cd and U. For example, the immobilization of Pb by exopolymers has been demonstrated in several bacterial genera, including Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Azotobacter spp
In fact, extracellular polymeric metal binding is the most common resistance mechanism against Pb.
A second extracellular molecule produced microbially those complexes metals is the siderophore. Siderophores are iron-complexing, low molecular weight compounds that concencntrate irons into the cell. Siderophores may interact with other metals that have chemistry similar to that of iron, such as Al, Ga, and Cr (which form trivalent ions similar in size to iron). By binding metals, siderophores can reduce metal bioavailability and there by metal toxicity. For example, siderophore complexation reduces Cu toxicity in cyanobacteria.
Biosurfactants are a class of metal compounds produced by many microbes. Biosurfactant complexation with metal increases the apparent solubility of metals. Moreover, biosurfactant-complexed metal is not toxic to cells, and that's why it is assumed that microorganisms produce biosurfuctants as a means of reducing metal toxicity.
Metabolic by Product
Metal bioavailability can be influenced by common metabolic by-products that result in metal reduction. In this case, soluble metals are reduced to less soluble metal salts. For example, toxic Cr(IV)is reduced to a less toxic form Cr(III) by cellular reductases. Under aerobic condition Citrobacter spp. can enzymatically produce phosphate which results in the precipitation of Pb and Cu. Under anerobic conditions, high H2S concentrations from sulfate reducing bacteria, e.g Desulfovibrio spp. readily cause metal precipitation.
Metal dependent mechanisms of resistence
Intracellular metal resistance mechanisms in bacteria involve binding or sequestration by metallothioneins or similar proteins. These are low molecular weight cysteine rich proteins with a high affinity for Cd, Zn, Cu, Ag, and Hg metals. Their function is metal detoxification .These proteins have been isolated from Cyanobacteria, Syneehococeus spp, Escheriachia coli, Pseudomonas putida.
Energy Dependent metal Efflux Systems
These systems involve ATPase and others are chemi-osmotic ion/proton pumps. Arsenate (AsO43-, Cr, and Cd are the three metals most commonly associated with efflux resistance in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Future use of bioremediation of contaminating metals in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is located in an area with a high population density, poor sanitation, limited natural resource and industries developed without proper effluent treatment.
Fortunately enough we have a good collection of microbes that can be used for effluent treatment, specially metal removal.
Some Microorganisms Involved in Metal Removal/Recovery from Industrial waste water
Microorganism removed/ recovered
Pseudomonas spp, Pediococcus spp.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Uranium and other metals
Rhizopus arrhizus
Chlorella vulgaris
Gold, Zinc, Copper, mercury
Aspergillus oryzae
Aspergillus niger
Copper, Cadmium, Zinc
Pecicillium spinulosum
The benefit of metal-microbial interaction
Although microorganisms can sometimes increase metal toxicity, solubility, and mobilization, microorganisms can also can be used to reduce metal waste bioavailability, which can be exploited for mining purpose.
Certain microorganigms such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, can facilitate the removal of metals from soil through metal solubilization or leaching. Bioleaching is used in the commercial recovery of economically valuable metals (Cu, Pb and U) from low grade ores. Metals recovery by leaching can be concentrated by complexation with chelating agents or precipitation with lime.
There are several types of leaching such as
Heap leaching
Heapleaching usually involves excavating a long narrow ditch about 30cm in depth and lining it with polyethylene. Air lines are evenly placed along the ditch to provide aeration. The ditch is filled with crushed ore to a height of 2 to 3 cm and then saturated with acidified water (pH ranging from 2 to 3) containing an acidophilic bacterial inoculums of T. ferrooxidans. The leachate is collected at the bottom, metal is separated and the inoculums is recycled through the heap.
Dump leaching
Dump leaching is carried on an impermeable surface. There is no artificial aeration, and that's why the set up costs are lower. However, lack of artificial aeration, results in slower microbial growth and reduced efficiency of metal extraction.
Vat leaching
Vat leaching involves continuous stirring of low-grade slurry in large tanks. The ore is mixed with acidified water and T. ferrooxidans. The advantage of vat leaching over heap leaching is the ability to control the leaching conditions effectively.
In Place leaching
In-place leaching is carried out in underground spent mines. The mine is flooded with the acidified bacterial solution, resulting in an acid-rich, metal-rich leachate several months later from which metal is extracted and recovered.
Advantages of in-place leaching:
1. Lower associated energy cost
2. Production and collection of leachate is properly controlled
3. Has a less negative environmental impact.
Disadvantages of in-place leaching:
Uncontrolled acid-mine drainage cause environmental pollution of metals.
The in place leaching of uranium has received considerable attention as it involves less risk of human exposure, and thus better control of radiation exposure. Uranium leaching relies on the bacterial oxidation of insoluble UO2 to acid-soluble U6+ in the presence of Fe3+ which was added in the bacterial inoculums. T. ferrooxidans reoxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ which is then recycled through the processes.
UO2 + 2 Fe3+ = 6UO2+ 2Fe2+
4Fe2+ + O2 + 4H+ = 4 Fe3+ + H2O
Each of these approaches produces a metal-containing leachate. A number of methods can be used to recover the metal from leachate, including Solvent extraction, increasing the Ph to precipitate the metals, Electrolysis, in which an electrical current is passed through the metal solution to accumulate cationic metals at the anode and anionic metals at the cathode.
Bangladesh can use this approach for U removal which can protect public health and U can be used for grenerating electrical energy.
Innovative microbial approaches in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils and sediments
The goals of microbial remediation of metal-contaminated soils and sediments are to
immobilize the metal in situ to reduce metal bioavailability and mobility, or remove the metal from the soil
In metal immobilization as a remediation technology, it is difficult to predict whether the metals will remain immobilized indefinitely, and hence soil reuse is limited because of the continued potential risk exposure. Metal removal is ideal because following treatment the soil is available for re-use. However, metal removal is also difficult because the heterogenous nature of the soil and is expensive.
There are several proposed methods for microbial remediation of metal contaminated soils including microbial leaching, microbial surfactants, microbially induced metal volatilization, and microbial immobilization and complexation.
Microbial remediation of metal-contaminated soil
In-situ/ex-situ metal removal
-metal oxidation
-metal leaching
e.g., acid production, chelation, surfactant production, volatilization
In-situ metal immobilization
-microbial binding
e.g., EPS production and complexation with metals, metal reduction
Treated soil can't be disturbed; potential risk of metal exposure remains; requires regular monitoring
Decreased metal solubility and decreased toxicity
Increased metal solubility and enhanced recovery
Treated soil available for re-use
Figure:- Microbial metal remediation approaches for metal-contaminated soils.
Certain microorganisms, such as T. ferrooxidans, can facilitate the removal of metals from soil through metal solubilization.
Microorganisms can also increase metal solubility for recovery through the production of surfactants. Bacterial surfactants are water-soluble, low-molecular weight compounds that have a high affinity for metals; and that's why, once complexed, contaminating metals can be removed from the soil by flushing. Some surfactants, such as rhamnolopid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, show specificity for certain metals, such as Cd and Pb.
Like leaching, volatilization of metals, specifically their methylation, increases metal bioavailability and hence toxicity. Methylated metals are more liporhilic than their non-methylated counterparts. In spite of increased toxicity, many microorganisms volatilize metals to facilitate their removal from the immediate environment. Because methylation enhances metal removal, methylation of certain metals has been used as a remediation strategy. The most famous example is the removal of selenium from contaminated soil by selenium-volatilizing microorganisms.
Metal Sequestration
Metal sequestration provides an alternative approach, which relies on the ability of some microorganisms to produce metal-complexing, polymer (both extracellular and intra cellular). These polymeric substances have high affinities for various metals facilitating their removal from the environment.
Innovative microbial approaches in the remediation of metal contaminated aquatic systems
Microbially facilited removal of metals from water is based on the ability of microorganisms to complex and precipitate metals, resulting in both detoxification and removal from the water column. Specific interactions for metal removal include:
Metal binding to microbial cell surfaces and exo-polymer layers
Ø Intracelular uptake
Ø Metal volatilization
Ø Metal precipitation
Althoough these microbial mechanisms can effectively remove metals from contaminated aquatic systems, it is important to note that the metals not destroyed, just transformed into non-available form, and still have to be properly disposed of.
Available metal removal treatments for metal-polluted waters include
Ø Wetland treatment
Ø Microbial biofilms
Wetland treatment is a cost effective and efficient method for removal of metals from contaminated waters, such as acid mine drainage. Metal reductions are often greater than 90%. Wetland remediation is based on microbial adsorption of metals, metal bioaccumulation, bacterial metal oxidation, and sulfate reduction. The high organic metal content of wetlands provided by high plant and algal growth encourages both the growth of sulfate-reducing microorganisms and metal sorption to the organic material
Metal oxidation
e.g. Volatilization
Metal reduction
e.g. precipitation
Release of gaseous metal
Treated water available for reuse
Recovery of metal containing precipitate via sedimentation or filtration
Treated water available for reuse
Recovery of metals bound by microorganisms
Treated water available for re use
Microbiological remediation of metal-contaminated water
In-situ/ex-situ metal removal
Microbial binding
Figure:- Microbial metal remediation approaches for metal-contaminated waters. In each method, the treated water is safe to release into the environment. Both metals and microorganisms can easily be recovered during treatment for proper disposal.
However, the toxic metals are not destroyed, just removed from the water column. Consequently, wetlands are constantly monitored for environmental change that may adversely affect metal removal. For example, a decrease in pH may solubilize, precipited metals, or a disturbance of the wetland sediment may change the redox conditions and oxidize reduced metals, thus making them soluble and bioavailable.
The most common treatment for metal-contaminated water is with microbial biofilms. Many microorganisms including, Bacillus, Cirtobacter, Arthrobacter, Streptomyces and the yeast Saccharomyces and Candida produce exopolymersand tend to form biofilms. Metals have high affinities for these anionic exo-polymers and adsorb to them. Often, a mixure of biofilm-producing microorganisms is grown on a support, providing a constant supply of fresh biofilms, and then contaminated water is passed through the support. This may results in a continuous removal of metals from contaminated water by sorption to biofilms. For example, live Citrobacter spp biofilms are used to remove uranium from contaminated water. Both Arthrobacter spp biofilms and biomass (non-living) are used in the recovery of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn from wastewaters. Non-living Bacillus spp. biomass are also used in the treatment of metal contaminated marine waters in which marine bacteria such as Deleya venustas and Moraxella spp are used. In domestic waste treatment,the important biofilm-producing organisms include Zoogolea, klebsiella and Pseudomonas spp. Complexed metals are removed from the wastewater via sedimentation before release from the sewage treatment plant.
Metals that are proven threat to environment and health include Aluminum (Al), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Uranium (U). Some of these are required in our body as trace elements, used as co-factor such as Zn, Cu, Ni, Al. If these metals remain higher level in the environment, they are toxic and hence bioremediation of these metals are necessary.
Remediation can also be done by physical and chemical methods also but physical or chemical methods are costly, limited area can be treated and physical excavation increases metal toxicity. Metals can't be degraded by incineration. Incineration also destroys soil properties and structure and soil biota.
It is already established that Pseudomona spp., Alkaligenes, Pediococcu spp., Escheriachia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Zooglea ramigera, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus arrhizus, Chorella vulgaris, Aspergillus oryzae, Asp. Niger, Penicillum spinulosum, Trichoderma viridae are very efficient in bioremediation and these organisms are found in Bangladesh.
Bioremediation can be used for metal recovery such as U and Cu. The role of U to produce ececticity is well known. It can also help to solve scarcity of electricity. Metal microbial interactions can help us to leach valuable metals by various methods such as heap leaching, vat leaching, in-place leaching, dump leaching.
Metal immobilization applicable only for soil but metal removal can be applied for both land and water.
In many of our districts, drinking water contain unacceptable high amount of arsenic that can be treated by arsenic oxidizing bacteria. In Hazaribugh, Conabari, Naryaganj contain nearly all types of toxic metals in high levels. Hazaribug containing high tannery effluents rich in chromium. It is found that Pseudomonas spp and Pediocuccos sp. able to detoxify it.
1. Use of microbes for removal of contaminating water.
2. Use of biosensors for detection of toxic metals.
3. Increasing specificity and sensivity of existing probes.
4. Use of microbes (Zooglea ramigera) to concentrate uranium.
5. Effective arsenic reducer construction for Arsenic bioremediation.
6. Cloning the metal detoxifying genes in existent natural population for metal detoxification.
7. Antibiograms of the organisms to identify antiobiotic resistant strain.
8. Evaluating effectiveness of organisms in various seasons.
9. Determination of biofilm formation capabilities of the isolates which can trap contaminating metal
10. Purification of enzymes and proteins.
11. Multidisciplinatory approach aiming to improve these strains along with introducing sustainable technologies.
12. To design a cation exchange filter with some selective absorbent of toxic metals and transformation of biofilm to detoxify trapped contaminating metals.
13. Determination of the the bioremediation capabilities of the isolates.
Anderson, G.L., Williams, J., and Hille R. ( 1992) The purification and characterization of arsenite oxidase from Alcaligenes faecalis, a molybdenum-containing hydroxide. J. boil, chem., 267, 23674-23682
Avery, S.V., Codd, G. A., and Gadd, G,M, (1991) Caesium accumulation and interactions with other monovalent cations in the cyanobacteriaum Synechocystis PCC6893, J, General microbial,137, 405-413
Beveridge, T. J., Hughes, M. N., Lee, h., Leung, K. R.,Savvaidis, I., Silver,S., and Trevors, J. T. (1997)Metal-microbe in teractions; contemporary approaches.Adv.Micbiol, Phys, 38, 177-243
Eorgen, F. D. (1971) Soil geochemistry in the Canadian Shield. Can, min:Metall, 64;37-42
Gadd, G. M. (1988) Accumulation of metals by microorganisms and algae, In "Biothechnology- A Comprenhensive Treatise. Special Microbial Processes"(H. J. Rehma, ed.)Verlagasesellschaft, Weinheim, pp 401-433
Goldman, , J. R., and Horne, A.J. "limnology" McGraw-Hill, New York.
Gupta, A., Morby, A. P.,Turner, J.S., Whitton, B.A.,and Robinson, N. J. (1993). Deletion within metallothionein locus of cadmium-tolerant Syneehococcus PCC 6304 involving a highly iterated palindrome (HIPI). Mol. Microbiol, 7, 189-195
Huges, M. N., and Poole, R.K. (1989) "Metals and Microorganisms."Chapman & Hill, New York.
Leppard, G. (1981) ' trace element speciation in surface Waters"Plenum Press, New York.
Lindsay, W. L (1979) "Chemical Equilibrium in soils."John Whiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Nilsson, J.R.(1981) Effect of copper on phagocytosis in Tetrahymena, Protoplasma 109, 359-370
Sigg, L. (1985)Metal transfer mechanisms in lakes: the role of settling particles. In"Chemical Processes in Lakes" (W. Stumm, ed.) John Wiley, New York.
Torrens, J. L., D. Herman , D. C. and Miller-Maier, R. M. 1998, Biosurfactant (rhamnolipid)sorption and impact on rhamnplipid-facilitated removal of cadmium from various soils. Environ, Sci. Technol. 32, 776-681
Warren, H.v., Delevault, R. E., and Barakso, J.(1966) Some observations on the geochemistry of mercury as applied to prospecting. Econ. Geol. Ser. Can 61, 1010 1028


text:
For the Cake:
1 cup all-purpose flour
1/2 cup + 2 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa powder
1 teaspoon baking soda
2/3 cup melted Kerrygold Salted Butter
1 cup granulated sugar
2/3 cup full-fat sour cream
2 large eggs
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 tablespoons warm coffee
For the Buttercream:
6 ounces softened Kerrygold Salted Butter
4 cups powdered sugar
1/3 cup heavy whipping cream
1/3 cup unsweetened cocoa powder
2 teaspoon vanilla extract
For the Chocolate Drip and Topping:
1/4 cup strawberry jam
3 tablespoons heavy cream
1/3 cup semisweet chocolate chips
6 fresh strawberries, washed and dried
1. Preheat the oven to 350º F, and position a rack in the lower third of the oven.
2. Line 2 6" round cake pans (with 2" sides) with parchment paper circles on the bottom, and lightly grease the sides of the pan with oil.
3. Next, in a medium bowl, whisk together the flour, cocoa powder, and baking soda. Set aside.
4. In a small bowl, whisk together the melted butter, sour cream, eggs, vanilla and coffee.
5. Combine the wet and dry ingredients, mixing just until combined.
6. Divide the mixture between the cake pans, and bake for 29-32 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted in the cake comes out clean. If you under-bake the cake, it will sink, so make sure to check in! It will also start to pull away from the sides of the pan when it's done.
7. Let the cakes cool for 15 minutes in the pan, run a knife around the edge, and carefully tilt the cakes out of their pans. Let cool on a wire rack.
8. Meanwhile, make the buttercream by beating the butter until light and fluffy, about 1 minute. Next, continue beating while adding the powdered sugar 1 cup at a time. When all of the powdered sugar is incorporated, add half of the cream, and beat until combined. Finally, add the cocoa powder, remaining cream and vanilla extract. Beat until light and fluffy. Add additional heavy cream if the mixture isn't soft and spreadable.
9. The easiest way to frost a cake is to have all of the buttercream in a piping bag. It's not entirely necessary, but it's considerably more effort without one. So, scrape all of the frosting into a large piping bag fitted with a 1" open tip.
10. Place one of the cake layers on a cake stand. Spread the strawberry jam over the surface.
11. Pipe some of the buttercream frosting in a single layer on top.
12. Place the other cake layer on top, and then pipe frosting all over the top and sides of the cake. Using a bench scraper or cake icing smoother, press all of the frosting into a smooth layer. Take your time!
13. Place the cake in the fridge for an hour.
14. Meanwhile, make the chocolate drip: heat the heavy cream in a small bowl in the microwave until steaming, about 20 seconds. Add the 1/3 cup of chocolate, and without stirring, cover the bowl and let it rest for 5 minutes.
15. After 5 minutes, remove the plate and slowly whisk the chocolate and cream mixture until it comes together into a smooth melted chocolate mixture.
16. Remove the cake from the fridge. Carefully spoon the melted chocolate mixture around the edges of the cake, gently nudging it to drip over the sides.
17. Place the strawberries around the edges of the cake, and serve!
Source: Kerrygold USA

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Ranger Tech ('83-'11)
|Product / Build Guide
|Other Articles
|TRS Events
|Readers Rangers
TRS Magazine was an idea created by TRS site owner James Oaks. The idea came from the lack of Ranger/Bronco II coverage in the major truck magazines.
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So Who's Staffing It Now?
Editor-In-Chief oversees compiling all information submitted by editors and putting it together in some form of media. E-I-C also approves project vehicles.
Coordinator is responsible for taking submissions from the various
Editors, preparing it for publication, and submitting it to the
So What's Still Needed?
We need a Street Tech Editor, Street Feature Editor and Off-Road Feature Editor.


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Ken Curtis, the actor behind beloved Gunsmoke character Festus Haggen and the son-in-law of Western film director John Ford, had quite the career as a singer, with his musical past creating minimal degrees of separation from Frank Sinatra and Roy Rogers.
Curtis, born Curtis Wain Gates on July 2, 1916, grew up in Las Animas, Colorado, where his father was the sheriff. By 1940, he lived in New York and worked as a singer for the NBC radio network.
In 1942, Curtis' first brush with fame came when he cut a few songs for Tommy Dorsey's orchestra. At the time, Dorsey's go-to vocalist was Sinatra. The common narrative that Curtis replaced Sinatra seems overblown, but that doesn't diminish that the future Festus collaborated with a fancy orchestra while living in New York City.
After serving in the Army infantry during World War II, Curtis signed with Columbia Pictures and began his film career. Early Western roles paired Curtis with other singing talents, from singing cowgirl Carolina Cotton to big screen regulars the Hoosier Hotshots. Curtis' first film as a leading man, 1945's Rhythm Round-Up, even featured Western swing pioneers Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys.
From 1949 to 1953, Curtis served as lead singer of the Country Music Hall of Fame singing group The Sons of the Pioneers. Prior to Curtis joining, the group featured Rogers, Bob Nolan and other singing cowboy icons and popularized the song "Tumbling Tumbleweeds." With Curtis at the helm, The Sons of the Pioneers scored hits with "Room Full of Roses" and "Ghost Riders in the Sky."
In 1950's Hollywood, Curtis became a regular in Ford's films, including the classic John Wayne films Rio Grande (1950), The Quiet Man (1952), The Searchers (1956), The Wings of Eagles (1957), The Horse Soldiers (1959), and How the West Was Won (1962). Curtis also appeared with Wayne in The Alamo (1960).
As alluded to before, Curtis was married to Ford's daughter, the former Barbara Ford, from 1952 to 1964.
Curtis also owned his own production company during a golden era for sci-fi b-moviess. It brought us schlocky favorites The Killer Shrews and The Giant Gila Monster (both from 1959).
Curtis first transitioned to the small screen in a 1961-'63 television series about parachuting, Ripcord. In '64, Curtis' Festus Haggen character debuted during the eighth season of Gunsmoke. The lovable, disheveled deputy remained in the world of Marshall Matt Dillon (James Arness) and Miss Kitty (Amanda Blake) until the series ended in 1975. Curtis had appeared in Gunsmoke before, as a one-off character in the 1959 episode "Jayhawkers."
Before sealing his television legacy as Festus, Curtis appeared in the series Have Gun-- Will Travel, Perry Mason and Death Valley Days.
Curtis' final film, Conagher, aired on TNT in 1991, the same year as the singer and actor's death.
Read More: How Cowboy Icon Gene Autry Changed Country Music
After decades of Gunsmoke reruns, it's hard to separate Curtis from the beloved Festus character. Yet there's clearly more to his legacy, from a series of musical Westerns that blurred the line between motion pictures and early country radio to impressive runs alongside the Sons of the Pioneers and The Duke.


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ORLANDO, FL USA (UroToday.com) - Dr. David McDermott presented an overview of anti-PD-1 agents in kidney cancer. Nivolumab (anti PD-L1 agent) showed efficacy in a phase I trial for patients with metastatic RCC (n=34).
Nivolumab and axitinib has recommended as a second-line treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) after tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. In this study, overall survival (OS), treatment continuation, and the cost of nivolumab and axitinib-the second-line treatment agents for mRCC-were compared and examined.
In a phase III clinical trial, CheckMate 025, treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) with nivolumab demonstrated superior efficacy over everolimus. However, as the clinical trial excluded patients with specific complications and poor performance status (PS), the effectiveness and safety of nivolumab in clinical practice, in which patients with various clinical complications are treated, is unclear.
Nivolumab is approved for mRCC patients who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy but the duration of therapy required for sustained clinical benefit is unknown. A phase II clinical trial to investigate the feasibility of intermittent nivolumab dosing was conducted.
Renal cell carcinoma is a common malignancy of the genitourinary system and is the eight most common cancer type in the United States. The overall incidence of renal cell carcinoma appears to be increasing but death rates have been declining.
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary system and the sixth most common cancer in the United States. The overall incidence of UC appears to be on the decline, but death rates have remained stable.
: Nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks (Q2W) has shown benefit versus the standard of care in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, flat dosing is expected to shorten preparation time and improve ease of administration.
Nivolumab is a fully human immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 antibody that selectively inhibits the programmed death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint molecule, and has recently been launched for the treatment of renal cell cancer (RCC) in Japan.
Nivolumab is part of the standard therapy for mRCC. Although deep and long-lasting responses are seen in some patients, the benefit of treatment is limited to some patients and the majority of patients will experience disease progression.
The randomized, phase 3 CheckMate 025 study of nivolumab (n=410) versus everolimus (n=411) in previously treated adults (75% male; 88% white) with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) demonstrated significantly improved overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR).
Both urothelial (UC) and renal cell cancer (RCC) are highly immunogenic tumours. Recent advances in cellular immunity understanding have resulted in a successful new class of therapeutic agents. Interaction between the programmed cell death 1 (PD1) on regulatory T-cells (Treg) and programmed cell death 1 ligand (PDL1) on cancer cells inhibits an effective immune response and is an important mechanism for cancer cells to evade the immune system.
Nivolumab is approved for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) refractory to prior antiangiogenic therapy. The clinical activity of nivolumab in patients with non-clear cell RCC subtypes remains unknown as these patients were excluded from the original nivolumab trials.
Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a rare kidney tumor that occurs in adolescent and young adults, typically in association with sickle cell trait. RMC exhibits rapid disease progression, frequent metastases at diagnosis, and dismal clinical outcomes.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents the seventh (men) respectively tenth (women) most frequent cancer in western countries. After one or more lines of VEGF-targeted therapy, immunotherapy with nivolumab is strongly recommended in patients with metastatic RCC.
A 60-year-old female, who presented with abdominal discomfort, was noted to have an enhancing left renal mass, with central necrosis on a CT scan. She underwent radical nephrectomy and biopsy revealed clear cell renal cell carcinoma, Fuhrman grade 4.
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that results from a germline mutation in the fumarate hydratase gene (FH). Individuals with FH mutations are at risk of developing renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
The introduction of targeted therapy has revolutionized the treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The current standard of care focuses on the inhibition of angiogenesis through the targeting of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).
Nivolumab plus ipilimumab improves overall survival and is associated with less toxicity compared with sunitinib in the first-line setting of advanced renal-cell carcinoma (RCC). The current study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of nivolumab plus ipilimumab for first-line treatment of advanced RCC from the payer perspectives high- and middle-income regions.
There has been significant progress in the treatment of patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), with improved knowledge of disease biology and the introduction of targeted agents and immunotherapies.
PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors are associated with a specific spectrum of immune-related adverse events. This spectrum is different from toxicities known for kinase inhibitors or cytotoxic drugs. Since PD-1 directed therapies show effectivity in an increasing number of malignant diseases, their clinical usage will increase rapidly.
Malignant angiomyolipoma is an uncommon tumor of the class of perivasciular epithelioid cell neoplasms (PEComas). These tumors are characteristically driven by deleterious mutations in the tumor suppressors TSC1 and TSC2, whose gene products typically act to inhibit mTOR.
We reported previously the usefulness of 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) to predict prognosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated with molecular targeted agents.
Nivolumab has been shown to be effective for the treatment of second-line mRCC. The present study has investigated the effectiveness and safety of nivolumab in real-world Eastern Spanish patients with advanced mRCC at TKI progression.
Nivolumab is a new standard of care for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and provides an overall survival benefit of 5.40 months in comparison with everolimus. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of nivolumab for the second-line treatment of mRCC from the perspective of US payers and identified the range of drug costs for which the addition of nivolumab to standard therapy could be considered cost-effective from a Chinese perspective.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are treatment options for metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). However, the treatment options after nivolumab are unclear.
The medical records of 57 consecutive Japanese mRCC patients who underwent treatment with axitinib were reviewed.
Nivolumab, which has a promising anti-tumor efficacy and a manageable safety profile, has being rapidly introduced in metastatic renal cell cancer therapy in Japan. We evaluated the efficacy and adverse events of nivolumab in real world clinical practice in Japan.
In the randomized, open-label, phase 3 CheckMate 214 trial, nivolumab plus ipilimumab (nivolumab 3 mg/kg plus ipilimumab 1 mg/kg every 3 wk for four doses, then nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 wk) had superior efficacy over sunitinib (50 mg once daily, 4 wk on, 2 wk off) in patients with untreated International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) intermediate- or poor-risk advanced renal cell carcinoma; the benefits were sustained through extended follow-up.
Advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) has long been treated preferably with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, but many patients are cisplatin-ineligible whereas for those who progress on a platinum-based regimen treatment options are limited.
Nivolumab is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor that blocks interactions between PD-1 and its ligands on tumor cells to prevent T cell exhaustion in patients with cancer.
On November 23, 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved nivolumab (OPDIVO, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company) for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy.
A number of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have recently been approved for use in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) on the basis of results from several clinical trials.
To review the evidence from these trials and consider what it means for the use of these drugs in first-line and post-platinum settings in real-life clinical practice.
Nivolumab is a programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor currently approved as second-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinomas (RCC) after failure of standard antiangiogenic treatment. Motzer et al.
The development of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the clinical outcome of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Nevertheless, improvement of durability and prediction of responses remain unmet medical needs.
The phase III, randomized, open-label CheckMate 025 study showed an overall survival benefit in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with nivolumab versus everolimus. Here, we review the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) results of this trial, in which nivolumab was associated with significant improvements in HRQoL, with more patients having a clinically meaningful HRQoL improvement and a shorter time to onset of improvement compared with everolimus.
Nivolumab belongs to the standard therapy in the second-line setting of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Although deep and long-lasting responses are seen in some patients, the majority of patients will further progress.
The present case report describes a case of left renal clear cell carcinoma with brain, lung, para-aortic, and lymph node metastases (cT1bN1M1) in a 52-year-old Japanese male. The patient received sequential anticancer treatments with pazopanib, everolimus, and axitinib, but exhibited treatment-resistant tumor growth.
Background: Treatment of cancers with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway inhibitors can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which could be serious and even fetal. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of the characteristics of irAEs associated with the use of such drugs.
Treatment of cancer patients involves a multidisciplinary approach including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Traditionally, patients with metastatic disease are treated with combination chemotherapies or targeted agents.
Immunotherapy is rapidly transforming cancer care across a range of tumor types. Although Sipuleucel-T represented the first successful vaccine for the treatment of established cancer, other immunotherapeutic approaches for prostate cancer such as checkpoint inhibitors have been relatively disappointing to date.
Nivolumab is a treatment option for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) previously treated with targeted antiangiogenic therapy. Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) comprises 10-15% of RCC cases but non-clear cell subtypes were excluded from the immunotherapy trials.
Our previous researches have identified immunoevasive subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) characterized with immune cells infiltration patterns. This study explored the clinical significance, immunoregulatory role and therapeutic value of intratumoral IL22-producing cells in MIBC.
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with four checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab, ipilimumab, avelumab, and pembrolizumab) approved either as monotherapy or as combination therapy.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly immunogenic neoplasm, and cytokine-based immunotherapies have been used for decades with limited success. In recent years, antibody-based immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoint receptors PD-1 and CTLA-4 have demonstrated clinical efficacy in metastatic RCC (mRCC) patients, leading to regulatory approval of the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab in treatment-naïve patients with intermediate- or poor-risk disease in April 2018.
AR-V7-expressing metastatic prostate cancer is an aggressive phenotype with poor progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Preliminary evidence suggests that AR-V7-positive tumors may be enriched for DNA-repair defects, perhaps rendering them more sensitive to immune-checkpoint blockade.
Nivolumab has been introduced for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) as a second-line therapy for years. However, despite widespread evidence of its utility, few reports have described the efficacy of nivolumab for mRCC patients on hemodialysis.
Brain metastasis is a common complication of advanced malignancies, especially, lung cancer, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Traditionally surgery, when indicated, and radiation therapy, either as whole-brain radiation therapy or stereotactic radiosurgery, constituted the major treatment options for brain metastases.
Immune checkpoint inhibition with the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab and the anti-PD-1 antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab has improved survival in metastatic melanoma, lung cancer and renal cancer.
Although nivolumab has been regarded as a standard agent for patients with previously treated advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a significant proportion of these patients fail to achieve a response to nivolumab.
Prognosis for patients with lymph node positive or metastatic penile squamous cell carcinoma remains poor. Chemotherapy with paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (TIP regimen) is recommended as a first-line option in this cohort of patients.
Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with sarcomatoid component carries a poor prognosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have been approved for the treatment of metastatic RCC, but their efficacy in patients with sarcomatoid component is not known.
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Rare Art Deco era bone china Copeland Spode tea set of a teacup, saucer and tea plate, styling with the unique Vienna Bird pattern. Circa 1940s. This particular version of Vienna Bird was introduced in 1938, featuring an exotic bird in bold colours as a subject of the centre with decorative festoons of colourful flowers and patterns. The pattern was first printed then handpainted. All three pieces are marked with Copeland Spode hallmark and design number RN no.552768.
The trio tea set is in fair vintage condition. There is a chip at the inner bottom of the cup, which is not noticeable when in use. There is a faded hairline crack on the tea plate.
Cup : Dia 90mm x H 68mm
Saucer : Dia 140mm x H 23mm
Tea Plate : Dia 165mm x H 18mm


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New Delhi: If Anuhska Sharma's Pari, which releases tomorrow, looks intriguing because of the screamers then Renuka Shahane's upcoming film 3 Storeys is no less. A new teaser, titled The Wait, from the film dropped on social media on Thursday. In the teaser, Pulkit Samrat asks Renuka Shahane about diamonds worth Rs 2 crore, which were in her possession for many years and she gives an eccentric reply - she was 'waiting.' A series of scenes depict that an unspeakable event took place, which brings us back to the present day where Renuka Shahane is still waiting.
- 3 Storeys is a thriller, which is directed by Arjun Mukerjee
- Renuka Shahane said that her 3 Storeys character was not her forte
- 3 Storeys also stars Pulkit Samrat, Richa Chadha and Sharman Joshi
3 Storeys marks Renuka Shahane's return to the big screen after a decade. She was last seen in Salman Khan and Preity Zinta's Dil Ne Jisse Apna Kaha. "I was so stunned when I was offered the film because the story and the character are so different and exciting for any actor. Then to sink your teeth into a character which is not in your forte is a reason for any actor to explore it. That apart, in the film, we have so many wonderful co-actors, the story has a mystery and intrigue value... so after 14 years, I am doing a Hindi film and this is the perfect one," Renuka told news agency IANS.
3 Storeys, is directed by Arjun Mukerjee and co-produced by Farhan Akhtar and Ritesh Sidhwani. The film also stars Richa Chadha and Sharman Joshi.
(With inputs from IANS)


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A review of Royal Mail by Bumsqeak written on Saturday 12th of December 2015
Have had to go to these premises twice. Once on a fools errand all down to the post office computer not being updated but no apology from the man behind the counter just a grunt and arrogance. Second time, no parking. It's ridiculous to park and all your skills are required to negotiate Priestley Road, especially when the roadworks were there. Complete joke!.
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Intel growing again, claim they cannot meet demand. Shares up 7.5%. Intel threw away their manufacturing leadership, but that is not as important when no one can make enough chips.
Both HP and Dell blamed Intel CPU shortages in their outlook. Upgrade cycle happening now as Windows 7 support ends in Jan 2020.
Intel beats earnings, up 5% pre-market. Other chip stocks also up on the back of it.
I went in on Intel again in November. They may not enjoy a process advantage as they did previously, but they're selling absolutely everything they're making. I sold AMD this year at ~$48, they're still on the up and they will ,but I wanted something a bit cheaper, their PE ratio is 270 right now.
I am going in on intel as well…
The chip price war is on. Some Intel chips offer up to 60% cheaper pricing per core, according to the company. The new lineup delivers 36% more performance on average and 42% more performance per dollar than Intel's prior generation of chips
I commented on this earlier in comparison to AMD, both great companies imo but looking from the outside I reckon Intel have been happy to take a back seat these two, three years with their eye on the next generation of tech with their quantum chips. I am absolutely long Intel and will look to add more on the dip …nice wee dividend aswell which is a bonus with a company with so much upside potential.
Hadn't considered their dividend yet. Good shout. AMD now seems overpriced, it has beaten up Intel and other competitors the last few years, but also turned into one of those stocks whose rally now seems more sustained by hype than reality.
ARM Macbooks rumours have been circulating for a while. I can see it happening with their low end models, but it's going to be difficult to move away from x86.
Was watching CNBC tonight and they were pretty bullish on anticipated Q1 earnings.
ARM Mac rumours suggest an announcement is due at WWDC.
Ouch. Already mentioned in the AMD thread, but Intel delays 7nm process node in their latest earnings. Down 13% pre-market despite beating estimates. I didn't really care about missing 10nm, but it's becoming a pattern.
AMD is going up 6,93% pre-market . If the company delivers great results in the next report, it will get even better.
"We achieved record financial results in the first half of 2020 and raised our full-year outlook as customers rely on Intel technology for delivering critical services and enabling people to work, learn and stay connected. As the ongoing growth of data fuels demand for Intel products to process, move and store, we are confident in our multiyear plan to deliver leadership products," said Intel CEO Bob Swan. "While the macro-economic environment remains uncertain, Intel shares are currently trading well below our intrinsic valuation, and we believe these repurchases are prudent at this time."
Another company using Trump's corporate tax cuts to buy back their own shares, in turn boosting the price and enhancing the share based bonuses that their execs get?
I follow tech loosely these days but Intel appear to be getting trounced by AMD, Intel are way behind on their next generation of chips and Apple finally had enough of them. If I was a shareholder I'd much rather see them spending £10bn on R&D and reorganisation rather than p**sing money up the wall on buybacks.
Please, someone correct me if I've got this very very wrong.
Intel spend a stupendous amount on R&D, see their Q2 update.
Apple is still not switching to AMD. Apple also make up a small percentage of Intel's business. The full switch over is at least a year out, if not more.
What do you mean by AMD is trouncing Intel?


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Apparently it isn't easy being single, because Kermit the Frog has wasted no time in moving on from Miss Piggy after their break-up last month. Rumor has it that Kermit's been seeing an ABC marketing exec named Denise, and even calling her his girlfriend. So soon, Kermit!
Meanwhile, Kermit and Miss Piggy still have to work together on ABC's The Muppets. If things weren't already icy between the two, we can only imagine how tense they'll be now. In fact, we bet Miss Piggy's taking the news something like this:
Denise will appear on ABC's The Muppets along with Miss Piggy and Kermit, premiering September 22 at 8 p.m. ET|PT.
Posted 5 years Ago


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In the general news, Elon Musk's SpaceX succeeded with its reusable Falcon 9 booster rocket, launched 11 satellites into space and landing back again. Back on earth, deadly storms and tornados in Texas and the Midwest killed dozens, as Christmas temperatures in the 70's shattered records in the East Coast.
On the data front, Agios (AGIO) initiated trials of AG-221 for leukemia, sending shares higher.
From the FDA, Actelion's (ATLN) Uptravi was approved to treat pulmonary hypertension. Also, AstraZeneca's (AZN) Zurampic was approved to treat gout.


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BETTER swim school open day
We are hosting our first ever free Swim School open day this Saturday 21st September. There will be plenty of free swimming activity including swim assessments, and taster lessons from pre school to level 4. We also have some great goody bags for sign ups on the day. So please tell friends and family to pop in and let us help you kick start your swimming journey with us!
Better are proud to be the UK's largest provider of swimming lessons. We understand the importance of being, and feeling safe and confident in the water which is why we offer a large variety of lessons to suit all ages and abilities.
From one-to-one lessons, Parent and Baby sessions, Pre-school lessons for 3 – 5 year olds, the children's Learn to Swim programme, Rookie Life Saving, Synchro and adult lessons, there's never a better time to join us.
Our dedicated Swim School open day, being held at Wadebridge Leisure Centre on 21st September aims to let you see how we can help you by offering a range of free taster sessions for you to try:
Taster Lessons:
Level 1 Preschool: 10am-10.20am
Level 1 (age 4 plus) 10.30am-10.50am
Level 1 preschool: 11am-11.20am
Level 1 (age4 plus) 11.30am-11.50am
Level 2/3 1pm – 1.20pm
Level 3/4 1.30pm-1.50pm
Assessments: Available from 2pm to 3pm please book at reception
What's more, our qualified swim instructors will be on hand to answer any questions that you may have regarding lessons and will be able to offer their expert advice on what sessions would suit you/your child best.
We also have free goody bags available for anybody signing up to a membership on the day, however if you would like to try before you buy, free 3 day passes to Wadebridge Leisure Centre will be available for all adults attending the open day.
Booking into the free sessions is advisable however if there are available spaces on the day, you will still be able to join in.
Please contact reception on 01208 814 980 for further details or to book a session.


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What is net metering? And why is it so important?
Most solar panel systems are hooked up to the municipal electricity grid, and are therefore called "grid-tied" systems. Net metering ensures that the local utility will purchase any excess electricity that you produce. This excess electricity is commonly referred to as net excess generation, or NEG for short. PV systems create real value in this way by offsetting your monthly electricity bill. One of the first steps to take in deciding whether to get solar is to figure out what your state's net metering policies are; 42 states participate in net metering to some degree, and the DSIRE website can tell you precisely what policies apply in your area.