text:
Updated: Oct 7
Authored By:
Saumya Srivastava(Research Intern)
Humanity is being mounted with everyday innovations and technological advancements. This is leading to an extensive trade ecosystem which is ultimately fostering the businesses of the Nations imparting a great deal of competition amongst each other. There had been the existence of an extensive discussion with respect to expanded acknowledgement of Intellectual Property Rights all around the globe which has not been completely coordinated by experimental examination in regards with the impact of such worldwide acknowledgement of IPRs in the algorithm of trade as exists in its norm. This paper is anything but an investigation of IPs essentially, rather it is of trade-related IPRs. As will get apparent from the paper, the limit between what is an "unadulterated" IPR issue and what essentially is more focused on trade and related IPR laws.
This paper is systemic, logical and rigorous research over the background of IPRs and its relation with the ever-growing trade policies of the countries all around the globe. Blending it with an eye on the various conventions, dialogues and meetings held in this regard through the time and their relevance in the present system of export and import. This will also provide an analysis of the widely acclaimed TRIPS agreement which is majorly to prevent infringement with the rights of the IPR owners. Through this research paper, the author will hereby try to conclude the fact that this is high time to inculcate high awareness amongst the traders that the best benefit to their trade is by interconnecting it with the vast IPR policies and fill each lacuna for a stronger world economy.
The exploration strategy for this research paper is a deliberate arranging of the auxiliary sources accessible. Optional sources alluded to for this paper incorporate books, journals, sites and other important articles accessible on the web. It began from a general perusing of the concept of IPR and its intricate details. Proceeded with the extravagance of international trade clubbed with implications of IPR laws working on it. With an all-encompassing methodology this paper is finished with study, assessment and investigation dependent on different writings, legitimate legal sources and official websites. The structure of this paper is isolated into headings, subheadings and for better understanding, it has visual cues.
1. Introduction
2. The nexus between IPR and Trade
· Are trade and IP laws inseparable?
· The reasons for the fusion of IPR with trade.
3. Scope of IPR laws for protection of trade-related IPs.
4. Trade-related policies of international regime of intellectual property laws
· The Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property
· The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
· The Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks
· The BureauxInternationauxRéunis pour la Protection de la PropriétéIntellectuelle (BIRPI)
· World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
· TRIPS Agreement
5. Why does TRIPS stand as the most crucial agreement in the arena of cross border trade and IPR?
6. Distinctive Details of IP, International IP Regimes and their Interconnectedness with Trade.
7. Conclusion(with a note to India's stand with International IP regimes)
"Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.[1]" (WIP20) Intellectual property was first perceived in the Paris Convention for the Insurance of Industrial Property (1883) and followed by the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Creative Works (1886). Both bargains now controlled by the World Intellectual Property Association (WIPO).
IPs are actively isolated into two classifications:
v Modern Property- This incorporates licenses for innovations, trademarks, modern structures furthermore, land signs.
v Copyright- This covers abstract works, (for example, books, sonnets and plays), films, music, creative works (e.g., drawings, works of art, photos and models) compositional plan. If explained in layman's terms rights identified with copyright incorporate those of performing craftsmen in their exhibitions, makers of phonograms in their accounts, and telecasters in their radio, TV programs etc.
Intellectual Properties are secured by a sturdy framework of Intellectual Property Rights laws which is similar to any other property right. They permit makers, or proprietors, of licenses, trademarks or copyrighted attempts to profit by their work or interest by using their creation. These rights are sketched out in Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which gives for the option to profit by the security of goods and material interests coming about because of origin of logical, artistic or on the other hand aesthetic creations.
In a constantly maturing world, it is vital to secure the intellectual property as the advancement and prosperity of mankind lay on its ability to make and design new works in the territories of innovation and culture. The lawful assurance of new manifestations supports the dedication of extra assets for additional advancements. These advancements provide insurance of scholarly property prods financial development, makes new openings and ventures, improves the quality and delight throughout everyday life. A proficient and impartial protected innovation framework can help all nations to acknowledge the potential as an impetus for a monetary turn of events and social prosperity. The protected innovation framework helps find some kind of harmony between the interests of trailblazers and the open enthusiasm, giving a condition in which inventiveness and development can prosper, for the advantage of all. Rivalry in universal trade exchange has expanded drastically over the past decade and a half. Nations perceive the estimation of licenses and trademarks in world advertisements and have found a way to utilize IPs or licensed innovations' insurance to increment pieces of the overall industry. French government from a long time has been giving a sign of significance with which different countries can also make out that security of IPs in trade is imperative. "In August 1984, the French government announced several measures to encourage invention and innovation, to increase French trade competitiveness, and to increase licensing of the French technology.[2]" (Boucher, 1983)
THE NEXUS BETWEEN IPR AND TRADE (Detailed View)
Restrictive rights, particularly those identified with Intellectual Property and its security have pervaded the advancement talk just as various political, philosophical and legitimate points of view from time prehistoric. Be that as it may, IPR and its assurance has come to influence the day to day life of individuals, the discussion over it is not merely confined to scholarly examinations, strategy making and lawful speeches; rather it has become a matter of discussion and conversation among the countries all around the world because a minor change in the wrongful sale of any IP from one country to another can cause a great deal of loss to the owner country."Domestic regulation of technical innovation in free-market economies has traditionally evolved from several different directions at once, with parochial disregard for a more coherent approach to what has become a quintessentially transnational set of problems.[3]" (Petersmann, 1993).
There have been phenomenal changes in licensed innovation law and strategy (usually alluded to as IP laws and strategy)throughout the most recent 20 years, numerous are the consequences of their crossing points with worldwide exchange and the various global exchange understandings brought into power. The expansion in cross-outskirt trades of products, administrations, capital and information is one purpose behind this; basic changes in all economies with information rising as society's most significant tradable financial resource is another. Hidden in this movement are changes to Intellectual Property Rights laws and arrangements. Since financial movement and human prosperity are progressively founded on information, creation and development, guaranteeing that everybody in the associated world has equivalent access to this information is a focal issue. "Within this framework, state trade secret laws supplement federally granted exclusive property rights by providing some incentive to develop incremental innovation that falls short of the non- obviousness standard of patent law while discouraging industrial espionage, unethical behaviour and corruption.[4]" (LADAS, 1975)
Ø Are trade and IP laws inseparable?
An enormous number of progressions that have occurred over this most recent couple of years, can be credited to be a reason of continuous convergence of IPRs with the global exchange. This expanding convergence can be seen by taking a gander at the worldwide exchange understandings and policies that are constantly being brought into power. It can likewise be seen by the fast increment in cross-fringe trades of merchandise, administrations and capital. Another explanation behind the expanded importance of protected innovation rights in global exchange is that basic changes that have occurred in all economies various rates. Specifically, information, innovation, thoughts, strategies and procedures are rapidly turning into society's most significant monetary resource. "The incredible rate of technological progress combined with the increasing transparency of national borders makes protection of knowledge in the form of IPRs particularly important today. Their interconnection stands as the symbol of the human body and oxygen.[5]" (al., 1993)
Ø The reasons for the fusion of IPR with trade.
The development of information as a tradable resource, which takes numerous shapes in its creation, spread and development across outskirts, is currently a setup highlight. While another factor fundamental to this is the quick development. Significant nations that send out protected innovation rights have, in light of their household business interests, compelled different nations to change their current, now and again exceptionally feeble or non-existent protected innovation rights-related approaches, laws and authorization methods to oblige the exporters' advantages. They have frequently put forth the defence that the nation underweight will likewise profit financially from the progressions being upheld. Therefore, the expanding interconnection among exchange and IPR has driven many nations under development to perceive that endurance in a GATT-based world economy[6] requires, in part, acknowledgement and security of IPs concerning that of the existing trade. "Increased international trade activity, reflecting the growing convergence between global trade and intellectual property rights, has been linked to the successful negotiation of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), in the mid-1990s, as part of the outcome of the multilateral Uruguay Round, a key component of the then newly created World Trade Organization (WTO).[7]" (Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade: An Overview, 2012)
The extent of licensed innovation security as an exchange issue inside different businesses:
PC programming: The unlawful robbery and appropriation of PC programming (fundamentally an IP) which is worth crores of rupees is a significant issue that is undermining the necessary overwhelming speculation. Without this substantial speculation, there is no advancement.
2. The Pharmaceutical business: This is again another industry which likewise should convey high front-end R&D costs[8]. Be that as it may, there are a significant number of nations with such insufficient medication assurance that it turns out to be practically difficult to enter and support in those business sectors yet it is of prime importance for the public good.
3. Distribution, creation and so forth: Inadequate assurance of copyright rights prompts an unequivocal chilling impact on distributors, makers, and writers who see their material encroached without repercussions. This is likewise relevant to retailers who wind up losing a great deal of important business to the privateers.
4. The dangers of deficient security: Due to lacking insurance of protected innovation, for example, trademarks in various nations, the deceitful showcasing of inadequate and perilous fake things like vehicle new parts, agrarian synthetic compounds etc.is empowered.
The items and administrations that ought to be ensured by IPR laws represent a huge bit of exchange, and deficient security and assumes a significant misshaping job in world exchange. This is even more irksome when the trade of vital nature is compromising by existing in open commercial centres. In this manner, we can see that there is a mind-boggling connection between the exchange and protected innovation.
"Today's widespread attention thrust on piracy of computer software and entertainment media obscures the fact that IPRs were well established in international conventions over a century ago.[9]" (Paris Convention for Protection of Industrial Property, 1883. The principles of administering the cross-fringe trade is a progressively divided movement. The administrative structure that governments provide are both residential and universal, the last having been arranged, changed and refreshed since World War II in different worldwide, territorial and two-sided global exchange, speculation, science furthermore, innovation or different courses of action. From a universal exchange viewpoint, the focal point of the worldwide institutional system is the Geneva-based WTO[10], which developed from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Exchange (GATT) in 1995, and includes political (to a great extent as dealings), authoritative and legal components (the compulsory debate settlement framework, which recognizes the WTO from other universal financial administration systems).
At the centre of existing universal exchange understandings, along these lines, is the way that exchange rules are principally aimed at what governments ought to do as for products, administrations, innovation furthermore, thoughts of cross fringes trade. The presentation of protected innovation into this blend without precedent was presented in the mid-1990s — both in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)[11] and all the while as an exchange related protected innovation part in the multilateral Uruguay Round, therefore progressive and game-evolving. These two understandings set out in detail the protected innovation gauges and authorization systems that member governments needed to receive locally as legitimate commitments and segment components of the general exchange understanding. A few years after the fact:
§ The Paris Convention On The Protection Of Industrial Property closed in 1883."It applies to industrial property in the widest sense, including patents, trademarks, industrial designs, utility models, service marks, trade names, geographical indications and the repression of unfair competition. This international agreement was the first major step taken to help creators ensure that their intellectual works were protected in other countries."[12] (WIPO)
§ This was followed by the Berne Convention for The Protection of Literary And Artistic Works (1886), the first universal instrument to cover licenses on mechanical developments. This was set up three years after the fact to cover copyright. The centre of the Berne Convention is its arrangement that every one of the contracting nations will give programmed insurance to works first distributed in quite a while of the Berne association and for unpublished works whose creators are residents of or occupant in such different nations.
§ The Madrid Agreement (1891) concerning the International Registration of Marks, managing trademarks, was finished up five years after the fact. Indeed, even today, the topic of these three understandings covers the chief classes of licensed innovation, albeit mechanical structures, geographical indications (GIs), PC circuit geologies and plant reproducers' rights, just as conventional information, access to hereditary assets and competitive innovations, have become progressively significant as independent classes in the previous two decades.
The three late-nineteenth-century understandings noted above turned out to be a piece of a bigger umbrella association and the listed below conventions started to took up shape:
§ The Bureaux InternationauxRéunis Pour La Protection De La PropriétéIntellectuelle (BIRPI) (1893)- BIRPI is the predecessor organization to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The BIRPI building still forms part today of WIPO's compound in Geneva. "The two secretariats set up to administer the Paris and Berne Conventions combine to form WIPO's immediate predecessor, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property – best known by its French acronym, BIRPI. The organization, with a staff of seven, is based in Berne, Switzerland.[13]"(BIPRI)
§ World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) (1970)- In the year 1970 BIPRI takes a turn and becomes WIPO. By the Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization. In 1974, WIPO became a part of the UN and a member state-driven, intergovernmental association, with its home office in Geneva, Switzerland. The significant points of concentration for WIPO can be exemplified as:
a) The foundation and improvement of the best-protected innovation principles.
b) The point of focus for WIPO is to get its part countries to concur upon standards that are of as high a standard as could be expected under the circumstances, which should likewise in a perfect world be predictable and rational.
c) The advancement of a reasonable and viable global licensed innovation (IP) framework that empowers development and imagination to assist all.
However, what is to be noticed here is the fact that the trade-related part of WIPO, concerns universal trade issues but they have never been the focal point of WIPO. Mostly, it has taken a rearward sitting arrangement because of different plans. And therefore, a separate trade-related agreement was formed, named:
§ Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (1995)- A global legitimate understanding between all the member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It sets down least norms for the guideline by national legislatures of numerous types of IPs as applied to nationals of other WTO part countries. The TRIPS understanding brought protected innovation law into the multilateral exchanging framework and remains the most far-reaching multilateral concurrence on IPR till date. In particular, TRIPS requires WTO individuals to be given their copyright rights, covering creators and other copyright holders, just as holders of related rights, to be specific- entertainers, sound account makers and broadcasting associations; topographical signs; mechanical structures; coordinated circuit format structures; licenses; new plant assortments; trademarks; exchange names and undisclosed or private data. This outings additionally indicates authorization techniques, cures, and question goals methods.
"Consultations and negotiations facilitated by the World Trade Organization, as well as statutory reforms and resulting case law from nations around the world, forecast that TRIPs is more than a "paper tiger" and, as such, is likely to succeed in increasing global implementation and enforcement of IPRs.[14]" (The Marriage of Intellectual Property and International Trade in the TRIPs Agreement: Strange Bedfellows or a Match Made in Heaven, 1999). Developing nations have expected a graduated usage of TRIPS that will profit by the security managed by the procedures of TRIPS' contest goals framework. In disengagement IPRs may show up as unique appearances of crude independence.The restrictive responsibility is viewed in the setting of worldwide interconnectedness as a motivation to make, contribute and exchange, the security of IPRs as a reasonable advancement upgrading technique.
Various reactions have been demanded against the viability of the Paris and Berne Conventions today. When these were composed towards the finish of the nineteenth century and even in their twentieth-century corrections, concerns for worldwide connectedness and harmonization of IP, they were not amplified, as they are today, under the magnifying instrument of GATT and phenomenal increments in trade. The current truth of a "worldwide town" makes out the issue that the WIPO Conventions were not prepared to address. For instance, the national treatment guideline bears insurance just to the extent that a member nation secures its residents. Consequently, national treatment did not profit outsiders in states which somewhere neglected to give IP insurance to their residents. "Despite the longevity and historical importance of these WIPO Conventions, the end of the twentieth century has wrought what has been called the crisis in the Paris-Berne regime.[15]" (Intellectual Property in the Global Marketplace: Impact of TRIPs Dispute Settlements? 1995)
"TRIPS has been described as a "revolution" in IP protection.[16]" (The Impact of TRIPs: Intellectual Property Protection in Developing Countries, 1994). By the introduction of TRIPS, it was the first time Ips were being ensured under the rubric of global exchange understandings. TRIPS is a "reasonable jump" that expels IPRs from the disconnected treatment managed by the nearly separate WIPO Conventions. In request to profit by the exchange arrangements in GATT, countries must execute IP laws in agreement with the TRIPS.
The Agreement, by and large, contains three classes of obligations:
(a) it joins the significant arrangements of the WIPO Conventions;
(b) it supplements those Conventions with significant extra protection;
(c) it gives authorization and debate goals methodology for all part nations.
Although TRIPS has been a major booster of IP related benefits for the trade yet it has not been away from controversies. The following is an explanation of the politics of the Agreement on TRIPS: "an American trade hegemon, captured by rent-seeking multinational but domestically-operating intellectual property owners of the patent, copy, and trademark rights at the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations unilaterally forced intellectual property on to the negotiation agenda, pressed its policy preferences despite adamant opposition from developing countries' negotiators, drafted an Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.[17]" ('Knowledge-Economy Elites, the International Law of Intellectual Property and Trade, and Economic Development, 2002)
Some of the major points of discussion regarding it were:
v Article 27.3 leaves "plant assortments" unclear. TRIPS confers a compelling insurance to all plant assortments. Individuals can pick any of the three systems: (1) licenses, (2) a sui generis framework, or (3) a blend of both licenses and the sui generis framework to ensure plant assortments. Without setting meaningful guidelines of assurance, Article 27.3 strait individuals' decision of system through the adequacy necessity. The open-finished language of the article makes an adaptable standard of insurance thoughtful to building up countries' financial needs, given the viability prerequisite is fulfilled. The adaptability presents a scope of conceivable outcomes from frameworks like the plant patent system of the United States or explicit assortment insurance frameworks of the European Union, to the chance of modified plant assurance systems which fit the requirements of developing countries.
v The Doha Declaration- There were three significant choices under conversation for the update of Article 27.3(b). The lion's share position upheld the amendment of Article 27.3(b) to prohibit life frames from the ambit of TRIPS. Another group contended for permitting complete discretion to the States to prohibit any life structure from patentability. At long last, a transitional position bolstered business as usual of the current content, which turned into the result of the negotiations. "The Doha ecclesiastical conference mirrored the worries of developing nations. A different presentation on the TRIPS understanding and general wellbeing accentuated that the understanding does not and ought not to keep WTO individuals from taking measures to ensure general wellbeing or public health.[18]" (Growth, Global Intellectual Property Régime: Genesis) The revelation explained that every member country is allowed to decide the grounds on which mandatory licenses are allowed and to build up its system on equal imports. It broadened the progress time frame for LDCs[19], as for pharmaceutical items by 10 years. Moreover, the TRIPS Chamber was told to locate a speedy answer for the issues of nations with restricted assembling limits in the pharmaceutical part in utilizing obligatory authorizing.
As this paper constructively goes on to define the interconnectedness of trade and IPR, in the end, some peculiar information of both the concepts are listed which actively provide extra detail to both.
At the point of the system of universal trade law, the need has arisen in the post- Second World War time, for locating a scholarly or reasonable establishment that, certainly accepts and acclimatizes the exemplary bits of knowledge about the additions to riches and government assistance from free exchange yet in a general sense worried about the interdependency of various states' exchange of trade and other monetary strategies i.e., overseeing or obliging the outer costs that states present on different states by prudence of their approaches.
Parallel Importation- Otherwise called as grey market products, allude to merchandise brought into a nation without the consent of the rights holder after that merchandise was authentically sold somewhere else. Equal importation identifies with the idea of regional depletion of IPR, which oversees the degree of IPR after the primary deal. In numerous nations, IPR is depleted at the principal deal for any goal, and such products can be sent out or re-traded freely. "Some developing countries contend that parallel importation is an alternative method for governments to increase access to medicines in the absence of a compulsory license, hence hold importance in the arena of international trade[20]" (U.S. Trade Policy Guidance on WTO Declaration on Access to Medicines May Need Clarification, 2007)
"If we want to preserve and enhance a basic multilateral bargain to contain generalized recourse to protectionism under conditions where the trade regime has collapsed into politics, and there is no trans- political orthodoxy that can universally validate any particular relationship between domestic policies and trade liberalization, then we may want to reopen the kind of tool kit that was used by the original GATT drafters, and revisit and perhaps dismantle some of the more rigid architecture that was produced in the 1990s.[21]" (From Politics to Technocracy-and Back Again: The Fate of the Multilateral Trading Regime, 2002)
"Localization Barriers to Tradefunction as a type of nontariff barrier to market access, "forced" localization measures generally refer to those designed to protect, favour, or stimulate domestic industries, service providers, or intellectual property at the expense of foreign counterparts.[22]" (Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade, 2020) These barriers can take various structures, for example, requirements for- specialist co-ops to process information in the foreign nation as a state of market access; get to organizations to move innovation and protected innovation as a state of endorsement of foreign invest; firms to utilize neighbourhood content as a condition for assembling or government acquirements.
(with a note to India's stand with International IP regimes)
In the wake of taking a gander at the different parts of exchange and licensed innovation, it is clarified that there are yet a couple of lacunae with regards to exchange and Intellectual Property. But other than to the latest turns of events, to bring dynamic changes towards a free-market society, quick progression of universal exchange rehearses and showing its responsibilities to the WTO under the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS), the Government of India embraced a progression of steps, to adjust Indian IP enactment to satisfactory global measures. The guidelines identifying with all types of IP have been revised or reissued lately. Since there are numerous manners by which the global system could be adjusted to guarantee better attachment between protected innovation and worldwide exchange. Even though the Indian IP laws are still in the phases of improvement, the equivalent laws are in consonance with the global IP laws as India is a signatory to worldwide shows and arrangements including Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Berne Convention on Copyright and TRIPS Agreement. As a rule, other than the time of security accessible and the time and cost took to enrol an IP, there are nevertheless a couple of significant contrasts among Indian and European contrasts among Indian and European IP laws. In any case, there have been noteworthy worries over IP implementation, with an overabundance of cases at both the common and criminal courts and IP Offices, and this is where Indian needs to work. The change in India's IP policies is primarily for the most part in light of India's promotion to the WTO which can improve the circumstance to an unbending implementation framework and rendering a global consensus on the significance of exchange and universal exchange.
However, this stands as a fact that both stringent implementations of all regimes in the international arena and togetherness of all the countries can very evidently secure the trade-related IPs all around the globe.
1) WIPO. [Online] World Intellectual Property Organisation. [Cited: June 22, 2020.] https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/450/wipo_pub_450.pdf.
2) WIPO. Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. WIPO. [Online] https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/.
3) Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. WIPO. [Online] https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/.
4) BIPRI. WIPO. WIPO — A Brief History. [Online] wipo.int/about-wipo/en/history.html.
5) U.S. Trade Policy Guidance on WTO Declaration on Access to Medicines May Need Clarification. Office, U.S. Government Accountability. 2007. 1198, s.l. : GAO, September 2007, Vol. 97, p. 19.
6) From Politics to Technocracy-and Back Again: The Fate of the Multilateral Trading Regime. Howse, Robert. 2002. s.l. : Cambridge University Press, January 2002, The American Journal of International Law, pp. 94- 117.
7) al., Mitchel B. Wallerstein et. 1993. Global dimensions of intellectual property rights in science and technology. 1993.
8) Boucher, Le. 1983. , La Faute Ii Nimbus, Les Mesures Gouvernementales Pour Encourager les Depots de Brevet. Le Monde. 1983, p. 17.
9) Growth, Global Intellectual Property Régime: Genesis and. Global Intellectual Property Régime: Genesis and Growth. Shodhganga. 3.
10) Intellectual Property in the Global Marketplace: Impact of TRIPs Dispute Settlements? Geller, Paul Edward. 1995. s.l. : International Law, 1995, Vol. 29, pp. 99, 100.
11) Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade. Shayerah Ilias Akhtar, Ian F. Fergusson, Liana Wong. 2020. s.l. : Congressional Research Service, May 2020.
12) Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade: An Overview. Curtis, John M. 2012. s.l. : CIGI Papers, May 2012, Vol. 3.
13) 'Knowledge-Economy Elites, the International Law of Intellectual Property and Trade, and Economic Development. Ryan, Michael P. 2002. 271, s.l. : Cardozo J Int'l & Comp L, 2002, Vol. 10.
14) Ladas, Stephen P. 1975. Patents, Trademarks And Related Rights.National And International Protection.1975.
15) Paris Convention for Protection of Industrial Property. 1883. 1883.
16) Petersmann, Ernst-Ufrich. 1993. International Competition Rules for the GATT-MTO World Trade and Legal System,. WORLD TRADE. 1993, pp. 35-41.
17) The Impact of TRIPs: Intellectual Property Protection in Developing Countries. Bronckers, Marco C.E.J. 1994. s.l. : Common Mkt. L. Rev, 1994, Vol. 31, pp. 1245,1252.
18) The Marriage of Intellectual Property and International Trade in the TRIPs Agreement: Strange Bedfellows or a Match Made in Heaven. Gutowski, Robert J. 1999. 1, s.l. : Buffalo Law Review, 1999, Vol. 47, pp. 713- 762.
[1]WIPO. [Online] World Intellectual Property Organisation. [Cited: 22 June 2020.] https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/450/wipo_pub_450.pdf. [2]Boucher, Le. 1983. , La Faute Ii Nimbus, Les Mesures Gouvernementales Pour Encourager les Depots de Brevet. Le Monde. 1983, p. 17. [3]Petersmann, Ernst-Ufrich. 1993. International Competition Rules for the GATT-MTO World Trade and Legal System, WORLD TRADE. 1993, pp. 35-41. [4]Ladas, Stephen P. 1975. Patents, Trademarks And Related Rights. National And International Protection.1975. [5]al., Mitchel B. Wallerstein et. 1993. Global dimensions of intellectual property rights in science and technology. 1993. [6]The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), signed on Oct. 30, 1947, by 23 countries, was a legal agreement minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and subsidies while preserving significant regulations. [7]Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade: An Overview. Curtis, John M. 2012. s.l. : CIGI Papers, May 2012, Vol. 3. [8]The costs a company incurs in the process of developing new goods and services to best suit the company's and consumer needs. [9]Paris Convention for Protection of Industrial Property. 1883. [10]The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. [11]The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a treaty entered into by the United States, Canada, and Mexico; it went into effect on January 1, 1994. (Free trade had existed between the U.S. and Canada since 1989; NAFTA broadened that arrangement.) [12]WIPO. Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. WIPO. [Online] https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/. [13]BIPRI. WIPO. WIPO — A Brief History. [Online] wipo.int/about-wipo/en/history.html. [14]The Marriage of Intellectual Property and International Trade in the TRIPs Agreement: Strange Bedfellows or a Match Made in Heaven. Gutowski, Robert J. 1999. 1, s.l. : Buffalo Law Review, 1999, Vol. 47, pp. 713- 762. [15]Intellectual Property in the Global Marketplace: Impact of TRIPs Dispute Settlements? Geller, Paul Edward. 1995. s.l. : International Law, 1995, Vol. 29, pp. 99, 100. [16]The Impact of TRIPs: Intellectual Property Protection in Developing Countries. Bronckers, Marco C.E.J. 1994. s.l. : Common Mkt. L. Rev, 1994, Vol. 31, pp. 1245,1252. [17]'Knowledge-Economy Elites, the International Law of Intellectual Property and Trade, and Economic Development. Ryan, Michael P. 2002. 271, s.l. : Cardozo J Int'l & Comp L, 2002, Vol. 10. [18]Growth, Global Intellectual Property Régime: Genesis and. Global Intellectual Property Régime: Genesis and Growth. Shodhganga. 3. [19] "The least developed countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world." [20]U.S. Trade Policy Guidance on WTO Declaration on Access to Medicines May Need Clarification. Office, U.S. Government Accountability. 2007. 1198, s.l. : GAO, September2007, Vol. 97, p. 19. [21]From Politics to Technocracy-and Back Again: The Fate of the Multilateral Trading Regime. Howse, Robert. 2002. s.l. : Cambridge University Press, January 2002, The American Journal of International Law, pp. 94- 117. [22]Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade. Shayerah Ilias Akhtar, Ian F. Fergusson, Liana Wong. 2020. s.l. : Congressional Research Service, May 2020.
Legit Originals, Volume 1, Issue 1 (September 2020)
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You have a series of pictures connecting the gift. The images should become progressively bigger and brighter, with more intriguing things happening to you as you cooperate.
When the franks are uncooked because you can't get the fire 17, what does she do? There are plenty of tests. ' Lots of others. Ask yourself, " does my date hunt a lot of compliments" Can she ask" do I look great? " Over and over. Or" am I OK? " Does she ask you" how is my lipstick? " Can she say" is my blouse OK? " She may ask" how can my voice sound? " She might even say" I am a fairly great person are not I? " She might ask, " would you think I'm smart? " Check to see if she keeps a high Greenfield NS google backpage escorts of weird drawings stuffed under her bed. There are immeasurable vagaries available lurking in the interior reaches of the mind of a date. Here we have a list of seventy or strange products.
Your goals aren't the end all be all, because as soon as you've reached them. . . you should be suddenly unfulfilled again and again reaching for the upcoming ones. This is part of the journey, and it's an infinite pursuit of pleasure. The minute you stop moving this way, well. . . that's known as settling, no matter how high you have climbed.
Misspelled Words. Don't sayyou're" Ecstatically protected" in case you can not spell Ecstatically. That is why they invented spell check, although Lots of men and women aren't the best spellers. Proof your profile for common grammatical mistakes such as" your" for" you are. " List Makers: These people list everything they verbalize that record, or do not want at a suitor, on their online dating profiles. These things ought to go without saying! Casual sex ? movie this kind of list screams, " I am not ready to date. " These folks therefore are currently telling you everything that happened to them and are either not over the backpage escorts, or they have stellar grudge- holding fortitude.
In the internet dating world you have to keep in mind that women get many messages every day. Girls have busier her lives to tends. When she first talks to a you she'll notice you as a virtual object that is inhuman essentially. Only because there's no connection with you yet.
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On the other hand, if you are a confident masculine man, you realize that girls attraction relies purely on her own emotions( that is women can't choose who they feel drawn to) and that girls are automatically drawn to a masculine leadership traits. On turning the playing area men at that position have the hand and the ability. Men that are confident will stay unfazed and powerful in the midst of the testing of women and these tests get harder because of their ego bloat up with care from men.
Children Do you want them, do you have them, or do you head them? By way of example, " I'm searching for a girl free and clear with no kids! " Great news: you are in for a real treat ifyou're fine with dating women with children! Women with kids reply making them simpler to date. They also come after you harshly than women with children, probably because their choices date them are perceived as much more restricted.
A kind of decent, okay- looking girl searching for a sort of man that is decent to share some interesting times. No" relationship goals" right now, essentially taking it easy and hopeyou're too. I do have an adventure there and here, and like to try new things however. It read a little sad to me personally but it was really. Maybe the exclamation point gave a little pep to it, I thought. Although the site maintained my odds would boost with a factor of ten Do not upload a photo, oh no. Just clicked into" Create My Profile. " I could write to the Scientist Coke Bottle Glasses Greenfield Nova Scotia backpage muscular shemale escorts that is Asian.
It goes something like this: the water tends to shake and become agitated if you tap on a cup of water. A cup of honey will not budge. It might take a lot of jostling to have the honey to be perturbed.
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People don't understand bridge the gap that is online /offline, calibrate their internet comedy, select their pictures, message efficiently, how to portray themselves in the best light, and generally succeed in the online atmosphere. Plus it applies to people.
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Untold amounts suffer from the affliction. For all, it persisted and started in youth throughout the union and into the divorce. ( Another reason for divorce, for those of you who are keeping track. ) If solitude was a stumbling block for several years this may be a part of the climb for you.

subset: commoncrawl


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Functioning on a tip, Memphis Police went along to a pond in Walnut, Mississippi. Here, within the murky red clay water, they discovered a gun considered to be found in the killing.
James Brown: exactly just exactly How uncommon will it be to locate a piece that is key of some seven years later on?
Toney Armstrong: this is the needle within the haystack. They discovered the needle into the haystack. …and for them in order to recover that weapon is — is quite a remarkable feat.
Although, Kelvin Cowans had separated with Sherra Wright, he thought she will be delighted if the weapon had been found. But he didn't obtain the effect he expected whenever he called her to commemorate.
Kelvin Cowans: I state, "Hey, law enforcement have inked this best part. They discovered the weapon that killed Lorenzen."
Kelvin Cowans: We got regarding the phone and she was not pleased about any of it after all, and —
James Brown: Actually?
Kelvin Cowans: –and that bothered me. That — which was whenever we first started initially to think that, guess what happens, perhaps we have actuallyn't been taking a look at grief, you realize, all this work time. Perhaps i have been taking a look at shame.
The case took an unexpected turn after finding the gun. On December 5, police arrested Billy Ray Turner in a convenience shop in Collierville, Tenn.
Marc Perrusquia: it had been just like a surreal minute, actually. After all, because, you realize, we kept hearin' these plain aspects of Sherra. …And chances are they arrest this person Billy Turner, whom no body ever even heard about.
James Brown: that is Billy Ray Turner and exactly how does he squeeze into the truth?
Toney Armstrong: If he could be whom this research claims that he's — he is a murderer. Continue reading Armstrong's prayers had been answered seven years after the murder of Lorenzen Wright on Nov. 9, 2017.


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Make A Difference To Your Social Media Marketing With These Exceptional Ideas
Popular social networking sites like Twitter, Google Plus, and Twitter are just a few options that are incredibly powerful for business owners. Some businesses have not yet begun working to explore what these social media sites.The guidelines in this article should help businesses develop a marketing approach that includes the effective use of social networking strategy.
Make sure your blog is always kept up to date with relevant and useful information. Post any promotions or promotions that you are offering in your blog. – make sure you post it on your blog too.
Understand the concept of conversation and dialogue. Take advantage of your customers' willingness to reach out by starting a conversation. Be excited to learn about their needs, and allow this to energize your next big move, and how you can make your company even better.
Tie all of the links you have in your social media pages together with links. Add links to social media sites on your blog, your website, and like you on Facebook. Linking your social media profiles together will potentially increase your revenue-generating potential by converting new customers.
Have a plan of attack before tackling a social media. You need to know who will oversee the site's content, what kind of layout is best and the amount of time that needs to be invested. You need to have a time in which you plan on reaching your goals.
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The phone rang early on Monday morning. "Nurse Flemr, please come to the kindergarten when you can. It is not urgent, but we have a situation with the hamster!"
Fueled by curiosity, I walked to the classroom and found 4 and 5-year-olds gathered around the hamster cage. Over the weekend Oliver (who had been sold to the teacher as a male) had given birth to a litter of eleven. That day Oliver became Olive.
Someone familiar with hamster care advised the teacher to separate the male and female babies since hamsters reproduce at a young age. My job—to "sex" the babies.
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That was when 4-year-old Eleanor joined me at the table. (You might remember her from my first tale). She always brought brightness, energy, and articulate conversation to any situation. Eleanor placed her hand on my arm and said, "Nurse . . . I can help you . . . I know the difference between girls and boys! You see, nurse . . . boys have . . .uhh . . . boys have . . . uhh . . . . well, uhh. . . . Short hair!"


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Game Modding Studio
General game file tools that are useful for more than one game
Post Reply
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
- M-M-M-Monster veteran
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Re: Game Modding Studio
Sounds interesting. I've never liked having to write completely new tool sets for every new game, but I guess sometimes it's not possible to have a single tool handle everything.
How extensible is it?
How extensible is it?
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2 posts • Page 1 of 1


text:
About MONKS AND MONKEYS TRAVELS (P) LTD.:
Travelling is an essential part of our life and everyone is moving from one place to other in daily life. And planned trips now becoming a significantly requirement of every individual & surely it is. For someone it is just a way to enjoy with their friends and family & for someone it is a way to explore the world and make out sense of his existence in this world. God created this world with inquisitiveness & diversity. And maybe with an intension to give different opportunity to relax / to find immortality of life / to explore the unconquerable nature. In today`s scenario where a thousand of Travel Agents & Online Portals are available, it is very confusing to choose one of them with appropriate program & cost that will suites your requirement. Apart that it requires a lot of time to do it.
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text: A quiet moment at the beach on our first day in Massawa. It was so hot in Massawa and in the evening, it cooled down significantly. We got to enjoy the evening waves before going to have a cold drink. It was nice to have a break from all the meetings in the previous week. Music: https://www.bensound.com/Posted By : Karen Nguyen


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Premier League appoints David Pemsel as chief executive
The Premier League has appointed David Pemsel as its new chief executive, announcing on Wednesday that he would take up the role "no later than April 2020". Last November, the league selected Susanna Dinnage for the post but, after accepting, she changed her mind and decided she no longer wanted the job. The league said
Read the rest of the story on The Punch News
Added October 02, 2019
from The Punch News


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@article{Pyć_Dorota_Maritime_2010, author={Pyć, Dorota}, number={No XXVI}, howpublished={online}, pages={145-163}, journal={Prawo Morskie}, year={2010}, publisher={Oddział PAN w Gdańsku}, abstract={
Member states of the European Union face a growing number of irregular migrants attempting to cross the Unions maritime border in the Mediterranean. An illegal transfer route there allows tens of thousands to enter the EU, mostly from Africa and Asia. The southern EU states of Italy, Malta, Greece and Spain cope with the problem with increasing difficulty. Their border enforcement authorities are to be aided by EUs specialized Rapid Border Intervention Teams (RABITs). The task of coordinating the measures lies ahead of the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union (Frontex), based in Warsaw. Frontex began its operations in October 2005. The European Parliament took position on the issue irregular migration in the Mediterranean and called upon the Commission and the Council to strengthen the efforts against human trafficking and smuggling. The problem has also been addressed by European Economic and Social Committee and Committee of the Regions.}, type={Artykuły / Articles}, title={Maritime border protection in the European Union. Irregular migration in the Mediterranean}, }


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Are you interested in competitive debating? Do you want to see how you match up against debaters around the world? Capstone is proud to announce that we will be holding a selections process to choose students to be part of the Capstone Official Team.
The Capstone Official Team consists of the very best of high school debating in Hong Kong. Members of the squad include members of the Hong Kong World Schools Team and Hong Kong Inter-school champions. Students in this team are given the opportunity and support to compete in prestigious tournaments across the globe. Students that represent Capstone as part of this team will be able to attend classes at a discounted rate of up to 75%. There are also multiple free class slots available throughout the week!
Junior Official Team
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All secondary school students who are at least 13 years old or currently in Grade 7 or above can qualify to attend selections and be a member of the Official Team or the Junior Official Team.
Selections process
There will be 2-4 rounds of debate, and all students are required to answer a current affairs test.
Details of selection day are as follows
Date: January 20, 2019 (Sunday)
Time: 9:30 am – 6:00 pm
Venue: Capstone Primary Center, Hong Kong
|Capstone 2018 Official Team members
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Capstone debate students
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Please click HERE to register. There will be limited spots available and reservation is on first-come, first served basis. All application must be accompanied by a debate CV/ description of the student's debate experience (if any). An email will be sent to you to provide you with the payment details. Your reservation will only be confirmed after payment or deposit have been made. For more information please call 2893 6060 or email to email@example.com .
Please download Capstone Official Team's Info Pack to get all the details in relation to the Official Team.


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Helping a patient breathe
Emergency responders from Ashwaubenon Public Safety and De Pere trained to learn another way to help a patient breathe on Monday.
It's called cricothyrotomy and it's a last-resort but after some recent critical care cases, Aurora Baycare helped provide personnel with a review.
There's a lot an emergency responder can do to save a patient's life before making it to the hospital --- and this technique is one of them.
"A lack of an airway will cause somebody to die and have permanent brain damage within 4-6 minutes, that is much shorter than the time it takes, to get to any of our hospitals on any given day," said Dr. Steve Stroman, an EMS Physician with Baycare Clinic.
It's a high stress procedure that needs to fast and efficient.
"That is a last chance airway, basically a field procedure where the paramedics needing to supply an airway for the patients in the field would use a scalpel and actually cut through the patient's skin to their trachea and airway in order to provide air and ventilation for the patients," said Don Riha, Lieutenant of Public Safety in Ashwaubenon.
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The T-34-85 tank is a kind of infrequent guns that experience remained in carrier for greater than part a century. First brought in 1944, it has visible strive against in approximately each nook of the globe. Steven Zaloga and Jim Kinnear examine this long-serving tank at size. even if lengthy out of date in Europe, it has confirmed a competent and effective weapon in lots of 3rd global conflicts, and remains to be in provider with greater than a dozen armies worldwide.
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Scotiabank Centre is reopening on October 3, for the Halifax Mooseheads' 2020-21 season home opener following approval of a comprehensive safe reopening framework that was reviewed by public health, occupational health and safety at the Department of Labour and Advanced Education and Department of Communities, Culture and Heritage. The framework is aligned with the QMJHL return to play health and safety protocols.
"We're thrilled to be reopening and welcoming our fans back to Scotiabank Centre," says Carrie Cussons, president & CEO of Scotiabank Centre. "We've been working in close collaboration with the Halifax Mooseheads to develop a comprehensive plan that allows us to safely host their season and allow fans to cheer loud and proud for their home team."
To ensure our fans, staff, and suppliers' health and safety, Scotiabank Centre will implement all standard health and safety guidelines related to non-medical masks, hand hygiene, physical distancing, and contact tracing. Additionally, the following enhanced protocols will be in place:
The facility will be divided into separate zones to maintain bubbles up to a maximum of 200 people with washrooms, concessions, and entrance/exit points.
Tickets will be sold in groups of up to 10 within the same bubble, respecting public health gathering guidelines.
Attendees will be required to wear non-medical masks at all times, except when consuming food and beverage.
Tickets will be mobile-only to minimize the requirement for close contact.
New cleaning and hygiene protocols have been put in place to ensure thorough and regular disinfecting of frequently touched locations and surfaces, including deep cleaning and sanitization prior to and post-event.
Contactless hand sanitizing stations will be located throughout the venue and at entry points with signage to reinforce the importance of hygiene etiquette.
The Mooseheads will be offering two separate bundles of 15 pre-selected games that will be available to Season Ticket Members on Tuesday, September 15th followed by 15-Game Pack Holders on September 17th. For more information visit HalifaxMooseheads.ca. Link our website to this: https://halifaxmooseheads.ca/ticket-information
"After an unprecedented spring and summer, the Halifax Mooseheads are thrilled to be on the verge of returning to the ice for another exciting season of QMJHL hockey. We've altered our schedule. We've changed our seating plan. We've worked hand-in-hand with our partners at Scotiabank Centre to provide a safe, responsible environment for players, fans, arena staff and members of our organization. We can't wait to get back to doing what we enjoy most: playing great hockey in front of the best hockey fans anywhere!" Bobby Smith, majority owner, Halifax Mooseheads.
Erin Esiyok-Prime
Director, Marketing and Communications, Scotiabank Centre
o: 902-421-1302 ext. 2791
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Scott MacIntosh
Media Relations and Communications, Halifax Mooseheads
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Monday 30 November 2020
They can play a crucial part in tackling mental illness and food poverty among parents, says Claire Kay
PICTURE the scene: a busy, crowded room, toys strewn across the floor, babies huddled together on play mats, toddlers running around. A group of mothers are having a cup of tea in the corner, snatching bits of conversation while ensuring that Charlie doesn't bop Emily on the head again with the plastic rolling pin.
Church toddler groups provide a backbone of support for parents who are desperate to escape their four walls and another episode of Paw Patrol. Churches are one of the main providers of such groups in the UK, especially with the closures of government-run Sure Start centres.
To the average mother, the toddler group provides an opportunity to meet friends and an additional way to socialise their children. But for some — especially those silently suffering from mental illness, or on low incomes — the groups can provide a lifeline.
In recent years, mental illness among parents of young children in the UK has grown significantly. The Government estimates that one in five parents suffers from some form of mental illness during pregnancy or after having a baby, and suicide is now a leading cause of death within that first year. Cases of pre- or post-natal anxiety, pre- or post-natal depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder related to birth are increasing.
In addition to mental illness, food poverty is another, often hidden, struggle among parents of young children. The Trussell Trust estimates that one in five parents skips meals to feed his or her children. This means that, in an average toddler group of 20 families, between four and eight parents may struggle with either their mental health or their food provision.
IN SMALL but significant ways, church toddler groups are well-placed to be a first line of defence in the fight against parental mental illness and food poverty.
First, with regard to food poverty, toddler groups can signpost parents to services such as debt-management courses and foodbanks in their community. They can advertise such services and make information freely and easily available.
Churches should also think about how much they charge for toddler groups, and consider changing it to a "donation" instead. They could offer food to the parents when the children have their "juice time" (it may be the only thing that some of the parents will eat all day, as we have sadly discovered), or they could donate free fruit and vegetables for parents to take home.
Second, toddler groups are places where mental health can be talked about in natural, everyday conversations. Such conversations can help parents to feel less alone, and can be a crucial link to further support.
Volunteers are invaluable, especially if they do not have their own children to look after. They can help to serve the tea and coffee, hold a crying baby while parents have a drink, play with a child for five minutes to give the parents a break, or be on hand to listen. The ministry of putting a hot cup of tea into a mother's hands should not be undervalued: it may be the only time that week when she feels cared about. Who knows the challenges that she may face at home and which she has not disclosed to anyone else?
Toddler-group leaders and helpers would benefit from going on a Christian listening course, or a basic counselling course. Just asking "How are you?" can help — and, if you get a generic response that, you suspect, is not genuine, take the time to look parents in the eye and say "Are you sure you're OK? I'm a good listener."
Volunteers should check in with people if they have been to a meeting with their GP, for instance, after a previously tearful week. They should be aware that some conversations within the group might be painful: for example, when a mother had a traumatic or difficult birth, or who struggled to bond with her baby.
Compassionate, reflective listening is an incredibly healing ministry. Volunteers should try not to be shocked by what parents might tell them. Respecting confidentiality and safeguarding is key; and so is having resources at hand to refer parents to if they need additional, specialist mental-health support. Creating opportunities for smaller-group get-togethers can also be beneficial, such as going for coffee, or a walk, where it is easier to talk one to one.
FAITH leaders marched through Gulu, in northern Uganda, for a "day of prayer" last month to raise awareness of the social stigma affecting the children of the civil war — and their children, born of rape in captivity. It was organised by the children's charity World Vision, and funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the UK
TRY to create fun, genuine, and joyful spaces where friendships can be formed, and where parents have a safe space to come and the chance to rest a while.
Most of all, basically, just be kind. Kindness matters, especially to parents who may be at a distance from extended family, or who do not have quality loving relationships in their lives.
And, lastly, value your toddler-group leaders, too. Very often they are parents themselves, who are sadly not immune to financial pressures and struggles with mental health. It can be a hugely rewarding ministry to lead a toddler group — but don't forget to look after leaders, too.
Claire Kay is the mother of three teenagers from North Wales, and the founder of two peer-support groups for parents who have mental illness after the birth of their baby.
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In the same key as the original: F♯m
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