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Speak Out
We are very excited to be launching Speak Out, a new collaborative project between Manchester International Festival, Young Identity and Xaverian College, set up to empower young people to 'speak out' on the issues that affect them most.
Over six weeks participants from Young Identity, MIF's Young People's Forum and Xaverian College will take part in online weekly workshops to explore the art of speech-writing and making.
The group will explore how to research, plan and deliver a powerful public address and hear from inspirational people who regularly speak out on issues from Black Lives Matter to Climate Change, about how they do it and what really makes an impact.
John McGrath, Artistic Director of Manchester International Festival, said – "Young people are leading change here in Manchester and across the World. We're proud to support them in advocating for their rights, ideas and futures. It's never been more urgent, or more necessary"
Shirley May, CEO Artistic Director of Young Identity, said – "At Young Identity, we believe it is really important that young people be given the opportunity to articulate what is on their minds, on a personal, local and global level. Speak Out is amplifying the voice of the next generation."
Antonio de Paola, Vice Principal of Xaverian College, said – "We are pleased to be supporting this fantastic initiative. It's very important for us at Xaverian to involve our students in projects which help them to articulate their opinions confidently and eloquently."
Reece Williams
Reece Williams is a poet, theatre producer and racial equality campaigner from Manchester. He is a trustee at Contact, an organisation dedicated to the engagement of young people through the arts, where he serves as the Chair of the Resources Committee. He is also a Peer Mentor for The Agency, a collaboration between Contact and Battersea Arts Centre that empowers young people from economically and socially deprived communities to create projects that foster change. Reece joined Young Identity in 2007, and has worked with the likes of Saul Williams, Kate Tempest, the Last Poets and the late Amiri Baraka.
Zena Edwards
Zena Edwards has become known as one the most unique voices of performance poetry to come out of London. She has been published in several anthologies, including Dance the Guns to Silence (flipped eye publishing). As a multidisciplinary collaborator, Zena has worked with internationally acclaimed choreographer and dancer Akram Khan (XENOS), visual artist Theaster Gates (Soul Manufacturing Company), radical filmmaker Fahim Alam (Riots Reframed) and the Last Poets.
Colette Williams
Colette Williams has been active in community politics for over 12 years. She has been integral in the organising and hosting of community-led and -focused conferences –notably PAC45 Africa in the World and Women and Youth, which commemorated the 1945 Pan African Conference while also working towards equality, justice and recognition. With the late Deyika Nzeribe, she launched Mbari, a cultural programme that looked at issues from deaths in police custody to community assets and saw the launch of FADE2BLACK, Manchester's Black film cinema. She led the successful campaign to return the Caribbean Carnival to its home of Moss Side; and was central in the organising of Manchester Black Lives Matter Stand in Solidarity, which saw more than 3,000 people march through Moss Side to the city centre. She is the Northwest Lead of the Black Activists Rising Against Cuts coalition.
Jeanette Winterson
Jeanette Winterson is an award-winning writer published in 22 counties. Raised as a Pentecostal evangelist, Jeanette published her first novel Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit in 1985 and later scripted it into a BAFTA-winning drama for the BBC. Jeanette has written novels, short stories, essays, journalism, TV scripts and documentaries, books for children, and numerous pieces about the visual arts –a particular interest of hers. She collaborated with Antony Gormley on LAND, five essays about his site-specific work for the Landmark Trust. Her work has been published in 22 countries around the world. Her most recent novel Frankisstein: A Love Story,was longlisted for the 2019 Booker Prize. Jeanette is in the middle of writing a book of essays about AI and its impact on the human future, due to be published in 2021. Jeanette is Professor of New Writing at the University of Manchester, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy. As a working-class girl born in Manchester, she believes that art is for everyone – part of our mental health and daily creativity.
Shirley May
Shirley May is the Director of Young Identity. Shirley has supported many of Manchester's young poets in their progressions from the projects she runs to their careers in the creative industries, and has worked in partnership with many of the city's cultural organisations,including the Royal Exchange Theatre, Contact and the Lowry. Shirley's own work has been published in several anthologies as well as in She Wrote Her Own Eulogy (Wrecking Ball), her debut collection. Shirley has performed at the Calabash Festival in Jamaica, the Nuyorican Poets Café in New York, the FIND Festival at the Schaubühne in Berlin and Tate Modern, her last performance before lockdown.
Steph Pike
Steph Pike has been a campaigner and political activist since the 1980s. She has been involved in many campaigns and protests and has delivered speeches at conferences and protest rallies. She is also a performance poet. Her poetry collection Pétroleuse is published by Flapjack Press.
Cover photo of Meduulla by Rami Mambwa


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LANGKAWI, March 28 — Two Royal Malaysia Air Force (RMAF) Hawk 208 pilots broke the world record for making the longest duration of flight when they flew for four hours and 12 minutes in August 2016.
Major Fairul 'Gillette' Mohd Rustham, 33, and Major Zulkifli 'Steady' Mohamad, 38, from No. 15 Squadron at the Butterworth Air Base, Penang, shattered the record made by former British Royal Air Force squadron leader John Hurrell, who flew for three hours and 56 minutes in 1988.
The success of the two RMAF pilots has been recognised by the British multinational defence and aerospace company, BAE Systems, which is participating at the 2019 Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace (LIMA'19) Exhibition at the Mahsuri International Exhibition Centre (MIEC) here.
When met by Bernama, Fairul said they were then conducting an operation at the South China Sea.
"We flew from RMAF Base in Kuantan, Pahang, to carry out observation in the South China Sea and did not expect to be in the aircraft for that long," he added.
He said normally Hawk pilots would fly for about an hour as they were not trained to fly for a long period.
"Normally, we fly for an hour or slightly more, that's the maximum duration to fly the aircraft. That day, we were conducting an operation and we had to exceed the duration," he added.
Meanwhile, Zulkifli said the Hawk aircraft is normally used to train new pilots.
The recognition from BAE is the second for Fairul and Zulkifli. The first was from RMAF last March 2.
The Hawk aircraft was acquired by the RMAF through the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Malaysian government and the United Kingdom on December 10, 1990, for the delivery of 10 Hawk 108 and 18 Hawk 208.
The advanced trainer/light fighter jets were brought in stages from April 15, 1994.
LIMA'19, being held at MIEC and Resorts World Langkawi, saw the participation of 406 defence-related companies and commercial entities from 32 countries.
Themed 'Defence and Commercial Connecting Intelligence', it is jointly organised by EN Projects (M) Sdn Bhd, the Defence Ministry and Transport Ministry. — Bernama

subset: commoncrawl


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Starting with 22 July 2016, PJSC "First Ukrainian International Bank" (FUIB) begins to disburse the guaranteed amounts of deposits to the customers of PJSC "Fidobank", that is, to individuals whose funds are subject to compensation by the Private Deposit Guarantee Fund.
FUIB disburses funds to depositors who, when concluding bank deposit/account agreement with PJSC "Fidobank", indicated place of residence registration in the following regions: Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Donetsk, Luhansk regions, AR Crimea and Sevastopol, as well as depositors who are non-residents.
Total amount of payments for the specified regions amounts to 455 million UAH.
Disbursement of funds to depositors will be made in the amount of the deposit, including interest accrued as at the beginning of the procedure for bank's withdrawal from the market by the Fund (20 May 2016), but not more than 200 thousand hryvnia.
Disbursement of funds is performed at any operating branch of the FUIB in the entire territory of Ukraine from 22 July 2016 to 02 September 2016 inclusive.
Deposit programs have been developed for depositors of the PJSC "Fidobank" which allow one to effectively dispose of funds, that is, deposits "Profitable" and "Free".
You can find more information for depositors of PJSC "Fidobank" regarding the obtainment of monetary compensations by calling 044-496-88-61, as well as on a special bank page http://pumb.ua/ru/fido/
- ПУМБ отримав нагороду Sustainable Leadership від Mastercard
- Відтепер перевірити номер картки та CVV-код можна прямо у мобільному додатку ПУМБ Online
- Інформація щодо роботи відділень та точок надання фінансових послуг ПУМБ на вихідних
- FUIB is recognized as the best anti-virus bank!
- FUIB received 5 awards in The Best Corporate Media of Ukraine 2020 competition
- FUIB is one of the winners of the HR-Brand 2020 Award for employers
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I hope you find the answer to your question below. If not, contact me. My aim is to answer all queries within 24 hours.
Do you value the quality of your life and desire to have a fulfilling personal and professional life? Are you committed to learning, open to support and want to be proactive in solving a problem or issue? Are you ready to undergo a change – perhaps a change in your personal effectiveness, a change in your quality of life, or a change in direction for your organisation. Or are you in the midst of a transition and are finding it challenging?
Have you identified with any of the statements on my About You page?
Then coaching may be right for you.
Coaching is not appropriate if you are looking for expert advice (this is the role of a consultant or mentor) or personal healing from a past trauma (this is the expertise of trained therapists and counsellors).
When we start out on our coaching relationship, we will work together to clarify your coaching question and desired outcomes and these then become our guiding framework.
I will then tailor the coaching sessions to help you achieve these, whilst at the same time ensure that we are working on whatever is most important to you at that time.
At the end of each session, I will ask you to reflect on what you have discovered or learnt anew and invite you to set yourself some 'homework'. You chose how specific you wish to be regarding any actions you may take before we meet again. And as we start our next session, I will ask you to share with me the outcome of any such actions, how much you have tested or applied your new learning and what changes you have seen as a consequence.
I will invite you to formally review your coaching question and goals every 3 sessions or so. We will also tweak and tailor your coaching journey, as we travel.
I will invite us to share feedback with each other at the end of the session, and will specifically ask you what could I be doing differently to support you more.
I have forms that you can use at before we start of our coaching journey to help you identify your goals, at the end of each meeting to reflect on that day's coaching session and after our formal reviews. If completed, they can be used to keep us on track as we work together and to measure and monitor the success of your coaching journey at the end of the programme.
The Thinking Environment is the brain child and life work of Nancy Kline, author, coach and thought leader. It consists of 10 core Components – Attention, Ease, Feelings, Encouragement, Diversity, Equality, Place, Incisive Questions, Appreciation, and Information. Each Component is powerful individually, but the presence of all 10 working together results in a highly transformative experience for thinker and listener alike.
When the Components are practiced within the framework of the 4 core Applications – Thinking Partnerships, Dialogues, Rounds and Open Discussions, separately or in combination – the result is deceptively simple yet constructively disruptive team process.
The Components and Applications are combined to meet the needs of the team and the meeting agenda, making the Thinking Environment an ideal, flexible method for enhancing the power of individual thinking, intensifying team creativity and increasing productivity.
If you would like to know more, I highly recommend Nancy's book "Time to Think: listening to Ignite the Human Mind".
Am I right in thinking that you have a specific interest in working with people who are returning to work after being ill?
Yes, definitely.
As well as my passion for health and background as a physician, I have had the direct experience of returning to work after two major health issues and face the subsequent challenges of working on reduced hours/modified responsibilities. The first time involved major surgery to my neck, and the second time I developed depression after burning out at work. The first time involved me having to change my career path, and the second involved me transitioning back into my old role – or so I thought.
Indeed, many people return to work with a sense of minor disruption only, adjusting quickly to what is needed of them and slipping quickly back into role. But this is not the case for everyone.
Though I recovered well from both of my health issues, my performance was not up to the standard it needed to be, not initially – and it only slowly returned. The second time, I didn't have enough insight at the time to address my issues effectively and I didn't have the brave conversions with my management that I needed to have – I was too busy trying to stay 'normal'. What I didn't realise was quite how much I had changed, and how much the organisation had changed whilst I "wasn't looking". My employers recognised my need and encouraged me to work with a coach. With his support, I started to see what I needed to do to move my life forward.
My aim is to use my understanding of what it feels like to be in this position to work with clients as they return to work and re-establish themselves in the workplace: to help them identify with their needs and challenges; to support them as they prepare for significant conversations; to encourage them as they explore their new selves in their old environment – or perhaps in their subtly new and uncomfortably strange environment; to be with them as they test whether they still belong; and to offer opportunities to explore new values and possibly a new sense of potential.
And my goal is to ensure that my clients effectively, efficiently and joyfully re-establish themselves back into the workforce
There is no denying that you will have to be prepared to make an investment if you wish to work with a coach. And this investment is as much an investment of time and effort as it is a financial one.
I recognise that clients who are paying for their coaching themselves cannot afford corporate rates therefore I offer both personal and corporate rates. The actual cost depends on the type of coaching programme you are looking for and whether you decide to pre-book sessions, as I offer a discount for block bookings.
In addition, for clients that are funding their own coaching, I state the investment as a range and ask the client to decide on an amount within that range. In this way, I ask you to play an active role in deciding the level of fee you pay, to ensure that you are fully invested in your choices as we work together. And to ensure that you can benefit from a full 'course' of coaching, and not feel restricted by affordability.
Finally, I hold a small number of spaces open for clients who are unable to afford my personal rate structure and have strong drive to engage a coach.
If you would like to receive an estimate of what coaching could cost you, contact me using the form on the Contact page and I'll send you an outline of costs as soon as I can.
The best way to find out about coaching is to contact me, either by email or by using the form on the Contact page, to arrange a call with me so you can get an idea of what coaching can do for you. Together, we can explore what it is you are looking for, and therefore whether coaching would be of value to you, or not.
My standard hours are Monday to Friday, 9am – 5pm.
I am also happy to meet with you in the early mornings (7am – 9am), evenings (6pm – 9pm) and weekends (Saturdays and Sundays, after 1pm) if this works better for you; a 10% surcharge will be applied to the applicable session/booking rate.
Coaching is currently an unregulated profession in the UK, meaning anyone can design a business card and call themselves a coach. Because of this, it is important that you do your research very carefully.
It is worth checking whether the coach is a member of a recognised professional body such as the EMCC, AoC or ICF. You may also want to check whether the coach is Accredited – in other words has had their work reviewed and assessed by experts in the area and recognised as of a standard that deserves accreditation.
You may want to check if they have relevant coaching qualifications and, if important to you, relevant professional qualifications and life/work experience.
You will also want to ask about whether they work to a specified Code of Coaching Conduct – they should offer to give you a copy of this. And finally you may want to check that they participate in regular supervision and have relevant insurance cover.
But qualifications and memberships mean very little if you find that you do not get on with your coach. Many coaches offer you a preliminary meeting, sometimes called a chemistry meeting or an intake meeting. This is often free, the primary purpose of which is to offer you (and the coach) an opportunity to test whether there is the potential for a good coaching relationship. Never feel obliged to continue if you don't want to.
It depends on the challenge that you are working on, on the degree of change you hope to see as a result of your coaching programme and your willingness to work on yourself in and between sessions. And it also depends on how well you define what success looks like as part of your goal setting process with your coach – if you haven't thought through what you are aiming for, it is likely that you won't recognise it as you approach it, no matter how close you are.
Some clients can see or feel change happening after their first session, and may receive comments regarding things being different from friends, family, colleagues; for others it may take several, or all of the sessions before they become aware of results, especially if established beliefs or behaviours have to be reworked as part of the programme.
There is no correct answer to this question, as the length of a coaching relationship varies depending on your reasons for coaching, your needs and your preferences.
For some people, three to six months of working with a coach may work. For others, it may be more beneficial to work with a coach for a longer period.
There are many factors that may impact the length of time you work with a coach: the types of goals, the ways you prefer to work, the frequency of your meetings with your coach, your willingness and ability to commit to any agreed 'homework' and of course, the financial resources that you can put towards coaching.
No, not always. Some client/coach combinations prefer to meet face-to-face whilst others prefer to meet virtually. And research has shown that all three modes of working together result in successful coaching – it comes down to personal preference in most cases.
Face-to-face has the disadvantage of either the coach or client (or both) having to travel. Meeting virtually avoids this and is therefore more efficient from a time management perspective; and with the advent of Skype, to name but one virtual meeting platforms, coaching this way can feel almost as personal as being in the same room. Of course, it is best to test the Skype connection before committing to this form of relationship as signal issues can be very disruptive to the flow of the session.
Some coaches offer telephone coaching too, but for many, Skype has replaced this method of communicating. That said, access to a working phone is an absolutely essential backup for virtual coaching, just in case there is signal disaster!
No, not at all. If you recognise yourself in the statements on the About You Page, I would be delighted to work with you, regardless of the size of your organisation. I have several clients who work in organisations with an employee base of one – themselves! And others who are going through a major transition and are either not currently employed or looking to move from corporate into self-employment or even looking to change direction altogether. What matters is that this is good, constructive chemistry between us and that you have a desire to explore.
Both coaching and therapy involve confidential 'helping' one-to-one relationships and are focused on working towards your personal, desired changes.
But coaching is not therapy, but instead an opportunity for you to embark on what I like to call a 'deep study of one's own future potential' in a safe and supported space. Having said that, many of my clients do find coaching very therapeutic, as it is an opportunity to talk openly without risking being judged or rejected, to explore who they are and what they stand for in a safe and trusting environment.
Therapists/councillors are trained professionals and are affiliated with a professional body who sets the standards to which they work. Whilst coaching is unregulated in the UK, increasingly coaches also undergo specific training in coaching skills, they affiliate with a professional body and undergo professional accreditation. See the FAQ: "How can I tell if a coach is good?" for more information.
The main difference between coaching and therapy is that coaching focuses mainly on the present and what can be done now to help you develop and grow into your future professional and/or personal potential, whilst therapy (simplistically) involves resolving difficulties arising from the past to help you deal with the present and future in more emotionally healthy ways.
Another way to look at it is, coaching is not about healing per se, but about building on the health that is already present.
This is such a difficult question, as people are as different as their reasons for coaching. But coaching is a time bound activity – it is expected to come to a natural end.
For example, you may contract with a coach for 6 sessions – and this would be based on a mutual assessment of your coaching question and your coaching goals. Some clients request more sessions, some achieve their goals in less. Critically, the purpose of coaching is to help you safely and effectively establish yourself on your path, not to provide a long-term support system for you.
Good coaches sign up to a Code of Ethics, and they should be reality offer you a copy (or the link to an e-copy). They will often sign an agreement with you about confidentiality and of course should offer to answer any questions that you may have.
Whilst you are working with a coach, they will need to keep personal details about you: name, address, mobile number and/or Skype address as well as brief session notes. They therefore have accountabilities under GDPR and should be registered with the ICO. You may wish to ask them about how they mange confidential information and how long they keep notes taken during your sessions.
When I meet with a potential client for a chemistry session, I share a copy of the Ashridge Code of Coaching Conduct and a copy of my Privacy Policy. I also ensure that I ask about any specific confidentiality concerns and answer all questions regarding who I manage information and personal data. This includes how I would give feedback to a client's manager if they are corporately sponsored.
My clients are always invited to my home for our sessions. I have several spaces in my home that are suitable for coaching, each with its own look and feel, including a heated space outside for those who enjoy working in the fresh air.
I recognise that this may not be practical for clients who are not local to Milton Keynes and therefore I am happy to work via Skype or telephone.
For clients that are sponsored by their organisations, we can arrange for me to meet you at or near your office, if preferred.
Coaching offers a you a space away from the urgency and demands of your work or busy daily routine, during which you can reflect on the personal/professional growth you wish to achieve and/or the issues that challenging you, impacting your effectiveness and satisfaction.
Coaching helps you to discover deeper insights about yourself and your environment, build resilience, manage change constructively and find new ways to navigate complex issues.
Coaching does this though honest conversations, deep reflection and by supporting professional and personal learning, something that is often absent in the busyness of our lives.
Coaching supports and challenges you to develop personal courage and confidence to make new choices that increase your effectiveness and satisfaction at work and in your life.
I am a fully qualified and accredited Executive Coach, which means that I am trained to work with senior executives, leaders and managers as they strive to improve their performance, deliver their professional and organisational goals and enhance their leadership and interpersonal skills. And as a consequence of their work and influence, increase their organisation's performance in parallel.
But I have more than training – I also bring many years of corporate and leadership experience, including time spent at affiliate Board level in a FTSE 100 company. I use my own insights and understanding of what it feels to be working at this level as I support leaders as they explore and experiment with new options, new choices.
I work with leaders as they transition into new roles, as they develop their potential in their current role and they look to deliver major projects.
Many leaders come to me for coaching, fully sponsored by their organisations, Others self-fund their coaching, as they wish to work independently from their employer. Invariably, both come to me with specific goals that involve an exploration of how they work, how they interact with others and how they can change to achieve their professional potential.
However, leaders are human beings with life outside of work… and frequently a work/life balance that is affecting themselves and significant others. Therefore I take a holistic approach when I coach leaders, inviting them to explore both work and life based factors that could be inhibiting their success today… and enhance their potential in the future if change is allowed to happen.
Coaching is a special form of one-on-one working relationship, a partnership based on equality, trust, openness and accountability.
The goal of coaching is to ensure that you get the chance to make the most of your skills, strengths, and relationships.
Coaching can improve your personal effectiveness and help you develop a more fruitful approach to your career, personal life, and families. Personal coaching can also affect change in organisational and family effectiveness – the impact of your personal change can have a very positive effect on others who spend time with you.
Just as you might hire a golf coach or a tennis coach to help you develop a better game, personal coaches help you address your most pressing needs in both the workplace and your private life.
Well, I think it could be blue. Possibly navy blue. Or red.
They could do. If they were covered in fairy lights.
I do sometimes use psychometric testing with my clients, if that is something that they want to do.
I am BACP accredited for the administration and interpretation of psychometric tests and am trained in the use of the Talent Q suite of assessments, managed by the world-renowned Hays Group, now part of Korn Ferry.
But if you have had psychometric testing in the last 2 years, I am happy to work with you using that test as long as you have a copy of your report as I will not be re-interpreting your results.
I am trained as a Relational Coach. This means that I believe we experience our world through the relationships we develop with people and situations. Therefore the most important tool and intervention that I offer my clients is our relationship together, forming what we call 'the space inbetween' – i.e. the safe space in which you can explore, experiment, give and receive feedback as I use my experience of how we are together to hold a mirror to how you may be with others.
It also means that I see organisations as networks of relationships. Therefore when working with clients on topics related to their work, I actively encourage exploration of the nature of the relationships in their workplace, the impact that has on the client's attitude, approach, behaviour and performance in the workplace, and their role in sustaining healthy and unhealthy professional relationships.
Simple answer to that question is no, there is nothing that you should avoid when woking with a coach.
Most coaches will not work with you on current mental health issues, but instead may suggest that you see a therapist. This is because Coaches are not trained to deal with trauma, deep distress or other issues that may need a specialist approach from someone with experience in clinical issues. But please, please don't hold back from sharing such issues with your coach; by sharing, you are helping them support you more. A referral to a suitable alternative helping professional is not a failure!
Your coach is your thinking partner, an objective sounding board, a mirror, your personal motivator and your loyal supporter. We are fully committed to your success and offer you a 'place of safety' from which you can explore uncomfortable questions and deeply uncertain answers, allowing you to discover what you need to do to achieve your potential.
Coaches plan and prepare each coaching session to meet your particular challenges and needs and some may agree with you 'homework' that will assist you as you journey between sessions. We will always ensure that your coaching experience is tailor-made for you and is of the highest quality.
Coaches will offer you encouragement and support as you move forward on your path of self-discovery, helping you find the solutions that are right for you. We aim to motivate, challenge and inspire you to achieve exceptional personal and professional results.
What we don't do is do the work for you – we ask questions to help uncover the wealth of skills and knowledge that already exists within you. The most that we will do is offer to support you appropriately where there are gaps – and then contract with you what that could look like.
It is important to me that you are seeing a return from your investment in coaching. Therefore, I offer a money-back or no fee guarantee; if, after our first coaching session, you feel you have not received anything of value I will either not invoice you or I will refund fees already paid.
During the coaching, please let me know if you are not happy about how we are working together at any time – it is important to me that you are receiving the support you need. If we cannot resolve things to your satisfaction, I will happily refund your fees for all unused sessions.


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Silicone therapy for scars
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Home > Outdoor Dining Tables
The Drop is a minimalist designed outdoor dining table with a rectangular top in a choice of Ceramic finish, supported by straight legs with a 'drop-shaped' footprint in light grey or lava grey Powder Coated Aluminium. Available in extending or non-extending styles.
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View the rest of the Drop family.
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Cane-line Core Table£1,820.00
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WEDDING | Carly & Luke
Carly & Luke's early January wedding was held within the wild spirited gardens of Old Forest School. This wedding was something a little different for On My Hand, playing with a more classic brief than usual and we loved doing something a little out of the ordinary for us. Carly was a gorgeous, relaxed bride and flexible with the type of flowers used. She put all her trust in us to make something stunning for their special day.


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Free Coloring Pages Disney Cars- Encouraged to my personal blog site, with this moment I will provide you with regarding Free Coloring Pages Disney Cars. Now, here is the first picture:
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Caleb Robison heads our Children's ministry and works with our Nursery and Children's committees to provide a safe environment for all of our families.
Our children are a very important group here at Gloster. Besides our Sunday school hour we also have Childrens Church (will resume in Phase 3 of Covid 19) held on Sunday mornings during the worship hour.
CHILDREN Wedesday Activities, (will resume under Phase 3 of Covid 19) is an approach to teaching and training our children to be better followers of Jesus Christ. They enjoy the Bible Study, earn rewards and participate in fun activities-Wednesday at 6:30 P.M.
Childrens Church (will resume under Phase 3 of Covid 19) is our Sunday morning event which teaches children to praise and worship the Lord. Our Children's committee organizes a volunteer base to lead in this strategic ministry.
Our Childrens Committee plans events around seasonal themes like our Fall event, Christmas @ Gloster, Easter @ Gloster, end of school party, and back to school bash.
Our Children have the opportunity to attend summer camps. Our children's committee aids families who are interested in their children attending camp. Clara Springs have several camps to choose from. Also children completing 3rd-6th grade have the opportunity to attend Student Life for Kids Camp.


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Original Research ARTICLE
Ankle muscle strength discriminates fallers from non-fallers
- 1Faculté des sciences du sport—UFR STAPS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- 2INSERM unité 1093, Cognition, action et plasticité sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- 3INSERM CIC 1432, Plateforme d'Investigation Technologique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
- 4Pôle rééducation-réadaptation, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
It is well known that center of pressure (CoP) displacement correlates negatively with the maximal isometric torque (MIT) of ankle muscles. This relationship has never been investigated in elderly fallers (EF). The purpose of this study was thus to analyze the relationship between the MIT of ankle muscles and CoP displacement in upright stance in a sample aged between 18 and 90 years old that included EF. The aim was to identify a threshold of torque below which balance is compromised. The MIT of Plantar flexors (PFs) and dorsal flexors (DFs) and CoP were measured in 90 volunteers: 21 healthy young adults (YA) (age: 24.1 ± 5.0), 12 healthy middle-aged adults (MAA) (age: 50.2 ± 4.5), 27 healthy elderly non-fallers (ENF) (age: 75.5 ± 7.0) and 30 EF (age: 78.8 ± 6.7). The MIT of PF and DF were summed to obtain the overall maximal ankle muscle strength. Body weight and height were used to normalize MIT (nMIT) and CoP (nCoP), respectively. nCoP correlated negatively with nMIT. 90% of EF generated an nMIT <3.1 N·m·kg−1, whereas 85% of non-fallers generated an nMIT >3.1 N·m·kg−1. The relationship between nMIT and nCoP implies that ankle muscle weakness contributes to increased postural instability and the risk of falling. We observed that below the threshold of 3.1 N·m·kg−1, postural stability was dramatically diminished and balance was compromised. Our results suggest that measuring ankle torque could be used in routine clinical practice to identify potential fallers.
Falls are a major concern among older adults. Indeed, approximately 30% of people over 65 years old and 50% of those over 80 years old fall each year (Tinetti et al., 1988; Campbell et al., 1989; O'Loughlin et al., 1993; Hill et al., 1999; Rubenstein and Josephson, 2002). These accidents are a common cause of injuries which can lead to hospitalization and loss of autonomy.
The increase in body sway, generally observed with aging (Sheldon, 1963; Amiridis et al., 2003; Laughton et al., 2003; Onambele et al., 2006; Cavalheiro et al., 2009; Kouzaki and Masani, 2012) has been identified as a major factor responsible for an increased risk of falling among older adults (Fernie et al., 1982; Maki et al., 1994). For instance, Maki et al. (1994) found that, in the year following the measurement of center of pressure (CoP) displacement, elderly people who fell had a significantly greater anteroposterior sway than those who did not fall.
To control body sway while standing upright, humans need to generate appropriate torques at the ankle joint (Horak and Nashner, 1986; Horak et al., 1989; Amiridis et al., 2003, 2005; Loram et al., 2004). During the aging process, it is common to observe a decline in the neuromuscular performance of plantar flexor (PF) and dorsal flexor (DF) muscles (Vandervoort and McComas, 1986; Doherty et al., 1993; Winegard et al., 1996; Simoneau et al., 2007; Billot et al., 2010), which appears to be more pronounced in elderly fallers (EF) than in the rest of the elderly population (de Rekeneire et al., 2003; Perry et al., 2007; LaRoche et al., 2010). The decrease in the maximal strength of ankle muscles may therefore be considered a main cause of postural instability.
Recently, Billot et al. (2010) reported that, in young adults (YA) and elderly non-fallers (ENF) challenged across three postural tasks (i.e., bipedal stance, unipodal stance and tandem stance), a negative linear correlation was observed between the maximal isometric torque (MIT) of ankle muscles and the length of CoP displacement. In the inverted pendulum model, which is generally used to describe upright stance in humans, the equilibrium equation for the foot shows that a variation in muscle torque developed at the ankle joint is directly and linearly translated into a variation of the CoP position (Morasso and Schieppati, 1999). In this model, the fall occurs when the maximal ankle torque capacity of an individual is lower than the torque needed to counterbalance the CoP displacement. Therefore, the analysis of the relationship between CoP displacement and maximal ankle torque in EF could provide valuable insights into balance control in frail elderly subjects. If the relationship between CoP displacement and maximal ankle torque in EF is different from that in non-fallers this would mean that their balance would be even more impaired by the decline in ankle muscle strength than would be expected if the relationship were the same. Should this be the case, it could be supposed that below a certain level of muscle strength, subjects are not able to control their balance. This level of torque could thus be considered an index of the risk of falling.
In view of these considerations, the purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between MIT of ankle muscles and CoP displacement in a sample aged between 18 and 90 years old that included EF, in order to identify a threshold of torque below which balance is compromised.
Materials and Methods
Ninety volunteers, aged between 18 and 90 years old, participated in this experiment. The sample was divided into four groups according to age and history of falls: 21 healthy YA (age: 24.1 ± 5.0), 12 healthy middle-aged adults (MAA) (age: 50.2 ± 4.5), 27 healthy ENF (age: 75.5 ± 7.0) and 30 EF (age: 79.8 ± 6.7). For subjects aged between 60 and 90 years old, the fall history of the previous 6 months was recorded by interview. People who had fallen unexpectedly at least once in the previous 6 months were included in the EF group. The YA and MAA were students or employees at the University of Burgundy. Exclusion criteria for all subjects were muscular disorders, neurological disorders (stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease), serious visual impairment; body mass index >35, and impaired cognitive status (score of less than 23 on the Mini Mental State Examination). Informed written consent, approved by the local ethics committee, was obtained for all participants after they had been fully informed of all potential risks, discomfort and benefits of the study.
The protocol of the current investigation was approved by the French National Drugs and Health Administration and by the National Ethics Committee section Dijon Est I and was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Data Recordings
Physical characteristics
Body weight was measured using an electronic scale (SOEHNLE Fitness 7850). Body height was obtained with a measuring rod, with a horizontal slider brought into contact with the vertex while the subject was standing with his back laying against a wall.
Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) torque
Participants were examined in the seated position with the trunk inclined forwards at 40° to the vertical, the knee joint angle at 180° and the ankle joint angle at 90°. Strength was measured with the foot secured by two straps to the footplate of a custom-made ergometer developed by the mechanical workshop of a local engineering school (I.U.T. Génie Mécanique, Dijon, France). The center of rotation of the ergometer shaft was aligned with the anatomical ankle flexion-extension axis. The footplate was connected to a strain-gauge transducer (Société Doerler-Vandoeuvre, France), placed on the axis of the device, and an amplifier (PM Instrumentation, model 1300B, amplification: 8 V = 200 Nm). This apparatus has already been used in previous published studies carried out in our laboratory (Scaglioni et al., 2003; Scaglioni and Martin, 2009). Torque was sampled at a frequency of 2 kHz and processed by a multichannel analog-digital converter (Biopac Systems Inc., USA).
Postural stability
Center of pressure displacement during the static postural task was assessed via a force-platform (Stabilotest, TechnoConcept, Cereste, France). This platform was composed of three force sensors which instantaneously measured the coordinates of the point of application of the resultant of the ground reaction forces or CoP. Data from the force-platform were sampled at a frequency of 40 Hz and were synchronized by triggering with the Biopac acquisition system.
Experimental Procedure
All measurements were made in one experimental session lasting approximately 1.5 h. All subjects first carried out the orthostatic postural task and then the MVC task to avoid interference due to fatigue during the postural task.
Postural task
During the postural task, subjects stood barefoot on the force-platform for 30 s, with their feet axes forming an angle of 30° (distance between the heels = 2 cm) and with their arms alongside their body. The subjects were asked to remain as still as possible, looking straight ahead at a target point located at eye height and placed at a distance of 150 cm in front of them. This postural task was repeated three times, and a rest period of 1 min was given between trials.
Strength task
The MIT for PF and DF was obtained during maximal voluntary isometric contraction tests performed for each leg separately. A 3-min warm-up, which included several submaximal plantar and dorsal flexions, was carried out for each leg. Subjects then performed two maximal contractions lasting 5 s for each leg. A 1-min rest period was systematically given between trials to avoid any fatiguing effect on measurements. If there was a variation of more than 5% between the first and the second MVC, participants were asked to perform an additional MVC. Standardized verbal encouragement was given during attempts to produce the maximal effort.
Data Analysis
MVC torque
Only the highest PF and DF MIT were considered for analysis. For each contraction type, the torques achieved by both legs were summed to obtain the overall force production capacity at the ankle joint. The MIT was then normalized for the body weight (nMIT).
CoP displacement
During the postural task, the 95% elliptical area (EA) containing 95% of the CoP sampled positions, the antero-posterior (YCoP), the mediolateral (XCoP) and the total length of CoP displacement (TCoP) were recorded for 30 s. These parameters were expressed as an average of three measurements. Each parameter of the CoP displacement was normalized for the height (nEA, nYCoP, nXCoP and nTCoP).
Statistical Analysis
All statistical tests were performed with SPSS software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data are presented as means ± standard deviations (SD). The critical level for statistical significance was set at 5%. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed in all outcome variables with group (YA, MAA, ENF and EF) as factor. When a main effect was found, Tukey's post hoc analysis was performed. The best degree of association between PF + DF nMIT and nTCoP was determined by applying a linear regression analysis and a log-linear correlation test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for the assessment of sensitivity and specificity of PF + DF nMIT to predict the risk of falling. The area under the curve and the optimal cut-off value were calculated. The area under the curve describes the test's overall performance. A value of 1 indicates perfect discrimination, whereas a value of 0.5 indicates poor discrimination; a value >0.7 is considered satisfactory discrimination. We chose the optimal cut-off by using the Youden index. The Youden Index, calculated as follows: sensitivity + (specificity −1), is ranging from 1 to 0, with 1 representing perfect accuracy and 0 the accuracy that would asymptotically be achieved through chance. This index, a common summary measurement of the ROC curve, represents the maximum potential effectiveness of a marker. The value providing a sensitivity of 1 (i.e., value for which all subjects are EF) and the value giving a specificity of 1 (i.e., the value below which all subjects are non-fallers) were also estimated.
Subjects' Descriptive Characteristics
The main characteristics of participants are described in Table 1. There was no statistical difference between the age of EF and ENF. Height was lower in both senior groups than in YA and MAA groups (P < 0.01). Body weight was higher in MAA than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Despite differences between height and weight, BMI was equivalent across the four groups.
Maximal Isometric Torque
As shown in Table 1, PF MIT and nMIT were lower in EF than in the other groups (P < 0.001). When considering the three non-faller groups, we observed that age gradually affected PF MIT (i.e., YA > MMA, P < 0.001; MMA > ENF, P < 0.001) and nMIT (i.e., YA > MMA, P < 0.001; MMA > ENF, P < 0.05). In dorsiflexion, MIT and nMIT were lower in EF than in YA (P < 0.001), while no difference was observed across the three non-faller groups and for MAA, ENF and EF.
The effect of age was more marked when the sum of PF and DF was considered. Indeed, among the three non-faller groups, age gradually affected PF + DF MIT (i.e., YA > MMA, P < 0.001; MMA > ENF, P < 0.001) and PF + DF nMIT (i.e., YA > MMA, P < 0.001; MMA > ENF, P < 0.05). Finally EF were weaker than YA, MAA and ENF (P < 0.001).
CoP Displacement
As shown in Table 1, when considering only the three non-faller groups (i.e., YA, MAA, ENF) none of the variables of CoP displacement (i.e., EA, YCoP, XCoP, TCoP) or CoP displacement normalized for height (nEA, nYCoP, nXCoP, nTCoP,) were affected by age. However, all of the CoP parameters were significantly higher in EF than in the other groups (YA < EF, P < 0.001; MAA < EF, P < 0.001; ENF < EF, P < 0.001).
Correlation Analysis
As depicted in Figure 1A, when data for EF were analyzed separately from the rest of the sample, the two relationships were well described by linear regressions (Non-fallers: nTCoP = −0.24·(FP + FD nMIT) + 3.14, r = 0.40, P < 0.01; EF: nTCoP = −2.07·(FP + FD nMIT) + 9.56, r = 0.55, P < 0.01). The regression lines for fallers and non-fallers were found to intersect and the x-coordinate of the interception point was 3.4 N·m·kg−1. When the whole sample was considered, the function that best described the relationship between nTCoP and FP + FD nMIT was curvilinear (linear: nTCoP = −0.81·(FP + FD nMIT) + 5.95, r = 0.60, P < 0.001; curvilinear: nTCoP = −7.44·log10(FP + FD nMIT) + 6.93, r = 0.68, P < 0.001; Figure 1B).
Figure 1. Relationship between TCoP displacement normalized for height (nTCoP) and the sum of plantar (PF) and dorsal (DF) flexors maximal isometric torque normalized for body weight (FP + FD nMIT). (A) represents the linear relationship between nTCoP and PF + DF nMIT for non-fallers (filled circle) and elderly fallers (EF) (empty circle). The linear regressions equations are nTCoP = −0.24·(FP + FD nMIT)+3.14 (r = 0.40, P < 0.001) for non-fallers and nTCoP = −2.07·(FP + FD nMIT) + 9.56 (r = 0.55, P < 0.001) for EF. The vertical gray dashed line represents the cut-off value of PF + DF nMIT that distinguishes between EF and non-fallers. It corresponds to the highest Youden index obtained from receiver operating characteristic analysis. (B) represents the logarithmic relationship between nTCoP and PF + DF nMIT for the whole sample; the equation is: nTCoP = −7.44·log10(FP + FD nMIT) + 6.93, (r = 0.68, P < 0.001). The vertical gray dashed line represents the cut-off value of PF + DF nMIT that distinguishes between EF and non-fallers. It corresponds to the highest Youden index obtained from receiver operating characteristic analysis.
ROC Analysis
Figure 2 shows the ROCs analysis carried out for PF + DF nMIT values of the whole sample. The area under the ROC curve was 0.94, indicating that FP + FD nMIT is an appropriate measurement to discriminate EF from non-fallers. The highest Youden index (0.75) was observed at a value of 3.1 N·m·kg−1, which corresponded to a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 85%. In other words, the maximal muscle strength for 90% of EF was <3.1 N·m·kg−1, while it was >3.1 N·m·kg−1 for 85% of non-fallers (YA, MAA and ENF). In addition, a sensitivity of 1 was obtained for a value >4.0 N·m·kg−1, meaning that subjects able to generate a torque >4.0 N·m·kg−1 were all non-fallers. A specificity of 1 was obtained for a value <2.2 N·m·kg−1, indicating that all subjects able to generate a maximum torque <2.2 N·m·kg−1 were fallers.
Figure 2. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of the sum of maximal isometric torque of plantar flexion and dorsal flexion normalized for body weight (PF + DF nMIT). ROC curve of the sensitivity against the false-positive rate (1—specificity) plotted across a range of thresholds is represented. The major diagonal represents an area of curves equal to 0.5 and a prediction no better than chance. The black line represents the results taken from the PF + DF nMIT measurements.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between MIT of ankle muscles and CoP displacement in a sample aged between 18 and 90 years old that included EF. The aim was to identify a torque threshold that discriminated between fallers and non-fallers. We found a negative curvilinear correlation between these parameters, which suggests that the decrease in ankle muscle strength is one of the factors responsible for impaired postural stability. In addition, our analysis indicated that a value of 3.1 N·m·kg−1 discriminated between fallers and non-fallers with a Youden index of 0.75. This torque value represents a threshold below which all patients were fallers and body sway increased dramatically.
MVC Torque
Because statistical analysis showed similar changes in MIT and nMIT, to simplify matters in this paragraph we only used the abbreviation MIT. The present results showed that age gradually affected PF + DF MIT, thus corroborating previous findings (Vandervoort and McComas, 1986). Moreover, PF + DF MIT was far lower in the elderly participants with a history of falls than in YA (−58%), MAA (−44%) and ENF (−31%). However, by analyzing the PF MIT and DF MIT separately, the statistical analysis showed that these muscle groups were affected differently by aging. Indeed, when the EF group was excluded from the statistical analysis, the present study corroborated what was observed in earlier investigations, namely a decrease in PF MIT with aging (Winegard et al., 1996; Simoneau et al., 2005, 2007, 2009; Billot et al., 2010) and good preservation of DF MIT (Winegard et al., 1996; Lanza et al., 2003; Simoneau et al., 2009; Billot et al., 2010). The preservation of DF MIT has been explained by referring to the age-related decrease in triceps surae coactivation during maximal dorsiflexion (Simoneau et al., 2009). Indeed, these authors showed that when the mechanical contribution of antagonist muscles (i.e., PFs) is removed from the resultant MIT, the performance of DF is altered by aging in the same way as that of PF. In contrast, when we compared the results of EF with ENF, we found a decrease of 34% and 24% for PF and DF MIT, respectively. Our results are in keeping with those obtained by LaRoche et al. (2010), who found that the PF MIT and DF MIT of older female fallers was 27% and 16% lower, respectively, than that in older female non-fallers. Some authors found selective impairment of DF (Whipple et al., 1987; Skelton et al., 2002) or PF (Sieri and Beretta, 2004; Perry et al., 2007) in EF, while others did not report any difference between the two samples (Melzer et al., 2004; Bento et al., 2010; Crozara et al., 2013). It is likely that these discrepancies may be ascribed to differences in the sample characteristics (e.g., disparity of age, physical traits: weight, height, body mass index) or to the method used to evaluate the maximal torque production capacity (isometric vs. dynamic).
CoP Displacement
Because statistical analysis showed similar changes in CoP and normalize CoP (nCoP), to simplify matters in this paragraph we only used the abbreviation CoP. CoP displacement, whatever the parameter used to quantify it (i.e., EA, YCoP, XCoP, TCoP), was statistically similar among the three age groups of non-fallers (YA, MAA and ENF). Although this observation is in keeping with the results of some earlier studies (Shumway-Cook et al., 1997; Simoneau et al., 2008; Billot et al., 2010), several authors found an increase in CoP displacement with aging (Amiridis et al., 2003; Laughton et al., 2003; Onambele et al., 2006; Cavalheiro et al., 2009; Kouzaki and Masani, 2012). It should be pointed out that the lack of a significant difference between YA and ENF shown by our analysis could be ascribed to inter-subject variability, which was greater in ENF (coefficient of variation for TCoP displacement: 33.5%) than in YA (coefficient of variation for TCoP displacement: 27.1%).
Furthermore, our results showed that in EF, CoP displacement was greater than that in ENF, whatever the parameter considered (i.e., EA, YCoP, XCoP, TCoP). This finding confirms the general observation of the literature, that is to say greater postural sway in EF than in ENF (Fernie et al., 1982; Maki et al., 1994; Muir et al., 2013). However, also in this case, some differences have emerged. Indeed, among studies that distinguished between YCoP and XCoP, some showed a greater displacement for EF only in the anteroposterior direction (Maki et al., 1994; Pajala et al., 2008), while others reported greater body sway in the frontal plane (Bergland et al., 2003; Bergland and Wyller, 2004). Despite these discrepancies, the general finding from the literature and our results is that elderly people, and especially those with a history of falls, have greater postural sway than their younger counterparts.
Relationship Between nTCoP and PF + DF nMIT
The finding that elderly subjects have weaker ankle muscles than younger subjects, and that this weakness is more pronounced in EF, suggests that a deficit in strength may cause an increase in postural sway and consequently compromise the ability to maintain postural stability. Our results showed that, whatever the group of subjects (YA, MAA, ENF and EF), there was a significant negative correlation between nMIT of ankle muscles and nTCoP displacement. This confirms the findings of Kouzaki and Masani (2012), who found a correlation between soleus volume and the mean velocity of TCoP displacement. This obviously implies that the weakest individuals are those who oscillate most. Furthermore, Billot et al. (2010) showed that the more complex the postural task, the greater the TCoP displacement and the stronger the correlation between MIT and TCoP. This implies that the greater the instability (i.e., the more complex the postural task), the greater the dependence of balance on muscle strength.
More specifically, the present analysis showed that, for the sample taken as a whole, the comprehensive relationship between nMIT and nTCoP is curvilinear. In contrast, if EF are separated from non-fallers (i.e., YA, MAA and ENF), the data are better fitted by two linear regression lines. The regression line for EF presented a higher correlation coefficient and a steeper slope than that for non-fallers. This suggests that diminished muscle strength has a greater functional impact in EF than in non-fallers because it induces a greater increase in nTCoP displacement. The present result supports our initial hypothesis of a slope failure in the general nMIT-nTCoP relationship provoked by the addition of data from EF which again leads us to the conclusion that the greater the instability of an individual (i.e., elderly faller) the more his balance depends on ankle muscle strength. Previous studies showed that the age-related changes in postural control induce an increased level of muscle activity across lower-limb joints in older adults (Laughton et al., 2003; Simoneau et al., 2008). More recently, Billot et al. (2010) observed a positive linear relationship between TCoP displacement and the relative PF + DF torque (i.e., % PF + DF MIT) needed to maintain the upright stance. In other words, individuals who oscillate more need greater strength, relative to their maximal capabilities, to preserve their balance during the upright posture and this is critical especially for EF, whose maximal capabilities are particularly impaired. The greater muscle involvement may increase energy expenditure to maintain the upright posture. This could induce premature fatigue, which in turn could amplify body sway (Boyas et al., 2013) and as a result increase the risk of falling.
Critical Torque Values
We used the ROC analysis to identify a critical MIT value to discriminate between fallers and non-fallers, that is to say a threshold below which, the risk of falling is markedly increased. The analysis revealed that subjects who did not report any previous falls had a PF + DF nMIT >4.0 N·m·kg−1. For the clinician, this value could represent a first alert threshold, indicating the necessity to be particularly attentive to the progressive muscle weakening of patients who fall below this level of strength.
The highest Youden index was found for a 3.1 N·m·kg−1 value, corresponding to a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 85%, meaning that 90% of the subjects with a PF + DF nMIT under 3.1 N·m·kg−1 were fallers and 85% of subjects with a PF + DF nMIT above this value were non-fallers. The value of 3.1 N·m·kg−1 was close to the intersection point of the regression lines found for fallers and non-fallers (x-coordinate: 3.4 N·m·kg−1), thus confirming the accuracy of this index to detect potential fallers. This point could be considered a second alert threshold, indicating a high risk of falling for patients and the need to improve muscle strength. Finally, the ROC analysis showed that subjects with a PF + DF nMIT <2.2 N·m·kg−1 were all EF. For these patients, strengthening the ankle muscles is an absolute priority. It has been widely demonstrated that strength training programs that focus on postural muscles may improve balance (Topp et al., 1993; Amiridis et al., 2005; Orr et al., 2008; Gonzalez et al., 2014). In particular, Amiridis et al. (2005), who focused strength training specifically on an ankle muscle (i.e., tibialis anterior), found that a 4-week conditioning period improved DF MIT and decreased postural sway. These previous findings and our results highlight the importance of setting-up strength training programs based on ankle muscles to improve postural stability and prevent the risk of falling in older people.
In conclusion, the current investigation demonstrated that the maximal torque of ankle muscles is an easy and effective indicator of the risk of falling. A particularly interesting aspect that emerges from the present analysis is the threshold of alert that corresponds to a critical strength value (i.e., 3.1–3.4 N·m·kg−1), below which postural stability is severely impaired. The identification of a threshold that makes it possible to discriminate between fallers and non-fallers clearly indicates that weakness of the ankle plantar flexor and dorsal flexor muscles markedly aggravates postural instability. Including the assessment of ankle muscle strength in routine clinical practice therefore seems to be crucial so as to detect the risk of falling, which is an extremely disabling event for older adults. Finally, following the diagnosis of muscular weakness, patients should be steered towards an appropriate fall prevention program specifically designed to enhance the strength of postural muscles.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors thank Mrs. Delphine Besson-Bretin for her contribution to the experiments and M. Ballay for technical assistance.
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Keywords: aging, elderly fallers, postural stability, muscle strength, ankle joint
Citation: Cattagni T, Scaglioni G, Laroche D, Van Hoecke J, Gremeaux V and Martin A (2014) Ankle muscle strength discriminates fallers from non-fallers. Front. Aging Neurosci. 6:336. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00336
Received: 13 May 2014; Accepted: 27 November 2014;
Published online: 19 December 2014.
Edited by:Rodrigo Orlando Kuljiš, Zdrav Mozak Limitada, Chile
Reviewed by:Elliot J. Roth, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, USA
Jan Hoff, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Copyright © 2014 Cattagni, Scaglioni, Laroche, Van Hoecke, Gremeaux and Martin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Thomas Cattagni, Faculté des sciences du sport—UFR STAPS, Université de Bourgogne, Campus universitaire Montmuzard, BP 27 877 – 21078 Dijon, Cedex, France e-mail: email@example.com


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I just saw the movie, Hidden Figures, and I am, once again, humbled by the strength of black women. As a middle class protestant white girl, growing up in the south in the fifties and sixties, I was sadly ignorant of the often nightmarish reality faced by "people of color"—black women in particular.
I was one of those lucky white children portrayed in The Help. Like them, I had the incredible good fortune to be cared for by more than one kind and affectionate black woman.
These women hugged me and kissed me and fussed at me when I disobeyed. Of course, I loved them, but did I appreciate them? No more than I appreciated the food my mother cooked or the hours my father worked at his office. However, the time I spent with them taught me more about generosity of spirit and the simple strength of goodness than any other experience in my life. I cannot imagine what it cost them to care for me when their own children were taking care of themselves.
Like the main characters in Hidden Figures, these women suffered the humiliations of segregation and the abuses born of prejudice, but they never stopped singing God's praises. And, when they laughed, as they frequently did, joy spilled in all directions.
By now I'm sure many of these amazing women have claimed a special place next to God, so I send my small prayer of thanks for His great goodness in sharing them with me, and hope they will hear how well they are remembered.