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Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research
versión On-line ISSN 2219-0635
versión impresa ISSN 0030-2465
Onderstepoort j. vet. res. vol.79 no.2 Pretoria ene. 2012
Rift Valley fever: Real or perceived threat for Zambia?
George DautuI; Calvin SindatoII; Aaron S. MweeneI; Kenny L. SamuiI; Polly RoyIII; Robert NoadIV; Janusz PaweskaV; Phelix A.O. MajiwaVI; Antony J. MusokeVI
IDepartment of Disease Control, University of Zambia, Zambia
IINational Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania
IIILondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
IVRoyal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
VNational Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
VIOnderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Zambia was first reported in 1974 during an epizootic of cattle and sheep that occurred in parts of Central, Southern and Copperbelt Provinces. In 1990, the disease was documented in nine districts of the provinces of Zambia. In the last two decades, there have been no reports of RVF. This long period without reported clinical disease raises questions as to whether RVF is a current or just a perceived threat. To address this question, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) disease occurrence data on RVF for the period 2005-2010 in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) was analysed. From the analysis, it was evident that most countries that share a common border with Zambia had reported at least one occurrence of the disease during the period under review. Due to the absence of natural physical barriers between Zambia and most of her neighbours, informal livestock trade and movements is a ubiquitous reality. Analysis of the rainfall patterns also showed that Zambia received rains sufficient to support a mosquito population large enough for high risk of RVF transmission. The evidence of disease occurrence in nearby countries coupled with animal movement, and environmental risk suggests that RVF is a serious threat to Zambia. In conclusion, the current occurrence of RVF in Zambia is unclear, but there are sufficient indications that the magnitude of the circulating infection is such that capacity building in disease surveillance and courses on recognition of the disease for field staff is recommended. Given the zoonotic potential of RVF, these measures are also a prerequisite for accurate assessment of the disease burden in humans.
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an economically important, emerging arthropod-borne viral disease of both livestock and man. The disease was first identified in 1931 following sudden death of lambs and ewes on a single farm along the shores of Lake Naivasha in the greater Rift Valley of Kenya (Daubney et al. 1931, reviewed in Pepin et al. 2010). The importance of the disease lies in its public health impact and the economic losses resulting from the cessation of trade in livestock and livestock related products. This has been shown by the prolonged import bans from countries in the Horn of Africa where RVF has been registered, causing great hardship to the livestock trade based communities.
In Zambia, RVF was first reported in 1974 during an epizootic of cattle and sheep that occurred in Chisamba (Central Province) and Mazabuka (Southern Province) districts and some parts of Copperbelt Province (Hussuein et al. 1987). Human death due to RVF disease in Chisamba was also previously reported (Watts et al. 1984). Several other epizootics have been reported in the same areas (Department of Veterinary and Tsetse Control Services annual reports 1975-1989). For a long time the disease was known to be confined to the same outbreak areas. However, a sero-epidemiological study carried out between January 1990 and March 1991 showed that the disease could have a country wide distribution (Samui et al. 1997).
Although RVF is considered endemic in Zambia, the clinical disease has not been reported in the last two decades. This long period without reported cases raises questions as to whether RVF is a current, or just a perceived threat. This article reviews some of the reasons as to why RVF has not been reported in Zambia in the recent past through focusing on the aetiology, epidemiology and risk factors associated with the disease. Furthermore, the OIE disease occurrence data on RVF for the period 2005-2010 in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) will be analysed.
Rift Valley fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease caused by a Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) of the family Bunyaviridae and genus Phlebovirus. The RVFV genome is made up of three segments namely L, M and S which are packaged together in the virions in the form of ribonucleoprotein (RNP). The L and M segments present in the virus particle are of negative polarity. The L segment encodes a single protein which is the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Muller et al. 1994; Pepin et al. 2010), and for the precursor to the glycoproteins. The M segment encodes four proteins, NSm1, NSm2 and two glycoproteins, Gc and Gn (Collett et al. 1985; Collett et al. 1986; Schmaljohn & Hooper 2001). The S segment utilises an ambisense strategy to code for two proteins, the nucleoprotein N, in the negative polarity, and a non-structural protein, NSs, in the positive polarity (Giorgi et al. 1991). The virus is resistant to heat and could stay active for four months at 21 °C and 3 hours at 56 °C (Flick et al. 2005). However, it can be inactivated by strong calcium or sodium hypochlorite, especially when treated for three hours at 56 °C (Sossah 2009).
There is only one serotype of RVFV known to date (Martin et al. 2008). In Zambia, there is no evidence regarding the physical isolation of RVF virus from the field. However, there is enough serological evidence to suggest the presence of the virus (Davies et al. 1992). Clinical manifestations of the disease in ruminant livestock, especially sheep and cattle, are characterised by high mortality (100% in neonatal animals and 10% - 20% amongst adult animals) and high abortion rates particularly in infected pregnant animals (Coetzer 1977, 1982; Swanepoel 1994). In humans the disease is self-limiting, although complications of hemorrhagic fever, retinitis, blindness, and encephalitis may occur in 1% - 2% of affected individuals with a case fatality of approximately 10% - 20% (Madani et al. 2003).
Rift Valley fever disease is an important endemic problem in sub-Sahara Africa which includes Zambia. The disease outbreaks in Africa occur at irregular intervals of 5-15 years in the savannah grasslands and 25-35 years in the semi-arid regions. Rift Valley fever virus has demonstrated a real capacity to emerge in virgin areas as shown by the outbreaks in Egypt (1977, north of the Sahara desert), Madagascar (1979), Saudi Arabia and Yemen (2000), outside the continent of Africa (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention 2000; Morvan et al. 1992; Shoemaker et al. 2002).
Rift Valley fever virus has two transmission cycles, namely the enzootic and epizootic cycles. Enzootic cycle occurs during periods of normal amounts of rainfall. In the enzootic cycle, RVF virus is maintained by low-level activity within the mosquito vector population involving transovarial transmission with occasional infection and amplification of virus in wildlife such as African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) or susceptible livestock. Epizootic or epidemic cycles occur following extended periods of exceptionally plentiful rainfall and subsequent flooding of dambos, which results in the emergence of abundant numbers of floodwater Aedes mosquitoes. These transovarially infected mosquitoes feed on susceptible livestock (e.g. sheep and cattle) that rapidly develop high-titer viremias and signs of clinical disease. The infected livestock in turn infect secondary bridge mosquito vectors such as the Culex or Anopheles spp. (Coetzer 1977, 1982; Turell et al. 1984) and thereafter, human infections develop as a result of bites from infected mosquitoes (Aedes, Culex or Anopheles spp.), exposure to infectious aerosols, handling of aborted fetal materials, or percutaneous injury during slaughtering or necropsy of viremic animals (Meegan 1981; Van Velden et al. 1977). It is unclear whether humans have any important biological role as amplification hosts in the RVF virus epizootic or epidemic life cycle.
The past distribution of RVF outbreak in Zambia is well documented (Department of Veterinary and Tsetse Control Services annual reports, 1975-1989; Davies et al. 1992; Hussein et al. 1987; Samui et al. 1997). The high risk areas have been identified where several RFV epizootics had occurred. These areas include Ndola in the Copperbelt Province, Chisamba in the Central Province, and Lusaka and Mazabuka in Southern Province (Hussein et al. 1987). Rift Valley fever clinical signs were limited to susceptible Bos taurus cattle and imported sheep. However, a RVF sero-epidemiological study carried out in 5 traditionally managed herds that graze in the Kafue flats (flood plain grasslands [Figure 1]) showed that RVF was not only a threat to the commercial exotic breeds but also to the indigenous local breeds. For instance, a study carried out by Ghirotti et al. (1991) in the Kafue flats showed that 14% of the indigenous cattle tested seroconverted to RVF. The 14% RVF sero-prevalence rate was attributed to high concentration of wild and domestic ruminants grazing together in the flood plains during the dry season. It is worthwhile to mention here that no studies have been done to determine the role of wildlife in the maintenance of RVFV in Zambia. Furthermore, the sero-epidemiological study carried out between January 1990 and March 1991 in at least one district of each of the nine provinces showed the existence of RVF in the respective districts studied (Samui et al. 1997). The high positive rates were also observed in areas where cattle grazed in dambos or flood plains (Table 1 and Figure 2). The results of this study suggest that RVF was not only endemic in the commercial farms of Chisamba, Lusaka and Mazabuka but could be endemic throughout most of the cattle producing parts of the country. The implication of these results are that the traditional farmers who graze their cattle in the flood plains or dambos together with all those involved in livestock production are particularly at risk of contracting RVF if it is still circulating at high prevalence in cattle, sheep and goats, and if the local environment is favourable for transmission of the virus.
In Zambia the disease has not been reported for the last two decades. This period without detected disease does not necessary mean that RVF is not a threat to Zambia. This is so because from past RVF research, a low level of RVF virus transmission has been detected in livestock and humans during inter-epizootic periods (IEP). For example, a study carried out in animals born before the 1997-1998 and after the 2006-2007 outbreaks in Kenya showed a low IgG prevalence against RVF, indicating that virus transmission continued in Kenya during an IEP (Rostal et al. 2010). Similarly another study carried out in Senegal during an IEP in sheep and goats indicated a 2.9% seroprevalence (Chevalier et al. 2003). In Zambia, a study carried out during 1982-1986 on a sentinel herd using indigenous breeds at Lutale in Mumbwa showed a low level of seasonal RVF virus activity of 3% - 8% (Davies et al. 1992). The studies carried out in Zambia and other parts of Africa clearly support the existence of low degree of RVFV transmission during the IEP and that this low level of seasonal virus activity could generate epizootics as witnessed by the 1985-1986 epizootics in Zambia (Hussein et al. 1987). More interestingly, evidence of interepidemic human transmission of RVFV has been reported. In Kenya, research done on children born after the documented RVF outbreak of 1997-1998 showed that low-level interepidemic transmission to humans continued to occur (LaBeaud et al. 2008). Although there are no studies done on interepidemic human transmission of RVFV in Zambia, the results of the previous studies done in animals and humans during IEP clearly shows that RVF is a serious threat to Zambia.
Although a low level virus activity has been demonstrated during IEP in studies carried out in Kenya and Zambia (Davies et al. 1992; Rostal et al. 2010), no RVF associated abortion or death was observed. This implies that the infected livestock developed no clinical signs or developed mild febrile illness with no obvious clinical disease. The lack of specific RVF signs during IEP implies that the presence of RVF could only be detected through specific, well-focused, active surveillance. Therefore countries like Zambia with limited resources to carry out this type of surveillance during IEP could have problems in detecting the threat of RVF early and subsequently fail to report the disease. Analysis of the OIE disease occurrence data on RVF for the period 2005-2010 in the SADC region showed that most countries that share a common border with Zambia had reported at least one occurrence of the disease during the period under review. Since conditions which predispose to RVF activities tend to occur on a regional level (Davies et al. 1992), the failure to detect the disease could be linked to the weak national surveillance system.
Inability of the field veterinary staff to recognise the clinical, pathological and epidemiological features of the disease is yet another challenge as far as reporting of RVF occurrence is concerned. For example, when confronted with a disease that involves abortion during IEP, RVF is not included on the list of differential diagnosis. It is worthwhile to mention here that in Zimbabwe, RVF-associated abortions were found in cattle over a period of 7 inter-epizootic years (1971-1977) and the temporal pattern suggested a possible annual emergence of infected mosquitoes (Swanepoel 1981). This report shows clearly why it important to include RVF in the list of differential diagnosis especially when specimens are collected from cattle that have aborted. However, the diagnosis of RVF during IEP is further undermined by a shortage of RVF reagents which comes as a result of lack of planning or funding. It is worth mentioning here that during IEP, awareness and preparedness tend to decrease drastically as limited resources required for surveillance activities are redirected to other areas.
Risk factors associated with Rift Valley fever
There are several factors associated with the occurrence of RVF. These includes climatic conditions (rainfall, temperature, cloud cover), geographical features (dambos, flood plains), vegetation cover, livestock trade (both local and international) and human activities (such as building of dams, irrigation schemes).
Rainfall is one of the determinants of RFV outbreaks and this has been analysed in relation to the RVF epizootics in Kenya (Anyamba et al. 2009, 2010; Davies et al. 1985; Richards et al. 2010). Zambia receives a good amount of rainfall annually and the rainfall pattern is divided into three agro-ecological zones namely region I, II and III (Figure 3). Region I, the driest, is most prone to drought and receives less than 800 mm of rain annually. This region includes the Zambezi and Luangwa valleys. Region II covers the central part of Zambia extending from the east through to the west. It receives rainfall of between 800 mm and 1000 mm. Region III covers the northern part of the country and receives more than 1000 mm of rainfall in a season. Region II and III are more prone to flooding and have high incidences of malaria due to high vector activities. Therefore, the amount of rain tend to increase towards the north and decrease towards the south. The rainfall is considered to influence the onset of disease by producing a rising water table, to the point where seasonal flooding occurs, particularly in certain geomorphic formations known as 'dambos'.
Flooding of the dambos results in the emergence of abundant numbers of floodwater Aedes sp., in particular Aedes mcintoshi (Linthicum et al. 1984). These transovarially infected mosquitoes are responsible for initiating epizootics of RVF, which then recruit other vectors for its propagation (Linthicum et al. 1985). It should be noted that the flooded dambos are the most favoured breeding sites for a variety of mosquito species that are capable of transmitting RVF (Davies & Highton 1980). Above all the humid conditions and cloud cover that exist during prolonged rainy periods allow a greater proportion of the adult Aedes population to survive through more feeding-oviposition cycles than in the hot, dry conditions usually prevailing in these areas (Davies et al. 1985)
Vegetation changes, due to a change in climatic conditions, has an effect on mosquito habitats. For instance, in the rainy season the proliferation of vegetation and increase in vegetation biomass favours the increase in population of mosquito species that are capable of transmitting diseases to livestock and humans. The dry season does not favour vegetation proliferation and hence there are fewer mosquito-borne diseases. In Zambia, a sentinel herd study was carried out in 1982-1986 to determine whether annual RVF virus activity occurred and was associated with seasonal rains. The results showed that a low level RVF virus activity of 3% - 8% did occur in each of the years. However, in 1985-1986, more than 20% of the animals seroconverted and this greater activity was associated with vegetation changes (Davies et al. 1992). The vegetation change was detected by remote sensing satellite imagery.
Livestock trade has previously been associated with the introduction of RVF in news areas (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention 2000; Madani et al. 2003). There is a lot of livestock trade between Zambia and her neighbours, which means that the introduction and spread of new diseases from neighbouring countries is high. OIE disease occurrence data on RVF for the period 2005-2010 in the SADC region showed that most countries that share a common border with Zambia had reported at least one occurrence of the disease during the period under review (Figure 4 OIE, World Animal Health Information Database [WAHID] Interface). Due to the absence of natural physical barriers between Zambia and most of her neighbours and given that the conditions which predispose to RVF activity do occur on a regional level, there is a high probability that RVFV could be circulating in Zambia.
This review demonstrates that RVFV is a threat to Zambia as the environmental risk factors conducive for its propagation are widely distributed in most livestock producing areas.
Despite the threat posed by RVF in Zambia, little research has so far been done. Most studies documented so far were limited to the high risk areas and only conducted during RVF outbreaks. Little is known about RVF virus activities during IEP both in the high risk and low risk areas. Currently, there is no information regarding the different types of RVF virus strains found in Zambia. Nothing is known of their virulence, pathogenicity or distribution in the different ecological zones of the country. The current prevailing hypothesis is that RVF virus is maintained in the eggs of Aedes mosquitoes which are seasonal floodwater breeders (Davies et al. 1985). However, different Aedes spp. have been implicated in the transmission of RVFV in different regions of Africa. For example, Ae. ochraceus, Ae. vexans arabiensis and Ae. dalzieli are known vectors of RVFV in West Africa (Fontenille et al. 1998) where as Ae. mcintoshi/ circumluteolus are known vector of RVFV in East Africa (Huang 1985). In Zambia, the potential mosquito vector species that might be involved in the enzootic or epizootic cycles has never been documented. Baseline data regarding their distribution and ecology is missing. The role of these mosquitoes in the maintanance of RVFV is not well understood. Human infection through direct contact with aborted foetuses, meat and other animal byproducts during RVF outbreaks (LaBeaud et al. 2008), the specifics of what types of animal exposure are most risky, have not yet been elucidated. Although human death due RVF was reported in the endemic areas of Zambia (Watts et al. 1984), no studies have been done to determine whether RVF transmission to human occurs during IEP. Lastly, the current RVF early warning system needs to be improved by including spatial and population parameters so as to achieve higher precision and confidence.
Therefore, in order to control RVF in the endemic and non-endemic areas of Zambia, future research should aim at addressing the above mentioned gaps. The data generated from such research will help veterinary, health policy makers, planners and other stakeholders in prioritising, designing and implementing cost effective and sustainable RVF control programs.
This work has been supported by Wellcome Trust Grant WT087546MA to the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (www.sacids.org) and its collaborating UK partner institutions, namely the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (http://www.lshtm.ac.uk), the Royal Veterinary College (http://www.rvc.ac.uk) and the London International Development Centre (http://www.lidc.org.uk).
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this paper.
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Correspondence to:
George Dautu
PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
Email: email@example.com
Note: Proceedings of the Conference of the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance 'One Health' held at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, July 2011.


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FoxWolfie Galen
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FoxWolfie Galen is a plushophile who hosts a comprehensive plush toy website. He was also active on alt.sex.plushies during its most popular period, and owns several fursuits.[citation needed]
FoxWolfie's fursona is a gray cub raccoon. His exceptionally fluffy tail has a total of seven rings, beginning and ending with a dark ring. His ears have a pink interior, and he has heterochromia, having a blue right eye and green left eye. He is normally portrayed between 6 and 16 years old. Friends sometimes call him CubCoon.
FoxWolfie Galen has been interviewed in the media on several occasions, including by Salon.com, in Cuddle Time, in 2000. Probably his most controversial appearance was a March 2001 article, Pleasures of the Fur, in Vanity Fair.
FoxWolfie Galen later explained on AFF:
"I absolutely do not agree with how the Vanity Fair article turned out... there are things in there that I did not say, and many other things that are twisted. They conveniently omitted the several times that I specifically said that my plushophilia has nothing to do with the furry fandom as practiced by most other people."
In the June 2006 article "Animal Passions", Uncle Kage is quoted as referring to FoxWolfie Galen as "[the furry fandom's] crazy Uncle Frank that the kids aren't allowed to talk to,"[1] in part due to this appearance.
Kathmandu called FoxWolfie Galen "a kind and generous soul, gentle in his demeanor [who] would give you the shirt off his back in an instant."[2]
- ↑ Meinzer, Melissa. "Animal Passions". Pittsburgh City Paper (June 29, 2006)
- ↑ Kathmandu. "Foxwolfie Galen in SHANDA THE PANDA". Usenet post to alt.fan.furry, Kathmandu (July 7, 2001).
External links[edit]
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subset: commoncrawl


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NBC has renewed Parenthood, Grimm, Law & Order: SVU and freshmen series Chicago Fire and Revolution, the network announced on Friday.
"On the verge of our 2013 fall scheduling decisions, we're pleased to renew five drama series that will be important to our new season line-up," Jennifer Salke, president of NBC Entertainment, said in a statement. "We're proud and very appreciative of all of the actors, producers, writers and directors who work so hard to deliver such high-quality work week in and week out. These complex shows represent a broad range of genres and tones, and all of them stand out for us in a television landscape now filled with one-hour series. We're especially pleased to be renewing Revolution and Chicago Fire — two first-season successes — and there will be more returning series announcements made in the next couple of weeks."
Which shows have been renewed? Check out our fall TV scorecard
All five dramas were given 22-episode orders. Parenthood, which is entering its fifth year, will have its first full season since Season 2. Grimm is heading into its third season, while SVU will return for its 15th.
Are you excited about the renewals?


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AVONDALE, La. – Zurich chief executive officer Martin Senn says the company is extending its sponsorship of the Zurich Classic — the New Orleans PGA Tour stop — for five years.
The company isn't disclosing its financial commitment, but Senn says the tournament creates nearly $30 million in annual spending in the New Orleans area.
The new deal expires in 2019. Zurich took over as title sponsor in 2005, less than a year before Hurricane Katrina devastated south Louisiana. Senn says the opportunity to promote the region's recovery after the storm only further motivated Zurich to maintain its ties to the tournament.
Senn says the Zurich Classic has raised $9 million for area charities in the past nine years and has helped rebuild 450 homes in hard-hit St. Bernard Parish.


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BOOMER Gone!? And Papi Back Saturday!!
Red Sox Trade David Wells
Dan Roche's Blog
(CBS4) BOSTON CBS4's Dan Roche is reporting the Red Sox have traded David Wells. Details of the deal have yet to be released.
The Red Sox have received interest from several teams with the Padres, Dodgers, and the St. Louis Cardinals showing the most interest. It's highly likely that Wells would be traded to a National League team.
Wells was seen leaving Fenway Park Thursday afternoon. He was scheduled to start tonight's game against Toronto. But manager Terry Francona's lineup card shows Julian Tavarez as the starter.
Peter here.. Believe it or not, it makes sense. More later. Oh...and this!!!!
David Ortiz said this afternoon that he plans to be back in the lineup for Red Sox on Saturday........
Peter here, and good news almost all over. Now if Jon Lester is OK! Please.


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Countertop refinishing eliminates the expense, mess and disruption of replacing kitchen countertops and bathroom vanities. MDL Bath and Kitchen Refurbishing can give your counters the modern look of stone or granite, making your kitchen look new again. Our process features Stone Flecks™, an imitation stone finish that is eco-friendly, durable and very low maintenance. Unlike real stone surfaces, Stone Flecks is highly resistant to staining. To see the 24 multi-fleck colors, Click Here. READ MORE
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Refinish your ceramic tiles to their original beauty without the hassle or cost of replacing them. MDL Bath and Kitchen Refurbishing can refinish the tiles on your counters, walls and vanities with the color of your choice. Our craftsmen repair dingy, cracked or missing grout, then use our state-of-the-art refinishing process to apply a new finish on your tiles. Unlike simply painting tiles, our process delivers a long-lasting glossy surface that is durable and also seals grout lines, making cleaning mush easier in the future. READ MORE
Start Your Bath or Kitchen Refinishing Project.


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"The past is never dead. It's not even past." – William Faulkner
Two recent news stories reminded the United States of something many would like to believe never happened, the systematic imprisonment of hundreds of innocent people for "Satanic" ritual abuse. Four women, known collectively as the San Antonio 4, were released from prison last month, as it became increasingly clear that their case had more to do with a vindictive homophobic relative than ritual sexual abuse.
"He had evidence that the father of the child accusers had been angry with one of the women (in part because she was gay) and pressured his young daughters to bring false accusations. The case closely resembled that of the Kellers, with bizarre, improbable accusations and intimations of Satanism. […] In late 2010, the first big investigative article about the women came out in the San Antonio Express-News. Days later, the NCRJ received a call from one of the accusers, who by then was in her 20s. Tearfully, she said that when she was 7, her father had forced her to lie about being raped by the women. She didn't remember that happening. But he'd threatened that if she didn't say it had, he would beat her and she'd be jailed. […] Last month, three of the four – Elizabeth Ramirez, Cassandra Rivera, and Kristie Mayhugh – were released from prison pending later review by the Court of Criminal Appeals. Co-defendant Anna Vasquez was already out on restrictive parole, but has now had those restrictions rescinded. The process is being repeated for the Kellers."
Then, Frances and Dan Keller of Austin. Texas, were released from prison this week as their 20-year-old case continued to fall apart under scrutiny.
"The Kellers were among hundreds of child-care workers across the nation who, in the Eighties and Nineties, were accused of being part of a network of Satan worshippers who abused children taken to day care. In 2008, the Chronicle began a reinvestigation of the case against Fran and Dan Keller. We discovered that Austin Police and prosecutors were embarrassingly credulous in their belief that the children had been abused in all manner of unbelievable – often literally impossible – ways, despite the fact that there was scant evidence to suggest any crime had ever occurred at all."
While this long-overdue justice is welcome, what's chilling is that we just don't know how many more innocent people are still rotting away in jail cells, accused of unspeakable acts and quickly locked away during a time of moral panic.
"No registry exists of old ritual abuse cases. People still in prison may be discovered by chance, as the San Antonio women were. Or they may never be found. That's a chilling possibility. Equally chilling is the temptation to believe the panic is over. It's not. While satanic abuse cases are rare or even passé, the NCRJ hears persistently of less dramatic but common scenarios. Incest, arson, shaken babies – sloppy, unscientific investigations into such accusations can and do railroad many innocent people."
2013 marks the 30th anniversary of the "Satanic Panics" emerging into our culture, and we're still trying to heal, to find real justice, and move forward. Indeed, despite the high-profile release of the West Memphis 3, and other victims who've managed to draw media attention, we are still wrestling with a justice system littered with individuals who stand by their old convictions. People are still arrested and thrown into jail on evidence that could be called questionable at best, so long as it sounds "Satanic" and diabolic enough. Meanwhile, true believers lay in wait, champing at the bit to put more imaginary "Satanists" behind bars.
"[Judy] Byington is an authority on Satanists, and as a clinical social worker she spent years helping others heal from wounds so deep most would shrink from the task. With the permission of her clients, she has written about one woman's experience of growing up within a coven and surviving. The book is called "Twenty-Two Faces." "This is a huge breaking story validating the existence of human sacrifices of children in our society," Byington said. […] They have secret combinations. They live in duplicity. They torture and sacrifice the innocent. They give birth in secret so the babies they sacrifice have no birth certificate record. They take the time to learn speaking Latin backwards from what is called the Black Bible."
In the current light of day people like Byington sound like lunatics, but we have to remember that thousands of people once took this very, very, seriously. That mainstream news outlets treated the accusations as though they had merit.
So yes, we laugh when we read sites like Right Wing Watch, where fringe Christian religious leaders say that same-sex marriage will lead to the Satanic killing of Christians, but we forget that moral panics are panics, they aren't rational. Small eruptions of hysteria on a variety of topics happen every day, but we don't know which one will erupt at the right time, and at the right place, to trigger some atavistic impulse in our society. To lead us down a path of madness, where we destroy the innocent to keep us safe from an invisible danger. The Salem Witch Trials didn't need ergot poisoning, because many of us saw the phenomenon play out in our lifetimes. The legacy of the Satanic Panic is still ongoing, it isn't a closed subject, because people are still being made to suffer for its sins. Let's hope these recent moves towards justice, these prisoners freed, will bring us all closer to the light of reason.


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Many people are fans of the Indianapolis Colts. But many, many more people are NOT fans of the Indianapolis Colts. This Deadspin 2009 NFL team preview is for those in the latter group.
1. When everyone says the team won't miss a beat without Tony Dungy, that practically ensures the opposite will occur. The Colts face the 2009 season without the quiet strength and NO FAG HAGS policy of former head coach Tony Dungy. In addition, offensive coordinator Tom Moore and offensive line coach Howard Mudd both retired due to pension issues (though the Colts rehired both men as consultants and plan on having each continue performing their old jobs in some sort of unofficial capacity). Virtually every article written about the team this offseason has implied that the transition to new head coach Jim Caldwell will be utterly seamless. He's been around the team forever! Peyton does all the coaching anyway! Caldwell's just like Dungy, only darker! Most people won't even know the coach is some other dude now! I've seen any number of supposedly foolproof coaching handoffs in NFL history go awry to believe that shit. COUGH!richiepetitbonCOUGH! This all but guarantees that Caldwell will be a flaming shitwreck.
2. Marvin Harrison is no longer around to secretly threaten the other team with gun violence. One would assume MarHar will be picked up by some team at some point before Week 1. Then again, perhaps teams are purposely avoiding Harrison because they know that, when the night falls, he becomes Messy Marvin, Philly crime lord par excellence. It makes you wonder if Harrison's quiet intimidation of NFL defenses in the past was the result of actual physical intimidation, and not graceful route running, as so widely assumed.
3. It's never a good sign when your toughest player is a safety who misses ten games a year. Bob Sanders skipped the team's OTA's this spring due to "the physical demands of the 2008 season," according to the Indianapolis Star. That physically demanding season included appearing in just six games. Pfft. What a pussy.
4. DALLAS FUCKING CLARK. It's not that Clark sucks, of course. It's that he's just so terribly annoying. As I and others have pointed out, he's always around to bail out Peyton Manning right when the Colts seem dead in the water. So fucking aggravating. Hey Clark, why don't you go stick a Freeze Pop up your dick?
5. Remember, the Colts are always a Manning injury away from 5-11. Don't think it can happen, Colts fans? Well, that's just what Patriot fans thought about their supposedly durable little hero last year. It can happen. And, given that everyone seems to think it'll be another 12-win, business-as-usual year for Indy, it probably will. "CUT THAT MEAT!" isn't as funny when Peyton has to say it to Dr. James Andrews.


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Zelda Zlatan iPhone X Cases, iPhone Cases, Samsung Galaxy Cases. Protective yet stylish shield between your phone and accidental bumps, drops, and scratches. Features slim and lightweight profile, precise cutouts, and provides easy access to all ports, plugs, and buttons. The image is fully printed on the case. Make a statement by designing your own or by browsing our amazing collection of customizable iPhone accessories by Teespread.
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The logo or picture is trademark of their respective companies. This product is not licensed, defined, sponsored, endorsed or manufactured by them. If you have any questions, or need others model please feel free to contact us (firstname.lastname@example.com), we will try to serve you the best we can.
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You enter the room of a gravely ill friend where hope has vanished. Your thoughts weigh heavy. The family expects a quick passing. Doctors have proclaimed there are but a few hours left. The room is dark, both mentally and physically. You feel helpless.
But, what if you could do something, something that made a difference?
Two last-minute healing experiences, I am aware of, show it's possible for you to be of help. The first involves Joseph Mann and a thirty-two-caliber revolver. The second details Mary Belt's time at the Clara Barton Hospital in Los Angeles. While I briefly describe these accounts, for a point of emphasis, I am suggesting that you are the healer.
Joseph Mann was accidentally shot with the thirty-two-caliber revolver. Four doctors concluded that nothing could be done to save him. As his body was growing cold and death perspiration was on his forehead, you were allowed to enter his home.
Mann later stated, "Within about fifteen minutes after you had been admitted into our house I began suddenly to grow warm again under your treatment. My breath was again revived and normal. I became conscious, opened my eyes and knew I should not die, but would live." And, he was right.
Mary Belt was healed of cancer, while at the Clara Barton Hospital. A nurse mentioned that Belt was resting easier and not suffering so much pain soon after she was receiving your treatment. But then one evening she appeared to have passed on. The nurse was unable to locate a pulse. Every symptom indicated a passing. The head nurse recorded Belt's death.
Then you stepped in front of Mary Belt and called her by name. The second time you called, she opened her eyes and breathed a natural breath. Within a few days she left the hospital, healed. Belt stated, "When I awoke from that condition, I felt and knew that I was healed."
Both Mann and Belt awoke and knew that they were well. Who convinced them? You did. Ok, actually the real healers in these cases were a concerned friend of Mann's and Belt's brother. However, it could have been you, couldn't it?
How could you have accomplished this?
In the health care arena, there is an explosion of interest in spirituality's ability to make physical changes. Harold Koenig, MD, associate professor of medicine and psychiatry at Duke University, is a senior author of Handbook of Religion and Health, a comprehensive examination of the impact of spirituality on well-being. The book details nearly 1,200 studies that explore the effects of prayer. Koenig states, "Traditional religious beliefs have a variety of effects on personal health."
If prayer can help in times of physical crisis, how does it accomplish this? Perhaps, prayer heals because our bodies are more thought-based, than matter-based.
Physician and spiritual teacher, Deepak Chopra, has written, "There is something more complex in the cosmos than the human brain: the process that makes the brain work. This process involves consciousness. It is our mind that is using the brain, not the other way around. I would argue that the brain is a creation of the mind, a physical projection of consciousness."
There is a growing recognition that not only is the brain "a creation of the mind," but, as well, our entire bodies. And if the entire body is actually thought manifest, then a change of thought is needed for healing. This change of thought is accomplished not simply with wishful thinking, but rather with a growing awareness of your divine consciousness, God, and an increasing confidence in your potential to express God's ability to save.
Perhaps, a statement by Mary Baker Eddy, a Christian healer in the early 1900s, can shed light on this type of mental treatment. She wrote, "The healer begins by mental argument. He mentally says, 'You are well, and you know it;' and he supports this silent mental force by audible explanation, attestation, and precedent. His mental and oral arguments aim to refute the sick man's thoughts, words, and actions, in certain directions, and turn them into channels of Truth. He persists in this course until the patient's mind yields, and the harmonious thought has the full control over this mind on the point at issue. The end is attained, and the patient says and feels, 'I am well, and I know it.'"
The prayerful treatment of a friend and brother awoke Mann and Belt. However, what empowered them to do so? Can it empower you?
Again, if changing a person's belief can change their body, this activity must be animated by something stronger than wishful thinking or human will. This something is the divine consciousness or Truth. And while acquiring a deeper spiritual understanding that builds spiritual conviction, to the degree that you express humility and selflessness, to that degree you will also manifest the divine ability to heal. Mary Baker Eddy explained, "Tumors, ulcers, tubercles, inflammation, pain, deformed joints, are waking dream-shadows, dark images of mortal thought, which flee before the light of Truth."
The Bible reveals that Jesus was a master awakener. A study of his words and works helps grow healthy convictions. Although spiritual awakenings lead to physical health, and this is wonderful, it is not the end goal. The awakening should cause us to recognize, in some measure, the absolute spiritual sense of existence.
You may not accomplish dramatic cures at first, with your prayerful presence, but your desire and growing spiritual maturity can help bring hope and peace to many.
– Keith Wommack is a Christian Science practitioner and teacher, husband, and step-dad. He has been described as a spiritual spur (since every horse needs a little nudge now and then).


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Tile, Grout & Hard Surface Cleaning
During these uncertain times, we are here to help.
COVID-19 – Deep Cleaning Services
Water, Fire, and Mold Restoration
If you've never had them professionally cleaned, tile and grout are two of the most reliable indicators of a home's age. Even if you sweep and mop regularly, it's inevitable that tile will become stained and grout will absorb dirt and grime.
Reasons to Have Your Tile and Grout Professionally Cleaned
You may think it's best to avoid professional tile and grout cleaning and simply do it by hand. However, there are a few significant benefits of calling on professionals for the job:
- Deeper clean: Grout is a porous material that becomes discolored as a result of soaking up dirt and spills over the course of several months or even years. Professional equipment delivers a deeper clean than a toothbrush and some elbow grease could ever hope to match.
- Protective sealant: The beautiful results of professional tile and grout cleaning are designed to last for months thanks to the post-clean sealant the technician applies. This helps make grout more spill- and stain-resistant, thus prolonging that just-cleaned look with no extra effort on your part.
- Ease: Tile and grout cleaning by hand is a painstaking, messy and uncomfortable process. Scrubbing each and every inch of grout with a toothbrush while on your hands and knees is not exactly a relaxing way to spend your Saturday afternoon. With professional tile and grout cleaning from Rainbow International®, you can go about your day as usual and let the cleaners do their job quickly and thoroughly.
Common Causes of Stained and Dirty Tile and Grout
The reason you're seeking professional cleaning is because the tile and grout in your home has become stained and discolored. The most common reasons for this include:
- Exposure to environmental elements: Water, dust, soot, dirt and spills that come in contact with porous grout eventually take their toll and cause the grout to stain.
- Certain grout properties: Some types of grout are more porous than others, meaning they are more susceptible to staining.
- Mildew: Bathroom tiles are subject to high levels of moisture and, more often than not, inadequate ventilation. This allows mold and mildew to grow on the tile and porous grout surfaces.
- Soap scum: This accumulates on the grout as minerals in the water combined with poorly rinsed soap settle and dry.
How to Maintain Tile and Grout between Professional Cleanings
It's recommended that you schedule a professional cleaning every one to three years. Between these cleanings, keep your floor sparkling clean with the following tips:
- Clean small areas by hand if spills occur and sporadically discolor the grout.
- Vacuum or sweep before mopping the kitchen or bathroom floor to reduce the presence of dried out debris. When this debris becomes wet, it could get into the grout and stain it.
- Rinse the floor with clean water after mopping with detergent.
- Avoid using bleach or other hard chemicals on the tile that could break down the professionally applied sealant.
- Wipe down shower tiles after use to reduce moisture that leads to mold and mildew.
- Rinse other tiled bathroom surfaces after washing to reduce soap scum buildup.
Other Hard Surfaces that Need Regular Professional Cleaning
Tile and grout are not the only hard surfaces in your home that require professional cleaning. Other areas you should have cleaned include:
If you need tile and grout cleaning in your home, call the professionals at Rainbow International today to schedule a free consultation.
- Stone and masonry flooring
- Concrete floors
- Hardwood, cork and bamboo flooring
- Brick walkways


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With over 60 offices near Phoenix, Arizona, Affordable American Insurance is the best Independent Insurance Agency Association for all the entrepreneurs, agents and independent agents who want to maximize their business opportunities. Our company will teach you how to run a successful business and will facilitate the correct tools and trainings to help you grow as a businessman. We are a true business-developing company.
Affordable American Insurance: Much More than Just Insurance!!!
At Affordable American Insurance we want to hear all the questions there are about business and how to be successful running one. We are experts in the insurance industry as a business development company that looks to help our customers grow and be successful with their own business in Phoenix, Arizona. We are your best option to start running your business with a solid company in the insurance industry.
Creating a new business is very challenging and without the proper knowledge it is very difficult to succeed, that's why we offer the best Independent Insurance Agency Association so we can support, train and teach our clients on how to be a business owner and how to make their business grow and earn more money. At AAI we know what is going on in the market and based on that, we will provide the foundation to run a whole business industry with the right business tools and business insights, so you can develop your business in a more effective way. With our experience and your business ideas, together we can make your dream to have your own business and make it grow a reality.
How to Manage Risk?
On our Risk Management School we will teach our students how to run businesses and how to maximize their business opportunities. All of the trainings within the risk management school are ongoing and our students have access to our corporate personnel for all the questions and concerns they have. That is what makes us a true business developing company. Call us today at (303) 451-8100 or visit our agency at 2090 E. 104th Avenue, Suite 300, Thornton CO., 80233, and let us help you build a solid business foundation for your business. We are open from Monday to Friday from 9 am to 5pm.
Affordable American Insurance is one of the top 50 privately owned companies in Colorado and has been one of the business leaders in the insurance industry for many years in Phoenix, Arizona. Let us provide you with the best Independent Insurance Agency Association and grow with us!


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Thank you for your interest in Woodside Homes. Please provide us with the information below, and we will do our best to provide you with additional details that will help you with your new home search.
Woodside Homes' 30-year mission statement is "Value, Integrity, Quality and Service." As we maintain our mission, we also reserve the right to modify or change: floor plans, materials, features, prices and information without notice or obligation. All floor plans, elevations, dimensions, square footages, and maps are approximates and artist renderings and may not be to scale. See Sales Consultant for additional information.
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Friday, September 25, 2009
Show Your Face
One of the themes for this months Etsy Bloggers blog Carnival is Show Your Face. Let's see the person behind the work. Well here is a picture of me making soap in my somewhat messy workspace. I must admit I am not the most organized person on earth. I have struggled with the issue of organization over the years and I am coming to the the conclusion that I waste too much time trying to be organized. I think I am far more productive when I just relax and stop worrying that my environment doesn't look picture perfect. If my workspace functions well and I produce a great product that is what is important. So my lesson for today is relax, be productive and stop trying to be something your not. Clutter lives on!
Posted by Sarah Ranes at 1:05 AM 2 comments
Labels: soap making
Tuesday, September 22, 2009
September's Featured Etsy Blogger is DesignsbyVanessa. She has a really cute Etsy shop with many of her items having a birdie motif. She works with paper and makes lovely jewelery too.
Please take a look at her shop and her blog!
Please take a look at her shop and her blog!
Posted by Sarah Ranes at 7:44 AM 2 comments
Saturday, September 19, 2009
September's Featured Soaps
This months featured soaps are Lavender Swirl and Carrot. Lavender is of course an all time favorite of many people. My Lavender Swirl has a beautiful purple swirl with added wheat germ oil to nourish the skin.
My Carrot soap is made with natural carrot juice packed with vitamin A, oatmeal which is soothing for the skin and a mix of Lavender, Carrot Seed, and Frankincense essential oils. It has a wonderful clean smell and makes a great facial soap.
Check out the savings available at my different sites and don't forget about Sweet Sally's Soap of the Month Club for your upcoming Holiday shopping.
Take advantage of the great savings throughout the month. Sweet Sally's Soaps Soap of the Month Club is available at http://www.sweetsallyssoaps.com/ and http://www.sweetsallyssoaps.etsy.com/ Specially priced soaps are available at http://www.sweetsallyssoaps.etsy.com/, and soon will be available at http://www.1000markets.com/shops/sweetsallyssoaps and http://www.artfire.com/users/SweetSallysSoaps
Posted by Sarah Ranes at 9:32 PM 1 comments
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SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Activists have filed another petition to force federal regulators to set safety standards that protect children from pesticides that drift from farm fields into nearby communities.
Pesticide Action Network, the United Farmworkers of America and other groups filed the petition Wednesday in San Francisco federal court.
It asks a judge to force the Environmental Protection Agency to answer a petition from 2009, which demanded the agency evaluate children's exposures to pesticide drift and adopt no-spray buffer zones around homes, schools, parks and daycare centers.
Plaintiffs say in the four years since the initial petition was filed, the EPA hasn't responded or taken action.
EPA spokesman Bill Keener said the agency couldn't comment, because it hasn't seen the petition yet.
In 1996, Congress required the EPA to set standards to protect children from pesticides.


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No prosecutors or police officers are to be disciplined over a miscarriage of justice in which environmental activists were wrongly convicted of plotting to break into a power station.
The only prosecutor who was subject to a disciplinary inquiry over the failure to disclose secret surveillance tapes recorded by police spy Mark Kennedy has retired from the Crown Prosecution Service, it has emerged. His retirement last month brings the inquiry to an end.
The development follows Wednesday's verdict by the police watchdog that no police officers were guilty of misconduct over the controversy. The Independent Police Complaints Commission had criticised police officers for "collective failings" for withholding the Kennedy tapes from lawyers representing the activists.
This and another official inquiry had blamed both senior prosecutors and police officers for withholding the tapes, which were crucial to the activists' defence.
While working as an undercover policeman, Kennedy had covertly recorded a private meeting of environmentalists while they discussed breaking into Ratcliffe-on-Soar, one of Britain's biggest power stations, in 2009.
The convictions of 20 environmentalists were quashed last year after three appeal court judges ruled that the contents of the tapes were vital to their defence. Judges ruled that the activists had been convicted "following a trial in which elementary principles which underpin the fairness of our trial processes were ignored".
The withholding of the tapes also forced prosecutors to abandon a trial of another six activists last year.
On Thursday, a spokeswoman for the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) confirmed that Cunningham, the senior lawyer in charge of the prosecution, had "retired from the CPS while the disciplinary process was ongoing. He was 60 in January".
Last December, an inquiry by Sir Christopher Rose, a retired high court judge, ruled that the secret tapes had not been revealed to the activists' lawyers because of "failures, over many months and at more than one level, by the police and the CPS".
Rose said Cunningham had to bear "primary responsibility" for the failure to hand over the tapes. Keir Starmer, the director of public prosecutions, ordered a disciplinary inquiry into his conduct.
On Thursday, Danny Chivers, one of the activists whose prosecution was abandoned, said: "Given there was an unambiguous miscarriage of justice involving 20 people, and a £1m second collapsed trial, it is astonishing that nobody is to be held to account."
"I was lucky, in the months before my trial Mark Kennedy was discovered as an undercover police officer. If Kennedy had remained a state secret, critical evidence would have been withheld from my trial and I could have been the victim of a miscarriage of justice.
"The number of people who were not as lucky as me is unknown, which is why a public inquiry is needed to expose the murky world of suppressing evidence from the courts to public scrutiny."
Last summer, the lord chief justice, Lord Judge, and two other judges, overturned the convictions of the 20 environmentalists as they were "unsafe because of significant non-disclosure" of the secret tapes.
"It is clear that there was a non-disclosure of material which would have been supportive of the defence case advanced at trial," said Lord Judge.


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IBM WebSphere DataPower SOA Appliances Part IV: Management and Governance
An IBM Redpaper publication
Published 23 April 2008
IBM Form #: REDP-4366-00
(148 pages)
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Authors: Juan Rodriguez, Somesh Adiraju, Robert Bunn, Markus Grohmann, Marcel Kinard, Tamika Moody, Srinivasan Muralidharan, Christian Ramirez, Adolfo Rodriguez
IBM® WebSphere® DataPower® SOA Appliances represent an important element in the holistic approach of IBM to service-oriented architecture (SOA). IBM SOA appliances are purpose-built, easy-to-deploy network devices that simplify, secure, and accelerate your XML and Web services deployments while extending your SOA infrastructure. These appliances offer an innovative, pragmatic approach to harness the power of SOA. By using them, you can simultaneously use the value of your existing application, security, and networking infrastructure investments.
This series of IBM Redbooks publications is written for architects and administrators who need to understand the implemented architecture in WebSphere DataPower appliances to successfully deploy it as a secure and efficient enterprise service bus (ESB) product. These papers give a broad understanding of the new architecture and traditional deployment scenarios. They cover details about the implementation to help you identify the circumstances under which you should deploy DataPower appliances. They also provide a sample implementation and architectural best practices for an SOA message-oriented architecture in an existing production ESB environment.
Part 4 of the series, this part, provides ways to integrate the DataPower appliance with other products such as WebSphere Registry and Repository (WSRR), IBM Tivoli® Composite Application Manager for SOA (ITCAM SOA) and Tivoli Composite Application Manager System Edition (ITCAM SE). The entire IBM WebSphere DataPower SOA Appliances series includes the following papers:
- "IBM WebSphere DataPower SOA Appliances Part I: Overview and Getting Started," REDP-4327
- "IBM WebSphere DataPower SOA Appliances Part II: Authentication and Authorization," REDP-4364
- "IBM WebSphere DataPower SOA Appliances Part III: XML Security Guide," REDP-4365
- "IBM WebSphere DataPower SOA Appliances Part IV: Management and Governance," REDP-4366
Table of contents
Chapter 1. ITCAM for SOA in DataPower environment
Chapter 2. ITCAM System Edition for DataPower
Chapter 3. Service Level Monitoring (SLM)
Chapter 4. Using Web Service Proxy with WebSphere Registry and Repository
Appendix A. Additional material
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About this Fact Sheet:
Many older adults are affected by delirium, dementia and/or depression.
These are different conditions and are not part of normal aging. However, it is hard to recognize the differences in the older adult because many of the symptoms and behaviours can occur together.
It is important to realize that you can seek help in recognizing the differences and find suggestions for care.


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Tea chemistry is complex. Just how complex? Well, on the bush, tea leaves contain thousands of chemical compounds, when they are processed, these compounds break down, form complexes and form new compounds. When we steep tea leaves, our senses are tingled by the thousands of volatile compounds (collectively known as the "aroma complex") from the tea liquor and the thousands of non-volatile compounds and the complexes between them, not all of which are water soluble, and the ones that are water soluble are soluble at a function of the properties of the water used for steeping like temperature, total dissolved solids, pH, etc. So all of this makes it very difficult to generalize and say that x chemical is responsible for y taste. Many tea chemicals have been categorized into broad groups, and collectively we have some idea of what happens to these groups during processing and what flavors and aromas they are responsible for. As tea gains popularity, there is no doubt that more research will be done on tea chemistry and we'll have a clearer picture of what is going on chemically from the field to the cup.
Plant leaves are made up of mostly water, and when they are removed from the plant they begin to wilt and lose water. Tea leaves are no exception to this, in the field, they are made up of mostly water, when they are plucked the leaves begin to wilt, we call this process withering in the tea industry. As tea leaves wither, their cell walls begin to break down and the chemical components inside come in contact with one another and with oxygen, a reaction called oxidation. Over the years, tea producers have learned to control the natural tendency of tea leaves to wither and oxidize in order to produce a finished tea that has a desirable appearance, aroma, flavor, and taste using methods we'll refer to as tea processing.
Amazingly, for hundreds of years tea masters have produced wonderful teas using principles of withering and oxidation with no knowledge of the underlying chemistry. From what we know today, the most important compounds in fresh tea leaves responsible for producing made teas with desirable appearance, aroma, flavor, and taste are polyphenols, amino acids, enzymes, pigments, carbohydrates, alkaloids, minerals and many volatile flavor and aromatic compounds. These components undergo changes during tea processing to produce what we'll call a 'finished' or 'made' tea – one that has been processed and is ready for packaging or steeping. Let's take a look at each of these compounds beginning with the most abundant, polyphenols.
In steeped tea, polyphenols are largely responsible for astringency. The term polyphenol simply refers to a categorization of compounds composed of many phenolic groups, hence the name poly-phenol. These compounds are plant metabolites produced as a defense against insects and other animals and are the most abundant compounds in tea comprising as much as 30-40% of both freshly plucked tea leaves and solids in tea liquor1. They are derived from amino acids via sunlight and therefore tea grown in the shade has a smaller concentration of polyphenols and a higher concentration of amino acids2. The bud and first leaf have the highest concentration of polyphenols and polyphenol levels decrease in each leaf moving down the plant3. There are an estimated 30,000 polyphenolic compounds in tea4, flavonoids are arguably the most important group of polyphenols in tea and are the source of the many health claims surrounding tea, and specifically tea antioxidants. Within the flavonoid group, flavanols (also known as flavan-3-ols) are the most prevalent. Flavanols are also referred to as tannins, and during oxidation are converted to theaflavins and thearubigins—the compounds responsible for the dark color and robust flavors notably present in black teas. The major flavanols in tea are: catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), gallocatechin (GC), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). EGCG is the most active of these catechins and is often the subject of studies regarding tea antioxidants. Tea flavanols are sometimes collectively referred to as catechins. Besides flavanols, tea flavonoids also include flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins; all of which contribute to the color of a tea's infusion and its taste.
Amino Acids
Amino acids give tea its brothiness, or umami taste. Tea leaves contain many amino acids, the most abundant of which is theanine. Camellia sinensis and a mushroom called Boletus badius are the only two natural sources of theanine found thus far in nature. In the tea field, sunlight converts amino acids to polyphenols, and as such; shade grown tea contains more amino acids than tea grown in direct sunlight. Some tea bushes are even deliberately shaded for several weeks before harvest to enhance the tea's amino acid content. Theanine, more specifically L-Theanine is responsible for promoting alpha brain wave activity which promotes relaxation. L-Theanine in concert with caffeine can induce a state of "mindful alterness" in the tea drinker. In steeped tea, amino acids make up 6% of the extract solids1.
Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase are the most important enzymes in tea leaves. They are responsible for the enzymatic browning of tea leaves that takes place when the cell walls in the leaves are broken and the polyphenols are exposed to oxygen – otherwise known as oxidation. These enzymes may be denatured or deactivated using heat so that browning cannot occur; this is one of the first steps in green tea production and is why finished green tea leaves remain green. The enzymes may also be denatured by simply depriving them of moisture for a time which is what happens during the long withering period in white tea production.
Plant pigments are responsible for absorbing light for photosynthesis. Pigments also give leaves their color. There are two major groups of pigments in fresh tea leaves: chlorophylls and carotenoids. These pigments condense during withering and oxidation and become darker. During oxidation, the green color of tea chlorophylls is converted to black pigments known as pheophytins. This conversion leads to the dark appearance of finished oxidized teas. Tea carotenoids are another pigment group found in tea leaves and are mainly composed of carotenes which are orange and xanthophylls which are yellow and are also responsible for the color of finished tea leaves.
All plants store energy formed during photosynthesis in starches and sugars, otherwise known as carbohydrates. Plants later use this stored energy to fuel important reactions, in tea, carbohydrates help to fuel the enzymatic reactions that take place during oxidation and are also responsible for the creation of polyphenols in young tea leaves. Carbohydrates make up on average 11% of extract solids in steeped tea1 and lend to its sweetness.
Alkaloids in tea include the stimulant caffeine and two similar compounds: theobromine and theophylline. The tea plant creates these chemicals as a natural combatant towards insects and other animals. On average, alkaloids in tea leaves make up 2% to 5% of the dry weight of the fresh leaves5. These alkaloids are also responsible for imparting a bitter taste in a tea infusion. Alkaloid levels depend on the varietal and cultivar of Camellia sinensis used, terroir (climate, geology, geography, , age of the leaves, and the propagation method (seed vs. cutting) used on the plant thus alkaloid levels can only be generalized from tea to tea.
28 mineral elements have been found in the tea flush5. Compared to other plants, tea has a higher than average amount of: fluorine, manganese, arsenic, nickel, selenium, iodine, aluminum, and potassium5. Tea also has an unusually high amount of fluorine, which has been known to help prevent tooth decay in humans, however too much fluorine can be harmful. It is important to note that fluorine occurs in greater amounts in older tea leaves. Tea minerals vary greatly with each harvest and change greatly during processing.
The volatile substances in tea leaves are largely responsible for a tea's flavor and aroma. The aroma complex of tea is made up of hundreds (maybe even thousands) of flavor and aroma compounds that exist in trace amounts. Many of these aromatic compounds do not exist in fresh tea leaves and are derived from other substances during processing. The flavor and aroma of each tea depends on a wide variety of combinations of these compounds, hence the name aroma complex. Compounds such as, linalool and linalool oxide are responsible for sweetness; geraniol and phenylacetaldehyde are responsible for floral aromas; nerolidol, benzaldehyde, methyl salicylate, and phenyl ethanol are responsible for fruity flavors; and trans-2-hexenal, n-hexanal, cis-3-hexenol, and b-ionone are responsible for a tea's fresh flavor6. When studying tea's aroma complex, it is sometimes broken into two parts: primary aroma (from fresh tea leaves) and secondary aroma (products of manufacture). Regardless, more and more research is being done on tea volatiles and how our olfaction system works in general, so we may expect some clarity on this issue in the coming years.
- Harbowy, Matthew E., and Douglas A. Balentine. "Tea Chemistry." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 16, no. 5 1997: 415–480
- Ercisli, Sezai, Emine Orhan, Ozlem Ozdemir, Memnune Sengul, and Neva Gungor. "Seasonal Variation of Total Phenolic, Antioxidant Activity, Plant Nutritional Elements, and Fatty Acids in Tea Leaves Grown in Turkey." Pharmaceutical Biology 46 (2008): 683–687
- Bhatia, I.S. "Composition of Leaf in Relation to Liquor Characteristics of Made Tea." Two and a Bud 83 (1961): 11–14.
- Uncovering the secrets of tea – http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2012/11/tea-health-benefits
- Zhen, Yong-su. Tea: Bioactivity and Therapeutic Potential. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002
- "Tea Chemistry – Tocklai". Tocklai Tea Research Association, n.d. http://www.tocklai.org/activities/tea-chemistry
By Tony Gebely, World of Tea, www.worldoftea.org


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Cambodian opposition leader Rainsy to return from exile
Issued on: Modified:
Self-exiled Cambodian opposition leader Sam Rainsy announced he will return to his homeland on Friday, after spending four years abroad, to campaign for his party against entrenched Prime Minister Hun Sen in the upcoming national polls.
Cambodia's self-exiled opposition leader Sam Rainsy will return to his homeland on Friday, less than two weeks before his beleaguered party challenges entrenched Prime Minister Hun Sen in national polls, Rainsy announced.
Sam Rainsy announced the date of his intended return on his Facebook page a day after Hun Sen engineered a pardon for his most prominent rival. Fellow party members gave the same date.
The pardon cleared the way for Sam Rainsy to return to campaign for his party without facing immediate arrest and imprisonment.
It came after the U.S. and others had said the exclusion of Sam Rainsy from the July 28 vote would call into question the polls' legitimacy. His return is not likely to greatly affect the big picture at the polls, where Hun Sen appears assured of extending his 28-year rule.
The U.S. welcomed the pardon, with State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki saying Washington called on the Cambodian government "to facilitate a safe environment for his return and allow for his meaningful and unfettered participation in the elections."
The U.S. statement also urged reforms recommended by a U.N. human rights expert to ensure free and fair elections.
In an emailed statement released Friday by his party, Sam Rainsy thanked the king for his pardon, and said he knew that he had "never done anything wrong."
"I would have returned even in the absence of a pardon to highlight the condition of democracy in my country. My return is no more than a step on a long journey towards achieving self-determination for Cambodia," he wrote.
He criticized the official election body as unsupportive of democracy, saying "The mere fact of my return does not create a free and fair election for Cambodia."
The campaign can be expected to be fairly rambunctious. Sam Rainsy is often sharp-tongued in his rhetoric, and his party has been drawing large crowds of enthusiastic young people.
Hun Sen's Cambodian People's Party has the resources of the state behind it, and in the past has been accused of using intimidation and force against its opponents.
However, the first shots form the two bitter rivals were an exchange of niceties, as Sam Rainsy conveyed his condolences over the death of Hun Sen's father this past week.
Hun Sen thanked him and his party for the gesture in a letter Friday, and added "I hope that you will return in the nearest future to join political life again."
Sam Rainsy has lived abroad since 2009 to avoid 11 years in prison on charges widely seen as politically motivated.
King Norodom Sihamoni pardoned him Friday at Hun Sen's request. Hun Sen's letter requested the pardon "in the spirit of national reconciliation, national unity and to make sure the national election process is conducted under the principal of democracy, with freedom and pluralism and jointly by all involved parties."
The pardon came shortly after Sam Rainsy declared that he planned to come back before the election, which suggests a deal may have been worked out.
The pardon would appear to benefit both Sam Rainsy and Hun Sen.
Though Sam Rainsy is seen as the sole Cambodian politician with the
charisma and resources to present any real challenge to the well-entrenched prime minister and his party, Hun Sen is still expected to win in a landslide.
Still, a return would provide at least a morale boost for Sam Rainsy's party, which has been greatly handicapped by having its leader absent.
For Hun Sen, the move pre-empts some of the criticism that the election is unfair. He has used similar tactics before, pressuring his opponents until they were in disarray, then making conciliatory gestures at the last minute.
Sam Rainsy went into exile after he was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for moving border markers at the frontier with Vietnam, seven years for spreading false information about the border with Vietnam and two years for defaming Foreign Minister Hor Namhong by associating him with the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime of the late 1970s.
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|Biosequences .. Software .. Molbio soft .. Network News .. FTP
In <wgallin.1198981441C at news.srv.ualberta.ca>, wgallin at gpu.srv.ualberta.ca (Warren Gallin) writes: >In Article <5702q5$3s4 at sjx-ixn6.ix.netcom.com>, geneco at ix.netcom.com(The >Great American Gene Company ) wrote: >>Dima Responds: >> >>>I don't think so. Intensifying screens emit light upon absorption of >>>high-energy particles. Light excites silver on film. Freezer is to >>>increase sensitivity of latter. >> >>Dead wrong! The emission of light is quite temperature dependent. Get >>hold of DuPont (a leading maker of intensification screens), they have >>data showing the effect of temperature on emission. > > >As suggested, I contacted DuPont Technical Services and asked. They stated >quite unequivocally that the enhancing screens are not temperature sensitive >and that the film response is. Fluorescence is actually a pretty fast >process, so it isn't too surprising that the thermal effect would be small. > Could you perhaps post a sourec for your information so I can look it up >and figure out what is going on. The original reference for the use of autoradiography screens is: Swanstrom, R. and Shank, R. (1978) X-ray intensifying screens greatly enhance the detection by autoradiography of the radioisotopes {32}P and {121}I. Anal. Biochem. 72, 433-446. (The authors were post-docs in the Varmus & Bishop labs at UCSF.) The paper demonstrates that sensitivity of the X-ray film is constant, or decreases slightly, as the temperature of exposure is decreased from 20C to -70C. However, the sensitivity of the film/screen combination increases about 8-fold over the same range. One would conclude that the lower temperature either enhances energy capture by, or prolongs phosphorescent emission from, the screen. The process is not fluorescence but phosphorescence, and both processes are prolonged at low temperature. DuPont's claim that there is no temperature effect on the Ca-W screen is irrelevant, because the manufacturer's experience is only with the screen's response to X-rays. Swanstrom & Shank demonstrated that different screen phosphors respond differently to beta-radiation; this result suggests that the interaction of electrons with the phosphor is at least partially different from the interaction of X-rays. o-----------------------------------------------------------------------o | Dr. Peter Gegenheimer | Vox: 913-864-3939 FAX: 913-864-5321 | | Departments of Biochemistry | pgegen at kuhub.cc.ukans.edu | | and of Botany | http://rnaworld.bio.ukans.edu/ | | | | | University of Kansas | | | 2045 Haworth Hall | "The sleep of reason produces | | Lawrence KS 66045-2106 | monsters." Goya | o______________________________|________________________________________o


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Formed in London, England in 1964, The Who is an English rock band rose to fame with their popular albums, My Generation and A Quick One. The original line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey, guitarist and singer Pete Townshend, bass guitarist John Entwistle, and drummer Keith Moon. In 1969, The Who released the rock opera Tommy.
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