text:
JTY-KT096H-Tablet MT6582 flash file firmware stock Rom
You are in the right place if you are searching JTY-KT096H-Tablet Mt6582 flash file firmware stock Rom. JTY-KT096H is one of the leading smartphone consumer companies of India. On the other hand, they offer a various range of smartphone in affordable price. Besides, they are the 2nd largest smartphone company in India and 10th largest around the globe. In addition, they sell around 2.3 million devices every month.
JTY-KT096H-Tablet Mt6582 flash file firmware stock Rom
If you are searching for JTY-KT096H firmware than search no further. Here, in this article, we will provide you Micromax stock ROM for all devices. You can easily do JTY-KT096H-Tablet Mt6582 flash file free download from this article.
What is Stock ROM?
If you are an android smartphone user, you will often hear about Custom ROMs. So what is the ROM? Well, we are going to explain it for you. The word ROM stands for "Read Only Memory". The Stock ROM is phone's firmware based on Google android platform. And the nicest thing is Google indirectly encourages it.
We all know that android is an open source platform. Besides, any developer can edit the program codes, recompile and even release it for relevant device. The user can install custom ROM to change his device's performance and behavior. When you buy an android phone, it comes with a pre-installed ROM which is known as Stock ROM. It has a limited function given by the manufacturer company. On the other hand, you can explore extra features and improved performance by flashing Stock ROM. Here are some other reasons to know before starting JTY-KT096H-Tablet Mt6582 flash file firmware stock Rom free download:
It gives a better look to your phone.
Improve performance of the phone.
Reduces slow-down and lagging of your android phone.
Improves the battery life magically.
Stronger the connectivity and call quality.
Allow you to use other phone's features on your phone.
Give you the total control of your device.
You can use non-allowed apps in your device.
Generally, custom ROMs are developed by a group of developers or a community. This is the reason why most custom ROMs are free of cost. So, this is really great to improve the performance and efficiency of your smartphone without any cost by flashing Custom ROM.
JTY-KT096H-Tablet Mt6582 flash file Free DownloadMT6582__JTY__KT096H__joya82_wet_yj__4.4.2__KT096H_20150828
Password here:www.joker-soft.com
Smartphone flash tool Download link hereSmartphone flash tool Download
USB Driver download link hereUSB Driver download
JTY-KT096H Firmware Stock ROM free Download Guideline
Flashing ROM is a little bit complex process. Besides, the whole process should do with proper care. It can cause very serious problem if you do anything wrong in the time of flashing. But don't worry; we are going to explain the whole process of flashing. You can easily flash your phone by following the steps given below:
First, download the firmware file. It will be better if you download it from our website. You will find a lot of firmware files for your JTY-KT096H phone. But most of them are fake, malicious, and contain viruses. Besides, they may harm your device. On the other hand, the download links we provided are 100% safe. Also download the Sp flash tool software with it.
Step 2
Now shut down your JTY-KT096H mobile and press Power Button, Volume Rocker Button, and Home button at a time. It will let you go in the download page.
Step 3
After going to the download page, you will see a warning message about the ROM in the download page. Press the volume up button to carry on.
Risk of Flashing
Through flashing is an awesome process to give your phone a new look, it have some potential risks too. A failed flash update can even make your phone death which is known as brick. Yes, this true and this is the reason why you should follow all the rules very carefully and do every single step very suspiciously.
All the data of your will be deleted after a firmware update. So backup all your important data before starting the process. You can simply save your data in drive, or you can use any of the cloud storage apps for back up. Before starting an update, charge your phone fully. Running out of charge can shut down the phone during the process and brick your phone.
So if you own a JTY-KT096H phone lets improve its performance and explores new feature by flashing firmware. The process we have discussed is 100% safe and working. If you follow it in the time of updating your firmware, you will not face any problem. It will be better to print out and follow the article before starting the process. And please let us know if you face any problem in the time of updating. We will try our best to help you. So, this is all about JTY-KT096H-Tablet Mt6582 flash file firmware stock Rom.


text:
Article content
Actor/comedian Tracy Morgan is set to be a father again.
The 44 year old's fiancee Megan Wollover is pregnant and due to give birth to the couple's first child this summer.
He announced the news to People.com on Thursday, just hours before the series finale of his hit TV series 30 Rock was due to air in America, saying, "I am over the moon excited and just want a happy and healthy baby and a safe delivery for Megan."
The couple got engaged last year.
Morgan already has three adult sons with his ex-wife Sabrina - Bobby, Tracy Jr., and Chris.
tap here to see other videos from our team.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Forest Ranger (वन रेंजर (वनपाल)) exam is over. We are continuously getting feedback from the students who appeared in this exam. Two major factors will decide the cutoffs this year. I – Total Number of vacancies. II – Difficulty level of paper. The overall difficulty level of paper was moderate. However, increase in general competition and given the trend of previous year cutoffs this year cutoffs will remain in the range of 65% – 75%. Actual cutoffs will be updated on this page if released by Chhattisgarh Staff selection commission . For any further updates you can also visit the official website Chhattisgarh Staff selection commission .
Previous year Question paper:
Previous year question paper forest ranger download PDF
eBook Download:
eBook (PDF) – Previous Year Question Paper Forest Ranger ((वनपाल)) – Purchase
eBook (PDF) – Chapterwise Previous Year Papers Forest Ranger ((वनपाल)) – Purchase
Online Test Series:
Online Test Series Forest Ranger ((वनपाल)) – Enroll Now
Online video course
Online video course for Forest Ranger ((वनपाल)) – Enroll Now – Instant Access + Pen drive
You Tube Lectures
YouTube Video Lectures for Forest Ranger ((वनपाल)) – Visit Now
For more details and updates you can visit official website Http://cgvyapam.choice.gov.in/
For more details about exam visit: https://mocktime.com/chhattisgarh-staff-selection-commission-cgvyapam-exams


text:
PHP Selector
We have introduced a new web hosting tool. PHP Selector. This software was released last night (6/1/2015) to address compatibility issues a lot of companies are now facing with running outdated web sites or CMS requiring the latest PHP version. PHP Selector allows each user to select PHP version & module based on their needs…. and best ... Read More »
2nd Jun 2015


text:
I understand what you're saying. The problem is that right now Android is the biggest "portable" OS. People buy Android devices because they're the best value out there, and they buy them for general computing. People buy Apple for the style, for general computing, and it is also overrepresented in our industry (compared to general marketshare).papi61 wrote:Yes, but I'm pretty sure that things are going to change soon. Remember what we wanted when the iPad was introduced: laptop power in a smaller, lighter, more portable form factor. Since at that time it was an impossible feat, basically Apple went about a decade in the past with much inferior computing power and put in a PHONE operating system. Android was developed with the same concept in mind. Which means that none of these OS's can develop much more than they've already done. Now that 8-inch Win 8.1 tablets with Bay Trail are finally available (end of this month), the old dream of having a REAL computer in one hand is finally coming true and I'm pretty sure that sooner or later people will realize how primitive iOS and Android are compared to a fully-functional OS like Windows. Heck, even simple file management on iOS and Android is a hassle. Again, because they are PHONE operating systems and they were never meant to do anything harder than social media, video playing, e-book reading, email etc.
A Bay Trail tablet can actually run Cubase 7. What other tablet can do that? (I mean aside from i5 tablets, of course, but those will cost substantially more.)
But where does that leave Windows? In our industry it'd compete with Apple products. And we all know how fond many people are of their iWhatevers. Not that people won't buy Win tablets, they will, but not in huge numbers all of a sudden. And similarly people won't all of a sudden get rid of their general computing Android tablets either, because they were bought because they were cheap relative to Apple's devices.
I too think it'll change, but my point was that Android isn't "dead in the water" now. I think we'll see big change once larger corporations start adopting Windows 8.x. Then people will be trying the new OS whether they like it or not, and IT people will start integrating other devices that represent the path of least resistance, i.e. RT tablets and Win phones.
So on second thought it was a tough choice for Steinberg in deciding which OS to focus on. iOS which is used a lot in media industries? Android which has the biggest market share? Windows which will be a strong contender in the future? I'd say Windows would have been the least smart choice simply because the market isn't there yet, and there's still time to port over to it. Will they? Who knows.


text:
We're building something new
It's been three months since we announced that we were going to start working with the Design Studio at Greenstart. We went back to basics with the designers, examining every assumption about what Carrotmob is, what it could be and what it should be. We've explored what Carrotmobbers around the globe want, what we want, what businesses want, what advocacy groups want, and how we can bring this all together to create a beautiful experience for everyone who participates.
After months of work, researching and debating ideas, we have evolved our plans and developed a brand new model! Our values remain unchanged. We're still on a mission to harness our consumer power for good. We're still aggregating everyday spending to make an impact. We're still rewarding small businesses with our support.
And yet, there are some things which are different. Things I used to think were important, that I no longer think are. Things I used to avoid that I now embrace. Things I used to believe would always be a part of our plans that I now believe introduce too many obstacles.
So what will you think of our new approach?
You'll like it. A big part of the design process is talking to people, and we've talked to many of you along the way. This new approach was designed with you in mind. My suspicion is that those of you who like participating in Carrotmob campaigns will find that you get the same awesome feeling you've always gotten from Carrotmobbing, and you will now enjoy that feeling with much more ease and frequency. On the other hand, if you are an organizer, it will feel totally different. How do I know? Because our whole team is Carrotmob organizers, and it feels radically different to us. In fact, the new model feels SO different that as our plans settled into place we began to feel like calling it "Carrotmob" would be kind of weird. We all already know what Carrotmob means, and what we're building isn't quite the same thing. So we've decided to launch this with a new name.
Crazy, right?!? Yes, it is.
Don't worry, we're not going to do away with the Carrotmob that we all know and love. We're just putting our resources towards this new and improved model instead. I know what you're thinking: What could possibly be better than the classic Carrotmob model? Well there's always room for improvement, and there have always been many areas where Carrotmob could have improved as well. To explore these, we looked at the entire process that a Carrotmobber goes through. We drew a storyboard of every part of the typical user experience. Then we did the same thing for organizers, for businesses, and for ourselves here at HQ. We put all of these storyboards on the wall and stared at them for a while. Then we took a bunch of post-its and wrote down the points of friction. The obstacles. The problems that everyone encounters throughout the process. Soon our wall was covered with post-it notes. There's a reason that launching a Carrotmob campaign can take 2 or 3 months. It's hard for organizers. It's hard for business owners. Even if all you want to do is buy something as part of a campaign, it can be a hassle.
If it's hard, that means less people will do it. Which means less impact. What we came up with is a way to make it easy. Extremely easy. For everyone. Which means more people will do it. Which means greater impact!
Are you curious to see what we have come up with? It's coming soon. If you live near San Francisco, contact us to become an early beta tester to get the first look.
Get excited!


text:
Discover More
Welcome to aphroditessalon.com! We collected a lot of sexy video for every taste. Black Slut Fucked, Egyptian sluts, Fuck Slut, Croatian slut, Brutal whore, Macedonian whores, Big boobs Slut, Bolivian sluts.
There are thousands of galleries in each category. Everyone will find photos or videos of their interests. So if you like our website, come and check it everyday. We'll update videos every single day. Hope you enjoy! Watch and have fun! Thanks.
You are about to enter a website that may contain
content of an adult nature. These pages are designed for ADULTS only and may include pictures and materials that some viewers may find offencive. If you are under the age of 18+, if such material offends you or if it is illegal to view such material in your community please aphroditessalon.com now!


text:
3 Bed | 2 Bath | 1,450 Sq. Ft.
2 Bed | 1 Bath | 1,809 Sq. Ft.
Detroit (, locally also ; French: Détroit, lit. 'strait') is the largest and most-populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of Wayne County. The municipality of Detroit had a 2019 estimated population of 670,031, making it the 24th-most populous city in the United States. The metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 4.3 million people, making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area, and 14th-largest in the United States. Regarded as a major cultural center, Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art, architecture and design.
Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River, one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest, behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and the 13th-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel, railway tunnel, and the Ambassador Bridge, which is the second busiest international crossing in North America, after San Diego–Tijuana. Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry, and the "Big Three" auto manufacturers General Motors, Ford, and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit.
In 1701, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, the future city of Detroit. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region. The city became the 4th-largest in the nation in 1920, after only New York City, Chicago and Philadelphia with the influence of the booming auto industry.


text:
Sobriety checkpoint results
A sobriety checkpoint was conducted in Lee County beginning Friday night, Dec. 20, at North Cleveland Ave and Hancock Bridge Parkway, North Fort Myers. All vehicles traveling north on North Cleveland Avenue were checked. The activity began at 11 p.m. and ended at 2:30 a.m. Saturday morning
– DUI Arrests: 7
– Driving While License Suspended: 1
– No Valid Drivers License: 2
– Possession of Mari-juana: 1
– Citations issued: 27
– Number of Vehicles passing through checkpoint: 1,235.
This checkpoint in-volved members of the Lee County Sheriff's Office, Fort Myers Police Depart-ment, Port Authority Police Department, Naples Police Department and the Florida Department of Transporta-tion.


text:
Hi Guys,
(I really hope I'm in the right spot)
I have no code yet however as I am a beginner I really need some help to be pushed in the right direction.
I am a Cricket die hard, and I write for a Fantasy Cricket Blog.
For those who don't know in the Cricketing world there are fantasy competitions where players assume the role of a 'Manager' and select a team from the players who are in the competition. The players are given a money figure depending on their player rating. ie. a player with a rating of 8/10 will be worth $150000 with a player rating off 4/10 will be $40000 and so on.
What I am after is to get a program written which will take into account individual career stats and money value to assist players in building the ultimate team. All the hard data is already written I just need assistance in writing the code from there I'll enter in all the player data and away you go.
I was wondering if someone can point me in the right direction to do this?
Again I hope I'm in the right page for this type of help, If not let me know and I can get the post moved.
Thanks Guys!


text:
BWW Reviews: Dorothy Silver and Strong Cast Takes Audience 4000 MILES at Dobama
Roy Berko
(Member, American Theatre Critics Association, Cleveland Critics Circle
There is an air of an impending explosion about to happen in Amy Herzog's 4000 MILES, now on stage at Dobama Theatre. Interesting, though the artillery never goes off, the 90-minute play captivates and absolutely holds attention.
4000 MILES is a companion piece to Herzog's AFTER THE REVOLUTION, a political family drama. Both scripts center on Vera Joseph, a tell-it-like-it-is 91-year old grandmother. She's a communist who has outlived two husbands and all of her friends. She lives in a rent-controlled apartment in New York, and is gradually losing it…her keys, glasses, false teeth, hearing aid, checkbook and ability to remember whether she has locked the door. What she hasn't lost is her sense of commitment to life.
As is the case with Herzog's writing, 4000 MILES is a series of character studies rather than a plot driven vehicle.
The play was developed as part of Lincoln Center's LCGT3 series, a developmental lab for new works. Intended for a short run, the 2011 production received such strong critical reviews that it was extended.
Twenty-one-year-old Leo, a self-proclaimed "hippie" arrives, unannounced, in the middle of the night, at his grandmother's New York apartment. The feisty Vera doesn't ask the obviously distraught boy many questions, but knows something is wrong. In baby steps, Leo relates that his best friend (Micah) was killed by a truck while the duo were on a 4000 mile cross-country bike trip. He also eventually tells her that his original intent to stay with his girlfriend, a student at NY university, was thwarted when she refused to allow him to move in. She, it is later revealed, was confounded that Leo did not come to Micah's funeral, but continued his bike trek alone.
Vera doesn't make many demands on the young man other than that he act like a civilized human being…taking showers, cleaning up after himself, and reporting accurately on the tap of money to which she has allowed him access. She feeds him, does his laundry, and speaks her thoughts aloud. They lightly battle, Leo continues to brood, and they reach a point of underlying affection toward each other, and live in a state of suspended harmony, smoke some pot together. and even get through Vera's interrupting a potential sexual liaison between Leo and a girl he has somehow picked up. Eventually, the big "reveal" takes place and the play comes to a quiet close.
The script's style is that of a new, modern playwright. The language is 21st century, the inclusion of technology and the differences between generations marks this as the work of a contemporary, rather than modern playwright. This is Neil LaBute and Doug Wright, not Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller.
Dobama's production, under the direction of Joel Hammer, maintains our interest, though it is a little slow at times. This should correct itself as the cast adjusts to audience reactions.
Dorothy Silver, the first lady of Cleveland theatre, wears the role of Vera and becomes the woman. She doesn't portray Vera, she is Vera. Silver, as always, gives the impression that the role was written specifically for her.
Matt O'Shea (Leo) is impressive in his Dobama premiere. Like Silver, he makes the performance seem effortless.
Both Rachel Lee Kolis (Bec) and Kat Bi (Amanda) are effective as the two women in Leo's life.
Laura Carlson's set well reflects a rent-controlled Village apartment of a little old lady, complete with vintage knickknacks and dated electronics.
CAPSULE JUDGEMENT: 4000 MILES is a "nice" play, which gets a "nice" production at Dobama. It will not shock, it will not compel, but it will hold your attention and may take you back to examine your relationship with your grandmother and/or grandchild and share a peek at both youthful and aging angst.
4000 MILES runs through January 6 at Dobama. Call 216-932-3396 or www.dobama.org for tickets.


text:
Oh, and take back the U.S. Treasury and FIRE little Timothy Geither! His responses make me so angry it's not even funny. While Geither never worked for Goldman, Paulson, who preceded him certainly did and certainly fed money to Goldman. Sickening defense of the indefensible.
Separate corporations and their money from State!
Tuesday, August 25, 2009
Geithner – Audit the Fed Dangerous? Forget it, Get Rid of the Fed!
Posted byAmy Jamison at8:27 PM


text:
This Magic Quadrant evaluates service providers' capabilities to deliver SAP application implementation and management services on a worldwide basis. Analysts evaluate service providers for their ability to deliver a specific or comprehensive set of implementation and management services across the SAP portfolio of products for clients worldwide.
Accenture is positioned highest and furthest in the Leaders quadrant for both completeness of vision and ability to execute. Leaders are performing well today, gaining traction and mind share in the market; they have a clear vision of market direction and are actively building competencies to sustain their leadership position in the market.
We believe Accenture's recognition is due to positive client feedback on our capabilities, strong global presence, and continued investment in the way we guide and deliver our client's business transformation to drive value faster.
In our opinion, this further validates our vision and thought leadership, quality of functional expertise, quality of industry expertise, service integration management, and realization of innovation.
Read the report to see why we are a Leader, Worldwide:
This graphic was published by Gartner, Inc. as part of a larger research document and should be evaluated in the context of the entire document. The Gartner document is available via this link.
Gartner does not endorse any vendor, product or service depicted in its research publications, and does not advise technology users to select only those vendors with the highest ratings or other designation. Gartner research publications consist of the opinions of Gartner's research organization and should not be construed as statements of fact. Gartner disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, with respect to this research, including any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.


text:
The legislation to move all ballot initiatives to the general election ballot -- pushed through by Gov. Jerry Brown and the Democrats was bad policy. It means that voters are digesting 11 measures right now on top of long lists of candidate elections, when it would be better if measures were voted upon two or three at a time in a separate election system.
But that legislation is the law, and if California is going to continue to have a rule putting all initiatives on the general election ballot, then it needs to make one big adjustment for 2014.
All the initiatives should be on the June ballot, not the November one.
U.S. & World
Why? Because the real general election in California is now in June, not November.
This change in the general election was part of the establishment of the top-two primary, but few have remarked on this reality because of all the confusion about the top two.
The top two is called a "primary," but in fact it eliminated primaries in the state. Instead, under top two, all candidates of all parties are thrown together onto the ballot in the first round of our elections. This first round, thus, is the real general election -- the time when voters have the most choice and can vote among members of any party.
One of the failures of the backers of the top two has been their failure to explain this reality. The Secretary of State and other elections officials also have failed to step forward and make clear to people that the first round is the real general election. The second round, which is mistakenly being described as the general election, is merely a run-off between the top two finishers in the first-round general election.
So if you want the most diverse array of voters for initiatives -- the rationale given by the Democrats who pushed this change -- then you have to put all initiatives on the June 2014 ballot.
State lawmakers should make this clarification as soon as possible, since potential initiative sponsors need to start making preparations for 2014 now.


text:
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
Arnold, please could you do a description for Arnoldemu ?i'm going to put it on Emu-france.
Mr.Emu ( ) says:"Arnold emulator lets you play classic Amstrad CPC and Amstrad Plus games on your PC.Use it's powerful options to configure the computer just like the one you used to have or to experience newly released hardware and see the future of Amstrad.If you like to program, enjoy the powerful debugger, inspect and edit memory, dissassemble programs and see the hardware state.Arnold also includes emulation of two Amstrad clones, one from Eastern Germany, the KC Compact, and one from the former Soviet Union - the Aleste 520EX."
@arnoldemu : email sent !
Hi. The sound in the demo "Batman forever" is wrong. Tried 2-3 other demos and same thing. Tried to changed quite a few setting to solve issue, still wrong. Play perfectly in JavaCPC Desktop latest version. System: 2500K @ 4.7Ghz 16GB RAM GTX 660, driver 365.19 3 X LCD 1680X1050 Win 7 64 Aero on
PS: Nice comeback after a decade+ long hiatus!
Use it's powerful options to configure the computer just like the one you used to have or to experience newly released hardware and see the future of Amstrad.
... and see the future of Amstrad.
I have done some modifications today and keep it X-Mem compatible... So Beast+ works on Cpc Plus with or without memory Expansion...
EDIT: Source uploaded for Linux users to build http://cpctech.cpc-live.com/arnoldsrc.zip
Hi Emmanuel,I think old versions of wxwidgets need libexpat.Please unzip these files over the source.I have replaced two CMakeLists.txt and disabled libexpat.This works for me. Does it work for you?
I think pthreads is a wxwidgets dependency.What do you see with:wx-config --libs??I see -pthread in the list.What do you see for:wx-config --list??I have gtk2-unicode-3.1
With wx-config --libs :-L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -pthread -lwx_gtk2u_xrc-3.0 -lwx_gtk2u_html-3.0 -lwx_gtk2u_qa-3.0 -lwx_gtk2u_adv-3.0 -lwx_gtk2u_core-3.0 -lwx_baseu_xml-3.0 -lwx_baseu_net-3.0 -lwx_baseu-3.0 With wx-config --list : Default config is gtk2-unicode-3.0 Default config will be used for output Alternate matches: base-unicode-3.0I had no problems compiling arnold on a raspberry pi2 in march though.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
I managed to compile the emulator in Debian, with the special bit of being an ARM machine (a Chromebook actually)....
SDL2 doesn't work with wxwidgets fully. Both use pthreads and I think wxwidgets initialises it first.I think that is the problem All the other problems are my fault
Yep, some people mention that you should implement (perhaps) main yourself instead of allowing wxwidgets to do it: http://stackoverflow.com/a/29043507One simple request: can you implement a debug flag that enables the output on the terminal and keep it quiet otherwise? Currently I can redirect to /dev/null; but that flag would be useful.
Bad Behavior has blocked 489 access attempts in the last 7 days.
Page created in 0.153 seconds with 101 queries.


text:
Most popular robotic vacuums
Coredy R500 - Reviews, Prices, Specs and Alternatives
Coredy R500
Popularity 0-100 scale indicating how frequently people buy the product online. Recalculated daily.
General Info
A 3-in-1 vacuum cleaner and mop that has 5 cleaning modes. Has a large 300 ml water tank and cleaner kit including robot vacuum cleaner and accessories.
Wifi / App Controlled Some robotic vacuums can be controlled by your smartphone through a mobile app, which is essentially a more advanced remote control. You are typically able to start/stop the vacuum's cleaning, control ... Show more
Remote Control Remote controls typically enable you to start and stop the cleaning process and/or direct the vacuum's movements to specific areas in the home. A remote control is an added convenience for those who w ... Show more
Auto Scheduling Feature Auto scheduling allows you to program the vacuum to a cleaning schedule (daily, every other day, weekly, etc.), where it turns on and cleans automatically at a set time. Otherwise, you have to manuall ... Show more
Battery Life Battery life indicates the maximum amount of time a vacuum can run on one charge. On average, robot vacuum batteries last around 1.5 hours, with higher end options getting up to two hours on a full ch ... Show more
Charging Time How long does it take the battery to charge completely?
Continues Cleaning Once Recharged When a vacuum's battery dies, one of two things can happen: 1) the vacuum starts over cleaning without any memory of what it cleaned before the battery died, or 2) the vacuum will resume cleaning from ... Show more
Bin Capacity Regardless of the price of your vacuum, the dustbin still needs to be emptied manually. The more your vacuum is used, the more often you will need to change your dustbin. If you have a large home, the ... Show more
Floor Type Different robot vacuums are made for different floor types based on the cleaning mechanism within the device, which can include a brush, a mop, or both. Robot vacuums with large brushes are best for c ... Show more
- Hardwood
- Thin carpet
Cleaning Modes Most robotic vacuums come with an auto-clean mode (meant for maintenance cleaning over a large area) but some more sophisticated models will come with different cleaning modes, such as spot mode or sc ... Show more
Auto, Edge, Spot, Max, Wet/Dry
Brush Type Most vacuums use brushes to pick up debris, since suction alone isn't usually enough to effectively clean (especially on rough surfaces like carpet). These brush rolls can have different brush types, ... Show more
Main Brush x1 Cleaning Brush x1 Side Brushes x4 (2 Pairs)
HEPA Filter HEPA filters help limit the allergens that get into the air when you vacuum. If you suffer from allergies, choosing a vacuum with a HEPA filter is a must. Note that HEPA filters do wear down over time ... Show more
Suitable for Pets The ability to pick up pet hair is a feature that will be explicitly noted in the vacuum's specifications. If you have pets, it's imperative that you choose a vacuum that's equipped for picking up pet ... Show more
Physical Features
Dimensions When it comes to size for robot vacuums, pay particular attention to the height measurement. If the device is too tall, it won't fit under beds, dressers, couches, and other furniture to clean in the ... Show more
Loading product dimensions...
Noise Because they run continuously, a common complaint with robot vacuums is how much noise they make. Measured in decibels, or dB, the larger the number, the louder the vacuum. There are several reasons w ... Show more
Additional Info
Accessories Included What is included on the package?
- Side Brushes x4 (2 Pairs)
- 300ml Water Tank x1
- Clothing Cloths x2
- High Efficiency Filter x1
- Cleaning Brush x1
- Charging Dock x1
- Remote Control x1
- Main Brush x1
- DC Adapter x1
Customer Reviews Reviews from real customers who bought the product on Amazon


text:
The team on the Dinefwr Park estate, Carmarthenshire, has just opened up one of the historic park walks originally created by Lancelot 'Capability' Brown. The walk was officially reopened by Lord Dynevor on 22 October, the first day of the National Trust's Walking Festival.
There had been guided tours along the walk before, but National Trust warden Wyn Davies has made it more accessible to the public, marking the route clearly and commissioning tree surgeons to remove potentially unsafe branches.
Capability Brown was invited to Dinefwr by George Rice, whose marriage to heiress Cecil Talbot enabled him to make improvements to the estate.
Brown first visited Dinefwr in 1775 and continued to advise on the park until 1783. He generally worked as what we would now call a 'consultant', assessing the 'capabilities' of a landscape, advising the owner and recommending local contractors capable of carrying out the work.
A record of 'Mr Brown's Directions', dated May 1776, has recently been rediscovered in Lord Dynevor's archive. The walk, which is just over a mile in length, was designed as a circular route around Newton House, with carefully composed planting and framed views.
Previous posts about Dinefwr Park and its owners can be seen here.


text:
Reddit announced today that it will begin phasing out its own in-house advertising platform and Doubleclick for Publishers in favor of Adzerk, a system used by companies like StackExchange and Stack Overflow. In a blog post, Reddit said the site will continue to serve ads, many of them images, in the right sidebar of posts, but Adzerk will now give users the ability to vote ads up or down, helping to train the system to better tailor its ads based on the user's taste. (Though unlike user submitted posts, no karma is involved.)
If you downvote an ad, it will never appear for you again, and will give you the option of providing feedback to the Reddit team on how they can serve you better ads. A box will pop up, asking the user to pick a reason why they downvoted the ad: "uninteresting," "misleading," "offensive" or "repetitive."
Reddit already began phasing Adzerk in to subreddits like r/funny and r/sports, and will soon roll it out to the rest of the site.
Jena Donlin, Reddit's senior manager of business operations, wrote in the post:
Our primary goal is to make advertisements on reddit as useful and non-intrusive as possible. We take great pride in the fact that reddit is one of the few sites where people actively disable ad blockers. reddit does not allow animated or visually distracting ads, and whenever possible, we try to use ads as a force of good in our communities.
The ads that appear in the sidebar are different from Reddit's self-serve ads model, which allows users to pay for links to appear in the "Sponsored links" section at the top of the page. These ads already allow users to up and downvote them.
Reddit has a long history of tweaking its ad model to fit with its growing audience while also remaining true to its anti-ad ethos. It stuck to self-serve ads for so long because they seemed the least obtrusive way to make money. Reddit also created a Reddit Gold subscription which users can buy in exchange for premium features, which helps bring in additional revenue.
"We've always been laggards when it comes to adopting online advertising because we never wanted to do anything to piss anyone off," Reddit cofounder Alexis Ohanian told Ad Exchanger last year. "We engineered our sponsored headlines as a way to mitigate that, because it generates great money, but in an unobtrusive way where these headlines live among the content and they can be commented on."
Reddit certainly likes to do things its own way. In January, AllThingsD reported the company is raising a $1 million angel round at a $400 million valuation. Rather than bring in institutional investors who might exert control, Reddit opted for a vanity round betting that Silicon Valley elite would agree to its terms.


text:
Adore Sweetheart
The OG rose gold. Sweetheart features a luxurious proposal bouquet of red roses with a gold-tinted rose in the middle. Nothing says true love better than Sweetheart.
Large: Red Rose (90-98 stalks), Gold Rose (1 stalk) & Ruscus Leaves Medium: Red Rose (30-32 stalks), Gold Rose (1 stalk) & Ruscus Leaves
Valentines Day
2-4 days
Free Message Card
Free Delivery (more info)
Bouquet Flower Care
Want to keep your flowers pretty? Here's some tips and instructions from our flower experts to care for your BloomThis flower bouquet.
Cut the stems at a slant to increase the absorption of water. This will give better hydration to your blooms.
Rose Alba
Floral Artisan
1. Get a clean vase
The cleaner your vase, the lesser the bacteria and the longer your flowers bloom. Of course, you can also use a jar, a mug, a teapot or anything that you fancy.
2. Fill clean water
Fill the vase with cold tap water. Too much water can speed the decay of the stems, and too little will hamper hydration. We suggest filling your vase up to two-thirds full.
3. Add flower food
Add flower food into the vase from the sachet. Flower food can increase your flower life up to 60%. This is because it contains all the nutrients that your flowers need. That said, remember to keep your flower food in a safe place and out of reach of babies, children and pets.
4. Trim flower stems
Cut approximately 2 cm off each stem at a slant (and repeat every few days). Flower stems will brown and decay which will hamper hydration. By snipping off the bottom few centimeters, your flowers are hydrated better and last longer.
5. Prune lower leaves
Remove all the lower leaves of your flower stems. Make sure there are no leaves in the water because they decay much faster underwater. Decaying leaves will create bacteria that will spoil your flowers.
6. Arrange in your vase
After you've trimmed the stems and pruned the leaves, arrange them in your filled vase however you like. Here's a pro tip: place taller stems at the back and the short ones at the front.
7. Place in a cool area
Place your flowers in a cool room or shaded area. Avoid direct air-conditioning, direct sunlight, extreme heat, dust and ripening fruit. All of these conditions may make your flowers wilt faster.
8. Change water daily
Change the water in your vase when the water becomes discoloured or murky. Dirty water will block the stems and hamper hydration. The water in your vase should always be crystal clear. Again, use cold tap water.
9. Remove wilting petals
When a flower begins to wilt, remove the petals or the whole flower from the bouquet. Flowers bloom and wilt at different times. Removing wilted flowers will help to avoid the spread of bacteria to the other flowers.
10. Mist flowers daily
Spray or spritz your flowers with clean tap water once a day to give it additional hydration. Flowers can absorb water from places other than the base of its stems. To do this right, use a bottle with a fine mist setting and spray from 6 inches to 1 foot away from the flowers to ensure an even coverage.
Our Bestsellers
Send a gift with popular picks from our flower bouquet collection.
Our delivery services are back to normal! We're now offering free same-day delivery if you make your order before 3.30 pm and delivering to most major areas in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Penang and Johor Bahru.
Same-day deliveries are available from Mon - Sun for orders made by 3.30 pm within Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Johor Bahru and Penang (the cutoff time for Sun delivery in Penang is on the Sat before 3.30 pm); while our subscription boxes are delivered weekly on Thursdays. Our standard delivery services are completed between 10 am - 6 pm. Unfortunately, time-specific deliveries are currently unavailable to ensure fairness to all our customers and maintain efficiency in our operations. Deliveries are available for any addresses within Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Penang and Johor Bahru. However, there is an additional surcharge for delivery in Penang (Mainland) based on your delivery area that will automatically shown during checkout.
We recommend having the flowers delivered to an address where you or your recipient will be present on your delivery date to ensure flower freshness and avoid any unforeseen circumstances. Should you or your recipient fail to receive the flowers, a re-delivery service is available at an additional cost depending on your recipient's location. Our special delivery team will deliver your flowers by hand.
We take great pride in ensuring that our flowers are delivered on time and in great condition. However, if you ever face a problem or delay with your delivery, please reach out to our friendly customer service team at email@example.com or call +60126890215
For our full delivery policy, please see our Terms & Conditions.


text:
Services on Demand
Related links
- Cited by Google
- Similars in Google
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
On-line version ISSN 2224-9435
Print version ISSN 1019-9128
J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. vol.83 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2012
An investigation to determine the cause of haemorrhagic enteritis in commercial pig grower units in the northern parts of South Africa
Annemarie LabuscagneI; B. Tom SpencerII; Jackie A. PicardIII; Mark C. WilliamsIV
ICS Vet Consultancy, Waterkloof, South Africa
IIDepartment of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort campus, South Africa
IIIDepartment of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort campus, South Africa
IVDiscipline of Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Australia
Necropsies were performed on 36 grower pigs that died peracutely on farms in the northern parts of South Africa. All these pigs were suffering from haemorrhagic enteritis and suspected toxaemia. Samples of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for histopathological examination and a section of ileum was collected for microbiological examination from each animal. Histological lesions characteristic of enterotoxigenic Clostridium infection were found. Large, Gram-positive bacilli were sometimes abundant in sections and mucosal smears of the intestine. However, only 40% of the cultures were positive for Clostridium perfringens.
Over the past years, pig farmers in South Africa with good management systems have reported to consulting veterinarians that some of their grower pigs die acutely without prodromal signs. South African pig producers refer to this syndrome as either haemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) or 'red gut', as a result of the intense red discolouration of the intestinal tract. Although the mortality does not spread within a group of animals, it tends to affect the best grown pigs close to market age, making it an expensive disease.
Even though the clinical and pathological picture was not typical, South African veterinarians thought that Lawsonia intracellularis infection was at least in part responsible for this disease syndrome. This belief stemmed from the fact that L. intracellularis infections are known to be endemic on the affected farms and are known to cause acute mortalities in this age group (Labuscagne 2008). Endemicity was borne out by a serological study conducted in 2007 in association with Boeringher Ingelheim, South Africa, which showed that most pigs sero-convert at six weeks of age. Bigger herds with fully slatted floors and wet or wet-dry feeding systems tended to be more prone to L. intracellularis infections (Labuscagne 2008).
Materials and methods
Pig farmers were asked to contact one of the authors if grower pigs died acutely and the following criteria were met:
Those pigs weighed between 50 kg and 110 kg.
Severe abdominal distension was present shortly after death.
Veterinarians employed as pig consultants attempted to perform necropsies within 4 h of death. A gross post-mortem examination was conducted on the carcasses available. Only those carcasses that had marked intestinal congestion, with red contents, were selected for sampling. Furthermore, there had to be no evidence of gastric or intestinal displacement, that is, intussusception, volvulus or gastric ulceration.
A 1 cm thick slice of intestine was collected from the following areas for histopathology:
the ileum, 30 cm proximal to the ileo-caecal valve
a mid-section of the jejunum
the duodenum, 10 cm distal to the stomach.
Each sample was put individually into a 30 mL sample bottle filled with 10% buffered formalin in order to fix the tissue.
For bacteriology, a 6 cm piece of ileum, taken just cranial to the histopathology sample, was removed and tied off at both ends. It was then sealed in a plastic specimen jar and stored at 4 °C in a polystyrene holder. These specimens reached the laboratory within 24 h of collection. Each sample was uniquely identified.
Once the contents had been removed at the laboratory, a mucosal scraping was made with a glass microscope slide and smeared over a clean slide. The slide was then stained using the Gram's staining method (Quinn et al. 1994) and examined under a microscope. Bacteria were classified as Gram-positive Clostridium-like organisms, Gram-positive Lactobacillus-like organisms, Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative Campylobacter'-like organisms, Gram-negative rods and Gram-negative cocci. The presence of fungi was also noted.
A mucosal scraping was made by rubbing the ileal mucosa with a cotton-tipped swab and cultured aerobically as well as anaerobically. The material collected on the swab was inoculated onto the upper third of a Columbia agar plate (CM 331; Oxoid Pty Ltd, Basingstoke, UK) enriched with 5% citrated horse blood (BCA) and MacConkey agar without crystal violet (MAC) (CM 7B; Oxoid Pty Ltd, Basingstoke, UK). The inoculum was streaked out by means of cooled, heat-sterilised platinum loops in order to dilute bacterial growth. The agar plates were incubated aerobically at 37 °C and examined daily for the presence of bacterial colonies. All β-haemolytic or smooth lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting colonies were purified by streaking them onto BCA and MAC and incubating them for 24 h at 37 °C. All Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, fermentative, nitrate-reducing bacteria were identified using the API10S test (10100; BioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France).
The same specimen that had been used for aerobic culturing was plated onto pre-reduced BCA in the anaerobic cabinet, using the same method and incubated at 37 °C. After an incubation period of 24 h, colonies showing a zone of double β-haemolysis were streaked onto pre-reduced BCA to purify. Furthermore, the selected colonies were also inoculated onto BCA and cultured aerobically to check for aerobic growth. Any colonies that consisted of Gram-positive large rods that were oxidase negative and catalase negative, non-motile and were lecthinase positive, lactose-fermenting, but were non-proteolytic and lipase negative, were considered to be Clostridium perfringens. Fresh cultures of each C. perfringens strain isolated were emulsified in 2.2 mL NUNC cryotubes® containing 1.5 mL of brain-heart infusion broth (Oxoid Pty Ltd, Basingstoke, UK) with 0.2% cysteine and 10.0% glycerol (Merck, Whitehouse Station, USA) and stored at -86 °C (Forma Scientific, Marietta, USA). All β-haemolytic colonies consisting of Gram-negative fusiforms were identified using the Mastring antimicrobial sensitivity test (Difco Laboratories, London, UK). Pale colonies that showed no haemolysis and were not represented on the aerobic plates were identified using API 32A (Biomerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France).
The intestines of 36 pigs that had died of haemorrhagic enteropathy were examined histologically. Three 1 cm sections were taken from the intestines of each pig (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Transverse blocks were cut from the fixed tissues, embedded in paraffin wax and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections prepared, using routine methods. The thin sections were examined using a compound light microscope and the lesions were noted and evaluated. The lesions and presence of organisms were evaluated subjectively according to the following criteria:
necrosis: 0% - 100% (full thickness)
congestion: none (0), mild (1), moderate (2) or severe (3)
haemorrhage: none (0), mild (1), moderate (2) or severe (3)
number of organisms: none (0), few (1), moderate (2) or many (3).
Deaths resulting from this syndrome tend to be in the hot summer months, producing a post-weaning mortality rate of 4% (2% above the acceptable norm).
These farms are generally well managed, with modern buildings that have more than 1000 sows. All are multi-site farms that make use of the all-in all-out management system. Two of the units that were part of the study are specific pathogen free (SPF) units that are free from contagious respiratory diseases caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, as well as swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The remaining three are normal-health farms where weaners are vaccinated against M. hyopneumoniae.
Thirty-six pigs were sampled in the summer months from January 2007 until March 2007. Bacteriology was not undertaken on seven samples because of advanced autolysis.
At necropsy, the skin was usually pale, without signs of trauma. There was often a bloody discharge from the nostrils and a markedly distended abdomen (Figure 1). The most remarkable finding on incision of the abdomen was the severely distended intestinal tract that was usually dark-maroon in colour (Figure 2), but in some cases the intestines only had a slight reddish tinge. A careful examination was made of the entire length of affected intestine to identify any signs of displacement that would explain the discolouration of part of the intestine, but none of the cases had any signs of intestinal displacement. Other than the liver, which tended to be pale and pushed cranially, the remaining organs appeared normal. Indicative of a peracute disease, the stomach was always filled with food.
Other than the first 10 cm of the duodenum, which appeared normal, the luminal surface of the rest of the intestines was highly congested and the wall appeared thinner than normal. The intestinal content was reddish and foul-smelling and had a watery consistency (Figure 2). The cardio-respiratory system was normal. The carcasses of these animals showed an accelerated rate of decomposition.
Microscopic evaluation of the ileal wall ingesta
Bacterial groups observed from Gram-stained smears of the intestinal mucosa are summarised in Table 1. The results indicate that there were mixed bacterial populations on most swabs.
Aerobic cultures
It must be noted that even with the use of selective culturing methods no Salmonellae were cultured. Of interest was that β-haemolytic Escherichia coli was cultured from seven of the 29 samples (24.1%). In six of these C. perfringens was also cultured.
Anaerobic cultures
Anaerobic cultures were produced to isolate all obligate anaerobes that cause disease in pigs and included C. perfringens, Clostridium difficile and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Of these bacteria, only C. perfringens was cultured in a heavy, almost pure culture, where it was cultured from 12 (40%) of the samples (see Table 2).
Comparison of the culture of C. perfringens to the presence of clostridia-like bacteria observed on ileal smears is shown in Table 2.
The intestines of 36 pigs that had died of haemorrhagic enteropathy were examined histologically. Advanced autolysis of the sampled tissues precluded histological evaluation in seven of these cases.
In all of the remaining cases (29), the histopathological findings were essentially identical, varying only in degree. The three basic lesions that were consistently found in most cases, to varying degrees, were: necrosis of the intestinal mucosa and congestion and haemorrhages in the intestinal wall. Rod-shaped bacterial bacilli were usually, but not always, present on and in the intestinal mucosa.
Mucosal necrosis was present in all cases. It was invariably linear, that is, parallel to the mucosal surface, and was sharply delimited from the underlying non-necrotic mucosa. The comparative severity of mucosal necrosis in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was calculated by dividing the sum of the percentages of mucosal necrosis in each part of the intestine by the total number of cases (excluding autolysed samples) - for the duodenum this was 19.4%, for the jejunum 69.4% and for the ileum 85.6%. It would thus appear that mucosal necrosis became more severe from the proximal to the distal end of the small intestine.
Congestion was present in every case, and was noted as distended capillaries, filled with red blood cells, in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa, as well as distended large blood vessels, filled with red blood cells, in the submucosa, muscular layers and serosa. A congestion index was determined by summing the congestion scores for each sampling site and then dividing this number by the number of cases - for the duodenum this index was 0.90, for the jejunum 2.85 and for the ileum 2.71. The degree of congestion was therefore mildest in the duodenum and more severe, but similar, in the jejunum and ileum.
Haemorrhage in the wall of the intestine was noted in 20 of the 29 non-autolysed cases but was absent in the samples of 11 of the pigs with 'haemorrhagic enteropathy'. Haemorrhage, if present, was noted to be almost diffuse in the lamina propria of the mucosa, usually in association with the necrotic epithelium. The haemorrhage index was calculated in the same way as the congestion index - for the duodenum this index was zero, for the jejunum 0.94 and for the ileum 1.50. Thus, haemorrhage was absent from the duodenum, intermediate in the jejunum and most severe in the ileum.
Organisms were present in all cases and were mostly found on the surface of the mucosa, in clumps of varying size. Such groups of bacilli were often embedded within sloughed or attached bits of necrotic mucosa. The morphology of the bacilli was typical of bacteria of the genus Clostridium, namely large brick-like organisms, which stained purple with H&E stain. A micro-organism index was determined using the average score for each sampling site - for the duodenum this index was 1.40, for the jejunum 1.62 and for the ileum 1.77. There was a tendency for the numbers to increase from the proximal to distal small intestine, but the differences were not remarkable.
Necrosis, congestion and haemorrhage appeared to become more severe from the proximal to the distal small intestine, but this did not appear to correlate with the number of clostridial organisms, as the latter were more or less evenly distributed along the length of the small intestine.
There were no lesions, either macroscopic or microscopic, that were typical for L. intracellularis infection.
Previously, in South Africa, HBS accounted for only 2% - 5% of mortalities in grower pigs, but in the past five years it has become much more prevalent.
At the farms in this study, pigs 9-22 weeks of age were affected, with the majority being between 15 and 20 weeks of age. Usually, mortalities were spread over different age groups and it almost always appeared to be the fastest growing pig in the pen that was affected. Mortalities tended to occur in the early hours of the morning. Typically, these pigs showed no prodromal signs on the previous day. If clinical signs were observed, death usually occurred within 45 min. Initially the pig would squeal, as if in severe pain, with abdominal distension being visible within 15 min when the pig showed signs of acute and severe respiratory distress, with open mouth breathing; after a few minutes it became cyanotic. Just prior to death, the affected pig became very weak and its movements were jerky and uncoordinated (personal observations by the primary author).
These clinical signs are very similar to those seen in other species such as feedlot cattle (as mentioned by Hartwig n.d.) and dairy cows that were found to have suffered from a clostridial infection secondary to environmental and behavioural factors (Manteca et al. 2002; Van Metre, Callan & Dennison 2005). It also contrasts with proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE), which usually affects more than one pig in a pen and where the first clinical sign is usually profuse bloody diarrhoea, instead of a dead pig (Love & Love 1977). Pigs suffering from PHE are also very anaemic, which was not the case in this study.
The clinical and pathological picture best fits C. perfringens infection, another cause of acute gastro-intestinal disease. This bacterium is a common cause of mortalities in neonatal pigs but has not yet been recognised as an important cause of disease in grower pigs (Niilo 1980).
With PHE, organisms are found in the cytoplasm of infected epithelial cells. Furthermore, there are acute inflammatory changes such as interstitial oedema and accumulation of neutrophils, lymphocytes, mononuclear cells and macrophages in the lamina propria immediately surrounding the affected crypts (Jensen, Christensen & Boye 2006). The lesions are usually restricted to the mucosa of the ileum (Love & Love 1977). In the pigs in this study, the lesions involved the whole of the small intestine, being most severe in the ileum and least severe in the duodenum. Although the lesions varied in extent and severity, in all pigs there was necrosis of the intestinal mucosa and congestion. Most pigs also showed haemorrhages in the intestinal wall. Rod-shaped bacterial bacilli were present on or in the intestinal mucosa in all affected pigs. This type of histopathology is highly suggestive of Clostridium species as the cause of death (Schwartz 2002).
Because E. coli is considered to be a cause of attaching and effacing lesions, resulting in haemorrhagic enteritis (Straw et al. 2002), this study investigated the importance of the bacterium in the HBS disease complex. Smooth E. coli were only isolated from 25% of the cases, often together with a heavy growth of C. perfringens. It is not certain whether this was because the pigs were carriers of E. coli or whether the bacterium played a role in the syndrome. The former is more likely, as growers are only rarely clinically affected with primary diarrhoea as a result of this agent. Although histological lesions in E. coli cases may include vascular congestion in the lamina propria, with some haemorrhages into the lumen and some villous atrophy (Fairbrother & Gyles 2006), attaching and effacing lesions were absent in this study.
The bacteriological and histopathological findings suggest that one of the Clostridium species might be involved in the pathogenesis of HBS. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 40% of submitted intestinal mucosal scrapings. Histopathology revealed clostridia-type organisms on the surface of the mucosa in 76% of the affected pigs. These organisms were morphologically typical of the genus Clostridium, namely large brick-like organisms which stained purple with H&E. The discrepancy between the histological observation of clostridia-like bacteria and culture of C. perfringens was disappointing but not unexpected. This anaerobic bacterium can be overgrown by commensal bacteria. Furthermore, prolonged sampling times after death and suboptimal preservation methods may have negatively impacted the viability of the bacteria. The likelihood of the more fastidious Clostridium species being involved could also not be excluded. It is therefore suggested that sample preservation and culturing target this genus in the future and that efforts are made to identify C. perfringens and C. difficile toxins in the intestinal contents of affected pigs.
This study shows that the most likely cause of HBS for at least 40% of pigs in this project is C. perfringens. For some unknown reason, this aetiology has never been reported in pigs as a definite cause of HBS. Modern genetics have resulted in a commercial pig with improved average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and leaner meat but, perhaps because of this, they are more predisposed to metabolically induced diseases such as HBS.
This was true for the farms in the study, as the growth rates of pigs on these farms were above the national average. Pigs are probably pushed to their physiological limits from an early stage, which would explain why four pigs weighing less than 50 kg were also affected. Furthermore, these pigs cannot tolerate mistakes in management or feeding (Brumm et al. 1994), especially when rations are high in carbohydrates, which, under certain circumstances, can lead to the proliferation of C. perfringens (Pejsak 2007). Although the pig farms where the study was performed are well managed farms, one cannot ignore the impact of the environment and non-feed-related events. The extremely high ambient temperatures experienced in summer on all of these farms can lead to a decreased appetite during the day, with a compensatory increase in feeding at night. This could lead to over engorgement, with the delivery of increased amounts of intestinal carbohydrate and protein. This, in turn, could lead to enteric microflora proliferation, intestinal stasis or mechanical torsion. This is supported by the fact that most of the deaths are discovered early in the morning, with mortalities probably occurring around 04:00. The above hypothesis might explain why HBS is more prevalent in summer. Further research will be necessary to determine whether virulent strains of C. perfringens displace normal intestinal C. perfringens, as was shown in the case of necrotic enteritis in poultry (Barbary et al. 2008). If that is the case, factors enhancing the growth of virulent strains will have to be identified in order to manage the disease. Because the main ingredient of the diets fed on all the farms is corn-soya (maize and soyabean oil cake meal), one can also speculate on the importance of hypersensitivity to soya in this syndrome. This could result in a decrease in trypsin activity, preventing the inactivation of toxin β1 produced by C. perfringens types B and C (Schotte, Truyen & Neubauer 2004). Under South African conditions, in-feed medication with chlortetracycline does lower the incidence of the disease, although it does not stop it completely (personal observation by the primary author). This antimicrobial is known to be effective against clostridia as well as some of the other enteric bacteria.
Typing of the toxins is being undertaken at present, as this is deemed an important component of the investigation to confirm the organisms responsible for HBS.
Clostridium perfringens most likely plays a major role in HBS in the northern parts of South Africa during the hot summer months in rapidly growing pigs. Further research is necessary to investigate management factors that could act as a trigger. Because the farms that suffer from this disease recognise it as an important cause of grower mortalities, efforts should be made to fully understand any predisposing factors.
Although this study has indicated that C. perfringens is the most likely cause for 40% of the pigs in this study, efforts should be made to identify the possible toxins, both known and unknown, that may be playing a role in the pathogenisis of this disease.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this paper.
Authors' contributions
A.L. (CS Vet Consultancy) was the project leader and did most of the post-mortems. B.T.S (University of Pretoria) was the primary author's mentor and provided guidance as to how to approach this study. J.A.P. (University of Pretoria) was responsible for the microbiology, whilst M.C.W. (James Cook University) was responsible for the histopathology.
Barbary, A.J., Trinh, H.T., Glock, R.D. & Songer, J.G., 2008, 'Necrotic enteritis-producing strains of Clostridium perfringens displace non-necrotic enteritis stains from the gut of chicks', Veterinary Microbiology 126, 377-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/'.vetmic.2007.07.019, PMid:17850994 [ Links ]
Brumm, M.C., Richert, B.T., Marchant Forde, J.N. & Marchant Forde, R., 2004, 'Out-of-feed events in grow-finish pigs: Causes & consequences', Proceedings of the George A. Young Swine Health & Management 45th Conference, Sioux City, Nebraska, 05 August 1994, pp. 6-15. [ Links ]
Fairbrother, J.F. & Gyles, C.L., 2006, 'Escherichia coli Infections', in B.E. Straw, J.J. Zimmerman, S. D'Allaire & D.J. Taylor (eds.), Diseases of swine, 9th edn., pp. 639662, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. [ Links ]
Hartwig, N.R., n.d., Controlling clostridial diseases in cattle, viewed 18 January 2009, from http://www.iabeef.org [ Links ]
Jensen, T.K., Christensen, B.B. & Boye, M., 2006, 'Lawsonia intracellularis infection in the large intestines of pigs', Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica 114, 225-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_53.x, PMid:16689824 [ Links ]
Labuscagne, A., 2008, 'Elisa profiles of L. intracellularis on pig farms in Southern Africa', Proceedings of the 20th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Durban, South Africa, 22-26 June 2008, p. 145. [ Links ]
Love, R.J. & Love, D.N., 1977, 'Pathology of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy in pigs', Veterinary Record 100, 65-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.100.4.65, PMid:299966 [ Links ]
Manteca, C., Daube, G., Jauniaux, T., Linden, A., Pirson, V., Detilleux, J. et al., 2002, 'A role for the Clostridium perfringens β2 toxin in bovine enterotoxaemia?', Veterinary Microbiology 86, 191-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00008-1 [ Links ]
Niilo, L., 1980, 'Clostridium perfringens in animal disease, a review of current knowledge', Canadian Veterinary Journal 21, 141-148. PMid:6253040 [ Links ]
Pejsak, Z., 2007, 'Krwotoczny zespót jelitowy u swin [Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome in pigs]', Zycie Weterynaryjne 82, 398-400. [ Links ]
Quinn, P.J., Carter, M.E., Markey, B. & Carter, G.R., 1994, Clinical veterinary microbiology, Mosby/Elsevier Limited, Edinburgh. [ Links ]
Schotte, U., Truyen, U. & Neubauer, H., 2004, 'Significance of β2-toxigenic Clostridium perfringens infections in animals and their predisposing factors - a review', Journal of Veterinary Medicine 51, 423-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00802.x, PMid:15606864 [ Links ]
Schwartz, K.J., 2002, 'Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS): A diagnostic laboratory perspective', Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, Kansas City, Kansas, 02-05 March 2002, pp. 405-408. [ Links ]
Straw, B., Dewey, C., Kober, J. & Henry, S.C., 2002, 'Factors associated with death due to hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in two large commercial swine farms', Journal of Swine Health and Production 10, 75-79. [ Links ]
Van Metre, D.C., Callan, R.J. & Dennison, A.C., 2005, 'Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome: What we do and don't know', Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, 08-12 January 2005, pp. 47-48. [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Annemarie Labuscagne
PO Box 95315
Waterkloof 0145, South Africa
Received: 03 Apr. 2012
Accepted: 29 Oct. 2012
Published: 13 Dec. 2012