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It's been two months since the first publically available version of The Roslyn Project was released. Although it's not necessarily required for understanding the content of this article, in case you haven't heard about it I highly recommend watching Anders Hejlsberg's presentation (the part about Roslyn begins at 35:40), reading Eric Lippert's post, or looking at the introduction in the whitepaper.
In one sentence, its primary goal is to open up the compiler, and provide easy access to the information it gathers during the different stages of the compilation process.
Before I begin, I'd like to let you take a glance at the final form of the projects this article is about.
The first one is refactoring extension. It extracts variable declarations within methods.
The second project is a code generator. It creates overloads for Enumerable extension methods, which build on the ability of the compiler to infer type parameters from explicitly typed function parameters, thus allows the user to omit the Enumerable.OfType call when filtering to a specific type.
Here's a peek at the test method of the generated code:
The third one adds a simple attribute-oriented feature to C#, which has perfect integration with the source code.
For readers not familiar with the Enumerable extensions of the System.Linq namespace, the corresponding MSDN page might come in handy. Some of the methods are extensively used in the projects.
Note that a few screenshots only display well on a wide resolution. I apologize to everyone who's browsing this in a smaller one (or planned to print this text), but displaying the code in two different styles would have been a mess, and I don't believe one size can fit optimally for all. If you can't read the source code on an image, click on it, it will open up in a new tab. For people not satisfied with that, it really shouldn't take much effort to reformat the code to better fit their taste. All source code is attached to the article.
I would also like to point out that the API is far from being properly documented at this time, mostly because it is subject to change based on developer feedback. I put a considerable amount of time into exploring the CTP, and I'm trying to show it according to my best knowledge. Mistakes were inevitably caused by the lack of documentation (along with mistakes caused by other factors). The reason I decided to write this article is that I think I can show Roslyn from a somewhat different aspect than the sample projects provided with the CTP.
Keep in mind that this is an early introduction.
Refactoring is one of the most straightforward things people would want to use a code analysis tool for, and Roslyn already provides excellent support for this area. While waiting for the CTP I had some vaguely planned out tools in mind I would attempt to build with it. However, the temporal lack of support for certain language features and the unfamiliar look of the API scared me a bit and made me want to experiment with Roslyn on some more in-the-box project first.
A few days before the CTP was released, someone in a developer forum asked if there is a refactoring tool which can:
He said this would make coworkers' code easier to understand.
I myself am fortunate enough not to have to deal with code I consider poorly written too often, but this sounded like a perfect task for Roslyn, so I chose it as my first experimental project.
I found working on a single file the best way to start making a code refactoring tool. It's very easy and quick to parse the content of a file, no need to load up a new instance of Visual Studio for every debug session, and no need to deal with the specifics of a whole solution either, while we're still able to use the whole IDE to verify the generated code.
We can get the syntax tree of a given piece of code in the following way:
The syntax tree holds all syntactical information about the code. The parsing is lossless. We can get back the exact text we passed in when creating the tree at any time.
Since the highest-level syntactic elements we want to work on are methods, the first goal is to extract method nodes from the syntax tree.
I hope the call is self-explanatory. The only thing that's probably worth noting is that we're filtering BaseMethodDeclarationSyntax instead of MethodDeclarationSyntax because the latter doesn't cover every kind of method we want to work on (e.g. constructors).
Now we can enumerate through every method node within our tree. What are we going to do with them? Syntax trees (and, of course, nodes as well) are immutable. This means there's no way to "update" a node in place, we have to create a new one if we need something that differs in any way.
In the end, we want to create a new syntax tree that has method nodes from the old one replaced with the ones we desire, and is otherwise identical to it.
Syntax.MethodDeclaration returns a new MethodDeclarationSyntax instance. In Roslyn, using the factory methods of the Syntax class is the standard way of creating new syntax nodes (as well as tokens and trivias) instead of using the new operator.
The SyntaxTree.Create method takes a filename (isn't relevant for our purpose), and a root node as parameters, and returns a new tree.
SyntaxNode.ReplaceNodes takes an enumeration of nodes that are descendants of the node the method is called on, and a function that takes in an old node as a parameter and returns a new one we want to replace it with, then returns a new node in which the old descendants are replaced by the new ones. Well, actually the function takes 2 parameters, the second one being "the same node rewritten with replaced descendents", which I couldn't find the need for in my projects. For some reason however there's no predefined overload that takes only one argument, so I took the liberty to make an extension overload myself.
Using this, the call can be rewritten as follows
The return value of this line is exactly what we need, the code of a new tree that is identical to the old one above method level.
Now we only have to create a new method node out of an existing one that satisfies the specification of the problem, and we're ready.
The Syntax Visualizer Extension bundled with the CTP provides an excellent way to examine what a method node looks like.
Here's the directed syntax graph of a simple method:
void MethodName() {
var firstVarName = 1;
var secondVarName = "stringvalue";
As it can hopefully be concluded from the figures, the child that holds the body of the method is reached through the BaseMethodDeclarationSyntax.BodyOpt property.
SyntaxNode.ReplaceNode returns a new node with only one of the original descendants replaced.
To change a method or a method body, we just have to replace nodes. However, changing the statement list within a block is different. What directly holds the statements is not a syntax node, it's a SyntaxList. We can't replace it the same way as a node, we need to update the whole block and provide it with a new list that satisfies our needs.
So we need to build a new statement list from scratch.
As you can probably also figure out from the syntax graph, variable declaration statements are of type LocalDeclarationStatementSyntax. These are the ones that we need to process, other statements can get into the new list without modification.
Of course, after we're done with processing the list, we have to concatenate declarations and statements, and put them together into the new method.
Now we can deal with declarations.
If we try to extract declarations from local declaration statements and look at its properties, we'll notice that it contains a list of variable declarations instead of just a single one. That's due to the support of multi-declarations. If we also want to provide support for this feature, we need to handle every one of those. Let's take a look at the syntax graph of a multi-declaration statement:
int firstVarName = 2, secondVarName = 3;
In order to group the variable declarations together, I created a list of local declaration statements, declarations. For every variable declaration, we should add a stand-alone declaration to declarations as well as a stand-alone initialization to the statement list.
Let's deal with the former part first.
If we just extracted the declarations like this, it would actually work well for some scenarios.
Not for implicitly typed variables however, their type would remain var. Not only this violates the specification of the problem, but the generated code would not even compile.
These two declarations:
Would be turned into:
We need to find the actual type of implicitly typed declarations. To do that, in many cases we could just use the available syntax trees, and a lot of work (as long as the types are not defined in a different assembly), but fortunately Roslyn does the semantic analysis for us.
If we have access to the semantic model of a syntax tree, it can tell us the type of expressions within it directly.
To get the semantic model, we need a compilation provided with the corresponding assembly references:
var semanticModel = Compilation.Create("test").AddSyntaxTrees(tree)
.AddReferences(new AssemblyFileReference(typeof(object).Assembly.Location))
After that, the following call returns the type of declarations regardless if they are explicitly or implicitly typed:
Functionally, using it like this works perfectly fine. The Name property of the TypeSymbol however holds the full name of the corresponding type. This means that the aforementioned declarations will be resolved as:
This is not how people usually want to see types displayed.
For this reason, there is a handy extension method, ISymbol.ToMinimalDisplayString that finds the shortest name of symbols available for a certain location within a syntax tree.
.ToMinimalDisplayString(tree.GetLocation(declaration), semanticModel)
If we replace the Name property with this call, the type of the declarations will now be shown as:
As you might have noticed, replacing var keywords with explicit types introduced another problem as well.
Comments are stored as SyntaxTrivias in the tree. From the whitepaper: "In general, a token owns any trivia after it on the same line up to the next token. Any trivia after that line is associated with the following token."
Comments before the declarations are associated with their type syntax child. When those are replaced with completely new ones, the comments are lost.
We can re-add leading trivias to our newly built node using the Syntaxnode.WithLeadingTrivia method:
Now the declarations will be correctly extracted.
This code works well as long as there are no separate blocks within the method's main body block. It will however fail to extract variables from inner blocks. Should not be surprising, since every statement that's not of LocalDeclarationStatementSyntax type will go unprocessed.
The following code:
var var1 = 0;
if (var1 == 1) {
var var2 = 2;
var var3 = "3";
else {
var var4 = 4;
var var5 = 5;
Will be converted into:
int var1;
int var5;
//End of declarations
To resolve this, we need to process blocks inside the method the exact same way we're processing the main block of the method. For that purpose, I extracted the block handling code into a delegate, and called it for every BlockSyntax inside every regular statement.
The first problem with this is that blocks within inner blocks will be processed multiple times, since the call provides ReplaceNodes with every descendant of every statement. Example:
var var0 = 0;
if (var0 == 0) {
var var1 = 1;
while (true) {
var var2 = 2;
int var0;
int var2;
int var1;
int var2;
//End of declarations
It's fairly simple to solve this, thanks to the fact that the SyntaxNode.DescendentNodes method takes an optional function parameter that can specify which nodes we don't want to further descend into. This does not only fix the error, but also increases performance by eliminating multiple visits to the same node.
We're still not ready, because we'll get exceptions when processing empty blocks. Need to filter those out.
This works fine now, but the previous step introduced some blatant redundancy.
Since this is the second occasion we're using the DescendentNodes function, I think it's the right time to show you another little extension overload I added to help its usage.
With this in scope, we can use the method like this:
We can also update the call used at the beginning, because it's actually prone to the same error this one was (throws exception if an empty method is encountered), and also works slower, since it enumerates every node within methods.
Okay, that much about DescendentNodes.
The next problem is caused by different variables with identical names declared within the same method. They'll result in the same variable being declared multiple times.
if (true) {
int q = 2;
} else {
double q = 2.0;
int q;
double q;
//End of declarations
Well, the most reasonable solution I could think of was ignoring variables with such names.
For this, first make a lookup of variable names that shouldn't be processed:
Then check this set before processing a local declaration statement:
Okay, just one final thing about declarations that we have to do mainly because we're using a CTP and the semantic analyzer doesn't support the whole C# language yet. Due to missing language features, it's not able to resolve the type of the following call for example:
SyntaxTree tree = null;
var descendents = tree.Root.DescendentNodes();
SyntaxTree st;
var descendents;
//End of declarations
To not let this temporary limitation make the refactored code uncompilable, we should always check whether the type was successfully resolved. If not, leave the declaration in place, process it like any other statement.
(type = semanticModel.GetSemanticInfo(localDeclaration.Declaration.Type).Type).Kind != SymbolKind.ErrorType
Now the extracted declarations above look like this:
SyntaxTree tree;
//End of declarations
That's it about the declaration part. Let's take one step forward and start processing initializations. Don't worry, those require much less fine-tuning than declarations did.
First, here's a syntax tree of a simple variable initialization:
varName = 3;
What we need to extract are expression statements of the type BinaryExpressionSyntax and the SyntaxKind AssignExpression.
Works like charm, as long as there are no statement blocks on the right side of expressions. Those will not be processed.
Action a = () => {
int k = 1;
Action a;
//End of declarations
a = () => {
int k = 1;
To solve this issue, we can run the same function on every variable's initializer that we already run on every non-declarative statement.
This actually settles the processing of effective code. The only thing left is formatting. Here's the final form of the method:
I hope the part that puts a comment at the end of all declarations doesn't cause too much headache.
The SyntaxNode.Format call at the end of the new root places essential whitespaces and other required trivias into its descendants. Without this, we would have to insert those trivias one by one, which would result in much more verbose code.
Unfortunately, it currently cannot be customized, and only formats according to its default settings, so if you have custom needs, you'll probably want to run an Edit.FormatDocument command in your IDE on each document processed by it. If this bothers you a lot, you can either write your own format method, or just wait for a future release of Roslyn. I'm pretty sure we'll be able to customize it in the future, because currently opening Tools -> Options -> Text Editor -> CSharp -> Formatting while running Visual Studio with Roslyn enabled results in an exception, it cannot be customized either.
Apart from the lack of customization, the biggest issue I noticed is that it doesn't like #region blocks. Specifically, it will erase the existing whitespace between the keyword and the region's name like this
#region name
Thus making the code unable to compile.
As a quickfix, I just replaced the corresponding strings with their correct variants. This might touch the string "#region" at some place it shouldn't, requiring manual fix, but the odds of that are really tiny and we can't get a CTP to work flawlessly anyways.
So the method is ready. How should we use it?
If we want to process bigger entities than files, Workspace is supposed to provide us with an easy solution.
static void ProcessSolution(string fileName) {
var workspace = Workspace.LoadSolution(fileName);
foreach (var d in workspace.CurrentSolution.Projects.SelectMany(p => p.Documents))
workspace.UpdateDocumentAsync(d.Id, new StringText(ProcessCode(d.GetText())));
The issue with it is that currently some projects drop an InternalErrorException when the ID of a document in them is passed to Workspace.UpdateDocument. This is a very ugly exception, I couldn't even handle it within the application. After a quick search the only relevant information I found about it was this. I decided not to delay publishing this article to find a workaround till it's fixed (at least turned into a catchable exception). If you really need to process a solution with a faulty project and can't wait for a future version of the CTP, I suggest just processing files one by one.
Most projects however, don't cause any problems. Projects individually are just as simple to process:
static void ProcessProject(string fileName) {
var workspace = Workspace.LoadStandAloneProject(fileName);
foreach (var d in workspace.CurrentSolution.Projects.First().Documents)
workspace.UpdateDocumentAsync(d.Id, new StringText(ProcessCode(d.GetText())));
Putting the method into an extension is also simple and plays nicely. The only issue with it is that it will only work if the editor is started up with Roslyn enabled, which limits its usability a lot for the moment.
Just create a new Roslyn Code Refactoring Extension Project. The template is very intuitive to use.
The result:
.DescendentNodes().OfType<TNode>().Where(node => /*<arbitrary condition>*/)
It looked like this:
Since the compiler can infer type parameters from functions with explicitly typed input parameters, this allowed me to make one less call each time for the same outcome. As I showed you in the previous section, overloading DescendentNodes came with a better result in the end, but this overload made me wonder what it would be like if I had something like that for every feasible extension method. That could make code a bit simpler for several different scenarios.
One notable problem with it is that there are 86 different extensions in the Enumerable class only, which are feasible (i.e. such overload would make sense for them). It would take quiet some work to build, debug, and (for future versions of the framework) update them.
Of course, I never planned to do that in the first place.
Long story short, here's the code that generates the extension methods:
It will only generate 66 of them currently, because nullable types aren't supported by the CTP at this time.
I don't feel like explaining the building process of this project like I did with the first ones', I would be repeating myself for the most part. Almost all of the calls should be familiar by now, and the nature of the rest can be examined in similar ways to those described in the first section.
Here is a fragment of the generated code:
And the test method that demonstrates on a textbook example how these extensions can make code a bit shorter (of course, you could also generate the test methods as well… and have your code generator generate the code that tests if it's working fine):
I chose a very simple example to demonstrate how Roslyn can be used to add attribute oriented features to C#. The tool I made provides two attributes that can be applied to properties. One raises an event from the property's setter, the other does the same from its getter. Unfortunately, it's not fully automatic currently. It requires three additional steps from the developer after applying an attribute to make it work. It also relies on Reactive Extensions at the moment, because the CTP lacks support for standard C# style events.
Here's how it looks like in practice:
When the appropriate attribute is applied to a property that doesn't have the coressponding event implemented, the CodeIssueProvider indicates an error.
When ctrl+. is hit on the error, it shows the suggested quickfix.
After applying the quickfix, the code should be formatted.
Finally, the appropriate outlining put there by the SyntaxOutliner needs to be collapsed.
The primary point of this is that redundant code will be hidden from the developer while working on the project.
Here's a less trivial example:
The code for the CodeIssueProvider:
And for the SyntaxOutliner:
Of course, there's plenty of space for improvement. It could properly handle errors, "clean up" after itself when the attribute is removed, accept parameters for customization, work on properties that are not auto-implemented, work on all properties of a given class, build a new completion list so the private members don't pollute the in-class intellisense etc…
This is supposed to be a basic proof-of-concept. The fact that it relies on Roslyn extensions limits its usability today anyways.
Regardless of what happens to Roslyn and what it may hold for the future, its current release is already opening up an enormous amount of new possibilities. I hope this article succeeded to give you a pleasant little taste of those.
The non-extension projects attached will open up in Visual Studio 11 or Visual Studio 2010 SP1, they will not compile unless provided with the corresponding DLLs from the CTP though. The refactoring extension requires Visual Studio 2010 SP1 with Roslyn CTP installed, while the third project also needs reference to Reactive Extensions on the top of that.
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
Sacha Barber wrote:Where on earth did you pick it all up. I know about Rosyln but have not yet begun to dive in, got any good tips/resources?
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Indian filmmakers should not ape West: Indonesian filmmaker
Indian film songs and dances have had a huge impact on Indonesian films over the years, but their popularity has dwindled lately as more films take the western approach, award-winning Indonesian filmmaker Garin Nugroho has said.
Indian film songs and dances have had a huge impact on Indonesian films over the years, but their popularity has dwindled lately as more films take the western approach, award-winning Indonesian filmmaker Garin Nugroho has said.
Nugroho feels that Indian filmmakers, when inspired by their own country's rich culture and heritage, produce films that resonate better with Southast Asian filmgoers.
He was here as a delegate at the 19th Kolkata International Film Festival (KIFF) that began Sunday. Seven of his critically-acclaimed movies are being screened at the festival that this year, which has south-east Asia as its special focus.
"And if you see competition with Indian cinema 20 years ago, it was very popular, but now it is decreasing and decreasing because nowadays they are going the way of the west, and that has become a problem," Nigruho told IANS in an interview.
"India has a big market in Asia... they were strong before, but now they are losing the Asian market."
Among Nigroho's films chosen for the KIFF is the 2006 musical "Opera Jawa (Requiem from Java)" inspired by the abduction of Sita (wife of lord Rama), from the Ramayana.
Screened in several prestigious film festivals across the world, including the Venice Film Festival, the Toronto International Film Festival and the Vancouver International Film Festival, the movie was also one of six nominees for best film at the 2007 Asia Film Awards.
Nugroho explained that the film is proof of the appreciation of Indian (Hindu) epics Mahabharata and Ramayana among Indonesians.
According to the director, because of the prevalence of Hinduism in the archipelago, the cultures of the two countries share similarities which reflect in the love for Indian films in Indonesia.
"People love it, the films come from a place with the same roots. Indian films are very popular in my country and have influenced our cinema deeply. The Mahabharata, Ramayana and the song and dance are loved there... the heroism of people in Mahabharata and Ramayana is specially appealing," he says.
Nugroho said the blockbusters of Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan find a huge fan following in Indonesia. The choreography, with bright costumes and innovative steps, are key attractions.
"Of course they (Indian dance sequences) are influenced by Hollywood, and then transformed in a new perspective for Indonesian dance."
However, he points out that currently, audiences in his country are bereft of the parallel cinema of India, which according to him is "a true reflection of human expression."
"With the current films, the problem is that we know only the popular films from India. We don't see much of the alternative films. India needs to tap into its own culture... there is so much there and that will find a greater acceptance across Asia," said Nugroho, a fan of masters like Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak.

subset: commoncrawl


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Steelers offensive tackle Mike Adams had an up-and-down rookie season in 2012, but he thinks he's going to have more ups than downs going forward.
Adams told the team's website that he believes he can become one of the NFL's elite linemen.
"That is always a goal, All Pro and Pro Bowl," said Adams. "That should be a goal for every player. Everybody should want to be great at what they do. We should all strive to be the best."
Adams said that the ankle injury that derailed his rookie season was tougher on him mentally than it was physically, but he expects to come back better.
"It was pretty rough," said Adams. "For me it was pretty devastating mentally. You watch your team practice every day and you want to be out there but you can't. You kind of feel isolated, especially after a couple of weeks. You are just watching the days go by wondering when you are going to feel better. You just have to keep your mind right and keep pushing to get that thing right. There isn't much you can do about it but try and get back. It makes you stronger."
The Steelers, who are undergoing a youth movement on the offensive line, are counting on Adams to get a lot stronger.


text:
Kentucky basketball fans have invaded Nashville in an attempt to overwhelm Vanderbilt fans ahead of today's matchup between the Wildcats and Commodores, one which ESPN chose as its College GameDay site of the week. (They're not-so-cleverly calling it "Occupy Memorial.")
Well, ESPN's Digger Phelps just doesn't like that one bit, and admonished UK fans before today's broadcast, earning a round of "Go to hell, Digger!" before going to that tried-and-true anti-adversarial move of bringing out a military veteran to turn the boos into applause. (You might remember NFL commish Roger Goodell trying something similar.)
The whole episode reflects poorly on Phelps, whose purpose on GameDay has been in question for some time now. He doesn't add much in the form of analysis, regularly confuses teams and players, and generally makes a fool of himself. In other words, he's basketball's Lee Corso.
h/t to Stephen/Kentucky Sports Radio


text:
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What is Adobe AIR?
The Adobe® AIR® technology enables developers to create and package cross platform games/apps for major platforms like iOS, Android, Windows and Mac OS.
Stage 3D
Build stunning, blazing-fast cinematic 2D and 3D games for the browser, iOS, and Android™. Use fully accelerated GPU rendering, which leverages the power of OpenGL and DirectX graphics.
Give developers the ability to call into their native, platform-specific code using AIR native extensions. Free sets of native libraries are available through the Adobe Game Developer Tools to further empower developers.
HD-quality video
Play high-quality HD video with industry-standard codecs such as H.264, AAC, and MP3. Use GPU hardware optimization and chipsets that scale across all platforms to provide best-in-class video performance.
Flash runtimes in depth
See the numbers that show the extensive reach of Flash Player and Adobe AIR -- in both potential audiences and with developers worldwide.
See the benefits of deploying browser-based and standalone apps with Adobe runtimes.
To submit your app to the Adobe Flash and AIR platforms Showcase Gallery, post a video and screenshots of your application project on Behance. Your game will be considered for inclusion by Adobe.
Adobe AIR and Adobe Flash Player Team Blog
09/23/2016 HSTS Support in Flash Player 23
08/31/2016 Beta News – Flash Player NPAPI for Linux
06/17/2016 Feathers 3.0: A New Major Version


text:
Can we use a polynomial $P(x)$ to securely communicate ?
For example Alice & Bob agree on a degree of a polynomial. The value $x$ & the coeficients are generated from a seed using a hash function or any other PRG and change in each communication, the plaintext $m$ is hidden into $P(x)$. For example $P(x) = ax^2+b(m)x+c$
alice sends the result of $P(x)$ to Bob, once received bob retreive $m$ from $P(x)$
can we provide a certain security level with the above method ?


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Where to begin? You want to blame Eric Mangini for the Browns being 0-2, and a horrible 0-2 at that? The coach is always an easy target. The early evidence suggests not everything last season was Romeo Crennel's fault. You want to blame Brady Quinn? The quarterback is even an easier target than the head coach. The early evidence suggests not everything last season was Derek Anderson's fault, either. So let's try to dig a little deeper by looking at how poorly the Browns have drafted since they returned to the NFL in 1999. They have had 11 drafts, and the list of first-round picks still on the roster is a short one: 2005, wide receiver Braylon Edwards; 2006, linebacker Kamerion Wimbley; 2007, left tackle Joe Thomas and Quinn; 2009, center Alex Mack. That's it. The last three drafts, including 2009, have been particularly non-productive. It is far too early to judge whether the draft last spring was good or bad, but the only player producing immediately is Mack, and he was a culprit in the loss to Denver because his errant shotgun snap deep in Browns territory resulted in a turnover. Look at 2008: Former general manager Phil Savage mortgaged that draft to win last season. In 2007 he gave up his second round pick that year plus his first-round pick in 2008 for Quinn. We'll get to Quinn in a little bit, but so far he has not been worth what the Browns paid for him in draft picks. Savage traded a second-round pick in 2008 for Corey Williams - a terrible trade for the Browns. He traded a third-round pick and cornerback Leigh Bodden for Shaun Rogers. Savage does get a gold star for that one. On Tuesday the Browns cut 2008 fourth-round pick Martin Rucker, a tight end Savage traded a third-round pick in 2009 to select. Fourth-round pick Beau Bell and sixth-round pick Paul Hubbard were cut earlier this month. The only drafted players left from 2008 are Ahtyba Rubin, a backup nose tackle, and Alex Hall, a backup linebacker. Only 20 players on the 53-man roster were drafted, and eight of those are 2009 picks. Only nine starters were drafted by the Browns. When a team drafts poorly it is forced to sign free agent players who otherwise wouldn't make the team, such as right tackle John St. Clair, who was embarrassed by Denver linebacker Elvis Dumervil on Sunday, and defensive back Hank Poteat, whom Broncos quarterback Kyle Orton picked on constantly. This doesn't get Mangini, Quinn or anybody else off the hook, but clearly the Browns woes cannot be pinned on one person. Fans are angry, and they have every right to be. The Browns for the first two games were worse than they ever were last season under Crennel until they got down to their fourth quarterback in the final game. They look as clueless as they were in the expansion year of 1999. Good quarterbacks lift the team around them instead of being dragged down by it. Quinn isn't doing that. Quinn holds the ball too long. He threw the ball away on the Browns first possession Sunday with Mike Furrey open in the Broncos end zone because he did not want to risk throwing an interception. He ducked into one of four sacks by Dumervil. The only conclusion is Quinn either lacks confidence in himself or lacks confidence in the people around him. You have to wonder whether the coaches have the same concern; in the opener the Browns had first-and-goal at the Vikings 6. The first play was a handoff to Jamal Lewis and the next two were snaps to Josh Cribbs in the Wildcat formation. The Browns had first-and-goal on the 7 on their first possession Sunday. The first two plays were runs by Lewis before Quinn's pass for Furrey was incomplete. You think the coach would take the ball out of the hand of Peyton Manning, Drew Brees, Tom Brady or Ben Roethlisberger in that situation? Or Joe Flacco, Matt Ryan or even Jets rookie Mark Sanchez? Quinn is part of the problem, but not all of it by any means.
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Terra Terra Terra's new record, The Space We Create is an aptly titled work. The combination of its cover art, song titles, and songs themselves leave little doubt as to the album's overlying theme. For the most part, the songs focus on relationship issues, just from different angles. Anyone that is a fan of Jimmy Eat World, At The Drive In, and Fall Out Boy will find something to enjoy about this album. The song 'Away For A While' clearly exhibits that theme of love lost that permeates this LP. Front man Loren Taylor sings in the song's chorus, "Maybe I need to go away for a while/To figure this out/Figure this out….please don't leave me alone with myself." Little room is left to decipher what exactly is being said here.
That same sort of theme is evident both musically and lyrically in songs such as 'Glow', 'Crash' and 'Someone Like You' just to name a few. Keeping that in mind, what really drives this album is its musical side. What listeners will really appreciate musically about The Space We Create is its ability to take each song's lyrical side and add a musical side that compliments said lyrics to make for a full slate of songs that will tug at the heartstrings of any of its intended audiences. This even applies to [Loren] Taylor's vocal style. His airy, breathy vocal style crosses every song on this album. But he has a certain ability to give that style a specific tone within the context of each song that adds to each song's hard hitting emotional combination of music and lyrics. They all combine for a record that any fan of the emo genre will enjoy from start to finish. The Space We Create will be available in stores and online next Tuesday, January 15th via Round Kid Records. Audiences can keep up with all the latest news from Terra Terra Terra online at http://www.facebook.com/terraterraterrafl.
To keep up with the latest entertainment reviews and news, go online to http://www.facebook.com/philspicks and "Like" it or its companion page, http://www.facebook.com/pages/Reel-Reviews/381028148587141. Fans can keep up with the latest entertainment reviews and news in the Phil's Picks blog at https://philspicks.wordpress.com.


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The plant is the country's largest to date and is also a first for domestic operator Zorlu, via its subsidiary Rotor Elektrik.
US giant GE supplied the 54 2.5MW turbines, while the €200 million project financing came from a combination of equity and loans from international development banks (Windpower Monthly, October 2009).
In addition to electricity sales, the plant will earn revenue from selling its voluntary emissions reduction credits (VERs) to Ireland-based EcoSecurities.


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Oh, Those Holidays! Reach. Teach. Celebrate. Click Here.
Register Now to Download Free Samples! Click Here.
All Hollister Kids content, design, photography and illustrations on the Hollister Kids website are protected under the copyright laws of the United States of America and in other countries. Unless rights are purchased or otherwise specified, no one has permission to publish, in any form, any products found on the Hollister Kids website. Removing or changing any copyright notices on any products is prohibited.


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Fashion Library
The June F. Mohler Fashion Library is the primary repository at Kent State University for printed materials on the history of fashion, the apparel industry, fashion retailing, fashion accessories, and fashion design. Fashion Library resources include:
- Approximately 3,500 books and 50 current periodical titles, and over 300 A/V titles
- Fashion forecasting publications for womenswear, menswear, colors and fabrics
- Special collections including original designer sketchbooks, historic fabric swatches, photographs and slides of designers' collections and historic fashion periodicals
- Color microfiche from several historically significant costume collections, including the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Brooklyn Museum, and the Fashion Institute of Technology
The Library cooperates with the Kent State University Museum and the Kent State University School of Fashion Design and Merchandising to provide access to a collection of original designer sketchbooks, photo albums, scrapbooks, and slides. The Fashion Library provides computers for public use. An ample reference collection includes books and original photographs and drawings. The KSU Main Library has important collections of relevant subjects including the history of costume design and ornament, theatrical costuming, photography, applied textile design, fabrics, the craft of jewelry making, illustration, and ethnographic costume studies.


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Get more for your money with Cross-Buy – purchase this game for PlayStation 4 and receive the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita versions at no extra cost.
Doki-Doki Universe is a charming interactive game world that takes you on a journey to explore the concept of humanity.
Travel to uniquely themed planets and asteroids to meet some of the most bizarre characters in an effort to learn more about them and even yourself along the way.
1 Players
See it in action


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the buffalo roam
Shepherd Farms, Clifton Hill
Bob McEowen
Before Europeans settled the West,
bison roamed free on the vast American plains. Today, you're
more likely to see the uniquely American animal grazing on farms, as
health-conscious consumers turn to bison for a reduced fat/lower calorie
alternative to beef.
Bison producers tout the meat as higher in protein and nutrients than
other meats.
One of the longtime leaders in Missouri's bison industry is Shepherd
Farms, located west of Moberly, near Clifton Hill. The 3,200-acre farm
currently is home to about 300 bison, including the two young bulls
shown on our cover. Many of these animals can be seen grazing in pastures
alongside Highway 24.
In addition to its bison operation, Shepherd Farms raises pecans in a 250-acre
orchard — one of the largest pecan plantings in the state — and leads
the nation in commercial production of eastern gamagrass, a warm-season prairie
grass that is used for livestock feed.
The Shepherd family's bison and pecan products are primarily sold through
an on-farm store, pictured at left. Bison meat is offered as steaks, roasts and
ground meat. Fresh pecans are sold, along with other nuts from other states.
The Shepherds also offer a line of private label jams and jellies.
The farm store is open year-round, though hours are somewhat irregular during
January through March. The Shepherds recommend calling first if planning a visit
in March. For more information, call (660) 261-4567 or log onto www.shepherdfarms.com.


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OXON HILL, MD - (May 29, 2013) - Khaled Mohamed, the Bennett Middle School student who won the inaugural Maryland Eastern Shore Spelling Bee, finished in a tie for 43rd at the 2013 Scripps National Spelling Bee.
The 13-year-old seventh-grader from Salisbury was among 281 elementary and middle school competitors vying to be named the nation's top speller.
For the first time in the event's 86-year history, a vocabulary test was administered to assist in identifying up to 50 spellers who also had to survive two traditional elimination rounds where competitors demonstrated their spelling prowess before a crowd in a large auditorium.
Khaled Mohamed at the 2013 Scripps National Spelling Bee
In his two elimination rounds, Khaled correctly spelled "archipelago" and "brilliantine" without batting any eye - or asking the pronouncer for additional information as many competitors often do.
Afterward, he modestly shrugged his shoulders and said he didn't need help because knew how both words were spelled.
In a section of the written test made public, Khaled demonstrated he knew the definitions of two words that only he was given - "patina" and "umami."
Competitors who misspelled words during the preliminary rounds were eliminated automatically no matter their vocabulary test performance.
Only 42 of this year's competitors qualified to move on to the semi-final round after organizers also took into account vocabulary test scores to break ties.
Even though Khaled fell just short of qualifying as a semi-finalist, he and his mother, Sarah Jamell, agreed the opportunity to compete had been a worthwhile and went off to celebrate by dining on his favorite food, sushi. No word whether he found the dish umami - savory.
To qualify for the 2013 National Spelling Bee, Khaled bested 46 other spellers from public and private schools in Somerset and Wicomico counties to win a regional competition held March 9 at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore.
UMES was among 13 universities that sponsored competitors at the 2013 event, and the lone historically black institution.
Khaled, who wants to be a lawyer, said he saw words in a study guide he used to prepare for the national bee that he was familiar with from reading the series of Harry Potter books.
National Spelling Bee organizers told local competition sponsors that the vocabulary test was introduced to broaden the long-term educational impact their event has on students who invest so much time and energy in preparations.
"What an amazing experience this has been," Jamell said. It "has been so positive for Khaled's future. He's already talking about next year."
Spelling bee rules allow students to compete through the eighth grade. The national champion each year automatically retires from competition.
The national spelling winner receives a $30,000 cash prize from Scripps, a $2,500 savings bond from dictionary publisher Merriam-Webster and $2,000 worth of study materials from Encyclopedia Britannica.
Scripps, the national sponsor, estimates 11 million students were competitors during the 2012-13 school year. Two "spellebrities," as Scripps calls all national bee participants, competed in the event four previous times. Two were siblings of previous winners.
In an unexpected consolation prize, Khaled sat on stage during the televised championship round. He was chosen randomly to represent the 11 competitors from Maryland, none of whom moved on from the preliminary rounds.
UPDATE: (May 30, 2013) - Arvind Mahankali of Bayside, N.Y., correctly spelled "'knaidel" - a small mass of leavened dough - to win the 2013 National Spelling Bee. He had been a finalist the three previous years.
BILL ROBINSON, director, public relations office, (410) 621-2355.


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I just recently happened across a very interesting paper written in 2007 by James D. Macdonald, a former Navy navigator and science fiction writer who lives in Colebrook, New Hampshire (not to be confused with the late atmospheric physicist and UFO proponent Dr. James E. McDonald.). He lives right along the path of the Hills' famous journey, on U.S. Route 3. Performing a careful line-by-line analysis of the account of the Hills' Wild Ride in John Fuller's Interrupted Journey and also scrutinizing the recent book Captured by Kathleen Marden and Stanton T. Friedman (Marden is Betty Hill's niece), Macdonald notes that "the real reason why they were making a forced march is revealed. They didn't have enough money for a motel so they'd decided to pull an all-nighter." Exactly.
As quoted by Fuller, Barney Hill told Betty while in Colebrook, NH shortly after 10 PM, "It looks like we should be home by 2:30 in the morning—or 3:00 at the latest." Macdonald says, "That's a wildly optimistic estimate. But they'd already decided that they were going to drive home that night. They were on the tail end of a twelve-hundred-mile trip, had run out of money, and were committed to pushing on." In fact, "By the time they reached home they'd been driving for around twenty-one hours. They're lucky that being abducted by space aliens was the worst that happened to them: Others who've tried similar trips have run into trees." Or a deer. Or a moose. In fact, the National Sleep Foundation has proclaimed November 6-12 as Drowsy Driving Prevention Week® 2011. The AAA's Foundation for Traffic Safety lists as the top "warning sign" of the driver who is too drowsy to drive safely as "The inability to recall the last few miles traveled." The Hills could be the poster children for this traffic safety crusade.
|The moon, Jupiter, and Saturn (bottom) as seen from the White Mountains at midnight, Sept. 19-20, 1961 (moon and planets enlarged, not to scale)
|The light at top of Cannon Mountain: is this the "UFO" that abducted the Hills? (Photo by James D. Macdonald)
Betty would have lost sight of the moon and its accompanying planets as the car went up hill along the side of Mt. Prospect, heading nearly due south. As they crested the rise, the moon and planets would reappear, only now there were two lights to the left of the moon. The light on Cannon Mountain, at that range on a clear night, is as bright or brighter than Jupiter. On a clear night stars appear below the peak of Cannon Mountain to the right and left. Up above we heard the Hills, in a different interview, relate, "it first appeared to be a falling star—only it fell upward." Immediately after cresting the shoulder of the mountain, Route 3 plunges down a 9% grade for the next half mile. The road is pointed directly at Cannon Mountain at this time. Subjectively, at night, I can report of my own direct observation, the light appears to head rapidly straight up...the light on top of Cannon Mountain is visible at various points along this entire route—sometimes high, sometimes low, sometimes to the right of the road, and sometimes to the left... One question that you'd have to answer in order to show this was a flying saucer is, "If what you saw was a space ship, where was the light on Cannon while all this was going on?"The Hills reported what appears to be a second Close Encounter with the light atop Cannon Mountain on April 2, 1966: "As we were returning through the Franconia Notch in the general area of the tramway and Cannon Mountain, one [UFO] moved around the mountain about 50 feet from the ground, in front of us. Its lights dimmed out and we could see the row of windows before it became invisible. It just faded out of sight and then just reappeared with different lighting behind us... On the opposite side of the highway was a second one, which also faded out. " (Marden, p. 208-209).
The final spot where the Hills stopped and had a "close encounter" (where Barney says he saw "Nazi" spacemen in his binoculars) was just south of Indian Head. Barney and Betty took UFO researcher Walter Webb to that spot to re-enact the sighting in 1964, and in 2000 Betty Hill took those of us participating in the Indian Head conference there. It's near the location of the now-defunct Mountaineer Motel on Rt. 3 in Lincoln, NH, whose sign stands just north of Exit 33 of I-93 (which was not yet built in 1961). After they drove off from that site, in something of a panic, they never saw the UFO again. Macdonald notes, "2.1 miles south of Indian Head is the last time the Lookout Tower Light is visible from Rt. 3."
Macdonald continues:
" There's another possible object they may have seen: the Jack O'Lantern Resort in Woodstock which, at the time, had a large billboard with their logo (a stylized jack-o-lantern) down by the road. That would certainly appear to be a "large, luminous moon-shape, which seemed to be touching the road, sitting on end under some pines." This is well out of town; no other features are nearby."That is a very interesting suggestion. As Kathleen Marden describes it, at this point the Hills vaguely remembered "seeing a huge fiery red-orange orb resting upon the ground." I was not able to find any photo of the Jack O'Lantern resort's giant, unlighted billboard, but I did discover some old postcards with photographs of the giant orange pumpkin that used to sit on the motel roof. Judging from the cars out front, the photo would seem to be from the 1960s. And if the pumpkin were illuminated but the motel lights were out, the "orb" might seem to rest on the ground. In any case, the Hills must have driven past this giant pumpkin on Rt. 3, just minutes after they were frightened out of their wits near Indian Head.
|Could this be the "huge fiery red-orange orb" that the Hills remembered seeing as they sped away from the "Close Encounter" site, just a few miles away?
Macdonald concludes:
What do they remember south of Indian Head?Exactly!
a) The Lincoln/Woodstock road marker
b) Downtown North Woodstock
c) (Possibly) the billboard for the Jack O'Lantern Golf Course & Resort in Woodstock
d) Downtown Plymouth
e) Downtown Ashland
f) Entering the superhighway
g) Concord
h) Portsmouth
In short, they remember every single town they passed through. The rest of the trip is past dark lakes, rivers, fields, and woods. I've driven that route more than once, and I don't remember much more than that myself. Not only isn't there any missing time, there aren't any missing memories.


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Suppose someone told you that the Exxon Corporation (formerly Esso) had developed a farm vehicle as strong as a tractor but capable of going where no ordinary tractor can . . . through waist-high snow, knee-deep mud, and up and down steep, rocky hillsides. That instead of using exhaustible and irreplaceable fuels such as gasoline and kerosene, this invention ran on any high-protein vegetable matter, even grass.
That instead of noxious exhaust it produced a biodegradable substance almost unequaled as a fertilizer. And that—on top of all these other advantages—it had a life expectancy of 20 years and cost as little as $50.00 brand new, with a resale value as high as $2,000!
If you were offered such a creation, would you be willing to spend 20 minutes a day on routine maintenance? And would you accept the fact that this mobile power source has no steering wheel but works on a remote control system that requires you only to walk alongside giving voice directions?
Well, believe it or not, the O.X.EN does exist . . . but it's neither experimental nor the invention of Exxon, for it's been used successfully as long as man can remember. In fact, we own two O.X.EN ourselves, and I'd like to tell you about them.
A Trip to the Library
Of all the hundreds of ox drivers in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, we may be the two least knowledgeable. Before the spring of 1972 we couldn't even have told you what an ox was or whether one existed this side of New Delhi and the history books. However, we did know that we wanted something to haul our firewood, plow our fields, bring sap to our sugar shack and, in short, pull harder than our two backs can pull. We knew also that we didn't want another internal combustion engine . . . which ruled out a tractor or any other power source that uses what cannot be replaced.
That meant some kind of draft animal . . . but which? Though we'd heard good things about mules, we knew they required yards of expensive harness. Horses have the same drawback plus a few of their own: We'd seen our friends down the road sell their beautiful pair of work horses after struggling to untangle all that leather and—even worse—after almost being killed by the high-spiritedness of their supposedly gentle team.
Well then, what about oxen? Cattle, we reasoned, might be simpler to drive than horses and—if they had to be killed—would at least provide meat; which we could use or sell to help pay for another team. Off we went to the nearest library to do some research.
We caught the librarian a little off guard, since she'd never been asked about work cattle before. When she recovered, she found that, technically, "ox" can mean any member of the Bovidae family of ruminants . . . such as cattle, sheep, goats and antelope. More commonly, though, the term is reserved for a castrated bull . . . a creature which was a common draft animal as late as the last century (see Diary of an Early American Boy by Eric Sloane).
Although we gained little further information at the library, we didn't lose interest in our project . . . and by midsummer, we'd discovered that oxen are by no means entirely a thing of the past.
Twelve Days in Vermont
Our curiosity about the draft animals went with us on several summer trips to Vermont and New Hampshire, and wherever we traveled we asked whether some old man or woman in the neighborhood could tell us how to train and drive a team. Our search was finally rewarded at a farm in Tunbridge, Vermont, where we first saw (and heard) draft cattle in action.
The animals' owners told us that—though a few oxen are still being used for farming and logging—their most common employment is for sport, in the stoneboat pulling contests at county fairs. By good fortune, such an event was scheduled the very next day at Norwich, Vermont and our new friends were among the competitors.
At the Norwich Fair—where we saw ox-pulling and had a chance to talk with drivers, see a variety of breeds and driving styles, and generally soak up the whole new experience—we became convinced that we wanted a team of our own. Since we needed the animals by that fall to haul our firewood, we knew we'd have to buy a "handy" span, one not just trained to pull a stoneboat but accustomed to the more complex demands of farm work.
We quickly discovered that such an educated team was not common and would cost us $800 to $1,200 (depending to some degree on the current price of beef), plus $50.00 to $100 for a yoke and more for transportation. If we'd known how and had two years to spare, we could have raised and broken a pair of calves ourselves. But we had neither the time nor the know-how, and we did have the money . . . just enough, we reckoned.
As novices, of course, we were in a perfect position to be ripped off in a big way, and could have lost most of our savings in a bad deal. What saved us was the enthusiasm, kindness, and down-home honesty of the ox drivers we met. Though they'd gathered to compete in ox-pulling and showing, they looked at the fair even more as an occasion to share their love of the animals they drove . . . with one another, and even with a couple of greenhorns like us.
The family we'd met the day before—who had three teams entered in the Norwich events—were especially helpful. They agreed to try to find a good span for us, and we arranged to return to their farm in September at the time of the four-day Tunbridge World's Fair . . . at which time, they told us, we could tent on their place and work with their teams if we'd help them cut and haul firewood. We gladly agreed, and that nine-day stay with our Vermont friends was all the practical training we had before we set out on our own.
And set out we did, because—as a consequence of this second Vermont visit—we were able to buy a team and some vital equipment at the Tunbridge Fair. So it happens that today Liz, two-year-old Rob, and I, hunkered down on our homestead in upstate New York—many miles from any other working ox team that we know of—are successfully and easily (though awkwardly and a little nervously at times) driving and caring for two beautiful red oxen named John and Paul.
Though we're still very far from expert, we now know a lot more about oxen than we did a few months back, and we'd like to pass on some of our own experience plus what we've learned from veteran drivers.
Breeds of Oxen
Though steers of any breed (or combination of breeds) will make work animals, the characteristics of the various types of cattle can be important. For instance, dairy cattle such as Ayrshires and Holsteins have longer legs and weigh less than beef Devon, Black Angus and other beef producers. Longer legs mean more leverage but not necessarily more strength. In fact, several of the strongest teams we saw were the strikingly white and massive Charolais, a beef type. Likewise, debate persists on whether horses, which have longer legs than oxen of any kind, are therefore stronger.
Differences among breeds also occur even within the category of dairy cattle . . . the beautiful long-horned dairy Devons, for example, are considerably smaller than Holsteins and Brown Swiss. As long as the oxen in a team are about the same size, however, yoking different kinds together presents no problems.
Do breeds of cattle vary in intelligence as well as in physical makeup? Though we've heard drivers discuss this point, we suspect that an ox's I.Q. (however you define it) hinges more on training and handling than on breeding. The fact is that some teams and their drivers can do a lot more than others, and do it more easily . . . and we're convinced that there's more behind this truth than mere genetics.
Of course, the most obvious difference between breeds is color . . . a fact that's handy for identification but otherwise insignificant except as a matter of personal preference. For instance, Liz and I live in Holstein dairy country and didn't want a black and white team that might be mistaken for dairy bulls. We like our span to stand out as oxen. John and Paul—bred on a New Hampshire dairy farm—are red Durhams mixed with a little Brown Swiss.
Food and Shelter
If you know how to feed and house cows—or, better still, beef cattle—then you know how to care for oxen. Like a beef steer, an ox needs only good hay, or fair hay, and grain.
John and Paul each get half a bale of medium-grade hay morning and night plus a pound of grain—ground corn and oats—in the morning and two pounds each evening (more when they're working). During the grass-growing months we'll pasture the span and grain the animals only when we're working them. We water John and Paul once a day when they aren't being used, twice when they are.
Shelter for oxen can be very simple. Even here in northern New York—where winter temperatures regularly dip to minus 20° F—a team needs only a windbreak until well into December, when light snow might necessitate putting them into a building of some kind.
We're lucky enough to have an old dairy barn with a concrete floor and gutter. The gutter is good for keeping the animals out of their own manure but the concrete is hard on oxen (especially if the animals are heavy). We were told that one large Canadian team was crippled by spending an entire winter on such a surface. Exactly why concrete should be avoided we're not sure . . . certainly it's cold and hard, but dairy cows stand on it through the cold months without harm. Still, to play safe, we built open stalls with elm sides and hemlock plank floors tilted slightly to allow urine to drain away. Clay or earth underfoot is considered ideal.
Oxen Yokes
Until this fall, Liz and I supposed we knew what an ox yoke looks like. But what we were accustomed to seeing was only one kind: the stationary neck yoke, in which two hickory bows slide and lock into one beam. Like the unusual horn yoke (which is worn across the forehead) large stationary neck yokes are made from strong woods such as yellow birch and ash. Such a hitch is suited for pulling heavy loads short distances, and is used almost exclusively at ox-pulling contests, where teams have hauled stoneboats weighing as much as 26,000 pounds.
When a span must walk for long periods doing logging or farm work, however, the stationary yoke doesn't allow enough freedom of movement to permit the individual ox to find his footing on broken ground. We were told that to use it in such situations would result in "hauling" (one steer leaning into the other to keep his balance) . . . a habit that reduces the coordinated strength of the team and increases the chance of injury. Consequently, the only coupling we've used so far is the sliding neck yoke, in which each bow can move from side to side independently of the other by means of pivoting irons located at the center of the device.
It seems to me that either kind of neck yoke—stationary or sliding—wouldn't be too difficult to make, especially if you had the irons from an old framework. Apparently many different woods make acceptable yoke beams: cherry, tamarack root, locust, beech, oak, basswood and—naturally—hornbeam. The only taxing part of the job might be steaming and bending the hickory bows. Or you could try to find used equipment in good condition.
Whether you make or buy a yoke, one serious defect to watch for is cracks—even hairline breaks—in the wood that comes in contact with the steer's skin. Nothing less than Iameness, it seems, makes an ox go on strike as quickly as having hair pulled from his neck. It's also important to see that the yoke—especially its bows—fits your team. These curved sections should be large enough to allow you to put a hand between the wood and the ox's neck, but small enough so that—when the animal is pulling—the bow does not rub against the front of his shoulders.
Applying a Yoke
One great advantage of working with oxen is the simplicity with which they can be coupled and hitched. Even though yokes are heavy, putting one on a team is fairly easy.
To "harness up" our work animals I first tie John and Paul side by side to some stationary object (usually the side of our chicken coop). Then I pick up the yoke, walk between the oxen from the rear and stand between their shoulders, where I rest the left end of the yoke on the ground with the nuts of the reinforcing bolts facing me. Next I [1] remove the bow pin from the right bow, [2] pull out the curved piece and hook it under and around the far side of the right ox's neck, [3] insert the two ends of the "U" back into and through the beam of the yoke and [4] secure the fastening by sticking the bow pin through the protruding end of the bow nearest the center of the framework. Then I repeat the operation on the left side with the other animal. That's how I was taught to yoke a team but any way that works is probably good enough.
Though yoking is still a bit awkward for us, we learned the procedure in only a few minutes. It took a little longer, however, for my small body and the team's large ones to get used to standing so close together. Twice I was stepped on (or the oxen were stepped under). It hurt. Pain taught me also that an ox's head is as wide as the reach of his horns . . . a fact I learned one morning when a casual twist of Paul's neck left me with a bloody lip. Ox horns, by the way, are usually tipped with screw-on metal caps to prevent a team from "hooking" each other.
Hitching Hardware
Oxen and horses are both hitched to a neap, the eight-to-twelve-foot-long beam of wood that extends from the front of a wagon or sled. Thus any horse-drawn equipment can be adapted for use with cattle. Instead of the whippletrees (For all you non-farmers, a whippletree is the same as a singletree, which is part of the equipment used to hitch horses and mules to wagons and other farm implements.—MOTHER EARTH NEWS) and harness needed for horses, however, you use just the bare shaft. Its tip goes through the ring on the underside of the yoke and is held in place with a wedge of wood, a steel pin, or a chain. In the last case—our own method—the chain attaches to the ring and to the wagon end of the neap. (Incidentally, much of the work we do with our span—pulling stoneboats, stumps, logs and stuck trucks—is done with a chain alone and no shaft at all.)
Oxen brake by raising their heads and holding the yoke against the backs of their horns. However, for going down steep grades with a heavy load, a wagon should have its own brake (or, in the case of an iron-tired vehicle, a drag shoe). Or the team can wear britchens, long leather tumplines that attach to the yoke on either side of each ox's head and pass around behind and below their rumps. These straps let the animals lean back hard to brace their legs without falling down.
Oxen are supposed to be better than horses at picking their way through the woods and over broken ground. I don't know. It's true that—unlike horses—they don't have a whippletree to hang them up on stumps or between trees if they're dragging logs . . . but they do have the yoke to contend with and that can prove too much for the animals to figure out. More than once we've seen John and Paul brought up short when they tried to walk on opposite sides of a small tree.
Ox Shoes
Oxen need to be shod only if you're planning to use them on ice or hard-surfaced roads. If you're used to seeing only horseshoes, an ox's footwear looks pretty peculiar . . . because he has cloven hoofs, the steer wears eight of the gadgets (two on each foot). To put them on you need a sling mounted on heavy timbers with which to raise the beast entirely clear of the ground.
Our team came to us shod, but have thrown most of their shoes and are doing well without them. Sometime, though, we would like to build a sling (there's one in the museum in Tunbridge) and learn to shoe Paul and John for work on ice and hard-packed snow.
Winter, by the way, is the ox's most comfortable season because of his great body heat. We're told, also, that as long as a steer can get his head above snow he'll keep going, whereas a horse will flounder. We haven't been able to test this so far ...last winter John and Paul encountered only knee-deep drifts and had no difficulty.
Driving a Team
By long custom, the only control an ox driver has over his team is his voice. In other words, he must rely on the psychological conditioning of the animals and the day-to-day relationship he develops with them. We learned six commands: forward ("here", "giddyup", or whatever you prefer), left ("haw"), right ("gee"), "back", "back haw", and "back gee".
Most drivers carry whips (a twisted hickory whipstock with leather lash is a luxury but de rigueur among ox drivers), but they are normally used just to touch the team lightly to remind them of the direction in which to move. Some handlers prefer a goad—a stick with a short nail in the end—but the practice is generally frowned on.
Several drivers we spoke with recounted owning teams who obeyed voice commands given from behind, with the handler up on a wagon or at the handles of a plow. This is unusual, however, and some people would count as a disadvantage the fact that—unless you have a very handy span—you must walk as much as they do. That's the way we get along anyway and, so far at least, Liz and I value the exercise and the experience of working head to head with John and Paul.
Normally you walk next to the outside shoulder of the nigh, or left, ox (looking from the rear). Since the right (off) teammate is farther from the driver and tends to get less attention, he's often more aloof ("offish") and can at times be uncooperative ("hawky").
You might think you could prevent offishness by regularly reversing the animals' positions, but apparently it's as difficult for a team to learn to change sides as it is for them to adjust to being driven from the rear. Nevertheless, we did see several spans that could work successfully after the animals were switched back and forth between the nigh and off locations. Ordinarily, though, the nigh ox in off position would be frightened to find no partner on his right flank, and the off ox would likewise be startled and confused by a presence on his right . . . and they'd be unable to respond correctly to the commands for gee and haw. Owners of reversible teams obviously value their flexibility, which is especially useful if one steer dies and the driver is forced to seek a new mate for the animal.
In spite of these drawbacks to the traditional method of driving a span, veteran handlers scoff at those who attach reins to a ring in an ox's nose in order to drive from the rear. That "spoils" the steer, they say . . . meaning, I suppose, that the animal will not respond to voice commands alone thereafter. I suspect they also mean that use of the ring and reins is an attempt to make an ox into a horse. Reins are a means of control to be rejected as vehemently as a true sailor refuses to put a motor into his boat.
Disciplining Oxen
When our oxen are housed in the barn, they're tied side by side to the wall with collar and rope, with a low partition between them. The nigh ox is on the left side, the off ox on the right . . . a relationship that's supposed to reinforce the discipline demanded by the yoke. Nevertheless, we saw a team that had been pastured all summer respond well to commands they hadn't heard for months when they were finally returned to harness . . . and we've had the same experience with our own animals after they've enjoyed two or three weeks of freedom.
Then again, not working oxen for long periods can be risky if you and the team aren't old friends. When we first used our span they ran away a number of times, wagon and all, after several days of disuse . . . but that hasn't happened since our first month together. There are times, however, when we have to lean on John and Paul pretty hard: crack them on the snout with the butt of the whip or strike the lash across their forelegs.
While I'm talking about control, I should mention how difficult it is to keep the team standing in one place if there's grass within reach. To keep them from getting the munchies and drifting off, we have to fasten large loose muzzles or baskets over their snouts. We relieve the guilty feelings we got from not letting them eat by promising them huge amounts of feed at the end of the day. The guilt and the baskets disappear when the snow comes.
As I've said before, we learned how to yoke, hitch, drive, and care for our team in a very short time, but it has taken awhile for us to become comfortable with the oxen . . . and they with us. At first, although we were awed by John's and Paul's strength, beauty, and docility we were still frightened by their size. We'd seen too many Westerns and heard too many bull stories to believe that our lives were not in very real danger from an animal that weighs a ton or more. After all cutting out a bull's testicles still leaves him with big horns and lots of beef. But our fear of oxen has dissolved with the discovery of our kinship with them . . . a kinship we've never felt for some of the things that we still do dread: automobiles, bad schools, employers, bureaucracies.
Our Future With Oxen
On one of those trips when we were first inquiring about oxen, we attended a conference where we had a chance to talk with Helen and Scott Nearing. During our conversation Scott reiterated his dislike of animal slavery, as he calls the keeping of farm stock . . . and at heart we agree with him.
Nevertheless, at this point we're happily committed to chickens, pigs, and oxen . . . and we're thankful to be trying an alternative that's slowing us down and helping us to find more in less. We're thankful also that in some way we may be helping the planet to survive man's presence.
A few short months with oxen have already suggested still other alternatives to us. We are now beginning to think about new uses for manure, and especially for animal body heat, which we would like to use to help warm our next house. And, of course, we look forward to trying out John and Paul in more of their traditional tasks. In March we'll collect sap with the team for the first time, in May we'll learn to plow with them, and in June they'll help us put up loose hay.


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Dan Kriek, 49, is an extremely busy man. A farmer and president of AgriSA, the country's largest association of commercial farmers, he regularly shuttles between his cattle farm in the district of Tweeling in the north eastern Free State, and Pretoria, where AgriSA's head office is.
If he's not in Pretoria, he's visiting agriculture unions across the country, negotiating with sister organisations like the African Farmers' Association of South Africa (Afasa) or speaking to individual groups of farmers who are fearful about what the future holds.
His own enterprise, a commercial farm where he breeds South Devon cattle, now takes a backseat. But Kriek, a farmer of faith and family, is determined to ensure that organised agriculture will have a seat at the table when decisions about land reform, property ownership and the country's future are taken.
AgriSA has in recent weeks met President Cyril Ramaphosa as well as Deputy President David Mabuza and a delegation from the ANC, attempting to forge a relationship which will ensure that agriculture is taken seriously as a partner. Kriek also serves on a high-profile advisory panel appointed by Ramaphosa. He believes agriculture has a good future if South Africans can come together and once and for all sort out the debacle that land reform has become.
"My message to government and the president is clear: I don't agree with plans to amend the Constitution. Section 25 of the Constitution (the so-called property clause) is not the problem. They (the ANC) seem to be hell-bent to make changes to it, and they are going to have to realise that every action has a reaction, and investors will look at this and adjust their actions accordingly. I genuinely hope sanity prevails and that the Constitution is left alone. What we need is better cooperation, proper enabling legislation, institutions and good people," Kriek says.
Changing perceptions
The debate around land reform is one of the most heated in recent times, with Parliament still in the middle of a process to determine whether or not constitutional amendments are necessary. AgriSA – who represents more than 27 000 commercial farmers and a membership of nine provincial bodies, 25 commodity organisations (like the Red Meat Producers Organisation) and 35 corporate members (including some of the biggest companies on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange) – has been criticised not only for seeking dialogue with government, but also for not having done enough to encourage land reform. Kriek would like to change both perceptions.
He grew up in Pretoria as the son of a respected political science professor of the same name and went on to complete a MSc degree in animal nutrition at the University of the Free State, where he currently serves on the university council. The Kriek children did not grow up thinking that their white skins made them better people and the young Dan's father explained South Africa's strange dynamics to him at an early age.
"I once asked him whether or not we were a democracy and he explained no, because only white people can vote."
The farming genes come from his mother's side of the family, and both her and his grandmother actively farmed in the Tweeling district. "My grandmother farmed alongside the Motholo family and they looked after her when she was farming alone. It made a great impression on me. They were dignified people for whom I had a lot of respect. The Motholos are now retired and their cattle still graze on my farm, where my team looks after them."
The relationship with the Motholos and his realisation that apartheid was unethical, immoral and indefensible were two things that shaped Kriek's view on society. "I grew up in a typical Afrikaner household. My great-grandmother on one side was a nurse in the Heilbron concentration camp while my great-grandfather was sent to a camp in Ceylon during the South African War. But the other side of my family were Bloedsappe (die-hard supporters of the more liberal South African Party) who did not fight in the war…"
Land reform cannot only be about economics
Kriek says any debate or discussion about land reform or restitution or property rights cannot have only economics as its point of departure. There needs to be an acknowledgement of historical injustices. And that's exactly what he told Ramaphosa when they met in one of Parliament's committee rooms last month.
"I looked at him and I said: 'AgriSA and farmers understand and acknowledge the devastating effects of colonialism, the 1913 Natives Land Act and apartheid on black South Africans' lives.' He looked up and asked me if that is what I genuinely believed, and when I said, yes, I do, he added that we need to repeat it where we can because if we don't address the issue we will not have stability."
Land reform is every South African's problem, Kriek believes, not just those in agriculture or in government. "The skewed patterns of land ownership lead to people not trusting each other, and when the economy suffers like at the moment, social cohesion is also tested. On one side, there is widespread frustration among black South Africans that land reform has not delivered results, and on the other, I have never seen such uncertainty in agriculture as there is now."
The political question must first be solved before the economic question can be addressed, he believes. "That means it cannot be a zero-sum game where you merely replace a white farmer with a black farmer. We need to place black farmers on the same developmental path their white counterparts were put on. It isn't rocket science. We have everything we need, but we do require dialogue, cooperation and trust."
Kriek told Mabuza after the recent land summit in Bela-Bela, Limpopo, that after agriculture's attempts to reach out government will not be able to turn around and say that there isn't a willingness, ability and commitment from farmers to be partners in land reform. "We are progressive, we want to transfer skills and we want to take hands."
But previous efforts have come to nought and plans agreed to by organised agriculture have almost never been implemented by government. The land reform and constitutional amendment process is also seemingly a process driven by politics and special interests – what makes this different than other instances of rapprochement?
Kriek acknowledges this: "We've always had good relations with the ANC and government, but efforts by our previous president (Johannes Möller) weren't met with commitment from government; there wasn't a great appetite to work with us. And yes, I think we'll be in a holding pattern until the election."
An inflection point in history
He does however believe that South Africa has reached an inflection point in its history and that dialogue and negotiation and talking about the country's original sin is imperative.
"Our Constitution is a transformative document, it's not about retribution. The debate cannot be about taking out white farmers and putting black farmers in their place. That narrative will force people into corners. The art of leadership is to coax people who are in defensive positions closer to each other; it is to get people who are uncertain, fearful and threatened to walk forward."
Kriek, who on Tuesday will be up for re-election as president of AgriSA at the organisation's annual general meeting, is adamant his organisation is purely representative of commercial farming interests. "When I open my mouth it is not on behalf of Afrikaners, or whites or Afrikaans… I represent an economic sector where small and large-scale farmers play an important role."
The future of this country, and the future of land reform and restitution, will not be determined by those on political fringes, but by moderate South Africans who want to take the country forward, Kriek says.
"Farmers' unions need to reach common ground, we need government support and a new implementation system, including a financing model. But we don't have much time to get it right. We need results."


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This Day of Archaeology doesn't see me out surveying or excavating, nor in a lab. Instead, it finds me sitting at my desk at MATRIX: The Center for Humane Arts, Letters, and Social Sciences Online at Michigan State University in front of my Mac Book Pro, two large Apple Cinema Displays (powered by an old, yet remarkably reliable, Mac Pro), an iPad, an iPod, an Android handset (Droid X2 if you are interested), and a Galaxy Tab 10.1. This (extremely technological) state of affairs results from the fact that its been a long time since I've actually stuck a trowel in the ground. Don't get me wrong, I've got a great field archaeology pedegree. I spent my elementary, highschool, and undergrad years (my father is an archaeologist as well) working on sites in the Northern Plains (mostly Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta – and a little bit in Montana and North Dakota). As a graduate student, I worked in Indiana and Illinois. My primary area of research as a graduate student (as well as my archaeological heart), however, rested in Egypt – Predynastic Egypt to be precise. I worked several seasons with Fred Wendorf and the Combined Prehistoric Expedition at Nabta Playa. The bulk of my work in Egypt, however, was at Hierakonpolis, where I excavated a variety of Predynastic household sites and did research into Predynastic household economy.
As a graduate student (and even as an undergrad, to be quite honest), I found myself increasingly interested in how information, computing, and communication technology could be applied to archaeology for teaching, research, outreach, and scholarly communication. Fast forward several years and I find myself sitting at my desk at MATRIX in front of a dizzying array of devices. My transformation from a "traditional" archaeologist (if you will – though, to be honest, is there really such thing as a "traditional" archaeologist) to a digital archaeologist is complete.


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3D printing: The shape of things to come?
(Phys.org) —If you ask the proverbial man or woman in the street what they understand by the terms 'stereolithography', 'selective laser sintering' and 'fused deposition modelling', you're likely to be met with a blank expression. Say the words '3D printing', though, and you're likely to be met with an entirely different response.
Over the last couple of years, 3D printing has attracted significant media attention. Stories about 3D printed Stradivariuses, undetectable plastic guns, novel building designs, personal miniatures, medical devices and a variety of other 3D printing objects, have become an almost daily occurrence in the mainstream press. 3D printing has been heralded as a technology that will transform the world, with commentators claiming that it could be "bigger than [the] internet" (Financial Times) and "the PC all over again" (The Economist). Even Barack Obama has added his voice to the clamour, stating in his 2013 State of the Union Address that 3D printing "has the potential to revolutionise the way we make almost anything".
While 3D printing is now attracting significant attention and generating high expectations, the process of 'additive layer manufacturing' (the academic term for 3D printing) can be traced back to technologies that were first developed and commercialised in the 1980s. Two of the leading 3D printing companies, 3D Systems and Stratasys, were founded in that decade based on innovative stereolithography (SLA) and fused deposition modelling (FDM) technologies.
Between their founding and the present day, the technologies have been used for many years to help prototype development and create custom tooling moulds. The present excitement stems from the increasingly widespread use of 3D printing for the manufacture of final products.
3D printing has been heralded as a technology that will transform the world, with commentators claiming that it could be "bigger than [the] internet" and "the PC all over again".
Alongside the development of high performance industrial 3D printers such as those developed by 3D Systems and Stratasys, the 'maker' movement has spawned a plethora of lower-priced, lower-quality, Alongside the development of high performance industrial 3D printers such as those developed by 3D Systems and Stratasys, the 'maker' movement has spawned a plethora of lower-priced, lower-quality, consumer-grade machines based on FDM technology, such as those offered by RepRap, MakerBot, Ultimaker and PrintrBot. The result of these two parallel developments is an industry that is now worth an estimated £1.3 billion.
Although the origins of the largest 3D printing companies lie overseas, the UK is home to a number of leading research institutions that are investigating the potential of 3D printing. The potential importance of the technology has been recognised by the UK government and is reflected in the investments it has made into the EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, and the Centre for Additive Layer Manufacturing. Such research is important and necessary. Historically, the UK has been good at such experimental research and development, and novel technologies are expected to emerge from research institutions. However, where the UK has often been less successful is in the commercialisation of technologies from these institutions. It is here that research at the Department of Engineering's Institute for Manufacturing comes in.
Led by Dr Tim Minshall of the Centre for Technology Management, Bit by Bit: Capturing the Value from the Digital Fabrication Revolution is a project that seeks to understand how value is being created and captured in the 3D printing industry, and how UK firms will be affected by 3D printing technologies. The project is jointly funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) under the New Economic Models in the Digital Economy theme. The need for cross-disciplinary approaches is reflected in the make-up of the investigating team, with Professor Ian Hutchings from the IfM's Inkjet Research Centre, Dr Chander Velu, Lecturer in Economics of Industrial Systems at the IfM and Dr Finbarr Livesey, from the University's Department of Politics and International Relations, bringing their knowledge of digital fabrication science, business models, and economic policy respectively to bear on the project.
Under their leadership, the research team of Dr Letizia Mortara and Dr Simon Ford are currently engaged in the first part of the project: investigating the industrial emergence of the 3D printing industry. Such an investigation is necessary at the beginning of the project as it is only through an understanding of historical patterns and processes that we can hope to gain insights into how current events are unfolding and how they will shape the future.
This historical study involves analysis of supply and demand in the industry; supply in the form of equipment manufacturers, and demand in terms of the early users of 3D applications such as prototyping, in the aerospace and automotive sectors, and in the development of hearing aids and orthodontics. Later in the project the researchers will explore the different business models companies are using to capture value from 3D printing, and how 3D printing enables new business models to be adopted in the digital economy.
During the course of the project, the team also hopes to welcome a number of visiting researchers to the IfM. The first of these was Dr Christian Sandstrom from Chalmers University whose study into the adoption of 3D printing in the hearing aid industry was provocative in that it indicated that while 3D printing had provided some efficiency and cost benefits to hearing aid manufacturers, its adoption had caused very little impact on the competitive position of the companies operating in the industry.
So, while 3D printing is certainly big news, there is still a long way to go. As with all disruptive technologies, uncertainties abound. Bit by Bit will help both industry and government better understand and benefit from the undoubted opportunities to create and capture value that 3D printing will provide.
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Trellising and wire lifting
We use our lifting machine on the 8490 carrier, which we also use for pre-pruning, ploughing and harvesting. This arrangement allows us to work faster and optimise the amortisation of the lifter and the carrier. The rapid work rate allows us to carry out lifting on each plot at the perfect time and later than with manual lifting, this allows us to avoid one top trimming job each year.
Jean-François ROUBAUD – Chateau Nestuby, 83570 Cotignac
PELLENC range of clips
PELLENC made clips ensure the proper functioning of the PELLENC trellising machine. Designed for use with our trellising machine with widths adapted to different types of vines. Each model has different tensile strengths based on the thickness of the canopy or its use (first lift). The clips are made from photo-degradable and food-grade material.
| Standard equipment.
Optional equipment
|Multiviti wire lifting trellising machine
|Trimming attachment
|Frontal Multiviti frame and multifunction carrier
|Fast coupling plate and stay-bars
|Clipping mechanism
|Electric control of all functions
|Height and angle settings controlled by hydraulic cylinders
|2 upper and lower vegetation feeders
|Delivered on a pallet stand
|Hydraulic output (l/min)
|25 l/min at 2610 psi
|Wire holding kit
|Adaptation for "ultra-narrow" clips


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The leading cause of death for Americans aged 5-34 is motor vehicle accidents. Driver behavior has been identified as the major factor in approximately 90 % of roadway accidents. Learn more about the factors that can affect driving in the following videos.
We live in a multitasking world. Many of us switch our attention between texting, watching television, listening to music, surfing the internet and other tasks. Can we truly do two things at once or is multitasking diminishing our focus – in the classroom, at home and on the road? Driving, which requires focus, highlights the challenges of switching between tasks.


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Questions - Trust on Issue Obama v. Romney - August 26-27, 2012
48% Trust Romney More on Economy; 44% Trust Obama More
See Toplines
Platinum Page
National Survey of
1,000 Likely Voters
Conducted August 26-27, 2012
By Rasmussen Reports
1* I'm going to read you a short list of issues in the news. For each, please let me know which presidential candidate you trust more to handle that issue.
Health care
National security
Energy Policy
NOTE: Margin of Sampling Error, +/- 3 percentage points with a 95% level of confidence