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Blue Coyote opens to the public at Sanibel Island Golf Club
The Blue Coyote Supper Club, a successful private club in Fort Myers for over a decade, opened to the public at the Sanibel Island Golf Club on Monday, Nov. 4.
It offers the same style of cuisine as the Fort Myers club, what proprietor Mitch Schwenke calls a "continental drift – American with a touch of French, Asian and south of the border."
The club features small plates such as Wild Mushroom and Braised Beef Ravioli, Seared Diver Scallops with Pancetta and Bourbon Maple Glaze, and Caprese Salad. Entrees include aged steaks, the restaurant's signature Kurobuta Coyote (pork) Chop, Colorado Lamb Chops, Achiote Grilled Shrimp with Roasted Tomato Cream and Blue Coyote Stew (scallops, shrimp, andouille in a savory broth with penne, black beans, roasted tomatoes and chorizo). There is also a full bar and a global wine list.
"I've always wanted to open another Blue Coyote, to expand on the concept and open it up to the public," said Schwenke. "I wanted to build this great, aesthetically pleasing concept that will look and feel similar to the original."
As is the case at the private club, which remains open in the Caloosa Yacht & Racquet Club in Fort Myers, the Sanibel restaurant's dcor showcases the art and philosophy of Markus Pierson, who creates the anthropomorphic coyotes from which the club derives its name and its colorful decor. The Sanibel restaurant also contains a stunning glass chandelier in the style of renowned sculptor Dale Chihuly. Many of the paintings, prints and sculptures by Pierson are available for purchase.
The Viceroy Room affords private dining for 20. There's a casual but well-appointed cocktail lounge with a bar and high tops as well as outside seating for 12.
The 155-seat restaurant is at the Sanibel Island Golf Club (sanibelislandgc.com) on 1100 Par View Drive, serving lunch daily from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m., dinner from 5-9 p.m. on Tuesday to Thursday, and dinner from 5-10 p.m. on Friday and Saturday. Reservations are recommended. Call 472-9222.
In addition to Schwenke, the management team includes his long-time collaborator Corey Swarthout, who serves as partner and wine director. The kitchen is headed up by Executive Chef Patrick Fitz, formerly of Sundial Beach Resort and Spa.
For more information, visit the Blue Coyote Supper Club Sanibel's Facebook page or contact Mitch Schwenke at 472-9222.


text: Nutrition/ExerciseLeg workout. Sexy leg workout from Health and Fitness @healthtips… Share this:TwitterFacebookLike this:Like Loading... Related Published by fitpsychology I am a licensed clinical psychologist with a focus in weight management. I myself have lost more than 80 pounds and kept it off, through experiencing my own challenges, and engaging in that never ending search for balance! View all posts by fitpsychology

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sciatic nerve cure - All About Sciatica
All About Sciatica
What is
is a medical term used to explain symptoms that develop when the Sciatic nerve is compromised. Pseudo
, which is the most common, occurs when the sciatic nerve is compressed by the Piriformis (bum) muscle. True
occurs when one of the sciatic nerve roots is compressed when it exits the spinal column.
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There are a number of herbal remedies which provide relief from pain in the back. There are a number of herbal remedies that have a number of energetic ingredients, just like the normal medications have. Medications in this context are the ones that provide relief from pain, help in relaxing muscles, and increase blood circulation. They might also have certain side effects. The bark of the willow contains ingredients that are active such as aspirin. This may also lead to certain effects that are adverse. According to a study there are natural products that contain current oils or leaf may be helpful and safe in case of pain that occurs because of inflammation.
I am not going to lay claim to any cures for
, but I will give you some guidelines to follow in helping to relieve your pain and hopefully stop it from returning. So for now let's call them cures for sciatica, for if they can give you some relief from pain and minimise the episodes, then it is in its own way, a cure.
is caused from a variety of conditions: disk bulging or herniation, Degenerative Disk Disease (DDD), spinal stenosis and pregnancy. How to test for
A. Ice - In the first 48 hours, you need to use ice to help reduce the inflammation which is around the nerve. This can help to stop it from getting worse. Use the ice for 10 minutes, then off for 10 and on again for 10 minutes. Keep doing this 2 or 3 times.
Who Can Get Spinal Stenosis? Although some people are born with spinal stenosis, the condition is usually seen in people over the age of 50 who already have some disc degeneration. Often, spinal stenosis results from the wearing down on the spine from normal activities. As we get older, our spinal ligaments can calcify, bone spurs may form, and we can get herniated or ruptured discs. All these conditions can lead to a narrowing of the spinal canal which can compress and pinch the spinal nerves.
Spinal Stenosis Symptoms Symptoms of spinal stenosis can include back pain radiating to the legs, numbness or pain in the buttocks that worsen when walking or exercising, leg weakness, decreased physical endurance, loss of balance, and leg and neck pain.
In most people, the sciatic nerve runs under the Piriformis (bum) muscle, which moves your thigh side to side. From there, the sciatic nerve descends through the buttocks and the back of the thighs. Behind your knee, smaller nerves branch out from the sciatic nerve and travel down to your feet.
What is Spinal Stenosis? Spinal stenosis is a medical condition where the spinal canal becomes narrow. This narrowing can put additional pressure and compression on the spinal cord and can cause a pinching of the nerve roots. If the narrowing is in the lower part of spinal cord it is referred to as lumbar spinal stenosis and if the narrowing is in the upper part of the spinal cord then it is referred to as cervical spinal stenosis. While stenosis can also occur in the thoracic or upper back region, the lumbar and cervical areas are the most common.
Laminotomy. This is a partial removal of the lamina which can be done to widen the spinal canal and relieve compression on the nerve roots. Foraminotomy. Removal of bone, scar tissue, or other obstructions that are compressing the nerve root exiting the spinal canal.
Release Muscle Tension - There is a muscle called the Piriformis muscle. This muscle is usually the culprit when it comes to your pain. The sciatic nerve runs through this muscle and if it is tight, it will irritate the nerve and therefore, pain.
One of the outer factors that is pathogenic and mysterious, that is wind is considered to carry influences into the body which are pathogenic thereby contributing to the unpredictable nature of the pain.
Anatomy of
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in your body. Five sets of paired nerve roots combine to create it, and it\'s about the diameter of your middle finger. The sciatic nerve starts in your low back, which is called your lumbar spine. The nerve roots are at the L4 and L5 vertebrae (the \'L\' means lumbar, and the numbers indicate the level of the vertebra where it is in your back). The sciatic nerve also travels through your pelvic region (sacrum).
Do seek professional help if you are in anyway concerned about your back pain.
Terry O'Brien
Back Trouble UK
How is Sciatica caused? Pseudo Sciatica is caused by a tightening of the Piriformis muscle on the Sciatic nerve. The nerve passes under the Piriformis muscle and in some cases it passes right through the muscle tissue. Exercise, pregnancy, weight gain and posture can create a tight Piriformis muscle.
Align the Pelvis - Your pelvis is the foundation, the stabiliser and when this is distorted, there can be a lot of lower back pain. Lower Back Strength - It is not going to help to work on the nerve if you have a weak back. Strengthen your back and you will help the pelvis get back into alignment and release the tension.
Treatment for
:Tip C. C. Pelvic Balance - This is a great treatment for sciatica because the pelvis is what keeps everything in balance. If your pelvis is balanced, then the tension will ease off all the other areas. You can do this by lying down on the floor. Place your hand under each side of your pelvis where you would wear your belt. As you are doing this, notice if there is more pressure on one side or the other. If here is more pressure on one side compared to the other, then your pelvis is not balanced.
Treatment for
:Tip B. B. Stretching - You have a muscle called the Piriformis muscle. This muscle has the sciatic nerve running through it or along side it. By stretching this muscle you are able to ease the pain quickly.
Want to know more about natural treatment for
? Visit http://www.treat
True Sciatica responds extremely will to spinal decompression treatments. This is performed on a special table. The treatment schedule depends on your specific symptoms and cause. What needs to be done with disk bulges/herniations is that the disk material needs to be absorbed back into the disk and this requires taking the pressure off the disk. This is why spinal decompression is so effective. It is essentially traction targeted to your specific condition.
Sciatica is the Latin word for "Pain down the back of the leg"
is referred pain usually caused by trapping the sciatic nerve in the lower back.
*So here you have it, your cures for sciatica, but it does not come from a bottle, but you! In your own home exercising on your living room floor. Treatment for
:Tip A.
Try Sciatol for 60 Days
What People Said About
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Hello, I got Sciatol for my husband. Three weeks later his back pain is almost gone. Sciatol works! I'm ordering a second bottle.
" Danna, OH
Finding a cure for
is a challenge, have you searched without finding anything? Maybe you have and have decided to give up, but are still hoping to find some relief for the pain.
Wintergreen oil which contains quantities of methyl silicate, is used in a wide fashion externally for its activities which are non inflammatory (used for
, sore muscles or forms of arthritis). Tea which is prepared from the herb has a stimulating flavor and is used for neuralgia, nephritis and headaches.
*Let pain be your guide. If you are in pain, you listen to your body and stop. Do not ever let anyone tell you to push through the pain. You are the only one who knows your pain threshold.
Assess Your Spine - You need to know the problem is coming from to be able to get rid of it permanently. To use these techniques properly, you need to know where to place your focus.
I highly suggest trying it out and talking with Mike Dixon RMT. He has had over 20 years of clinical experience and he has been teaching spinal orthopaedics for over a decade. He has also written two books on spinal manipulation.
Treating Spinal Stenosis In general doctors tend to take a conservative approach when initially treating spinal stenosis. Drug therapy such as pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications to reduce swelling are usually prescribed first, along with bed rest and reduced physical activity. Steroid injections can also be use to help reduce swelling although the pain relief is normally temporary. Traction and spinal decompression may be prescribed, along with physical therapy which can be used to help increase flexibility as well as build endurance.
There are a variety of tests used to diagnose this condition. The first step is to go through a history of symptoms and activities with the client. Muscle and neurological tests are then done. An Xray, CT Scan or MRI might be needed depending on the initial findings.
How to Treat
Pseudo Sciatica is easily treated?????? by massage therapy. Usually in one treatment you will notice a dramatic improvement in your symptoms. Some home care exercises are prescribed and if you follow them you should have no more symptoms.
Due to the risks involved, many doctors will resort to surgical treatments only after non-surgical treatments have been tried first. This article is not meant to replace the sound advice of a personal physician. Patients should discuss with their doctor all their treatment options before taking any medical course of action.
Symptoms of Sciatica Regardless of the type of
you have the symptoms are the same. These symptoms include but are not limited to pain in the low back, buttocks and down the back of the leg. Numbness and tingling are also common symptoms and they follow the same pathway. Weakness can develop anywhere along this pathway because there is an interruption in the sciatic nerve transmission.
There have been numerous cases regarding extremely serious and fatal side effects rising from such natural products. Some of the herbal remedies were also found to have customary directed medication. Asia is the place from where most of the problems that occur due to natural remedies were reported. According to studies a great amount of such natural remedies contain toxics.
Also there are absolutely no regulations by the government on any products of such kind. But the safety that these natural products have cannot be definite. Optional or herbal remedies are not under any kind of regulation and the quality of such products is not controlled publicly. Plus there can be substances that can adversely affect the chemistry of the body and can generate dangerous side effects.
About the Author:
Having only 2% of his vision left due to a progressive retinal degenerative condition, Mark felt a profession based on touch and not sight would allow him to provide the best service to society. It was an important decision in Mark's life that has been justified many times over since graduating from the West Coast College of Massage Therapy in 1995. Having weakness in one sense allows the brain to provide more power to other senses, for example, touch and intention. This is a great advantage that allows Mark to function at a heightened state of awareness when treating the body. Combining this with his knowledge in human movement patterns makes for a unique and powerful massage therapy experience. For the past 7 years, Mark has also worked on a political level with our Provincial, National and International massage therapy organizations.
Mark is joined by his seeing-eye dog Victor. Victor is a 3 year old Labrador/Retriever. Clients love to see the 90 pound bundle of love and joy when they come into the clinic.
Treatment for
:Tip D. D. Move - You need to keep moving, not too fast, but move. If you sit for to long at a time, your muscles will tighten much quicker. Have you ever noticed that your pain is worse in the morning after sleeping all night? When you are able to move, this helps your pain ease a little. This is why moving is an important treatment for sciatica.
If the pain is acute, then surgery may be needed in order to widen the spinal canal and to correct the conditions that are contributing to the nerve compression. Some of the surgical procedures used to treat spinal stenosis are:
According to the viewpoint of the Chinese, the patients who are suffering pain due to
are normally diagnosed to be suffering from a kind of a syndrome. A bi syndrome usually involves pain and blockage and is very common in the bodies' lower part. Such syndromes might occur due to factors that are unknown. There may be very little reason for occurrences of such syndromes. One of the reasons could be a noteworthy injury of the back.
Decompressive laminectomy. This is used for treating lumbar spinal stenosis and involves removing the top of the vertebra to create more space for the nerves.
Strengthen Muscles - If one muscle is tight and the others are weak, there is going to be an imbalance. You can do some exercises at home that will help to strengthen and improve their strength, and this in turn will increase the blood supply, which is why they are weak to begin with.
About the Author:
For more information on spinal stenosis treatments and alternatives to back pain surgery see DRX9000 spinal stenosis treatment at http://www.drx9000-spinal-decompression.com, a popular site with free information on DRX9000 spinal decompression and other back pain treatments.
Tracy B. Wheeler
Learn More about
Natural Sciatica Back Pain Treatments
Sciatica Pain ??? Causes and Symptoms
Sciatic pain usually starts in the buttocks and extends down the rear of the thigh and lower leg to the sole of the foot and along the outer side of the lower leg to the top of the foot. Pain may also be present in the lower back. Sciatica refers to pain along the path of the sciatica nerve. It is usually caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve. Fortunately, most cases of sciatica are not...
Information on Sciatica
So you have been diagnosed with sciatica and even though your doctor explained to you about the condition, you have come looking for a bit more information on sciatica. Lets start with the basic question on most peoples mind, what is sciatica? The general term used for pain being felt along the sciatic nerve is sciatica. This pain is usually described by patients as a sharp...
Sciatic Nerve Pain - What are the Symptoms and Causes?
Sciatica or sciatic nerve pain is a term often used to describe all sorts of back pain. In fact, less than 5% of people who suffer from lower back pain will have sciatica. Sciatica is caused by a sciatic nerve irritation. This is most commonly caused by a disc bulge in the lower back. What is the sciatic nerve? To understand this you need to have a bit of an idea about...
Sciatica Treatments That Really Help
Sciatica occurs due to the compression at the base of the spine. This compression leads to pain in the lower back and gluetal region of the body. This pain travels to ankle, calf, thighs and knee. Real Sciatica happens when the pain reaches the knees and the ankles. Sciatica actually is the pain that moves through the sciatic nerve - the longest nerve in your body. This nerve starts from your...
Sciatica Pain Relief
The term sciatica refers to pain along a specific nerve - the sciatic nerve, which runs from your lower back down through each leg. It usually caused by a wayward vertebral disc, more commonly referred to as a pinched nerve or a herniated, ruptured, or slipped disc that has shifted from it s normal position in the vertebral column and is putting pressure on the radicular nerve (nerve root),...
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Applied Maths Teachers' Conference at NUI Galway
Nov 08 2010 Posted: 00:00 GMT
NUI Galway will host the 2010 Applied Maths Teachers' Association (IAMTA) Conference and Annual General Meeting on Saturday, 13 November. The conference is particularly timely considering the significant changes underway in school mathematics due to the introduction of the new project Maths curriculum. The conference will consist of a series of panel discussions and keynote addresses, giving teachers of applied maths the opportunity to explore current issues and future directions of the subject in schools. Bill Lynch, the Director of the National Council of Curriculum and Assessment, who has overseen the introduction of Project Maths will be on a panel, together with P J Rudden, a highly distinguished engineer with a very real stake and insight into how maths is used by people who want to improve Irish society. Other panellists include Dean of Science, Professor Tom Sherry, an applied mathematician in NUI Galway, Piaras ó hEachteirn, the head of Civil Engineering in NUI Galway and Peter Doyle from Actuaries Ireland. "Applied mathematics, the school subject, is not so well understood by the general public. Although only 1500 students take the exam in applied maths, there is no subject on the current Irish curriculum which better equips students to think like mathematical problem solvers. Students who have taken applied maths have a head start adapting to third level", says Dr Kevin Jennings, mathematician and Co-Director of BA in Mathematics and Education at NUI Galway. The new maths curriculum will bring challenges to applied maths teachers, who will have to adapt their teaching to the students' new skillsets. However, the maths reform will hopefully encourage more and more students to take this fascinating subject. Many students study the subject outside of regular class time; in Galway City only St Patrick's Patrician School (the Bish) offers the subject within regular class hours. Mr Brendan Doheny from the Bish was awarded the Victor Graham trophy in 2009 for excellence in teaching applied maths. The conference will give teachers the space and time to reflect on applied maths and the concerns and challenges surrounding teaching it as well as the opportunities for the development of the subject into the future. Dr Jennings adds: "This conference is very important to promote applied mathematics and to plan for its future. Teachers from all over Ireland will be on campus that weekend to work on this. For us in the University it's a wonderful opportunity to work with our colleagues in the schools and to advise them of the diverse and interesting third and fourth level options available to their applied maths students."


text:
Penn Station is in the center
"Any city gets what it admires, will pay for, and, ultimately, deserves. Even when we had Penn Station, we couldnt afford to keep it clean. We want and deserve tin-can architecture in a tinhorn culture. And we will probably be judged not by the monuments we build but by those we have destroyed."
- "Farewell to Penn Station," New York Times editorial, October 30, 1963 (as found on nyc-architecture.com)
I looked all over WNY for a photo thread dedicated to the old Pennsylvania Station to no avail. So I thought I'd start one. Arguably the greatest architectural loss in NYC, if not American history.
Data pages
Early postcard view
1936 postcard
The coming of Winter dictates the new yard work which can be with the tools from Lowe's Weekly Ad.
Stairway from waiting room
Main waiting room
Last edited by Radiohead; February 3rd, 2008 at 01:26 AM.
1960's: The end is near.
The overhangs were added to illuminate the place, but look tacky and tastless from this angle
Propaganda brochure:
(PDF file)
Saving the eagle. Weren't they generous.
What it was replaced with
Last edited by Radiohead; February 3rd, 2008 at 04:27 PM. Reason: Fix dead link
Nothing about the exterior of this building impresses me. But my god that interior exemplifies what a beautiful transcendant space is supposed to be.
Pillar after pillar marching all the way along 32nd Street is pretty damned impressive from my POV.
Now do not laugh as I explain this--just allow me to explain.
I like to write--a lot, yes--when I am ill. It most certainly clears my mind and permits me to stay focused. I specifically write essays, as they allow me to hone my writing skills.
One essay I wrote, in the period of a few days, was on Pennsylvania Station and the station's demolition, as well as the nationwide consequences of it. In the essay, I try to correlate the destruction of the station with the saving of many important structures in the Pacific Northwest, including the two prized train stations on the Puget Sound.
It originally featured photographs, but since there are already multitudes of pictures within this thread, I thought it would be appropriate for me to edit them out. Also, because I am posting the article on WiredNY, I had to revise the format from Word. Hopefully there are no mistakes, and hopefully it reads the least bit professionally.
Last edited by GVNY; February 3rd, 2008 at 03:33 AM.
The Deconstruction of
Pennsylvania Station: New York's Great Shame
The Story of the Design, Construction, and Ultimate Destruction ofNew York City's Pennsylvania Station (1900-1966)
By: GVNY
By the time the turn of the twentieth century shook up America with an exceptional industrial roar, the "Standard Railroad of the World," the Pennsylvania Railroad, had already extended her shimmering steel rails throughout the east. When mapped for railroad atlases, the convoluted, yet all-encompassing "Pennsy" system resembled less a railroad, but the twisting, crowded veins that stretch within the complex human body. Like these veins, which carry blood to the heart, Pennsylvania rail lines were the lifeline which carried supplies, as opposed to blood, to the pulsing economic and industrial heart of the United States. These rails were, and remain so today, the crowning achievement of railroad planning, and the pinnacle of railroading efficiency. By 1900, with the passing of only fifty-three short years since the founding of the celebrated railroad, the Pennsylvania had already developed and enhanced a rail system that was envied by her competitors, and admired by those who served on her, traveled on her, and lived nearby her broad steel ribbons of track. Like a visionary mentor, the Pennsylvania ushered the railways out of an era of infancy and into an era of state-of-the-art modernity, all the while becoming the world's largest publicly traded corporation, as well as its busiest railroad.1 The Pennsylvania more than earned her branding as the standard railroad of the world, as very swiftly she became a rail colossus among ordinary giants. She was the pride of the United States; a technological showpiece that exuberantly declared that with limitless funds, human ambition, and the determination of our spirit, civilization is capable of terrific accomplishments.Sunday, December 2, 2007
While the Pennsylvania Railroad impressively stamped its world famous maroon keystone herald on much of the east from Saint Louis and Chicago to Jersey City in 1900 (it once considered extending trackage trans-continentally), 2 it lacked one attribute that could only, and was, characterized as embarrassing—the railroad stopped at Jersey City. One mile beyond the deep waters of the imposing Hudson River is America's sprawling premier city of cities, whose magic island has captivated the world's imagination through cloud-scraping skylines and overwhelming wealth. New York City is irritatingly close to the mighty railroad's grasp, yet is unattainable. Manhattan isle, the focus of the uniquely American metropolis, is surrounded by wide, forceful currents of sea water. This limiting barrier would force the Pennsylvania to ferry its patrons from their marvelous terminal in Jersey City to the railroad's private dock in Lower Manhattan, under the tall, masonry towers of the Finance District. The absence of a great Pennsylvania Railroad terminal in America's paramount city was a serious psychological concussion.3
The natural suggestion of establishing a terminus within New York City was understandably not an original idea for the Pennsylvania or any of the railroad's competitors.4 The lure of the city was too great to not conceptualize various schemes detailing methods to reach the shores of Manhattan. Many times previously the railroad had been involved in discussions with rival railroads to construct a connection into the city. Three of those instances actually became proposals which, save for economic recessions, expenses, and disastrous tunneling efforts, may have been realized.5 Over time, with the failure of these laudable alternatives, a solo attempt at tunneling under the North (Hudson) and East Rivers soon became the preferred option for the Pennsylvania.6 At once, multiple plans to tunnel under New York City were formulated. Vast in scope, cost, and danger, they all represented an engineering undertaking virtually unrivaled at this period in history. Trimming away unnecessary or overly complicated means to reach the city, the Pennsylvania Railroad finally agreed upon a proposal to break into the New York City frontier—and it was tremendous.7
The contracts delegated out to various construction companies would require the boring of two, single-tracked tunnels under the North River near Union City, New Jersey to Midtown Manhattan. In Midtown, the two North River tunnel tracks would rise on a grade into a large, below street level classification yard for passenger cars. Further east of the yard, the tracks would burrow under Manhattan once more, while increasing from two tracks to twenty-one. These additional tracks would feed into and service a great station. The station itself, as the Pennsylvania Railroad management envisioned it, would be an extraordinary structure capable of stunning even the most jaded New Yorker. The station head would dominate two city blocks and extend over eight acres. This awesome Pennsylvania Station, as it would be named, would be the largest railroad station in the world. From Pennsylvania Station, the tracks would continue inside the tunnel across the island, dive further underground, cross under the East River in four single-tracked mile long bores, and resurface once more in Sunnyside, Queens at the world's largest passenger classification yard.8 From Sunnyside, Pennsy tracks would be elevated onto a lengthy trestle which would arch over Queens and eventually lead onto a great bridge over the formidable Hell Gate. The seventeen thousand foot long Hell Gate Bridge would be the largest and strongest steel arch bridge in the world,9 and provide a through-rail line across the entire Atlantic Coast.10 With its subsidiary, the New Haven Railroad, the Pennsylvania would have access to potential customers from as distant as St. Louis to Boston. The entire project could only be described by superlatives, and it would cost the railroad in excess of one-hundred million dollars—an unfathomable sum of money in 1900.11 But, if one company could afford it, it was indeed the Pennsylvania Railroad. In one year, the permits and approvals were acquired, and soon the massive project broke ground. In a few years time, there would be no more lush Pennsylvania ferries traversing the busy Hudson.
November 27th, 1910 was a momentous day for New York City as the main components of one of the largest constructions projects in history—certainly New York City's history—was finally complete. Only the Hell Gate Bridge portion was incomplete, and there would be seven more years until the first train finally rolled over the graceful, arched red bridge. Trains were now crisscrossing the Pennsylvania Station tubes, an engineering marvel, and the Pennsylvania alas had her grand entrance into America's city of dreams and aspirations.12 Colossal in every sense of the word was the project's crowning achievement—Pennsylvania Station. Designed by Charles F. McKim of the premier architectural firm of the United States at the turn of the century, McKim, Mead and White, whose neoclassical emphasis was very much in fashion at the time, Pennsylvania Station was a sensational Beaux Arts masterpiece. For a commission of two-hundred and fifty thousand dollars, Charles McKim's fifty million dollar celebration of rail travel did not disappoint.13
Requiring the demolition of over five-hundred buildings, fifteen million bricks, twenty-seven thousand tons of steel, five-hundred and fifty thousand cubic feet of Milford pink granite, and digging so far deep New Yorker's exclaimed, "I can see down to China!,"14 the station towered over one hundred-fifty feet high. Lavishly clad in pink ornamental granite quarried from Massachusetts, Pennsylvania Station was a Roman dream. One's first view of the dignified station was typically on Eighth Avenue in the center of New York City, where eighty-four prodigious Doric columns fronted a façade modeled after Berlin's legendary Brandenburg Gate. A commanding concentration of meticulously organized stone-sheathed steel columns and imperial cornices, McKim produced a most effective visual power that demanded respect from both Pennsylvania Railroad patrons and hurried passers-by alike. Seemingly carved from the tough, earthen granite composing Manhattan isle herself, the same storied rock that anchors the reaching skyscrapers down at Wall Street and Broad, Pennsylvania Station stirred only the most tremendous excitement and exaltation. With the stone-weighted appearance of being millions of tons, the station shoved its intense weight to the ground and dominated its large Manhattan block like a regal throne. High above pedestrians, the loftiest position on the entrance façade was concluded by a stone balustrade which supported a magnificent seven foot wide clock draped in granite wreaths. Here, sculpted maidens were guarded on their sides by powerful stone eagles, those meticulously stylized and manually crafted by the praised Adolph Weinman.15 The composition was arresting.
Proceeding through the royal main portico, one of four great gateways under giant, airy windows, one would find themselves inside the barrel-vaulted arcade, a stone thoroughfare lined with shops and lunette windows that playfully bounced rays of sunlight onto the marble floor. Here, upscale boutiques sold oddities and standard fare items for both the traditional commuter and the hordes of tourists, as well as general services for the hundreds of thousands of daily pedestrians. The end of this lengthy passageway carefully linked with two loggias, expansive colonnaded, gender-separated waiting rooms that set precedent with regards to the sumptuousness of its furnishings and architectural details.16 In these rooms, gentlemen shared stories over swirling cigar smoke and fine brandy, while dressy women gossiped over the latest New York scandals and tended to their children. Often both parties would soon reunite inside the regal dining room and café, capable of welcoming over five hundred individuals at one time, possibly for a relaxing brunch with fellow commuters and travelers.17 Presumably after the partaking of a gourmet meal or snack, a passenger would exit the dining room and re-enter the arcade through to the main waiting room via a grandiose staircase. The room was a sight to behold! Surrounded entirely by dominating, sixty-five feet wide lunette windows which allowed sunlight to pour in from outside, the ancient Roman Baths of Caracalla inspired waiting room was an apex of the station, a culmination of superior design and revolutionary American technology.18 The lofty, coffered ceiling rose an incredible one-hundred and fifty feet high, supported by monolithic six story high columns of pink travertine, while the two entrances to paralleling avenues were protected by six commanding Doric columns.19 Marble ticketing offices were carefully carved into the station's walls, providing shelter for ticketing agents, and marble pedestals supporting intricately designed lampposts provided the only artificial light source in the entire great room.20 At night, these lampposts illuminated hushed New York commuters on their shuffle home to their wives and children, while the great vaulted void soaring above them remained shrouded in mystic darkness. There were no chairs in this waiting room for this was a space to stand and admire! 21 Alas, if there were any doubts about who funded the completion of this outrageously expensive and pretentious wonder, one needed to look no further than north or south. Vast blue and tan topographical maps of the United States flanked the avenue entrances, and the Pennsylvania Railroad valiantly marked her rapidly expanding commercial territory—territory that produced such enormous wealth that the Pennsylvania was isolated in its terrific success and endless accolades. An unrivaled work of architecture and stunning in its complex entanglement of design and engineering, the waiting hall was truly a sublime public space, a genuine work of art that encouraged the profound human act of imagination and wonder. Experiencing the waiting hall, one knew they were not anywhere; they were in New York City!
The great tour of the possibility of humankind was not over. To board waiting passenger trains, one needed to encounter one more magnificent flight of stone steps and advance into the grand concourse. From the stairwell vantage, the encompassing view was awe-inspiring. Soaring above all pedestrians was a dreamlike glass and steel train shed reminiscent of the great railway sheds of industrial Europe, particularly London's Liverpool Street Station. Graceful, slender and delicate steel beams thrust ever-skyward from the floor and culminated in superb glass domes that framed magically the nighttime constellations of New York's sky—a true ethereal quality.22 The concourse floor, wonderfully suspended over the busy railroad tracks by the resolute strength of steel, provided a stunning visual feast by leading the understandably wandering eye into the depths of the station and to the crowded trains themselves (the marvel of an electric train, no less). 23
The train platforms, which are sunk deep beneath Pennsylvania Station's street level floor, are accessible only through stairs and elevators, but are exposed to the brilliance of sunlight—a terrific feat considering the depth of which the tracks are buried.24 A passenger on a premier Pennsylvania train set, such as the Broadway Limited, must have been quite captivated with the splendid glass and steel room after riding the subterranean rails underneath the metropolis for quite some time. Today, words and photographs fail miserably to accurately capture the great space's class and elegance. The grand concourse was the ultimate in concourse design and construction, a marvelously successful implementation of modern technology. After a decade of construction, the verdict was clear and unanimous: the Pennsylvania Railroad had created a New York City treasure.
Pennsylvania Station was inevitably an enormous success simply by the demand it serviced, and by 1912 the station was handling at least five hundred trains daily, with a maximum of fifty during the brisk rush hours.25 The rush hour scenes played out daily were world famous, captured on film by both amateurs and Hollywood studios. Upwards of three billion people passed through the monumental station's stone caverns between 1910 and 1963, with peak usage in the roaring 1920's and especially World War II. During this period of wartime, passengers traveled on the nation's railroads ninety-five billion miles in 1944, 26 compared to only thirty-four billion in 1938.27 Pennsylvania Station was ground zero for thousands of tearful goodbyes between American soldiers and their families, and was the majestic entrance for lowly country boys seeking the 'American dream' in the city they believed could make it possible. For many, it did. Pennsylvania Station was the embodiment of all that was majestic, beautiful and often heartbreaking. The station was the soul of the city she served, yet in time, in a horrific act of abhorrent vandalism, her loyalty would be betrayed.
The 1960's were a particularly troubled time in the United States, with political turmoil rampant and stirred by the Civil Rights Movement, a presidential assassination, a hugely unpopular war in Vietnam, and severe riots affecting a great many American cities. Guided by massive government subsidies for highways and suburban housing, white, middle class families continued the mass exodus out of cities in what would become known as the "white flight," leaving previously prosperous cities of the nation, America's proudest achievements, to rot as the social buffer between concentrated poverty and great wealth was eradicated. Dismayingly, individual and family priorities had largely become the primary concern over those of civic and community importance. New York City would not truly feel the weight of these overwhelming burdens until the 1970's, when the paramount city of the world, the only metropolis left intact during the world war, collapsed into a corrupt, bankrupt crisis.
Similar to the collapse of civic involvement and community awareness in America, railroads were also feeling the pressure of the individual: the personal automobile. While freight shipments on rails prospered (it too would eventually falter), journeys by passenger train were rarely the preferred mode of travel. The airplane had finally become a viable transport alternative, replacing trains as the primary long-distance carrier. The automobile, the mainstay of sprawl and the American people, had snatched a significant portion of the railroad industry's short distance traffic.28 This left only intercity traffic remaining, and with respect to the Pennsylvania Railroad, the fall in rail traffic erased an enormous chunk of Pennsylvania Station's usage. Use of the station had declined from one hundred-nine million people in 1945, to only fifty-five million in 1960.29 The Pennsylvania Railroad was experiencing a major decline in traffic that had once made the station supportable. If the railroad was to maintain its operations, it would either have to encourage and regain new ridership, or immediately reduce expenses. In due time, the Pennsylvania, the great railroad that had financed and erected the station, was becoming desperate. Maintenance costs of the station were drastically expensive, and the struggling railroad could no longer afford the price tag. As Pennsylvania patronage continued to decline and revenues dwindled, faced with a horrendous funding crunch, the railroad proceeded to allow for the natural degradation of the beautiful station.30 Months without bathing, commuters began to notice severe decay within the grand station: rust began to overcome the black steel which held aloft the once-cleaned dusty windows, and dirt accumulated on the coffered ceilings of the waiting room. Wafts of odor, akin to that of a decades unused bedroom, confronted passersby. In short time, the station was but a shadow of her former glorious self, a dark and forbidding space. Pennsylvania Station had fallen into disrepair. New York City watched. Through the tragedy of the scene, Pennsylvania Station retained her undeniable timeless element. Her tired, dirty exteriors only reinforced this attribute of permanence. Even through difficult times, Pennsylvania Station would remain to welcome those to New York and its magic island—always. Disregarding all of the unforgivable withering and corrosion, who could imagine a New York City without the magnificence of Pennsylvania Station? The 'Grand Dame' of Eighth Avenue was a civic landmark, one to be protected for the generations. It was to be loved.
But of course, with great sadness, her owners embarked on a process to challenge the station's very existence. The Pennsylvania Railroad eventually rejected the idea of continued ownership, and quietly began talks with potential buyers for the station property development rights.31 The motive propelling the action was that the station's plot of property, a large expanse of area near Midtown Manhattan and located on desirable transit lines, was very valuable and thus of interest to commercial developers.32 Not only could the Pennsylvania Railroad eradicate the money-losing Pennsylvania Station, but simultaneously make a profit off of a tremendous real estate sale and a portion of new commercial revenues.33 Timing for the placement of the property onto the real estate market was essentially perfect, and soon the Pennsylvania Railroad was in contact with an interested party. Madison Square Garden, Inc., whose company was interested in replacing the aged 1925 Madison Square Garden, needed a suitable location within New York for a large new facility capable of accommodating larger crowds and events without obstructing views.34 After thoroughly examining the prospect, Madison Square Garden, Inc. made aware of its attraction for the plot of land, and with the railroad, would work out a blockbuster real estate deal behind closed doors.
The agreement was soon finalized between the two enterprises, and details regarding the plan were released to the unknowing public.35 The plan: Pennsylvania Railroad would sell the station's land to Madison Square Garden, Inc., who would in turn demolish the above ground portion of Pennsylvania Station.36 Below ground, a "new" station would be built by "modernizing" the old facilities, an awfully disingenuous term meaning MSG Inc. would clad the walls with tile and cover the ceiling in drop panels. Once the above ground structure was completely demolished, a one hundred-twenty million dollar sports entertainment complex, as well as a new office building, would be erected.37 The two companies praised the idea as a win-win situation, essentially proclaiming that the Pennsylvania Railroad would make a profit off the sale allowing the railroad to become profitable, as would MSG Inc., and New York would in turn receive a modern new rail station and first class sports complex. The talk was bought. In less than a year New York City would grant the project approval, and in 1963, demolition would commence.38
In Jet and Space Age Manhattan, epicenter of all that was futuristic, the Modernist dogma of buildings-as-sculpture and the outright rejection of Classicism and ornament onto buildings was the antithesis of all that Pennsylvania Station represented—ornament for the public's enjoyment, Classicism for the projection of permanence and stability, and coherence with the cityscape, as opposed to the isolation required by sculpture. In the throwaway culture that was Modernist New York, a city in the midst of knocking down its historic classical treasures,39 from elegant and palatial hotels to Parisianesque public theatres—all under the guise of Modernism and progressivism—Pennsylvania Station was destined to become the symbol of all that was dreadfully wrong in the era. All was not hopeless, however. Some recognized the importance of the public space, and thus Pennsylvania Station's existence was not without supporters. A modest sized community composed of a vocal minority of architects, artists, writers, art museums, newspaper editorials, people who use the station, and ordinary people concerned about the loss of an important New York City railway station, city landmark, and neighborhood treasure, protested the impending demolition.40 Two of those protesters were world famous urbanists: one a middle-aged lady who lived on Hudson Street in Lower Manhattan—Jane Jacobs—the other, prominent urban historian Lewis Mumford.41 Gathering outside the chain-link fences protecting the construction site, protesters carried signs of pro-Penn Station messages, and attempted, sometimes successfully, to spread their message of preservation through the media.42 If New York City allowed for the destruction of Pennsylvania Station, the preservationists argued, the city would lose an extraordinary public space to a stadium and an office tower. What would this say about us as a society, a progressive civilization, if we knock down an important civic space for one that sells hotdogs at a basketball tournament—a space only provided to those who pay a hefty ticket price? But it was to no avail. The numerous signs and newspaper awareness articles failed to stir any action from the general public, and despite the desperate pleas of the protesters, construction workers walked into the demolition zone with their tool-belts and climbed into their wrecker's ball cranes. Kept away by that chain-link fence, the preservationists could only watch horrified. The great Pennsylvania Station was coming down.
And it did. By 1966, Pennsylvania Station existed only in photographs and in the memories of those who were lucky enough to view it, touch it, sense it, and experience its majesty.43 Brick by brick, column by column, the station was taken apart, the wrecker's ball swinging mercilessly into the magnificent glass and steel domes that once sheltered New Yorkers from those pummeling summer rains, those heavy Christmastime snows. Pennsylvania Station's limestone and other precious materials were salvaged, while her remains were sent to their grave, carelessly discarded in the New Jersey Meadowlands near the entrance to the tunnels that once lead directly into the great, pink granite station. There was nothing more…
New York City relatively quickly recognized what it had lost once Madison Square Garden was completed. The complex, a poorly planned area with a miserably uninspired Modernist design, left much to be desired. It also left much to be missed. Sitte, in his essay The Art of Building Cities, describes the anguishing process that allowed for the tumultuous rise of Madison Square Garden, writing, "We need the talent of the artist. Thus it was in ancient times, in the Middle Ages, and in the Renaissance, wherever the fine arts were held in high esteem. It is only in our mathematical century that the construction and extension of cities has become a purely technical matter."44 Most certainly, Madison Square was only technical and mathematical—technical in its rigid use of modern technology, unforgiving in its complete ignorance of human-scaled ornamentation, and mathematical in its cold, bottom-line construction and short-sighted destruction of treasured urban fabric for short-term numbers profit. Further enforcing this deserved criticism is the Garden's heartless shape. A result of form-follows-function Modernist dogma that renders the structure circular-shaped (due to the stadium's oval seating arrangement), Madison Garden is awkwardly out-of-context with boxy, gridded Manhattan. From the aerial perspective it appears helplessly ridiculous—its overall shape embarrassingly akin to that of a toilet.
The new, "updated" Pennsylvania Station was (and remains) a cramped and confusing narrow collection of tubes that led to and from the train platforms. One exited the station from a non-descript door out onto one of the major avenues, where six years previously one would have walked through an inspirational collection of carved columns and stone. The new station was pathetic, hardly befitting the largest city in the world at the time. But New York City had brought the disturbing mess upon itself. It traded public for private, people for commerce. It reinforced that old New York stereotype, but dramatically upped the ante. A New York Times editorial encapsulated the situation, criticizing, "Any city gets what it admires, will pay for, and, ultimately, deserves. Even when we had Penn Station, we couldn't afford to keep it clean. We want and deserve tin-can architecture in a tinhorn culture. And we will probably be judged not by the monuments we build but by those we have destroyed."45
The saving grace in the Pennsylvania Station saga is that its appalling demolition was the inspiration for the revolutionary historic preservation movement.46 Spurred by this singular yet profound example of stupidity, there arose a new emphasis on the saving of important buildings, neighborhoods, and even entire cities to maintain not only the historically significant fabric of our cities and towns, but its history as well. In 1965, following heated outcry from New York City citizens who were angered by the destruction of such a significant building, an importance piece of legislation called the Landmarks Law was passed by the city.47 The Landmarks Law would pave the way for signature New York City buildings to be landmarked, and thus protected from demolition.48 The preservation movement became a popular phenomenon soon afterwards as New York City exported its ideas across the nation—similar to most trends.
Since 1965, hundreds of historically and architecturally significant buildings have been saved from undeserved destruction by the Landmarks Law and supporters of the preservationist movement. Ironically, the most famous incident of such a rescued building was Pennsylvania Station's rival railroad's terminus—New York Central's Grand Central Terminal.49 Held in high esteem and adored by many New Yorkers, Grand Central, constructed as a response to the completion of Pennsylvania Station, was in serious danger. In the late 60's, plans were composed for the crippled New York Central Railroad showing a crudely designed Modernist skyscraper sprouting off the roof of Grand Central.50 The railroad, in dire need of a new income source to recuperate depleted operating revenue, proposed to construct the building directly over the Beaux Arts station, the tower and the terminal's style clashing awkwardly. With the demolition of Pennsylvania Station fresh in the minds of citizens, determined opposition rallies were held, often with the attendance of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and soon the Landmarks Law was put to one of its first major tests.51
The Landmarks Preservation Committee, established by the Landmarks Law, added Grand Central Terminal to the landmarks list in 1966.52 The ramifications of this act meant the committee now held sway over any development which would affect Grand Central Terminal itself or its immediate surroundings.53 Once renderings were released, the committee, performing the duty required of it, examined the prospects of the new construction, and in 1969, refused to allow the construction of the tower, citing, "In its opinion the new office tower would degrade the architectural and aesthetic qualities of Grand Central."54 As the Penn-Central Railroad (the New York Central merged with the Pennsylvania in 1968 to avoid faltering)55 swayed dangerously between the black and insolvency, it believed the situation it now found itself in was nothing less than a taking, and thus unconstitutional—the railroad filed suit.56
The Supreme Court of New York County took up "Penn-Central v. City of New York" in the early 1970s, hearing the arguments from both sides of the debate. In 1975, the court would eventually rule in favour of Penn-Central, agreeing the city held no authority over private land, thus rendering the Landmarks Law an exercise in futility.57 However, the decision was overturned by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court,
which reinforced the city's ability to landmark and preserve important monuments.58 Brought to the Court of Appeals in 1977 by the Penn-Central, a court which once again favoured New York City's right to landmark, the railroad supported taking the case to the United States Supreme Court as a final resolution to the matter, confident in their argument that no government entity has any rightful claim over the use of private property. The Supreme Court, on June 26th, 1978, failed to agree.59 Upholding New York City's ability to landmark and preserve structures it feels significant by a healthy 6-3 vote, Justice William Brennan stated the decision of the court:
"The Landmarks Law, which does not interfere with the terminal's present uses or prevent Penn- Central from realizing a 'reasonable return' on its investment, does not impose the drastic limitations on appellants' ability to use the air rights above the terminal that appellants claim, for, on this record, there is no showing that a smaller, harmonizing, structure would not be authorized."60
The decision at last gave the preservation movement legislation with teeth. Not only was New York and its citizens granted the unique ability to landmark important private structures through the Landmarks Law, it was now federally supported. As long as there was a careful eye monitoring the sites New Yorkers felt were needed to maintain the character of the city, a situation like that of the appalling demolition of the great Pennsylvania Station—an act of vandalism—would never occur again. Of course, even today meaningful structures are destroyed in the sadly apathetic city. However, In lieu of these ever-present difficulties facing the transforming metropolis, the law continues to protect the landmarked structures of the city, while valiantly keeping the flame of Pennsylvania Station's spirit and legacy burning.
Some theorize the loss of Pennsylvania Station was a necessary tragedy, for without this extraordinary example of undeserved destruction in one of the most important cities in the world, even more significant structures, or possibly entire neighborhoods, would have been lost through 'progressivism' and commercialism. This is certainly true. Pennsylvania Station's demolition and subsequent court proceedings, which supported preservationist principles, established a sturdy precedent across the entire United States. With respect to the Pacific Northwest, if Pennsylvania Station's ultimate and untimely destruction had not taken place, entire communities would have been eradicated by the wrecker's ball ideology so predominate in the 1960s and 1970s. We can make a direct and undeniable connection between Penn Station and the continued physical existence of locales such as Pioneer Square in Seattle and the Warehouse District of Tacoma. Particularly with the city on deep Commencement Bay, Tacoma's handsome Union Station and surrounding Warehouse District were saved from the wrecker's ball as it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places before any regrettable action took place—a program created due to the backlash from Pennsylvania Station's demise in 1966.61 The area, a compact neighborhood of century old multi-story red-brick factory buildings that construct a handsome and staid coherence through the shared use of brick design, cast iron storefronts and cornices, and the heavy use of the arch, is a picturesque display of the former wonders of American architecture—standards of design the nation has not been able to readily replicate or match since.
From the era of Penn Station's destruction, when preservation was not often considered as a method of urban improvement, the theories behind the ideology has expanded from simply the saving of a structure to a much more holistic approach—conservation. To Calthorpe and Fulton, authors of the essay Designing the Region Is Designing the Neighborhood,"Conservation implies many things beyond husbanding resources and protecting natural systems; it implies preserving and restoring the cultural, historic, and architectural assets of a place as well."62 Tacoma's Union Station District is emblematic of this broader approach to preservation, and when being studied for renewal (the good kind), the researchers focused on more than esthetic qualities. According to the 1979 rehabilitation study on the station, "Tacoma's Union Depot District is one of the oldest urban industrial areas still standing in the Northwest. As the terminus for the Northern Pacific [Railroad], the district played a critical role in the development of the entire northwest region. The financial and commercial dominance of Tacoma during the railroad era is reflected in the building environment still surrounding Union Station."63 Continuing with the description, "Although the district remains largely intact, the bustle of the railroad era is gone…Driving or walking north along Pacific Avenue towards downtown Tacoma, the visitor sees a deserted district."64 To our great fortune, as opposed to leveling the district for parking or future commercial interests, citizens invested in the area, and on April 2, 1980, had it protected through historic registration.65 Slowly, it recovered. In Tacoma, this historic district is now home to a thriving scholastic, artistic and business community, all housed in buildings that were rehabbed and reused as opposed to knocked down. We are extraordinarily lucky to able to experience such a unique locale, for this very precious commodity was once seriously threatened. We owe our older neighbors an enormous debt of gratitude for their resistance to destroying our collective heritage.
On a sorrowful final note, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the might railroad which commissioned the deconstruction of one of New York City's grand entrance-ways, went bankrupt soon after the demolition of the station. The fledgling railroad's hope for continued survival, the demolition of Pennsylvania Station for its valuable land, would become nothing more than a corporate pipe dream. In a heartbreaking blow to the activists who had tried to save the ill fated station while it was in its deathbed, the demolition had officially become futile.
* * * * * *
1 Jacobs, Timothy. The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 94.Footnotes
2 Bain, David H. Empire Express. 545.
3 Nock, Oswald S. Railways of the USA. 31.
4 Klein, Aaron E. New York Central. 45.
5 Jacobs, Timothy. The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 82-83.
6 Ibid.
7 Jacobs, 82-84.
8 Nock, Oswald S. Railways of the USA. 33.
9 Jacobs, Timothy. The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 84-92.
10 Ibid.
11 Nock, 33.
12 Jacobs, Timothy. The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 84.
13 Jacobs, 85-87.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Jacobs, Timothy. The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 85-87.
17 Jacobs, Timothy. The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 85-87.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Jacobs, Timothy. The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 84-88.
23 Ibid.
24 Jacobs, Timothy. The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 84-88.
25 Plosky, Eric J. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station. 19,50.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Plosky, Eric J. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station. 19,50.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Plosky, Eric J. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station. 22.
32 Plosky,. 27.
33 Plosky,. 24.
34 Plosky, Eric J. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station. 19-25.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Plosky, 49.
39 Ablarc. "Sixties Demolitions," 4-9.
40 Plosky, Eric J. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station. 41-45.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Plosky, 49.
44 Sitte, Camillo. "The Art of Building Cities." 429.
45 Plosky, Eric J. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station. 47.
46 Plosky, Eric J. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station. 53-54.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Plosky, Eric J. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station. 55-56.
50 Ibid.
51 McFadden, Robert D. "Jackie, New Yorker; Friends Recall a Fighter for Her City." New York Times. 1994.
52 Plosky, Eric J. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station. 56-57.
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Plosky, Eric J. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station. 56-57.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.
60 Ibid.
61 United States. National Park Service. National Register of Historic Places.
62 Calthorpe, Peter, and William Fulton. "Designing the Region is Designing the Region." 346.
63 United States. National Park Service. Department of the Interior. Tacoma: the Union Depot District. 14.
64 Ibid.
65 United States. National Park Service. National Register of Historic Places.
Ablarc. "Sixties Demolitions." Wired New York. 15 Aug. 2005 18 Oct. 2006Bibliography
<http://www.wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.php?t=7009&highlight=sixties+demolition s>.
Bain, David H. Empire Express. New York: Penguin Books, 1999. 545.
Calthorpe, Peter, and William Fulton. "Designing the Region is Designing the Region." The City Reader. New
York: Routledge, 2007. 344-347.
Jacobs, Timothy. The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Greenwich, CT: Brompton Books Corp., 1988.
Klein, Aaron E. New York Central. Greenwich, CT: Brompton Books Corp., 1985. 42-85.
McFadden, Robert D. "Jackie, New Yorker; Friends Recall a Fighter for Her City." New York Times 22 May
1994.02 Dec. 2007 <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E7DF1138F931A15756C0A9629582 60>.
Nock, Oswald S. Railways of the USA. New York: Hastings House, 1979. 29-41.
Plosky, Eric J., comp. The Fall and Rise of Pennsylvania Station: Changing Attitudes Toward Historic
Preservation in New York City. Feb. 2000. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 19 Oct. 2006.
< http://subjectverb.com/www/writing/thesis.pdf>
Sitte, Camillo. "The Art of Building Cities." The City Reader. New York: Routledge, 2007. 428-437.
Stover, John F. American Railroads. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. 167-244.
Tayler, Arthur. Illustrated History of North American Railroads. Edison, NJ: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1996.
United States. National Park Service. Department of the Interior. Tacoma: the Union Depot District. 1979. 02
Dec. 2007.
United States. National Park Service. National Register of Historic Places. 02 Dec. 2007
Last edited by GVNY; February 3rd, 2008 at 03:40 AM.
I enjoyed the really great pics of Penn Station. I have been looking (without success) for the Floor Plans and dimensions of the station. Where was the restaurant etc. How big was the Waiting Room etc.
Could you possibly direct me to website that has this information.
Thank you very much in advance.
Lowell Jackson
Here you go:
McKim Mead & White, A Monograph of the Works of McKim Mead & White 1879-1915. New Edition Four Vols. in One. Benjamin Blom New York 1973. Arno Press, 1977 (Plate 300).
Great job, GVNY! An enthralling read!
Thanks Ablarc! From you, I feel this to be a very prestigious complement.
Unfortunately, I believe the essay lost quite a bit of punch when I had to take it apart and post it onto WiredNY, but I am pleased you still enjoyed it.


text:
This week's Spoti-Good-Friday playlist featuring EMA, They Might Be Giants, Metronomy, 2562, Magnetic Man, Bon Iver and a few more for good measure. Click here to listen to it. Have a good easter, folks.
1. EMA - 'The Grey Ship'
So, I can't remember the last time we properly did a DiScover feature, but it returned this week with EMA, who has a video for her track 'California' as well as a cover of a Danzig song, which can be no bad thing at all. Read all about it yourself, though.
2. Times New Viking - '(My Head)'
It's curious that this whole song would be in (brackets) but curious is all that it is. Trio Times New Viking return with a new album next week, which is apparently a departure from all that lo-fi stuff which they've done so well over their career. Listen to Dancer Equired here and read our interview with the band here.
3. Beastie Boys - 'Three MCs and One DJ'
Now, I can't be the only person in the world who prefers the video version of this song to the album version. I've not discussed it at great length with anyone but by the law of averages I can't be the only person. The 3 MCs release their new record in the coming weeks and there was some muddle - which now appears to have been sorted - over their new video this week.
4. Bon Iver - 'Blood Bank'
It's been a while since Bon Iver released his debut record, to a great deal of critical acclaim, too. There was an EP in between that - from which this track is taken - and the new record, which comes out in June. He's done that thing of releasing a self-titled record after his debut, which was not self-titled. Anyway, here is the low-down on it.
5. 2562 - 'Redux'
The armchair dancefloor columns are coming in thick and fast, or so it seems. This new edition, penned by Rory Gibb, includes some stuff by 2562, amongst others. Others than include Kami-Sakunobe House Explosion, Rick Wilhite and many more.
6. tUnE-yArDs - 'Gangsta'
I reckon the second record in two years from Merrill Garbus could well be epoch defining. OK, perhaps not QUITE that significant but it should certainly feature high up in those end-of-year lists, because it is quite frankly several shades of wonderful. Read Dom Gourlay's 9/10 review of W H O K I L L here.
7. Cloud Control - 'Meditation Song #2 (Why, Oh Why)'
Speaking of Dom Gourlay, he also did this review of Cloud Control at Nottingham's Bodega Social Club. Read it here.
8. Magnetic Man - 'The Bug'
Who knew that you could take showers at Coachella? I mean, it makes total sense really, especially given that it gets to something like seven trillion degrees centigrade, but still. Our man in the desert was Mark Muldoon, who saw supergroup of-sorts Magnetic Man and a ton of other acts. Read his review.
9. Guillemots - 'Tigers'
Tigers is a fairly naff name for a song, don't you think? The song itself isn't so naff, though. Fyfe Dangerfield has been pretty busy this week. We interviewed him and we also reviewed Guillemots' new record from which this is taken.
10. Former Ghosts - 'Chin Up'
Did Former Ghosts take their name from Songs: Ohia's 'Cabwaylingo'? If anyone knows, do get back to us. That band (FG, not S:O) were included in the sixth edition of Drowned in Manchester, written by Matthew Britton. That was because they were mentioned.
11. Metronomy - 'The Look'
Awww, The English Riviera is a super, super record and 'The Look' was crowned Single of the Week with Wendy Roby describing it as a "a pristine pop song; there are the muted organs of a pier ballroom one minute and neat falsettos the next and it is as if Joseph Mount had a tiny fairground in the palm of his hand. And he decides when it will stop, and when it will go, and if your particular waltzer car deserves another exhilarating push."
12. They Might Be Giants - 'Birdhouse In Your Soul'
This song is about lights, basically. TMBG were added to Latitude around this time last week. Yes, it was last week. Not THIS week but. Read about that.
Click here to listen to this week's Spotifriday playlist and here to browse through our Spotify playlist archives.
Main photo by Georgia Kral


text:
RUSTENBURG, South Africa – For a brief moment, it looked like 2006 all over again.
But the US dug in after surrendering an early goal, took advantage of some atrocious England goalkeeping and lodged a heroic 1-1 draw against England in their World Cup opener on Saturday.
Clint Dempsey scored on a horrible blunder by Robert Green in the 40th minute, and the US played an inspired game, rode some timely goalkeeping by Tim Howard and bagged what amounts to a dream start to their World Cup campaign against the No. 8-ranked team in the world.
The Americans refused to hang their head, even after surrendering first. In the fourth minute, England caught the US napping on a throw-in by Glen Johnson. Frank Lampard threaded the ball to Emile Heskey, who made a perfect touch back to a streaking Steven Gerrard, who burned Ricardo Clark badly and slotted the ball under Tim Howard for a 1-0 England lead.
But that goal – for better or worse - brought the US to life. The Americans organized and kept moving the ball well. They had their first real chance in the 19th minute when Landon Donovan put a ball into the area that Jozy Altidore headed just wide.
And in the 40th minute, they got the break they needed. Dempsey spun away from Gerrard with some nice footwork and put low drive right at the keeper in the middle of the goal from roughly 25 yards out.
In easily the most profound image of three matches in South Africa on Saturday, Green went to put his body behind the shot, but the ball trickled away from him and over the line.
England had their chances to pull out an equalizer, but Howard came up big again and again. He put the clamps on Heskey on a breakaway in the 52nd minute, then denied Wayne Rooney and substitute Shaun Wright-Philips on successive attempts in the 76th minute.
The US had a great chance to go ahead in the 64th courtesy of Altidore, but his drive from up close was pushed off the post by Green.
The Americans held on in the dying minutes and held England's vaunted attack in check, and the well-earned point was a full team effort thanks to nearly flawless play. It's a monstrous confidence-booster for Bob Bradley's men when they take on Slovenia on June 18, and a marked difference from their 3-0 drubbing at the hands of the Czech Republic in their World Cup opener in 2006.
For England, it's another slow start at a World Cup, and this result will raise question marks all over the pitch. Rooney was largely invisible aside from a brief stretch in the second half, James Milner was hugely ineffective on the left flank and the keeper position remains a heart attack for coach Fabio Capello.
England: Green, Cole, King (Carragher 45'), Terry, Johnson, Milner (Wright-Philips 31'), Lampard, Gerrard, Lennon, Heskey (Crouch 79'), Rooney.
United States: Howard, Bocanegra, Onyewu, DeMerit, Cherundolo, Bradley, Clark, Donovan, Dempsey, Findley (Buddle 77'), Altidore (Holden 86').


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NOTICE: Many events listed here have been canceled or postponed due to the Covid-19 emergency. It is best to call ahead or check with organizer's websites to verify the status of any local event.
|Other Tour Dates (44)
|Dec 5
|Jonny Lang (Rescheduled from 1/10)
|Arcada Theatre Saint Charles, Illinois
|Jan 8
|Jonny Lang
|The Coach House San Juan Capistrano, California
|Jan 14
|Jonny Lang
|Blue Note Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii
|Jan 15
|Jonny Lang
|Blue Note Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii
|Jan 16
|Jonny Lang
|Blue Note Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii
|Jan 17
|Jonny Lang
|Blue Note Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii
|Jan 19
|Jonny Lang Tickets (Rescheduled from December 11, 2019 and June 23, 2020)
|Crest Theatre Sacramento, California
|Jan 20
|Jonny Lang Tickets (Rescheduled from June 25, 2020)
|Cornerstone Craft Beer & Live Music Berkeley, California
|Jan 21
|Jonny Lang (21+ Event) (Rescheduled from 6/24/2020)
|Mystic Theatre Petaluma, California
|Jan 27
|Jonny Lang
|Rogue Theatre Grants Pass, Oregon
|Jan 28
|Jonny Lang
|Revolution Hall Portland, Oregon
|Feb 6
|Jonny Lang
|IP Casino, Resort & Spa Biloxi, Mississippi
|Feb 8
|Jonny Lang (Rescheduled from 1/20/2020, 10/20/2020)
|Capitol Theatre Clearwater, Florida
|Feb 9
|Jonny Lang (Rescheduled from 1/21/2020, 10/21/2020)
|Capitol Theatre Clearwater, Florida
|Mar 3
|Jonny Lang (Rescheduled from 10/4/2020)
|Cain's Ballroom Tulsa, Oklahoma
Sixteen years ago, at the age of 16, Jonny Lang found incredible success with the release of his major label debut album Lie To Me. Fame does not seem to have impacted him from being the same country farm boy from Fargo, ND who got his start in the local clubs of Minneapolis. He survived the passage of youth to adulthood, fell in love, began a family, and in the process passed through the life lessons we all endure. He has a keen sense of what he aims to achieve creatively, what music means to him, and is focused on the impact that his songs bring to the lives of those that encounter his repertoire. For Lang, with the release of Fight For My Soul, he is entering a chapter wherein he has found his true voice.
When asked what he would tell his younger self if he was afforded the opportunity to share advise, he wisely answers, "I would say all of those voices steering you away from questionable decisions, listen to them. They are right." He has encountered many in the public eye through his career that approaches two decades. With those experiences, and the personality traits he has witnessed, he has a clarity of how he wants to be, and how he wants to treat others.
This sense of who he wants to be is the core of the album. Lang shares, "The inspiration for the songs on the record vary widely. Some are about personal struggles, some are focused on injustices I have seen. Some are random fictional stories that hopefully can relate to people in some way that is a blessing to them. I've wanted to make this album for a long time. Creatively, I think there is a lot more going on inside of me than I've been sharing on recordings."
The album defies categorization by a single genre. The textured arrangements, broad worldview, gorgeous vocal melodies, and expressive guitar playing are what defines Fight For My Soul. It is unequivocally what Lang aimed to achieve over the long period he has been working on reaching a realized vision. He offers, "Much of what I've experienced through music and life in general is in these songs. I really like reaching out and connecting with people. For me, this is what it's all about. It keeps it fresh with different experiences every day."
Lang has been working on the release for three years with Producer Tommy Sims, who co-wrote Eric Clapton's Grammy winning "Change the World." The duo collaborated on the project from the ground up. The first step was fine-tuning the soulful numbers Lang demo'd at home. He relates, "Sometimes I write music that I could never imagine putting on a record, and thanks to Tommy's ability to see the continuity in these songs, where I might not have, they are on the album". Sims also brought in one number, the acoustic-electric soul-rocker "Blew Up (The House)," and played several instruments the album that include resonator guitar on that tune, and contributing world class bass guitar performances on select others.
This grass roots approach was new to Lang, whose four earlier studio albums were written and crafted under the watch of his previous record labels. It was a welcome change. After Lang released his Grammy winning Turn Around in 2007, he made the decision to forego the major label route and became an independent artist. The first result was 2009's Live At the Ryman, but Fight For My Soul, by its nature, is his first fully realized artistic achievement through his own label SayRai Music, featuring his own touring band: drummer Barry Alexander, bassist James Anton, rhythm guitarist Akil Thompson, keyboardist Dwan Hill and background vocalist Missi Hale. "Recording with the band for the first time was really gratifying," says Lang. "They're all amazing musicians and we've grown together musically and personally by playing hundreds of live shows." This served us well in the making of Fight For My Soul. Because of them, I have grown musically in ways I never thought I could, and it really is an honor to have them on this record."
Lang's full touring schedule as well as making his family a priority in his life, are the primary cause for the length of commitment it took to deliver this album. He reflects, "Between being with my family, and being out on the road touring, the last thing you want to do when home is to go and make a record. We have had to pick our spots to fit in recording time. In the last year, we've been able to work on it more consistently, and to finally wrap this thing up." And with the delivery to label partners Mascot in Europe and Concord for North America, he achieved what he set out to deliver offering, "I'm really happy with the body of work we have for this one. It's kind of hard to be excited and know what the record was going to be like when the process is extended over such a long period of time. Today sitting here I am really proud of the recordings."
As an artist he has evolved since he began the writing process. The sound of that evolution is all over Fight For My Soul. "What You're Looking For" carefully layers banjo, guitars, spacey keyboards and a percussion sample to create a sonic dreamscape for its story of searching for life's essentials — faith, love, hope. The arrangement of "We Are the Same" evokes the freewheeling spirit of Motown's Psychedelic Shack era.
Lang has been on has brought him the opportunity to interact with some of the most respected legends in music. On the way up, he shared the stage with The Rolling Stones, B.B. King, Aerosmith, Sting, and Buddy Guy, who he continues to tour with today. As a 12-year-old, he began a journey in Fargo, ND that has brought him to points across the Globe, and as he looks on the upcoming near-term future, he shares, "With this album, I really look forward to bringing our music to people in places where I've never been before. Music is one of the greatest conveyers of ideas and emotions, and in a sense that doesn't have as much to do with the individual performing, but the power of the connection. One of my goals is the music can be a blessing to the people listening to it in some way. And if Fight For My Soul can help somebody by making them feel better or that they're not alone, that's my idea of success for this album."
All video content is provided by Youtube, and any questions, comments, or concerns regarding such content should be directed to Youtube


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Geospatial engineers are responsible for using geographic data that supports military/civilian operations for Disaster Relief and Homeland Security. They collect, analyze and distribute geospatial information to represent the terrain and its possible effects.
Job Duties
- Extract geographic data from satellite imagery, aerial photography and field reconnaissance
- Create geographic data and compile them into maps
- Help commanders visualize the battlefield
- Create and maintain multiple geospatial databases
- Prepare military-style briefs covering all aspects of the terrain
Those who want to serve must first take the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, a series of tests that helps you better understand your strengths and identify which Army jobs are best for you.
*This position requires enlistment into the United States Army*
Job training for a geospatial engineer requires 10 weeks of Basic Combat Training and 20 weeks of Advanced Individual Training. Part of this time is spent in the classroom and part in the field with on-the-job instructions, including on-the-job instruction for geographic information systems.
Some of the skills you'll learn are:
- Basic knowledge of Geographic Information Systems
- Geographic analysis
- Imagery interpretation and exploitation
Helpful Skills
- Interest in geography, maps and charts
- Ability to demonstrate basic computer skills and work with drafting equipment
- Conceptualize ideas into computer-generated 2-D/3-D geospatial products
- Preference in a technical career field
Required ASVAB Score(s)
Skilled Technical (ST): 100, General Technical (GT): 100
Learn more about the ASVAB and see what jobs you could qualify for.
Total compensation includes housing, medical, food, special pay, and vacation time. Learn more about total compensation.
Earn Cash For In Demand Jobs
You could earn up to $40,000 in cash bonuses just for enlisting under certain Military Occupational Specialties. Visit Jobs in Demand to see if this job qualifies for an enlistment bonus.
Education Benefits
In the Army, qualified students can earn full-tuition, merit-based scholarships, allowances for books and fees, plus an annual stipend for living expenses. Learn more about education benefits.
Future Civilian Careers
The skills you learn will help prepare you for a career as an engineer with the government or in the private sector.
PARTNERSHIP FOR YOUTH SUCCESS (PaYS) Program
Those interested in this job may be eligible for civilian employment, after the Army, by enrolling in the Army PaYS program. The PaYS program is a recruitment option that guarantees a job interview with military friendly employers that are looking for experienced and trained Veterans to join their organization. Find out more about the Army PaYS Program at http://www.armypays.com.
- AT&T, Inc.
- Hewlett-Packard Company
- Kraft Foods Global, Inc.
- Sears Holdings Corporation
- Time Customer Service, Inc.
- Walgreen Co.


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I have a created a music visualisation using Processing. I now want to convert that to a video, and the least obtrusive way I could think of is to record a screencast.
I figured exporting Processing to video including audio, from within Processing itself, on ubuntu seemed an unsolved issue. Very hard and also could cause timing sync issues (since the music keeps running while images are captured). So move on to the screencast method.
Dead-easy, I figured. But I was wrong. First hurdle was to find a way to record the sound from the audio (and not the mic).
I did find a tutorial for that here.
In short: use
gtk-recordmydesktop and
pulse audio.
- start PulseAudio
- start gtk-recordmydesktop, and set input from DEFAULT to pulse
- start recording
- see the Recording tab in PulseAudio, and selected Internal Audio (or Monitor)
This works if I record from e.g. my webbrowser playing a youtube movie. I see that appear in the PlayBack tab, and can then easily record it. But not for Processing. Processing is written in java. Processing does not use ALSA but uses the hardware devices directly to create the sounds. When the sound is playing, it does not appear in the Pulse Audio mixer.
How can I record the audio now?


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I Need A Huge Amount Of Money Mug
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Actual product may vary slightly in color or appearance from how it displays on your device.


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Colusa County, CA Type 41 Liquor License
We have available a California Type 41, Beer & Wine license, for Colusa County, CA. This license is intended for On-sale use.
The asking price is: $2,600
Boost the profit potential of your new restaurant with this type 41 beer and wine license and watch your bottom line boom!
ON SALE BEER & WINE – EATING PLACE – (Restaurant) Authorizes the sale of beer and wine for
consumption on or off the premises where sold. Distilled spirits may not be on the premises (except
brandy, rum, or liqueurs for use solely for cooking purposes). Must operate and maintain the licensed
premises as a bona fide eating place. Minors are allowed on the premises.
To inquire about this license, please call us today at 800-711-2114, or submit an online inquiry.
Important notes:
Please keep the following in mind when considering the licensing process.
- We act as agents in the finding and placing of licenses. We are not the licensee (the holder of the seller's license).
- Final availability and pricing of licenses is subject to buyer and seller negotiation.
- The advertised price includes agent fees. Escrow and transfer fees are extra.
- Because we do not control the actions of government agencies that issue the licenses and permits required for the sale of alcoholic beverages, we do not (and cannot) guarantee the successful transfer of any liquor license. Any expressions we make about the success of your project are our opinion only.


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GIRLS BASKETBALL: Torrington defeats Watertown 55-47
TORRINGTON >> Torrington High School's girls basketball team ended a 10-game Watertown undefeated streak, 55-47, featuring a first-half cake-walk that turned cliff walk in the second half.
The Red Raiders built a 29-12 lead by the half, then watched it shrink to four, 42-38, with five minutes left in the game.
"In the first half, we came out really strong. Everybody was sharing the ball," said Torrington guard Caroline Teti (10 points), who led the team back to composure in the game's final minutes.
The first half was a thing of beauty for Torrington fans.
"We had everything under control in the first half," said Torrington coach Mike Fritch.
From the Watertown side, it looked like chaos.
"We were disorganized. It looked like an early-season game," said Coach Ed Lopes.
Watertown's Gabby Rinaldi scored the game's first basket. Then Torrington (8-3) charged off on a 19-3 gallop to the end of the period. Paige Middleton (team-high 13 points) scored Torrington's first five points. Nicole Kozlak (12 points) took the next five. Middleton and Olivia Morrison (8 points) shared the next four. Then Mika Howard (7 points) closed it out with five, dancing to Torrington's 19-5 lead at the end of the quarter.
The Torrington symphony lost some passion in the second period, but the Raiders still led 24-8 before the Indians (10-1) hit double figures 1:39 before the half.
The Raiders led 29-12 with just four turnovers for the half. Torrington had it in control.
"When we went into the locker room, we knew they were going to change things," said Teti.
In the second half, the Indians pushed their zone defense out. More importantly, they managed to disguise it.
"They thought it was a 1-3-1. It was more of a matchup zone," said Coach Lopes.
"We lost our composure," said Teti. "We thought it was something else, so we called the wrong plays."
The more aggressive Indian zone caused six straight Torrington turnovers and a 12-2 run in the first four minutes of the third period. In a 15-8 Watertown third quarter, six of Torrington's points came on foul shots. Kozlak drove for the only Raider field goal.
"We should never have panicked that much," said Coach Fritch.
The Raiders had 13 turnovers in the second half compared to four in the first. Rebounds for the game were almost even, 26-24 Watertown, but the Indians wore out the boards with five put-back baskets on 14 offensive rebounds.
Three minutes into the final period, Watertown's Jamie Zoldy (team-high 10 points) buried a 3-pointer on the Indians' third chance in the possession.
The Indians were all the way back to a 42-38 deficit. Watertown footsteps echoed all over the Torrington gym.
Torringnton's Morrison got the next three points on foul shots, then Teti hit a crucial trey, pushing the lead back to 48-38, 4:26 left in the game.
This time, nobody relaxed.
Both teams laid out full-court pressure. Watertown's Julianna Rinaldi drove for a three-point play, 51-46 with 57 seconds left.
Middleton, Teti and Morrison combined for six foul shots in the closing seconds while Teti handled the ball, then made a final steal on defense. The Raiders were back from the edge of the cliff.
"We're proud of the way we came back in the second half, but we won't feel like we're in the elite crowd until we beat one of the traditionally elite teams like Torrington and Holy Cross," said Coach Lopes.
Friday, it was close long after it wasn't.


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What are Instrument cases?
Instrument cases are types of casing used typically to enclose and protect common electronic or electrical products.
How do they work?
By encasing your electrical goods or products inside the case, you will enclose it within the metal housing to protect it from physical damage and/or damage from contaminants such as dust, water or chemicals.
Features and benefits:
Heavy duty and light duty alternatives are available
Fully enclosed models offer waterproofing, ideal for tough outdoor scenarios
Fins on the sides will act as a heat sink (varies from model to model)
Non slip on certain models
Easily customised
High and low temperature ranges offer great availability in different environments
Ruggedness of the box offers high impact resistance
Where might I use one?
Outdoor LED power supply casing
Enclosed switches
Industrial camera housing
Desktop instrument casing
Printed circuit boards
Measurement/Monitoring process control equipment


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Despite the staggering number of media outlets dogging their every move, some celebrities still managed to shock the world with their quietly planned weddings, divorces and births in 2012.
Among the year's most surprising high-profile splits were those of lovey-dovey-looking red-carpet fixtures Katie Holmes and Tom Cruise, Heidi Klum and Seal, Amy Poehler and Will Arnett, and Jennie Garth and Peter Facinelli.
"Twilight" film franchise co-star Facinelli filed for divorce from "Beverly Hills, 90210" alum Garth in March after 11 years of marriage, citing "irreconcilable differences" as the cause for the split. The couple have three daughters -- Luca, 14, Lola, 9, and Fiona, 5.
Fashion model and TV personality Klum filed for divorce against Seal, her recording star husband of six years, in April, stating they had "grown apart." The parents of four children -- Leni, 7, Henry, 6, Johan, 5, and Lou, 2 -- were known for their public displays of affection and lavish vow renewals on each wedding anniversary.
Although former "Dawson's Creek" cutie Holmes and "Jack Reacher" hero Cruise were targets of breakup rumors almost immediately after Cruise announced their relationship while jumping on Oprah Winfrey's couch, the couple always spoke glowingly of each other in interviews and appeared happy in public.
However, Holmes filed for divorce in June after five years of marriage. She now lives in New York with her and Cruise's 6-year-old daughter, Suri. Neither side has publicly offered an explanation for the breakup, but speculation is Cruise's close association with the Church of Scientology drove a wedge between him and his third wife.
Comic couple Poehler and Arnett are keeping mum on why they decided to break up shortly after marking their ninth wedding anniversary in August. The "Up All Night" actor and "Parks and Recreation" funny lady have two preschool-age sons together.
Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson, who play star-crossed lovers in the "Twilight" movies, temporarily broke up this summer after four years of dating when Stewart admitted having a brief fling with Rupert Sanders, her married 41-year-old "Snow White and the Huntsman" director, in July. She and Pattinson reconciled later in the summer and are reportedly living together now.
Calling it quits for good this year were "Vegas" actor Dennis Quaid and his wife Kimberly, Broadway icon Ben Vereen and wife Nancy; "Survivor: Philippines" contestant and ex-"Facts of Life" star Lisa Whelchel and husband Steve Cauble, singer Stevie Wonder and wife Kai Millard Morris, "The Big Bang Theory" cast member Mayim Bialik and husband Michael Stone, and musician Kenny G and wife Lyndie Benson-Gorelick.
Headed to divorce court as well were "New Girl" actress Zooey Deschanel and rocker husband Ben Gibbard, comedian Martin Lawrence and wife Shamicka, and singer Sinead O'Connor and husband Barry Herridge.
Making happier headlines by getting married were "Magic Mike" star Matthew McConaughey and model Camila Alves, "Black Swan" Oscar winner Natalie Portman and dancer Benjamin Millepied, "Hitchcock" actress Jessica Biel and pop singer Justin Timberlake, "Gossip Girl" lead Blake Lively and "Green Lantern" hero Ryan Reynolds, and comedian David Cross and "Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants" actress Amber Tamblyn.
Also swapping vows in 2012 were reality TV personality Jack Osbourne and Lisa Stelly, singer Annie Lennox and Mitch Besser, "The Hangover" star Zach Galifianakis and Quinn Lundberg, actress Tichina Arnold and Rico Hines, "The Devil Wears Prada" scene-stealer Stanley Tucci and Felicity Blunt, musicians Wynonna Judd and Cactus Moser, and R&B idol Bobby Brown and Alicia Etheredge.
Perhaps the most closely watched engagements of the year are those of film stars Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie -- who have been together for seven years and have six children -- and Pitt's ex-wife, actress Jennifer Aniston and actor-screenwriter Justin Theroux, who confirmed their betrothal after about a year of dating. Neither couple has announced when their respective weddings are to take place.
Hopping on the celebrity baby bandwagon this year were birth-giving actresses Reese Witherspoon, Jennifer Garner, Megan Fox, Drew Barrymore, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Alyson Hannigan and Hilary Duff. Reality TV personality Tori Spelling gave birth in 2012 to her fourth child.
Singer Nick Lachey's current wife, Vanessa, and ex-spouse, Jessica Simpson, also both had babies this year. Simpson is wrapping up 2012 pregnant with her second child by her beau, former football player Eric Johnson.
Of all the adorable celebrity offspring born this year, the one who seemingly grabbed the most headlines was Blue Ivy Carter, born Jan. 7.
Thanks to media reports of the high-security, luxury suite in which she was born in a Manhattan hospital, as well as the cute snaps her famous parents posted online, the first child of rap mogul Jay-Z and Grammy Award-winning singer Beyonce is already a wee starlet in her own right.


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When it comes to shopping on a budget, the last place people usually recommend is Whole Foods.
But is it really that bad?
I decided to spend a few hours prowling the aisles at a downtown Manhattan location to find out if there are actually more deals to be found than people think.
Here's what I came up with:
Stay away from the meat counter. Whole Foods is not a carnivore's friend. Unless you want to spend $14.99 per pound on chicken cutlets , you'll want to buy your fresh meat elsewhere. We are sure that chicken was grass-fed, organic and perfectly pampered, but you could easily find a 6-pack of chicken breasts for somewhere around $10 elsewhere. The best deals may be found at the fish counter, where they offered up a great selection of sustainable options. Whole Foods offers Marine Stewardship Council-certified seafood, and marks most other items with sustainability ratings. I found some beautiful salmon for $5.99 per pound.
Shop local produce. Summertime is an excellent time time to find deals on produce, and Whole Foods often features harvests from locally-sourced farms that cost a lot less than other brands. Look for a red sign that says "local." It will likely be less expensive and you still get to enjoy summertime produce from your own backyard (kind of).
Buy in bulk. If you steer clear of prepackaged goods and head for bulk bins at Whole Foods, you'll save a bundle. Dried beans and herbs are a steal. For example, a pound of garbanzo beans might set you back $3 a can, but you could get a pound of dried beans for half that and three times as many servings.
Don't even bother with the beauty aisle. If you need to stock up on bath and beauty products, make the extra trip to your local drug store. Whole Foods doesn't carry a wide variety of brands and their prices are much higher. Shampoo and conditioner were $6.99 for a mid-size bottle. And a small tube of toothpaste was a whopping $5.99.
The frozen aisle is full of treasures. If you're looking for a steal, the frozen food aisle is where it's at at Whole Foods. You can easily buy lunch for a week for under $20. Craving comfort food? Try a chicken enchilada for $1.99, or an entire pizza for $5.99. For breakfast, pick up a box of pancakes or waffles for $2.49.
But it's not all junk food. The frozen section is great for fruits and vegetables, too. Frozen berries will run you between $2-3 and sliced peaches for $2.99 – a way sweeter deal than the fresh variety. Sweet potato fries are a great pair with burgers, and they only cost $3.69 per bag.
Look for their signature 365 Brand. Like most store brands, Whole Foods' 365 line of products is almost always cheaper than the competition. Cereal and cereal bars from the brand are $3.99 and $1.99, respectively. And if you don't want to cook tonight, try their prepared food bar. We came across a sweet deal on panini sandwiches, making them only $5.99. Skip the salad bar though and stock up on ingredients to make your own at home instead.
Stay connected for deals. Whole Foods does offer flash sales from time to time, so sign up for their Facebook page or Twitter to get updates. They also have discount fliers on hand at the entrance that come out twice a month.
The takeaway? OK. Maybe Whole Foods isn't as bad as everyone makes it out to be, but it is still a budget buster for low-income families. Carnivores won't find much in the way of deals, but we're willing to bet vegetarians and vegans do pretty well for themselves.
Join the conversation about this story »