text:
ACCENTS IN HEBREW:(Redirected from SEGOL.)
- Name.
- Sentence-Accent.
- Place of Word-Accent.
- Secondary Accent (
- Use of Hyphen.
- Place of Sentence-Accent.
- Determination of Accent.
- List of Accents.
- List of Accents.
- Accentuation Supposed to be of Divine Origin.
- Post-Talmudic Origin.
- Value in Bible Interpretation.
Symbols denoting vocal stresses on particular syllables in pronouncing words or sentences. 1. In every word we utter, one syllable is spoken with greater emphasis and clearer enunciation than the rest. About it, as the strongly stressed or accented element, the other unaccented, or rather less strongly accented, syllables are grouped. Thus, in the word "contradict" the last syllable is the bearer of the main accent; a weaker, secondary accent rests on the first, while the italicized intermediate syllable is unaccented. Similarly, in a sentence, some words are pronounced with marked distinctness, while others are spoken hastily, almost without a stop, and made to lean forward or backward, as the italicized words in "he is a man of the world"; "I knew it." Both the accent which belongs to every word in itself ("word-accent") and the one which indicates its rank in a sentence ("sentence-accent") are to be regarded as the vital force which welds disjointed speech-elements into harmonious sense-units. The stops become particularly noticeable when, in a larger complex of clauses, they serve to mark the limits of each clause and its relation to the others. Some pauses are bound to be made, on physical grounds, to take breath; it is nearly always so arranged that the logical pauses shall coincide with those intervals. In an ordinary page of English the word-accent is never indicated (as it is in Greek), nor do the signs of punctuation (. : ; ,) show all the stops which careful reading in accordance with sense (especially oratorical delivery or the forceful recitàl of a literary masterpiece) requires. In the Hebrew text of the Bible, on the contrary, is found an elaborate system of signs (notations of stresses, or Accents) by which the stronger as well as the weaker stresses belonging to syllables and words are marked, so that a reader who is acquainted with the use of the symbols may recite the sacred texts correctly and, in appearance at least, intelligently, without considering grammar or sense.Name.
2. The Hebrew (Aramaic) word
On the term "trop" (the same as the English "trope," in the sense of a musical cadence) used by the Jews in their vernaculars, see Berliner, "Beiträgezur hebräischen Grammatik in Talmud und Midrasch," p. 29, note 4, Berlin, 1879.Sentence-Accent.
3. All of the Hebrew Accents are properly "sentence-accents." Hence they vary in form (
Hebrew words have their main accent either on the last syllable (
Penultimate accentuation may also be due to recession (
Properly, the secondary accent is due upon the second syllable from the main accent, provided the intervening syllable is long, that is, open with a long vowel, closed with a short vowel, or opened, that is, originally closed, with a short vowel:
Distinct from the
Small words of frequent occurrence, as the mono-syllabic prepositions and conjunctions (
4. The verse (
The Song of Moses (Deut. xxxii.) is still arranged in this fashion in the
Elsewhere the Verse-Division is an arbitrary, though convenient, innovation which was not permitted to penetrate into the Scrolls (the sign, marking the end of a verse, must be kept out of them; see Soferim, iii. 7). The whole of the Bible was to be read according to a rhythmical swing which even in the poetical compositions is largely determined by sense. The traditional verse, as a glance at the English Bible will show, does not always coincide with our period; nor is it always of the same length. For purposes of accentuation each verse must be dealt with separately. The problem is invariably: given a verse, determine the accentuation. The leading principle of the system is halving (extended from the poetical portions to the rest of the Bible). Each verse is divided into two parts not necessarily equal; these parts are each divided into two other parts; this process is continued until an indivisible complex of words is reached. The greater pauses are regulated by sense. Frequently, however, the logical pause is sacrificed to rhetorical effect. A characteristic deviation from the accepted method of punctuation consists in passing over introductory clauses or phrases which are treated as a subordinate part of what follows; for example, "And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters" (Gen. i. 6). The lesser pauses obey the laws of syntactical construction, which are obviously various in different languages. The English sentence "And the earth was waste and void" properly reads in Hebrew: "And the earth—it was waste and void"; hence there will be a pause in Hebrew after "and the earth." The order of words differs also. Compare the very opening of the Bible in Hebrew and in English. Rhetorical effect makes itself felt in connection with the smaller no less than in the case of the greater pauses. Thus, for the sake of emphasis, the pause may be shifted from one place to another; or it may be introduced within a group of words which is properly indivisible. In general, greater latitude is permissible in dealing with the slighter pauses. Individual taste will there play an important part. Rhythm is another factor. A group must consist of more than two words to admit of a marked pause within it. When thus the stops have been properly distributed in a verse, our next task is to indicate both the presence and the absence of a pause by the corresponding signs (accents). The accents are either pausal (
- 1. The proper measure of a poetical verse is two short lines (a distich or couplet). Such is the form of an ordinary verse in Proverbs. The main cesura is then marked by
V01p152001.jpg. But frequently, as in Psalms, a verse will contain three short lines (a tristich or triplet; that is, rhythm is sacrificed to sense); or a verse may contain four short lines (a tetrastich or quatrain; that is, two rhythmical verses making one sense-verse); or a verse, not necessarily long, may be trisected purely for reasons of sense or for the sake of oratorical emphasis. The main cesura will then be marked by V01p152002.jpg(a stronger V01p152003.jpg), while V01p152004.jpgwill be reserved for the secondary cesura (that is, the one between V01p152005.jpgand V01p152006.jpg). In the diagram the three by no means coordinate sections of the verse are designated by the letters A, B, and C. In a short verse, therefore, drop A, and retain B and C. In a still shorter verse (one consisting of but one short line), drop A and B, and retain C. This principle applies equally to the smaller sections on the diagram (that is, those limited by a pausal accent), the beginning of which may be lopped off to suit varying lengths.There will be found V01p152007.jpgin the sixth word from V01p152008.jpgand farther; it will be replaced by V01p152009.jpgoccasionally in the fifth, and almost always in the fourth word; V01p152010.jpgis never used farther to the left V01p152011.jpgis replaced by V01p152012.jpgalways in the first, occasionally also in the second, word (see note 19).
- 2.
V01p152013.jpg(for V01p152014.jpg, V01p152015.jpg.
- 3. The main cesura in section A is marked by
V01p152016.jpg; when a second cesura becomes necessary, V01p152017.jpgis repeated. Observe, in general, that whenever an accent is repeated, the one farther to the left is the weaker. Between V01p152018.jpgand V01p152019.jpgthere must be no word (in which case V01p152020.jpgis called little V01p152021.jpg) or at least two words (then we have great V01p152022.jpg). Two V01p152023.jpgs must equally be separated by at least two words. When V01p152024.jpgbecomes impossible, V01p152025.jpgtakes its place. The shortest measure of section A is two words; a cesura is always required.
- 4. The servus of
V01p152026.jpgis V01p152027.jpg(or V01p152028.jpg, when properly the hyphen should be employed; or V01p152029.jpg, that is, with a V01p152030.jpg). This V01p152031.jpgmay occur in the same word with V01p152032.jpg(in place of the light V01p152033.jpg).Here V01p152034.jpg, "cutting off," "separating," is a line similar to the one used with V01p152035.jpgand V01p152036.jpg. It occurs (a) before or after the divine name "to prevent its being joined, in the reading, to a word which—in the opinion of the accentuators—it was not seemly to bring into contact with it"; (b) between two words of which the first ends in the same letter with which the second begins; (c) elsewhere, to mark an emphatic intonation. In all these cases, V01p152037.jpgintroduces a slight pause after a non-pausal accent.
- 5. In the section limited by great
V01p152038.jpg(great V01p152039.jpg's section), the main cesura is marked by V01p152040.jpg(rarely by V01p152041.jpg) and the secondary cesura by V01p152042.jpg. When only one cesura is required, it is marked by V01p152043.jpg(that is, the V01p152044.jpgsection is cut off); but V01p152045.jpgis found in exceptional cases, and necessarily, when two servi are introduced (see note 12). Sections of two words may and may not have a cesura. If required, it will, of course, be marked by V01p152046.jpg. The shortest measure is one word.
- 6. Great
V01p152047.jpgnever has more than one servus, which is V01p152048.jpg(exceptionally V01p152049.jpg; particularly when another V01p152050.jpgprecedes). When a pausal accent ( V01p152051.jpgor V01p152052.jpg) precedes, it is V01p152053.jpg, but V01p152054.jpgwhen an open syllable directly (that is, no V01p152055.jpgintervening) precedes the tone-syllable; these accents may appear in the same word with great V01p152056.jpgtaking the place of light V01p152057.jpg).
- 7. Sections of two words will occasionally have a cesura; it is omitted in the case of small words standing at the beginning of the section and accented on the first syllable, unless emphasis is desired. The cesura in little
V01p152058.jpg's section is marked by V01p152059.jpg. The shortest measure of little V01p152060.jpg's section is one word.
- 8. Little
V01p152061.jpgmay have two servi, V01p152062.jpg(or V01p152063.jpg); or one servus, V01p152064.jpg. The two servi ( V01p152065.jpg) appear occasionally in the same word (when the syllable immediately preceding the tone is open); but this rule is not always obeyed.
- 9. The cesura in
V01p152066.jpg's section is marked by the same accent, and is dependent upon the same conditions as the cesura in little V01p152067.jpg's section (see note 7). A secondary cesura is seldom required; the accent marking the main cesura will then be repeated. The shortest measure of V01p152068.jpg's section is one word.
- 10.
V01p152069.jpgmay have two servi, V01p152070.jpg(i.e., V01p152071.jpgwhen the tone falls on the second letter and farther; V01p152072.jpgwhen on the first); or one servus, V01p152073.jpg(it may appear instead of light V01p152074.jpgin the same word with V01p152075.jpg) (or V01p152076.jpg). In a few instances three servi are found: V01p152077.jpg.
- 11.
V01p152078.jpg, when a servus precedes; or when the tone falls on the third syllable or farther; in all other cases, V01p152079.jpg(the latter always between V01p152080.jpgand V01p152081.jpg).
- 12. There is no cesura in
V01p152082.jpg's section. Its shortest measure is one word. Except in two instances, V01p152083.jpghas never more than one servus, V01p152084.jpg, when the tone is on the first syllable (but in two instances in the place of the hyphen); or on the second when it is simple and the first syllable is a simple closed one without heavy V01p152085.jpgwhen the condition mentioned in note 6 is fulfilled; V01p152086.jpgin all other cases (but V01p152087.jpgin a few instances where the V01p152088.jpgor V01p152089.jpgpreceding the tone-syllable is abnormal). Two servi: V01p152090.jpgin the place of a hyphen.
- 13. The rules for the division of
V01p152091.jpg's section are the same as those laid down for great V01p152092.jpg(see note 5).
- 14.
V01p152093.jpghas properly only one servus, V01p152094.jpg, when the tone is on the first syllable; V01p152095.jpgwhen on any other syllable (but V01p152096.jpg; also V01p152097.jpgexceptionally in two places; in one of them two consecutive V01p152098.jpg's are found); always V01p152099.jpgwhen under a dageshed letter, except in three places, where V01p152100.jpgis found again. Exceptionally two servi are found: V01p152101.jpg; the first is properly in the place of a hyphen; once we find V01p152102.jpg, where again the first is in the place of a hyphen.
- 15. The main cesura in section B is marked by
V01p152103.jpg; for a second cesura, V01p152104.jpgwill be repeated; and so on. The V01p152105.jpgs may follow each other closely. Properly, between V01p152106.jpgand V01p152107.jpgat least two words should intervene. This must always be the case when V01p152108.jpgmarks a subordinate cesura; otherwise an interval of one word is frequently sufficient. When V01p152109.jpgbecomes impossible or undesirable, V01p152110.jpgtakes its place. The interval between V01p152111.jpgand V01p152112.jpgmust never exceed one word. V01p152113.jpgis frequently found in the second word from V01p152114.jpg. It is found in the first only when V01p152115.jpg's word is long; that is, when the tone-syllable therein is preceded by at least two syllables, or by one syllable, provided it is the bearer of a secondary accent (see § 3); otherwise V01p152116.jpggives way to a servus. The shortest measure of B is two words (except after V01p152117.jpg,when one word is sufficient). Sections of two words may and may not have a cesura.
- 16.
V01p153001.jpgshould properly never have more than one servus. In all cases where two or more servi are found the servus immediately preceding V01p153002.jpgis a substitute for V01p153003.jpg(see note 15). Three servi: V01p153004.jpg(but V01p153005.jpg, i.e., V01p153006.jpgwhen the tone is on the third syllable; or on the second syllable when the first syllable is overlong; V01p153007.jpgwhen the condition mentioned in note 6 is fulfilled; V01p153008.jpgin all other cases). In three instances V01p153009.jpgtakes the place of the middle servus; it is preceded by V01p153010.jpgand followed by V01p153011.jpg(when the tone is due on the first syllable) or by V01p153012.jpg(when the usual condition is fulfilled). Two servi: V01p153013.jpg(but V01p153014.jpg). One servus: V01p153015.jpgafter V01p153016.jpg(but V01p153017.jpg); V01p153018.jpgin all other cases. More than three servi are found in three instances: in one V01p153019.jpgoccupies the second place before V01p153020.jpg; in the others the multiplication of servi is due to the resolution of hyphenated words.
- 17. Theoretically,
V01p153022.jpgmarks the main, and V01p153023.jpgthe secondary cesura in V01p153024.jpg's section; but V01p153025.jpg's section is usually too short to require two cesuras. One expects V01p153026.jpgto be the accent where only one cesura is required. Such is frequently the case. But V01p153027.jpgis employed when the section in front of the cesura must itself be bisected, or when the pausal accent requires two servi before it (in either case V01p153028.jpgis out of the question; see note 12); sometimes (in three instances) for no apparent reason ( V01p153029.jpgand V01p153030.jpgare so nearly alike in pausal force that occasionally one is placed for the other). Between V01p153031.jpgand V01p153032.jpgthere must be at least one word. Otherwise V01p153033.jpggives way to a servus. The shortest measure of V01p153034.jpg's section is one word. Sections of two words, of course, have no cesura. The cesura fails likewise in the case of small words standing at the beginning of the section and accented on the first syllable, unless emphasis is desired. The foregoing rules remain in force, even when V01p153035.jpggives way to a servus (see note 15).
- 18.
V01p153036.jpgshould properly never have more than one servus: V01p153037.jpg(it may be found, instead of light V01p153038.jpg, in the same word with V01p153039.jpgonly when the syllable preceding the tone-syllable is overlong and has α or ō for its vowel). When two servi appear, the one adjoining V01p153040.jpg) is a substitute for V01p153041.jpg(see note 17), while the one farther to the left is V01p153042.jpg's servus (see note 12): V01p153043.jpg. Once three servi are found: V01p153044.jpg; V01p153045.jpgtakes the place of a hyphen.
- 19. The main cesura in section C is marked by
V01p153046.jpg; the secondary cesura by V01p153047.jpg. When only one cesura is required, V01p153048.jpgshould properly mark it. However, V01p153049.jpgis employed (the two accents are presumably regarded as of equal force; see, for a similar substitution, note 17). Between V01p153050.jpgand V01p153051.jpgthere must be at least one word. When V01p153052.jpgis due in the word immediately preceding V01p153053.jpg, it is replaced by a servus, V01p153054.jpg. Another servus, V01p153055.jpg, may be placed in the next preceding word. This necessitates a further change: V01p153056.jpg(marking the main cesura), which does not permit V01p153057.jpgimmediately after it, and is transformed into V01p153058.jpg. V01p153059.jpgmay be found in the word adjoining V01p153060.jpgonly when V01p153061.jpg's word is long; otherwise V01p153062.jpggives way to a servus. This may necessitate a further change: when the word adjoining V01p153063.jpgis itself short (that is, with only one syllable, which is not the bearer of a secondary accent, before the accented syllable); V01p153064.jpg, when due on the next preceding word, is replaced by V01p153065.jpg. The shortest measure of C is one word. But V01p153066.jpgdoes not permit V01p153067.jpgimmediately before it; the latter accent will then be replaced by V01p153068.jpg, the other accents remaining the same as before V01p153069.jpg. Sections of two words have a cesura, provided the last word is of sufficient length to permit V01p153070.jpgbefore it (see above).
- 20.
V01p153071.jpgshould properly never have more than one servus. In all cases where two or more servi are found, the servus immediately preceding V01p153072.jpgis a substitute for V01p153073.jpg(see note 19). Three servi: V01p153074.jpg, that is, V01p153075.jpgand V01p153076.jpgupon the same conditions as before V01p153077.jpg(see note 16); where V01p153078.jpgis used before V01p153079.jpgwill be employed here. Two servi: V01p153080.jpg; but V01p153081.jpgmay take the place of light V01p153082.jpgin the same word with V01p153083.jpg(provided that V01p153084.jpgdoes not precede; see note 19); in a few places the servi are altogether irregular. One servus: V01p153085.jpg(when the tone is on the first syllable; but V01p153086.jpg), V01p153087.jpg(when on any other syllable), or V01p153088.jpg(after V01p153089.jpg). In a few instances four servi are found.
- 21. There is no cesura in
V01p153090.jpg's section. Its shortest measure is one word. Except in a few instances, V01p153091.jpghas never more than two servi. Three servi: V01p153092.jpgor V01p153093.jpgaccording to the usual rule); in three passages: V01p153094.jpgand V01p153095.jpg. Two servi: V01p153096.jpg. One servus: V01p153097.jpg. The servi of V01p153098.jpgare the same as those of V01p153099.jpg.As an illustration of the application of the above diagram and rules to concrete cases, the first four verses of Psalm cx. are given above. The cesuras are indicated as in the diagram; the figures refer to the notes.
The verse from Ecclesiasticus quoted above would be accented as follows:
- 1. The verse may be of varying length. In a long verse
V01p154026.jpgmarks the main cesura. The two sections are designated in the diagram by the letters A and B. In a short verse drop A and retain B. The shortest measure of a verse is two words. The cesura never fails. V01p154027.jpg's proper place is in the fifth word from V01p154028.jpgand farther; when due in the fourth and farther to the left, it may be replaced by V01p154030.jpgor V01p154031.jpg(in accordance with the rules laid down for the position of those accents in note 2); the substitution is common in short verses; it necessarily takes place in verses of three or two words; in the first word before V01p154032.jpg(even in a long verse), V01p154033.jpgis rarely used (except in cases of a marked logical pause).
- 2. The main cesura in A is marked by
V01p154034.jpg; the second by V01p154035.jpg; for every following cesura V01p154036.jpgis repeated until the last is reached, which is marked by V01p154037.jpgBetween V01p154038.jpgand V01p154039.jpgat least three words must intervene; but the proper place is at a considerable distance from V01p154040.jpg. Between V01p154041.jpgand V01p154042.jpgthere must be at least one word. When V01p154043.jpg's word and the one adjoining it are both short the distance between V01p154044.jpgand V01p154045.jpgmust amount to two words. When V01p154046.jpgbecomes impossible V01p154047.jpgtakes its place. In a few instances where the two words immediately preceding V01p154048.jpgare very short, that is, mono-syllables, and properly subject to hyphenation, V01p154049.jpgis found in the third word; this is its utmost limit to the right. The shortest measure of A is one word. Sections of two words always have a cesura.
- 3.
V01p154050.jpg's servus is V01p154051.jpg(which is repeated in the few instances which call for a second servus; see note 2). In a few instances V01p154052.jpgis found in the same word with V01p154053.jpg; grammarians incorrectly call it a servus ( V01p154054.jpg"inclined").
- 4. The main cesura in
V01p154055.jpg's section is marked by V01p154056.jpg, which is repeated for every following cesura until the last is reached, which is marked by V01p154057.jpg. Between V01p154058.jpgand V01p154059.jpgthere must be at least one word. When V01p154060.jpg's word or the one adjoining is long, V01p154061.jpgis admissible in the second word, but is not necessary. When V01p154062.jpgbecomes impossible or undesirable, V01p154063.jpgtakes its place. V01p154064.jpgis comparatively rare in the third word; this is its utmost limit to the right. The shortest measure of V01p154065.jpg's section is two words. The cesura never fails. When only one word is available V01p154066.jpgtakes the place of V01p154067.jpg.
- 5. Between two
V01p154068.jpg's there must be at least three words. When the interval is shorter the one to the left is transformed into V01p154069.jpg; the change does not affect the V01p154070.jpgnext to the left, which always maintains its position, there being a sufficiently long interval between it and the V01p154071.jpgpreceding it. Between V01p154072.jpgand V01p154073.jpgor V01p154074.jpgthere must be at least two words; otherwise V01p154075.jpgis transformed into V01p154076.jpgor V01p154077.jpg. But V01p154078.jpgmay precede another V01p154079.jpg; this is the only case in which two V01p154080.jpg's may come together.
- 6.
V01p154081.jpgmay have one or two servi, both V01p154082.jpg's.
- 7. The main cesura in
V01p154083.jpg's section is marked by V01p154084.jpg, which is repeated for every following cesura until a point is reached when V01p154085.jpgis inadmissible or undesirable (see below); then it gives way to V01p154086.jpg; the next cesura is marked by V01p154087.jpg; then comes V01p154088.jpgwhich may be repeated. Between V01p154089.jpgand V01p154090.jpgthere must be at least four words. It is rarely found in the fourth word. It necessarily replaces there V01p154091.jpgwhen the next cesura is due immediately before V01p154092.jpgthen becomes unavailable (see below), and V01p154093.jpgtakes its place (that is, V01p154094.jpg's section is obliterated); the interval between V01p154095.jpgand V01p154096.jpgmust never exceed one word; otherwise V01p154097.jpgand V01p154098.jpg(the servus due in the second word before V01p154099.jpg; see note 13) would come together, and, on musical grounds, the two accents can not come together without a pausal accent between them. In a few instances V01p154100.jpgtakes the place of V01p154101.jpgin the fourth or third word for no apparent reason. Between V01p154102.jpgand V01p154103.jpgthere must be at least two words; it is found in the second only when the two next following words are both long; its utmost limit appears to be the fifth or sixth word (where it replaces V01p154104.jpgfor the main cesura). When V01p154105.jpgbecomes unavailable it gives way to V01p154106.jpg. Between the latter and V01p154107.jpgthere need be no interval; its utmost limit is the fourth word. Between V01p154108.jpgand V01p154109.jpgthere must be at least one word; it is found in the first only in the place of ( V01p154110.jpg(that is, V01p154111.jpg) when the latter sign is due before V01p154112.jpg(strangely enough, the notation remains the same); its utmost limit appears to be the third word. In a section consisting of only three words V01p154113.jpgmay take the place of V01p154114.jpgin the second word. The shortest measure of V01p154115.jpg's section is one word. Sections of two words may or may not have a cesura; the cesura is likely to occur when the last word is long, but it is not necessary even then. The cesura may be left out also in sections of three words provided it is due immediately before V01p154116.jpg.V01p154029.jpgIn the twenty-one books V01p154117.jpgis especially employed to mark a stop in long sections limited by V01p154118.jpg, or V01p154119.jpg, for the subdivision of which by means of pausal accents there exists no provision in the accentual system; or to mark a stop immediately before V01p154120.jpg, or V01p154121.jpgneither V01p154122.jpgnor V01p154123.jpgbeing available (see note 15)
- 8. (
V01p155001.jpgmay have one or two servi. Two servi: V01p155002.jpg. One servus: V01p155003.jpg. The latter is occasionally found in the same word with V01p155004.jpg, especially in order to indicate a compound word ( V01p155005.jpg, Eccl. iv. 10, for example).
- 9. There is no cesura in
V01p155006.jpg's section. Its shortest measure is one word. V01p155007.jpgmay have from one to six servi, all V01p155008.jpg's. V01p155009.jpgis found in sixteen instances; in every instance V01p155010.jpgmight have been used. V01p155011.jpgnever stands alone; it may have as many as six servi: V01p155012.jpgetc.
- 10. There is no cesura in
V01p155013.jpg's section. Its shortest measure is one word. V01p155014.jpgmay have from one to five servi, all V01p155015.jpg's. V01p155016.jpgand V01p155017.jpgare constantly interchanged, particularly where the former is subordinated to V01p155018.jpg(see note 11) or to the servus that takes the place of V01p155019.jpg(see note 15).
- 11.
V01p155020.jpg's section should properly be indivisible. But very often a division is introduced. The main cesura is then marked by V01p155021.jpg, and the second by V01p155022.jpg. Between V01p155023.jpgand V01p155024.jpgat least two words should properly intervene; the former is rarely found in the second word. Sometimes, when there are only two words in V01p155025.jpg's section, a cesura is introduced. Similarly, in a few very rare instances, V01p155026.jpg's section is bisected; V01p155027.jpgthen marks the cesura. The reason for the phenomena just mentioned is apparently the slight and almost imperceptible difference in pausal force between the three accents: V01p155028.jpg, and V01p155029.jpg. The shortest measure of V01p155030.jpg's section is one word.
- 12.
V01p155031.jpgwhen the accent is on the penultimate, or when V01p155032.jpgprecedes; V01p155033.jpgwhen the accent is on the ultimate, and V01p155034.jpgdoes not precede.
- 13.
V01p155035.jpgmay have from one to five servi, but V01p155036.jpgcan have only one. Three or more servi: V01p155037.jpg, etc. Two servi: V01p155038.jpg. One servus: V01p155039.jpg(when the accent is on the first letter of the word, this is the only servus V01p155040.jpgcan take), or V01p155041.jpg(when on any other letter). V01p155042.jpgmay take the place of light V01p155043.jpgin the same word with V01p155044.jpgwhen no other servus precedes (except when the V01p155045.jpgdivides V01p155046.jpgor V01p155047.jpg, or when V01p155048.jpgfollows, unless at the same time V01p155049.jpgprecedes).
- 14. There is no cesura in
V01p155050.jpg's section. Its shortest measure is one word. V01p155051.jpgmay have one or two servi: V01p155052.jpg.
- 15. The rules for the division of
V01p155053.jpg's, V01p155054.jpg's, and V01p155055.jpg's sections are nearly the same as those governing the division of V01p155056.jpg's section (see note 7). The following differences should be noted: V01p155057.jpg's section is seldom available (only three instances are recorded). V01p155058.jpgmay be found in the second word before V01p155059.jpg, etc., though not frequently, even when the two words next following are both short; its utmost limit appears to be the fifth word (where it replaces V01p155060.jpgfor the main cesura). In five passages V01p155061.jpgand V01p155062.jpgare found in the same word (second from V01p155063.jpg, etc.); there was evidently a difference of opinion among the accentuators; both accents are now chanted, V01p155064.jpgfirst. Between V01p155065.jpgand V01p155066.jpgthere must be at least one word (but see below); its regular utmost limit is the third word; it is found in the fourth only when the next following cesura is marked by V01p155067.jpg(see above), or when it and V01p155068.jpgchange places, as in Gen. i. 12; only in the latter case V01p155069.jpgmay be found in the fifth word (see Deut. xvii. 5); V01p155070.jpgand V01p155071.jpgmay also change places when the latter accent is due in the third word. When V01p155072.jpgbecomes unavailable it gives way to a servus, its own servi remaining; V01p155073.jpgmay remain when the last word is long. The section limited by V01p155074.jpg, etc., may contain no more than one word. Sections of two words may and may not have a cesura; a cesura is admissible when the latter of the two words is long and the interval between the tone-syllables considerable; but even then it is rarely introduced; the accent marking the cesura is V01p155075.jpg. The cesura may be left out occasionally also in sections of three words even when it is due at a sufficiently long distance (that is, after the first word of the section) to make V01p155076.jpgavailable.
- 16. When
V01p155077.jpgis due on the first letter of the word and no servus precedes, it is replaced by V01p155078.jpg.
- 17.
V01p155079.jpg, etc., may have as many as six servi. Four or more servi: V01p155080.jpg. Three servi: V01p155081.jpg. Two servi: V01p155082.jpg—that is, V01p155083.jpgwhen on the first letter, and V01p155084.jpgwhen elsewhere; the two servi may occasionally appear in the same word, the first replacing the light V01p155085.jpgor indicating the end of the first part in a compound word; V01p155086.jpgmay take the place of V01p155087.jpgbetween V01p155088.jpgand V01p155089.jpgwhen V01p155090.jpgoccurs in the latter's word, or when V01p155091.jpgprecedes. One servus: before V01p155092.jpg, that is, V01p155093.jpg, when two or more syllables intervene between the servus and V01p155094.jpgat the beginning of a word and furtive V01p155095.jpgcounting as syllables; V01p155096.jpgwhen only one syllable (even an overlong syllable) or none at all intervenes; V01p155097.jpgalways remains before V01p155098.jpg, provided no other servus precedes, may replace V01p155099.jpg(in the same word with V01p155100.jpg) when the latter is due in an overlong syllable (immediately before V01p155101.jpg); but not in an open syllable separated from V01p155102.jpgby another open syllable or by an incompletely reduced vowel ( V01p155103.jpg); before V01p155104.jpgthat is, V01p155105.jpg, when one or more syllables intervene between the servus and the tone-syllable of V01p155106.jpg's word, V01p155107.jpgat the beginning of a word and furtive V01p155108.jpgcounting as above; in a few compound words V01p155109.jpgappears in the same word with V01p155110.jpgwhen no syllable intervenes; V01p155111.jpgalways remains before V01p155112.jpg; before V01p155113.jpg.
- 18.
V01p155114.jpgwhen a servus precedes; otherwise V01p155115.jpgis used.
- 19. The rules for the division of
V01p155116.jpg's section are the same as those governing the division of V01p155117.jpg's section except that for V01p155118.jpgthere is used here V01p155119.jpg. The shortest measure of V01p155120.jpg's section is two words. Sections of two words may or may not have a cesura. The cesura always fails when the second word is short; when it is long a cesura must be introduced, unless the first word is very short, or is a word of frequent occurrence.
- 20.
V01p155121.jpgmay have one or two servi, both V01p155122.jpgs. V01p155123.jpgmay appear in the same word with V01p155124.jpg, provided that no second V01p155125.jpgprecedes, in place of light V01p155126.jpg(it must not divide V01p155127.jpgor V01p155128.jpg; see note 13), but not on the first letter; when V01p155129.jpgis inadmissible and the pausal accent preceding is not V01p155130.jpg(called here V01p155131.jpg, or a kind of V01p155132.jpg) is introduced in the place of the heavy V01p155133.jpg; when neither V01p155134.jpgnor V01p155135.jpgis admissible V01p155136.jpgis necessarily employed.
- 21. The rules for the division of
V01p155137.jpg's section are the same as those governing the division of V01p155138.jpg's section except that for V01p155139.jpgthere is used here V01p155140.jpg. The shortest measure of V01p155141.jpg's section is one word. Sections of two words may or may not have a cesura (a cesura may be introduced only when V01p155142.jpg's word is long).
- 22.
V01p155143.jpghas usually only one servus: V01p155144.jpg. It occasionally appears in the place of light V01p155145.jpg, or in compound words, in the same place with V01p155146.jpg. In fourteen instances V01p155147.jpgis preceded by two servi: V01p155148.jpg( V01p155149.jpgis properly a weakened V01p155150.jpgis V01p155151.jpg's servus).
- 23. The rules for the division of section B are the same as those governing A except that
V01p155152.jpgis not available here. The shortest measure of B is one word. Sections of two words always have a cesura.
- 24.
V01p155153.jpg's servus is V01p155154.jpg. In a few instances V01p155155.jpgis found in the same word with V01p155156.jpg; see note 3).
For the sake of illustration the Second Commandment(Ex. xx 3-6) is here subjoined (according to the
The use of a separate system for the three books requires an explanation. Luzzatto (in his "Prolegomeni ad Una Grammatica Ragionata della Lingua Ebraica," pp. 177 et seq.; letter to Baer appended to the latter's treatise,
A double accentuation is found in Gen. xxxv. 22 (one is intended for the verse ending at the Masoretic section; the other extends farther so as to slur over the uncomplimentary story concerning the misconduct of Reuben,
With the superlinear vocalization goes a system of superlinear accentuation. The signs for the pausal Accents differ; some of them represent the actual or modified initial letters of their names; they are placed invariably above the line. The signs for the non-pausal Accents are the same as in the ordinary system, and are infralinear. The system also aims at simplicity. Ambiguous signs are avoided;
5. The general belief of the Jews in the Middle Ages was that both the vocalization and accentuation originated with Ezra and the mythical Great Synagogue. Thus Ben Asher (
Ben Asher's opinion of the sacredness of the Accents was shared by the contemporaries of Saadia (892-942). This gaon was accused by his detractors of ascribing to himself the gift of prophecy because he had written a treatise in Biblical style with vowel-points and Accents. In his defense Saadia pointed to extracanonical writings (such as Sirach, Scroll of the Hasmoneans, and others) which were pointed and accented. While Saadia evidently does not assign to the accentuation special sacredness, he is nevertheless far from suspecting its recent origin; for, speaking of Sirach's book, he says that he (Sirach) furnished it with points and Accents (wj'alahu musammanan mut'aman). See Saadia's
6. The accentuation, like the vocalization, is certainly a post-Talmudic innovation. The treatise Soferim, in which for the first time reference is made to points marking the beginning (or, as it may be called, the end) of a verse (iii. 7), and possibly also to signs (points) by which the subdivisions of a verse are indicated, is post-Talmudic.
7. One is led to the same conclusion by an examination of the Syriac system of accentuation introduced at the end of the fifth century by the grammarian Joseph Huzaya (Wright, "A Short History of Syriac Literature," pp. 115 et seq., London, 1894), to which the Hebrew system bears a striking resemblance and from which it is apparently derived. The Syrians, apt disciples of the Greeks, adopted from the latter their method of reading, and accordingly also their system of punctuation. The Greeks distinguished three kinds of reading (ἀνάγνωσις): oratorical or dramatic delivery implying declamation and gesticulation (καθ ὑπόκρισιν); reading in accordance with the tone, that is, word-accent (κατἁ προσῳδίαν), and reading in accordance with pauses required by the sense (κατἁ διαστολήν). A single point (στιγμή), placed above or below or in the middle of the line, indicated the pauses; the upper point (τελεία στιγμή) at the end of a period complete in itself (αὐτοτελής), the lower point (ὑποστιγμή) between protasis and apodosis, and the middle point (μέση στιγμή) in a long sentence in order to permit the reader to take breath. Upon this modest system, which is found in our oldest Syriac manuscripts, Huzaya founded a more elaborate one to mark the subordinate divisions in a more regular and careful manner. The following diagram will illustrate the system (A means protasis, and B apodosis):
Compare with this the Hebrew (prose) system in its essential parts:
The point employed at the end the Syrians call påsoḳå, that is, "sector";
8. It is doubtful whether the vocalization and accentuation were introduced simultaneously. Perhaps the latter followed the former. Both became an object of care to the Masoretes, who, in addition to the task of preserving the traditional consonantal text intact, undertook to watch over the traditional vowel-points and accent-signs. Compare, for example, the Masoretic note to Jer. i. 7:
9. The accentuation offers an invaluable aid to the understanding of the Biblical text. One must, however, constantly bear in mind its limitations, which are of a twofold character. On the one hand, in attempting to accomplish too much, the system fails in important points. In short verses its pauses are unnecessary; in long verses there are not enough of them. Sense is not infrequently sacrificed to rhetorical effect. The imperfection of the system is particularly noticeable in the awkwardness with which a parenthesis is indicated (compare, for example, Jer. xx. 1). Nor is it always easy to tell just what the accentuators had in mind in choosing a certain mode of accentuation. While, for the finer points of Biblical exegesis, a knowledge of the Accents is indispensable, the beginner in the study of the Bible should not be burdened with learning more than a few of the important pausals, which are quite sufficient for ordinary purposes. On the other hand, the accentuation represents the interpretation current in the Jewish schools at a comparatively late period. While, on the whole, the accentuation endeavors to be true to the natural meaning (peshaṭ; which see) of the Biblical documents, it does not altogether keep itself free from dogmatic prejudices (see I Sam. iii. 3), which it indeed shares with the ancient versions. At best the accentuation is representative of traditional Jewish exegesis, which the student of the Bible is frequently forced to overrule. The rule laid down by Abraham ibn Ezra:
In Isa. xl. 3 there is a famous case where the accentuation (
The Accents in the ordinary editions of the Bible are frequently unreliable. Baer's and Ginsburg's Bible editions (where also important variants are noted) are indispensable to one interested in Biblical accentuation.
- The oldest rules on the subject of the Biblical Accents may be found in Ben Asher's treatise,
V01p158005.jpg V01p158006.jpg, edited by Baer and Strack, §§ 16-28, 30-35, 41, 42, 47, Leipsic, l879.
- A treatise falsely ascribed to Judah ben Bil'am (
V01p158007.jpg, ed. Mercerus, Paris, 1565) deals with the subject at greater length (the same treatise in Arabic may be found in Wickes, Poetical Accentuation, pp. 102 et seq.).
- In Ḥayyuj's
V01p158008.jpg(ed. Nutt, pp. 126-129, London, 1870) there is found a chapter on the Accents, which, however, was not written by the famous grammarian himself.
- Manuel du Lecteur is the name given by J. Derenbourg to a treatise on points of grammar and Masorah, edited by him (Paris, 1871) from a Yemen manuscript; it contains rules on the Accents.
- A useful compilation from the works of early Jewish writers on the prose Accents is Wolf Heidenheim's work,
V01p158009.jpg V01p158010.jpg, Rödelheim, 1808. A few other treatises are mentioned in Wickes. To Christian writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Bohlius, Wasmuth, Spitzner, and others) belongs the merit of formulating the principle of halving (see § 4).
- The paragraphs devoted to the subject in the current Hebrew grammars are more or less superficial (beginners will find the chapter on Accents in Driver's Hebrew Tenses, Oxford, 1892, very serviceable).
- An elaborate discussion is found only in the grammars of Luzzatto (§§ 69-164; compare also his Prolegomeni, 177-191), Ewald (§§ 95-100; Ewald rejects the principle of halving, in the place of which he puts his own principle of tripartition; the discussion is quite abstruse) and Olshausen (§§ 41-53; compare the diagram for the prose Accents on pp. 98 and 99, which resembles the diagram given above, § 4).
- Baer's treatise,
V01p158011.jpg, Rödelheim, 1853, deserves notice (compare also Baer in Delitzsch, Commentary on the Psalms, 1860).
- The most thorough works on Biblical accentuation (from which much of the material available for § 4 has been taken, with the necessary simplification) are the ones by William Wickes, Poetical Accentuation, Oxford, 1881;
- idem, Prose Accentuation, Oxford, 1887.
- Compare also Japhet,
V01p158012.jpg, Die Accente der Heiligen Schrift, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1896;
- König, Gedanke, Laut, und Accent als die Drei Factoren der Sprachbildung, Weimar, 1874;
- Grimme, Abriss der Biblisch-Hebräischen Metrik, in Z. D. M. G. li. 529 et seq., 683 et seq.; idem, Grundzüge der Hebräischen Accent-und Vokallehre, Freiburg (Switzerland), 1896;
- idem, Collectanea Friburgensia, fase. v.;
- Prætorius, Ueber den Rückweichenden Accent im Hebräischen, Halle-on-the-Saale, 1897;
- Ackermann, Das Hermeneutische Element der Biblischen Accentuation, Berlin, 1893;
- Nathan, Die Tonzeichen in der Bibel, in Programm der Talmud-Tora-Realschule, Hamburg, 1893;
- Friedlander, Die Beiden Systeme der Hebräischen Vokalund Accentzeichen, in Monatsschrift, xxxviii. 311 et seq.


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text:
New for 2016: Buick
After a decades-long hiatus, a drop-top convertible has rejoined the Buick lineup in the form of the 2016 Cascada. Offering seating for up to four passengers and drawing power from a turbocharged 4-cylinder engine, the Cascada aims to broaden the brand's appeal beyond models like the Regal, Verano, and LaCrosse sedans, all of which carry over into 2016 with only minor updates. Also returning for 2016 is the Encore small crossover, now available in more powerful Sport Touring guise, and the full-size 3-row Buick Enclave with its new bronze-accented Tuscan Edition.
Following is a list of new or updated features for each 2016 Buick model:


text:
The federal government's border fence plans in South Texas have been attacked by property owners, wildlife advocates and land conservationists. The next wave of opponents could come from the water — and they're carrying paddles.
Kayakers and canoeists will descend on the lower Rio Grande for events this fall aimed at raising the river's profile as a recreation hub and at drawing attention to the impact the border fence could have by blocking access to the river.
The Rio Grande forms Texas' 1,255-mile border with Mexico from El Paso to the Gulf of Mexico. But most of the river, with the notable exception of Big Bend National Park, is forgotten by the state's tens of thousands of recreational paddlers. Those who do use the river share the water with Border Patrol agents patrolling in bulletproof vests and with smugglers of drugs and people.
In a recent letter to Roma Mayor Rogelio Ybarra, the president of the Texas Rivers Protection Association expressed his support for a planned river festival and his concern about the border fence. But perhaps most telling was the clear illustration of how novel the idea of using the lower Rio Grande was even for people dedicated to the state's rivers.
"It has come to our attention recently that the Lower Rio Grande is indeed a safe and legal place to paddle, and that rights for all U.S. citizens to do so are guaranteed by the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo," association president Tom Goynes wrote. "It's ironic that we only learned that the resource was available to us as a result of the government's plans to take it away."
Los Caminos del Rio, a nonprofit group based in McAllen, recognizes that its Healthy Living Festival planned for Nov. 1 — to capitalize on any attention the border could receive before the national election three days later — is unlikely to affect the 85 miles of border fence slated for completion in Texas this year.
While not backing off its fence plans, the Border Patrol supports Los Caminos's efforts to get more people on the river.
"The more eyes we have out there, the better job we can do," said Dan Doty, spokesman for the local Border Patrol sector.
River recreation
For Los Caminos del Rio, more legal activity on the river — kayaking, canoeing, fishing — will discourage the illegal smuggling activity. Executive director Eric Ellman says Friends of Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge have been giving canoe tours for years without incident, and his own group has had hundreds on the river in the past couple years without problem.
Mexicans have a tradition of using the Rio Grande for recreation.
Already, anyone traveling the river is more likely to see people on the Mexican shoreline — fishing, swimming, boating. There are more public access points and someone has even opened a water skiing academy upriver from Mission on the Mexican side.
'I need to fight'
Aleida Flores Garcia is trying to get something going on the U.S. side as well, but the border fence could kill it.
She and her husband, Jorge Garcia, have been working on their property along the river in Los Ebanos for years. They've cleared brush, put in a park and built a boat ramp. They plan to build a large thatched pavilion and hold fishing tournaments and dances. Garcia recently incorporated her business as the La Paloma Ranch Retreat.
But the federal government has sent her a condemnation letter. The border fence is planned to run across her property, leaving most of it in the no man's land between the fence and river.
Garcia has a lawyer and is fighting the government, but other challenges have so far been unsuccessful.
"I need to fight for this little town," she said. "The nature itself is just too beautiful to be blocked by a wall."


text:
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Move More
A recent study at Indiana University showed that healthy adults who entered an exercise program with a partner were significantly more likely to stick to the program. Make a commitment to your partner and to your heart to exercise regularly. Challenge each other to see who can rack up the most miles, or pick a local race to train for and compete in, together.
Eat Better
The American Heart Association recommends eating at least 4.5 cups of fruits and vegetables a day. One of the best things about eating fruits and veggies is that you will be less hungry and less likely to splurge. For optimum heart health, try to eat these 10 foods every day: apples, avocado, bananas, blueberries, broccoli, carrots, kale, oranges, spinach and tomatoes.
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Sleep well
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Did you know that heart disease and oral health are linked? There are two different connections between heart disease and your oral health:
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text:
CLEVELAND - Browns wide receiver Davone Bess has posted a potentially incriminating photograph on his Twitter account that could jeopardize his future with the team — and possibly lead to NFL discipline.
Bess, who capped a disappointing first season with Cleveland by missing the final two games for personal reasons, posted a photo on Thursday morning on his Twitter page of a small package containing what appears to be marijuana. Some of the green-and-brown colored substance is out of the bag and on a table. The photo has since been deleted.
A Browns spokesman said the team "is aware of the photos and looking further into the situation, and will deal with the matter internally."
NFL spokesman Greg Aiello had no comment beyond saying the league was aware of the photo.
This is the second time a photo associated with Bess has brought him under scrutiny.
Last month, a photo posted on his Instagram account showed Bess sitting on an outdoor deck and lighting a cigar or possibly a marijuana joint while he sat next to a picture of reggae legend Bob Marley and with a Rastafarian flag draped around the wide receivers' shoulders.
The Browns traded for Bess on draft day last year, swapping picks with Miami to acquire the dependable slot receiver. Cleveland's front office immediately signed the 28-year-old to a three-year, $11.5 million contract extension through 2016. That deal includes $5.75 million guaranteed and Bess is scheduled to make $3.06 million in 2014.
Touted as a sure-handed receiver, Bess finished with career-lows in catches (42) and yards (362) for the Browns, who went 4-12 and fired coach Rob Chudzinski hours after the season finale against Pittsburgh. Bess also hurt the Browns with several drops and he muffed a punt in Kansas City that snuffed out a possible upset of the then-unbeaten Chiefs.
When Bess didn't appear at practice on Dec. 19, Chudzinski said the player was dealing with "a personal matter." Two days later, the Browns placed Bess on the reserve/non-football illness list, citing personal reasons.
The likable Bess was always accessible to the media during the regular season and willing to discuss not only his struggles but the team's as well.
Bess spent five seasons with the Dolphins. He caught at least 51 passes each year and had his best season in 2010, when he had 79 receptions for 820 yards and five touchdowns.
AP NFL website: www.pro32.ap.org


text:
How To Exclude A Folder From Auto-Check Or How To Set A "Source" Folder
This information applies to:
Fast Duplicate File Finder
Visual Similarity Duplicate Image Finder
Audio Dedupe
The auto-check feature in the duplicate file finder tools automatically selects all except one duplicate file in each group for move/delete. The feature selects the files based on the defined settings like the oldest/newest, largest/smallest files, ones with lower resolutions for images or lower quality for audio files and so on, but sometimes it is necessary to preserve the files in certain "source" folders and exclude them from the selection. That is quite easy by ticking a check-box in front of the folder name in the folders list.
In the folders list tick the 'Disable Automark For This Folder' checkbox for the corresponding folder.
A related article can be found here: Compare Folders For Duplicates – How To Compare "Source" And "Target" Folders


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Not much action to report ahead of the FOMC whipsaw to come at 12:30 Eastern… so, while we wait to be manipulated by that group of narcissists the dollar is slightly higher, bonds are higher, oil is higher, gold is passing $1,550 again to the upside, silver is also higher, and food commodities are mixed.
Yesterday Existing Home Sales reportedly fell from 5.05 million to only 4.81 million. Hello, it's springtime, sales are supposed to be rising, not falling… and this is yet another depression era print with home sales down, get this, 15.3% year over year. Not to worry, the National Association of Realtors thinks this is the bottom… just like the last 50 times they thought it was the bottom:
The housing slide deepens with existing home sales falling 3.8 percent in May to a 4.81 million annual rate. The year-on-year rate deepens to minus 15.3 percent from April's minus 13.8 percent. Supply on the market, at 3.72 million, is falling but not enough relative to the decline in sales as months supply rose to 9.3 months vs April's 9.0 months.
The glass half full shows a rise in prices, up 3.4 percent for the median to $166,500 and up 2.0 percent for the average to $214,400. But the heavy supply doesn't point to much pricing power in the months ahead. Another plus is that sales of single-family homes, the central component in the report, fell at a slower rate of minus 3.2 percent vs minus 8.1 percent for the much smaller condo category. Also, heavy weather may have played a role as the month's contraction is deepest in the Midwest.
The National Association of Realtors is definitely looking at the bright side and is actually spilling the beans on next week's pending home sales data saying the report, though based on incomplete data, will show "solid gains." The NAR believes, and hopefully they're right, that May will prove to be the year's bottom for the housing sector. New home sales, which had been especially weak though improving in the last couple of reports, will be posted on Thursday.
NAR is another great example of a conflicted special interest who has no business reporting on important economic data pertaining to their own industry. They have already been caught red handed manipulating sales data to make the market appear better than it actually is, but of course the special interests have the money and thus nothing has changed because they have captured our government and regulators.
Here it is almost July, and we are getting close to the peak in Option-Arm resets – in fact the peak is just a couple months away:
My take is that a bottom in housing prices is no longer that far away… they now could bottom within the next year to 18 months. Remember who it is that is saying that. No, the impossible math of debt has not been fixed, and until it is the market will have difficulty moving forward, but a significant weight is about to be lifted so the next round of QE may actually produce house price inflation – I would not bet against it.
While I'm not waiving the "All Clear" flag yet by any means, I am saying that with this next wave of deflation that buying real estate into the fear this time will be appropriate… as long as it pencils out. It's really only appropriate to own income producing property and enough to live comfortably and safely upon. Otherwise real estate should not be considered an "investment" as it is actually a liability that requires cash out of your pocket. I will say this, that here in the northwest it is still very difficult to get rental property to number out, and it absolutely must before I would consider owning more.
The corrupt and hypocritical Mortgage Banker's Association, another fine special interest group, says that Purchase Applications fell 2.8% this week, while Refinancing Applications fell 7.2%. While a 7%+ move in one week is still completely unbelievable, it is only half of last week's move. I personally cannot believe we let clowns such as the MBA utter a single word about the economy in public – completely corrupt, but here's the "data:"
The number of mortgage applications fell in the June 17 week cutting into but not reversing very strong gains in the prior week. The index tracking purchase applications fell 2.8 percent with refinancing applications down 7.2 percent, which in combination pulled the composite index down 5.9 percent. Behind the pull back, at least in part, are the week's slightly higher rates, at 4.57 percent for 30-year loans for a six basis point rise in the week.
Whatever… see the Option-Arm chart above.
The FHFA House Price Index will be released at 10 Eastern this morning and will be reported inside of our Daily Thread.
Question? Who is the dumb one? The "Fed" clowns who are never right and manipulate the globe, or those who wait to parse and hang on their every ill conceived word? And, if a dollar falls in the forest, how much harder will you have to work to afford a pitchfork? Thoughts to ponder…


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New Study Shows Dietary Supplement Industry Contributes More than $60 Billion to National Economy
Industry impact is nearly triple U.S. consumer sales
A new study funded by the Natural Products Foundation has found the total economic contribution of the dietary supplement industry to the U.S. economy is more than three times annual consumer sales, or $61 billion dollars per year. The study also showed that the dietary supplement industry has enough activity throughout production and sales to support more than 450,000 jobs, while industry concerns paid more than $10 billion dollars in taxes in 2006.
Most industry assessments primarily focus on sales, but this is really just the tip of the iceberg, said Tracy Taylor executive director of the Natural Products Foundation. The labor, materials, and technology necessary to move each product from a raw material to the final sale cause a whole spectrum of economic consequences.
The Economic Impact Report, completed by Dobson | DaVanzo, a Washington D.C.-based economic research firm, is the first to quantify the dietary supplement industry's overall financial impact on the national economy by considering such contributing factors as supply, production, research, direct employment, manufacturing, taxes, and the extended financial effects these factors produce.
By expanding the study's analysis beyond the industrys most basic financial impact of more than $20 billion in consumer sales annually, researchers were able to provide a more complete economic picture, charting the widespread effects that dietary supplement-related transactions have on other, complementary industries.
Not only does the dietary supplement industry represent an important and growing component of the U.S. economy, it is interconnected in essential ways with many other industries," write the study's authors. "For example, the dietary supplement industry contributes to output (or spending) in other industries, such as retail and wholesale trade; real estate, rental and leasing; finance and insurance; professional, scientific, and technical services; and manufacturing."
The dietary supplement industry's influence is expanding, with the entire industry growing at a rate that exceeds the rate of inflation. While health care providers are often given a market basket increase to account for medical and other inflation, usually between two and three percent, the dietary supplement industry is steadily growing at a rate greater than five percent per year. As the core sales of the dietary supplement industry grow, so too does its extended effects on the economy, providing sustainable jobs, manufacturing infrastructure, and health care benefits by way of prevention.
The dietary supplement industry is a significant economic engine that powers businesses in communities in every state across the country, says Taylor. And the fact that the industry has been growing steadily at a rate that exceeds inflation for more than 10 years, even in unstable economic times, bodes well for the future.
Economic Impact Study - Summary (PDF - 156kb)
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A Hollywood proposal to block DVR recording capability on some cable-distributed movies has been met with alarm by NATO—that is, the National Association of Theater Owners. The trade association's Vice President told the Federal Communications Commission yesterday that the idea, floated by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), could have "a devastating effect," causing "the destruction of neighborhood movie theaters across the country."
"While NATO and its member companies generally support their studio partners on measures designed to protect intellectual property," G. Kendrick Macdowell wrote to the FCC, "it is not yet clear to us whether the underlying business model driving this IP-protection effort is in the public interest."
Collapsed distribution
As Ars Technica has reported, on Friday June 6th the FCC granted MPAA an expedited proceeding on whether to allow the big studios to cut deals with multichannel video programming distributors in which some relatively early run movies would stream without recording capability. The technology that does this, called Selectable Output Control (SOC), is already in place, but the FCC restricts its use. The MPAA has asked for a waiver on that restriction in the case of high-definition movies broadcast prior to their release as DVDs.
The law firm of Akin Gump, home to former FCC Commissioner Kathleen Q. Abernathy, is handling the case for the MPAA. The movie studio lobby asked for the comment cycle in early May and got one in less than a month. It's a short proceeding too—comments and oppositions are due on June 25th; replies can be made through July 7th.
NATO represents over 600 movie theater companies that collectively run about 30,000 movie screens across the United States. The group's filing tries to be diplomatic about the MPAA's proposal, but what stands out in the comment is fear. "The American cinema industry certainly does not appear to have been in the Commission's contemplation when crafting either the underlying rule or the standards and procedures for obtaining a waiver," NATO writes, adding that the proposal contains the "alarming threat of collapsed distribution windows."
NATO asks the FCC to extend the comment period of this proceeding from its present length of 20 days to 45. But the trade group's filing also wants to know why MPAA is in such a hurry, and why the FCC accommodated its rush request. The group's statement expresses puzzlement at the studio's sudden need for swift action on this matter. The filing cites announced plans for early TV release of high definition movies that go back to 2006. "The argument for such swiftness appears abandoned long ago," NATO writes.
According to Macdowell's letter, NATO also contacted MPAA and asked the latter to support its request for more time. "Unfortunately, the MPAA refused," NATO discloses, "and stated that its previous request for expedited consideration made it impossible for it to consent to any more time for comments."
The movie theater association concludes by asking for more time "to carve out more common ground than the [MPAA] petition by itself. If further dialogue clarifies the business model, then NATO, and by extension the Commission, will benefit from either more precise comments in opposition, or less opposition altogether," Macdowell's filing concludes.
Meanwhile the MPAA is wasting no time in pressing its case before the Commission. On Monday two MPAA representatives met with a rep for FCC Commissioner Michael Copps. They asked for the SOC waiver "to facilitate the creation of a discrete distribution window to enable the introduction of new high-definition services to consumers." MPAA is pushing this proposal on behalf of Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures, Twentieth Century Fox, Universal City Studios, Walt Disney Studios, and Warner Brothers.
But you have been writing to the FCC as well. Since Ars Technica posted the link to and instructions for the Commission's public comment form (see below), Ars readers and others have submitted almost 500 statements to the agency. Most have opposed the MPAA's proposal; a few support it.
Further reading
- NATO's Request for an Extension of Time to the FCC
- File a comment with the FCC on this issue here. The docket number for field #1 ("proceeding") is 08-82.


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LEHI, Utah – The Rocky Mountain rivalry resumes on Saturday night in Commerce City, Colo., at Dick's Sporting Goods Park, and the Rapids own a two-game advantage (8-6-5) all-time in a series that stretches back to the 2005 season.
However, Real Salt Lake have had the last laugh over the last three seasons as they've managed to knock their West foes out of the playoffs in the final game of each of the last three seasons.
"It's going to be a really high-spirited affair," RSL head coach Jason Kreis said. "Both teams don't have a lot of love lost for each other."
Interestingly, Kyle Beckerman has been on the winning side of the battle for all five years it has been around.
WATCH: RSL Insider previews Rocky Mountain Cup
Beckerman has been perhaps the central figure of this rivalry. He was traded from Colorado to Salt Lake in 2007 for midfielder Mehdi Ballouchy in what many fans view as the most important trade in the history of the team.
He has played in 18 of the 19 Rocky Mountain Cup matches and holds a 10-4-4 personal record.
Beckerman's career has flourished with RSL, whereas at Colorado, he often found himself in the shadow of US national team holding midfielder Pablo Mastroeni. But he is just one of three current RSL players that have ties to the Rapids.
[inline_node:321092]Central defender Nat Borchers, a Colorado native, played for the Rapids before heading off to Europe for a couple of years in 2006. Upon coming back to MLS, he made contact with Real Salt Lake largely because of a relationship he had with RSL assistant Robin Fraser, whom he played alongside in Colorado.
Chris Wingert left Colorado for RSL in 2007 after seeing only 16 appearances during his two seasons with the Rapids, but has found a home in Salt Lake where there was a void at fullback.
This version of the Rocky Mountain season finale will not feature a playoff berth on the line. Instead, this one is about playoff seeding, with Real Salt Lake vying for both the top spot in the West and the league's Supporters' Shield. RSL trail the Galaxy, who play Sunday, by a single point in the standings but hold a superior goal difference and will clinch the Shield should the two sides finish the regular season level.
Colorado will be loioking to move up the ladder from their current eighth spot; they could potentially move all the way up to sixth.
"It's an extremely good rivalry in this league, and so I think it's going to be a physical affair," Kreis said. "I think both teams are going to throw things at it to win. I don't think either team's going to be content with a draw."
Ready to Launch: MLS Matchday 2010, The new official MLS iPhone app. It's FREE! Download it here!


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Oct-30-08 Governor Corzine, DCA and DOE Recognize Fire Prevention Month
Governor Corzine, DCA and DOE Recognize Fire Prevention Month
Review Fire Safety Information & Video With Students
BAYONNE, N.J. – As part of National Fire Prevention Month, Governor Jon S. Corzine, Department of Community Affairs (DCA) Commissioner Joseph Doria, Department of Education (DOE) Commissioner Lucille E. Davy and the New Jersey Fireman's Benevolent Association today discussed a fire safety education awareness campaign geared toward middle and high school age students. This included viewing of the fire safety video "Fire Is…" for sixth through eighth grade students at the Horace Mann School in Bayonne.
"Fire Safety Education is paramount to preventing unnecessary tragedies from occurring," said Governor Corzine. "It is critical that our children are aware of what to do in a fire emergency and this new program provides students with a new learning tool and a heightened sense of awareness."
The DVD, "Fire Is…," is an effort to change fire safety education in all school districts from an exercise that in the past has been superficial and entertaining to a focused, organized program that is educational, serious and age appropriate. This video was produced and written by Dr. Frank Field.
"This video is a powerful educational tool that provides a straight-talking fire safety message to the young and old alike," said Commissioner Doria. "Fire Is…" is the best public fire education tool available. Its message is extremely effective and will save lives."
The NJFMBA is providing this video on its website, in English and Spanish, to all New Jersey school districts and it is recommended for grade 5 and older students. The video can be accessed online at www.njfmba.org. As the NJFMBA website fills the screen, users can click on the "Fire Is…" video icon in the left margin of the screen. Schools can download any one of five segments of this video by clicking the appropriate title at the bottom of the screen. Each segment is divided into two parts, each of which is approximately 8-9 minutes in length. The segments are: "Fire is Black," "Fire is Hot," "Fire is Smoke and Gas," "Fire is Fast" and "Fire is Emergency."
It is anticipated that local fire departments and school administrations across the state will use this video as a training tool, not just in the month of October, but all through the school year.
"We at DOE believe that every middle school student in New Jersey should see this important video," said Commissioner Davy. "Lives could depend upon what they learn from it, and we are proud to partner with DCA and the NJFMBA in getting that message out to school districts."


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You'll be able to get your mitts on the gorgeous Nokia Lumia 900 in March according to a newsletter published on the Nokia Developer website.
When we first saw the new, bigger, LTE-ready Windows phone last week at CES, we only knew it would be available "in the coming months" on AT&T. Now we've got a more specific date to get excited about. [Nokia Developer via eWeek]


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Millennials, defined as those born between 1980 and 2000, are stereotypically characterised by their vast student debts, lower salaries and hipster indifference. However, they're also dubbed 'Generation Rent', and are accustomed to being written off as unlikely property investors. This is largely at odds with their predecessors – Generation X and the Baby Boomers. Yet recent figures refute the convention that millennials are not interested in homeownership. With new statistics surfacing, we decided to investigate the current state of play in the property market.
There are 80 million millennials in the US alone. Over a lifetime, their collective buying power is forecast to reach £10 trillion. Additionally, the financial burdens of Generation Y, as this group is also known, are considerably lower than commonly perceived. Millennials owe less than Generation X's $28,000 per person on student loans, with an average debt of $25,000. The National Association of Realtors also found that they led the property market in 2015, with a 35% share in purchases. A Royal Bank of Scotland survey, by contrast, found that 47% of Generation Rent feel trapped in a cycle of long-term letting in the UK, while 69% said they will need another five years to save for a deposit on a house.
Choosing to move out
Millennials tend to rent in urban areas in the US. Yet when it comes to buying, they're moving to the suburbs. Properties tend to be less expensive outside of the larger cities, where just 17% of Generation Y bought homes in the last year, according to the National Association of Realtors. The trend reflects the demographic's desire for additional space, in part explaining why the group is searching for older, single-family properties.
Alternative thinking
Compared to the Baby Boomers, millennials are delaying marriage and parenthood by up to a decade, allowing them time to strengthen their careers – and earning power. This generation are also far more flexible than their older counterparts and aren't necessarily aiming to purchase their 'forever home' when they sign up for their first mortgage. They're ready to switch and change when needed; they don't expect a job for life, nor do they view a home in the same way.
The decision to rent
A sizeable proportion of millennials continue to reside in metropolitan areas, favouring the convenience and recreational opportunities city life brings. A Nielsen survey found that 62% of millennials "prefer to live in dense, diverse urban villages where social interaction is just outside their front doors". In order to afford this lifestyle, Generation Y has no choice but to rent.
However, there are other factors at play. The necessary upkeep, as well as having to shoulder the responsibility of selling, discourages a number of millennials from owning a house. Those who saw their parents struggle with repayments or repossession during the economic downturn of 2007 to 2009 may also be wary of purchasing a property. Rents are steadily rising, however, meaning an increasing lack of security may encourage more millennials to buy homes.
At Engel & Völkers we're well placed to assist millennial homebuyers aiming to rent or purchase a property. Understanding the needs of our customers is at the core of our business, and with agents in 36 countries, we can help members of Generation Y across the world make informed decisions.


text: Black Flag was an American punk rock band formed in 1976 in Hermosa Beach, California. The band was established largely as the brainchild of Greg Ginn: the guitarist, primary songwriter and sole continuous member through multiple personnel changes. They are widely considered to be one of the first hardcore punk bands.


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So, I finally finished my writing project and started drawing names for winners in various places and got a late entry here. SOOOOOOOOOOOOOO I decided to go ahead and draw before I forgot! 😀
The winner is… MARY!
zip me an email Mary and let me know if you'd like this on Kindle, Nook, Kobo, or if you're "old school" and like a nice paperback in your hands. 🙂 firstname.lastname@example.com


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Last weekend was our third anniversary, and we celebrated by going away for the weekend. Every year so far, we have stayed at the luxurious Brown Palace Hotel in downtown Denver, and I could never get bored staying there! It will always be my favourite hotel. But this year we decided to do something different and so Rich made us weekend reservations at the Stanley Hotel up in Estes Park.
The hotel is rich in history and we really enjoyed the (ghost) tour we took before checking in. Mr. Stanley was a famous Easterner who came to Colorado for his health and ended up being responsible for really developing the town and area around it in order to build and support his hotel. The hotel was elegant and used the Stanley Steamer cars to pick up their guests in Longmont or Lyons, as the train didn't go to Estes Park.
The Stanleys are best known for their Stanley Steamers, steam cars, but Mr. Stanley and his brother made their fortune back east. Here is a blurb I found on "Infoplease" that briefly explains their story:
"Francis and his twin brother Freelan formed the Stanley Dry Plate Company in 1883 to manufacture dry plates for the photographic process invented by Francis. They sold the company to Eastman Kodak in 1905, as their interest had turned to steam-powered automobiles. They had invented the "Stanley Steamer" in 1896, the first steam motorcar in New England, and formed the Stanley Motor Company to manufacture them. Francis served as president of the firm. The pair actively competed in auto races, pitting their steam power against gasoline-fueled engines and often winning. Using one of their steam cars, they set a world record in 1906 for fastest mile, 28.2 seconds (or 127 mph [205 kph]). The brothers sold the business in 1918, having manufactured more than 10,000 "Steamers." Francis died from injuries sustained in an automobile accident that same year.
Freelan, or F.O. was the Stanley brother that built the hotel.
Now there is more to the hotel- and what it is known best for now- ghosts. The hotel is said to be haunted by both Mr. & Mrs. Stanley, the swindler of a man they bought the property from, Lord Dunravin, and a maid who hangs around room 217. Stephen King stayed at the Stanley back in the early 70's and reportedly had so many spectral experiences, it inspired him to write "The Shining". The original movie was not shot there, but the miniseries that was filmed in the 90's was filmed at the hotel.
Part of the movie "Dumb and Dumber" was filmed here too. Jim Carey had room 217 for a night- but apparently came down in the middle of the night, asking the desk to make him reservations at the Holiday Inn- and then he waited outside for the car to get him... he has never publicly said what happened to him in that room... hmmmm....
I am no ghost hunter and am pretty sceptical about the whole supernatural thing, but I did keep hearing a music box playing and I could never tell where it was coming from. Our room was over the music room and we heard lots of piano and cello-playing as there was a wedding both Saturday and Sunday- but the music box sound was sometimes over top of that and I could only hear it in our room, no where else... (play Twilight Zone music... lol)
Anyway, here are a few photos. It's a lovely location and we had a really nice, relaxing weekend. Just the perfect thing to start off the new year!
1 day ago


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Goals four minutes apart by Leandre Griffit and Jason Garey after the break erased memories of a tepid first half as the Columbus Crew downed Trinidad's Joe Public 3-0 Tuesday in a Group B match of the CONCACAF Champions League.
The Crew Stadium crowd had been dulled by the inefficiency of both teams before Griffit struck in the 47th minute with a deft shot from 17 yards on the left side that skipped into the right corner of the net for a 1-0 lead.
Garey added a score in the 51st minute thanks to a set up by Emmanuel Ekpo. Garey's snap header from six yards traveled right to left across the goalmouth.
Steven Lenhart came off the bench to score the final goal with an assist to Dilly Duka in the 79th minute.
Columbus have six points through three matches, while Joe Public are stuck at the bottom of the Group B standings with one point and a -6 goal differential halfway through group play.
Griffit changed the course of the game with deft kick off his unnatural right foot. The play formed when Andres Mendoza was in the middle of the park on the Joe Public side when he spotted Griffit on the left flank.
After first starting toward the left corner, Griffit cut back and was just inside the box with a step on defender Nigel Daniel when he sliced a shot that took one bounce past a goalkeeper Marvin Phillip and slipped inside the right post.
Garey's goal was also a beauty, as Ekpo did diligent work along the touchline then lofted a ball to Garey to help pad the lead.
On the third goal, the rookie Duka was at the top of the penalty area to dish the ball to Lenhart for a shot from 15 yards.
Joe Public dressed only 16 players due to visa problems for four players and suspensions to Jevon Morris and Jason Springer. Also, Trent Noel was in the original starting lineup but was scratched from the roster for an unknown reason.
Crew reserve goalkeeper Andy Gruenebaum made his third straight Champions League start as part of a revised starting lineup that did not include regulars Frankie Hejduk, Brian Carroll, Guillermo Barros Schelotto, Lenhart, Andy Iro and William Hesmer.
Mendoza, who scored in his second Crew appearance Saturday against Los Angeles, made his first start.
Columbus opened play with a couple of serious probes that resulted in nothing. First, Griffit sent a cross from the left that Garey headed into the hands of goalkeeper Marvin Phillip in the third minute. That was followed shortly by a nice dribble by Mendoza but a poor shot into the right netting.
Listless play ensued for the better part of 30 minutes with Joe Public unsuccessfully trying to splinter the Crew defense with long passes. The Eastern Lions' best opportunity was a rising 40 yard strike by Marcus Joseph in the 25th minute that Gruenebaum stopped.
Scoring summary:
CLB – Leandre Griffit 1 47'
CLB – Jason Garey 1 (Emmanuel Ekpo) 51'
CLB – Steven Lenhart 1 (Dilly Duka) 79'
Misconduct summary:
CLB – Shaun Francis (caution: Reckless tackle) 6'
JOE PUBLIC – Carlyle Mitchell (caution: Reckless tackle) 31'
JOE PUBLIC – Kanez Williams (caution: Reckless tackle) 90'
COLUMBUS –Andy Gruenebaum; Duncan Oughton, Eric Brunner, Chad
Marshall (Andy Iro, 79'), Shaun Francis; Adam Moffat, Emmanuel Ekpo
(Dilly Duka, 61'), Leandre Griffit, Kevin Burns; Jason Garey, Andres
Mendoza (Steven Lenhart, 65').
JOE PUBLIC – Marvin Phillip; Keion Goodridge, Nigel Daniel, Carlyle Mitchell (Kareem Moses, 85'), Makan Hislop (Kareem Moses, 79'); Hayden Tinto, Micah Lewis (Marvin Manswell, 74'), Yu Hoshide (Kanez Williams, 80'), Gason Gregory, Marcus Joseph; Kerry Baptiste.
Referee: Walter Lopez
Referee's Assistants: Ariel Mendez, Gerson Ottoneil Lopez
4th Official: Jair Marrufo
Weather: Partly cloudy, 75
Attendance: 5,445
Recap: Crew vs. Joe Public
Goals four minutes apart by Leandre Griffit and Jason Garey after the break erased memories of a tepid first half as the Columbus Crew downed Trinidad's Joe Public 3-0 Tuesday in a Group B match of the CONCACAF Champions League.


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The usual response I get when someone is viewing one of my abstract photographs is, "What is it?"
My reply is, "What do you see in it?" That is what I like about interpretive imagery. It is all subjective and I feel it when a photo touches and entices the viewer to stop and investigate, it is a success.
Abstract photographs are all how about the subject makes you feel. When your subject is color, texture and shapes assembled into a dynamic composition that departs from reality the challenge is on to grab the viewer's attention.
Working on interpretive imagery goes beyond the usual rules of landscape photography. It is both fascinating and compelling changing one's perception.
A visual encounter with some watercolor painting presented splashes of blending colors and non-uniform shapes. These macro images are but small pieces and parts of the overall scene.
What do these compositions suggest to you? Perhaps they are asteroids racing through the cosmos or the Aurora Borealis shinning in the heavens of another world? It is all up to your imagination to complete the communication process.
Related posts:
Photographs used in this post are copyrighted by Wayne Scherr,
Range of Vision Photography, 2012, All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in any
manner is prohibited without the written permission of Wayne Scherr, Range of
Vision Photography. My image catalog can be viewed at http://www.rangeofvisionphotos.com.
You can contact me through this blog or email at: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Not receiving notifications
Posted: Thu Jul 12, 2012 5:20 am
I logged in to submit my challenge article and found I had 15 new messages since the last time I logged in! No notifications were ever sent to my email to check my FW inbox. I know that was an issue during the last challenge I had entered regarding notifications of comments on entries - could it have been an across the board failure of notifications? Is there anything I need to do to fix this?