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Gourmet Marcona Almonds$13.95$10.95
- Marcona almonds, unique to Spain
- Smooth and crunchy
- By 1880, maker of gourmet turron candy
- Sautéed in extra virgin olive oil
- Mono-unsaturated oils lower cholesterol
- Size - 5.64 oz/160 gr jar
How nice to find a food that is as extraordinarily tasty as it is healthful! Since their introduction to America, Marcona almonds are a runaway favorite among food lovers.
They are smooth and crunchy with an incomparably sweet delicate taste -- quite a different flavor than their American cousins. Our Marcona almonds are size 16+ - the largest grade produced in the world. These almonds are lightly sautéed in extra virgin olive oil, sprinkled with salt and then sealed in a jar for freshness.
The supply of Marcona almonds is limited, since, until recently, Spain was the sole source in the world.
Marconas are a delicate strain of almond since the trees are early bloomers, making the blossoms especially vulnerable to early spring frosts.
The groves are found along the Mediterranean coasts of Spain -- from the southern coast of Málaga, proceeding east up the coast to Tarragona.
You may be familiar with almonds in the United States which are contained in light brown, porous shells. The Spanish Marcona almonds are a different variety that has a protective hard shell that resists insects. For this reason they may be grown naturally with no need for herbicides.
Almonds are one of the healthiest snacks. They are dense with healthy nutrients. A handful of Marcona almonds is overflowing with healthy attributes.
Their high content of cholesterol fighting mono unsaturated oil makes them even healthier. A recent study showed that when people eat roughly a handful of almonds a day, they lowered their LDL cholesterol by 3%!
Note: the design on the package you receive may differ from the design shown in the photo.
Las almendras de Marcona son suaves y jugosas con un gusto delicado incomparablemente dulce; un sabor bastante diferente que el de sus primas americanas. Y nuestras marconas son de tamaño 16+, que es el grado más grande que se produce en le mundo. Estas almendras se sofríen en aceite, se les echa sal gorda y se envasan en un tarro para mantenerlas frescas.
Hay una producción muy limitada de almendras de Marcona, porque España es la única fuente de estas almendras en el mundo. Además, los árboles florecen pronto, lo que les hace vulnerables a heladas primaverales. Se cultivan a lo largo de las costas mediterráneas de España: desde la costa sur de Málaga, subiendo al Este hacia la costa de Tarragona. Puede que haya visto las almendras de conchas marrones porosas y ligeras.
Estas almendras de Marcona tienen una concha dura que les protege y es resistente ante insectos, así que se pueden plantar naturalmente sin necesidad de herbicidas. Las almendras son de las cosas de picar más sanas. Su densidad nutricional es tan alta que una porción pequeña proporciona nutrientes sustanciales. También tienen un alto contenido de aceite monosaturado, que combate el colesterol. Un estudio reciente comprobó que cuando se come un puñado de almendras al día, los participantes bajaron el colesterol un 3%.
Blanched Marcona almonds, extra virgin olive oil and salt.
Nutritional Information
Serving size 23 pieces (32g). Servings per container 5. Calories 210. Calories from fat 170. Total fat 19g (29%), saturated fat 1.5g (7%), cholesterol 0mg, sodium 160mg (7%), total carbohydrates 4g (1%), fiber 3g (11%), sugar 1g, protein 8g, vitamin A 0%, vitamin C 0%, calcium 2%, iron 8%. * Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
All information listed on our website, including nutrient content information, ingredient lists, and information relating to health claims is for informational purposes only and not provided as medical advice. You should carefully read all information in the actual product packaging and labels, including for food allergen, nutrient content and qualified health claims before using or consuming a product. La Tienda does not assume any liability for inaccuracies or misstatements about products.
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Customer Reviews
"Fresh and delicious"
Giuseppe - Pleasant Prairie, WI November 2020
"Very good product !"
ALTIN - Philadelphia, PA September 2020
"Great flavor and crunch. Love these almonds!!"
Judy - Hayes, VA July 2020
"Unique & tasty!!! The best almonds I've ever eaten! "
Eric - Salt Lake City, UT July 2020
"The best tasting!"
Jacalyn - Austin, TX April 2020
"The almonds were very ugly. Not a good product and I had to sent them back. Not sure if I want to buy again form you guys."
Karla - Clearwater, FL May 2019
"Much different than store bought. Great taste."
Lawrence - Summit, NJ January 2019
"very good product. I eat them in one sitting"
barry - Marlton, NJ December 2018
MBH - Mazomanie, WI September 2018
Russell - Merrick, NY March 2018
cc - brooklyn, NY February 2018
"Perfect and addictive! This was my first time trying theSpanish almonds and I will certainly buy them again"
Margarita - Park Ridge, IL February 2018
"Delicious and fresh!"
gillian - Lincoln Park, NJ January 2018
"They are fine. I thought they would taste different than other nuts I've had but they really aren't that different. They are still good but not special. "
Agatha - Charleston, SC October 2017
"Good product but I have to admit that I did not like the nuts in the jar as well as the vacum packed gourmet or roasted nuts. Will switch back to them the next time."
Ellen - Salisbury, MD, MD September 2017
"Very nice quality!"
Judie - Warren, OH August 2017
"Haven't yet found marcona almonds for sale in Greenville. These are good, but not as good as ones I could buy in bulk at Treasure Island in Chicago."
Catalina - Greenville, SC August 2017
"Restaurant quality , addicting little treats."
Glenn23 - Annapolis, MD July 2017
"Great nuts"
Elaine - Mountain View, CA May 2017
"I purchased 2 jars of these delicious Marcona almonds and had to hide 1 jar from my son so they would last longer than a day or so! Looking forward to using them in some of my favorite recipes. "
Patti - Middletown, NY February 2017
"Excellent service & product."
Mary - Norman, OK July 2016
"Good, as usual. Could be "kicked up" a bit more with more olive oil and a bit more salt. They blend well in recipes."
Mark - Portage, MI June 2016
"These almonds were not as flavorful as I anticipated."
Ginny - Edmonds, WA May 2016
"Not crunchy and very bland."
Raquel - STERLING, VA March 2016
Mark - Russellville, AR February 2016
"These Marcona almonds are great. They're light, tasty and very delicious!"
Susan - Gainesville, FL February 2016
"I love these. I gave one of the jars I bought to my daughter and now you have another fan. "
Joan - Springfield, IL January 2016
"gave as a gift - everyone always love this product they are delicious"
Susan - Pacifica, CA January 2016
"Great almonds."
Jose - Cincinnati, OH January 2016
"These are always a great treat. They are perfect just for nibbling and great chopped and added to salads and as a topping for baked items. "
Maria - LAS VEGAS, NM December 2015
WILLIAM - HERNDON, VA November 2015
"good but not great. Almonds have become very expensive because of water. No longer a fair value."
Gerald - Sun City West, AZ October 2015
"Absolutely the best almonds on the planet."
BRYAN - TERRELL, NC July 2015
"Excellent almonds; fresh and wonderfully flavored. I've bought these before and will continue to purchase these nuts."
Susan - Morris, CT July 2015
"A party favorite."
flora - lafayette June 2013
John - Arlington May 2013
"First time I have tried these, this will not be my last order!"
Kathleen - Fleming Island April 2013
Susan - Excelsior April 2013
"Just like the one's I had when I lived in Valencia."
DOROTHY - WARREN March 2013
"Very good with "Sherry" and by themselves. Fabulose flavor."
Marina - Drexel Hill March 2013
LAWRENCE - VENTURA March 2013
JEREMY - New York February 2013
Murray - Portland February 2013
Linda - Lake Worth February 2013
"My favorite dish to snack on. Great with wine, by themselves, alongside olives."
Shannon - Johnson City February 2013
Christopher - Charles City February 2013
"Oh my goodness! As a native Californian, I almost feel guilty for admitting California almonds are no longer my favorite. THESE marconas sauteed in olive oil are absolutely delicious! A new indulgence...and a healthy one, at that (if I don't gobble the entire jar). These would be perfect for parties...your guests will be delighted! And I don't mean merely fun parties. Consider these for elegant affairs, as well. Very special."
ElyseMc - San Diego February 2013
Kristine - Hinsdale, Massachusetts January 2013
"Fresh, delicious, exquisite flavor!"
Joyce - chambersburg, Pennsylvania January 2013
"Addictive, am unable to quit eating them. Should've ordered the 2.2 lb. size."
alice - Middleton, Wisconsin January 2013
"As anticipated!"
G. - Newport, Rhode Island January 2013
"delicious-I managed to eat most of the jar myself in one sitting."
theressa - DALLAS, Texas January 2013
"Fresh, delicious! "
Meg - Mt pleasant, South Carolina January 2013
"I love these almonds, and buy them all year. They were sold out for a while, and when I bought them next (May 2012) they were not as good. They are darker and harder than before. How could there be such difference from previous batches???"
Martha - Potomac, Maryland May 2012
Evelyn - April 2012
"Never have I had almonds like these. They are served with coctails all over Spain and we got addicted! These are just wonderful."
Diana - July 2011
peggy - April 2011
"loved them"
Sharyl - August 2010
"I had bought these Almonds in HOMEGOODS , wow they are the most tsaty Nutrional savory Nuts unconventional quality Thank goodness I found you to order more They help you ease hunger and actually make you loose weight the healthy way THANK YOU "
Anahita - June 2010


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Family relationships and mental illness: Impacts and service responses
A brief overview of mental health problems and causes, and the impact of mental health problems on family relationships and dynamics.
CFCA produces a range of publications. These include CFCA Papers, which offer an objective exploration of how research applies to policy and practice, and are written by or in collaboration with expert researchers and service providers. CFCA Resource Sheets and Practitioner Resources are shorter papers that focus on a specific issue in depth.
To be notified when CFCA publications are released please subscribe to CFCA news.
A brief overview of mental health problems and causes, and the impact of mental health problems on family relationships and dynamics.
Identifying and using the issues and concerns of CALD families and service providers to make practice, procedure and policy recommendations.
Reporting on factors that may influence fathers' involvement with services and the competence of practitioners to engage with fathers.
Insights into the protective effects and risks that influence forms of functioning among Aboriginal families.
Challenges and strategies for encouraging individuals to engage in prevention and early-intervention activities focusing on healthy relationships.
Advent of compulsory family dispute resolution, implications for practitioners; Marital disaffection; the Break Through program for help
Provides evidence of the potential benefits of the child-inclusion model in dispute resolution with two successful applications.
Secrecy in adoptive families; competition and comparison in adolescent siblings; rural health conference report; outcomes-based approaches in programs
An outline of strategies that professionals may employ to support and strengthen parent/carer partnerships.
An overview about synchronising parenting methods and child characteristics, and ways in which parenting can be attuned to "fit" the child.
The Australian Institute of Family Studies acknowledges the traditional country throughout Australia on which we gather, live, work and stand.
We acknowledge all traditional custodians, their Elders past, present and emerging, and we pay our respects to their continuing connection to their culture, community, land, sea and rivers.

subset: commoncrawl


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Life goes on for Laura Benanti, who's bounced back from the cancellation of her NBC sitcom Go On (and her NBC drama The Playboy Club before that). In addition to her recurring roles as Danny Pino's estranged wife on NBC's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Mark Feuerstein's hospital colleague on USA's Royal Pains — not to mention the Tony winner's upcoming turn as the Baroness in NBC's live production of The Sound of Music — she's landed a guest-starring gig on CBS' Elementary.
Benanti will play Abigail Spencer (no relation to the Rectify actress of the same name), a nanny whose CEO boss is found dead while wearing S&M gear in the Oct. 17 episode, "Poison Pen." When Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) and Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) discover the victim was poisoned, the caregiver — who shares a past connection with the master sleuth — becomes the prime suspect.
"She's someone who Sherlock sort of knew as a teenager," reports Miller, who previously worked with Benanti on ABC's short-lived musical dramedy Eli Stone. "I can't really tell you anything more than that." Sounds... mysterious!


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Garage Door & Gate Services in Armonk
Call : (914) 228-5999
If you're not sure what type of overhead door you need, we'll help you choose the perfect overhead door for your home or business. Then, we'll install your new door quickly so you can enjoy the upgrade immediately. We can install a garage door that's the same type as your current door, or we can upgrade your door to accommodate something like a carriage house door or an ultra-modern glass door.
GARAGE DOOR REPAIR Armonk
When it comes to proper maintenance and repair of garage doors, it is vital to consult a specialist who is knowledgeable in the correct techniques to ensure quality results. After all, any problem with your garage door, no matter how minor it may appear, can become a large inconvenience to homeowners. The last thing you want to happen is to be locked inside of your garage when you least expect it. So be sure you turn to reliable experts who service all makes and models of garage doors who will meet your particular needs and standards.
GARAGE DOOR OPENERS Armonk
If you are looking for garage door opener installers then your search ends here. Our garage door opener installers provide the absolute automatic door opener installation in the area, and they will do so for an affordable price. All of our garage door opener jobs are given dedication and attention to detail. Our garage door opener installers will give your automatic door opener installation project their full attention, showing up on time and finishing the work in a timely manner.
GARAGE DOOR SPRINGS Armonk
our garage door springs are among the most significant parts of your garage door system. When you open and close your garage door, they do all the heavy lifting, literally. They help your garage door lift and lower as smoothly as allowed. So, when they malfunction it can be a very bad situation. No matter the case, Master Garage Door & Gates has your back!
GATE REPAIR SERVICES Armonk
GATE INSTALLATION Armonk
Master Garage Door & Gates leads the regional industry in Gate Automation, CCTV Systems, and Integrated Access Control Systems. Master Garage Door & Gates maintains a higher standard than the competition with top-quality products and peerless customer service. We specialize in automatic gate systems for residential, multi-family, commercial, and industrial applications. We stay on top of industry trends and new product developments to consistently offer the most convenient, customized automatic gate options for every one of our clients. Our clients represent a diverse range of needs and solutions. We have installed and currently maintain systems for personal residences, golf courses, warehouses, yacht clubs, government sites, shipping hubs, chemical plants, airports, military bases, and various other industries.
GATE REPAIR Armonk
Master Garage Door & Gates is a Local Family Owned Business offering a one-stop shop for all your gate repair and installation needs. Master Garage Door & Gates is the ideal gate installation and service company that delivers highest quality service solutions to homeowners and commercial businesses locally, regionally and throughout the state and our prices are always affordable. Working with Master Garage Door & Gates is always a win-win situation for you and before our technicians leave we make sure that your questions are always answered completely. Our employees receive training on all automatic gates and our clients rely on us for everything from the slightest gate problems to complete servicing of their gate. Master Garage Door & Gates makes sure that our service trucks are completely stocked with parts. Feel free to contact us at any time.
GATE OPENERS Armonk
Residential gate openers, using a wide variety of control capabilities, from radio remote controls, coded keypads, card readers, telephone entry control, and more, allow unmanned access by authorized personnel. Accessories, such as automatic reverse controls, vehicle detectors, and time delay gate openers complete the installation and provide safety and enhance security. We supply a complete range of gate opening and closing equipment to meet every need and will be glad to assist you in choosing and installing the right technology for your requirements.


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I am a Masters student studying Archaeology and I have spent today writing parts of my dissertation as well as adding some new posts to my group I recently created on facebook called 'Archaeology Lancaster' where I post information about events in Lancaster and other archaeology related news.
My dissertation is on the Roman site of Vindolanda and I still have until September to finish it but I still have a way to go yet! I have done several modules this year as part of my MA- Neolithic Britain, ritual and religions, research module and archaeology of gender which were all really interesting.
I have also been busy with other bits recently – I took my CSCS test and got IFA membership. I have also been volunteering at the local museum and went on a conservation course with them and I am doing a scuba diving course on underwater archaeology soon.
I always wanted to be an archaeologist from as far back as I can remember but I don't know where this interest came from. I decided to study Ancient History and Egyptology as my degree and then I went on my first excavation in Swansea. After this I looked for more to volunteer on and found one at Vindolanda and then most recently ones as part of the festival of archaeology. I also love being in Museums and collecting books on archaeology.
As part of the festival of archaeology this week I have been to several talks run by Oxford archaeology North in Lancaster – one called 'what the Romans did for us' and the other 'community archaeology' and I went to a surveying day using a total station in the park. I also went on an excavation at the Senhouse Museum in Maryport and one at Swarthmoor Hall in Ulverston as part of the festival.
At some point in the near future I hope to get a job in archaeology or a related discipline.


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Abortion ship Poland 2003
On June 16, 2003 Women on Waves set sail for Poland. We were invited by a coalition of Polish women's organisations called the "STER committee- women decide", to support them in their struggle for legal and safe abortion. In the mobile clinic of the ship Langenort, Women on Waves offered a range of activities and services including workshops and information on sexual health. In additions to these services, the medical staff could also provide safe and legal early medical abortion care (till 45 days of pregnancy) after sailing into international waters, which is 12 miles off the coast, where Dutch law applies.
Polish Diary
Occasionally Women on Waves is accused of being a media stunt, a PR machine only set up for the hungry eyes of the press. Supposedly, they only stir up a lot of trouble in peaceful Catholic countries where women do not have the right to decide what can be removed from their uterus. Apparently Read more »
Some background...
Abortion was legal in Poland until 1993, only 10 years ago. After the fall of the communist regime, the Catholic Church managed to push its aggressively anti-abortion, anti-contraceptives stance onto the mainstream political agenda. Every year since 1993 between 80.000 and 200.000 women seek… Read more »
What was the effect...
On the 20 th of June 2003, the Women on Waves vessel Langenort arrived in Polish waters. After 2 days of struggle, the ship moored in the harbour of Wladyslawowo. The ship was greeted by a large group of supporters and some protesters from the political party League of Polish Families (LPR) who… Read more »
Media coverage Poland 2003
For more then 2 weeks the Women on Waves ship was the main topic in all newspapers, television and radio. Abortion was discussed openly and in depth in the media, on the streets, in homes, bars and parliament. During our stay we witnessed an enormous change in the way the discussion about abortion… Read more »
Fetus might be protected by constitutional article in Poland
by Kinga Manders: The Polish Parliament in two months will vote whether to change article 38 of the Constitution or not. The article guarantees the protection of life of every human being. The League of Polish Families' proposal is to add "from the moment of conception" at the end of the… Read more »
The mobile clinic
The mobile clinic was designed and build by Joep van Lieshout Read more »


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Massachusetts Certificate of Incorporation for the Marine Biological Laboratory
Purpose "to establish and maintain a laboratory or station for scientific study and investigation, and a school for instruction in biology and natural history"Created: 1888-03-20
Certificate of Affiliation, Marine Biological Laboratory and University of Chicago
Certificate of affiliation between the Marine Biological Laboratory and the University of ChicagoCreated: 6/10/13
Proposal to establish a marine biological laboratory
Includes solicitation of subscriptionsCreated: 1887-04-06
MBL Agreement of Association
Purpose "to establish and maintain a laboratory or station for scientific study and investigation, and a school for instruction in biology and natural history"Created: 1888-02-27
Viktor Hamburger to Ginette Serrero, January 4, 1985
Agree to talk at First International Symposium on Cellular EndocrinologyCreated: 1985-01-04
Viktor Hamburger to Ginette Serrero, April 15, 1985
Sending regrets that cannot attend symposiumCreated: 1985-04-15
Viktor Hamburger to Jane Maienschein [draft], August 5, 1995
draft version of letter to Jane MaienscheinCreated: 8/5/95
Viktor Hamburger to Ernst Mayr, August 18, 1978
BW copy of originalCreated: 8/18/78
Viktor Hamburger to Martha Hamburger, December 29, 1933
Letter about meeting of American Society of ZoologistsCreated: 12/29/33
Viktor Hamburger to Martha Hamburger, April 20, 1950 and April 30, 1950
Letter about trip to Cambridge, lecturing at MIT and Harvard, Victor Twitty, RitaCreated: 4/20/1950 and 4/30/1950
Viktor Hamburger to Ludwig von Bertalanffy, July 31, 1952
Invitation to Bertalanffy to give a lecture at Washington University with funds from the Sigma Xi SocietyCreated: 7/31/52
Net Work. Image #2
Man working on large mesh net.Created: 1951
Net Work. Image #1
Man working on hand netCreated: 1951
Apparatus. Image #4
One man with apparatus in hand.Created: 1951
Apparatus. Image #1
One man looking at an item on a shelf. Other shelves filled with miscellaneous partsCreated: 1951
Still construction
Two men putting together or repairing a large stillCreated: 1951
Barron's Warburg.
Woman taking notes in front of large circular Warburg apparatus.Created: 1951
Man removing samples from scientific oven.Created: 1951
Man operating distillation apparatus.Created: 1951
X-ray room, Mr. Hyde. Image #6
Man operating dials on x-ray machine.Created: 1951
X-ray room, Mr. Hyde. Image #5
Man looking up at metal balls of x-ray machine.Created: 1951
X-ray room, Mr. Hyde. Image #4
Lab image reflected in metal balls. Small viewCreated: 1951
X-ray room, Mr. Hyde. Image #4
Lab image reflected in metal balls. Small viewCreated: 1951
X-ray room, Mr. Hyde. Image #3
Man bending over x-ray machine.Created: 1951
X-ray room, Mr. Hyde. Image #2
Man using clamps to move test tubeCreated: 1951


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THE SQL Server Blog Spot on the Web
I recently wrote an article on SQL Server Data Tools for SQL Server Magazine and it has now been published online at Get to Know SQL Server 2012's SQL Server Data Tools. In the article I offer my thoughts and opinions on SQL Server Data Tools as it exists in SQL Server 2012.
Note that the article refers to SSDT database projects only, there is nothing in there pertaining to SSIS, SSAS or SSRS. If you find that confusing then you should probably go and at least read the first few paragraphs of the article where I try to alleviate some of that confusion.
Constructive feedback is, as always, very welcome.
If you would like to receive an email when updates are made to this post, please register here
Subscribe to this post's comments using
Good job on the article. One thing that I found in using SSDT was that the Refactoring seems to take place somewhat even without using the explicit "Refactor" operation. Renaming a column caused a refactor log to be generated when we did that at one time. Of course, we also ended up renaming it back to the original name so I ended up killing that change from the refactor log rather than go through several rename operations. That refactoring is great for actual column renames instead of the standard create table, copy data, drop original table method that SQL seems to like so much.
Great introductory article for SSDT and the Declarative model. I'll be sharing it with some people on our team who would probably find it useful.
A couple of weeks ago in Get to Know SQL Server 2012's SQL Server Data Tools [article published] I stated


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Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain problems dramatically faster than classical computers. One of the main quantum algorithmic tools is the notion of quantum walk, a quantum mechanical analog of random walk. I will describe quantum algorithms based on this idea, including an optimal algorithm for evaluating Boolean formulas and one of the best known algorithms for simulating quantum dynamics. I will also show how quantum walk can be viewed as a universal model of quantum computation.


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Just over 20 dancers from Green Mountain Performing Arts Waitsfield studio will be performing in Hip Hop Nutcracka 2012 Remix on Saturday, December 22, at 4 and 7 p.m. at Harwood Union High School.
From snowflakes and Mother Ginger peeps to mice, Waitsfield students will be part of a cast of characters featuring nearly 100 students from GMPA. Professional dancers, GMPA faculty and even parents round out the cast. Ernest "E-Knock" Phillips, GMPA hip hop director of MTV fame, will play the role of the Nutcracka.
Students from GMPA's Waitsfield studio are Sarah Bevacqui, Sarah Boyden, Julia Brophy, Liam Devereux, Sage Devereux, Emma Caffry, Damon Foster, Oliver Hammond, Molly Hans, Amalia Iskandarova, Laili Iskandarova, Anna Jamieson, Anna Jarecki, Aliza Jernigan, Kennedy Kelaher, Caleb Kingsbury, Joseph Kouassi, Celia Lawton, Sasha Lawton, Isabelle Maranda, McKinley Pierce, Carly Sargent, and Olivia White.
Parent Lana Kenyon will play the role of the Nutcracka mom. Kenyon danced on and off through her childhood from the age of 6 but had lost touch with dance as an adult. She renewed her love of dance through a class at GMPA. Last year Kenyon found an opportunity to get back on stage when she was invited to be a part of the parents' crew in the party scene of Hip Hop Nutcracka.
"It's such a good experience to be a part of a show again....and to be on stage with great dancers and with my child," she said.
Damon Foster, Kenyon's 8-year-old-son, is a mouse this year. This is his first time in the Nutcracka. Two other parents in the party scene are enjoying the same fun.
Waitsfield has played an interesting role in GMPA's Nutcracka. The first production was staged by GMPA founder Laurie Flaherty at the Valley Players and show manager Martina Price had her first ballet recital in the Waitsfield Elementary gym, where GMPA now holds its Waitsfield classes. "It is fun to watch the kids thrive in dance at the same location and wonder where they will be in 30 years," says Price. "What kind of Nutcracka will they come up with then?" she asks.
GMPA's Hip Hop Nutcracka production is now in its third season. This year's remix incorporates the story of a ballerina, Claire, who does not fit in with her hip hop family. Eventually, Claire learns to enjoy hip hop and appreciate her own talent.
The 90-minute show will entertain all ages. Tickets are available online at www.greenmountainperformingarts.org. For information, call (802) 244-8600.


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This is the June special issue of Network Computing. It contains a timely overview of virtual backups. Access is free, but you must be a registered member of the InformationWeek Business Technology Network to download the issue. Please register below. There's no cost, and it takes only a few minutes. Once done, click the "Go To Digital Issue" button at the bottom of the page.
- Virtual Backups 101: Virtual servers need to be backed up just as much as physical servers, but they present new challenges and require new technology. Here's what you need to know.
- Scale-Out NAS Goes Big: Exablox came out of stealth mode recently with an attractive scale-out network-attached storage system aimed at the midmarket.
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grenadine wrote:Vis a vis Exodus. I think a lot of credit should be given to the ustream live coverage. I left early to avoid exocalypse and felt great about it knowing that if I timed it right I would be able to watch the man burn online surrounded by friends and loved ones at home.
WOW! Seriously?
I get the impression, from your side bar profile, that this was your first trip to the playa?
just. wow.
Glad you had a good time though.


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This is the sixth story in a montrealgazette.com series called Urban Villages, in which we look at Montreal's up-and-coming neighbourhoods. For many years, Plateau-Mont-Royal has been the city's most sought-after borough, with its cool hangouts, shops and restaurants. In this series, we explore less expensive areas where the mix of amenities is also flourishing. This week, we go to Villeray. For the final story in the series, we move on to Mile-Ex. Look for it in a future edition of Weekend Life. Read the first five stories — on the Gay Village, Old Montreal, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, St-Henri and Snowdon — at montrealgazette.com/exploremontreal.
MONTREAL - When I walk into the Articho boutique on the corner of Villeray and Henri-Julien Sts., Isabelle Kapsaskis and Mauro Bordet, the husband-and-wife team running the place, have just been feeding their baby. Bordet takes over parenting duties so that Kapsaskis and I can have our chat.
I look around the place and see some jewelry, pottery, purses, hats, ties, paintings and loads of other crafts. Kapsaskis is a jeweller by trade and Bordet is a visual artist, whose mural can be seen on the store's Henri-Julien brick façade. They've been open one year, but so far, so good. They sell only merchandise that's local and handmade. Kapsaskis knows most of her suppliers personally. A store like theirs didn't exist in Villeray, so they made it happen.
Local, artisanal, family-oriented and can-do: That's Villeray in a nutshell. Of all the neighbourhoods I've explored in this series, this one most resembles a village. Everyone here seems to know everyone else, people say hello to each other even if they don't know each other, no one's afraid to roll up their sleeves to get something done, and most of them have had personal interactions with Elsie Lefebvre, who isn't just their city councillor — she and her family are also fellow Villeray residents.
Located just north of Rosemont and Little Italy from Jean-Talon, Villeray encompasses quite a few commercial roads: Jean-Talon, St-Hubert, St-Denis, Castelnau, Villeray and Jarry. It feels like a village probably because it was one until the late 1800s, when it became a town. In the early 1900s, it was annexed to Montreal. At the time, it was known for its quarries, where many of its francophone residents worked. Today, it's a thriving urban community where people aren't afraid to run with new ideas.
In the interviews I have done for the Urban Villages series, I make a point of asking this one question: Why did you choose this place instead of another place? In Villeray, the top five reasons are: the Jean-Talon market; Jarry Park; five métro stations; reasonably priced rent for well maintained, often large spaces (both commercial and residential); and a pleasant quality of life.
The question I've tried to answer in every story in the series is: Why is this place emerging? In the case of Villeray, fashion is one of the elements propelling the area forward.
It started with such Quebec designers as Mylène B, who set up her Castelnau St. shop in 2004. Shortly after, in 2005, Mélanie Duhaime, the founder at Slak, opened her doors. During the last five years, more boutiques have popped up.
The boom is so palpable that last year, an event called Villeray de la tête aux pieds was organized to give people the opportunity to discover Villeray's fashion circuit along Castelnau and Villeray Sts. Shoppers were given a map of participating boutiques and were invited to wander in. It was so successful that they're doing it again this year over Thanksgiving weekend, starting on Oct. 10. This time around, participating stores will be Boutique Archive, Articho, Atelier Entre-Peaux, Boa Bijoux, Cokluch, Maillagogo, Slak and White Label.
Villeray de la tête aux pieds came together because the neighbouring designers felt it was time to put together an event that could benefit them all.
"We're competitors on some level, but all of our products are so different," says Laurie Lemieux, who opened Cokluch in 2009 with her associate, Christine Guérin. Evelyne Fay, who opened White Label next door to Cokluch in 2010, agrees, "I think we're all very complementary."
Each boutique really is distinct. Cokluch produces a lot of leather-based and ready-to-wear garments; White Label specializes in lingerie and form-fitting womenswear; Maillagogo focuses on knitwear; Slak specializes in colourful "street chic" creations; Boutique Archive carries classic men and women's styles from independent labels; Atelier Entre-Peaux makes pre-fab accessories; Boa Bijoux sells jewelry; and Articho combines local, handmade arts, crafts and clothing.
Of the designers I spoke to, each cites affordability as a huge incentive for choosing Villeray. The size of their spaces has allowed Cokluch, White Label and Slak to integrate workshops into the store, so they make their garments on-site. This visible feature makes the manufacturing process and the designs' value tangible for clients, with the added bonus of facilitating any quick alterations.
Most of the owners of these boutiques live within walking distance, either in Villeray or Rosemont. It's the case for Sébastien Burns, who co-owns the 2-year-old Boutique Archive with his life and business partner, Myriam Granger. Burns has been living in Villeray for 15 years. He remembers it as something of a ghost town when he moved here, a sharp contrast to the self-sufficient, vibrant place it has become.
"I realized that in my day-to-day life, I don't really have to leave my neighbourhood," he says. "I can fulfill all of my immediate needs within a few street blocks, either on foot or by bike."
A saunter in the area proves his point. The local businesses are quite diverse, whether it's Jarry St. institutions like Fleuriste Beaugeste, who has been around for 23 years, or Pâtisserie Mercier, which first opened in 1956; or whether it's newcomers like Chocobel chocolatier, gluten-free bakery Le Marquis, Portuguese "grillades" at A Quinta do Vargas, or contemporary gallery Espace Projet. Clothing, restaurants, dépanneurs, hardware stores: Not all of it is abundant, but it's all here.
"Poussette," the French word for stroller, is a word I hear a lot from Villeray residents and business owners (many of whom belong to both categories). That's because it's something they either see a lot of, or simply own.
Françoise Bruand, who opened Maillagogo boutique with her daughter Carine Châtelais in 2007, was telling me that a lot of families live in Villeray when a mother and her toddler son walked into the store, the boy pushing his stroller like a grown-up. The mother was looking for a dress to wear at her friend's wedding. She has come on foot.
Strollers are also something the Comité des fêtes de Villeray had to plan for during the last Saint-Jean-Baptiste festivities, a neighbourhood celebration that's gotten bigger each year since it launched in 2009.
The story of the Saint-Jean begins with Alain Bourgeois, co-owner with Nicolas Canuel of Miss Villeray bar on Villeray and Le Pourvoyeur pub on Jean-Talon. With Miss Villeray, he and Canuel took a rundown, poker-machine-filled bar and returned it to its 1960s splendour in February 2009. Back in the day, the historic local pub was frequented by former premier René Lévesque, singer and TV host Lucille Dumont, and wrestler Johnny Rougeau. In those times, it served hotdogs and Pepsi-Cola. Today, it's a popular 5 à 7 spot among locals, with lineups on Fridays and Saturdays. Gone are the poker machines.
Le Pourvoyeur opened in 2011. The two-storey pub is located right in front of the Jean-Talon market, and it isn't too shy to take advantage of the fresh produce that's literally at its doorstep. So many of the menu items — lots of burgers, fish, salads and veg in general — are sourced straight from the market. It's popular for after-work drinks, anytime nibbles, and weekend boogie (it has a small dance floor on the second storey ).
On the heels of Miss Villeray's and, shortly after, Le Pourvoyeur's success, Bourgeois felt the need to give back to the neighbourhood that so fervently embraced his projects. So four years ago, he and fellow entrepreneurs Charles-Ugo Boucher (Café Larue & Fils) and Mourade Romdhane (Bistro l'Enchanteur) teamed up to bring back Saint-Jean-Baptiste festivities to the 'hood. They created the Comité des fêtes de Villeray, rallied sponsors made up mostly of Villeray businesses, and hosted the do in front of the Sainte-Cécile Parish on the corner of Henri-Julien and Castelnau Sts.
Performers have included Radio Radio, Alfa Rococo, Lisa LeBlanc and, this year, Bernard Adamus. Bourgeois estimates that the 2013 celebrations brought 20,000 people. Because many of those attendees live in Villeray and have children, there was no shortage of activities for kids: balloon animals, face painters, street entertainers and children's yoga. There was even a "poussette parade," and the most decorated stroller in the procession got a prize.
"The party has garnered a good reputation," Bourgeois says. "We've heard it's one of the best neighbourhood parties in Quebec." Even Justin Trudeau and his family attend each year.
Starting a movement is a trend among Villeray entrepreneurs. That's why Tapeo, a Zagat-rated, Lesley Chesterman-lauded tapas joint that opened in 2004, decided to celebrate its 10th anniversary in a unique way. In June, it launched the Urban Design Fund of Villeray, a unique initiative that will parlay the funds it raises into a new urban development project in Villeray. "We wanted to give something back to the neighbourhood, but in a smart way," says Sébastien Muniz, co-owner of Tapeo with Victor Afonso.
Each month, a designated tapa dish is available, and when patrons order it, proceeds go to the fund. There are also suggestion boxes in the restaurant so people can let Tapeo and city councillor Elsie Lefebvre know what they want to develop in Villeray. "We're seeing requests for more garbage cans, more green alleys, more green spaces in general," Muniz says.
He explains that Tapeo welcomes about 1,000 patrons per week, and of those, only 15 to 20 per cent are Villeray residents. In other words, Tapeo is using its success as a destination restaurant to support and promote the neighbourhood.
For Lefebvre, the project is an example of Villeray pride. "Our citizens are very proud of their neighbourhood and take ownership of it," she says. "So we work a lot to build this feeling of affinity that's so typical in Villeray."
Part of that means making Villeray economically diverse and viable. To that end, Lefebvre called for a zoning moratorium on streets such as Villeray, Gounod and Castelnau to limit commercial spaces at ground level from being converted into condos.
Lefebvre is also realistic about how the upswing has affected Villeray.
"We still have a lot of affordable housing, but there's been an important hike in property value," she says. "Families are still settling here, and students still live with roommates, but property value has slightly increased in areas between St-Denis and St-Laurent."
These days, a 5½ lists for $925 on Kijiji. A modern two-bedroom condo lists for $282,000 and a duplex for less than $500,000 on the Sutton Quebec website, still considerably less expensive than the equivalent in the Plateau and downtown.
Maral Garabedian lucked out. She moved into her husband's flat on Gounod St. 10 years ago, so the rent they currently pay on their 5½ is only $635. "My husband found this place in 1997, and our landlord has been very reasonable in terms of raising the rent," she says.
A decade ago, she and her husband were trying to decide whose apartment to live in together. Garabedian was in Ville-Émard. They made a list of pros and cons, and Villeray won out.
"We agreed that the landlord is better here, and we both love the Jean-Talon Market," she recalls.
The neighbourhood's friendliness is part of what made them stay.
"I've lived in quite a few places in Montreal, but I find in Villeray, you can say 'hi' to your neighbour, talk to them, chat on the street. I never did that before."
A former drawing and painting teacher at the Visual Arts Centre in Westmount, Garabedian now works at Maillagogo, a reminder that new businesses in any neighbourhood can create jobs.
Samuel Gauthier is a political science student at the Université de Montréal. Originally from Terrebonne, he moved to Snowdon during his first year, but came to Villeray in 2012 to share an 8½ on St-Denis St. with two roommates. The three split a rent of $750, but Gauthier is keen to point out that one of his roommates has a connection to the landlord, which might explain the great rent.
Because he's near Jean-Talon métro, covering both the orange and blue lines, getting to campus is a breeze. Affordability is also important. As a student, Gauthier doesn't shop much, though you may find him at Miss Villeray or at Pain des les voiles bakery.
Mostly, he looks for things that make the neighbourhood pleasant and, where possible, inexpensive. So to him, the Jean-Talon Market is a boon.
"It's fun because they have free samples," Gauthier says. "You could even get a free meal out of it."
He also makes use of Jarry Park, for swimming or basketball.
Recalling a day when he struck up a conversation with a neighbour he hadn't met before, Gauthier remarks, "A good neighbourhood is all about the people it's made up of."
You'll see a lot of those people hanging around Café Vito, which opened in 2012. It takes its name from Vito Azzue, who spent 20 years managing Mile-End's famed Café Olimpico. Located on the corner of Villeray and Casgrain Sts., Café Vito is a comfortable hangout with reliably great coffee. A father whose young adult children help him run the place, Azzue hopes families feel comfortable bringing their kids along to the café.
He acknowledges that he's part of the evolution of Villeray.
"It's not like the Plateau or Mile-End. Maybe one day it will be, but at this moment it's not," he says. "It's nice to see a lot of families living here with kids because the kids can grow up and see the area develop."
Let's hope they stick around long enough to need a stroller for their own family. By then, they might be making those in Villeray, too.
More Urban Villages on our Explore Montreal page, which also features our Look Up series and more features on Montreal landmarks, neighbourhoods and other essentially Montreal places. montrealgazette.com/exploremontreal


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Kickstarter Is Not a Store
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It's hard to know how many people feel like they're shopping at a store when they're backing projects on Kickstarter, but we want to make sure that it's no one. Today we're introducing a number of changes to reinforce that Kickstarter isn't a store — it's a new way for creators and audiences to work together to make things. We'd like to walk you through these changes now.
Creators must talk about "Risks and Challenges"
Today we added a new section to the project page called "Risks and Challenges." All project creators are now required to answer the following question when creating their project:
"What are the risks and challenges this project faces, and what qualifies you to overcome them?"
We added the "Risks and Challenges" section to reinforce that creators' projects are in development. Before backing a project, people can judge both the creator's ability to complete their project as promised and whether they feel the creator is being open and honest about the risks and challenges they face.
The new section will appear below the project description of projects that launch starting today.
New Hardware and Product Design Project Guidelines
The development of new products can be especially complex for creators and seductive to backers. Today we're adding additional guidelines for Hardware and Product Design projects.
They are:
- Product simulations are prohibited. Projects cannot simulate events to demonstrate what a product might do in the future. Products can only be shown performing actions that they're able to perform in their current state of development.
- Product renderings are prohibited. Product images must be photos of the prototype as it currently exists.
Products should be presented as they are. Over-promising leads to higher expectations for backers. The best rule of thumb: under-promise and over-deliver.
We've also added the following guideline for Hardware and Product Design projects:
- Offering multiple quantities of a reward is prohibited. Hardware and Product Design projects can only offer rewards in single quantities or a sensible set (some items only make sense as a pair or as a kit of several items, for instance). The development of new products can be especially complex for creators and offering multiple quantities feels premature, and can imply that products are shrink-wrapped and ready to ship.
These guidelines are effective for all Hardware and Product Design projects that launch starting today.
We hope these updates reinforce that Kickstarter isn't a traditional retail experience and underline the uniqueness of Kickstarter. Thanks for reading, and thanks as always for using Kickstarter.
UPDATE (Monday, September 24): We just posted an update answering follow-up questions from this post. We've also pasted the content of that post below.
Kickstarter announced that it's prohibiting product renderings in the Hardware and Product Design categories, but "rendering" can mean a lot of things. What does Kickstarter mean?
To clarify, we mean photorealistic renderings of a product concept. Technical drawings, CAD designs, sketches, and other parts of the design process will continue to be allowed. Seeing the guts of the creative process is important. We love that stuff. However renderings that could be mistaken for finished products are prohibited.
Do the new guidelines mean that Kickstarter will only accept Hardware and Product Design projects with finished products?
Not at all. We simply ask creators to share with backers exactly what's been done so far, show how the product currently works, and explain how it will be completed. In short, we expect creators to show their work. Backers have shown that they're happy to get involved in projects that are in earlier stages when the creator is clear about the remaining work and their ability to complete it.
Do the new guidelines apply beyond Hardware and Product Design projects that are developing new products?
No. The new guidelines only apply to Hardware and Product Design projects that are developing new products. These guidelines do not apply to Design projects like the LowLine and +Pool or Hardware projects like Stompy: The Giant Rideable Walking Robot. Why? They aren't developing new products that backers are expecting in their mailboxes.
How will Kickstarter know whether something is a simulation or rendering?
We may not know. We do only a quick review to make sure a project meets our guidelines. If an obvious simulation or photorealistic rendering is spotted during that review, that project will not be allowed to launch. If a simulation or photorealistic rendering is discovered after a project launches, that project will be canceled. Everyone should continue to use their best judgment when deciding whether or not to back a project.
Kickstarter announced that Hardware and Product Design rewards could only be offered in single quantities. What if my product works best as a pair or as a set of five?
As we noted in the announcement, sensible sets are fine. If your piece of hardware is best offered as a set of five, that's okay, however you couldn't also offer it as a single piece. Creators will have to decide what works best for their project.
Final thoughts?
We created Kickstarter so more creative work could exist in the world, and last week's changes are in service of that mission. We're confident that these updates will lead to an even better Kickstarter. Thanks for sharing your thoughts with us, and thanks for being a part of it!
J.R.Vosovic on
This is terrible news. Isn't so much of what we are doing here based on being able to roughly prototype in order to get the funding required to make an actual product?
Nick Coghlan on
+1 on requiring the Risks & Challenges section. Most good projects have been explaining that in their project descriptions anyway.
-1 on disallowing renders, mock-ups and simulations. These are fundamentals in pitching an idea to backers - if you went to a conventional funding meeting without these, you'd be kicked out the door as clearly being woefully unprepared for the task. Slap all the disclaimer and labelling rules on them that you want, but banning them is just wrong. Even require that, if renders or simulations are provided, a photo of a current prototype is also required, so that backers know both where the project is now *and* where the developers would like to take it.
-1 on disallowing multiple orders. Not only is it a matter of meeting minimum production runs (which is important), but there's also a matter of convenience for people ordering multiple copies as a group rather than having to each submit their own order. More useful would be for projects to be required to clearly separate out a "Speculative" category for the items that will only be available if the project is successful.
Alexander Morano on
I welcome these changes and I find some of the attitudes against the new ideas rather odd.
I see arguments about how this is not an angel investment site. I disagree.
Things like losing the ability to do manufacturing reduction runs or no longer having the money to actually turn a vaporware rendering into an actual prototype prior to making a full product seem like a silly counter-argument for these changes.
If you need the capital to make a prototype first, that should be your project's first goal, not the promise of a full product. If you can achieve both, kudos, and even better.
Seems some do not fully understand how difficult the process of product actualization are and skip a few steps in the face of all the glorious piles of money they can get people to give them for shirts and hats.
If you have a valid idea, KS shouldn't be your first nor last stop on the road to obtaining investment in your idea.
Expecting a single point of entry to supply you all the capital to fully back an idea is kind of arrogant and really speaks more to a fundamental lack of business acumen.
vishnu on
If it is fraud that you want to "manage" as opposed to "execution ability", please consider this suggestion:
1. Create a category "Milestones" for each project, as appropriate.
2. Operate the funding out in an escrow-like arrangement.
3. Release funds based on milestones being achieved, with "evidence" uploaded to project page.
4. Creates a more process-driven communication between project creators and backers.
5. Backers, where necessary, can call "halt" to further funds release, if current/due milestones have not been achieved nor communicated satisfactorily.
Kickstarter as a platform would look more responsible. The processes shall ensure the communications are mandated at least at the self-declared milestones. Backers don't feel they are "blackboxed".
Charles Waugh on
This is penalizing the creators when the BACKER's expectations are the issue.
When a POTENTIAL backer clicks on the 'Back This Project' button they should be met with an agreement that explains that they are HELPING a project BECOME reality, not just buying a pre-made product. They must check buttons indicating their level of risk-awareness and ability to absorb the risk.
By restricting renderings you just killed Ikea - who is moving towards all-digitally-created sales material. Oh! Wait! That's OK, because they are *already in business*. But it's not OK to help a guy with an idea turn it into reality.
Kickstarter is intended to Kick-START projects, not just be a store. The new guidelines make it more of a store, less of a start-up incubator.
/CLARK/ on
Kickstarter - you're ambition to over-protect a small group of naive, whiney backers is destroying a good thing and you're quickly demoralizing the innovative spirit of this website and community. Please understand that Kickstarter is not a game we are playing - you are a commercial foundation for authentic start-up companies that provide real jobs for brave creators and the talented people they provide work for. Your new rules are detrimental to our business and livelihood and you're dumbing down to the lowest common denominator of moronic backers - this utopian approach is absurd at best. If backers do not understand that there is a risk of delayed product then they should not participate.
As a successful project creator, I can tell you and everyone who has cried about the time it takes to deliver a new product, it's one of the hardest. most pressure intensive things I've done in my entire life and career. There's a reason large companies like Logitech take a year to launch a new product - because it's hard! I have invested nearly $4000 in 7 other Kickstarter ventures and I've never whined or complained, because I understand and support the great effort these people go through.
Again, why would you choose to stifle the creators of innovative products like this? Instead, I suggest mass emailing every prescribed backer and provide a clear warning of the risks presented here. It's that simple. This site is clearly intended to provide pre-sales interest and commitments for innovative new products by assisting the creators to bring these products to market. The great reward to backers is first adoption bragging rights, early access to new products and prices well below anticipated retail.
Clearly, the only confusion here is on the part of the backer, not the creators. The backers need you to provide this clarification. Making rules like preventing developers from using 3D visualizations and selling multiples means you are stopping innovation and minimizing our desire to participate - I guarantee that nobody is getting rich on this site and the money raised is spent trying to deliver great product in a hurry.
It's time to wise up and grow up Kickstarter, before you completely run off the people who take great risk and pay your bills.
Chris Taran on
Horrendously bad changes.
Matt RollefsonSuperbackeron
Agree with the comments about unintended consequences of these changes. A risks section sounds great. The other changes seem to be placating the few at the expense of many.
Randy Glenn on
Here's hoping hardware and product design projects find a more accomodating place to pitch their ideas. I'll follow them there.
zbiggie on
@Nick Coghlan
Completely agree with his comments. The warning are great, while not allowing renderings or multiple's of the product is a horrible idea.
@Charles Waugh
Again I agree with his comment. Would I have backed the Ouya if it were provided with only a wooden controller and a chip board instead of a rendered mock up of how it will run. No.
The idea of kickstarter is to help people, who may have even a complete product, to get the funding needed to make a production run viable. The reality is that the major hardware and software companies will not come here only those who only think that producing their product will be worth while. While those with great ideas no matter how far along the line of development might find that this is the only place that makes sense to develop something.
For instance look at Obsidian Entertainment. They have developed Fallout New Vegas, a AAA video game. They are developing a new game, Project Eternity. They found that dealing with publishers, giving away the rights to their game, having huge say over how the game develops is something that they can do without. They are using kickstarter to say to the communtiy, "hey this is what we want to make and this is what were willing to give out for it." But under your rules the idea that people would recieve multiple copies of the game is a no no. Why? Those multiple copies brought in more money that other wise would have been lost, which could have meant a failed project.
Please don't put in these rules, except the risks and challenges section which will do little to harm the creators, the community that supports you so much is begging.
FuzzyWuzzie on
Sorry Kickstarter, but your rules about renderings & multiple items are terrible. Why would I ever back a project that is only a mashup of components on some perfboard? Where is the interest in that? Why would I risk ANYTHING without seeing the same vision for the product that the creator sees? This actually works to make Kickstarter more of a store and less of a funding agency. In fact, it's pretty much the exact distinction between store and funding a product idea: in a store, what you see is what you get, funding an idea, you put money towards what you want to come out of it and hope things go ok.
For multiple items, what is wrong with me throwing extra money at and expecting greater reward from a project I think will do great? What if 20 people ordering 2 items means the difference between a mass-produced part being able to be produced vs. not?
The rule about "Risks and Challenges" is a great idea, and a step in the right direction. But one step forward and two steps back doesn't get you at all where you want to be. I have backed 12 projects so far, and so far every single one has been successful or is actively keeping me updated on their progress. I can see that number not growing any larger if these kinds of rules stick around. Please reconsider these rules, for the love of Kickstarter.
Julian Gall on
I think renderings have their place, maybe alongside a prototype. There are some manufacturing processes that are difficult and expensive to prototype until there is funding in place (e.g. custom extrusions). The result of this rule may be that rather than create renderings, the projects have to 3D print their renderings just to create a "prototype", which seems like an unnecessary step.
As a backer, I would be happy to see "here is the prototype and here's a rendering of what it will look like when manufactured".
Dave Larose on
First you don't allow non-US entities to create projects, (but you sure will take our money). This may well be an Amazon Payments created problem, but I am sure that you could solve it if you wished.
Now these new rules, of a baby and bathwater nature.
Hello Indiegogo..?
Stuart Carnie on
Voting this down…terrible changes.
• Product renderings show significant progress on potential CAD work leading towards fabrication. The more insight into the project development, the more backers can understand what they are in for. Quite simply, *nothing* that provides details of the team, their product and progress should be prohibited. Requiring prominent disclaimers when these images are used should be enough.
• Forbidding multiple quantities is also a ludicrous prohibition. Many hardware products are offered with associated SDKs, and therefore companies wanting to do testing and development may need multiples for various team members. This has nothing to do with being a store and simply helping a product get the necessary support it needs. Pebble is a great example of this.
As with many of the other commenters, I urge Kickstarter to reconsider.
armored_mammal on
I think the 'no renders' policy is a little sketchy. I can see why you came up with it, but for a whole class of projects the main reasons there's a kickstarter is that someone can't afford to just go and have their CAD prototyped/CNC'd.
Mario LurigSuperbackeron
I'm a fan of these changes, pushing creators farther down the 'ready' line before asking others for money.
Jose Hevia on
"Offering multiple quantities of a reward is prohibited."
I don't understand what you mean by that.
Jose Hevia on
Also forbidding simulations is so bad. Diagrams and renderings are so essential for explaining the product, even when there is a prototype over the table(e.g look at B9Creator project). It seems the puritan vein has come to kickstarter, forbidding everything because it can be used badly, you loose the ability to benefit when it is used the right way.
Jeremy Reaban on
By "render" do you also mean mock-ups? And if you don't mean mock-ups, wouldn't it be trivially easy to just make one up (especially with a 3d printer)
A lot of people have been finger pointing at the Ouya (since it's cool to hate it and call it a scam), but they did have prototype hardware and the lady from it was playing a game on it in the video (albeit not with the Ouya controller). Did it fit in the mock-up of the case they showed? Apparently not.
Anti A. Danilevski on
Hello everyone and dear Kickstarter team!
Is it allowed to show rendered rewards (not a product)? For example, we have designed logo for T-Shirt and there are services that makes a good image of t-shirt with the logo on it - so we don't have to photo it. But from the other hand, it's a product?
Marco on
i'm personally working on a fully working prototype anyway, because i think that a project should be proven working at a certain degree.
however one of the key aspect in my case is easy of use and overall appeareance.
Some custom injection molds can cost up to 20'000$,so the current prototype is not as polished, but that's our limit right now and one of the reasons we apply for crowdsourcing.
A lot of machining has been done with some basic CNC machining BUT the final product will benefit from us being able to buy advanced 4/5 axis machines.
I think it's unfair that we should not be able to show what the prototype is about "WHAT".
A prototype is always a physical rendition of an idea, not just a proof of concept.
I'm not even thinking on how i can explain how the machine work without and exploded 3d view animation.
I think a good compromise could be : renders and simulations are allowed for fully working prototypes.
I will have to choose another way of founding my project if i'm forced to show my fully working prototype all "dirty" and "naked" without injection-molding plastic parts on it.
it's like showing a working car metal frame and trying to sell that design...
form and function always goes together.
KOLOS, Inc. on
"Risks and Challenges" - Needed addition
"Product renderings are prohibited" - Absurd.
Citing @Josh Holloway
"A very incomplete list of successful projects that couldn't have existed if these rules were in place:
Capture, The Oona, TikTok + LunaTik, Infinite Loop, Isostick, Trigger Trap, Elevation Dock, Nesl, Brydge, Synergy Aircraft, Taktik, Nifty MiniDrive, POP, Oculus Rift, Slim, Instacube, SmartThings, LIFX,
and of course Pebble"
"Offering multiple quantities of a reward is prohibited" - This should be a risk investors take, not Kickstarter.
Richard NL on
The title of this post is "Kickstarter Is Not a Store".
Then it goes on to describe two new rules:
1. You can't use product renderings of what Rewards may eventually look like - it must be the Reward's current state.
2. You can't advertise features that you do not already have in your existing product.
Now you're not throwing money at a Creator in order for them to try and make their prototype look the way they want and do the way they want - no, you're throwing money at a Creator to make further copies of what they already have.
Suddenly, it sounds a heck of a lot more like a store.
3. You can't offer multiples of a single Reward.
A store with a "limit 1 per customer" policy. Have you done any research to find out which projects that were successful and delivered would have failed (assuming there wouldn't be a magical influx of many more backers) with this policy already in place?
I always considered KickStarter to not be a store - I even argued this to many friends and acquaintances who then went on to become Backers with that in mind - but your recent Accountability post actually cleared this right up; KickStarter is absolutely a store.
"Before backing a project, people can judge both the creator's ability to complete their project as promised" is all fine and well, but your policy still clearly states that Creators must A. deliver or B. offer refunds. As long as that is there, there's no legal grounds for "Risks and Challenges". Either there are risks and the Creator may not deliver NOR offer a refund, or they must deliver/refund and the only risk is that the Creator ends up going bankrupt.
I can't help but feel that you're falling all over yourselves due to the recent negative attention in the popular press, the growing negative comments from Backers on projects that are way overdue or in a state of failure, and the recent Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing by a Creator which was likely fallout from their KickStarter project gone wrong and getting sued as a result (Hanfree, Seth Quest).
I get that you're trying to protect Creators from themselves, and at least try to make Backers understand that things may not go as planned and maybe get more of them to just shrug off pledged funds rather than demanding refunds. I get that. But I'm not sure the conflicting information and bizarre limitations are the way to do this.
Tom Byrer on
I like many think these rules will frustrate both backers & project owners.to the point of driving them to other platforms like IndieGoGo, RocketHub, and more: http://alternativeto.net/software/kickstarter/
- Product renderings & simulations are part of the development process often. While I agree with "Products should be presented as they are", and simulations need to be clearly marked as so. However, often "RENDERINGS" ARE THE SPEC THAT IS SENT TO MANUFACTURERS like a CAD drawing or web design mockup. It would be foolish not to publish these; "a picture is worth a thousand words"..
Perhaps create a new tab for renderings?
- You should make it easier for people to get multiple rewards, not prevent them. Why don't you want more money? People will just contact the creator on their private website for multiples. Then, you may not receive all the money you could have had, since they'll look for alternate funding for their alternate copies...
Also, who are you to judge if one project makes sense as a "sensible set" or not? What about software licencing for multiple computers &/or users, or something that may be "sensible" in an office, where everyone in the office needs one? Or "sensible" to send as gifts? Or "sensible" that it may be easily destroyed on use so multiples are needed (eg like the Teensy & Galago development boards I've funded; I plan to only use one, but others may need extras if they will make those boards permanent part of their projects)
Keep in mind that MySpace was the internet's darling, until they frustrated users enough to drive them to FaceBook. Money like water flow to the easiest path.
Jesse Clark on
I like the spirit of this change, if not the actual wording and the final policy. Renders should be clearly and unambiguously labeled as such. This will definitely help to protect folks from vapor, but may cut too deep.
Tom Byrer on
shh: I don't think you understand the costs to mass-produce anything, which includes food products. It is one thing to make "prototypes" in your kitchen, it is another to buy a rent a commercial kitchen, buy high-volume ovens, mixers, supplies, packaging, etc. Thus, these people need a large cash infusion to jump from baking from home to baking for 1000s of people.
Which is why I think allowing multiples of items is important; most things can be used in multiples. Knowing what kind of market you have is very important in starting out when switching from prototypes &/or low-volume to high-volume.
Renderings are a necessary part of the manufacturing process, and should definitely be allowed. I have funded numerous projects that I thought were worthwhile on the basis of descriptions and renderings, at the same time realizing that they might never be completed. Also, many of these items I could never buy, but I thought they were worth funding anyway. My reward is funding something cool and/or innovative, plus a small token (like a patch or shirt - so I disagree with the person who said to ban those).
Multiples of items should also be allowed. If you're risking money to back something, why shouldn't you get rewarded the way you want? Like someone said, maybe something can be worn out and I want a replacement, or maybe I want to give some to others. And as a backer, that's part of my reward - being able to get the item cheaper, or sooner, or with neat extras - and getting further copies from a store wouldn't give me that.
The warning is good, but the other changes are really contrary to the spirit and functioning of Kickstarter, and will drive away both producers and backers.
David Hawkins on
Are we allowed renders if the prototype is currently at that phase? I assume not, given that you slapped a 'prohitibted' label over them, but it's quite absurd if not.
It's difficult to get a clean image of a product on a clean white background - I think we can agree on that. Not to mention if our prototypes look like dog food.
Changes as substantial as these should have been crowd-sourced in my opinion. Please don't let ego hold up refining some of these new policies a little.
Perhaps we don't have a voice here but it makes me feel better.
Bruce Wang on
Added to the list, risk of being shutdown by kickstarter without any chance to explain and inform the backers. That's what happened to one of the projects we backed.
Patrik Zetterberg on
Talking about risks & challenges are good. But backers deserve to know the intended design vision of a product. I see two problems: 1. Creators might not get funded since they cannot communicate their design vision. 2. Backers might fund promising products with false impression of what the final design/brand is.
Kouture Crochet on
I think that the limits on renderings is a GOOD IDEA. A very good one. As of right, I stopped even looking at hardware and design projects because so many have failed to deliver. Some commenters have insulted backers for having the nerve to expect that projects actually deliver.
I am however worried about the multiples. I agree about multiples for hardware and design but does this affect say getting to decks of artistic playing cards like the Tacoma project?
Amateurasu on
The risks and challenges thing is fine, but the other changes are overboard, imho. Like others have said, it would be far better to simply require renderings and demos to be labeled as such, rather than prohibited entirely. Otherwise, you are tying the hands of the people trying to get their project off the ground, to get people motivated and whip up interest. And how does it help anyone to restrict multiple item reward tiers? Again, as others have said, quantity can be very important to making it economical to produce hardware. Why make it harder to get to that threshold?
This list of changes makes it seem like you are more worried about your notion of how you want Kickstarter to be perceived than you are about what the creators and backers actually want and need.
Richard NL on
Agreed with the above that product renders should be labeled as such (usually obvious, but may not always be so).
Just to add to the 'multiples' problem:
What is to stop a Creator from adding 'pledge multiples of this amount if you want multiple of this reward' to the description?
Or, as we have seen with the Digispark project, set up a separate 'order processing' page (off-KickStarter) and ask users to increase their pledge amount as appropriate for the number of items they have selected on that page?
As neat as the latter is (even with the hiccup), it does make the entire pledge vs reward process less transparent.
I wish attention would have gone to more important (to Creators/Backers) things - like how S&H costs are handled. Almost every big project still has to deal with Backers saying they forgot to add S&H costs - this despite it being technologically simple to prevent from happening.
Kouture Crochet on
I want to add that I support disallowing renders. Kickstarter should be a place to fund projects not for people to hash out their ideas on someone else's dime.
Just as renders without any actual working prototype would not get you funding "the old fashioned" way it should not do so here either.
Stefan Lopuszanski on
I wonder what the real reason behind these changes are... must have been some intense risk assessment or something major behind the scenes. If these were in place before Kickstarter would be down about 1.5 million themselves from projects that relied on multiple copies and rendered components like the TikTok and Ouya.
Still see no reason to limit the number of copies of a product being given out -- it seems like they want to remove any possibility for products that aren't 1 household per unit designs. I'm all for the disclaimers and explaining the risks, challenges, and how they will overcome them. But limiting what type and how they present their idea is juts going to stifle creativity.
Why was this change decided? What are we missing? What is the thing behind the scenes that we aren't being told?
Rob Yanosey on
I think the thing that people are missing is that Kickstarter is likely doing this for legal reasons, not because they think it makes the process better. As more and more people list future hardware products, with 3D renderings, ability to order more than one, etc, Kickstarter begins to look more and more like a store and less like what it is.
If Kickstarter looks like a store and quacks like a store, then they open themselves up to possible lawsuits should someone look to defraud their "customers" (or even if someone honestly just doesn't live up to what was expected).
Thomas Iwancio on
This is a disaster for Kickstarter. I don't have any real issues with the disclaimer, but removing renders for hardware is a terrible. Plenty of projects use renders to the benefit of projects and backers. As long as everyone knows its a render, or if renders are shown along with the prototype, why would you ban renders outright?
The multiple rewards is going to prevent many projects from reaching their goals. There is no inherent risk from allowing multiple rewards to a single backer over several backers getting one reward each.
Jaime Macias on
I just wanted to log my objection as a backer of 25 projects against the restriction on renderings. renderings are part of the fabrication and creation process and they are valid production steps. Restricting their use is not a solution to the kickstarter perceived problem. However the ban would hinder project creators of all sorts whether they have a physical prototype or not. I hope that this comment is received and weighed. Thanks for everything.
Tim VanVranken on
Risk & Challenges Section = Good
No Prototypes / No Multiple Item Rewards = Bad
I'm one of the "Consumers" trying to be protected by this move and I disagree with the "No Prototypes / No Multiple Item Rewards".
How about this for ANY project? When a backer selects a monetary level, pop-up the "Risk and Challenges" section that the project owner had to fill out and ask "Are you comfortable with these Risks and Challenges for this Kickstarter project?"
I think that and a disclaimer on renderings and simulations should be sufficient. Don't penalize the designer.
Maybe I'm the minority but I know these projects I back may not come to fruition every after it's fully funded. Would I be disappointed? Sure, who wouldn't. There are those projects that I would back at a higher level because of the multiple rewards AND they're specifically Product Design projects.
So I'll repeat my first comments...
Risk & Challenges Section = Good
No Prototypes / No Multiple Item Rewards = Bad
Ed L on
Wow ...So with these new rules in place does that mean the 0ne dollar that I gave to just back a project might be the last of the 31 projects that Ive so far backed ?
Have I recieved all by backed rewards ? No
Am I upset that some are behind schedule ? No
Have I placed mutiple orders ? Yes
Would being able to back only one item make me more likely back a Product ? No
Of the backed products Ive recieved all have been outstanding items .
Limiting what a project can show me in a design is a bad idea , Yes show what your design is right now but also show
what the final vision is .
Jason Nguyen on
I really don't get why a backer can't purchase multiple quantities for Hardware and Product Design projects.
Many of these projects will have a limited run and the backers may not be able to purchase another after the kickstarter project finish.
This would surely limit successful projects in the Hardware or Product Design category.
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Jorie Graham, (born May 9, 1951, New York City, New York, U.S.), American poet whose abstract intellectual verse is known for its visual imagery, complex metaphors, and philosophical content.
Graham grew up in France and Italy. After attending the Sorbonne, she continued her education at New York University (B.F.A., 1973) and at the University of Iowa (M.F.A., 1978). She taught in Kentucky, California, and New York, returned to the University of Iowa to teach in 1983, and began splitting her time between Iowa and Harvard University in 2000. She was influenced by European visual art as well as the poets W.B. Yeats, Wallace Stevens, T.S. Eliot, John Milton, John Berryman, and Emily Dickinson.
Graham began publishing poems in 1977. Her first volume of verse, Hybrids of Plants and of Ghosts (1980), features compact, intricate poems that explore death, beauty, and change. Erosion (1983) examines the connection between the body and the soul in such poems as "Reading Plato," "I Watched a Snake," and "The Sense of an Ending." In The End of Beauty (1987), Graham experimented with form, constructing subtle, sometimes inaccessible poems divided into series of short, numbered stanzas with missing words and lively enjambment. Region of Unlikeness (1991), which is annotated to explain its textual obscurities, furthers her exploration of philosophy and religion in such poems as "The Tree of Knowledge," "The Holy Shroud," and "Chaos."
Graham's subsequent collections include Materialism (1993); The Dream of the Unified Field: Selected Poems 1974-1994 (1995), a survey of her work for which she received a Pulitzer Prize; and The Errancy (1997). In Swarm (2000) and Never (2002) she departed from her characteristic imagery-focused style. Overlord (2005) is a more-accessible collection that deals with political, social, and environmental matters, often through allusions to World War II. Sea Change (2008) furthers those themes with poems warning of the dangers of global warming and environmental irresponsibility, among other issues. In 2012 Graham published Place, which won the Forward Poetry Prize for best collection. The Taken-Down God: Selected Poems 1997-2008 (2013) and From the New World: Poems 1976-2014 (2015) are additional surveys of her work.


text:
It's clear that the axiom of replacement can be used to construct very large sets, such as $$ \bigcup_{i=0}^\infty P^i N, $$ where $N$ is the natural numbers. I assume that it can be used to construct sets much lower in the Zermelo hierarchy, such as sets of natural numbers, but I don't know of an example. Is there an easy example? (Just to be clear, I mean an example that requires the use of replacement, not just one where you could use replacement if you wanted to.)
I would guess you can cook up an example using Borel determinacy, since that involves games of length $\omega$, but it would be great if there was an even more direct example.
Also, I'd be curious to know for any such examples at what stage they first come along in the constructible universe. $\omega + 1$? The first Church-Kleene ordinal? Some other ordinal I've never heard of?


text:
This section describes what is known and not known about changes in various exhaust constituents that occur downstream of the combustor, in the air passages of the turbine and exhaust nozzle. The discussion centers on chemical species that are expected to have the highest potential for impact on the global atmosphere (see Chapters 2 and 3).
Figure 7-26: General categorization of chemical
The discussion begins in Section 7.6.1 with a review of the factors that have generated interest in chemical processes in the turbine and exhaust nozzle. Section 7.6.2 provides a brief overview of functional requirements and constraints for aircraft turbines and nozzles, and how these requirements have led to particular design choices. Section 7.6.3 describes the relevant chemical and fluid mechanical effects. Section 7.6.4 describes what is known and not known regarding chemical changes in the turbine and exhaust nozzle.
Many engine exhaust species of interest for environmental impact assessment exist in trace amounts, typically tens of ppbv to tens of ppmv. Despite their relatively small concentrations, these trace species emissions can result in perturbations of chemical species in the atmosphere that may induce significant atmospheric effects. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss these issues in relation to atmospheric ozone and cloudiness, respectively. Numerical simulations and a limited number of experiments suggest that several of these trace species can undergo considerable change within the nonuniform, unsteady flow fields of the turbine and nozzle prior to injection into the atmosphere (Hunter, 1982; Harris, 1990; Brown et al., 1996; Lukachko et al., 1998). However, there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the extent of this change and its dependence on engine technology and operating conditions. Indeed, estimates for the extent of sulfur oxidation (SO2 ' SO3 + H2SO4) range from 0.4 to 45% or more depending on the modeling assumptions and experimental data considered (Hunter, 1982; Harris, 1990; Arnold et al., 1994, 1999; Frenzel and Arnold, 1994; Miake-Lye et al., 1994; Fahey et al., 1995b; Brown et al., 1996; K�rcher et al., 1996; Hanisco et al., 1997; Lukachko et al., 1998; Miake-Lye et al., 1998). However, most of the predicted conversion efficiencies are less than 10%, with an experimentally derived lower limit of 0.34% (Curtius et al., 1998) (see Section 184.108.40.206). More important, such variations in estimates of the extent of sulfur oxidation within the engine and subsequent changes in aerosol formation lead to changes in predicted column ozone depletion by a fleet of supersonic transport aircraft by as much as a factor of 2 (Weisenstein et al., 1995; Danilin et al., 1997). Large uncertainty regarding trace species processes and the perception that intra-engine changes may be important-along with the desire for a more detailed and complete characterization of engine exhaust emissions to support downstream plume, wake, and atmospheric modeling efforts-have only recently motivated a more detailed study of intra-engine trace species chemistry (Dryer et al., 1993; Brown et al., 1996; NRC, 1997; Lukachko et al., 1998). There is relatively little research yet reported in this area; however, new measurement and modeling capabilities are currently being developed.
Sections 7.4 and 7.5 discuss the principal elements and functions of the components of a gas turbine engine. They describe how, after exiting the combustor, the engine core flow passes into the turbine then through the exhaust nozzle (Figure 7-7 et seq.). Within these components, the principal engineering constraints are associated with maintenance of the structural integrity of the parts exposed to the high-temperature environment downstream of the combustor and limitations on weight.
Figure 7-24 shows an example of a modern turbine stage. The design of the flow passages ensures maximum operating efficiency and meets engineering integrity requirements of the compressor and combustor. As explained in Section 7.4, the achievement of high thermal efficiency, hence low fuel consumption, means that turbines operate in gas flows that are several hundred Kelvin above the melting point of the materials employed (see, e.g., Kerrebrock, 1992). Cooling of all structures exposed to the flow path is therefore essential. The requirement for cooling adds significant complexity to the blades and vanes because of the need for small internal passages through which air bled from the compressor is channelled. This air is usually injected through small holes in the surfaces of the various components (as shown in Figure 7-24) to form a protective, cooler boundary layer. Air injected in this manner can account for as much as 25% of the flow through the core of the engine. The trend for increased temperature and pressure is expected to continue in the future, as discussed in Section 7.4.
Figure 7-27: Influence of wakes and cold blade
Figure 7-25 shows the mean temperature and pressure history as a function of time through the aft end of a typical engine, to illustrate pressure and temperature ranges in which trace species chemistry occurs. Turbine inlet temperatures vary within the flight cycle from 1200 to more than 2000 K, and pressures vary from 0.8-4.5 MPa. The gases remain in residence within the turbine and nozzle for approximately 5-10 ms. Combustor residence times have decreased (currently around 5 ms) as a result of efforts to reduce NOx, and the time the exhaust gases spend within the turbine and nozzle can thus be longer than that in the combustor. At the engine exit, the temperatures and pressures typically range from 200-600 K and 0.02-0.1 MPa, respectively, depending on the particular engine technology and the operating conditions. Note that some of the temperature change within the turbine results from the addition of cooling air, as discussed above.
Significant variations around the baseline, one-dimensional flow conditions described above exist because of spatial and temporal flow nonuniformities at the combustor exit and throughout the turbine. There are many reasons for this nonuniformity: Combustion turbulence, the combustor exit temperature profile needed to maintain turbine blade life, fuel injector-induced hot spots, introduction of cooling flows, and viscous boundary layers and wakes. Together these effects lead to turbine inlet conditions-which may vary locally at any instant in time-between those associated with combustor inlet conditions and those resulting from stoichiometric combustion.
Downstream of the combustor-in the turbine and exhaust nozzle-the evolution of any particular species within the turbine and exhaust nozzle generally depends on local temperature and pressure, concentrations of other species, and variations of these parameters over time. The multitude of unsteady three-dimensional fluid mechanical effects and the large number of chemical species that interact with one another make this region a complex physical and chemical system. A full understanding and prediction of its behavior has not yet been attained.
Chemical models developed for application to the post-combustion expansion process must apply to a wide range of flow parameters, as discussed previously (Miake-Lye et al., 1993; Brown et al., 1996; Lukachko et al., 1998). The availability of kinetic data applicable to the entire post-combustion range is limited because little research has spanned the wide gap in parameters between combustor and atmospheric conditions for many of the relevant reactions. An example of a chemical mechanism currently employed (Lukachko et al., 1998) consists of 25 species coupled through 74 reactions representing contributions from gaseous SOxO, NOy, HOx, and COx chemistry (Westley et al., 1983; Tsang and Hampson, 1986; Tsang and Herron, 1991; DeMore et al., 1994; Yetter et al., 1995). Because of gaps in the kinetic data, interpolation of available rates introduces uncertainties into current model results.
Beyond limitations in the range of applicability of basic kinetic data for identified reactions, the overall kinetic mechanism has yet to be validated against experimental data. Thus, the kinetic mechanism may not be complete, and missing mechanisms have yet to be positively identified. In particular, heterogeneous processes (e.g., involving soot and volatile particles) have not been adequately addressed by current models or measurements (see Chapter 3). In addition, recent in-flight (Fahey et al., 1995b; Hanisco et al., 1997; Anderson et al., 1998; Hagen et al., 1998; Miake-Lye et al., 1998; Pueschel et al. 1998) and engine test cell measurements (Wey et al., 1998) have indicated that additional SOxO oxidation is occurring that cannot be explained by SOxO reactions currently accounted for in mechanisms used to date.
Other reports in this collection


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Being short and experiencing the world from an angle of reduced height can make a person feel vulnerable, inferior, and mistrustful and increase their paranoia, according to new research.
For their study, scientists at Oxford University had 60 women wear virtual reality helmets in which they took two different simulated subway rides. In one ride, the height was lowered by 30 centimeters, which affected the woman's perspective. Researchers did not tell the women about the height change. In a questionnaire following the experiment, the women reported feeling more paranoid and less secure during the ride in which they were shorter.
"When you are lower down than normal, it makes you feel more inferior to other people, and that I think makes you feel more vulnerable, and that's what leads you to see hostility where there isn't any," said Daniel Freeman, a professor of clinical psychology who led the study.
However, according to researchers, the findings aren't meant to suggest that all short people are paranoid, but rather, that reducing someone's height in social situations leads to "greater levels of paranoia."