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Josh Fox makes his mainstream debut with his fictional rant film targeting natural gas – but how much of it is actually true?"
One glaring error in the film is the suggestion that gas drilling led to the September fish kill at Dunkard Creek in Greene County. That was determined to have been caused by a golden algae bloom from coal mine drainage, (from CONSOL Energy discharge), NOT natural gas drilling.
Attached below are 2 reports from the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission. The Commission investigated the Markham and McClure water wells, each referenced in the movie Gasland. Sample results showed that the water wells contained naturally occurring biogenic methane gas. In each case, the Commission found that the complaints were unrelated to oil and gas activities.
For an avant-garde filmmaker and stage director whose previous work has been recognized by the "Fringe Festival" of New York City, HBO's decision to air the GasLand documentary nationwide later this month represents Josh Fox's first real foray into the mainstream – and, with the potential to reach even a portion of the network's 30 million U.S. subscribers, a potentially significant one at that.
But with larger audiences and greater fanfare come the expectation of a few basic things: accuracy, attention to detail, and original reporting among them. Unfortunately, in the case of this film, accuracy is too often pushed aside for simplicity, evidence too often sacrificed for exaggeration, and the same old cast of characters and anecdotes – previously debunked – simply lifted from prior incarnations of the film and given a new home in this one.
"I'm sorry," Josh Fox once told a New York City magazine, "but art is more important than politics. … Politics is people lying to you and simplifying everything; art is about contradictions." And so it is with GasLand: politics at its worst, art at its most contrived, and contradictions of fact found around every bend of the river. Against that backdrop, we attempt below to identify and correct some of the most egregious inaccuracies upon which the film is based (all quotes are from Josh Fox, unless otherwise noted):
Misstating the Law
(6:05) "What I didn't know was that the 2005 energy bill pushed through Congress by Dick Cheney exempts the oil and natural gas industries from Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Superfund law, and about a dozen other environmental and Democratic regulations."
This assertion, every part of it, is false. The oil and natural gas industry is regulated under every single one of these laws — under provisions of each that are relevant to its operations. See this fact sheet for a fuller explanation of that.
The process of hydraulic fracturing, to which Fox appears to be making reference here, has never in its 60-year history been regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). It has, however, been regulated ably and aggressively by the states, which have compiled an impressive record of enforcement and oversight in the many decades in which they have been engaged in the practice.Far from being "pushed through Congress by Dick Cheney," the Energy Policy Act of 2005 earned the support of nearly three-quarters of the U.S. Senate (74 "yea" votes), including the top Democrat on the Energy Committee; current Interior secretary Ken Salazar, then a senator from Colorado; and a former junior senator from Illinois named Barack Obama. In the U.S. House, 75 Democrats joined 200 Republicans in supporting the final bill, including the top Democratic members on both the Energy & Commerce and Resources Committees.
(6:24) "But when the 2005 energy bill cleared away all the restrictions, companies … began to lease Halliburton technology and to begin the largest and most extensive domestic gas drilling campaign in history – now occupying 34 states."
Once again, hydraulic fracturing has never been regulated under SDWA – not in the 60-year history of the technology, the 36-year history of the law, or the 40-year history of EPA. Given that, it's not entirely clear which "restrictions" in the law Mr. Fox believes were "cleared away" by the 2005 energy bill. All the bill sought to do was clarify the existing and established intent of Congress as it related to the scope of SDWA.
Interest in developing clean-burning natural gas resources from America's shale formations began to manifest itself well before 2005. The first test well in the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania, for example, was drilled in 2004. In Texas, the first wells in the prolific Barnett Shale formation were spudded in the late 1990s. But even before natural gas from shale was considered a viable business model, energy producers had been relying on hydraulic fracturing for decades to stimulate millions of wells across the country. The technology was first deployed in 1948.
The contention that current energy development activity represents the "largest … drilling campaign in history" is also incorrect. According to EIA, more natural gas wells were developed in 1982 than today. And more than two times the number of petroleum wells were drilled back then as well, relative to the numbers we have today. Also, while it may (or may not) be technically true that fracturing activities take place in 34 states, it's also true that 99.9 percent of all oil and gas activity is found in only 27 U.S. states (page 9, Ground Water Protection Council report)
(32:34) "The energy task force, and $100 million lobbying effort on behalf of the industry, were significant in the passage of the 'Halliburton Loophole' to the Safe Drinking Water Act, which authorizes oil and gas drillers exclusively to inject known hazardous materials, unchecked, directly into or adjacent to underground drinking water supplies. It passed as part of the Bush administration's Energy Policy Act of 2005."
Not content with simply mischaracterizing the nature of existing law, here Fox attempts to assert that the law actually allows energy producers to inject hazardous chemicals "directly into" underground drinking water. This is a blatant falsehood. Of course, if such an outrageous thing were actually true, one assumes it wouldn't have taken five years and a purveyor of the avant-garde to bring it to light.
The subsurface formations that undergo fracture stimulation reside thousands and thousands of feet below formations that carry potable water. These strata are separated by millions of tons of impermeable rock, and in some cases, more than two miles of it.
Once again, to characterize the bipartisan 2005 energy bill as having a "loophole" for hydraulic fracturing requires one to believe that, prior to 2005, hydraulic fracturing was regulated by EPA under federal law. But that belief is mistaken. And so is the notion that the 2005 act contains a loophole for oil and natural gas. As stated, hydraulic fracturing has been regulated ably and aggressively by the states.
(1:32:34) "Diana DeGette and Maurice Hinchey's FRAC Act [is] a piece of legislation that's one paragraph long that simply takes out the exemption for hydraulic fracturing to the Safe Drinking Water Act."
Here Fox is referring to the 2008 iteration of the FRAC Act, not the slightly longer (though equally harmful) 2009 version of the bill. The legislation does not, as its authors suggest, "restore" the Safe Drinking Water Act to the way it was in 2004. It calls for a wholesale re-writing of it.


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Five Wine Blogs I Really Click With
I SPENT THE BETTER part of last week doing something that relatively few wine drinkers probably do: reading wine blogs. Not just a handful of blogs here and there but hundreds and hundreds of wine blogs from all over the world. I read until I was absolutely blog-bleary; I probably totaled 10,000 page views.
I did this partly out of curiosity. I don't read many wine blogs, and I wondered what I might be missing. What was being discussed? What wines, wineries and topics were hot? After all, people in the wine trade have called bloggers a powerful force, capable of challenging—perhaps even eclipsing—traditional media and conventional wine critics. I'm not sure if that's true, but the numbers are certainly impressive. There are about 1,450 wine blogs today, of which about 1,000 are nonprofessional endeavors (the rest are "industry" blogs), according to Allan Wright of the Zephyr Adventures tour operator, who has organized Wine Bloggers Conferences in North America for the past five years. But most bloggers haven't been doing it very long: "Only 18% of [wine] bloggers today have been blogging for more than six years," he said.
Most of the bloggers were doing it just for "personal satisfaction," Mr. Wright said, since the possibility of making money was quite small. Alder Yarrow, who writes a much-talked-about blog, Vinography, told me that he earns $12,000 to $16,000 from it annually, most of which comes from banner ads. Said Mr. Yarrow, who began his blog in 2004 and has a day job: "Monetizing a blog is very hard if you don't want to sell products, sell advertising to wineries and therefore look like a shill."
" The best bloggers go beyond tasting notes, with passion and curiosity. "
Most bloggers are more like Alice Feiring, a traditional wine journalist and blogger who has never made "a cent" from her blog, the Feiring Line, which she started in 2004. (It's one of the few that I read on a regular basis.) But unlike most other bloggers, Ms. Feiring has a newsletter; she has 450 subscribers paying $65 a year for 10 issues. "The blog was a soapbox; the newsletter is a mini-magazine," Ms. Feiring explained.
A lack of profit potential isn't necessarily the biggest blogger obstacle; time is in even shorter supply. Judging from the number of bloggers who allow weeks, months, even years to go by without posting a thought, it's clearly hard to maintain momentum. Or inspiration. More than one blogger explained his or her absence with a post that began something like: "I didn't drink anything worth writing about."
The perceived need to pile up tasting notes in a quest for legitimacy is a problem in wine blogging. Many of the amateur blogs that I read were bloated with tasting notes, enlivened only occasionally by a bit of prose or a photo of the family dog (Rosie the dog's winery visits in California's Sonoma County, on the blog CorkPopper, were a bright spot). On the other hand, tasting notes are one way that a blog can be monetized. For example, bloggers who recommend wines are paid a small referral fee if they direct readers to sites like Wine-Searcher, said Mr. Yarrow, who makes some money this way as well.
Off Duty's Half Full
A blog full of tasting notes helps to ensure the author receives plenty of free wine; wineries are more likely to send samples to bloggers who post notes. And yet, wineries do this less and less often, according to Lisa Mattson, communications director at Jordan Winery in Sonoma. Ms. Mattson said she sends fewer samples than ever, and the vetting process is intense. "We're working with a much smaller set of wine bloggers who have remained credible," she wrote in an email. What makes a blogger credible? "Reputation and awards. Design and writing style," she said. And a blogger would do well to get rid of an AOL email address, which Ms. Mattson called a "credibility killer." Most of all, a blog had to "be about something" she said.
I knew what Ms. Mattson meant (and not just about the AOL email addresses). I was looking for meaningful bloggers as well. I was hoping to find a few impassioned amateurs with no connection to wine other than a genuine curiosity and an interesting point of view (ones who kept their blogs current, too). Wine Bloggers Conference polled wine bloggers and found that a full 83% cited "passion" as a reason for keeping a blog. That's an impressive number. It's even more impressive when passion and talent happen to coincide—as it does with the following five bloggers, whose work I particularly admired.
Brooklynguy's Wine and Food Blog
Brooklynguy is an education consultant who has been blogging from the most fashionable borough of New York since 2006. Brooklynguy posts about wine and food—often with recipes—but he writes brief vignettes about his life, too. For example, a March 10 post on the inadequacy of language culminates in a few notes about a Cheverney Rouge (a wine from the Loire). He seems like a thoughtful, even philosophical, fellow—and his palate is clearly refined (he loves white Burgundy)—but he's no snob. He's a Brooklyn guy, after all.
Keith Levenberg may not post very often (there were four long months between his post of March 2 and his post last November), but his topics are truly stimulating. His post last August on why "buy what you like" is "absolutely terrible advice" was positively inspired. (Among Mr. Levenberg's provocative statements: Taste is not as important as you think.) It's a long post—in fact, most of Mr. Levenberg's posts are more like essays than notes—but he raises, and argues, a number of excellent points. That's not surprising, as in the real world Mr. Levenberg is an attorney in Washington, D.C.
Odd Bacchus
This blog has an unusual premise: It's devoted to odd wines and spirits. Why odd? According to its author, Chicago-based Rob Frisch, who works for Andrew Harper Travel, he was originally inspired by the wines that he liked—and that he could afford. "I didn't start writing this blog until I walked into a wine shop and asked for their most obscure wine under $15," he wrote in an email. The wine was from Serbia—and the blogging began. Notes are posted on both wine and cocktails—and occasionally beer—and Mr. Frisch points out that he buys almost all of his wines. That's why they tend to be cheap.
The Cellar-Fella
Did the subhead of this blog—"wine, and words composed under its influence"—mean that its author, Simon Burnton, never posted when he was sober? Not really, replied Mr. Burnton, who explained that he hadn't meant it literally. "I think it's possible to be under the influence of wine while not actually drunk," he said.
Mr. Burnton is a London-based sportswriter for the Guardian who took to writing about wine because he "needed a hobby that could be pursued despite a sudden inability to go out" after his first child was born. I found Mr. Burnton's post on the Codorníu winery and its Cavas to be particularly interesting. Brits like their Cava cheap, Mr. Burnton wrote, and Codorníu actually wrapped bottles in pink and blue to give the wines a "premium" sheen for the U.K. market. (The accompanying picture of pink and blue bottles was decidedly alarming.)
Benito's Wine Reviews
The Memphis, Tenn.-based Benito, aka Benjamin Carter, spends his workday in quality assurance for a large corporation—and his nights blogging about wine. He has been blogging since 2005, when he was still "under 30" and just learning about wine. He blogged in part to keep track of his own tasting notes.
Mr. Carter accepts samples but discloses when the wine he's reviewing was free. He writes tasting notes—but they're preceded by a long "pretasting" note. For example, for Francis Ford Coppola's Director's Cabernet Sauvignon, he begins with a digression on Roman Coppola's nomination for an Oscar alongside "the great Wes Anderson" for the film "Moonrise Kingdom." And yes, if you read to the tasting note, it turns out Mr. Carter did like the wine, too. He recommends drinking it with a steak sandwich.
See wine videos and more from Off Duty at youtube.com/wsj. Email Lettie at email@example.com.
Copyright ©2020 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 87990cbe856818d5eddac44c7b1cdeb8


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- This event has passed.
Workhouse Social Dance
December 21, 2019 @ 8:00 pm - 10:30 pm
An event every month that begins at 8:00 pm on day Third of the month, repeating until January 18, 2020
Join us for our monthly Workhouse Social Dance in the McGuireWoods Gallery (second floor of W-16) featuring dancing, complimentary refreshments and cash bar. The social dance will be led by professional ballroom instructors Bobbi Brennan and/or Cookie Bell beginning at 8:00pm and the music, dance, food and fun continue through 10:00pm. All skill levels welcome!
The night begins at 7:30pm with a complimentary 30 minute mini-lesson led by a professional dance instructor, versed in ballroom, Latin and social dance styles. General dancing begins at 8pm and continues until 10pm.
We are occasionally asked about dress code for the dances. We do not have a specific dress code, but most attendees tend to wear casual cocktail attire. Some of our attendees dress more casually and some dress up a little more. Most importantly, dress comfortably as you will be dancing all night!
Monthly Dance Series:
Social Dance 8:00pm-10:00pm, $10 per person
Mini-Lesson 7:30pm-8:00pm, complimentary for those attending the Social Dance


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Easy March Madness Money: NCAA bracket tips for casual fan
- All across the USA%2C productivity comes to a grinding halt as the work force ponders their NCAA brackets
- For those of us %22experts%22 who have toiled for decades%2C knowledge is not always power
- The tournament went to a seeding system in 1979
If you are reading this, we'll assume that you plan to get no work done in the office this week.
Not that there is anything wrong with that.
In fact, that just might be the best money-making idea of the year.
All across the USA, productivity comes to a grinding halt as the work force ponders their NCAA brackets.
And we've all worked with Bracketheads, those individuals who apply logic, trends and higher math to find the teams that will survive and advance.
But what of those who are filling out a bracket for the first time and haven't seen a game this year?
Should they go by color or team nickname? Why not?
For those of us "experts" who have toiled for decades, knowledge is not always power.
Here are some tips for the first timer. Some of them might sound silly, but that doesn't mean you can't win a title with them:
Numbers game: Everyone talks about the seeds, and of course the lower the number of the seed the more highly regarded a team is. In the opening round, a No. 1 seed has never lost (112-0) to a No. 16. But that doesn't mean you can always trust the math. Your best bet is picking a No. 9 over a No. 8 (58-54) but there can also be value in the No. 10 vs. a No. 7 (45-67) and the No. 12 vs. a No. 5 (38-74). But remember this, only teams seeded 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 have won national titles.
You're my man blue: If you think it is silly to pick by team colors, then pass on that. But at your own risk. In 2003, the Syracuse Orangeman won the national title. Since then, no team without blue in its colors has won a championship.
You might want to zig instead of Zag: Since the coaches began voting in the USA TODAY Sports poll in 1993, the final season No. 1 has won the title just four times. This year's No.1 is Gonzaga.
Can I buy a vowel: The tournament went to a seeding system in 1979. In the 34 tournaments played, only four times has the champion team begun with a vowel. Be careful tossing out Indiana though. It won two of those titles.
The I's have it: Not all vowels should be avoided. Since 1991, the coach of the national champion has had an "I" in his last name 15 times. Several of those (Mike Krzyzewski, Duke; Roy Williams, North Carolina; Jim Boeheim, Syracuse; Tom Izzo, Michigan State and Rick Pitino, Louisville) have strong teams this year.
I didn't catch the name: Since 1991, the winning coach's first name has had either three or four letters.
Seed for thought: Give careful consideration to picking too many high seeds in your Final Four. If you add up all the seeds (lowest number would be four if all the No. 1s made it) in the Final Four you don't want to go above 14. That has happened only five times since 1979, when the seeded system was implemented. On caveat: four of the five times it happened, the number was 20 or above.
Animal magnetism: Not since 2003 has there been a Final Four without at least one team having an animal as a mascot. In five of those seasons, the national champion's nickname was an animal.


text: One of the most common mistakes for beginning and intermediate players is not starting the backswing early enough on groundstrokes. Even if you have reliable groundstrokes, in the heat of the match, you may forget the basics of good stroking and wait for your opponent's shot to land in your court before taking your racquet back. This late preparation forces you to rush your forward stroke and may cause your shot to fly out of bounds or straight into the net. Instead, start your backswing early enough so that your racquet handle points almost directly at the approaching ball before it bounces. This way, you won't have to rush your shot; with your racquet already back, you can take a smooth, controlled forward swing that will help set your groundstrokes straight.


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Davida news, events and features — jeff turner
Davida and Goliath Wheels and Waves 2015 – Part One
Posted by Davida on
Davida and Goliath Wheels and Waves 2015 – Part One. The Southsiders have done it again, their annual festival of motorcycles, art and surfing has now reached its fourth year proper and, having begun as a grassroots and very familial get together, has grown and grown, this year drawing 10,000 visitors despite regular torrential downpours. […] » Read more
The post Davida and Goliath Wheels and Waves 2015 – Part One appeared first on davida news events and features.
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Booth Library | Theater |
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This is the easiest (and tastiest) macaroni cheese recipe I know, and I've tried a few over the years! Nigella Lawson is known for her rich, sumptuous recipes and this is no exception.
Before I started this blog I was in a huge rut as far as weekday meals were concerned, I was making this meal most weeks. Part of its appeal was that the ingredients can be put together in a few minutes, another part is that the delicious cheese sauce was as much of a winner with me as with the kids. The recipe is also very easy to remember, which helps because my memory is not what it was in my pre-kids days!
This meal could easily be made with added veg (maybe broccoli or onions and mushrooms) but I'm not sure it's what Nigella would want 😁. I tend to serve it with salad or veg on the side. The meal doesn't really need any meat – the sauce has both cheese and eggs, so packs plenty of protein – though you could add some if you wanted to stretch the meal to serve more people.
I read on a blog post a few weeks ago that certain types of pasta suit different meals. I'd often cooked this with whatever pasta we have in the house but I did use macaroni for this post and I'll always use it in the future. The pasta kept its bite after being cooked and there seemed to be more sauce (I guess the fusilli that I often use must absorb some of the sauce during cooking). If you're the blogger who posted the pasta facts let me know in the comments, I'd like to go back and read it again!
Serves 4 adults
- 250g macaroni
- 250g mature cheddar cheese
- 250ml evaporated milk
- 2 eggs
- Heat your oven to 200°C.
- Boil a saucepan of water, then add the macaroni and cook according to the packet instructions.
- While the pasta is boiling beat together the evaporated milk and eggs and grate the cheese.
- Once the pasta is cooked drain it and pour it into a medium-sized roasting dish (mine was 8″ square), then add the egg mixture and the cheese and mix together.
- Place in your oven and cook for 20-25 minutes, until the sauce has set and the top is turning golden.


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It could be argued that the pinnacle of urban landscape architecture was reached in seventeenth century France and the French formal gardens of Jacques Boyceau and André Le Nôtre, or in Britain in the nineteenth century, when Joseph Paxton and John Nash were transforming former Royal Hunting grounds into places for Victorian gentry to promenade. Contemporary urban architects and designers are rarely afforded the same amount of space, money and time as their antecedents and are more often tasked with transforming abandoned plots, redundant structures or characterless inner city areas into suitable places for public recreation. Here, Architonic looks at some recent successes that add value to their surroundings by pushing the boundaries of park design. (by Alyn Griffiths)
read the 'Park life: the evolving approach to designing urban public space' article in full on Architonic


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Paul A. Cantor
Paul A. Cantor is Clifton Waller Barrett Professor of English at the University of Virginia. He is the author of The Invisible Hand in Popular Culture: Liberty vs. Authority in American film and TV. He is the co-editor, with Stephen Cox, of Literature and the Economics of Liberty. See his interview in the Austrian Economics Newsletter.


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I am a lawyer in India . I have a client in California U.S . he is living their from last one year on work visa.
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* Make sure that the mixture is dry.
* Take the filling ,place it on one corner of the pastry sheet.
* Fold it inside.Then apply egg wash on left and right corners and fold it in again as shown in the picture.
* Now apply the egg wash on the top corner and fold it inside again as shown.
* The reason for applying egg wash is,it will stick prpoerly.
Let the rolls rest for 10 mins.Deep fry the rolls in a medium hot oil.Wipe off the excess oil by using a tissue.Serve hot with ketchup or ranch.
We can alter the filling according to our choice.Egg rolls can be prepared by simply adding shredded boiled egg.Dont drop the rolls in hot oil,as there are chances for burning.We can alternatively use milk wash instead of egg wash.
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While I've greatly enjoyed venting my spleen at SoHum's bourgeois, I realize that you don't all fit so neatly into my broad, and broadly negative, characterizations. I know a lot of you personally, and I know that you like to think of yourselves as basically decent people. Hell, I like to think of you as basically decent people. Why else would I waste my time communicating with you? I also happen to know that the poor in SoHum are basically decent people, as well, as are nearly all of the of seasonal workers who descend on Southern Humboldt every year to harvest and trim your marijuana.
I didn't start the class war in Southern Humboldt. I just answered it. I got really sick of seeing the way the middle class treat the poor and homeless around here, and I got sick of the propaganda campaign in the local media. If the poor and homeless of SoHum were black, you'd call it overt, institutional and brutally violent racism, but it just happens to be aimed at mostly white people. It's just as ugly as racism, and just as hateful, but it's something different. It's a caste system, a community segregated by class.
Which strikes me as absolutely ridiculous, because nobody around here has any class. We can't convince doctors to move here. Why? Not because of the climate, not because we don't have plenty of natural scenic beauty, not because of traffic, noise or air pollution. Doctors don't want to live here because no one around here has any class. This is the most low-brow community I've ever lived in, and this really ugly, scapegoating attitude towards the poor is just one example of our general vulgarity.
I understand your frustration. This town doesn't look the way you would like it to look. You spend a lot of money to have a storefront on Redwood Drive and you want people to see your window display, not five hippies smoking a joint, but getting mad and calling the cops will not solve the problem. The people who hang out in town live here, work here, and pay taxes here. They have a right to dress as they see fit and carry whatever they like. They can also walk their dog, smoke their cigarette and/or stand on the sidewalk talking to their friends for as long as they like. None of these things constitute a crime, but now we all pay a special sales tax, Measure Z, so that local merchants can use law enforcement officers as bouncers and treat our public spaces like their own private club, and they've passed new laws to criminalize poverty. What an ugly waste of time and money! It's time to face reality.
Reality isn't pretty. The illegal marijuana industry isn't nearly as benign as we'd like to believe. It creates tremendous economic disparity, and we see it on the streets of Garberville. This industry ruins many times more people than succeed at it. For decades, and still today, cops arrest nearly a million people a year for marijuana. They confiscate and destroy millions of pounds of marijuana every year, and every year thousands of people have their lives turned upside-down, lose their assets, spend time in jail, and/or have their good names besmirched with felony convictions, just to keep the price of marijuana high enough to make the dope yuppie lifestyle possible.
For every winner in this game, there are a lot of losers. You've got to figure that a lot of people end up on the street because of the marijuana industry, and you ought to accept that a lot of those people are here. It's sad, but for a lot of people around here, marijuana is the only life they know. They're like coal miners in West Virginia. This is all they know, so they come back to it again and again, never acquiring education, never paying into social security and never getting out of Humboldt. That's one problem, but it's not much better for honest working people.
Most jobs in town offer $9-12 an hour. You will never find a place to live in Southern Humboldt that you can afford at that wage, and who can blame people for not working their lives away, just to pay the rent on a room to sleep in. It isn't a matter of choice. A lot of people have no good options. They are all doing the best that they can, and they all deserve a little dignity and respect.
In addition to our year-round population, we get a massive influx of seasonal workers every fall who need low-budget accommodations. We're going to have hippies. They will bring guitars and drums and dogs and sell stuff on the sidewalk. They will take drugs, smoke weed and drink. This is reality. The vast majority of the people who buy marijuana, sell marijuana and make marijuana are poor. These are your customers, your distributors and your manufacturers. Without them, there would be no marijuana industry, and all of that money you've come to depend on comes from them.
We need to make space for people who are not middle-class, and we need services for people who are not middle-class. I do, genuinely, find the middle-class disgusting, revolting, obnoxious and belligerent. I don't like seeing them on the streets, and I find them intimidating. I can't stand the way they smell and I despise the air of entitlement they carry, but If I saw one meaningful action, something I, as a member of this community, could take some civic pride in, just one meaningful action that would make life a little easier for the people who are struggling economically and dealing with difficult situations in Southern Humboldt, I could put aside those petty differences, at least for a while, and talk about some of the very positive things going on here in Southern Humboldt. Ten bonus points if it happens before the trimmigrants get here.
John Hardin writes at Like You've Got Something Better to Do.


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- Linkedin: be.linkedin.com/pub/thomas-maes/36/506/aa9/
- Worldpress: https://maesthomas.wordpress.com/
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/MaesArt
- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/#!/pages/Thomas-Maes-Fine-Art-Gallery/185515041468910
- Youtupe: under construction http://www.youtube.com/user/TheTMgallery
- Thomas Maes in the Art book International Contemporary Masters:
- .http://issuu.com/despina2/docs/combined-opt7/132?e=1467827%2F3078467
- Google+: https://plus.google.com/?hl=en&gpsrc=gplp0&partnerid=gplp0#115516872598805906254
- Artslant: http://www.artslant.com/global/artists/show/237571-thomas-maes
- Artprice: Under construction http://web.artprice.com/store/TM-Art-GALLERY
- Fine art America: http://thomas-maes.artistwebsites.com/
- Maes art book: under construction: http://www.shopmybook.com/en/T.M./THOMAS-MAES
- More comming soon…
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WE ARE THE WORLD, Villa Oxygen Art Afair
Thomas Maes And Princess Angelique Monet @ Art Monaco 2013
Info Fair: With a reputation known for its artistic caliber and transcendent setting, Art Monaco is pleased to announce its forthcoming edition taking place once again from April 25th to the 28th 2013. Art enthusiasts and luxury lovers will coincide with one another only to meet in one of the world's most equidistant artistic regions to celebrate the new extraordinary edition of the contemporary art show in the French Riviera – Art Monaco '13. Being hosted at what is known to be the "Playground for the Rich and Famous", during four days Monaco will be enriched with some of the most sought out for distinctive art that will merely compliment the beauty and breathtaking scenes that the Principality is so well known for. Art Monaco '13 will invite recognized and established galleries as well as emerging ones from all regions around the globe and will be able to expose and sell their art in the most sumptuous setting. The occasion will allow the forthcoming of all individuals to gather around in a social hub with some of the most influential and renowned individuals of our time. Specialized in media, galleries, cultural institutions and art critics; Art Monaco '13 will be adding to this year's event many more revelations that are sure to be quite the show stoppers. The setting will take place with an innovative and vibrant scheme creating a welcoming yet illusory gathering point for the general public, art fanatics and the young and old alike. With over 3.500 art pieces being exposed for exhibition and sale, it's an opportunity not to miss for those eager to purchase or sale some of the most remarkable art collections around the world or simply to allow yourself to get taken aback by one of a kind inspirational creations. A VIP reception on April 25th, 2013 will kick off the event, followed by three full days of vernissage-style exhibits open to certain exclusive individuals as well as the selective public.
Thomas Maes and princess Angelique Monet @ Art Monaco 2013
Bring you an extraordinary exhibition from Fine Art paintings, sculptures and design.
* Maes and Monet will also host an auction together to donate one of their paintings for a great cause!
*Maes will donate funds from his auction (2 artworks; painting, Design Mosaic) to The Belgium Cancer foundation (Art against cancer) as well as 10% of his sold works will go to the Cancer foundation.
* Princess Angelique Monet will donate funds from her auction to a Artisan Festival International World Peace Initiative and the Funds to assist Young People and the Arts. Funds will be given to"bonafide" schools in Africa, and the fund to provide fiscal support for artist living in third world countries with great stories and ideas.
*International Art Fair and Princess Angelique Monét (A.Monét) and Art Monaco 2013
Princess Angelique Monét (A. Monét) has created works that have been showcased in galleries during Art Basel, and has participated in international art fairs. She is known as a multi-media talent,making a career imprint as the world's only actress ventriloquist, actress, film producer, music composer, singer, writer, and founder of Artisan Festival International World Peace Initiative a movement that showcases min-festivals in international markets in an effort to create peace. These markets include Cot'Azur and Cannes, France during Festival de Cannes, The Hamptons (USA), New York, NY, Hollywood, California, and Miami/Miami Beach, Florida. Expansion to new markets is being examinedas individuals approach the Princess with requests to bring the initiative to their region or township.
In addition to her talent, and her platform for the artist and the community to express themselves, Monét is the owner of Nothing On Television TV, a Video On Demand channel available through DISH Sling Box, YouTube, Facebook, and soon Roku. Monét has interviewed(cut and paste what already have)
International Art Fair and THOMAS MAES @ Art Monaco 2013
*Maes will donate funds from his auction (2 artworks; painting, Design Mosaic) to The Belgium Cancer foundation (Art against cancer) as well as 10% of his sold works will go to the Cancer foundation.
Journey in the Universe
Thomas Maes at ART MONACO 2013
by Dr. Barbara Aust-Wegemund, Art Historian
Art Monaco 2013: April 25-28
Grimaldi Forum Monaco
10, Avenue Princesse Grace
Monte Carlo, 98000 Monaco
Copyright Thomas Maes, Dark Matter, Oil on Canvas, 80 x 80 cm
The Art Monaco 2013 presents the art world's limitless range featuring exhibitors who appreciate the past, embrace the present and forecast the future. The art fair, taking place at Grimaldi Forum Monaco, April, 25-28, showcases the highest caliber galleries and emerging artists, exceptional programming, charity auction and special exhibitions. Situated in the Espace Diaghilev Hall, the visitors have an easy access through the esplanade Princesse Grace, just between the Japanese Garden and the main entrance of the Grimaldi Forum. Its proximity to the famous "Place du Casino" and the short walking distance to main hotels make of the Grimaldi Forum a perfect place of interaction and communication between artists, gallerists, curators, art critics and art collectors.
Copyright Thomas Maes, A New World, Oil on Canvas, 40 x 50 cm, (left),
Civilization, Oil on Canvas, 85 x 73 cm (right)
One of this year's highlights in the Modern and Contemporary Art section include artworks by Thomas Maes, the premiere of unique oil paintings, sculptures and design objects, inviting the sophisticated art lovers to discuss about it.
Thomas Maes, born 1983 in Belgium, shows an extraordinary collection of paintings with ordinary objects in an unusual context. They attract the viewer`s attraction by giving new meanings to familiar things. The use of ordinary objects in unfamiliar spaces is joined to his desire to create poetic imagery as well as his consciousness to think about the Universe. Thomas Maes described the process of painting as the art of putting colors side by side in such a way that their real aspect is effaced, so that familiar objects – clouds, amphoras, houses, trees or cubic forms – become united in a single poetically disciplined image. The poetry of these images dispense with any symbolic significance, old or new. Each of these recurring themes can be interpreted differently and has significant meanings.
His paintings titled "Dark Matter", "A New World" or "Civilization" represent visible images which evoke a kind of mystery. Thomas Maes` constant play with reality and illusion can be attributed to his interest in history, science and culture. Since seven years, the Belgium artist is living and working at the Greeceisland of Crete, surrounded by the ancient Minoan civilization and archetypical, archaelogical find spots. In his artworks Maes is back and forth playing, zapping on and off with reality and illusion, reflecting his constant shifting back and forth perception during his mental time journey. Since many years Thomas Maes formed his own signature in a very clean, concise and exacting style.
In cooperation with the Princess Angelique Monet, Thomas Maes will also host an auction to sell paintings for a charity purpose. He will donate the funds from this auction to the Belgium Cancer Foundation (art against cancer) as well as 10 percent of the sale proceeds of the sold art works. Engaged to be part of a good cause, Thomas Maes is interested to inspire us, because his works represent both dreams and apparent paradoxes at the same time. The themes and motifs encourage thinking about our world, about the Mankind, Genesis, Macrocosm and the Universe.
Art Monaco 2013: April 25-28
Grimaldi Forum Monaco
10, Avenue Princesse Grace
Monte Carlo, 98000 Monaco
Fair Hours & Special Event Schedule:
Thursday, April, 25: 18.30 – 22.00 Private Opening, Black Tie preferred
Friday, April, 26: 13.00 – 17.00 Public Hours
18.00 – 21.00 Private Reception, Black Tie preferred
Saturday, April, 27: 12.00 – 20.00 Public Hours
16.00 Charity Auction: Princess Angelique Monet & Thomas Maes
19.00 Special Event
Sunday, April, 28: 12.00 – 19.00 Public Hours
13.00 Project "Paint for Life" – Brunch
General Admission: 20 Euro
Students and Seniors: 10 Euro
Children until the age of 12: free entrance
Artist Studio Thomas Maes:
Email: email@example.com
Contact Author:
Art History Consulting / Management: Dr. phil. Barbara Aust-Wegemund
Krokusweg 6a / 22869 Hamburg-Schenefeld /Germany
Phone +49.40.29898008 / Mobile +49.179.4605679
firstname.lastname@example.com / www.arthistoryconsulting.de
Princess Angelique Monét Wikipedia Page
Artisan Festival International: World Peace Initiative
Nothing On Television TV – YouTube Channel


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Journal of soil science and plant nutrition
versión On-line ISSN 0718-9516
J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. vol.12 no.2 Temuco 2012
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2012, 12 (2), 349-362
Effects of phosphorus and organic fertilizers on phosphorus fractions in submerged soil
F. Abolfazli1, A. Forghani1 and M. Norouzi1*
1Department of Soil Science, Faculty of agriculture, University of Guilan, Iran. Postal card: 41635-1314, phone: 989 111 386159, fax: 981 316 690 281. 'Corresponding author: email@example.com
This study was conducted in order to evaluate effects of phosphorous fertilizer (PF)s from sources of triple superphosphate (TSP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and organic fertilizer (OF)s from sources of cow dung manure (CDM) and municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) on phosphorous (P) fractions include aluminium-P (Al-P), iron-P (Fe-P), Reductant soluble-P (RS-P), calcium-P (Ca-P) and available-P (Olsen-P) fractions under rice cultivation condition. The trials were carried out in calcareous and acidic soils. PFs were added at three levels (10, 20 and 30 mg kg-1) and OFs was applied at the rate of 10 t.ha-1. Results of this study showed that Ca-P was the predominant form of P in calcareous soil while Fe-P and Al-P were predominate in acidic soils. In calcareous soil, all forms of P under submerged conditions had been increased because of using PFs both alone and in combination with OFs. In acidic soil, significant amounts of P fractions were found only in Fe-P and RS-P fractions. Accordingly, Fe-P fraction increased in 10 mg kg-1 treatment and RS-P increased in MSWC treatment. Among the inorganic P fractions in calcareous soil, only RS-P; and in acidic soil, Ca-P and Fe-P significantly correlated to Olsen-P.
Keywords: Cow dung manure; Dose rate; Municipal solid waste compost; Phosphorus fractions; Rice
1. Introduction
Phosphorus (P) plays the same chemical and biochemical role in plants as it does in all other organisms. It is the main element involved in energy transfer for cellular metabolism and it is a structural component of cell membranes, nucleic acids, and other critical materials (Wiedenhoeft, 2006). Information on the chemical forms of P is fundamental to understand P dynamics and its interactions in calcareous and acidic soils which are necessary for management of P. Jalali and Ranjbar (2010) observed the reactions of P added to the calcareous soils were quite rapid and water-soluble phosphate was converted to relatively less soluble compounds within a very short time due to high sorbing capacities of the soils. P transformations in flooded soils depend on soil characteristics that may affect P availability. P is generally most available to plants when the soil pH is between 6.0 and 6.5. When the soil pH is <6.0, the potential for P deficiency increases for most of crops. Phosphate ions readily precipitate with metal cations, forming a range of P minerals. The type of mineral formed will depend on the soil pH in the first place as it governs the occurrence and abundance of those metal cations that are prone to precipitate with P ions in the soil solution, namely Ca, Fe and Al. Hence, in neutral to alkaline soils, P ions will rather precipitate as Calcium phosphorus (Ca-P): dicalcium or octacalcium phosphates, hydroxyl apatite and eventually least soluble apatites (Hinsinger, 2001). Increasing of pH, depending on the buffering capacity of the water column, precipitate a significant portion of water column P as Ca-P where dissolved Ca is available (Reddy et al., 1999).
In acidic soils, the soil P is bound in compounds, such as Fe and Al phosphates, which are essentially insoluble under aerobic or upland conditions (Sanchez and Uehara, 1980; Slaton et al., 2002). Organic acids produced by microorganisms or plant roots react with Fe and Al through chelate formation (Bhattacharyya et al., 2005). Under reduced, anaerobic conditions, Fe plays a major role in P dynamics. Reduction of Fe and its re-precipitation to form ferrous (Fe2+) minerals are dominant processes under anaerobic conditions (Rhue and Harris, 1999).
Rice (Oryza sativa), one of the most important crops in the world and Iran is cultivated under submerged conditions. When soil is submerged, air is excluded and the soil quickly becomes anoxic and reduced. This phenomenon changes physical, biological, and chemical properties of soil (Singlachar and Samaniego, 1973) such as redox potential. Changes in redox potential as induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere can thus be responsible for changes in pH (Hinsinger, 2001). This has been clearly demonstrated by Begg et al. (1994) for lowland rice, who estimated that the root-induced oxidation of its rhizosphere contributed a significant or even major proportion of the measured rhizosphere acidification. Although the rice requirement for inorganic P (consisted of P associated to Fe, Al and Ca oxides and hydroxides or clay minerals) is much less than that for N, the continuous removal of P exploits the soil P reserve if the soil is not replenished through fertilizer or manure application. Therefore, P is added to cultivated soils worldwide through chemical or organic (e.g., manure and sewage sludge) fertilization. When a water-soluble Phosphorous fertilizer (PF) such as triple superphosphate (TSP) or di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) is applied to soil, immediately after its dissolution the phosphate ions in solution react with Ca, Fe, or Al ions present in soil solution and are precipitated as insoluble compounds, or become adsorbed on surface of clay particles (Prasad and Power, 2000). Chemical P fertilizer is a costly agricultural input for rice farmers in Iran, and sometimes the material is not available. At this time, cow dung manure (CDM) may be considered as an alternative to chemical P fertilizer. Saleque et al., 2004 were reported that CDM can be a potential source of P. Bhattacharyya et al. (2005) were reported that the dominant P fraction in municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and CDM was organic matter bound P (organic P) followed by P bound to Fe and Al oxides. Soil P availability was increased with the addition of MSWC, Fe and Al may contribute significantly to P bioavailability in submerged soil by enhancing the cation-exchange capacity and reducing the P fixation (Knapp et al., 2002).
The objectives of this research were to evaluate effects of phosphorous fertilizer (PF) (in dose rate (DR)s 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg kg-1) and organic fertilizer (OF) on P fractions such as aluminum phosphorous (Al-P), iron phosphorous (Fe-P), reductant soluble phosphorous (RS-P), Ca-P, available phosphorous (Olsen-P), under rice cultivation condition in calcareous and acidic soils.
2. Material and methods
2.1 Soil sampling and pot experiment
This study was carried out at greenhouse condition in Guilan Agricultural University (length of day 12 h, day average temperature 25°C, night average temperature 16°C and mean humidity 75% in experiment duration). Soil samples were obtained from two sites, Rostam Abad (36° 57' N latitude and 49° 26' E longitude) and Fashalem (37° 15' N latitude and 49° 25' E longitude) in Guilan Province, north of Iran. Soil samples were collected from surface layer (0-30 cm). These soils had alkali reaction in Rostam Abad site (with pH = 7.33 measured in H2O) and acidic reaction in Fashalem site (with pH = 3.34 measured in H2O). The soil samples were air-dried and ground to pass through a 2 mm sieve for laboratory experiments. Available phosphorus (Olsen-P) was determined by using 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate solution at pH = 8.5 (Olsen's extractant) (Kuo, 1996). Table 1 shows some physical and chemical characteristics of used soils.
Plastic pots having 22cm height and 20 cm opening mouth diameter were selected. Approximately, five kilograms of air-dried soil passed through a 4.8 mm sieve was added to each plastic pot (126 pots). PFs such as TSP and DAP were used at three levels (10, 20 and 30 mgP.kg-1). PF was added to soil alone or in combination with organic fertilizers (OF). Two OFs such as, MSWC and CDM were applied at the rate of 10 t/ha. Some characteristics of OFs are showed in Table 2. The pots submerged immediately after adding amendments and the soil moisture was held at almost saturation percentage during the first three days with constant mass of pots by adding water (as gravimetrically), and then four germinated rice seeds (Oryza sativa L. cultivar Tharam) were transplanted in each pot. The rice seeds were sterilized in hypochlorite solution (1%). The soils were kept in submerged condition throughout period of experiment. After 30 days, soil samples were collected from each container and analyzed for the different fractions of P.
2.2 Sequential phosphorus fractionation
All soil samples were analyzed for P fractions using Kuo (1996) procedure. In this procedure, soil P fractions are sequentially extracted on the basis of their relative solubilities in extractants. Fractionation schemes utilize the complexing ability of F- from ammonium fluoride (NH4F) to separate Al-P form Fe-P in acidic soil, followed by removal of Fe-P with NaOH and of the RS-P with sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7 . H2O) - sodium dithionate (Na2S2O4) - sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (CDB) extractions. The Ca-P, which is insoluble in CDB, is extracted with H2SO4 and HCl in acidic and calcareous soils, respectively (Figure 1).
2.3 Statistical analysis
The experiment was performed as a 4x3x2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replicates. Statistical analysis of data including normality test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and comparisons of means was performed using SAS program (SAS Institute, 2002). The comparison of means was carried out using Duncan's multiple range tests at P < 0.05. Moreover, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression (Stepwise) between parameters was performed by using SPSS program (SPSS 2007).
3. Results and discussions
3.1 Effects of phosphorus and organic fertilizers on phosphorus fractions in calcareous soil
Treatment effects on Fe-P fraction in calcareous soil
The amount of Fe-P fraction in calcareous was very low in comparison with acidic soil. Samadi and Gilkes (1999) were reported that Fe-P is an inferior source of P for plant growth in some Australian calcareous soils. The ANOVA results in calcareous soil showed that major effects (PF and DR) (p<0.01) and interaction effect (PF x DR x OF) (p<0.05) significantly influenced on Fe-P fraction (Table 3). Despite the greater solubility of DAP fertilizer, Fe-P concentrations of TSP was higher than DAP fertilizer (Figure 2a). It can be related to Fe impurities of TSP fertilizer. Furthermore, Fe-P concentration significantly increased with increasing of DR of PF (Figure 2b). Based on DR 20 mg kg-1 treatment had maximum concentration of Fe-P. Moreover, comparison of mean for the interaction effect between PF x DR x OF on Fe-P showed the TSP + DR 20 mg kg-1 + CDM and DAP + DR 0 mg kg-1 + MSWC treatments contained the maximum and minimum levels of Fe-P fraction in calcareous soil, respectively (Table 4).
Treatment effects on Rs-P fraction in calcareous soil
The results of ANOVA in calcareous soil showed that major effects of DR (p<0.01) and OF (p<0.05) significantly influenced on RS-P fraction (Table 3). Based on, increasing of PF significantly increased RS-P. The maximum and minimum concentration of RS-P were observed in DR 30 mg kg-1 and 0 mg kg-1 treatments, respectively (Figure 2c). Moreover, application of CDM and MSWC increased RS-P concentration by 41 and 25% in calcareous soil, respectively (Figure 2d). However, significant difference was only observed between CDM and non-OF treatments.
If reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ occurred during the soil-dung incubation, the enhanced solubility of Fe would have led to increases in exchangeable Fe in the soil after incubation (Agbenin and Igbokwe, 2006). This act can be associated with increasing of RS-P in calcareous soil. Among the inorganic P fractions in calcareous soil, only RS-P significantly (r=0.59 and p<0.01) correlated to soil Olsen-P (Table 6). Shariatmadari et al. (2008) were reported that RS-P significantly correlated to soil available P (Olsen-P). Willet (1989) also showed that ferric oxide reduction was the dominant source of P released during flooding.
Treatment effects on Ca-P fraction in calcareous soil
Ca-P was the dominant P fraction in the calcareous soil. Shen et al. (2004) were reported that the dominant total inorganic P fraction in the calcareous soil at the long-term field trial was Ca-P (69-71% of total inorganic P). The ANOVA results showed that interaction effect between PF x OF was significant (p<0.05) on Ca-P fraction (Table 3). The maximum and minimum concentration of Ca-P were observed in the DAP+MSWC and DAP+ non-OF treatments, respectively (Figure 2e). Moreover, application of OFs with TSP fertilizer was not effective; whereas, Ca-P levels were significantly higher after application of CDM or MSWC with DAP fertilizer in soil. Based on the non-OF treatment recorded significantly lowest P content and application of CDM and MSWC increased Ca-P concentrations by about 12 and 13 % of in calcareous soil, respectively. Halajnia et al. (2009) were reported that organo-metal complexes were involved in the inhibition of Ca-P precipitation. Robinson and Sharpley (1996) reported the high Ca contents of some animal manure could enhance PO4 sorption capacity of soils by the formation of Ca-P precipitates and complexes. MSWC has been reported to effectively supply P to soil with soil P concentration increasing with increasing application rates (Hargreaves et al., 2008). In general, on calcareous soils, Ca-P are the predominate pool of soil P and their solubility is not directly influenced by redox reactions (Sah and Mikkelsen, 1986).
Ca-bound P in calcareous soils is in three pools, namely dicalcium phosphate (Ca2-P), octacalcium phosphate (Ca8-P), and, apatite type (Ca10-P) equivalents (Shariatmadari et al., 2007). Results of Shen et al. (2004) showed that Olsen-P was significantly correlated with Ca2-P and Ca8-P, but it had not significant correlate with Ca10-P. Probably, lack of significant relationship between Ca-P and Olsen-P can be explained by this object, which Ca10-P was dominant form of Ca-P in calcareous soil, while, Ca2-P (readily used by rice plant) was very low.
Treatment effects on Olsen-P fraction in calcareous soil
The ANOVA results showed that all of major effects
(PF, DR and OF) and interaction effects (PF x DR, PF x OF, OF x DR and PF x DR x OF) were significant (p < 0.01) (Table 3). The comparison of mean results showed that the Olsen-P concentration in DAP fertilizer significantly was higher in comparison with TSP (Figure 2f). Furthermore, the Olsen-P concentration with increasing amounts of PFs increased. PF with DR 30 mg kg-1 treatment had maximum level of Olsen-P fraction in comparison with other treatments (Figure 2g). Moreover, there was no significant difference in Olsen-P concentration between non-fertilizer, DR 10 and 20 mg kg-1 treatments.
Olsen-P concentration in calcareous soil was higher in CDM in comparison with MSWC and non-OF treatments (Figure 2h). It can be related to the higher content of available P (more >4x) in CDM (Table 2). Of course, promoting microbial activity is the other reason. Bhattacharyya et al. (2005) were reported that total and Olsen extractable P in MSWC were considerably higher than soil but lower than CDM. Olsen-P significantly increased with increasing of DR. Based on DAP with DR 30 mg kg-1 treatment had maximum concentration of Olsen-P in comparison with other treatments (Figure 2i).
The results of comparison of means for the interaction effect between PF x OF showed that DAP + CDM treatment had maximum concentration of Olsen-P in comparison with other treatments (Figure 2j). Xie et al. (1991) observed that Olsen-P content was considerably higher in treatments with animal fertilizer. This high content of Olsen-P can be related to added P by animal fertilizer and reducing P adsorption due to competition between phosphate ions and organic molecules (Xie et al., 1991). In addition, the result of comparison of means for interaction effects between OF x DR also showed that CDM + DR 30 mg kg-1 treatment had maximum concentration of Olsen-P in comparison with other treatments (Figure 2k). In general, addition of the CDM increased the microbial biomass of the soil. The nucleic acids absorbed by clay minerals can be dissolved into the soil solution under submerged conditions with increasing pH (Bhattacharyya et al. 2005). The released nucleic acids may be decomposed by microbes into P and become available to rice plants (Bhattacharyya et al., 2005). Probably, this act is intensified with increasing of PF. Ultimately, the results of current study were specified treatment of DAP + CDM + DR 30 mg kg-1 had maximum concentration of Olsen-P in comparison with other treatments (Table 4). This treatment had significant difference with other treatments. Whereas, there were not any significant difference in the other treatments. Halajnia et al. (2009) reported that increases in P recovery as Olsen-P in the period between 5 to 60 days in PF + cattle manure treatments in calcareous soil can be related to adsorption of P by organo-metal compounds and precipitation of P as Ca-P. Olsen P, as a widely used P-availability index in calcareous soils, correlated significantly is only with RS-P fraction (Table 6).
Effects of phosphorus and organic fertilizers on phosphorus fractions in acidic soil
In the current study, acidic soil treatments only significantly (p<0.05) influenced on Fe-P and RS-P fractions (Table 5). The Ca-P was dominant P fraction in the calcareous soil, but amount of Ca-P was significantly lower than in acidic soil. Furthermore, Olsen-P concentration in acidic soil was significantly higher than in calcareous soil. It can be related to the higher clay content in calcareous soil (Table 1). The edge faces of clay minerals behave similar to the Fe and Al hydroxides in the adsorption of P (Prasad and Power, 2000). Al-P concentration in acidic soil similar to the Fe-P was higher than in calcareous soil, but differences of Al-P concentration were not statistically significant.
Treatment effects on Fe-P fraction in acidic soil
The ANOVA results showed that DR of PFs had significant effect (p<0.05) on Fe-P in acidic soil (Table 5). Based on treatments with DR 10 mg kg-1 had maximum level of Fe-P fraction (Figure 3a). Furthermore, interaction effects between PF x DR had significant effect (p< 0.05) on Fe-P fraction (Table 5). The comparison of mean for OF x DR effect (Figure 3b) showed that the DR 10 mg kg-1 without OF had maximum level of Fe-P, which can be related to higher P content in DR 10 mg kg-1. Application of MSWC and CDM significantly decreased Fe-P concentration in DR 10 mg kg-1 treatment. Chang et al. (2004) reported that compost application decreased the residual P and Fe-P fractions, while, the contents of Al-P and Ca-P did not change much.
Result of this study also showed that Fe-P was the dominant P fraction in the acidic soil. Fe-P was available fractions for plant in acidic soil. In acidic soils, the original superficial, loosely bound phosphates (Fe and Al oxides, available to plant) are converted gradually via a re-precipitation process into highly crystalline Fe-P and Al-P (not available to plant) (Chang et al., 2004). A significant correlation was observed between Fe-P and Olsen-P (r = 0.30, P < 0.05) (Table 6). The Al-P and Fe-P pools are expected to have very low bioavailability but can be used by plants when available soil P is severely depleted (Shen et al. 2004). Results of Singlachar and Samaniego (1973) also showed that the Fe-P fraction was main and most important source of P absorbed by rice due to high content of Fe-P in acidic soils. It was also evident that P added to soils was slowly converted into Fe-P fraction in submerged soil. Transformation of soil phosphate seemed to be greatly affected by the presence of plant roots. Organic acid exudations (citrate, malate and oxalate) by the roots and decay of organic matter can be reacted with iron and aluminum hydroxides and prevented from P precipitation (Ligaba, 2004). However, in the calcareous soils, Fe-P was not clearly depleted with time by rice, and was not significantly correlated to Olsen-P (Shen et al., 2004). Results indicated that Fe-P had a significant correlation (r = 0.37 andp< 0.01) with Al-P in acidic soil (Table 6). Most of the P added through mineral fertilizers to acidic soils gradually reacts with Fe and Al compounds and is transformed into relatively insoluble P compounds (Verma et al., 2005).
Treatment effects on Rs-P fraction in acidic soil
The result of comparison of mean for major effect of OF on RS-P (Figure 3c) showed that application of CDM and MSWC increased RS-P in acidic soil. Based on the non-OF treatment had lowest concentration of RS-P and application of CDM and MSWC increased RS-P concentration by about 9.8 and 27.5 % in acidic soil, respectively. However, significant difference was found between non-OF and MSWC treatments.
Increase in RS-P fraction after adding of CDM and MSWC in acidic soil may explain this observation. It may be possible that organo-metal complexes mainly, Al, Fe and Mn, remove P from solution and reduce the amount of P loss via runoff and leaching by formation of a cationic bridge between the organic C and P (Leytem and Westermann, 2003). The reduction of free hydrous Fe oxides during flooding, and the liberation of sorbed and coprecipitated P increased the levels of extractable P in flooded acidic soil (Willet, 1989). An increase in pH, in fact, favors P desorption from clay, iron and aluminum oxides. Such pH changes were, however, found to favor desorption of freshly applied P only (Willet 1989). Organic matter in soil may also have an important effect on ferric iron reduction through its promoting influence on the bacterial activity in flooded soil. MSWC contain appreciable amount of humus C (Bhattacharyya et al., 2005). Humus and humus-forming materials can also help to decrease fixation of phosphate ions on iron and aluminium oxides, which would maintain a steady availability of phosphates to plants (Bhattacharyya et al., 2005).
4. Conclusion
The results of this study showed that Ca-P was the predominant form of P in calcareous soil while, Fe-P and Al-P were predominate in acidic soils. Furthermore, the application of OF significantly increased RS-P and Olsen-P fractions in calcareous soil and RS-P fraction in acidic soil. DAP is suitable for increasing the Olsen-P content in calcareous soil in combination with the organic fertilizers. In general, P fractions are considerably influenced by PF and OF on Fe-P, RS-P, Ca-P and Olsen-P in calcareous soil and Fe-P and RS-P in acidic soil. Furthermore, Organic matter of MSWC and CDM can supply phosphorous to plants either by blocking absorption sites and or by releasing soluble P with time and they can be useful for calcareous and acidic soils. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that OFs especially CDM alters soil physiochemical properties in a way that elevates the soil solution P level; making it a more efficient source of plant-available P. Finally, it should be noted that application of PF and OF should be planned very carefully in rice production to minimize P pollution and this requires further research.
We appreciate the constructive suggestions of the associate editor and two anonymous reviewers to improve our manuscript. We would like to gratefully thank all the members of the soil science laboratory of faculty of agriculture university of Guilan, for providing the facilities to carry out this work and for their suggestions.
Abbreviation: P, phosphorous; PF, phosphorous fertilizer; TSP, triple superphosphate; DAP, di-ammonium phosphate; OF, organic fertilizer; CDM, cow dung manure; MSWC, municipal solid waste compost; Fe-P, iron phosphorous fraction; Ca-P, calcium phosphorous fraction; RS-P, reductant soluble phosphorous fraction; Al-P, aluminum phosphorous fraction; Olsen-P, available phosphorous fraction.
Agbenin, J.O., Igbokwe, S.O. 2006. Effect of soil-dung manure incubation on the solubility and retention of applied phosphate by a weathered tropical semi-arid soil. Geoderma. 133, 191-203. [ Links ]
Begg, C.B.M., Kirk, G.J.D., MacKenzie, A F., Neue, H.U. 1994. Root-induced iron oxidation and pH changes in the lowland rice rhizosphere. New Phytol. 128, 469-477. [ Links ]
Bhattacharyya, P., Chakrabarti, K., Chakraborty, A., Nayak, D.C. 2005. Effect of municipal solid waste compost on phosphorous content of rice straw and grain under submerged condition. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 51, 4, 363-370. [ Links ]
Chang, H.L., Park, C.Y., Park, K.D., Jeon, W.T., Kim, P.J. 2004. Long-term effects of fertilization on the forms and availability of soil phosphorus in rice paddy. Chemosphere. 56, 299-304. [ Links ]
Halajnia, A., Haghnia, G.H., Fotovat, A., Khorasani, R. 2009. Phosphorus fractions in calcareous soils amended with P fertilizer and cattle manure. Geoderma. 150, 209-213. [ Links ]
Hargreaves, J.C., Adl, M.S., Warman, P.R. 2008. A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 123, 1-14. [ Links ]
Hinsinger, P. 2001. Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review. Plant and Soil. 237, 173-195. [ Links ]
Jalali, M., Ranjbar, F. 2010. Aging effects on phosphorus transformation rate and fractionation in some calcareous soils. Geoderma. 155, 101-106. [ Links ]
Knapp, E.P., Herman, J.S., Mills, A.L., Hornberger, G.M. 2002. Changes in the sorption capacity of coastal plain sediments due to redox alteration of mineral surfaces. Appl. Geochem. 17, 387-398. [ Links ]
Kuo, S. 1996. Phosphorus. In: Sparks D.L. (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 3- chemical methods. Agronomy Monograph, vol. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 869-920. [ Links ]
Leytem, A. B., Westermann, D.T. 2003. Phosphate sorption by pacific northwest calcareous soils. J. Soil Sci. 168, 368-375. [ Links ]
Ligaba, A., Shen, H., Shibata, K., Yamamoto, Y., Tanakamaru, S., Matsumoto, H. 2004. The role of phosphorus in aluminium-induced citrate and ma-late exudation from rape (Brassica napus). Physiologia plantarum. 120, 575-584. [ Links ]
Prasad, R., Power, J. F. 2000. Soil fertility management for sustainable agriculture. CRC Press LLC. Boca Raton, Florida, USA. 347 P. [ Links ]
Reddy, K.R., Kadlec, R.H., Flaig, E., Gale, P.M. 1999. Phosphorus retention in streams and wetlands: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 29, 1, 83-146. [ Links ]
Rhue, R D., Harris, R.G. 1999. Phosphorus sorption/desorption reactions in soils and sediments. In: Reddy K. R., O'Connor G.A., Schleske C.L. (eds.): Phosphorus biogeochemistry in subtropical ecosystems. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton. 187-206. [ Links ]
Robinson, J.S., Sharpley, A.N. 1996. Reactions in soils of phosphorus released from poultry litter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60, 1583-1588. [ Links ]
Sah, R.N., Mikkelsen, D.S. 1986. Transformations of inorganic phosphorus during the flooding and draining cycles. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50, 62-67. [ Links ]
Saleque, M.A., Naher, U.A., Islam, A., Pathan, A.B.M.B.U., Hossain, A.T.M.S., Meisner, C.A. 2004. Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus Fertilizer Effects on the Phosphorus Fractionation in Wetland Rice Soils. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68, 1635-1644. [ Links ]
Samadi, A., Gilkes, R.J. 1999. Phosphorus transformations and their relationships with calcareous soil properties of southern Western Australia. Soil Sci. Soc. Am J. 63, 809-815. [ Links ]
Sanchez, P.A., Uehara, G. 1980. Management considerations for acid soils with high phosphorus fixation capacity. In: F.E. Khasawneh et al. (ed.): The role of phosphorus in agriculture. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. 471-514. [ Links ]
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Shariatmadari, H., Shirvani, M., Dehghan, R.A. 2007. Availability of organic and inorganic phosphorus fractions to wheat in toposequences of calcareous soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 38, 2601-2617. [ Links ]
Shen, J., Li, R., Zhanga, F., Fan, J., Tang, C., Rengel, Z. 2004. Crop yields, soil fertility and phosphorus fractions in response to long-term fertilization under the rice monoculture system on a calcareous soil. Field Crops Research. 86, 225-238. [ Links ]
Singlachar, M.A., Samaniego, R. 1973. Effect of flooding and cropping on the changes in the inorganic phosphate fractions in some rice soils. Plant and Soil. 39, 351-359. [ Links ]
Slaton, N.A., Wilson Jr, C.E., Norman, R.J., Ntamatungiro, S., Frizzell, D.L. 2002. Rice Response to Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Rate and Timing on Alkaline Soils in Arkansas, Agronomy Journal. 94, 1393-1399. [ Links ]
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Verma, S., Subehia, S.K., Sharma, S.P. 2005. Phosphorous fractions in an acid soil continuously fertilized with mineral and organic fertilizers. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 41, 295-300. [ Links ]
Wiedenhoeft, A.C. 2006. Plant Nutrition, Chelsea House Press, USA. 144 p. [ Links ]
Willet, I.R. 1989. Causes and prediction of changes in extractable phosphorous during flooding. Aust J Soil Res. 27, 45-54. [ Links ]
Xie, R.J., Mackenzi, A.F., Hollaran, I P.O. 1991. Lignosulfonate Effects on Phosphate Reactions in a Clay Soil: Causal Modeling. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55, 3, 711-716. [ Links ]


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COVID-19 Restriction update - Latest information & FAQ's
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Our store will be closed from the 5th Nov 2020, but only for customers coming in to store. Our phone & online sales & customer services are still open.
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After the 5th World Water Forum held in March, 2009, we have prepared publications such as the Final Report, the Evaluation Report and the Global Water Framework which were distributed as hard copies and published on our website. We have established a "Water Library" using all these data and launched the websites www.waterchannel.org. (more...)
Dear water friends,
It has been a busy and fruitful year for us since the 5th World Water Forum was held in Istanbul last March. During this time, besides the preparation activities for the founding of the Turkish Water Institute and the upcoming 2011 Istanbul Water Forum, the 5th World Water Forum Secretariat have been working on a number of outcome documents and we are pleased to announce that these documents are now available on-line on our website. You can access these reports in the Publications and Reports section of our library and folow up on other developments on our website.
Hereby, we would also like to celebrate the UN World Water Day 2010. Last year's theme was "Transboundary Waters", which was ranked amongst the hottest topics during the 5th World Water Forum. We hope that this year's theme "Clean Water for a Healthy World" will also generate fruitful discussions that will help raising a global awareness on the importance of water quality.
Until the next Forum, we sincerely hope that the synergy created during the 5th World Water Forum will continue to trigger sustainable solutions and concrete actions in line with the Forum's key messages and commitments to address global water issues.
We look forward to meeting you all in Istanbul in 2011 and during the next World Water Forum in 2012 in Marseilles.
The World Water Council and the 5th World Water Forum Secretariat jointly organized a side event at the Stockholm World Water Week 2009. Titled as "The 5th World Water Forum and Beyond", the side event aimed at sharing the main outcomes and key consensus areas of the Forum, as well as officially presenting its outcome documents, namely the Final Report, the Evaluation Report, the Global Water Framework and the Glimpses from the Synthesis Report, which is currently in progress and is due for publication before the end of the year. more...
33,058 participants took part in the 5th World Water Forum, from March 16th to 22nd in Istanbul, making it the world's biggest ever water-related event. Much more than the size of the event, the number of recommendations, proposals, commitments and initiatives made throughout the preparatory process and during the week make this Forum a long-lasting highpoint in the international development calendar.
33,058 participants from 192 countries took part in the Forum:
5th World Water Forum came to an end after hundreds of hours of discussions, debate, consensus, and agreement on a number of key water-related issues. The effects of the Forum in Istanbul will be felt for some time to come, and the follow-up work is already gathering pace. You can find all the latest updates of the digital Forum documents, photos and press releases in the CMS.
6th World Water Forum, Marseille, 2012
5th World Water Forum Bulletin
World Water Fora
Marseille 2012
Istanbul 2009
Mexico 2006
Kyoto 2003
The Hague 2000
Marrakech 1997


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Monday through Saturday8 a.m. to noonTuesday, Wednesday & Thursday3:30 to 5:30 p.m.
Burton Barr Central Library is located on Central Avenue just south of McDowell Road. Visit Valley Metro for public transportation routes serving the library.
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Black Friday Sale | While Supplies Last! Shop Now
Black Friday Sale | While Supplies Last! Shop Now
These Stainless Mirrors from Smittybilt will have your Jeep CJ street legal, safe and looking good. Sold as a pair.
Is this a pair or only one? If it is only one will it work on the passanger side ?
Asked by Bob from Great Falls Mt. on
These mirrors are sold in pairs.
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For 60 years Smittybilt has been fabricating aftermarket parts and today their products include Jeep tops, bumpers, lighting, winches and trail gear. Off-roaders count on the company's innovative parts like the original nerf bar side steps to equip their Jeeps for the trail and day-to-day driving. Pairing affordability without compromising quality is the hallmark of Smittybilt and the manufacturer's reputation carries over to products like its Overlander Series of tents, Adventure Boxes and SEMA award-winning magnetic trail skins for Jeeps. Smittybilt offers over 2,000 interior and exterior parts and accessories for 4x4s with multiple capabilities for jeepers of all levels. Shop Smittybilt Now


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Posted by Editor on 04/30/00
Houffalize - Men's 2nd Lap
Trish Sinclair has given us a second lap report on the men's World Cup race in Houffalize. Filip Meirhaeghe has moved up to join Christophe Dupouey and Miguel Martinez at the front of the race. But just 10 seconds back there is a large group containing Bas Van Doren, Jose Hermida, Thomas Frischknecht, Lado Fumic and Tom Larsen. Roland Green has dropped of the pace, and is now in 18th place - 1:40 down. The next Canadian is Ryder Hesjedal in 29th. The rest of the Canadians: 50 - Andreas hestler; 51 - Seamus McGrath; 86 - Mathieu Toulouse; 104 - Peter Wedge. We believe Eric Tourville has dropped out, still hampered by a knee problem he picked up at the Mazatlan, Mexico World Cup.
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Learn more about how music improves your preschooler's ability to think, reason, create and express. We combine your preschoolers natural love of music, storytelling, and imaginative play with age-appropriate activities that introduce early music concepts and foster independence, social and emotional skills, language growth, and self-control. Required materials in the amount of $70 include: books, instruments, c.d.s, and more. Parents join class for the final activities.
If the class has already started, but you would still like to join, please call the Community Center, 972-547-2690, for enrollment!
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- Pumpkin Pie Cake
- Quick Apple Dumplings
- Scalloped Apples
- Sour Cream Apple Coffee Cake
- Spiced Apple Bagel
- Spicy Apple Pancake with Cider Sauce
- Strawberry Chocolate Mint Lemonade Cooler
- Tangy Ham in Cider
- Tomatillo Salsa Verde
- Warm Apple Pudding
- Wilted Swiss Chard with Fresh Basil
- Zucchini Bread
Where Can you Find Us?
(608) 635-4780
Apple Season is HERE!
Hello everyone! If you're on our emailing list you've already received the message that apple season has started! Our 'official' open date is August 15th (Saturday) but the store has been unofficially open for a few days now. We've had small quantities of apples and other things that we figure we might as well be open as we get the store organized and up and running.
One thing we'll be having again are our baking mixes. These were very popular last season. We provide the dry ingredients…you add the apples and wet ingredients…hard to get easier than that! These are the mixes we're offering this season:
- Apple Crisp
- Apple Crumb Cake
- Apple Spice Bread
- Apple Streusel Muffins
- Apple Streusel Coffee Cake
- Taffy Apple Cake
We also did some crazy canning in preparation for this apple season! We have some of the classics and some new things to offer this year. Here's what you'll find (at least early in the season…don't wait too long!):
- Apple Butter
- Apple Jalapeno Preserves
- Apple Pie in a Jar
- Applesauce - chunky and smooth
- Caramel Apple Jam
- Hot Pepper Mustard
- Spiced Cider Jelly
- Sweet Apple Pickles
I'll be featuring each of these throughout the season so you can learn a little more about them.
The craft section at the orchard has increased dramatically! I have made much more jewelry, have a new line of baby quilts, many more fun bags, and lots and lots of hand-dyed clothing. If you want a sneak peak at these things feel free to look through my etsy sites: http://www.kimscraftyapple.etsy.com/ and http://www.theapple.etsy.com/.
I'm excited for Saturday and hope to see you all this apple season!