text:
Jack Balkin:
jackbalkin at yahoo.com
Bruce Ackerman
bruce.ackerman at yale.edu
Ian Ayres
ian.ayres at yale.edu
Corey Brettschneider
corey_brettschneider at brown.edu
Mary Dudziak
mary.l.dudziak at emory.edu
Joey Fishkin
joey.fishkin at gmail.com
Heather Gerken heather.gerken at yale.edu
Abbe Gluck abbe.gluck at yale.edu
Mark Graber
mgraber at law.umaryland.edu
Stephen Griffin
sgriffin at tulane.edu
Jonathan Hafetz
jonathan.hafetz at shu.edu
Jeremy Kessler
jkessler at law.columbia.edu
Andrew Koppelman
akoppelman at law.northwestern.edu
Marty Lederman
msl46 at law.georgetown.edu
Sanford Levinson
slevinson at law.utexas.edu
David Luban
david.luban at gmail.com
Gerard Magliocca
gmaglioc at iupui.edu
Jason Mazzone
mazzonej at illinois.edu
Linda McClain
lmcclain at bu.edu
John Mikhail
mikhail at law.georgetown.edu
Frank Pasquale
pasquale.frank at gmail.com
Nate Persily
npersily at gmail.com
Michael Stokes Paulsen
michaelstokespaulsen at gmail.com
Deborah Pearlstein
dpearlst at yu.edu
Rick Pildes
rick.pildes at nyu.edu
David Pozen
dpozen at law.columbia.edu
Richard Primus
raprimus at umich.edu
K. Sabeel Rahmansabeel.rahman at brooklaw.edu
Alice Ristroph
alice.ristroph at shu.edu
Neil Siegel
siegel at law.duke.edu
David Super
david.super at law.georgetown.edu
Brian Tamanaha
btamanaha at wulaw.wustl.edu
Nelson Tebbe
nelson.tebbe at brooklaw.edu
Mark Tushnet
mtushnet at law.harvard.edu
Adam Winkler
winkler at ucla.edu
Compendium of posts on Hobby Lobby and related cases
The Anti-Torture Memos: Balkinization Posts on Torture, Interrogation, Detention, War Powers, and OLC
The Anti-Torture Memos (arranged by topic)
Recent Posts
The Spitzer Case and the National Surveillance State
Thursday, March 13, 2008
The Spitzer Case and the National Surveillance State
The New York Times explains that federal authorities discovered former Governor Spitzer's connections with a prostitution ring because banks made reports of suspicious financial transactions as a result of legislation passed following the 2001 terror attacks.
What is needed is the installation of a permanent Lo-jack type device in every man, woman and child so that government sniffers will be able to track everyone's moves. But who will track the sniffers? I think of the late Kurt Vonnegut's first novel "Player Piano" as we proceed deeper into the national surveillance state. "When they sniffed him, I said nothing. When they sniffed her, again I said nothing. But I worry, as next they may sniff me."
It bears note that the same tools are increasingly brought to bear in the name of consumerism. The specter of the panopticon has been raised in the larger context of the the demmed society, of which the surveillance state is but a epiphenomenon. "What to do" remains the question of the day.
(Apologies for the triple post. Sure do wish blogger allowed users to edit our comments.)
Certainly the National Surveillance State demands that we take a hard look at the right to privacy: Its scope, its rationale, and why we think it is important.
For instance: I seem to recall that a common standard for determining the scope of the legal right to privacy has to do with a reasonable expectation of privacy. As more sophisticated means of surveillance become normalized, though, won't citizens' reasonable expectations change? Is there some more substantive account of the privacy right that has sharper normative teeth that might serve us as a guide?
Heck of a point you make about the erosion of "reasonableness" with respect to an expectation of privacy. I have always thought, epistemologically, that rather than creating this right more or less whole cloth we would have been better served if the Court had found that "effects" included things like the data trails we leave behind, and that it is unreasonable for the government to search said effects absent probable cause---even when those effects have been obtained by non-government agencies. I think such a formulation would support a more robust protection of our rights.
What to do about the corporatocracy's access to those same effects is another issue entirely. (Generally, I'd argue that the bigger they are, the more they should be constrained as is their "host corporation," the Government.)
Prof: This is an overarching, not issue, but phenomenon, that will soon overwhelm the way we perceive our existence, and our existence.
SIngularity is near. Soon, AI will exceed human intelligence. AI will become completely ubiquituous, and may at some point, AWAKE.
The symptoms are beginning to emerge,as with SPitzer, the WH illegal information gathering/surveillance, etc.
Professor Balkin:
I would suggest that the bank information is more like a citizen tip of suspicious activity from a computerized neighborhood watch. Unless the citizen is making a false police report, I am unsure what the down side to this might be.
It is unlikely that law enforcement would want to reduce the threshold of what is suspicious and then increase the number of tips exponentially. We do not have enough FBI to investigate real crimes nevertheless to deal with the deluge of new tips by lowering the threshold. Burying the probable tips with the improbable would also make it less likely the FBI can investigate the probable.
Finally, why do you believe that tips from banks and the like will lead to unfounded prosecutions? The tip still has to be followed by an investigation to obtain evidence and then the prosecutor still has to make a case. I do not see how the bank tips are any less reliable than those from the old retiree who spends his days watching the neighborhood from his porch.
@porcupine pal: One of the reasons I favor Professor Balkin's work over many others is his involvement in projects such as the The Information Society Project at Yale Law School: "...an intellectual center addressing the implications of the Internet and new information technologies for law and society, guided by the values of democracy, human development, and social justice." Which is to say, we're preachin' to the choir on this one.
(I'm also continually aware, in the back of my mind, that our host wrote a quite serviceable text on the I Ching. Reminds me, I've been meaning to look at how he handles the blatant sexism of "The Marrying Maid." But I digress.)
Bart: "I do not see..."
Willful blindness is no defense. Your comparison is, putting it as kindly as possible, inapt. Let me count the ways.
Most importantly, a neighbor watching from his porch sees only that which is public. Bank transactions are ostensibly private, unless, of course, said bank turns out to be a "false friend." But let's be clear, you happily and openly embrace the measures proffered in the name of "fighting terrorism" and see in any critique of the methods used to nail Spitzer a potential rallying cry to roll back the governmental intrusions covered under H.R. 3162, the so-called "patriot" act and it's kin, and so must try to defuse any such criticism as soon as possible.
I suppose we'll leave the count at one for now. Time for the gym.
I've never forgotten a brilliant lecture by Tony Amsterdam some 36 years ago when I took his criminal procedure course. He noted the ambiguity in the "reasonable expectation" standard. I.e., one might use it simply as an "empirical" notion" and therefore ask what sorts of expectations we have of people around us. If the governor or president announces that our phones are subject to warrantless wiretaps, then can we "reasonably expect" not to be listened in on? (Only if one believes the governor or president is lying.) On the other hand, "reasonble expectations" might be "normative" instead of "empirical," by which we ask not what is likely to be the case, but, instead, what should be the case. So now we can denounce the president (even as we exercsise more caution in what we say over the telephone)because of the illegitimacy of the warrantless wiretap.
The United States is not Luxembourg. Banking transactions have not been private for years. They are subject to many types of government scrutiny, one of which disclosed Spitzer's alleged crimes.
Just because you assume that a transaction with third parties is private does not mean that it is in fact private. We voluntarily provide tremendous amounts of personal information in our interactions with businesses and individuals in the marketplaces of commerce and ideas.
Business started using this information in their marketing intelligence gathering a couple decades ago. Like the proverbial slow sibling, the government is just catching on to what a bonanza all of this information can be for national security and law enforcement when computerized and analyzed for patterns.
Business does not use this information to invade your privacy in the traditional sense of a human personally surveilling your activities. Rather, you and hundreds of millions of others are reduced to a data set and the computer program mines this data for patterns which indicate whether you and others would be interested in their product. Indeed, this makes marketing more accurate and less intrusive because companies are less likely to bother you trying to sell products which you do not desire.
The same concept can apply to government data mining for intelligence gathering.
Like its business counterpart, government data mining does not involve some spy surveilling your day to day activities. Rather, everyone's public data is placed into a large data base and mined for patterns consistent with the manner terrorists or civilian criminals interact with the economy and one another.
A very good argument can be made that this type of intelligence gathering is far less intrusive than traditional intelligence gathering because it pinpoints suspicious activity. For example, would it be preferable to perform a dragnet rounding up hundreds of illegal immigrants from Muslim countries looking for al Qaeda members or use data mining like the Able Danger project to pinpoint the Atta 9/11 cell? You can see how data mining has the potential of enhancing genuine privacy.
However, the fly in the ointment is that data mining, like all other types of surveillance can be abused by changing what the computer looks for. For example, instead of reviewing FBI files of political opponents in the White House basement, a hypothetical (hopefully) President Clinton could data mine for GOP voters looking for patterns indicating criminal or simply embarrassing activity.
Professor Balkin correctly observes that the genie is out of the bottle on these technologies. The decision we have to make is how we regulate and supervise data mining to duplicate the Able Danger result and avoid the Clinton result.
robert link-
thank you for the 'link'. I have it book marked.
We are moving somewhere is a hurry with this. And powerless to after its course.
i've been reading curt gentry's massive tome on j edgar hoover.
talk about a history lesson on the dangers of unchecked surveillance.
i've posted big excerpts at my blog that you can access via my name here.
As this implies, the main secret that secret policemen have to keep is the secret of their own corruption, which mushrooms in the dark. And as emerges from Curt Gentry's book (though it's only one theme in a wide-ranging study), Hoover himself engaged in a lifelong battle with "jackals of the press" who tried to tear the lid off the FBI dustbin.
He denounced investigative reporters like Jack Anderson, who literally did root through his garbage: "he'll go lower than dog shit for a story." Hoover tried to get Jack Nelson fired form the Los Angeles Times by branding him a drunk, a smear which, as Nelson would cheerfully observe, "can't ruin a newspaperman."
Hoover opened Drew Pearson's mail and placed I. F. stone under surveillance. He accused New York Post editor James Wechsler of being a Communist, spread derogatory rumors about publisher Dorothy Schiff, and tried to discourage the paper's advertisers.
He quelled opposition from William Randolph Hearst by threatening to prosecute him for taking Marion Davies across a state line. He once stopped a magazine from printing an expose of the FBI by anonymously sending its publisher photographs of his wife committing fellatio with her chauffeur.
* This is why people are worried about the possibility for abuse Bart.
Garth, you ol' reactionary; that was then, this is now. No one in their right mind could think anyone would ever make the mistakes Hoover made. Our gestapo is a much more socially conscious one. ;)
The basic incommensurability between the position of our resident foil and the position of folks more or less like our hosts is that the former are vastly more afraid of foreign devils than the ones here in the globe's most powerful nation.
And, before any of you get your knickers in a wad, "foil" is used here as a term of respect.
"... banks made reports of suspicious financial transactions as a result of legislation passed following the 2001 terror attacks."
Banks have been required to report 'suspicious' transactions since at least 1970 under the Bank Secrecy Act. This was an outgrowth of the War on Drugs, not of 9/11, although certain provisions of the Act were amended following the 2001 terror attacks.
I see posts elsewhere trying to blame Bush, the War on Terror, and even FISA legislation for Spitzer's problems. It would help if reputable blogs avoided lumping all this together.
Robert Link said ...
It bears note that the same tools are increasingly brought to bear in the name of consumerism.
The way banks often tag any given activity as noteworthy is anything that hasn't happened before, and more often than not, they overreact. I'm not saying this is always bad, but it often looks like discriminate examination and rather indiscriminate responses. It looks like too few actual people in the process.
In the end what this seems to come down to is that your money, unless its in the form of cash in your pocket, is only conditionally yours provided you never step out of your spending routine or normal activity patterns.
Apropos of "the surveillance state", boingboing.net offers the following: 1 in 300 US residents are terrorists, according to gubmint.
"On the other hand, these developments carry all of the potential risks of a powerful National Surveillance State: Governments can make mistakes in assessing levels of criminality and dangerousness; and their data mining models may characterize innocent activity as suspicious. Without sufficient oversight and checking functions, government actors may misuse the additional knowledge they gain, for example, by instigating abusive prosecutions, or creating discriminatory systems for access to public and private services (like banks, airports, government entitlements and so on). And the more powerful government becomes in knowing what its citizens are doing, the easier it becomes for government to control people's behavior."
I was a witness in a CoIntelPro case. The CIA paid informants for 'useful' information. The informants had every opportunity and every impetus to gussie up information to suit the CIA's needs. They lied for pay.
If we are going to have electronic snoops we need very, very strong over site of the warrants, the traps/taps, the retrieval of data, and the storage of data. It is too easy to hack, change, or mislay info at any stage of the process.
Personally I'd like to keep snooping in line with the 4th amendment: the law gets a warrant for every violation of privacy, but that is SO pre 9/11.
Here is a map rating countries by their amount of privacy and privacy protections. Notice that we are not the good guys anymore.
I don't really have a problem with giving a little extra scrutiny to suspicious activity by high officials who are exposed to constant temptation. But wiretapping a prostitution ring and twice staking out a hotel to catch their most famous client is overkill, to put it mildly. And listing Spitzer as "Client 9" looks very much like an attempt to disguise this as a random bust that just happened to catch the governor of New York.
My question for everyone out there, I guess, is should the government have done when what appeared to be a public corruption case turned out the be high-priced hookers. Pursued it less aggressively? Dropped the case entirely? Alerted the local DA? Give me your input, because I really don't have the answer.
EP: The problem isn't what the government did once it had the information. The problem is how the gov't got the information, and the implications thereof, primarily the indication of potential for great abuses.
Again, I think we need some changes in the "false friend" doctrine re: privacy; the gov't shouldn't get a free pass on the 4th amendment just because the data passes first through the hands of our corporate masters. (Did someone say "license of blogging"?) ;)
One of the most striking things about the explanations offered for the investigation into Spitzer is that DoJ figures began telling reporters immediately that it did not begin with them, but instead they were dragged into it by the IRS, and that Spitzer's bank started it all.
We didn't need to know that information, unless one thinks - as some at DoJ obviously do - that DoJ is not trusted by the public NOT to politicize investigations of political figures. That's a pretty sorry admission, though entirely accurate.
And fwiw, I don't see how the story as we have it adds up. Why would a few relatively small wire transfers, in the absense of any evidence of criminal wrong-doing, lead to (a) a bank report, and (b) a full-scale FBI investigation, and (c) a court-ordered wiretap. Then there's the fact revealed yesterday that the FBI, having acquired enough evidence to charge the prostitution ring, did not swoop in but renewed the wiretap so as to target Spitzer personally. It smells politicized, no matter which end of it you examine.
I guess we have opposive views then. I don't know enough about finance to even hazard a guess as to what should be suspicious enough to attract the attention of law enforcement, but surely some things are worthy of investigation. Nor do I have a problem with giving some extra scrutiny to any high officials who turn up on this list. Political corruption is a constant temptation, after all.
But going to these lengths to catch a hostile politician with prostitutes, why it's like patrolling public rest rooms to bust foot-tappers.
EnlightenedLayperson: "...going to these lengths..."
I think this might be where we're not connecting. The 1994 article I linked to points out that companies are already going to "these lengths" to analyze customer/consumer data anyway. That's not going to change. Stipulating Total Information Awareness is coming, like it or not, because the corporatocracy wants it so as to better predict/control spending, the question becomes, how do we protect ourselves, our liberties?
The honest answer is probably that we can't, that the Enlightenment era precepts are but a pipe dream in the information age. But you'll catch a few of us fighting the good fight right to the statistically predicted end. Capitalism, and more specifically, Consumerism, might be our only real hope for anything resembling freedom and liberty in the future. So long as the corporatocracy thinks there is more profit in letting us have the freedom to choose Coke or Pepsi then we'll probably be allowed to keep many of the illusory freedoms we currently enjoy. One can hope.
Just for ducks, look at this incident from an international angle: they scooped up the richest man in Britian, a married man who had been relieved of his command in Afghanistan for blabbing to eastern prostitutes on multiple occasions that he knew where Osama bin Laden was without even trying to conceal his (the Duke of Westminster's) identity.
Then there are the document problems: the pimp was found with 2 Israeli passports and another passport plus $600,000. Who is this outfit's forger and (tinfoil applied here) was some police entity running a sting, not for Spitzer but for one of the other clients?
The Murdoch papers began scrubbing their papers of the Duke of Westminster=client 6 yesterday around noon time EST - why let it go 24 hours?
For real giggles google QAT - you'll get a leaf (sometimes spelled khat) that is chewed in Yemen for a caffine like high. That may have triggered some stupid electronic stiffer's alarm bells somewhere.
Back here down on the farm, Spitzer did himself no favors if he asked a bank he had under investigation to remove his name from his little wire transfers between North Fork Bank and HSBC.
This brings up the matter of career choices and counseling. The hourly rates of big time hookers greatly exceed those of big law firm lawyers despite the fact that it is their clients that get screwed in the end. Lawyers need equal protection because they are licensed while the hookers are at most licentious. And lawyers report their incomes and pay taxes. So why not combine careers as an "Escort Attorney" - "Have Briefcase, Will Travel."
So what happens, some computer in Detroit keeps this data forever, we don't know who gets to see it, it is used to prevent some future behavior or other reasons we don't know, what started out a a tool in the war on drugs or war on terrorism is now being used to sanction not only $10,000 cash transactions but ALL wire transfers worldwide through SWIFT, we can't be told anything about this because it would reveal secret methods the enemy must never know, if there is a false report nobody is accountable, there is no way to remove information since you don't even know what it is, this will go on as long as the war on terror and drugs goes on, this is not Orwell it is Kafka
So what happens, some computer in Detroit keeps this data forever, we don't know who gets to see it, it is used to prevent some future behavior or other reasons we don't know, what started out a a tool in the war on drugs or war on terrorism is now being used to sanction not only $10,000 cash transactions but ALL wire transfers worldwide through SWIFT, we can't be told anything about this because it would reveal secret methods the enemy must never know, if there is a false report nobody is accountable, there is no way to remove information since you don't even know what it is, this will go on as long as the war on terror and drugs goes on, this is not Orwell it is Kafka
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Books by Balkinization Bloggers
Jack M. Balkin, The Cycles of Constitutional Time (Oxford University Press, 2020)
Mark Tushnet, Taking Back the Constitution: Activist Judges and the Next Age of American Law (Yale University Press 2020).
Andrew Koppelman, Gay Rights vs. Religious Liberty?: The Unnecessary Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2020)
Ezekiel J Emanuel and Abbe R. Gluck, The Trillion Dollar Revolution: How the Affordable Care Act Transformed Politics, Law, and Health Care in America (PublicAffairs, 2020)
Linda C. McClain, Who's the Bigot?: Learning from Conflicts over Marriage and Civil Rights Law (Oxford University Press, 2020)
Sanford Levinson and Jack M. Balkin, Democracy and Dysfunction (University of Chicago Press, 2019)
Sanford Levinson, Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies (Duke University Press 2018)
Mark A. Graber, Sanford Levinson, and Mark Tushnet, eds., Constitutional Democracy in Crisis? (Oxford University Press 2018)
Gerard Magliocca, The Heart of the Constitution: How the Bill of Rights became the Bill of Rights (Oxford University Press, 2018)
Cynthia Levinson and Sanford Levinson, Fault Lines in the Constitution: The Framers, Their Fights, and the Flaws that Affect Us Today (Peachtree Publishers, 2017)
Brian Z. Tamanaha, A Realistic Theory of Law (Cambridge University Press 2017)
Sanford Levinson, Nullification and Secession in Modern Constitutional Thought (University Press of Kansas 2016)
Sanford Levinson, An Argument Open to All: Reading The Federalist in the 21st Century (Yale University Press 2015)
Stephen M. Griffin, Broken Trust: Dysfunctional Government and Constitutional Reform (University Press of Kansas, 2015)
Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Harvard University Press, 2015)
Bruce Ackerman, We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2014)
Balkinization Symposium on We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution
Joseph Fishkin, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity (Oxford University Press, 2014)
Mark A. Graber, A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2013)
John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment (New York University Press, 2013)
Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013)
Andrew Koppelman, The Tough Luck Constitution and the Assault on Health Care Reform (Oxford University Press, 2013)
James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013)
Balkinization Symposium on Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues
Andrew Koppelman, Defending American Religious Neutrality (Harvard University Press, 2013)
Brian Z. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
Sanford Levinson, Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012)
Linda C. McClain and Joanna L. Grossman, Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship (Cambridge University Press, 2012)
Mary Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012)
Jack M. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard University Press, 2011)
Jason Mazzone, Copyfraud and Other Abuses of Intellectual Property Law (Stanford University Press, 2011)
Richard W. Garnett and Andrew Koppelman, First Amendment Stories, (Foundation Press 2011)
Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith in an Unjust World (Harvard University Press, 2011)
Gerard Magliocca, The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash (Yale University Press, 2011)
Bernard Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order (Harvard University Press, 2010)
Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic (Harvard University Press, 2010)
Balkinization Symposium on The Decline and Fall of the American Republic
Ian Ayres. Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (Bantam Books, 2010)
Mark Tushnet, Why the Constitution Matters (Yale University Press 2010)
Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff: Lifecycle Investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio (Basic Books, 2010)
Jack M. Balkin, The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life (2d Edition, Sybil Creek Press 2009)
Brian Z. Tamanaha, Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging (Princeton University Press 2009)
Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff, A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association (Yale University Press 2009)
Jack M. Balkin and Reva B. Siegel, The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009)
Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It (Princeton University Press 2009)
Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey (Oxford University Press 2008)
David Luban, Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge Univ. Press 2007)
Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers is the New Way to be Smart (Bantam 2007)
Jack M. Balkin, James Grimmelmann, Eddan Katz, Nimrod Kozlovski, Shlomit Wagman and Tal Zarsky, eds., Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (N.Y.U. Press 2007)
Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds (N.Y.U. Press 2006)
Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006)
Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006)
Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006)
Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006)
Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005)
Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004)
Balkin.com homepage
Cultural Software
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Useful Links
Syllabi and Exams


text:
State-of-art facility helps train nursing students
University of Notre Dame students first to use new $15M building
Some amazing advancements in medical research are happening at one Baltimore area university.
First-time nursing students at the University of Notre Dame are getting on-the-job training with patients that aren't even real.
They are role playing with their patients, who are mannequins with symptoms with their responses controlled by their instructor.
The students are the first to use the lab at the university's brand-new $15 million academic building. The Center for Caring with Technology on the third floor also has assessment rooms and a pediatric simulation room.
"We have a mannequin that gives birth. We've already had a birth," said Katharine Cook.
The facility is like a mini hospital for students to practice in.
"It is a state-of-the-art lab. It is fully equipped with everything that we need. It's a place where they can explore and learn and make mistakes in a safe environment," said Janice Brennan, director for the Center for Caring with Technology.
Brennan said it's a huge boost for the entry-level nursing program that just launched and agree.
"We treat all of our mannequins as if they are real patients. We provide privacy. We introduce ourselves. We identify them because if we don't do it here then we won't do it once when we get out into the field," student Karienne Huggins said.
There are several cameras inside the lab recording the experience and it's become an invaluable teaching tool.
"At first, we said, 'Oh no, we're going to be watching ourselves.' But, as we went through the whole entire progression, we saw, 'Oh I could've done this better' or somebody else would say, 'I really like what you did there.' So it's a lot of encouragement, as well as constructive criticism," student Anna Manalad said.
"Watching them begin to act like nurses, talk like nurses and become nurses is just fascinating," Brennan said.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Increased use of stealth techniques such as rootkits is leading to fewer reports of new viruses, according to a study by net security outfit VeriSign iDefense.
Since 2003, VeriSign iDefense has been collecting and recording information on every uniquely identifiable malicious code, using public and private resources. Discovery of malicious codes was steadily growing between 2003 and 2005, but from January to June 2006 VeriSign iDefense noticed a significant downward trend each month.
Its conclusions are markedly different from those of anti-virus vendors, who report a decrease in mass-mailing worms but an increase in more targeted attacks.
VeriSign iDefense has a number of theories about why it is seeing fewer examples of malware doing the rounds. For one, anti-virus programs may be improperly detecting polymorphic codes as older variants or code families. Then again, malware authors might be turning to phishing and pharming attacks as a means to rack in illicit funds. As such attacks grow in popularity, the theory goes, they might start to replace malicious codes as a means to gain personal information for financial gain.
While it's true that phishing attacks are gaining in sophistication, VeriSign iDefense neglects to mention that key-logging Trojans are one of the most effective means to gain secret account information.
However, the company believes the most significant factor in the decrease of malware it reports is the increased use of rootkit techniques. Rootkits, designed to push malware "under the radar", are increasingly foiling anti-virus programs and other security techniques, it says.
VeriSign iDefense reckons the number of malicious codes installed today is still significant, but simply not being detected.
Senior malicious code analyst Frederick Doyle said: "Levels of spamming continue to be a good indicator of malicious code use, as those techniques are generally used by the same types of hackers. As the public improves in its defences against spamming, malicious code users are increasingly turning to different means of attack." ®


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Back in the days Mr. Big was one of the few "shredder" hard rock metal bands that prized song craft as highly as virtuosity. The seeds for the group's formation were sown when bass player extraordinaire Billy Sheehan (ex-David Lee Roth band, Talas) began piecing together a new outfit with former Racer X guitarist Paul Gilbert, drummer Pat Torpey (Ted Nugent, Impellitteri, Robert Plant), and singer Eric Martin, the latter of who had issued a couple of solo releases in the mid 80's. By 1989 the band inked a recording contract with Atlantic, resulting in the release of a self-titled debut the same year. The album was a success, especially in Japan, and it included the MTV hit singles "Addicted to That Rush" and "Wind Me Up". Their sophomore album LEAN INTO IT was released in 1991 and it was a bigger worldwide success with the help of the mega hit ballad "To Be with You". Their third album BUMP A HEAD came out in 1993 and although it included another hit single "Wild World" (a cover of an old Cat Stevens classic), it failed to reach its predecessors sales figures. During next month's years Mr. Big did a lot of touring including a tour with Aerosmith in Europe, they had three sold out headline shows in Tokyo's classic Budokan arena, and played a show in Sao Paulo in front of 100 000 people. HEY MAN was released in 1996 but soon after everybody in the band started to concentrate more and more on other stuff than Mr.Big and as a result the band was on hold for nearly two years. In 1999 Mr. Big decided to reform but at that point Paul Gilbert refused to come back so Mr.Big decided to continue with a new guitarist Ritchie Kotzen (ex-Poison) and later on they released two more albums: GET OVER IT (2000) and ACTUAL SIZE (2001) before they called it quits after a farewell tour in 2002. In February of 2009 it was announced that the original line up of Mr. Big would do a reunion tour in the summer in Japan to celebrate its 20th anniversary of their debut album. As expected, that tour proved to be highly successful and they decided to continue the tour outside of Japan. A twenty-date European tour started on the 9th of September in Tallinn, Estonia. On the next day the band arrived in Helsinki and I had a chance to sit down and talk with Mr.Torpey about the past and possible future of Mr.Big amongst other interesting topics. Read and learn on!
You just played the first show on this European tour in Estonia. How was that?
It was fantastic. It was great; really good.
You've never been in Estonia before?
No. I think Paul had and Billy had – they both had; not me.
Tell about Mr.Big re -union. Whose idea it was to put this band back together?
Well, it- I don't think it was any one person's idea, it was everybody's idea. We had a lot of time pass and it seemed to be right. There was kind of a catalyst that got it going. Paul was doing a show at the House of Blues in Los Angeles; I think it was May of last year – not last May but a year ago – yeah, it was May. And I was playing drums with Richie Kotzen and Paul asked Ritchie to open. Paul didn't know that I was playing drums for him on that show. And so Ritchie told me, "Yeah, it'll be great. Pat's going to play drums." And Paul said, "Oh, really? Wow. I'll invite Billy down and we'll have him sit in for an encore – we'll play some stuff." So Paul sent me an email and I was like, "Yeah, sure. You know, that'd be great." And then it was. It was a lot of fun and Ritchie sang too – Ritchie sang a song. Eric wasn't there; Eric lives in San Francisco. And so one thing led to another and here we are in Finland. A year and a half later we're playing shows.
So, all of the guys – Billy, Eric and Paul – they are really busy with their own things all the time. Was it hard to set this thing up because they have so many other things going on?
Well, not really. I think once the, you know- where there's a desire and a will, you make it happen. And, you know, it has taken a while to- we didn't immediately just jump in and do it, you know, we had to make some plans and start planning. I think officially we didn't really decide we were going to do the reunion thing until August of, like, a year ago, you know. And then we had to decide: "Okay, well, what are we going to do? How are we going to do this?" All those things, you know, management, we had to make all those business decisions. But the good part is that everybody was of the same mind. We all wanted to do it. There wasn't one guy going, "Uhhh…I'm not sure, you know…" That's what's really the best thing about it – because we're all kind of in the same place, to use a cliché. And that's what makes it fun and kind of reignited the spark, you know, of wanting to play together, and it's just been really fun. We've already done a Japanese tour and we did a show in Indonesia about a month ago.
There's a DVD to be released from that tour in Japan, right?
Yeah, we did a thing at BUDOKAN LIVE – a live CD and DVD. So, now it's just kind of- we've kind of been able to go right into cruising, you know what I mean? It's like the band's really tight together. I mean, I feel like we'd play anywhere right now because we're playing really well and all the cylinders are firing, you know, on the engine.
Mr.Big broke up in 2002. Is there anything different now compared to old days?
Well, I think there are a lot of things that are different in a positive way. I mean, when we stopped playing together there were, you know- there was kind of a bad vibe going on, but it wasn't like we hated each other or anything. It was just that we'd been through a lot – we went through a lot of the same things that bands go through. The only difference is we don't do drugs, you know, we're pretty clean, normal guys. But we just had some musical differences that, you know, started and then got bigger and bigger and then people decided to do other things. So it's just a part of the growth pattern that I think everybody goes through and now those things are- they've tried and now this is fun again. So I think what's different about it now is also the intensity, because fifteen years ago, or when we first got together in '92, '91, '90, and '80, we were so, "We're going to be the best band! We're gonna be so good!" and everybody was just so intense and crazy, you know.
Yeah, you know, and not just hungry but, you know, so focused that we'd forget to look at the big picture. We were so focused on this one thing that you forget how fun everything is and how great it is to actually be able to be doing what we're doing, and so you kind of take it for granted a little bit. And that's not there anymore. And it's good – it's a good place to be.
Paul left band in 1999. You continued with Ritchie Kotzen but only three years later you decided to call it quits. Would you briefly tell what actually caused Mr.Big to break up back then?
Well, there was tension inside the band, I mean, I don't have to give the specifics – it was just personalities, you know musical things. And it had just run its course, you know, like I said: marriages go through this, bands break up, bands get back together – nothing that's really big and juicy, you know. There wasn't any big fight and then, you know, "Fuck you!" You know, it was nothing like that. And I remained friends with Paul and Billy and Eric the whole time – the whole time.
You stayed friends but you also played with Paul, Billy and Ritchie on different situations during the years?
Yeah, I did some stuff with Paul – recording with him – and I played with Ritchie. And I did a thing with Billy – a couple other things. I didn't play with Eric, but that was more of a geography thing – he lives in San Francisco. And I was doing other things as well and I did a couple of solo things – I tried that for a while-
In Japan?
Yeah, in Southeast Asia. Two records were released: ODD MAN OUT [and Y2K]. So there really isn't, you know- that's all that really happened. I think fans were aware that we were having some tensions inside the band musically, you know, everybody knew about it. But, you know, I see old performance DVDs and we were still playing really well. We were good and I'm really proud because I see it and I think, "Wow. I hope we can still be that good." Everybody was really playing well and doing well.
One thing people keep saying – especially here in Finland – is: "Yeah, Mr. Big – they're just a ballad band with 'To Be With You'" Do you ever get fed up with that?
Well, not really. You know, it's kind of like- I don't have time to really have that upset me because, you know, it's like, you can't please everybody so I don't even try. We just play what we like. We figure that there are enough people out there that are going to like something that we do – I don't have to worry about the people that don't. Some people think we're a ballad band and other people think, "Oh, it's too hard rock." You know, it's like, whatever, 'cause I can't explain it. I'm just playing music and taking all the influences that I've had my whole life and having it come through me in another way. Music's like food: some people like burgers, some people like pasta, you know. Whatever. I don't really care, to be honest with you.
Isn't it kind of strange when most of Mr.Big material is something else but ballads but you're still best known about those songs?
With "To Be With You" and- Well, I think that's okay, I mean, it's nothing to complain about. Some of my favourite, you know – and I've had this question asked to me before – some of my favourite albums, CDs, or whatever were albums that had all kinds of stuff on it: any Beatles thing, any Hendrix or Zeppelin – these old classic records. And they had ballads and rock tunes and instrumental things. So, in a way- If people think we're a ballad band that just means they haven't listened to everything we've done. And if people think we're only just about the technical stuff then they haven't listened to everything we've done either. We do some bluesy stuff, we do some pop rock, you know, ballads, you know, acoustic. And one other thing is: we're really into singing – all of us – even more than before. If you see our show now, we do even more vocal kind of things than we've ever done before.
The Fab Four?
Yeah, well, I guess. We have one singer though. We have one real lead singer, that's one of the things, but- Vocals have always been, for me, that was always a big deal. I wanted to be a good drummer, but I wanted to be Paul McCartney, you know – I wanted to have this voice.
Who doesn't?
Yeah, exactly. That's what I say.
Mr.Big promopicture from late 80's.
Let's talk about some past projects. Tell something about your working with Impellitteri?
Oh, wow. That was a long time ago. Well, you know, I never really was in the band with Chris. At the time, a buddy of mine was playing bass – Chuck Wright. Chuck and I have known each other for decades. He had a drummer and he left and they were already in the studio and Chris, you know, was trying to get this record together. So Chuck told Chris, "I know Pat" and I'd never met Chris before so he asked me to come down. That was actually the first time I ever recorded double kick drums. I'd never really played much double kick drum but he had a lot of these double kick drum things. So for about a week I was like, "Okay, I've gotta get this together and practise." But then they needed somebody and my picture was on the album because I was there. But I was already doing other things even when that came out.
You never toured with them?
No, I never did. I played a NAMM [National Association of Music Merchants] show with Chris once – that was the only time I ever played live with him. And then they ended up getting some guy – I can't remember his name. But I like Chris, he's a great guy, really cool and we're still buddies and everything.
How about Graham Bonnet who did sing on STAND IN LINE album?
Graham? I barely know him, you know. I mean, I did a couple of photo sessions with him and that was it. I barely know the guy.
You also worked with Ted Nugent at one point, didn't you?
Yeah, that was way early on – that was in like, the mid-80s. And that was because Tom Werman was producing. He produced a lot of Ted Nugent, Cheap Trick, a few different things. And there was an engineer guy named Duane Baron who worked with him all the time and he had started working with John Purdell – he's a keyboard player, a producer, engineer – and John and I used to be in a band together a couple of years before that. John was the singer/keyboard player, I was the drummer, with Chuck Wright playing bass – it was this band called Exposure. When they started working with Ted, you know, they needed somebody to play drums – and I actually didn't really play drums. They were all nuts and crazy about these sequencers, you know, so I was playing pads into a sequencer and then they would manipulate everything. This was before computer-based recording like Pro Tools and so on and so forth. It was just crazy. I remember so many times just saying, "Why don't we just set up a kit, let me just play, it's rock and roll, this isn't rock and roll." And, you know, then I overdubbed the cymbals and, whatever, you know, it came out. But that was what that was about.
Actually to be honest, I don't like that album (IF YOU CAN'T LICK 'EM… LICK 'EM) too much. The drums on it sound like, ugh…
Oh, it's terrible.
Yeah, it is.
And I think so too. Believe me, I'm the first guy to go, "Pfft!" you know. There's something about people and they think they can control [everything]: "Oh, we'll be able to move this and move that and this'll be great!" and I'm like, "Yeah, but it sounds terrible." I think it does. And they don't hear it like I do, you know. I hear all the subtleties.
Another interesting aspect of your past is your tour with Robert Plant.
Yes, in '88 – "the Now and Zen" tour.
That was just before Mr. Big?
Right. And I was already in Mr. Big. Mr. Big was already together, we just hadn't- we just were finishing up getting the record deal together – everything with Atlantic – and so we had some time off. We weren't going to start recording until January and this was in October, so I was in the right place at the right time and got a phone call. It was pretty cool. It was a surprise to me. I was pretty excited about it – being able to play with Robert Plant. I mean, Led Zeppelin is a big deal to me. They were a one of a kind band, you know.
During the past few years you have been doing drum clinics around the world, right?
Yeah, exactly, I have. I have been doing clinics in Southeast Asia more than anything: China, Southeast Asia and some European things as well. I did a thing in Italy and a thing in Slovenia and then went to Russia and so on.
Pat live at Finland 2009!
I read somewhere that when you were really young you had to choose between a sports career and being a musician.
Well, yeah. I'm a jock, I mean, I like sports. I still do. I still play baseball every weekend – every weekend I play. But the draw of music was so strong, it was like a magnet, you know. I just couldn't- I knew that was more important to me. Even in high school, when it came time to play football for the high school team or play music, I played music. I just had a more long-term vision of what I wanted to do with my life and professional sports, I mean; I'm not that big so I couldn't play football. I was okay, I mean, I'm not great I just like to do it for fun – recreation.
Speaking of influences, was Bonzo [John Bonham] one of them?
Huge. But you know, it's almost kind of, you know- he's one of those guys who influenced everybody – every drummer and people in music just because of his sound and approach. I mean, even his last name, Bonham: "Let's do a Bonham thing" – it's like an adjective now. If I could get to a spot where someone could say, "Hey, do a Torpey thing," that would be great. That's a real testament to how much influence the guy had. Up to a certain point there were all these other things in music and then all of a sudden there's Led Zeppelin and John Bonham and I was like, "Whoa. This is completely different than anything I've ever heard."
Are there any other guys who influenced your playing? Like Neil Peart?
Well, not so much Neil. I mean, Neil's great, you know. I'm not a huge fan of Rush…until we toured with them. When we toured with Rush, then I became a fan. But up to that point I was more into the early progressive bands like Genesis and Yes, Emerson, Lake & Palmer to a certain degree and The Strawbs, Spooky Tooth, all of these kinds of mid-60s things, you know, psychedelic. Another guy that was a big deal when I was young was Mitch Mitchell, who was with Hendrix. That was a big influence on me. You know, if anybody asks me, "Who are your influences?" it's like, well, there's millions of 'em. There are so many great drummers playing now. I think I've seen every Buddy Rich drum solo that has been recorded on video. I saw one today on the Internet that I had never seen before and I'm telling you, you know, I just shake my head going, "Oh my god, this guy is superhuman. Superhuman!" So, there's so many people that have influenced me but, as far as the rock genre goes, Bonham, Mitch Mitchell, Clive Bunker – the original Jethro Tull drummer – was a big deal for me. He influenced me. I was very young when I saw him and I was like, "Whoa. What the hell's that?" Just a completely different approach.
Re united Mr.Big: Paul Gilbert, Pat Torpey, Eric Martin and Billy Sheenan
What about the future of Mr. Big? Are there any plans to do new material?
Well, it's kind of a question mark right now. There are no plans, but there are no plans not to. So, we're kind of taking it as it comes, you know, and it's been good and as long as it remains good, we'll probably take the next step. We're playing a couple of things that are new things to us to play live. "Hold Your Head Up," the old Argent tune – we recorded a demo of it years ago at Paul's house and it was pretty cool. So we thought, "Hey, let's start doing it live the next time around." It's a song that we'd recorded and that's a new thing. But as far as, like, brand new material, we haven't gotten there yet but I know everybody has ideas. I know I do, you know, I've got some ideas that I want to show Billy and Paul – "Hey, what do you think?" you know? So, I hope so. You never know.
You did a tour of Japan and now you're doing this European tour. Do you have any plans to do a U.S. tour?
Well, possibly. It probably would be in the springtime of next year. They have a lot of these package tours that go out, you know. It's possible.
How about doing some festivals like Rocklahoma?
Yeah, yeah, exactly. They were trying to get us to do that last time. The thing is, it's got to be financially viable and it's got to make sense because it's not like we're trying to promote ourselves. Before we were- you know, fifteen, twenty years ago we had an album out, we were trying to play everywhere, you know, even to where the financial aspect sometimes had to be put on the backburner. And I'm not saying we're only doing this for the money, but what I'm saying is we're not going to go out and play unless it makes sense to. We're not just going to just, you know- You know what I'm trying to say. 'Cause I don't want it to sound like the only reason why we're doing this is for money because we're not making huge amounts of money, you know. I mean, it's very expensive to tour and to be able to tour and put on the show that we want to put on. So we'll see. Everything's good though. I mean, it's like, you know, I couldn't be happier. I'm a lucky guy.
Maybe we will see you at a festival in Sweden next year.
Yeah, that's another thing that's possible that we talked about. There are a lot of festivals that happen in Europe as well – in the summer and springtime, right?
Yeah, there's actually something like maybe ten to fifteen huge outdoor festivals in Europe.
Yeah? I'd love to do it. So, we'll see.


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Terri Denison is the Georgia District Director of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). In this role since May 2002, she is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the SBA's financial, counseling/training and business development programs for small businesses throughout Georgia.
Terri began her SBA career in 1987 as a Presidential Management Fellow at the Agency's Washington, D. C. District and Headquarter Offices. Other positions included working with the Agency's Minority Enterprise Development and One Stop Capital Shop programs and Office of Field Operations. In 1994, she served as the SBA representative on the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Empowerment Zone/Enterprise Community Interagency Task Force.
In the fall of 2000, she was one of seven individuals nationwide selected for the SBA's District Director's Candidate Development Program. Assignments included serving as the Acting Deputy District Director in the Los Angeles District Office and the Acting District Director in Wisconsin.
As Georgia District Director, Terri has been recognized by the Atlanta Business League, Georgia Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, Georgia Microenterprise Network, Greater Atlanta Economic Alliance, Atlanta Business Chronicle and Who's Who in Black Atlanta.
Terri holds a B.A. Degree in American Government from Cornell University and an M.A. Degree in Urban Studies from Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. She is also a graduate of the Federal Executive Institute in Charlottesville, Virginia.
A native of Corpus Christi, Texas, Terri currently serves as the Vice President of the Cornell Alumni Association of Atlanta and a member of the Cornell University Council. Other personal interests include ballroom dancing and travel.


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Lara a bigger match-winner than Sachin: Ponting
Ricky Ponting also nominates India's Harbhajan Singh as one of the bowlers who gave him the most trouble in Test cricket, along with Pakistan's Wasim Akram and West Indian Curtly Ambrose.
Newly retired Ricky Ponting says while India's Sachin Tendulkar was the best batsman he played against, West Indian Brian Lara was the opponent he feared most.
Ponting pulled stumps on his Australian record-equalling 168-Test career at the conclusion of the third Test loss to South Africa in Perth on Monday.
In 17 years of Test cricket, which produced 13,378 runs at 51.85 and made him the second-highest runscorer in Test history behind Tendulkar, Ponting said the pair stood out as his highest quality opponents.
"I am on record before as saying I felt Sachin was the best player I played against," he said.
"He has so much success against us in our conditions and their conditions.
"But I probably lost more sleep on the eve of games against Lara, because I knew that he could single-handedly win games for his team.
"The way I judge players is their ability to win games by themselves, and Lara could certainly do that and probably did it more than what Sachin did for India."
Lara scored 11,953 runs at 52.88 in 131 Tests, while Tendulkar has 15,562 runs at 54.60 in 192 Tests.
Ponting also nominated fellow 37-year-old Jacques Kallis, who took the catch that ended his final innings on Monday, as another modern great.
Kallis has scored 12,980 runs at 56.92 and taken 282 wickets at 32.57 in his 158 Tests.
"You have to put Kallis in that bracket as well, you put his wickets on top of what he has done with the bat," Ponting said.
"He is averaging 57 in Test cricket, and that is remarkable considering the amount he has had to bowl."
Ponting also nominated India's Harbhajan Singh as one of the bowlers that gave him the most trouble in Test cricket, along with Pakistan's Wasim Akram and West Indian Curtly Ambrose.
"Harbhajan got me out a lot of times and caused me a lot of grief," he said.
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Hi guys...
I'm looking for people willing to join a new protest movement. Angelina Jolie and Brad Pit gave me the idea when they told the media that they would abstain from marriage until gay and lesbian couples could legally get married.
Over the past year I have been forming an idea in my head for a protest movement based on their decision. That is... people who join the "marriage for all... or marriage for none" movement would be deciding to refuse to get into a heterosexual marriage, until homosexual marriage would become legal in their state/ province or [if they were feeling more extreme] their entire country.
As the person who wishes to start this movement I have obviously already made the necessary committment. Now...
I would like to hear your guys opinions and feedback... and ESPECIALLY if you want to join. [If you wish to join the movement... definitely say so in your comment posts. ^_^]
Views: 171
Also... you could say "abstain from marriage" is a covert way to also counter the religious right's "you must abstain from sex until marriage [or else go to hell]" policy.
I sincerely HATE abstinence only education as well. While there IS NOTHING WRONG WITH ABSTINENCE, giving children no other information or options is wrong... and another one of their sins. [I'm talking sins against humanity and not some invisible sky fairy that no one has ever met... of course].
Two sins could be outlined in this protest's wording... 1. That of denying a subgroup of Americans the basic human right to marriage [and] 2. Denying children and teenagers the information to protect their own health [before and during marriage]
I think there is an issue of people cutting of their nose to spite their faces. There are many benefits to marriage, not least the increase in legal rights that the father is given to his child. Why deprive yourself of these legal benefits?
Should one refuse to walk, until sufficient wheelchair access has been installed in their office or residential building?
We can make our voices heard without depriving ourselves of the few rights we have.
i support your movement completely, i being a bisexual am offended that i can not marry the one i love if there the same sex. Marriage should be for everyone no matter if its same sex marriage or not. Love is meant for everyone as well
:D YEAH! I am actually a bisexual female as well... and [weirdly] had EXACTLY the same thoughts as you! O_O However I had one other one as well, I feel it is unfair that I [as a bi] have a choice at all when gays and lesbians have none. I could end up in a happy marital relationship with the opposite sex... this seems impossible for homosexuals.
It is thoughts like the ones you outlined... and the one I did that drove me to try to start this movement.
Love has historically had very little to do with marriage. In today's modern world, lovers simply do not need contracts.
The only people who require contracts are children who need parents.


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- State: SD
- NPCA Region: Midwest
- Est. Date: 1925
Air & Climate DataView the 2019 Report
Moderate Concern
Moderate Concern
Significant Concern
Significant Concern
This colossal sculpture showcases the iconic faces of four former U.S. presidents intricately carved into a mountain in South Dakota's Black Hills. The 60-foot-tall profiles of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln were intended to represent the first 150 years of America's history and cultural heritage.
Historian Doane Robinson came up with the idea to promote tourism and artist Gutzon Borglum designed the sculpture itself, modifying the design repeatedly to accommodate the unforgiving rock. Though the artist passed away before the monument's completion, more than 400 workers helped bring his vision to life.
An Ambitious Undertaking
It took 400 workers 14 years to sculpt the monument, blasting the rock with dynamite and dangling from steel cables with jackhammers over the 500-foot face of the mountain — yet there were no fatalities during the carving, only a couple of minor injuries.
More about Mount Rushmore
Read more about Great American West
Land Based Trip Great American West From Mount Rushmore and the Crazy Horse Memorial to Custer State Park and Devils Tower, the West is a colorful storybook spilling over with strong personalities and profoundly historic landscapes. Discover some new chapters and add your own footnotes on this fun and engaging exploration.
Read more about The View from Everywhere
Magazine Article The View from Everywhere CyArk uses cutting-edge technology to preserve historic sites in virtual reality.
Preserve Our Parks
Make a tax-deductible gift today to provide a brighter future for our national parks and the millions of Americans who enjoy them.Donate Now


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Soft, organic cotton t-shirt hair towel in Mint color. Perfect for protecting curly and dry hair types from breakage, damage and frizz caused by traditional towel drying. Our Tee-Owels* are made of high quality cotton t-shirt material that's durable, absorbent, and has a little stretch for easy wrapping & styling.
Short length towel dimensions 23" x 38"
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Our innovative, protective hair towels are the perfect hybrid between tee & towel, hence the name! To remain reminiscent of a classic tee, Tee-Owels hair towels feature the "Owel" icon on an authentic t-shirt tag. Significantly reduces damage, breakage, frizz and dryness in all hair types.
Tee-Owels accepts returns/ exchanges. If you are not 100% satisfied with your purchase, you can return the product and get a full refund or exchange as long as the product has not been used or damaged. Requests for a refund/exchange must be submitted via email within 14 days of delivery, and shipped back within 30 days.


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Lost alum Josh Holloway is returning to the
island small screen.
Holloway has won the lead role in CBS' drama pilot, Intelligence, from North Country writer Michael Seitzman, TVGuide.com has confirmed.
Based on an unpublished book, the series is about a U.S. Cyber Command unit created around a very special agent who has a microchip implanted in his brain that allows him to access the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
Holloway, 43, will play Gabriel Black, a former Navy SEAL and dedicated intelligence officer in the project, which is executive-produced by Seitzman with Tripp Vinson and David Semel, who will direct.
Following his star-making turn as Sawyer on Lost, Holloway co-starred in Mission: Impossible — Ghost Protocol and appeared on the epic, paintball-centric Season 2 finale of Community.


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Call us today before 2 p.m. & we'll be to your home promptly for McAllen millipede control & McAllen millipede extermination service. Call now for a free quote.
Millipedes have long cylindrical bodies. Most millipedes are dark in color and can look like a small worm. The name millipede comes from Latin roots which means 1000 legs. Despite their name, no known millipede has 1000 legs. Millipedes are arthropods and have two pairs of legs per body segment. Millipedes range in size from 2 mm to 280 mm.
While millipedes do not bite, they can and do cause damage to gardens and greenhouse by destroying emerging seedlings. Signs of millipede infestation damage include the stripping of outer layers of immature plant stems and irregular damage to leaves at the top of the plant. If you suspect you have a McAllen millipede infestation, give us a call now to schedule a no-obligation free inspection and estimate. Try us and see why we are the best at McAllen millipede control.
When your doorbell rings, you can be confident that the person Fox Pest Control has sent to your home to take care of your Millipede control and extermination is a true professional. We carefully screen, background check, and conduct lengthy interviews with prospective employees. Fox Pest Control technicians also undergo extensive training, both in the classroom and on the job with a mentor, before they are allowed to work on their own. You can rest easy knowing that your Millipede problem is in good hands with Fox Pest Control.
With Fox Pest Control you'll know who is coming.
We had a wonderful experience with our technician. Weston was easy to talk to and explained everything well. Josh, who sold us the service, was very kind also. Not pushy at all. And very informative. Thank you. We look forward to working with you in the future.
My experience with Fox Pest Control has been the best experience I had with a pest control company. Technician, Harry, did a good job of going over the process thoroughly, ensure that I understood everything going on. I would recommend them to anyone looking for good, quality, fast, friendly, and affordable pest control services.
Fox Pest Control is beyond amazing, they are always there when you need them and their employees are super helpful! If we need them they come right away. They are very informative as well, they will explain everything that they are doing and why. If you need an affordable pest control service Fox is the way to go!
At Fox Pest Control our guarantee to you is 100% satisfaction. That's why we created our robust Millipede home protection plan. The barriers that we put into place to protect your home or business against pests naturally break down over time. Over the course of the year, we reapply treatments to maintain those barriers. If for whatever reason any new pest problems do arise, call us and we will take care of the problem immediately and at no additional charge. Immediately means just that, immediately – not when it's convenient for us.
Your home is your largest investment. Let Fox Pest Control protect it against pests in McAllen!
Fox Pest Control is a McAllen locally operated company; we take pride in servicing the community that we live in. We value your time, so when you call we'll schedule an inspection or service time that is convenient for you.
Our technicians are thoroughly screened during our interview process. We only hire professionals we would want to service our own homes. We background check all employees and make new hires go through extensive training both in the classroom and on the job before they can service a home or business alone. We also believe in and practice continuing education, ensuring our technicians are always providing the best service possible. You can rest easy knowing that when your door bell rings Fox Pest Control has sent a true professional to resolve your McAllen pest issue.
Fox Pest Control provides a zero obligation free inspection and estimate in McAllen. Our technicians will take the time and care to thoroughly explain the treatment options best suited for your particular problem. Our professional service is convenient as well as effective.


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Bulky Waste Removal SS15 Basildon
SS15 Basildon Bulky Waste Removal - From Your Home Or Business
Bulky waste removal in SS15 Basildon includes any larger items which are deemed unwanted. This local council alternative same day fast response bulky waste collection can include any collection of any old furniture, kitchen appliances, Electrical items, garden waste, garden furniture & any unwanted build up of all bric a brac that needs bagging up and clearing, It can generally be described as waste which doesn't fit inside your council waste bin which is normally collected weekly by your local council.
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Moving large objects such as furniture and kitchen appliances can often be dangerous if undertaken by someone who does not have the appropriate training. Choosing to remove these large bulky items yourself can often lead to injury. Our trained Bulky Waste removal SS15 Basildon team members are all highly trained and will remove bulky waste both safely and efficiently.
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There's a good chance there is. I'd have to profile the different parts though to see what's taking it so long though. Unfortunately, I don't have an HDD attached to my development machine at the moment. Certain portions of the load code can easily be sped up, but others cannot without EXTREMELY significant changes.
Edit: I tried running it off a flash drive, and it still only took a second because of filesystem caching. Looks like I'll need some more details on your setup. Are you using your own build, or one of the nighties? What OS is this on? How much RAM do you have? Approximately how many mods do you have installed within the data directories specified in openmw.cfg? Approximately how many .bsa's? Are you working with multiple cells open (if so how many) or just a preview?


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We say "almost," because like many of the bets in Richard Wiseman's earlier bar-trick videos, a few of these are liable to get you punched in the face. (I'm looking at you, #4. Ten to ten? Really?)
That being said, some of these are actually pretty clever. Flipping your friend's glass over so she can't get to her drink relies on pressure and surface tension. Removing an ice cube with string is possible thanks to a phenomenon known as freezing point depression. (When the salt hits the ice it lowers the melting point of the solid, allowing the string to sink ever so slightly into the cube. Shortly thereafter, the path taken by the string freezes back over, trapping the string inside.) And we're particularly fond of the topological tricks behind #3 (coin through paper) and #2 (freeing the roped scissors).


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Windows data recovery software to recover files after after reinstalling windows 7/10/8/XP.
PC users often need to reinstall Windows OS (Windows 7, Windows10, Windows 8, Windows XP, etc.).
People often ask:
"I reinstalled windows 7 and lost everything, what can i do?", "I reinstalled windows 10 and lost all the files, what can i do?"
So, what can I do?
Reinstalling Windows may not lead to permanent data loss. Lost files can be recovered with data recovery software unless the lost files are overwritten. If you want to recover lost files after reinstalling Windows, please stop using the hard disk and make sure you do not save any data to the hard disk, as this would cause data to be overwritten and permanent data loss. Once the data is overwritten, it is little chance to recover lost files after reinstalling Windows by any data recovery software.
Windows system files or boot files are deleted or corrupted; Windows registry has been corrupted; hardware failure causes Windows system crash; fail to remove the virus/spyware; a fresh Windows installation; Windows system upgrades or updates; and other unknown reasons which cause Windows system unbootable. When you are in the process of reinstalling Windows system, you may suddenly remember some important files are in the "My Document", system partition or on the desktop. After Windows reinstalled, you only find these important files have been lost.
Aid file recovery for Windows 7/10/XP/8 to recover videos, photos and other files after reinstalling.
Free download data recovery software and follow the instructions below:
Use "Undelete" to recover files after reinstalling windows 7/10/8/XP after shift delete by mistake,Virus attack, Recycle bin clear, disk cleanup, Press , permanently empty recycle bin, accidentally deleted by a mistake.
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Use "Recover partition" to recover data from Windows 8/7/10/xp partition changed or damaged or deleted after reinstalling
Use "Full Scan" to recover files from Windows 10/7/8/xp pc if the old partitions show as "raw" or recover deleted data files which cannot be found with "undelete" and "unformatted" and "recover partition", recover data files from raw partition, recover data files of partitions which are not NTFS, nor exfat, or fat32,after showing an error, display as raw file system, unformatted, unknown partition, unpartitioned, needs to be formatted.
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Come with me if you want to live! Linda Hamilton emerged from 1984's The Terminator as one of the great heroines of science fiction — now she's threatening to do some terminating of her own. On Thursday's two-hour season finale of the futuristic Western Defiance, Hamilton's crazed character, Pilar McCawley, will kidnap her pregnant daughter at gunpoint and attempt to take her far away.
"She is a desperate housewife, 2047-style!" says executive producer Kevin Murphy. "She has shown up in Defiance after being held captive for many years by the Votanis Collective, and she's got a little bit of Stockholm syndrome going on. She'd rather go back to those who imprisoned her than risk hanging around the dangers in Defiance."
Pilar, who is bipolar, has big issues with her husband, Rafe (Graham Greene), who sent her off to prison when she tried to kill herself and their kids 15 years ago (he lied to the youngsters and told them Mom died in an accident). And she's completely freaked by those evil albino aliens Datak (Tony Curran) and Stahma (Jaime Murray).
"Pilar is a fantastic character — manic, mad and full of secrets," says Hamilton. "This is why I love doing sci-fi. You can go to so many more interesting places than you can in some forensic cop drama."
Life in the world of Defiance is tough enough — New York City is under threat of nuclear annihilation and a world war is brewing — but "it's even worse when you're dealing with an untreated mental problem," Hamilton says. "Pilar has lost a huge chunk of her life and is very mixed up. Her daughter Christie [Nicole Munoz] is about to have a baby, but she's still trying to buy her dolls and ice cream."
Murphy promises that viewers will be "terrified and repelled by Pilar's actions in the finale. Yet she's so hurt and vulnerable, your heart goes out to her. Bottom line, she's a toxic woman who really needs a hug."
Subscribe to TV Guide Magazine now!


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Chicago Fire midfielder Marco Pappa has signed a pre-contract with Dutch Eredivisie side SC Heerenveen and will join the club when the transfer window opens January 1, 2013. The Fire will retain Pappa's MLS rights.
Marco Pappa on joining SC Heerenveen and the remainder of the 2012 MLS season:
"I'm very excited about taking the next step in my career and signing with SC Heerenveen. My focus is with the Fire and working hard to secure a spot in the MLS Cup Playoffs," said Pappa from Philadelphia prior to joining the Guatemala national team in Washington, D.C. "The Fire gave me a great opportunity in 2008 and I am thankful to Fire owner Andrew Hauptman and Frank Klopas for the support and encouragement they have offered the past four years. I plan to do the club proud and put everything I have into the remaining matches with the Fire."
Javier Leon on Marco Pappa leaving the club at the conclusion of the 2012 MLS season:
"Marco is a great player and has been a big part of the club for the last four years," said Fire President of Soccer Operations Javier Leon. " Marco is a true professional and has really developed as a player while with the Fire. We understand Marco's desire to play in Europe and fully support his move to Holland. It was key for us to keep Marco through the end of the season as we push for a spot in the MLS Cup Playoffs. We are grateful for his contributions to the club and believe Marco will represent the Fire well in Europe."
Pappa joined the Fire on loan from CSD Municipal on July 30, 2008 and was signed on Dec. 3, 2009. The Guatemala City, Guatemala product has started 100 of the 110 MLS Regular Season games in which he appeared for the Men in Red, scoring 26 goals and adding 14 assists. Pappa is currently tied for fourth in the club's all-time goal scoring chart.
The 24-year-old's play with the Men in Red led to his international debut with Guatemala in a 1-0 loss to the United States in a 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifier on Aug. 20, 2008. Pappa has since scored five goals while earning 28 international caps for Guatemala. Pappa and Guatemala will take on Paraguay in a friendly at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. Wednesday, Aug. 15 at 5:00 p.m. CT. Pappa will return to Toyota Park ahead of the club's match against the New England Revolution at home on Saturday, Aug. 18 at 7:30 p.m. CT (NBC5.2/97.5 ESPN Deportes).


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Tagged News for Leonardo Chacon
World Cup Action Continues with Challenging Course in Guatape
04/09/12 - One of the toughest courses on the ITU World Cup schedule is just days away from action. With a hill nearly two kilometers long set at an altitude of 6,300 feet, the 2012 Guatape ITU Triathlon World Cup... |Full Story
Team ITU completes part of Olympic puzzle in Huatulco
09/05/12 - The final Team ITU event of 2012 was designed to help its athletes push towards the London 2012 Olympics, and while they did just that, they know the battle is not just over yet. Huatulco was the final... |Full Story
Team ITU ready to race in Huatulco
02/05/12 - The final Team ITU for 2012 is ready to go at the 2012 Huatulco ITU Triathlon World Cup, as the development programme aims to help give its athletes one last London boost in the final World Cup of the... |Full Story
Daniel Unger and Lauren Campbell back on top of the podium in Bridgetown
13/02/12 - The Sunday of sprint distance racing continued in Barbados when both Daniel Unger and Lauren Campbell broke long ITU winless streaks at the 2012 Bridgetown ITU Sprint Triathlon Pan American Cup. In the... |Full Story
Team ITU celebrates five-year anniversary at Auckland World Cup
18/11/11 - A little over five years ago, ITU Development Director Libby Burrell decided to act on a trend she spotted. Triathletes from smaller, developing National Federations (NFs) were competing at World Cup... |Full Story
Pre-race quotes from some of the Pan Am Games contenders
22/10/11 - At the athletes pre-race briefing in Puerto Vallarta at the Pan Am Games, we caught up with some of Sunday's contenders to get their insight on who will be their biggest rivals, how they're feeling... |Full Story
ITU announces 2011 Athlete and Coach Scholarships
11/05/11 - The International Triathlon Union (ITU), the worldwide governing body for triathlon, today announced recipients of its Athlete and Coaching Scholarships. With the long-term goal of participating at an... |Full Story
Chacon helps Team ITU to a strong 2011 debut
29/03/11 - Costa Rica's Leonardo Chacon highlighted Team ITU's first performance of the year at the season opening World Cup in Mooloolaba. A total of five athletes from five different countries raced in the... |Full Story
Team ITU kicks off 2011 season in Mooloolaba
25/03/11 - The names Aleksandr Latin, Leonardo Chacon, Ron Darmon, Elizabeth Bravo and Mateja Simic might not mean much to triathlon fans yet, but keep a close eye on them as Team ITU makes its 2011 debut in... |Full Story
USA Triathlon Elite Race Series Kicks Off in Clermont on March 5
02/03/11 - U.S. Olympians Sarah Haskins (Colorado Springs, Colo.) and Jarrod Shoemaker (Maynard, Mass.) highlight the start list for the opening event of the 2011 USA Triathlon Elite Race Series, which is set for... |Full Story
Training with Leonardo Chacon in Costa Rica
01/02/11 - A few weeks ago, ITU Scholarship athlete Leonardo Chacon and his coach Roberto Solano trained with a group of promising triathletes, as part of Chacon's involvement with ITU's Development programme.... |Full Story
Photo Of The Year: Week Three Result
20/11/10 - A definite winner this week with double the votes of its closest rival - a landslide victory. With a strong South American following as noted in the comments below the article, this image is definitely... |Full Story
Chrabot, Moreno reign as Pan American Champions
18/10/10 - A busy week in Puerta Vallerta wrapped up yesterday with the elite women's and men's competitions in the PATCO Triathlon Pan American Championships. Brazil's Carla Moreno claimed the women's... |Full Story
Chacon Highlights Team ITU at Huatulco World Cup
13/10/10 - The final event of the 2010 season for Team ITU was highlighted by a season best for Leonardo Chacon of Costa Rica. He crossed the line in 7th place, his highest placing at a World Cup this year and the... |Full Story
Gemmell grabs gold in Mexico
26/10/08 - Kris Gemmell of New Zealand makes it a sweep of the gold medals at the Huatulco BG Triathlon World Cup today, the final world cup of the 2008 season. Gemmells time of 2 hours 3 minutes and 23 seconds... |Full Story
Ueda, Chacon triumph in Ecuador
19/03/08 - Costa Rican Leonardo Chacon and Ai Ueda from Japan won the Salinas ITU Triathlon Pan American Cup in Ecuador. In the elite women's race, Ueda took the title with a time of 1 hour 59 minutes and 7... |Full Story
Tucker, Huerta win in Argentina
14/01/08 - Brit Helen Tucker and American Manuel Huerta continue their fine early season form with wins at the La Paz ITU Pan American Cup in Argentina this past weekend. Tucker claimed her second straight victory... |Full Story
2008 ITU season opens in Chile
07/01/08 - The first ITU race of 2008 was a Premium Pan American Cup in Viña del Mar, Chile. The successful race kicked off a highly anticipated and exciting year for triathlon as the sport will make its third... |Full Story
Melody Ramirez (MEX) was the winner at Veracruz
08/09/07 - With more than 2,400 athletes, from 9 year old kids to 70+ years, the 2007 Veracruz Triathlon is the favorite competition of Latin America. In the men's race there were 28 athletes from Argentina,... |Full Story
Potts wins PanAm Games
15/07/07 - Andy Potts of the United States is the new Pan American Games champion. Potts led for most of the race, crossing the line in a time of 1 hour 52 minutes and 31 seconds, 7 seconds faster than silver... |Full Story
France and Canada win gold at Roatan Bay Islands Triathlon
31/03/06 - FRANCE AND CANADA WIN GOLD AT ROATAN BAY ISLANDS TRIATHLON Roatan, Bay Islands – French triathlete, Nicolas Becker, takes home the first place prize for the Powerade Bay Islands Triathlon in Roatan,... |Full Story
Central American & Caribbean Championship
14/09/05 - Sunday, Sept. 11. Gilberto Gonzalez from Venezuela dominated the race from start to finish under the Sun of Panamá City, becoming the Central American & Caribbean Championship. Former 1999 Panamerican... |Full Story
XXIII El Coco Beach Triathlon
15/04/05 - For the 23rd time, Costa Rica celebrated the "El Coco" Beach Triathlon. The biggest triatlon event in the country. This longer than Olympic distance triatlon, was won by international upcoming Elite... |Full Story
Bennett & Williams win in Bay Islands
20/03/05 - AUSTRALIA EARNS GOLD AT THE PORT ROYAL BAY ISLANDS TRIATHLON New Course Record by Greg Bennett Roatan, Bay Islands Australian Triathlete Greg Bennett, sets a new record for the very difficult course of... |Full Story


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It's not everyday that an athlete helps someone break his own records, but then Kilian Jornet is not your regular athlete. He belongs to the spirit of the mountains, where comradeship and camaraderie count more than rivalry and competition.
So when he was contacted by Karl Egloff, a runner who's broken his speed ascent records on Aconcagua and Kilimanjaro and was looking to meet up, Kilian's response was, 'great idea'!
Hit play to see these two mountain athletes meet up for the first time.
© Montaz-Rosset Film
"Nothing was set-up," says the film maker Seb Montaz. "It was really the first time they met. They were both excited to meet and I hope people see them laughing together – there was no rivalry."
The 34-year-old from Ecuador was in Chamonix with ambitions to break Kilian's 4h 57m speed record on Mt Blanc. As it happened the attempt was called off as conditions were not ideal but it proved to be a good experience for Karl.
"It was amazing," he says. "It was really nice to climb with him. We went for a training run and talked, comparing our different experiences. There was no rivalry. He's so inspiring – just to meet him was an honour."
Karl and Kilian discuss routes up Mont Blanc. © Sébastien Montaz-Rosset
In February Karl knocked almost an hour off Kilian's 12h 49m record up and down Aconcagua which he set last December. It follows the record of 6h 42 he set on Kilimanjaro in 2014, beating Kilian's 7h 14 record from 2010.
But in the unfamiliar ground of Mt Blanc, he says he was happy to learn from Kilian. "He showed me just how fast he is at lower altitudes! My strength is going steeply up to altitude which is why I can make a difference on Aconcagua and Kilimanjaro. Living at altitude helps a lot! But there are no glaciers to cross and Mt Blanc is a very technical mountain."
"I've heard so many stories about Chamonix and it really is an amazing place to be," he adds.
Karl is returning to Quito, Ecuador for now and has big dreams for 2016. He's hoping to continue with his 7 Summits quest with expeditions to Denali, Elbrus and Antarctica.
© Karl Egloff


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While care is taken to maintain high performance, use of the secured repository does have some impact on the performance of the repository and, in some cases, the impact is considerable.
For access control defined at the item descriptor level (for example,
MutableRepository.updateItem()) the overhead of handling access checks amounts to the testing of the access control list for the item descriptor. This is normally minimal.
The exception to this rule is with the use of the
RepositoryView.executeQuery() and
RepositoryView.executeCountQuery() family of methods whenever ACLs are specified for individual repository items. In this case, the ACL of each repository item must be consulted to determine if it should be allowed in the result of the query, or counted as part of a count query. If the result set is large, the time required to parse and check all ACLs can be long. Furthermore, in the count query case, a full query must be done and its results counted. Thus, if your application uses count queries to limit expensive queries, the features afforded by a secured repository are very expensive.
Access control overhead at the repository item level is noticeable, but is incremental. When the repository item is loaded, its ACL is parsed before any access checking occurs. Results of ACL parsing are cached to improve performance where possible. If ACLs are not being stored for each individual repository item, no parsing needs to be done beyond what is done during the initialization of the secured repository.
Because the secured repository sits on top of an underlying repository, you can consider whether features that need best possible performance should be written to use the underlying repository rather than going through the secured repository at the cost of the security features.