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Notes & Outlines PSALMS
"By Dr. J. Vernon McGee © Thru the Bible Radio Network,http://www.ttb.org. "
The Book of Worship The Hymn Book of the Temple
(Audio index:MCGEECOMMENTARYAUDIO Zephaniah )
TITLE:The title in Hebrew means Praises or Book of Praises. The title in the Greek suggests the idea of an instrumental accompaniment. Our title comes from the Greek psalmos.
WRITERS:Many writers contributed one or more psalms. They are as follows: David, 73; Moses, 1 (90th); Solomon, 2; Sons of Korah, 11; Asaph, 12; Heman, 1 (88th); Ethan, 1 (89th); Hezekiah, 10; "Orphanic," 39. David, "the sweet psalmist of Israel" (2 Samuel 23:1), has 73 psalms assigned to him (Psalm 2 is ascribed to him in Acts kjv@4:25; Psalm 95 in Hebrews 4:7). Also, he could be the author of some of the "Orphanic" psalms. He had a special aptitude for and was pecu- liarly endowed to write these songs from experience. He arranged those in existence in his day for temple use.
THEME:Christ (the Messiah) is prominent throughout (Luke 24:44). The King and the kingdom are the theme songs of the Psalms.
KEY WORD:Hallelujah
KEY PSALM:kjv@Psalms:150. "Hallelujah" occurs 13 times in 6 verses.
FEATURES:The Psalms record deep devotion, intense feeling, exalted emotion, and dark dejection. The Psalms play with all the stops pulled out upon the keyboard of the human soul.
They run the psychological gamut. This book has been called the epitome and anatomy of the soul and designated as the garden of the Scriptures. The place Psalms have held in the lives of God's people testifies to their universality, although they have a peculiar Jewish application. They express the deep feelings of all believing hearts in all generations.
The Psalms are full of Christ. There is a more complete picture of Him in Psalms than in the Gospels. The Gospels tell us that He went to the mountain to pray, but the Psalms give us His prayer. The Gospels tell us that He was crucified, but the Psalms tell us what went on in His own heart during the crucifixion The Gospels tell us He went back to heaven, but the Psalms begin where the Gospels leave off and show us Christ seated in heaven.
There are many types of psalms. Although all of them have Christ as the object of worship, some are technically called messianic psalms. These record the birth, life, death, resurrection, glory, priest- hood, kingship, and return of Christ. The imprecatory psalms have caused the most criticism because of their vindictiveness and prayers for judgment. (Christians are told to love their enemies.) These psalms come from a time of war and from a people who, under law, were looking for justice and peace on the earth. They look to a time coming on the earth when the Antichrist will be in power. We have no reasonable basis to say how people should act and what they should say under those circumstances. Other types of psalms include peni- tential, historic, nature, pilgrim, Hallel, missionary, puritan, acrostic, and praise of God's Word.
OUTLINE:(Corresponds to Pentateuch of Moses)
I. Genesis section, kjv@Psalms:1—41
Man in a state of blessedness, fall, and recovery (Man in View)
kjv@Psalms:1 - Perfect Man (last Adam)
kjv@Psalms:2 - Rebellious man
kjv@Psalms:3 - Perfect Man rejected
kjv@Psalms:4 - Conflict between Seed of woman and serpent
kjv@Psalms:5 - Perfect Man in midst of enemies
kjv@Psalms:6 - Perfect Man in midst of chastisement (bruising heel)
kjv@Psalms:7 - Perfect Man in midst of false witnesses
kjv@Psalms:8 - Repair of man comes through Man (bruising head)
kjv@Psalms:9-15 - Enemy and Antichrist conflict; final deliverance
kjv@Psalms:16-41 - Christ in midst of His people, sanctifying them to God
II. Exodus section, kjv@Psalms:42-72 Ruin and Redemption (Israel in View)
kjv@Psalms:42-49 - Israel's ruin
kjv@Psalms:50-60 - Israel's Redeemer
kjv@Psalms:61-72 - Israel's redemption
III. Leviticus section, kjv@Psalms:73-89 Darkness and Dawn (Sanctuary in View)
IV. Numbers section, kjv@Psalms:90-106 Peril and Protection of Pilgrims (Earth in View)
V. Deuteronomy section, kjv@Psalms:107-150 Perfection and Praise of the Word of God
kjv@Psalms:119, an acrostic in the heart of this section, refers to the Word of God in almost every verse. It is the longest chapter in the Bible.
COMMENT: One of the more noticeable features about the Book of Psalms is the systematic arrangement. This reveals that they were not put together in a haphazard manner; there is definite organization.
The major divisions correspond to the Pentateuch (see outline). This is not an artificial division but follows rather closely the Pentateuch of Moses. In each major division there are lesser divisions of clusters and series of psalms which develop a particular subject.
The Psalms were probably all set to music, both vocal and instru- mental. It must have been a thrilling experience to hear several thou- sand voices singing them to the accompaniment of a great orchestra. Psalm 150, probably the theme of the book, could well be the chorus of every psalm.
I. Genesis section, kjv@Psalms:1-41Man in a state of blessedness, fall, and recovery (Man in View)
It has been well stated that the Book of Genesis is the entire Bible in miniature — all great truths of Scripture are germinal in Genesis. The first few psalms cover the entire Book of Psalms in the same way.
Jehovah and Elohim are the two names for God in this section, although Jehovah occurs more often:
Jehovah (Redeemer) — 272 times
Elohim (Creator) — 15 times
kjv@Psalms:1: Perfect Man (last Adam) The Blessed Man is contrasted to the ungodly man. This psalm, which opens the Genesis section, begins with man instead of the material universe. The Blessed Man here is not the first Adam but the last Adam. He is not in an ideal Garden of Eden but is in the midst of the ungodly, sinners, and the scornful.
kjv@Psalms:1:1-2 — Practice of the Blessed Man ( kjv@Psalms::1 negative; kjv@Psalms::2 positive) kjv@Psalms:1:3 — Power of the Blessed Man ("Rivers of water" is the Word of God.) kjv@Psalms:1:4-6 — Permanency of the Blessed Man (Ungodly will perish; the Lord knows the way of the righteous.)
Two Men — Two Ways — Two Destinies
kjv@Psalms:2 - Rebellious man Drama of the ages: man's rebellion against God. Another has termed it "the decisive declaration concerning the outcome of events and forces at work today."
The truly messianic character of this psalm is revealed in the fact that it is quoted as such 7 times in the New Testament. Rebellion against God and Christ began at the arrest of Jesus ( kjv@Acts:4:23-26). It has gained momentum down through the ages and will finally break in a mounting and mighty crescendo.
This second Psalm can be seen like a television program with one camera on earth and another in heaven.
kjv@Psalms:2:1-3 — The camera on earth comes on, showing the peoples and rulers raging against God and Christ.
kjv@Psalms:2:4-6 — The camera in heaven comes on, revealing that God the Father is unmoved by this ridiculous rebellion of little man. He pur- sues His plan of putting His King on the throne of this earth.
kjv@Psalms:2:7-9 — The camera in heaven shifts to the right hand of the Father. God the Son asserts His authority to carry through the decree because of His resurrection (Acts 13:33). He will come to judge the nations.
kjv@Psalms:2:10-12 — The camera on earth comes on. God the Holy Spirit invites men to accept the Savior. "Kiss the Son" is to "Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved" (Acts 16:31).
kjv@Psalms:3-7 - Sorrows of God's remnant These 5 psalms form a brief series which deals with the sorrows of God's godly remnant. The reference is directly to the Tribulation (Psalm 3:1).
kjv@Psalms:3 - Perfect Man rejected Morning prayer. The trials of the godly in Israel. Since trials are common to all of God's people, the comfort is for all also.
kjv@Psalms:4 - Conflict between Seed of woman and serpent Evening prayer (to be sung to the accompaniment of stringed instruments). This is the plea of the Son of man and those who plead in His name.
kjv@Psalms:5 - Perfect Man in midst of enemies Morning prayer ( kjv@Psalms::3). This is a cry of the godly in the time of great trouble. They seek a refuge ( kjv@Psalms:5:7-8).
kjv@Psalms:6 - Perfect Man in midst of chastisement (bruising heel) Darkness, distress, and death. The first penitential psalm. Trials produce a broken spirit. The plea of David is that God will judge him in mercy and not anger.
kjv@Psalms:7 - Perfect Man in midst of false witnesses Cry for revenge. Cush, the Benjamite, may be Saul. This is prophetically the cry of the remnant during the Great Tribulation. This concludes the first cluster of 5 psalms.
kjv@Psalms:8 - Repair of man comes through Man (bruising head) Messianic psalm. God's Man (quoted 3 times in the New Testament). It emphasizes the humanity of Christ and His ultimate victory as Man (Hebrews kjv@2:6-8; 1 Corinthians 15:27).
kjv@Psalms:9-15 - Enemy and Antichrist conflict; final deliverance Most in this series of 7 psalms are written by David.
kjv@Psalms:9 - Satan's man ( kjv@Psalms::17). The title "Muthlabben" means "death of the son" and may refer to the death of Goliath ( kjv@1Samuel:17:4-51). The Scofield notes suggest it refers to the death of David's son by Bathsheba ( kjv@2Samuel:12:19-20).
It looks to the time of Jacob's trouble and God's deliverance from the "giant," the man of sin ( kjv@Psalms:9:8-9, kjv@Psalms:9:13).
kjv@Psalms:10 - Satan's man, "man of the earth" ( kjv@Psalms:10:18) is closely iden- tified with the 9th Psalm. "The wicked" are described: "pride" ( kjv@Psalms:10:2), "boasteth" ( kjv@Psalms:10:3), there is no God ( kjv@Psalms:10:4), self-sufficient ( kjv@Psalms:10:6), "curs- ing" and "mischief" ( kjv@Psalms:10:7), sin with impunity ( kjv@Psalms:10:11), no judgment to come ( kjv@Psalms:10:13).
kjv@Psalms:11 - Testing of the righteous ( kjv@Psalms:11:5).
kjv@Psalms:12 - The godly in the midst of the godlessness of the Great Tribulation.
kjv@Psalms:13 - The desperate plight of David ( kjv@1Samuel:26:20) mir- rors the plight of God's people in the Great Tribulation ( kjv@Psalms:13:1-3).
kjv@Psalms:14 - Depravity of man in the last days — atheistic ( kjv@Psalms:14:1), filthy and rebellious ( kjv@Psalms:14:3). He pleads for deliverance ( kjv@Psalms:14:7).
kjv@Psalms:15 - Those who shall enter the kingdom. The question is asked ( kjv@Psalms::1) and answered ( kjv@Psalms:15:2-5).
kjv@Psalms:16-41 - Christ in midst of His people, sanctifying them to God
kjv@Psalms:16 - The resurrection of the Messiah ( kjv@Psalms:16:8-11; cp. kjv@Acts:2:25-31 and kjv@Acts:13:35-37; also kjv@Hebrews:2:13:14). Life of Christ ( kjv@Psalms:16:8), death of Christ ( kjv@Psalms:16:9), resurrection of Christ ( kjv@Psalms:16:10), ascension of Christ ( kjv@Psalms:16:11).
kjv@Psalms:17 - Prayer of David when he is being pursued by Saul and his life is in danger. It also pictures the Messiah when He was in dan- ger.
kjv@Psalms:18 - Praise of David when God delivered him from the hand of Saul. It is repeated in kjv@2Samuel:22. Notice the picture of the Messiah ( kjv@Psalms:18:35).
kjv@Psalms:19 - God's message to man. The cosmos reveals the glory and power of God ( kjv@Psalms:19:1-6). The commandments reveal the wisdom and righteousness of God ( kjv@Psalms:19:7-11). Christ reveals the power and redemption of God ( kjv@Psalms:19:12-14).
kjv@Psalms:20 - Plea of Israel for the success of the Messiah. "The king" is the Messiah ( kjv@Psalms:20:9).
kjv@Psalms:21 - Messianic psalm. The ascension and coming again of Christ. "The king," who is the subject of the psalm, is the Messiah. Psalms 20 and 21 present the same picture.
kjv@Psalms:22 The Good Shepherd
kjv@Psalm:23 The Great Shepherd
kjv@Psalm:24 The Chief Shepherd
kjv@John:10:11 kjv@Hebrews:13:20 kjv@1Peter:5:4 Cross Shepherd's Crook Crown Savior Satisfier Sovereign Foundation Manifestation Expectation Dying Living Coming Past Present Future Gives His life Gives His love Gives His light
kjv@Psalms:22 - X-ray of the cross (see author's booklet by the same name). Eusebius called it "a prophecy of the passion of Christ." It gives a new dimension of the cross.
kjv@Psalms:22:1-21 — Humiliation suffering cross
kjv@Psalms:22:22-31 — Exaltation glory crown
kjv@Psalms:23 - Psalm of an old shepherd (see author's booklet by the same name). One must know the Shepherd of kjv@Psalms:22 and have walked with Him in life to know intimately kjv@Psalms:23. "My sheep hear my voice" ( kjv@John:10:27).
kjv@Psalms:23:1-2 — Revelation of the sanctuary of the Shepherd's soul.
kjv@Psalms:23:3-4 — Record of the musings of the Shepherd's mind.
kjv@Psalms:23:5-6 — Reflection of the happiness and hope of the Shepherd's heart.
kjv@Psalms:24 - The coming of the Chief Shepherd. Tradition says it was composed by David and sung when he brought up the ark from Kirjath-jearim to Mt. Zion ( kjv@2Samuel:6:12-23).
kjv@Psalms:24:1-6 — Companions of the King who enter the kingdom.
kjv@Psalms:24:7-10 — Coming of the King to set up the kingdom.
kjv@Psalms:25-39 - The future of God's remnant This series of 15 psalms primarily records David's personal experi- ence, but they also look to the future when the godly remnant is in trouble. For the comfort of believers today, they contain the balm of Gilead.
kjv@Psalms:25 - Plea for forgiveness ( kjv@Psalms::11).
kjv@Psalms:26 - Plea on the basis of personal righteousness. This could apply only to the Messiah. Written by David perhaps at the time of Absalom's rebellion.
kjv@Psalms:27 - Prayer of David.
kjv@Psalms:27:1-6 — Preparation for prayer: triumphant praise in the pres- ence of pressing problems.
kjv@Psalms:27:1-3 — Foundation for prayer: God is salvation and strength.
kjv@Psalms:27:4-6 — Meditation on prayer.
kjv@Psalms:27:7-12 — Declaration of prayer proper: thankful prayer in pres- sure of painful prediction (cp. kjv@Psalms:27:10 and kjv@1Samuel:22:3-4).
kjv@Psalms:27:13-14 — Realization of prayer: patience.
kjv@Psalms:28 - A cry in time of trouble. In the storm of wickedness David finds God to be a rock ( kjv@Psalms::1), strength, and shield ( kjv@Psalms:28:7).
kjv@Psalms:29 - The voice of the Lord. Written during a thunderstorm, Delitzsch labeled it the "Psalm of seven thunders." "Voice of the Lord" occurs 7 times.
kjv@Psalms:30 - A psalm-song at the dedication of the house of David (place of future temple). A song of deliverance and prospect for the future ( kjv@Psalms:30:5).
kjv@Psalms:31 - Psalm of troubles and trials, followed by prayer for deliv- erance, and the deliverance that follows as an answer to prayer ( kjv@Psalms:31:1).
kjv@Psalms:32 - "Maschil": psalm of instruction. Written in connection with David's sin and his confession ( kjv@Psalms:51) and the restoration of the sinning saint ( kjv@Psalms:32:1-2).
kjv@Psalms:33 - Praises of redeemed people. God is worshiped as Creator, as providential Ruler. He is praised for His majestic and matchless grace. Notice the method of creation ( kjv@Psalms:33:6) — God spoke into existence all of creation.
kjv@Psalms:34 - A song of praise when Abimelech (a royal title; called "Achish" in kjv@1Samuel:21:10-15) drove David away, and he fled to the cave of Adullam. Compare kjv@Psalms:34:15-16 with kjv@1Peter:3:12. David's experience is that of all God's children ( kjv@Psalms:34:19).
kjv@Psalms:35 - A plea for God to deliver David from the hand of Saul ( kjv@1Samuel:24) and to judge the wicked.
kjv@Psalms:36 - A Psalm of David as the servant of Jehovah.
kjv@Psalms:37 - A promise of future blessing to the remnant of Israel in the form of an acrostic. This psalm has refreshed all of God's saints down through the ages — it is often quoted. (See kjv@Psalms:37:1, kjv@Psalms:37:4, kjv@Psalms:37:5, kjv@Psalms:37:7, kjv@Psalms:37:11, kjv@Psalms:37:23, kjv@Psalms:37:35, kjv@Psalms:37:36.)
kjv@Psalms:38 - Confession and physical sickness; David in deep dis- tress prays that God will not judge him in anger ( kjv@Psalms::1). This is real conviction ( kjv@Psalms:38:2). His physical sickness is the result of sin ( kjv@Psalms:38:3). Disease, the result of his foolishness, is followed by mental anguish ( kjv@Psalms:38:5-8). Some dare to say that this refers to Christ and that He had a diseased body. They use kjv@Matthew:8:17. Jesus, however, was holy, harmless and separate from sin. He could not be the spotless Lamb offered for our sin if He were diseased — disease is the result of sin. Death is also. Jesus did not have to die — He said, "No man taketh my life from me, but I lay it down of myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again" ( kjv@John:10:18). On the cross He dismissed His spirit ( kjv@John:19:30).
kjv@Psalms:39 - A psalm for funerals. The vanity and feebleness of humanity. This is the last psalm in the series beginning with kjv@Psalms:25.
kjv@Psalms:40 - Messianic psalm, quoted in kjv@Hebrews:10:5-7 as referring to Christ ( kjv@Psalms:40:6-8). It is the experience of David when he fled from Absalom.
kjv@Psalms:41 - Messianic psalm. It opens with "blessed" and closes with "blessed." Jesus quoted this reference to Judas ( kjv@Psalms:41:9) in kjv@John:13:18, and Peter referred to it in Acts kjv@1:16. This is the last psalm in the Genesis section. It closes on the high hope of the resurrection ( kjv@Psalms:41:10). What a contrast to "a coffin in Egypt" which concludes the book of Genesis. David is the writer of 37 of these 41 psalms.
II. Exodus section, kjv@Psalms:42-72Ruin and Redemption (Israel in View) (David wrote 19 of these psalms.)
kjv@Psalms:42-49 - Israel's ruin. This series of 7 psalms by the sons of Korah are prophetic pictures of Israel in the last days.
kjv@Psalms:42 - Heart cry of the remnant and applicable to the redeemed of all ages. It concludes with the heart cry of hope for deliverance ( kjv@Psalms:42:11). This is not redemption by blood which took place in Egypt at the death of the firstborn; it is redemption by power which took place at the Red Sea.
kjv@Psalms:43 - A call to God to act on behalf of the remnant.
kjv@Psalms:44 - During the Great Tribulation, Israel calls upon God to deliver them as He did in Egypt in the past. It closes with a cry to redeem.
kjv@Psalms:45 - Reign of the Messiah King. Shoshannim (or lily) psalm, a love song.
- kjv@Psalms:45:2 — "Thy beauty, O King Messiah, is greater than the sons of men." — Chaldean Targumim
- kjv@Psalms:45:4 — Truth, meekness, and righteousness are eternal principles of His kingdom.
kjv@Psalms:46 - God is our refuge. This psalm and the next 2 present a picture of the benefits of the setting up of His kingdom.
kjv@Psalms:47 - Praise and worship in the Millennium.
kjv@Psalms:48 - Messiah's victory which brings in the kingdom.
kjv@Psalms:49 - Contrast of rich and poor. "Death shall feed on them" ( kjv@Psalms:49:14) should be "death is their shepherd." God delivers the redeemed from death.
kjv@ kjv@Psalms:50-60 - Israel's Redeemer
kjv@Psalms:50 - Judgment. God judges His people ( kjv@Psalms:50:7-15). God judges the wicked ( kjv@Psalms:50:16-23).
kjv@Psalms:51 - David's great penitential psalm when Nathan pointed the accusing finger with the words, "Thou art the man" ( kjv@2Samuel:12:7).
kjv@ kjv@Psalms:52-55 - "Maschil" (instruction) psalms. This series of 4 psalms is all about the coming of Antichrist.
kjv@Psalms:52 - Mighty man of mischief — Antichrist.
kjv@Psalms:53 - Antichrist denies the existence of God.
kjv@Psalms:54 - A cry of faith in the times of Antichrist.
kjv@Psalms:55 - The darkest days under Antichrist. Notice the deception of Antichrist ( kjv@Psalms:55:21).
kjv@Psalms:56-60 - "Michtam" (engraven; permanent) psalms
kjv@Psalms:56 - Deep trouble. Souls of the saints are laid bare during the Great Tribulation.
kjv@Psalms:57 - Cry for mercy (see title of psalm).
kjv@Psalms:58 - Rebuke of unrighteousness (lawlessness).
kjv@Psalms:59 - God's people surrounded by enemies.
kjv@Psalms:60 - Confession and victory for God's people (see title).
kjv@Psalms:61-72 - Israel's redemption
kjv@Psalms:61 - Cry and confidence of the godly. ( kjv@Psalms:62-68 carry out the theme of Psalm 61.)
kjv@Psalms:62 - The "only" psalm (see author's booklet by the same name). Note the word "only" and the possessive pronoun "my." It expresses great confidence.
kjv@Psalms:63 - Thirst for the Water of Life (God). Chrysostom says that the early church sang this psalm every morning. It is a psalm of David, as also are 64 and 65.
kjv@Psalms:64 - The wicked win, then God judges them.
kjv@Psalms:65 - Song of the Millennium.
kjv@Psalms:66 - Song ( kjv@Psalms:66:1) and prayer ( kjv@Psalms:66:18-19).
kjv@Psalms:67 - Blessing and praise for the Millennium.
kjv@Psalms:68 - Song of deliverance that ushers in the kingdom. A messianic psalm (cp. kjv@Psalms:68:18 with kjv@Ephesians:4:8).
kjv@Psalms:69 - The silent years in the life of Christ. Next to kjv@Psalm:22, the most quoted psalm in the New Testament. ( kjv@Psalms:22 - the death of Christ; kjv@Psalms:69 - the life of Christ.)
kjv@Psalms:70 - Urgent cry for deliverance (duplication of the last 5 verses of Psalm 40).
kjv@Psalms:71 - The suffering Savior. Jesus aged on the cross ( kjv@Psalms:71:9).
kjv@Psalms:72 - David speaks to Solomon. The King and the kingdom are coming ( kjv@Psalms:72:11, kjv@Psalms:72:17, kjv@Psalms:72:19).
III. Leviticus section, kjv@Psalms:73-89Darkness and Dawn (Sanctuary in View). Tabernacle, temple, house, assembly, and congregation appear in almost every psalm.
kjv@Psalms:73-83 - "Asaph psalms" ( kjv@2Chronicles:29:30)
kjv@Psalms:73 - Perplexity about prosperity. Why does God permit the wicked to prosper ( kjv@Psalms:73:3-9)? The answer is found in the sanctuary ( kjv@Psalms:73:17). The state of the wicked is temporary; they are brought down suddenly ( kjv@Psalms:73:18-19).
kjv@Psalms:74 - A cry for deliverance when the temple is defiled by the enemy ( kjv@Psalms:74:7, kjv@Psalms:74:19).
kjv@Psalms:75 - God answers the plea of Psalm 74. Help comes from God ( kjv@Psalms::6, 7).
kjv@Psalms:76 - Prophetic of the Messiah upon the throne, and the temple open for worship.
kjv@Psalms:77 - Perplexity about the mercy and goodness of God ( kjv@Psalms:77:9). The answer again is in the sanctuary ( kjv@Psalms::13). History reveals that God does not forget ( kjv@Psalms:77:11-20).
kjv@Psalms:78 - The history of Israel from Moses to David.
kjv@Psalms:79 - Future of Israel in the Great Tribulation. The temple is defiled ( kjv@Psalms:79:1).
kjv@Psalms:80 - Plea to the Shepherd of Israel to lead them again. The Shepherd is at God's right hand ( kjv@Psalms:80:17).
kjv@Psalms:81 - God's answer to the plea of kjv@Psalms:80. The trumpet of praise is blown ( kjv@Psalms:81:3).
kjv@Psalms:82 - God is in the midst of His people (the Shekinah glory in the tabernacle). He judges the judges of the people.
kjv@Psalms:83 - Prayer for God to deliver His people from their enemies. Imprecatory prayer ( kjv@Psalms:83:9-12) is a cry for justice.
kjv@Psalms:84-89 - Looking to the future
kjv@Psalms:84 - Deep desire for God's house that they might look upon the face of "thine anointed" ( kjv@Psalms:84:9).
kjv@Psalms:85 - Future restoration of Israel. Kingdom blessing ( kjv@Psalms:85:10).
kjv@Psalms:86 - David prays for the future kingdom ( kjv@Psalms:86:8-9).
kjv@Psalms:87 - Glorious future of Jerusalem. The nations will come to Jerusalem to worship (see kjv@Isaiah:2:2; kjv@Zechariah:2:10-11).
kjv@Psalms:88 - Dirge of gloom, a lamentation. This is the darkest wail of woe in the Book of Psalms. The one ray of hope is "Lord God of my salvation" ( kjv@Psalms:88:1).
kjv@Psalms:89 - Song of the faithfulness of God in keeping the Davidic Covenant (cp. kjv@Psalms:89:34-37 with kjv@2Samuel:7:8-17).
IV. Numbers section, kjv@Psalms:90-106Peril and Protection of Pilgrims (Earth in View). We do not become pilgrims until we become strangers.
kjv@Psalms:90 - Dirge of death and darkness by Moses. Moses witnesses the deaths of 1 1/2 million Israelites who came with him out of Egypt but perish in the wilderness. The wilderness becomes a vast cemetery. "Secret sin on earth is open scandal in heaven" (see kjv@Psalms:90:8).
kjv@Psalms:91 - Messianic psalm (cp. kjv@Psalms:91:11-12 with kjv@Matthew:4:6). Song of life and light. Saints of all ages turn here for help and hope.
kjv@Psalms:92 - Song of praise for the sabbath day. Verse 1 is the theme. "Most High" is a kingdom phrase.
kjv@Psalms:93 - Song of sheer praise because the King is reigning (millennial kingdom).
kjv@Psalms:94-100 - Kingdom songs (celebrating the Messiah's reign)
kjv@Psalms:94 - A call upon God to intervene in righteousness against the wicked. A cry from the remnant in the time of trouble preceding the kingdom.
kjv@Psalms:95 - Song of sheer joy because the king is reigning.
kjv@Psalms:96 - A hymn to Him. He fulfills prophecy, ends idolatry, banishes Satan — creation rejoices.
kjv@Psalms:97 - Joy to the world, the Lord has come. This is not a hymn of His 1st coming but of His 2nd coming. ("Gods" in kjv@Psalms:97:7 should be "angels" — cp. kjv@Hebrews:1:6).
kjv@Psalms:98 - Second stanza of the new song of worship.
kjv@Psalms:99 - Song to the king whose throne is a throne of grace and mercy ( kjv@Psalms:99:1).
kjv@Psalms:100 - Chorus of the hymn to Him. Note the rendering: "It is he that hath made us, and...we are his" ( kjv@Psalms:100:3).
kjv@Psalms:101-106 - Praise to the King
kjv@Psalms:101 - Song to the King who rules in righteousness and judgment. Note Gaebelein's rendering: "Morning after morning will I destroy all the wicked of the land" ( kjv@Psalms:101:8).
kjv@Psalms:102 - Prayer of trouble and sorrow. This is the King in Gethsemane — His humiliation before His exaltation ( kjv@Hebrews:5:7). He can sympathize with His people.
kjv@Psalms:103 - Great psalm of praise for the tender mercies of God. "I beseech you...brethren, by the mercies of God..." ( kjv@Romans:12:1).
kjv@Psalms:104 - Hymn to God in nature because He is Creator. Psalm of creation.
kjv@Psalms:105 - Hymn to God in history from Abraham to Moses. Psalm of providence ( kjv@Psalms:105:5; cp. kjv@1Chronicles:16:8).
kjv@Psalms:106 - Hymn to God in history, confessing Israel's failure and God's faithfulness. This psalm is the first to begin and end with "Hallelujah." It is the psalm of pilgrims in the wilderness of this world.
V. Deuteronomy section, kjv@Psalms:107-150Perfection and Praise of the Word of God. Before we can know Him, we must know the Word. Sin came through the broken Word; Israel scattered through the broken Word; Sanctuary destroyed through the broken Word.
kjv@Psalms:107 - Song of the wandering Jew when he re-enters the promised land ( kjv@Psalms:107:3-6). A psalm that has blessed the hearts of saints of all ages.
- 4 Stanzas
- kjv@Psalms:107:1-7 — Providence: directs pilgrims (tenor solo)
- kjv@Psalms:107:8-20 — Pardon: delivers prisoners (soprano solo)
- kjv@Psalms:107:21-30 — Protection: dissolves problems (bass solo)
- kjv@Psalms:107:31-43 — Power: delights (His) people (chorus)
kjv@Psalms:108 - Israel's praise and possessions.
kjv@Psalms:109 - Messianic psalm — the humiliation of Christ. The Judas Iscariot psalm (cp. kjv@Acts:1:20). Note the imprecatory prayer ( kjv@Psalms:109:6-13).
kjv@Psalms:110 - Messianic psalm — the exaltation of Christ ( kjv@Psalms:110:1, cp. kjv@Matthew:22:44; kjv@Acts:2:34-35; kjv@Hebrews:1:13; kjv@Hebrews:10:12-13; also kjv@Psalms:110:4, cp. kjv@Hebrews:5:6; kjv@Hebrews:6:20; kjv@Hebrews:7:21).
kjv@Psalms:111 - Hallelujah for the works of God (a perfect acrostic psalm — Hebrew alphabet).
kjv@Psalms:112 - Hallelujah for the righteousness of God ( kjv@Psalms:112:6). "Blessed with all earthly blessings" — a perfect acrostic.
kjv@Psalms:113-118 - Hallel psalms
kjv@Psalms:113 - A hallelujah chorus to God as Creator and Redeemer. This psalm to the majesty of God opens the Hallel psalms which are sung at the Passover feast.
kjv@Psalms:114 - God leads His dear children along. Song of deliverance from Egypt and the origin of the nation.
kjv@Psalms:115 - Glory to God because He is the opposite of the idols of the heathen ( kjv@Psalms:115:3-8).
kjv@Psalms:116 - Love song because God swallows death in victory ( kjv@Psalms:116:3-15). Next to the 23rd, this psalm is the most beloved.
kjv@Psalms:117 - Hallelujah because all nations and peoples will praise God. (Shortest psalm.)
kjv@Psalms:118 - Messianic psalm ( kjv@1Peter:2:8; kjv@Matthew:21:42) — the hymn sung before Christ and His disciples went out into the Mount of Olives ( kjv@Matthew:26:30; kjv@Mark:14:26). Imagine our Lord singing this hymn on that fatal night ( kjv@Psalms:118:6, kjv@Psalms:118:8, kjv@Psalms:118:14, kjv@Psalms:118:17, kjv@Psalms:118:22, kjv@Psalms:118:24, kjv@Psalms:118:26). This is the last of the Hallel psalms.
kjv@Psalms:119 - Praise to the Word of God. Some reference to the Word of God is in every verse (except kjv@Psalms:119:122, kjv@Psalms:119:1132), designated word, saying, way, testimonies, judgments, precepts, commandments, law, statutes, and faithfulness. The psalm is a perfect acrostic (see text), in 22 sections corresponding to the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet.
kjv@Psalms:120-134 - Pilgrim psalms
"Songs of the Pilgrim Caravans," "Songs of Ascents," "Songs of Degrees." The key is kjv@Psalms@122:3-4 Jerusalem is builded as a city that is compact together, whither the tribes go up, the tribes of the LORD, unto the testimony of Israel, to give thanks unto the name of the LORD. As the tribes of Israel go up to Jerusalem to worship at the appointed feast days — Passover, Pentecost, Tabernacles — they sing these psalms. Notice the ascent. They were to be going and growing spiritually in the same way.
kjv@Psalms:120 - Chanted as the pilgrim march to Jerusalem began.
kjv@Psalms:121 - Hills about Jerusalem come into view. The question ( kjv@Psalms:121:1) should be translated, "Shall I lift up mine eyes unto the hills...?" (see kjv@Jeremiah:3:23; kjv@Psalms:90:2).
kjv@Psalms:122 - Jerusalem comes into view ( kjv@Psalms:122:2).
kjv@Psalms:123 - The temple comes into view; the pilgrims turn their eyes to God in hope.
kjv@Psalms:124 - They come in sight of the grace of God and offer a prayer of thanksgiving.
kjv@Psalms:125 - They come in sight of Mt. Zion. The pilgrims arrive in the security of Jerusalem. Assurance is the theme of their song.
kjv@Psalms:126 - A song for the return after the Babylonian captivity. They look to the future for a larger deliverance. They come in sight of the heathen.
kjv@Psalms:127 - The vanity of building without God. Obviously the pilgrims are in the gates of the temple.
kjv@Psalms:128 - The family is come to Jerusalem to worship.
kjv@Psalms:129 - The pilgrim reviews his youth and the hand of God upon him.
kjv@Psalms:130 - The pilgrim cries out of the depths and thanks God for forgiveness. Israel will be redeemed.
kjv@Psalms:131 - Childlike faith and simplicity of the pilgrim (notice that David is the writer).
kjv@Psalms:132 - Messianic psalm ( kjv@Psalms:132:11, cp. kjv@Luke:1:32-33; kjv@Acts:2:30). Also a Davidic psalm — David mentioned 4 times. It looks to the time when Christ will be King in Jerusalem.
kjv@Psalms:133 - The pilgrim thanks God for the fellowship of other brethren who have come up to Jerusalem. David is the writer.
kjv@Psalms:134 - Pilgrim's progress. Pilgrim stands in the temple and lifts his voice in praise with the multitude. This is the last pilgrim psalm.
kjv@Psalms:135 - Hallelujah psalm. Israel praises God for the deliverance of the past. The name of Jehovah is praised (cp. kjv@Psalms:135:13 with kjv@Exodus:3:14-15).
kjv@Psalms:136 - Another hallelujah psalm. Praise of His mercy — in creation, in redemption, in fighting enemies, and for the future glory.
kjv@Psalms:137 - By the canals of Babylon. Some captive wrote this during the Babylonian captivity as he thought of Jerusalem and the temple. It is the experience of the captives away from home and in slavery.
kjv@Psalms:138 - A song of wholehearted praise; a contrast to kjv@Psalms:137. Worship by the redeemed.
kjv@Psalms:139 - A song of praise to the attributes of God.
kjv@Psalms:140 - Prophetic prayer for deliverance from "the evil man" ( kjv@Psalms:140:1) or "man of sin" (prophetic of the remnant in the midst of their enemies). Imprecatory: cry for justice according to law.
kjv@Psalms:141 - David sends out an SOS. His prayer arises from some unknown experience. The application is to the remnant in the final struggle against evil.
kjv@Psalms:142 - Prayer of David in the cave of Adullam ( kjv@1Samuel:22:1-2). Here is where David's suffering begins. These are an adumbration of the sufferings of Christ, although some of David's suffering resulted from his own sin and cannot represent the sufferings of the spotless Savior.
kjv@Psalms:143 - Prayer of David to the faithfulness, righteousness, and lovingkindness of God. As it has been said, "David was in love with prayer."
kjv@Psalms:144 - David's praise to God because of who He is; his prayer is for the same reason.
kjv@Psalms:145 - Praise of David to God because of who He is and what He does. It looks forward to the praise of the redeemed and restored remnant in the kingdom. This is the last psalm of David.
kjv@Psalms:146-150 - Hallelujah psalms
The Book of Psalms concludes with 5 hallelujah psalms. Each begins and ends with a "hallelujah." The night of sin and suffering is over. Weeping is past and joy has come in the morning of the Millennium. The Book of Revelation also concludes with 4 hallelujahs ( kjv@Revelation:19).
kjv@Psalms:146 - "Praise ye the Lord" ( kjv@Psalms:146:1) — a praise to God for His goodness.
kjv@Psalms:147 - A hallelujah chorus because of God's goodness to the earth and to Jerusalem. He is Creator, Preserver, and Keeper.
kjv@Psalms:148 - A hallelujah chorus of all God's created intelligences in the heavens and in the earth ( kjv@Revelation:5:11-13; kjv@Revelation:19:1-6).
kjv@Psalms:149 - A hallelujah chorus because the kingdom has come through redemption by blood and judgment by power.
kjv@Psalms:150 - A hallelujah chorus with orchestra — singing and playing with all the stops pulled out. Glory to God in the highest; peace on earth has come in the person of the King. Stops pulled out on Creation's organ:
Alexander, J. A. The Psalms. 1864. Reprint. Grand Rapids, kjv@Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1964.
Gaebelein, Arno C. The Annotated Bible. 1917. Reprint. Neptune, New Jersey: Loizeaux Brothers, 1970.
Gaebelein, Arno C. The Book of Psalms. 1939. Reprint. Neptune, New Jersey: Loizeaux Brothers, 1965. (The finest prophetical interpretation of the Psalms.) Grant, F. W. The Psalms. Neptune, New Jersey: Loizeaux Brothers, 1895. (Numerical Bible.) Gray, James M. Synthetic Bible Studies. Old Tappan, New Jersey: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1906.
Ironside, H. A. The Psalms. Neptune, New Jersey: Loizeaux Brothers, n.d.
Jamieson, Robert, and D. Brown and A. R. Fausset. Commentary on the Bible. 3 vols. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1945.
Jensen, Irving L. The Psalms. Chicago, Illinois: Moody Press, 1970. (A self-study guide.) Morgan, G. Campbell. Notes on the Psalms. Old Tappan, New kjv@Jersey: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1947.
Olson, Erling C. Meditations in the Psalms. Neptune, New Jersey: Loizeaux Brothers, 1939. (Devotional.) Perowne, J. J. Stewart. The Book of Psalms. 1882. Reprint. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1976.
Sauer, Erich. The Dawn of World Redemption. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1951. ( An excellent Old Testament survey.) Scroggie, W. Graham. The Psalms. Old Tappan, New Jersey: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1948. (Excellent.) Scroggie, W. Graham. The Unfolding Drama of Redemption. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1970. (An excellent survey and outline of the Old Testament.) Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. The Treasury of David. 3 vols. Reprint. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1974. (A classic work and very comprehensive.) Unger, Merrill F. Unger's Bible Handbook. Chicago, Illinois: Moody Press, 1966. (A basic tool for every Christian's library.) Unger, Merrill F. Unger's Commentary on the Old Testament. Chicago, Illinois: Moody Press, 1981. (Volume 1 covers Genesis through Song of Solomon with a fine summary of each paragraph.)
These notes, prepared by J. Vernon McGee, are for the purpose of giving assistance to the listeners of the THRU THE BIBLE RADIO program. They are to be used with the Bible and will be more meaningful as you look up all the Scripture references. Due to the necessary brevity of both notes and broadcasts, a list of recommended books is included for those wanting a more detailed study. These books may be obtained from a Christian library or bookstore or ordered from the publishers.
Pasadena, California 91109-7100 #16112-AAEADe
|< McGee
Child Threads:


text:
More Kids Treated for Concussions in ERs: CDC
Increased awareness of traumatic brain injury may be driving this trend, researchers say
THURSDAY, Oct. 6, 2011 (HealthDay News) -- Over the past decade, the number of children treated in emergency rooms for traumatic brain injuries, including concussions, increased 60 percent, according to a new report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In 2009, ERs in the United States saw 248,418 children with traumatic brain injuries compared to 153,375 similarly injured children in 2001. Most of the injuries are associated with physical activities, such as bicycling, football, playground accidents, basketball and soccer, the researchers said.
"One of the reasons for the increase is the increased awareness of the importance of the diagnosis and management of concussion," said lead author Dr. Julie Gilchrist, from the CDC Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention.
There may also be a slight increase in the actual number of concussions suffered by children and teens as more children participate in sports, but the CDC doesn't have numbers to back this up, she added.
"We hope increased awareness played a large role," she said.
Children and adolescents need more time to recover from a head injury and are at greater risk for serious complications, such as brain damage, than adults, the researchers said.
"Your kids need to be up and active, but we have to be aware that there are risks," Gilchrist said. "We need to find ways to prevent injuries and know what to do if an injury does occur," she said.
The report was published in the Oct. 7 issue of the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
These injuries varied by age and sex. Most injuries -- 71 percent -- involved boys, and 70.5 percent were among kids 10 to 19 years old, according to the report.
Injuries for children 9 and under came mostly from playground accidents or bicycling, the researchers noted.
Boys' head injuries mostly were associated with football or bicycling, while for girls, soccer, basketball and bicycling were the leading causes.
Although the symptoms of a traumatic brain injury may seem mild, they can lead to significant impairment of memory, behavior, learning, and/or emotions, Gilchrist noted.
Over the past 10 years, the CDC's Heads Up initiative has promoted awareness of traumatic brain injury. Its latest activity, a joint program with the National Football League and CDC Foundation, teaches health care professionals what they need to know about concussion in young athletes. This course is offered free online, Gilchrist said.
Dr. Anders Cohen, chief of neurosurgery and spine surgery at the Brooklyn Hospital Center in New York City, said when children sustain a head injury, "they need to stop that activity and be put on the sidelines and get a medical opinion -- that should be standard."
Concussions can have a cumulative effect, Cohen warned. "It's what I call 'the one-plus-one-equals-three phenomenon.' If you have one, the second one can be worse, especially if it happens closer to the first one where you haven't healed," he said.
Even though you cannot see a concussion, it must be treated like any obvious injury, or the consequences can impair the ability to think and function, Cohen said.
"A football game versus the next 70 years of their life is not a good tradeoff," he said. "The brain needs to heal; it needs to rest. Stop the activity, take the appropriate time to heal before getting back into the game."
Symptoms of a concussion can include: headache or pressure in the head, temporary loss of consciousness, confusion, amnesia, dizziness, ringing in the ears, nausea or vomiting, slurred speech or fatigue.
Someone who sustains a concussion may also have difficulty remembering or concentrating, and display irritability, sensitivity to light or noise, sleep disturbances and signs of depression. Even taste and smell can be affected.
More information
For more information on traumatic brain injury, visit the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dinner @ Villa Danielli, Sheraton Imperial0 dots dotted by gray-dots at 6/28/2010 01:32:00 PM
Went to this gorgeous place on Saturday evening at Sheraton Imperial, KL by Azura's (FF Gym friends)invitation. Ahhhhh……
Had a great time, great food, great wine, great company of friends, great chat, great ambience. I got to know a few more new friends and had a good chat ranging from wine, to Europe, and then from man vs woman to porn .. LOL
Fresh bread with Balsamic Vinegar
Fine dining is never complete without some Reds
The appetizers … Mushroom Soup, Calamari and assorted veges
One of the mains … Australian Beef …
Can't take more pictures because my iPhone battery was flat.
Thank you Azura for the kind invitation and arrangement.
Apart from that, another personal highlight of the day …
Finally, "some" definition at the abs … This pic was taken before the dinner. I was shocked when I saw this and couldn't believe my eye. Damn happy for the result. Gonna push more for this …
A special thanks my favorite BodyPump instructor Swee and my "PT" Hector for the gym trainings.
dots food


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Grab Restaurant – WordPress Theme
About Grab
Grab is a WordPress theme aimed at restaurants and eating places.
Grab enables you to add food items along with details such as price, serving size and key ingredients that make up dish or beverage. Additionally, You can also categorize food items using
- Food Type (Pizza, Salad, etc.)
- Food Category (Vegetarian, Non-vegetarian, etc.)
- Meal (Breakfast, Lunch or Dinner, etc.)
- Cuisine (Thai, Chinese, Italian, Indian, etc.).
we have explained customization details in HELP document.
Stock Photos & Video Credits
- Pizza spinaci Full series
- Haddock in a red sauce
- Yellow cheese
- Healthy Sandwich
- Rigatoni with Seafood
- Haddock in a Red Sauce
- Chicken Pizza Video Recipe
Version 2.0 – 09 November 2014
we have updated "Grab Restaurant – WP Theme" as listed below.
- Enhanced for WordPress 4.0
- Navigation Menu Fixes.
- Widgets Compatibility with WordPress 4.0
- Enhanced support for child themes
Version 1.0 – 04 April 2013
Initial Release
Contact / Support
If you have any questions, please send an email to [email protected] We'll gladly do our best to help you.
Grab is brought to you by PX Outline and Abhinav Sood.


text:
Job Description
Client & Location Information
Work in a beautiful country town less than 300km south of Perth. Seasonal events will see you providing outstanding service to tourists and the many lovely locals of the area.
Job Specification
As full time Pharmacist Manager, this role will keep you on your toes. Responsible for the FOS and dispensary, you will be reporting to the Pharmacy Group Manager regarding sales, performance and development strategies.
Previous experience in a supervisory role is desirable, but consideration will be given to Pharmacists who feel confident to take this next step in their career. This role requires a leader who takes a proactive approach to the training and development of their pharmacy team.
Customer service and positive patient outcomes are a primary focus for you, including the quality deliverance of 6CPA services and counseling.
Enjoy working a simple roster of Mondays to Fridays 9:00am - 5:30pm and Saturdays 9:00am - 12:00pm, enabling you to enjoy a nice work-life balance.
Skills Required
* Current Pharmacist registration with AHPRA
* Previous experience in a supervisory role or the confidence to step up into your first supervisory role
* Proven experience working to, and meeting, KPI's.
* Working knowledge and understanding of relevant legislation and regulations
* Ability to analyze and act on performance data
* Genuine interest in providing quality customer service and patient outcomes
Salary & Benefits
Very competitive salary on offer in addition to accommodation and relocation assistance.
How to Apply
Submit your interest online, or if you are registered with us contact Debbie directly for a confidential discussion on 1800 429 829 or email firstname.lastname@example.com quoting Ref: 200014184


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He has indeed been correct about housing, the banks, CRE, all of it. And he hasn't been shy about saying what he thinks, which makes Mike a TRUTH TELLER.
While many people believe they are economic truth tellers, few see the roots of the problems and can verbalize then correctly. In this article Mike sees trouble ahead for our Fed and our nation's creditworthiness. He, of course, is correct:
The Fed: Our Next Troubled Bank?
by Mike Larson
The Federal Reserve is watching the backs of U.S. banks. But sometimes I wonder, "Who's watching the Fed's back? Is the Fed our next troubled bank?"
You see, all of this garbage paper that's going bad — the troubled residential mortgage backed securities (RMBS), the commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS), the asset backed securities (ABS), the Fannie Mae bonds, the corporate loans, and so on — hasn't just gone "Poof."
Instead, more and more of it has been landing on the Fed's doorstep — either through direct ownership or as collateral against Fed loans that keep getting rolled over.
The result? The Fed's once pristine balance sheet is starting to look more and more like the balance sheet of a troubled financial institution.
From AAA to
Something Else Entirely
What do I mean? Well, take a look at this April 26, 2007, Federal Reserve Statistical Release. Table 2, the Consolidated Statement of Condition of All Federal Reserve Banks, shows the breakdown of the Fed's assets back then.
You'll see that the Fed banks listed total assets of $883.5 billion at the time. The lion's share of those assets — $787.1 billion, or 89 percent — were "AAA" quality U.S. Treasury bills, notes, and bonds. There were a few other assorted line items (gold, bank premises, etc.) ... but that's about it.
Now compare that two-year old balance sheet, to this multi-headed hydra of a balance sheet that came out a few days ago. The equivalent table (number 9) shows that total Fed assets have exploded to $2.19 TRILLION. And those plain-vanilla, risk-free Treasuries? They make up just $526.1 billion, or 24 percent, of Fed assets!
The Fed now also owns more than $355 billion of mortgage backed securities and $61 billion in debt issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae. Term auction credit comes to $455.8 billion. Those are short-term loans against just about anything and everything — from auto loans and credit card receivables to Brady Bonds and CMBS.
The Fed is also holding $238 billion in commercial paper as part of an October 2008 program to help corporations fund short-term debt obligations. And it has $111 billion in so-called "other loans." This all-purpose category includes loans made to primary dealers ($12.9 billion), bailout baby AIG ($45.1 billion), and loans made as part of the Fed's Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility ($5.1 billion).
Finally, the Fed has lent money to so-called "Maiden Lane" LLCs that acquired dodgy asset portfolios as part of the Bear Stearns and AIG bailouts. The grand total there comes to $72 billion.
Bottom line:- The quality of the balance sheet of the U.S. central bank is deteriorating.What's the Risk?
The Fed is now heavily burdened by the same kind of crappy paper that has been hammering private U.S. banks for several quarters.
- The Fed is now heavily burdened by the same kind of crappy paper that has been hammering private U.S. banks for several quarters.
- And the Fed banks are holding total capital of just $45.7 billion against the sum total of $2.19 trillion in assets, meaning the Fed is leveraging its capital 48-to-1. That compares to only 27-to-1 two years ago.
With the Fed doing its best to tarnish its balance sheet and the Treasury borrowing like crazy (not to mention the Fed monetizing some of that debt), the natural question becomes: "What's the risk?"
The answer is that it all comes down to the reaction of the capital markets...- Do investors continue to aggressively bid on U.S. Treasuries at our debt auctions?These questions likely won't be answered today, tomorrow, or next week. We may not learn for months or even quarters. But that doesn't mean we shouldn't discuss these risks now ... that those risks aren't very real ... and that you don't want to start taking some protective steps now.
- Do foreign creditors, who hold more than 53 percent of the privately held Treasury debt outstanding, start balking at supporting our profligacy?
- Does the U.S.'s AAA credit rating come under closer scrutiny?
- And does the dollar start to reflect the fact that the Fed is throwing money around like a drunken sailor — and taking on any and all kinds of crummy assets?
I warned about an impending blow up in residential real estate in 2005. If you sold housing, construction, and mortgage stocks back then, you dodged the worst meltdown in modern history. I warned that commercial real estate was in big trouble in early 2007. If you sold your REITs then, you dodged the biggest crack up in office, industrial, and retail real estate shares in ages.
Now, I recommend you consider buying some gold and dump the heck out of any long-term U.S. bonds. Because some day, the trashing of the Fed's balance sheet is going to matter, and in a potentially huge way.
Until next time,
Some day, indeed. Today TLT is poking through support and the dollar is breaking down below trendline as well. Sooner or later the math catches up to you, that time is approaching rapidly.


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News & Analysis | KCET
News & Analysis
Policing in Los Angeles
Link Voices
What's Needed to Achieve Real Policing Reform
Why are only a small fraction of America's 18,000 police agencies seriously committed to police reform?
Link Voices
Passionate Mother of Murdered Teen Seeks Justice for All Unsolved Homicides
The nonprofit organization Justice for Murdered Children guides families through the next steps following the murder of their loved ones.
Link Voices
Homicide Detective Reflects on 28 Years in South L.A.
Being a patrol officer was never enough for Detective Sal LaBarbera, who recently retired after 28 years at the LAPD South Bureau's homicide division. He knew he wanted to work homicide because "you have the chance to speak for the voiceless."
Link Voices
Bishop in South L.A. Has Made it His Mission to Lead Crips to Christ
Bishop Smith grew up in Mid-City in the '80s, at the height of the gang wars in L.A. As a member of the Crips, a life-threatening experience led him to join the ministry, where he has made it his mission to help other members and victims of gang violence.
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Posts Tagged Microsoft
Class Set as DataContext in XAML without Code Behind
Posted by Kelly's Chronicles in .NET, C#, XAML on May 6, 2012
In dealing with a problem at work and I am probably as guilty as anyone of relying on code behind to do basic functions without soley using XAML. Why? Because that's the way I have always done it. But it's a new day and time to learn new ways to do things. So here we go….
This example shows a class set as datacontext – the code behind file is completely empty.
Have a great week….
<Window x:Class="cSharpTest.MainWindow"
Title="MainWindow" Height="350″ Width="525″>
<vm:MyData x:Key="ViewModel"/>
<Grid DataContext="{StaticResource ViewModel}">
<ListBox Name="MyListBox" ItemsSource="{Binding Primes}"/>
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace cSharpTest
class MyData
public MyData()
_primes = new int[5] { 1, 3, 5, 7, 11 };
private int[] _primes;
public int[] Primes
get { return this._primes; }
Write DataTable to an MS Word Table Efficiently with C# using a Dynamic Type
Posted by Kelly's Chronicles in .NET, C# on August 1, 2011
This is a C# adaptation of the code I wrote to write a datatable to a Microsoft Word document table for vb.net . But that doesn't really begin to tell the story here. In vb.net we have been accustomed to being allowed to leave parameters empty when automating the creation of a table in Microsoft Word. C# has not permitted me that luxury which to be honest is probably a better code practice. So prepare to meet the Type.Missing object! In addition the default item that we learned to love/hate in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) code years ago also is not used in C#. Finally in declaring the range object for the table it became an opportunity to use the new dynamic reference type keyword, which was designed for such situations. Check out this video on the subject which is quite excellent.
For these reasons you will see key differences between the two sets of code. Don't forget to import Microsoft Word as a COM reference and do your import statements. As always feel free to comment or email. Have a great day!
using Office = Microsoft.Office.Core;
using Word = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word;
public void CreateWordTableWithDataTable(DataTable dt)
int RowCount = dt.Rows.Count; int ColumnCount = dt.Columns.Count;
Object[,] DataArray = new object[RowCount + 1, ColumnCount + 1];
//int RowCount = 0; int ColumnCount = 0;
int r = 0;
for (int c = 0; c <= ColumnCount – 1; c++)
DataArray[r, c] = dt.Columns[c].ColumnName;
for (r = 0; r <= RowCount – 1; r++)
DataArray[r, c] = dt.Rows[r][c];
} //end row loop
} //end column loop
Word.Document oDoc = new Word.Document();
oDoc.Application.Visible = true;
oDoc.PageSetup.Orientation = Word.WdOrientation.wdOrientLandscape;
dynamic oRange = oDoc.Content.Application.Selection.Range;
String oTemp = "";
for (r = 0; r <= RowCount – 1; r++)
for (int c = 0; c <= ColumnCount – 1; c++)
oTemp = oTemp + DataArray[r, c] + "\t";
oRange.Text = oTemp;
object Separator = Word.WdTableFieldSeparator.wdSeparateByTabs;
object Format = Word.WdTableFormat.wdTableFormatWeb1;
object ApplyBorders = true;
object AutoFit = true;
object AutoFitBehavior = Word.WdAutoFitBehavior.wdAutoFitContent;
oRange.ConvertToTable(ref Separator,
ref RowCount, ref ColumnCount, Type.Missing, ref Format,
ref ApplyBorders, Type.Missing, Type.Missing, Type.Missing,
Type.Missing, Type.Missing, Type.Missing,
Type.Missing, ref AutoFit, ref AutoFitBehavior,
oDoc.Application.Selection.Tables[1].Rows.AllowBreakAcrossPages = 0;
oDoc.Application.Selection.Tables[1].Rows.Alignment = 0;
//gotta do the header row manually
for (int c = 0; c <= ColumnCount – 1; c++)
oDoc.Application.Selection.Tables[1].Cell(1, c + 1).Range.Text = dt.Columns[c].ColumnName;
oDoc.Application.Selection.Cells.VerticalAlignment = Word.WdCellVerticalAlignment.wdCellAlignVerticalCenter;
Write Data From DataTable To Excel With an Array Using C#
Posted by Kelly's Chronicles in C# on July 29, 2011
This is actually a redo of code written in vb.net a while back that dumps data from a datatable in a dataset into an excel spreadsheet in an effective and fast manner. I am always getting asked how to do this in C# so I decided to put that up today. Yes, I do C# too! Just didn't want to admit it….
It's pretty self explanatory. Don't forget to clean up your excel instance when done. If you have any questions please feel free to send me an email.
Import an excel reference and at the top of your code you need your import statements. Then simply pass your dataset and datatable (granted you could just pass the datatable – I had my reasons for passing the dataset too at the time) to the method. The array is declared as an object because sometimes the compiler has to deal with unforeseen data issues that might arise and it has been effective for me to do let it handle those situations as they arise. I hope you find this useful.
using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel;
using Office = Microsoft.Office.Core;
public void CreateSpreadSheetFromDataSet(DataSet ds, DataTable dt)
Excel.Application Excel = new Excel.Application();
Excel.Visible = true;
Excel.Worksheet WSheet = new Excel.Worksheet();
WSheet = Excel.ActiveWorkbook.ActiveSheet;
int rows = ds.Tables[dt.TableName].Rows.Count;
int columns = ds.Tables[dt.TableName].Columns.Count;
int r = 0; int c = 0;
object[,] DataArray = new object[rows + 1, columns + 1];
for (c = 0; c <= columns – 1; c++)
DataArray[r, c] = ds.Tables[dt.TableName].Columns[c].ColumnName;
for (r = 0; r <= rows – 1; r++)
DataArray[r, c] = ds.Tables[dt.TableName].Rows[r][c];
} //end row loop
} //end column loop
//actually write array to Excel Spreadsheet
WSheet.Range["A2"].Resize[rows, columns].Value = DataArray;
//write header row to spreadsheet
int DataTableColumnCounter;
int ExcelColumnCounter = 1; //excel spreadsheets start at 1 when counting columns not zero!
for (DataTableColumnCounter = 0; DataTableColumnCounter <= ds.Tables[dt.TableName].Columns.Count – 1; DataTableColumnCounter++)
WSheet.Cells[1, ExcelColumnCounter].Value = ds.Tables[dt.TableName].Columns[DataTableColumnCounter].ColumnName;
ExcelColumnCounter = ExcelColumnCounter + 1; //moving to next column


text:
Identification of a new human coronavirus
Search Medline for
|May 26, 2004
Three human coronaviruses are known to exist: HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV. We identified a fourth human coronavirus (HCoV-NL63) using a new virus discovery method. The virus was isolated from a 7-month-old child suffering from bronchiolitis and conjunctivitis. The complete genome sequence demonstrates that this virus is not a recombinant, but a novel group 1 coronavirus. The in vitro host cell range of HCoV-NL63 is notable because it replicates on tertiary monkey kidney cells and the monkey kidney LLC-MK2 cell line. The viral genome contains distinctive features, including a unique N-terminal fragment within the spike protein. Screening of clinical specimens from individuals suffering from respiratory illness identified seven additional HCoV-NL63-infected individuals, indicating that the virus was widely spread within the human population.


text:
ACC00724 Financial Statement of Ken Kennett Building Services Assignment 1 Answer
Accounting for Managers (ACC00724) S2, 2019You should show all your calculations and word limit for the descriptive questions should not be more than 500 words.Assignment 1 (20...
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text:
"Eddie Murphy: One Night Only" Tapes on Saturday, November 3
at the Saban Theatre In Los Angeles and Premieres Friday, November 16 on Spike TV
New York, NY - August 23, 2012 - Spike TV, in conjunction with Don Mischer Productions, will celebrate the career of Eddie Murphy with the first-ever televised tribute to the comedic icon, "Eddie Murphy: One Night Only." Vernon Lynch will serve as an Executive Producer on the project. The event will tape on Saturday, November 3 at the Saban Theatre in Los Angeles and will air on Friday, November 16 on Spike TV.
The exclusive Spike TV special event marks 30 years since the release of the groundbreaking stand-up concert film "Delirious," and the classic film "48 Hrs.," which featured the breakout performances that made him one of the biggest superstars in the world.
"Eddie Murphy: One Night Only" will pay homage to Murphy's journey from a 15-year-old aspiring comedian, to the record-breaking "Raw," which remains the highest grossing stand-up film of all time, to his indelible characters and impressions from "Saturday Night Live" such as Buckwheat, Gumby, Mr. Robinson and James Brown.
Murphy's friends and co-stars from many of his unforgettable films including "48 Hrs.," "Trading Places," "Beverly Hills Cop," "Coming To America," "The Nutty Professor," "Shrek," and his Golden Globe winning and Academy Award nominated performance in "Dreamgirls," among others, will be featured. The two-hour show will also include short films, musical performances, sketch comedy and will culminate in an appearance by Murphy.
"Eddie's impact on comedy is immeasurable," said Casey Patterson, Executive Vice President of Event Production for Viacom Media Networks Entertainment Group. "At 19, he changed the face of sketch comedy forever on 'Saturday Night Live' and within four years released "48 Hrs," "Delirious," and "Beverly Hills Cop" making him one of the biggest stand-up and movie stars in the world, all before the age of 24 and he's never stopped evolving, innovating and entertaining."
Spike TV has been an industry leader in original event programming honoring male icons and heroes from the worlds of comedy, sports and entertainment. Recent honorees at various signature events include Brad Pitt, Johnny Depp, Robert DeNiro, Clint Eastwood, Chris Rock, Will Ferrell, Robert Downey Jr, LeBron James, Adam Sandler, Kobe Bryant and more.
Don Mischer, Casey Patterson, Charlie Haykel, and Vernon Lynch serve as Executive Producers for "Eddie Murphy: One Night Only" with Juliane Hare as Producer.
For more information and photo highlights from the groundbreaking career of Eddie Murphy, fans can go to the event site at eddie.spike.com
Don Mischer is an internationally acclaimed producer and director of television and live events. He has been honored with 15 Emmy(R) Awards, a record 10 Directors Guild of America Awards for Outstanding Directorial Achievement, 2 NAACP Image Awards, a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting and Europe's prestigious Golden Rose of Montreux. This past January, Mischer was also honored by the Producers Guild of America when he received the Norman Lear Achievement Award in Television.
Vernon Lynch is a creative consultant for Eddie Murphy Productions whose credits include "The Making Of Delirious" special, "Eddie Murphy Delirious 25th Anniversary DVD," and "Eddie Murphy's Greatest Comedy Hits." Lynch and his producing partner Jeff Dyson recently founded the production company Lynch-Dyson Entertainment. Together they are the creators and Executive Producers of "Hollywood Exes" on VH1.
Spike TV is available in 99.8 million homes and is a division of Viacom Media Networks. A unit of Viacom (NASDAQ: VIA, VIAB), Viacom Media Networks is one of the world's leading creators of programming and content across all media platforms. Spike TV's Internet address is www.spike.com.


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Storing sourdough starter short & long term
I've been baking bread nearly every week at home for more than 10 years now. After several failed attempts to get a sourdough starter going I finally was successful about 18 months ago. After feeding my starter nearly every day for the first 6-8 weeks and making several successful loaves, I began to worry about losing the starter to contamination (or neglect). I wanted access to a good starter when I felt like sourdoughs but I didn't want to feel as though I was tied to keeping the starter going daily (or even weekly) for the rest of my life. I really wanted to be able to put it away for a while (months at a time), but go back to my starter when I felt the urge for sourdoughs in the future. So I started looking into how to store my starter.
I came across a post here on The Fresh Loaf (http://www.thefreshloaf.com/node/6737/help-storingfreezing-starter-please) in which Mike Avery said he kept starters of 65% hydration "in the fridge far longer than I care to admit with good results." In that same post, Bill (bwraith) said he too kept 65% hydration starters in the fridge, for as much as 6 months! Mike said he didn't like to leave the starter more than 2-3 months without feeding.
Obviously this is what I was looking for, but questions still remained. How long can I really leave it? Should it be refrigerated, or frozen? Although it worked for Bill long term (6 months), would it really work for me for that long? I decided to do an experiment. I took my robust 100% hydration starter, made it into a 65% hydration starter, split it into eight (8) aliquots of 50g (1/4 cup) each I refrigerated 4 of the aliquots and froze the other 4 aliquots, and decided to take an aliquot of each out at various times later (1, 3, 6 and 12 months) to see how well they reconstituted my starter.
At each time point I took the 50g of refrigerated/frozen starter, let it warm for about 30 minutes, and then added 200g of water. After a thorough mix, I then added 200g of flour, stirred until smooth, and then watched and waited.
1 Month
Refrigerated – Smelled quite sour but had little if any liquid on top. Doubled in 30 hours. Looked and smelled great.
Frozen – When thawed there was no real scent and no liquid of any kind on top. No activity seen at 24 or 36 hr. By 48 hr there were a few small bubbles on top, and by 72 hr it had doubled. At this point it looked bubbly and smelled like it should.
3 Months
Refrigerated – Sample smelled very sour at this point and had a gray colored layer on top of it. There was no liquid on top. The starter underneath was "whiter" and when stirred it made a surprisingly watery mix. Activity noted at 12 hours and had doubled by 24 hours. Had fallen by 48 hours but was bubbly and smelled great at that point.
Frozen – When thawed the starter had a very faint sour scent and a shiny wet surface, but no accumulated liquid on top. Some slight bubble activity at 36 hours. At 48 hr it had quite a few large bubbles on top. I decided to refresh it at this point by removing 50g and adding this to 100g water and 100g flour (I also kept and watched the original frozen starter). By 72hr the original frozen starter had lots of small bubbles on top and increased in volume by about 25% and it had doubled and was just fine by 84 hr. The refreshed frozen starter had not increased in volume at all by 72hr, had grown about 25% by 84 hr, and it had doubled by 96 hr. Looks and smells just fine at this point.
6 Months
Refrigerated – As at 3 months the sample smelled very sour and had a gray layer on top of it. There was no liquid on top. The starter underneath was "whiter" and when stirred it made a watery mix. After 24 hr this sample had increased in volume by about 60% and it doubled by 30 hr. At this point the top was bubbly and wet and it smelled nice and sour. No problems here!
Frozen – No smell, no change in color, kind of a sticky lump when warmed. There was slight bubble activity at 24 hours. At 72 hr it had a distinct sour smell but it hadn't changed much in volume from the 24 hr sample. So I again decided to refresh it at this point by removing 50g and adding this to 100g water and 100g flour (I also kept and watched the original frozen starter). By 96 hr the original frozen starter had doubled and was just fine. The refreshed frozen starter had also doubled in volume and smelled/looked just fine by 96 hr.
13.5 Months
Refrigerated – The sample was very gray colored both on top and underneath. There was some liquid on top of it, and even when stirred it had an "off" scent. The smell reminded me of cider vinegar. No activity at 24 or 48 hr although it did smell a little less at 48 hr than it did at the beginning. I decided to try the "refresh" trick at 60 hr by removing 50g and adding this to 100g water and 100g flour (I also kept and watched the original starter). By 84 hr there was perhaps a hint of activity, but no more activity at 96 hr. I tried a second refresh at 96 hr. At 144 hr (6 days) there is no sign of activity in any of the 3 refrigerated samples. At this point it still had a bit of a vinegar odor and had some gray/green hooch on top.
Frozen – Again no smell, no change in color, kind of a sticky lump when warmed. No activity at 24 or 48 hr. Like the refrigerated sample I decided to try the "refresh" trick at 60 hr by removing 50g and adding this to 100g water and 100g flour (I also kept and watched the original starter). No activity at 72 hr there was perhaps a hint of activity, but no real activity at 96 hr. I tried a second refresh at 96 hr. By 108 hr there was a 50% increase in volume of this second refresh sample, and by 120 hr it had at least doubled in bulk. At this point (120hr) it had lots of small bubbles on top and it smelled like a good healthy sourdough starter should. At 132 hr I took all (~200g) of this 96hr refresh sample and added 200g of water and 200g of flour to see if it would work as a real starter. It had more than doubled 3 hours later demonstrating that at this point it was a robust starter.
Conclusions: It is clear from this experiment that storing starter at 65% hydration in the refrigerator is fine (and probably the method of choice) for at least 6 months but a year or more is probably asking too much. Freezing the starter works fine, even out to a year or more. However it takes longer to restore a vigorous starter from the frozen state.
Early on in this experiment I came to the conclusion that keeping a sourdough starter in the refrigerator for a month or two (or even six) is absolutely no problem. It is now my routine. I pull it out every 2-8 weeks or so, feed it for a weekend (probably use it once or twice), and put it back in the fridge. I also keep an aliquot at 65% frozen as a backup, and I plan to refresh this backup on an annual basis. (I also must admit that I don't always go to the trouble of making a 65% starter for refrigeration. If I'm planning on taking it out again in the next few weeks I usually just put my 100% starter in the fridge.)
In the end, I now feel much less stressed about ignoring my starter in the back of the refrigerator for a few months. Thanks to Mike and Bill for their inspiration in this experiment.
- Greg


text:
Supersonic transport aircraft are not new. In the 1960s and early 1970s, there were three major supersonic transport projects in Europe, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Only one of those projects, the Concorde, was completed and continues in revenue service-and only between Western Europe (London and Paris) and the eastern U.S. seaboard (New York and, until recently, Washington). Only 13 of these aircraft are in airline service, including charter operations and demonstration flights. The ground and flight operational acceptability for this type of aircraft has been demonstrated worldwide.
The life development of Concorde aircraft now suggests they could continue in service for an additional 10-15 years. The levels of exhaust emissions produced by Concorde's Olympus engines [EI(NOx) = 18] is higher than could be achieved now but is commensurate with the design knowledge of the 1960s. With a limited small fleet and an average aircraft utilization of 600 hours per year, these aircraft do not appear to constitute a major environmental concern, although they must be considered in aircraft fleet mix scenarios in view of the Concorde's higher cruising altitude.
The Concorde operates for passengers prepared to pay high fares. Improvements in materials, structural, and systems technology that are available or currently being developed could make a second generation of supersonic aircraft more widely affordable. Studies have concluded that an aircraft with between 250 and 300 seats cruising at Mach 2 to 2.4 (at altitudes between 16 and 20 km) is most likely to be successful (Shaw et al., 1997). To make such aircraft effective for the long overseas routes that benefit most from the increased speed and maintain viability with regard to viewpoint of sonic booms, the projected range must be at least 8000 km (and possibly 10400 km). Studies have examined a wide range of speeds and concluded that speeds higher than Mach 2.4 offer little gain in block time, whereas they exacerbate airframe materials and propulsion problems, hence increase technical risk (Zurer, 1995). Prior projections concluded that aircraft with a cruise speed of Mach 2.0 to 2.4 were feasible for entry into service in 2005, and a hypersonic vehicle cruising at Mach 5 might enter service by about 2030 (Zurer, 1995). Events have shown that these projections were optimistic, and it is unlikely that a new Mach 2 to 2.4 vehicle will enter service much before 2015. By the same token, required research for the hypersonic vehicle and its economics would make entry into service of a hypersonic vehicle unlikely before 2050-and possibly later unless scheduling and airport curfews could be accommodated to demonstrate higher cruise speed benefits. Therefore, the focus of the remaining discussion is on vehicles cruising at speeds up to Mach 2.4.
The Concorde has already demonstrated the practicality of Mach 2.05 as an achievable cruise speed with aluminum alloys for the basic structure. For speeds above Mach 2.2, more exotic materials would be required including titanium alloys and organic composites for structural items and more complex air intakes. At speeds between Mach 2 and 2.4, airframe characteristics currently dictate cruise altitudes between 16 and 20 km. Optimization studies are planned to investigate lower cruise altitudes, recognizing the potential benefit of minimized ozone impact. To enable the inclusion of route segments over populated areas without sonic booms, an advanced supersonic airliner must also be capable of cruising efficiently in an environmentally acceptable manner at subsonic speeds and lower cruise altitudes.
Figure 7-43: Military aircraft inventory (1992 and
The characteristics of potential second-generation supersonic transports and their consequent impact on the atmosphere differ substantially from those of subsonic transports. First among these differences is the cruise altitude in the stratosphere, which is near where ozone concentration peaks. For a given level of emissions, the supersonic transport's potential impact on the ozone column is larger than that of subsonic aircraft from an NOx-ozone depletion perspective. This impact led to strong opposition to U.S. supersonic transport development in the 1970s and, together with the potential airport noise impact and economic considerations, led ultimately to cancellation of the development. There is now consensus that emissions from a second-generation supersonic transport must be limited to levels that will have a "negligible effect" on ozone.
There is also concern regarding the effects of carbon and sulfate-based particulates, and water vapor (Albritton et al., 1993; Stolarski et al., 1995). This subject is discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. Atmospheric modeling has indicated that the effects of NOx are likely to be small for a fleet of 500 to 1,000 Mach 2-2.4 aircraft if EI(NOx) is near 5 g kg-1. This issue is discussed in detail in Chapters 4 through 6. This level of emission has become a technology development target for the second generation supersonic transport. As yet there are no such targets for particulates, but such targets may emerge before the decision time for a production development program is reached.
The overall efficiencies of subsonic and supersonic propulsion systems at comparable technology levels are not very different. The lift/drag ratio of supersonic aircraft, however, is substantially lower than that of subsonics-no more than about 9 compared to about 20 for subsonics, as is shown in Figure 7-41. This lower ratio is related to losses caused by shock waves, which can be minimized but not eliminated by sophisticated designs. Thus, for the same range the supersonic transport must carry a larger fraction of its mass as fuel. For a given weight, its engines must also produce more thrust in cruise because of the larger drag. Primarily as a result of these effects, the fuel burn per passenger mile of a supersonic transport is correspondingly large-two or more times that of a subsonic transport. Nevertheless, economic studies that incorporate time zone/ productivity considerations indicate that the greater productivity resulting from shorter block times could enable the supersonic transport to compete with subsonic transports. There is no intent to further quantify this question here. The remaining sections address the technological challenges that set supersonic transport propulsion apart from those faced by advanced subsonic engines.
This subject is covered in greater depth in Section 7.4, but the key points are reviewed here briefly with emphasis on supersonic aspects. Overall propulsion system efficiency may be regarded as the product of two factors: Thermal efficiency and propulsive efficiency. Thermal efficiency is the ratio of hot gas power produced by the engine gas generator to the power in the fuel flow. It is ideally controlled by the temperature ratio of the compression process-that is, the ratio of temperature at the discharge of the compressor to ambient temperature. In modern engines, the compressor discharge temperature is limited by the temperature tolerance of materials suitable for use in compressors, to a level of about 850 to 900 K. Ambient temperature is nearly constant at about 220 K (although the temperature varies considerably even at the altitudes flown by supersonic transports). Thus, the temperature ratio is about 4, resulting in an ideal thermal efficiency of about 3/4. The actual efficiency is lower because of various losses but remains quite high.
Propulsion efficiency, which is the ratio of power pushing the airplane to the hot gas power produced by the gas generator, ideally depends only on the ratio of jet velocity to flight velocity. It can be increased toward the limit of unity by increasing the bypass ratio. The bypass ratio that is best for any given application is determined by a balance between the increased drag and weight associated with the larger engine frontal area needed for increased airflow and the increased propulsive efficiency associated with the larger airflow. There is an additional factor in fixing the bypass ratio-the fan pressure ratio. Engines for supersonic applications require a higher fan pressure ratio than subsonics for similar improvements in efficiency. When these compromises are struck for the subsonic and supersonic propulsive systems, the propulsive efficiencies of the two systems at cruise conditions are not very different. Over the past 2 decades, the bypass ratios of subsonic engines have increased from 2 toward 10 as lighter weight and aerodynamically more sophisticated designs have evolved. For supersonic propulsion systems, the cruise bypass ratio of choice is now in the range of 0.5-1.0, whereas for the Concorde and for the U.S. supersonic transport of the 1970s it was zero.
In contrast to subsonic engines-in which the needs for low cruise fuel consumption and low take-off noise are synergistic in that they both favor high bypass ratio-supersonic engines face a severe conflict between the need for low bypass ratio in transsonic acceleration and cruise, and the need for higher bypass at take-off to limit jet noise. This conflicts leads to supersonic propulsion systems in which the effective bypass ratio can be small at cruise and relatively large at take-off. Such variation can be achieved by several different approaches, characterized at the extremes as variable turbomachinery systems and ejector nozzle systems. Common to all approaches is that the engine operates at a relatively high exhaust velocity at cruise and a low exhaust velocity at take-off.
The engine concept favored by the U.S. program is a low bypass turbofan (0.6) with a mixer-ejector nozzle for noise suppression at take-off. It is projected that a supersonic transport with this propulsion system could meet Federal Aviation Regulations 36 Stage 3 noise requirements. An alternative concept proposed by the European engine consortium has a fan at the midsection of the engine, fed by auxiliary inlets at take-off, to produce a bypass ratio of about 2 at take-off. The auxiliary inlets are closed and the fan airflow is decreased via a geometry change to give a lower bypass in cruise. This engine concept is estimated to meet the Stage 3 noise requirement with a conventional variable area nozzle such as that used on the Concorde.
For designs under current consideration, the compression pressure ratio is about 22 at take-off conditions, and the corresponding temperature rise is about 500 K, producing a compressor outlet temperature of about 800 K. By comparison, a subsonic engine at take-off would have a pressure ratio of 35 with a compressor exit temperature of 900 K. At supersonic cruise, the compressor outlet temperature is limited by the materials to about 950 K. For a subsonic cruise engine with a pressure ratio of 40, the corresponding compressor outlet temperature is about 850 K or lower, limited by practical aerodynamics. The consequence is that the supersonic engine runs hot at cruise and cool at take-off-the opposite of the subsonic engine.
At cruise, subsonic engines have an overall pressure ratio, including inlet ram pressure rise, in the range of 35-50. The overall pressure ratio of a supersonic propulsion system, including the intake pressure rise and the remaining turbomachinery pressure ratio, is in the range of 130-140, calculated as a ratio of the compressor exit total pressure divided by the inlet static pressure. Whereas the conventional subsonic system might have EI(NOx) of 10-15 g kg-1 fuel using a conventional combustor, even with the double annular system the advanced supersonic engine would barely achieve EI(NOx) of 30 (Lowrie, 1993). Combined with the cruise altitude in the high ozone concentration zone, this high NOx emission would not be acceptable for a supersonic transport. This problem is well recognized, and there are many research activities throughout the western world to develop ultra-low EI(NOx) systems. Although the combination of the 5g kg-1 EI(NOx) goal and high compressor outlet temperatures may seem formidable, research programs have shown that because of the high altitude, the low absolute pressures in the supersonic transport combustors allow easier control of the combustion mixing process. Contemporary findings therefore support the likely achievement of this target (Shaw et al., 1997).
Supersonic transports will also be subject to LTO cycle emissions rules and potential climb/cruise emissions rules in common with other air traffic. In this respect, the lower combustor inlet temperatures and pressures experienced at take-off will mean that NOx requirements in the airport neighborhood could be met more easily. The combustion system will be optimized for subsonic climb and cruise as well as supersonic cruise conditions, so attainment of low emissions still requires considerable effort.
Other reports in this collection


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Eagles & Ag openings down to the dinner
The 2013 Eagles & Agriculture event, scheduled for Feb. 22-24, has seen virtually all of its tours fully bookedBut the Friday Night Welcome Dinner, without the constraints of bus or class size, still has seats available. Honorary Event Chairman Sen. James Settelmeyer will open the evening with remarks on ranching in 2013 and his brief talk will be followed by the recognition of this year's Eagle award winners, Robin Wilson and Andy Aldax. Wilson is the former Nevada Director of Bird Conservation for the Audubon Society and was a tireless worker for Eagles & Ag for many years. Aldax is well known in the Carson Valley for his work on the watershed and agriculture and among the many accomplishments on his list, recently retired from the Carson Water Subconservancy District after serving for more than 50 years on that board.The program then will present Tom and Cheryl Milham, the founders and Executive Director and Treasurer of Lake Tahoe Wildlife Care. The Milhams founded LTWC in 1978 and since then have seen the release of almost rehabilitated 13,000 birds and animals from their care. Perhaps their most famous patient was L'il Smokey, a black bear cub who was injured in the Shasta fires in 2008. He was treated by LTWC and released back to the wild in 2009, picking up some national press along the way. The dinner has featured falconers and their birds for a number of years and this year is no exception. Falconers Lew Sauder and Corey Dalton, with their Goshawk and Harris Hawk, are back and this year will be joined by Jim and Kathleen Tigan of Raptor Adventures and Practical Avian Predators and they will be bringing along a peregrine falcon and a steppe eagle. The steppe eagle is native to Europe and Asia and it is very rare to have the opportunity to see one in the U.S. The falconers will introduce the crowd to their birds and discuss their raising, behavior, training and whatever else the audience asks. What is greatly appreciated by the attendees is the chance to see and photograph these birds up close. Since this is a dinner, attendees will have a choice of blackened ribeye steak, pan-seared breast of chicken or poached Pacific salmon entrees, with all the trimmings including Black Forest cake for dessert. At the event, many of the agencies and businesses that support Eagles & Ag will be in attendance with displays for attendees. There is always a raffle at Eagles & Ag, with prizes provided by those agencies and businesses, and this year an extra silent auction item has been generously donated to the event by local artist Jan Rollenhagen. Created out of gourds for this event, the 24-inch tall piece depicts an owl, and retails for $1,000. It will be a single silent auction item at the event. It is currently on display at the Lone Tree Gallery in Minden.The cost to attend the event is $35 per person, and reservations can be made online at http://www.carsonvalleynv.org


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Wedding Invitations Coburg
ASM Series is a Melbourne based wedding invitation studio that has been producing high quality and affordable wedding invitations for over 15 years. It's success has grown with the support and satisfaction of past clients, with the majority of bookings being made up of referrals.
At ASM Series, we understand that every couple has different ideas, styles and budgets in mind, therefore all our designs are printed in house, making it easy and flexible to make changes and suggestions, whatever they may be.
Our designs range from modern, contemporary, classic and traditional along with custom and specific. Change our invitations to make them your own or gives us your ideas and we will turn them into unique invitations that are all you!
One thing to be sure of at ASM Series, no matter what you choose, your invitations will not send you broke!. We are very competive with our prices and rest assured that being budget conscious does not compromise on the quality outcome.