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Ready for re-entry
日期:2018-02-26 07:42:40 作者:车正楸玩 阅读:
A traditional Japanese pottery and toy manufacturer Tamiya have joined forces to develop heat-dissipating tiles for HOPE, Japan's uncrewed space shuttle. The tiles are made of a natural stone and polystyrene foam, fired in a kiln for several days. Their relative density is about half that of the tiles used in the American space shuttle,

subset: commoncrawl


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SBU arrested Brazilian volunteer Rafael Lusvarghi
The Brazilian citizen Rafael Lusvarghi who was a fighter in the Donbass militias has been arrested in the International airport of Boryspil (Kiev). Reportedly, he was arrested after Great Britain (some sources mention British Airways) made his plane bound for Moscow land in Kiev. According to the words of SBU workers he fought at the side of the Donetsk People's Republic. It has been reported by the Prosecutor's office of Kiev on October 6. According to the department, the Brazilian was arrested at abut 9 am. They revealed that he was since September 2014 in the battalion Viking of the DPR. He took part in defence operations in Vergulyovka, Pervomayskoe, Gorlovka, Starobeshevo, Debaltsevo and Donetsk airport. The SBU already posted a video with his arrest during which he was treated like a terrorist, which might also the official charge.
The next day Donetsk news agency confirmed the fact of arrest and gave some new details. During a body search the operatives seized the DPR military ID with Strelkov`s signature, passport of a foreign country and laptop with a correspondence at once called to be "terrorist".
Immediately after detention the SBU workers managed to come up with and to extend such skills and professions to him as military skier, climber, explosive expert, radio operator, expert on hostage-taking. The criminal proceedings were initiated against Latin America citizen with a wording "formation of a terrorist organization".
Donetsk news agency denies SBU version that arrested man is a "foreign mercenary" and describes Rafael Lusvarghi as a warrior-internationalist who had been standing for the freedom of the LPR and DPR.
Alongside this the Ukrainian authorities continue denying the existence of international mercenaries from Turkey, Sweden and the US within AFU and squads of volunteer-punitive.


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ROMEOVILLE, Ill and PALM SPRINGS, Calif. - Inc. Magazine has recognized Laser Products Industries (LPI) on its 36th annual Inc. 5000 list of the nation's fastest-growing private companies. LPI is the third fastest growing private manufacturer in Illinois on the list with a three year sales growth of 122 percent.
To qualify for the Inc. 5000 list, companies must be U.S.-based, privately held, for profit, and independent, i.e., not subsidiaries or divisions of other companies. The list represents a unique look at the most successful companies within the American economy's most dynamic segment - its independent small and midsized businesses.
"The Inc. 5000 is the most persuasive evidence I know that the American dream is still alive," says Inc. president and editor-in-chief, Eric Schurenberg. "The founders and CEOs of the Inc. 5000 tell us they think determination, risk taking, and vision were the keys to their success, and I believe them."
Laser Products manufactures laser measuring equipment that has won worldwide recognition for innovation and quality for the countertop, cabinet, and woodworking industries. It has sold over 5,000 systems in 35 countries to more than 2,600 companies. Founded in 1994 by Dan Louis, Laser Products currently has 34 employees.
"Being selected for the Inc. 5000 is an exciting achievement," said Rich Katzmann, president of LPI. "It shows that our business decisions have been good ones. We are seeing strong, consistent growth that I know will continue for the foreseeable future. We are entering new markets, forging new partnerships, and have a long list of new products in development. I expect to be a returning company on the Inc. 5000 list for a very long time."
Laser Products will be honored at the 10th anniversary educational conference in Palm Springs, California on Oct, 10-12 where speakers will include some of the what the company says are the greatest entrepreneurs over the decades.
Have something to say? Share your thoughts with us in the comments below.


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Target – "One Minute Past Thanksgiving"
Well, we know it's not even December yet (1 day away) but it seems that the holiday spirit of Christmas has arrived, as per usual, the day after Thanksgiving. We'll try not to have the next month of TV Commercial Roundups filled with holiday cheer…but no promises. Our first commercial this week hits this concept of 'rushing to put up the Christmas lights before December', right on the head.
Target has put out a bevy of new Christmas ads with the slogan "Santa has Elves, You have Target". A few of them are nostalgic, some a little romantic, but most are just plain funny (even a little nutty). Although this particular ad isn't knock 'em out hilarious, it's enjoyable…what's not to enjoy about the holidays, especially Christmas (or the idea of it)? Now, now, let's not get into the politics of what Christmas "actually" is and all the other hooha about religion – when it comes down to it, this time of year should be about giving AND receiving; for most people, it's a great time of year no matter what your affiliation is. I apologize to those who hate it.
Back to the fun stuff: Target has done a good job with advertising holiday cheer and fun while providing their viewers with a solution to the challenges they may face, which are obviously all at Target. While Target can't solve all your holiday problems (family?) it probably does supply solutions to almost all of the aesthetic issues you may come across this season of greetings.
Ancestry.com – "Santa"
Sticking with the Christmas theme, Ancestry.com recently released a few commercials starring the one and only Santa Claus. Although, according to the commercials, he's not actually the "one and only"…in fact, he's got quite the lineage; who knew he was related to the toothfairy? I may have been able to guess this when I was younger, but I can't quite hear the reindeer bells anymore, so of course, in my mind, there is no way they are related. Then again, I thought they didn't actually exist…
Beyond the trivial banalities of (spoiler alert) Santa and the Toothfairy not being real, we can all agree that Ancestry.com has done a pretty decent job at having fun with fairytales. Whoever is playing Santa in these commercial spots gives an enjoyable demeanor to the character who is a bit awestruck by his Ancestors, but still just as jolly as ever. Who knew Santa could be surprised by what he found on the internet? That's not a challenge, by the way.
If you're a brand or agency in need of a commercial or viral campaign, contact us here.


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Educational and fun resources
These downloads can be printed off. Some are from the RNLI national site, others are local to Scarborough. All are intended as educational resources for all ages. For security reasons pdf files will download to your Internet device. Depending on your computer settings you can then select the program to open the download with.


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- Swimming pool
- Gardens
- WiFi
- Restaurant
- Daily cleaning service
- Massage
- Room service
- Breakfast options
The Hurricane Jeri offers a unique experience for its guests. With a spectacular view of the Malhada Beach, unwind in the fantastic lagoon-shaped swimming pool, relax in the luxury of a Jacuzzi bath or in the swing of a hammock surrounded by an exuberant garden. Combining comfort and rusticity with the last resources in Hospitality, without losing the natural and typical charm of the northeast region of Brazil. Recently renovated and remodelled, all rooms come with a balcony fitted with a hammock, air conditioning, TV and a minibar. Each includes a private bathroom with a hot shower.
Superior Suite: Beautiful views combined with the lush garden, generous spaces and lots of natural light. These are the main attractions of this suite. The fusion of elements creates an atmosphere of comfort and tranquillity, where the green of the plants and contact with nature is predominant.
Garden Suite: Refinement, sophistication and an inviting atmosphere are found in this suite, which has in its interior pieces and ecological furniture, making the environment authentic and cosy. Private garden, sun loungers and hammock.
Luxury Sea View Bungalow: The mixture of sophistication, ecological rusticity and luxury are in this scenario. To complete, there is a stunning sea view of the deserted Malhada Beach, which frames your dream trip.
Luxury Bungalow: The Bungalow has "green" credentials from the wood of reforestation of its walls to the traditional roof of piaçava. In its "rustic modern"interiors are small luxuries and big surprises


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As CES 2019 gets into full swing, more and more tech sites are posting their "best of" lists. One device seems to be topping a lot of them and that's LG's roll-up TV. The LG Signature OLED R is a TV that can roll itself into an enclosure when powered off, or adjust its height to match the format of the content. Unfortunately, LG has not released the price, but we assume it will not be cheap.
LG's Roll-Up TV Is A Fan Favorite At CES '19
Posted in: EntPublished: 01/09/2019


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New booklet out in English with more meditations for children. Hear about The Valley of Hearts. Feel free to ask questions.
In The Valley of Hearts you get more meditations for children (+5 y) and teach them to stay connected to or reconnect to nature. Each element fire, water, earth and air can help us find inner balance. When we mirror the elements and how they find peace and balance, we can do the same in a very natural way.


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[p. 17 previous also has some discussion of fluidity of categories based on money and prestige]
Mixed Bloods. […] While the news of Indian attacks in the province continued to discourage immigration from New Spain's interior, demographic expansion still resulted principally from in-migration.[36]
Most Tejano pioneers during the colonial era were the product of mestizaje, or miscegenation among the native Indian populations, European Spaniards, and African slaves. By the seventeenth century, much of New Spain's people were termed mestizos, a label applied to the product of unions between Spanish males and Indian women. Though this element composed the majority population in Texas, various other racial categories existed, including Christianized Indians, mulattoes, and Spaniards. All participated in further racial amalgamation in the province.[37]
Census taken in the 1780s actually enumerate more Spaniards than any other classification, but such figures distort actual ancestry. Demographers know that the term "Spanish" did not necessarily identify European, white-skinned Spaniards; instead it represented a social categorization. In fact, racial makeup could be upgraded on the frontier, as one's racial constitution did not bar upward mobility. Realistically, the term "Spaniard" identified those worthy of a certain status because of accumulated wealth, family connections, military standing, or even distinguished service to the community. European Spaniards, therefore, included but a few government or church appointees. The rest of those labeled Spaniards by census enumerators were undoubtedly mixed-bloods who "passed" as Spaniards. As noted, the Canary Islanders of San Antonio themselves intermixed with the New Spain-born population, so within two generations following their arrival, no "islander" could claim undiluted blood.[38]
Arnoldo de Leon, Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History, 2nd ed. Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson Inc., 1993/1999. 18.
- [36]Jones, Los Paisanos, p. 60; Poyo, "Immigrants and Integration in Eighteenth-Century Bexar," pp. 85-86; Cruz, Let There Be Towns, p. 129.↩
- [37]de la Teja, San Antonio de Bexar, pp. 25-26; Gerald F. Poyo, "The Canary Islands Immigrants of San Antonio: From Ethnic Exclusivity to Community in Eighteenth-Century Bexar," in Poyo and Hinojosa, Tejano Origins in Eighteenth Century San Antonio, p. 47; de la Teja, "Forgotten Founders," in ibid., pp. 32-33; Poyo, "Immigrants and Integration in Late Eighteenth Century Bexar," in ibid., pp. 96-97; Gilberto M. Hinojosa and Anne E. Fox, "Indians and Their Culture in San Fernando de Bexar," in ibid., pp. 106-107; and Alicia V. Tjarks, "Comparative Demographic Analysis of Texas, 1777-1793," Southwestern Historical Quarterly LXXVII (January 1974), 322-338.↩
- [38]Tjarks, "Comparative Demographic Analaysis," p. 294; de la Teja, San Antonio de Bexar, pp. 24-26, 28-29; Poyo, "Immigrants and Integration in Late Eighteenth-Century Bexar," pp. 86-87.↩


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Race Recap: Crush Cancer 5K
Gotta love a race where the windshield time to get to the race is less than five minutes!
This morning the Crush Cancer 5K took place in Bridgewater, Massachusetts and though earlier forecasts called for a deluge all day today for the 9AM race time a few sprinkles here and there were all we had to contend with relative to rain but the humidity and headwind at points made for a nice challenge. The race starts and finishes at Bridgewater-Raynham Regional High School and is organized by Northeast Race Management who in the past few years of organizing the run has raised more than $30,000 for the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. In addition to the 5K run, there is also a 3K walk and combined the race brought more than 500 runners and walkers to the starting line to raise money for a great cause!
The course took a quick stretch on the B-R High School grounds before runners made their way right onto North Street. There, runners ran for about a mile and a quarter before turning right onto Aldrich Street and then right onto Center Street before turning back into the high school grounds for the final stretch. At about the halfway point a water station was present and overall the course rolled ever so gently but was predominantly flat throughout the race.
The race started perfectly on time and I felt strong on the course, particularly in the first half of the race. A nice headwind in the second half of the race made for some extra exertion to be required but overall a really good morning for running. After finishing up the race knowing there was more rain and Easter Brunch on the way tomorrow morning, I opted to log an additional two miles, as well.
I finished this morning's Crush Cancer 5K with a time of 24:04, good for 7:46/miles.


text: Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content ++ Malaria, a protozoan disease transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito, is one of mankind's most feared and serious afflictions that causes greater morbidity and mortality than any other human disease, especially in Africa. Approximately 55% of the world's population is exposed to the infection, which exerts its toll mainly on the young and the pregnant. Malaria is endemic or sporadic throughout most of the tropics and subtropics below an altitude of 1500 m, excluding the Mediterranean littoral, the U.S., and Australia. ++ Malaria is perhaps the most significant disease acquired through international travel to the tropics. Five species of the genus Plasmodium infect humans: P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. falciparum, and a new species P. knowlesi. Annually, >500 million persons develop malaria, and >1 million persons die.1,2 The P. falciparum parasites alone kill in Africa 1% to 2% of children and are responsible for at least 1 million deaths each year. ++ The incidence of malaria is increasing despite aggressive worldwide eradication efforts. Not only is the mosquito vector becoming less susceptible to a variety of insecticides, but P. falciparum—the parasite responsible for the most deadly form of malaria—is becoming more resistant to antimalarial medications. ++ Malaria, especially disease due to P. falciparum, is a medical emergency in any nonimmune host. The mortality rate of severe malaria is anywhere from 10% to as high as 50% if untreated. The early signs of malaria are nonspecific, and malaria can mimic other infections. Failure to diagnose an infection rapidly and failure to use antimalarial agents to which the individual strain is susceptible can result in early death. A diagnosis of malaria must be considered in any person returning from the tropics with an unexplained febrile illness. ++ Malaria transmission occurs in large areas of Central and South America, the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Oceania. Certain species may predominate in a given geographic area.3 For example, P. vivax is more common in the Indian subcontinent and in Central America, whereas P. falciparum is the most prevalent form in Africa, Haiti, and New Guinea. P. knowlesi has been found in Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore.4 ++ The risk of contracting malaria varies considerably between regions. In 2007, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 1505 cases of malaria among persons in the U.S.5 Of 1155 imported cases where the region of acquisition was known, 744 (64%) were acquired in Africa (nearly 75% of these in West Africa), 253 (22%) in Asia (nearly 60% of these in India), 99 (9%) in the Caribbean and Central America, 27 (2%) in Oceania, and only 20 (2%) in South America. P. falciparum accounted for 62%, whereas P. vivax accounted for only 29% of all cases. Thus, almost half of all cases of malaria, including the majority of cases due to P. falciparum,... GET ACCESS TO THIS RESOURCE Sign In Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Forgot Username? Forgot Password? Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth Get Free Access Through Your Institution Contact your institution's library to ask if they subscribe to McGraw-Hill Medical Products. Access My Subscription GET ACCESS TO THIS RESOURCE Subscription Options Pay Per View Timed Access to all of AccessEmergency Medicine 24 Hour $34.95 (USD) Buy Now 48 Hour $54.95 (USD) Buy Now Best Value AccessEmergency Medicine Full Site: One-Year Individual Subscription $595 USD Buy Now View All Subscription Options


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Small Estate Affidavit Ohio
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Under Ohio statutes, where an estate is valued at not more than $35,000, or not more than $100.000 and fully inherited by a spouse, an authorized party, (please see below for details on who can administer an estate under this statute), may file a request with the court that the estate be resolved without the regular process of administration. If the court finds the request valid under the below statute, the court may enter an order relieving the estate from administration and directing delivery of personal property and transfer of real estate to the persons entitled to the personal property or real estate.
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DIFC Introduces New Prescribed Company Regulations
Published: 04/11/2019
Watch Noff Al Khafaji's video here.
On 31 October 2019, the Dubai International Financial Centre ("DIFC") introduced Prescribed Company Regulations 2019 ("New Regulations") that replace the Special Purpose Company regulations ("Old Regulations").
The main objective of the New Regulations is to consolidate, replace and expand on the existing Special Purpose Company ("SPC") and Intermediate Special Purpose Vehicle ("ISPV") regimes.
The New Regulations provide a flexible, business friendly regime allowing a cost and time efficient way of doing business to Prescribed Companies in the DIFC aligned with international best practices.
What is a Prescribed Company?
A Prescribed company is a private company limited by shares that falls under the regime of Small Private Company as per Companies Law DIFC Law No 5 of 2018 ("Companies Law").
A Small Private Company will be considered a Prescribed Company if:
Scenario 1 – Qualifying Applicant – It has been formed by:
- Authorised Firm
- Fund
- Family Office
- Fintech Entity
- Foundation
- Government Entity
- Holding Company
- Private Trust Company
- proprietary Investment Company; or
- person wholly owned by (1) or more of the above, provided that they will control the Prescribed Company; or
Scenario 2 – Qualified Purpose – It forms part of:
- Aviation structure;
- Crowdfunding Structure
- Family Holding Structure; or
- Structured Financing.
It is subject to the New Regulations as well as Operating Law DIFC Law No. 7 of 2018, Operating Regulations, the Ultimate Beneficial Ownership Regulations and the Companies Law.
What Happens to the Existing SPCs and ISPVs?
All existing SPCs and ISPVs shall automatically become a Prescribed Company upon the enactment of the New Regulations, and shall:
- change its name to remove reference of "SPC" or "ISPV" and include "Limited" instead, within (90) ninety days of the enactment date of the New Regulations;
- file a confirmation statement in accordance with the Operating Law No. 7 of 2018 and the New Regulations prior to the next anniversary of its incorporation; and
- amend its articles of association to comply with the New Regulations and to evidence the new name.
Benefits of a Prescribed Company:
- It can Outsource Certain Functions to a Corporate Service Provider, e.g. completing the filling requirements and representing the prescribed company before the DIFC.
- It can use Registered Address of Its Corporate Service Provider.
- It Needs No Auditor: It does not need to appoint an auditor nor file accounts with the DIFC.
- The DIFC Fees are Symbolic: The Prescribed company incorporation fee is only USD 100 and the license renewal fee (payable annually) only USD 1,000.
How can we help?
Our team will be delighted to assist you by:
- Advising your existing SPC or ISPV on the steps to take to comply with the New Regulations (e.g. name change, articles revisions);
- Assisting you with the incorporation process of a Prescribed Company;
- Acting as a corporate service provider for your Prescribed Company (existing or to be formed); and/ or
- Revising the Articles of Association of your existing SPC or ISPV to comply with the New Regulations.
For Further information contact:
Izabella Szadkowska
Partner, Corporate Structuring
Noff Al Khafaji
Senior Associate, Corporate Structuring


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What is the PCC tax? In what situations does it apply? Should income tax be deducted from the loan? Check it out. When we find ourselves in a crisis, when we urgently need an extra cash injection, we rarely think rationally. We focus on finding the amount you need as quickly as possible. We are less often interested in the consequences of making a financial commitment. Everyone is aware of the obligation to return the money. However, few realize that, in addition, some loans are taxable.
Loan and tax
Many people, when they hear the word tax, immediately assume that the case is certainly complicated and delays in completing the formalities. The PCC tax is regulated by law from the Act of 9 September 2000 on the tax on civil law transactions, where everything is explained. According to the provisions of the regulation, taxation includes:
● contracts for the sale and exchange of things and property rights;
● money loan agreements or items marked only as to the species;
● donation agreement – in the part concerning the takeover by the recipient of debts and burdens or obligations of the donor;
● life contracts;
● inheritance division agreements and agreements on the abolition of joint ownership – in the part concerning repayments or additional payments,
● establishment of a mortgage;
● establishing paid use, including incorrect, and paid easement;
● incorrect deposit agreement;
● articles of association.
The loan loan agreement will be interesting for us. It is worth remembering that the tax does not cover every situation when we decide to borrow funds.
Tax on loans
There are more and more diverse loan offers on the market of non-bank financial services. Many lenders have the option of adapting the amount requested and the repayment date to our needs. Despite this, many of us decide to borrow money from friends or family. The reason for this choice may be greater confidence in relatives than representatives of financial institutions, as well as the desire to eliminate the costs associated with a given commitment. However, is it possible to avoid any fees?
There will be an exception to each rule. This is also the case for taxing loans. Each liability towards a loan company is associated with additional costs in the form of commissions, interest or preparation fee. However, if we received financial support from a registered business activity, then we are released from the obligation to pay tax on civil law transactions. This applies to any amount and repayment date. The same applies to banking institutions.
PCC on loans – financial support from the family
According to the provisions of the Act, additional costs related to PCC do not have to worry about those who borrowed less than PLN 9,637 for a period not longer than 5 years from:
● spouses
● their descendants
● other family members
● related persons – that is, connected with us by family relationships as a result of marriage, including in-laws, son-in-law, stepson
If we decide on any other amount exceeding PLN 9 637, the situation looks slightly different.
● For family members, stepchildren, stepfather, stepmother and spouses, we can take advantage of the option to receive any amount without tax. Provided that a declaration on the tax on civil law transactions is submitted within 14 days (form PCC-3). In this case, you will need to enter a zero in the appropriate field 'calculated tax amount'.
● However, the taxation obligation was extended to higher-value financial support granted by parents-in-law, son-in-law or daughter-in-law.
Loan tax – friends
Borrowing money from friends is also one of the most popular solutions in the absence of funds for unforeseen expenses. It can be said that we pay back as much as we borrowed and nothing else interests us. However, only in a situation clearly defined by the Act on tax on civil law transactions:
● If in the next 3 calendar years the cash received from one person does not exceed the value of 5000 zlotys or 25,000 zlotys from several, then we can sleep peacefully.
Loan tax – in the company and in other cases
Many corporations choose to loan a certain amount from partners who have savings accumulated in the form of personal assets. In this situation, we do not have to worry about the PCC tax, because under the Act on the tax on civil law transactions, we are released from it.
It is also worth mentioning the other cases listed in the Regulation.
● When financial support is provided to us by an entrepreneur conducting a loan business who does not have a registered office or management board in Poland, we also do not have to pay tax.
● In the event that the source of financial resources are cash registers or company funds, employee loan and credit unions, cooperative savings and credit unions, buddy savings and loan associations of a military nature, and company social benefit funds, trade union funds.


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Two new grants will enable the Legacy Museum to continue to extend its educational mission by expanding its floor-space and outdoor area, mounting a new exhibit, and producing an exhibit catalog.
A $30,000 grant from the Richard and Caroline T. Gwathmey Memorial Trust will allow Legacy to purchase the property at 415 Monroe Street, adjacent to the Museum. The building will add a new dimension to the museum. When it is renovated and equipped with a climate control system, it will be suitable for meetings, educational programs, and storage of artifacts.
A $3,580 grant from the Greater Lynchburg Community Trust will pay for more than half the cost of producing a twenty-four page catalog for the current exhibit, "Mindin` our Own Business." Carolyn Bell will edit the publication; guest curator Dianne Swann-Wright will write the text, and Nancy Marion of the Design Group will take the photographs and design the publication.
The Board of the Legacy Project is grateful for all these grants and especially for the continuing support of the VFH and the GLCT.


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A group of scientists use carbon dating to date a piece of wood to be 3 billion years old. Why doesn't this make sense?
According to your lab partner, a 2.00-cm-thick sodium-iodide crystal absorbs all but of rays from a radioactive source and a 4.00-cm piece of the same material absorbs all but Is this result reasonable?
If of rays are left after 2.00 cm, then only are left after 4.00 cm. This is much smaller than your lab partner's result ( ).
In the science section of the newspaper, an article reports the efforts of a group of scientists to create a new nuclear reactor based on the fission of iron (Fe). Is this a good idea?
The ceramic glaze on a red-orange "Fiestaware" plate is and contains 50.0 grams of , but very little . (a) What is the activity of the plate? (b) Calculate the total energy that will be released by the decay. (c) If energy is worth 12.0 cents per , what is the monetary value of the energy emitted? (These brightly-colored ceramic plates went out of production some 30 years ago, but are still available as collectibles.)
a. ; (b) From Appendix B , the energy released per decay is 4.27 MeV, so ; (c) The monetary value of the energy is
Large amounts of depleted uranium are available as a by-product of uranium processing for reactor fuel and weapons. Uranium is very dense and makes good counter weights for aircraft. Suppose you have a 4000-kg block of . (a) Find its activity. (b) How many calories per day are generated by thermalization of the decay energy? (c) Do you think you could detect this as heat? Explain.
A piece of wood from an ancient Egyptian tomb is tested for its carbon-14 activity. It is found to have an activity per gram of carbon of . What is the age of the wood?
We know that
Thus, the age of the tomb is
This problem demonstrates that the binding energy of the electron in the ground state of a hydrogen atom is much smaller than the rest mass energies of the proton and electron.
(a) Calculate the mass equivalent in u of the 13.6-eV binding energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom, and compare this with the known mass of the hydrogen atom.
(b) Subtract the known mass of the proton from the known mass of the hydrogen atom.
(c) Take the ratio of the binding energy of the electron (13.6 eV) to the energy equivalent of the electron's mass (0.511 MeV).
(d) Discuss how your answers confirm the stated purpose of this problem.
The Galileo space probe was launched on its long journey past Venus and Earth in 1989, with an ultimate goal of Jupiter. Its power source is 11.0 kg of a by-product of nuclear weapons plutonium production. Electrical energy is generated thermoelectrically from the heat produced when the 5.59-MeV particles emitted in each decay crash to a halt inside the plutonium and its shielding. The half-life of is 87.7 years.
(a) What was the original activity of the in becquerels?
(b) What power was emitted in kilowatts?
(c) What power was emitted 12.0 y after launch? You may neglect any extra energy from daughter nuclides and any losses from escaping rays.
a. ; b. 6.24 kW; c. 5.67 kW
Find the energy emitted in the decay of .
Engineers are frequently called on to inspect and, if necessary, repair equipment in nuclear power plants. Suppose that the city lights go out. After inspecting the nuclear reactor, you find a leaky pipe that leads from the steam generator to turbine chamber. (a) How do the pressure readings for the turbine chamber and steam condenser compare? (b) Why is the nuclear reactor not generating electricity?
a. Due to the leak, the pressure in the turbine chamber has dropped significantly. The pressure difference between the turbine chamber and steam condenser is now very low. b. A large pressure difference is required for steam to pass through the turbine chamber and turn the turbine.
If two nuclei are to fuse in a nuclear reaction, they must be moving fast enough so that the repulsive Coulomb force between them does not prevent them for getting within of one another. At this distance or nearer, the attractive nuclear force can overcome the Coulomb force, and the nuclei are able to fuse.
(a) Find a simple formula that can be used to estimate the minimum kinetic energy the nuclei must have if they are to fuse. To keep the calculation simple, assume the two nuclei are identical and moving toward one another with the same speed v . (b) Use this minimum kinetic energy to estimate the minimum temperature a gas of the nuclei must have before a significant number of them will undergo fusion. Calculate this minimum temperature first for hydrogen and then for helium. ( Hint: For fusion to occur, the minimum kinetic energy when the nuclei are far apart must be equal to the Coulomb potential energy when they are a distance R apart.)
For the reaction, , find the amount of energy transfers to and (on the right side of the equation). Assume the reactants are initially at rest. ( Hint: Use conservation of momentum principle.)
The energies are
. Notice that most of the energy goes to the ray.
Engineers are frequently called on to inspect and, if necessary, repair equipment in medical hospitals. Suppose that the PET system malfunctions. After inspecting the unit, you suspect that one of the PET photon detectors is misaligned. To test your theory you position one detector at the location relative to a radioactive test sample at the center of the patient bed. (a) If the second photon detector is properly aligned where should it be located? (b) What energy reading is expected?
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It's obvious. We're partial to country music babies. Truth be told, we just love all babies. Sweet, innocent and innately cute, when country stars share photos of their babies on social media, our day is pretty much made. So thanks to Casey James for bringing us a double dose of sunshine with his cutie-patooties!
And seriously, 2-year-old Alexandria and one-month-old Maverick are two of the most adorable little nuggets ever!
Both Casey and his wife, Kelli, shared photos of their little family on socials as they celebrated Mav's one-month birthday and Lex's second birthday, and when Casey writes, "Her smile makes me smile. I figured I would share with y'all in case it might work for you too," he succeeds with that intention.
RELATED: If you aren't paying attention, you'll miss this country star's big announcement
Sweet goodness, that little girl belongs on the pages of magazines or catalogs in all of her toddler cuteness! And paired with her handsome, cuddly and incredibly precious baby brother, we'd buy all the things. Whatever they're selling, we want it.
View this post on Instagram
Happy 2nd Birthday to our sweet angel baby. You brighten up our lives in a way that we will never be able to explain. We have learned so much from you these past two years. I hope you will always know and feel with every fiber of your being the love we have for you. @caseyjamesofficial #alexandriataylor #2ndbirthday #happybirthdaybaby
Maverick made his big debut just before Christmas of last year, and it's amazing how much he has changed and how his little personality has developed in a month's time. Big, blue eyes and the same chin that his big sister and daddy have, you can tell already that Mav is going to be a heartbreaker. Heck, he is already.
Casey and Kelli have kept their personal lives mostly private, quietly getting married in 2014 and announcing Alexandria's birth about a month after her arrival. While we respect and honor their need for privacy as they raise their little ones, these pictures are so precious we definitely can't wait to see more.
We also can't wait to hear more from Casey.
RELATED: There were three dozen reasons to love country music in 2017
Although the former "American Idol" contestant parted ways with his Nashville record label, in 2016 he launched a Kickstarter campaign that allowed him to record and release his sophomore album, "Strip It Down." He took part in the 2017 tribute album to Dan Fogelberg, which also includes performances from Garth Brooks, Vince Gill and Amy Grant, Alabama's Randy Owen, the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and Zac Brown.
Personally, Casey shared in a Facebook Live that he and Kelli were building a house that would be ready for their growing family to move into in February, but professionally, the talented and handsome singer-songwriter hasn't made any announcements yet about a follow-up Kickstarter project or a possible new recording contract. We are very optimistic that this music man will be satisfying that need, though, and maybe little Lex will bring her insane rock star skills to the project as well.


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A quality Invisible Thread Retractor at an affordable price.
Contains over 18 feet of ultra strong invisible thread
Adjustable Tension
You received a device to put in your arm. The device has two half dollar coins inside, so if you move your arm these coins will make noise. Besides, the device has a brass ring that you can adjust to eliminate the coin noise. If you put the device in your arm as picture show, you can close the brass ring pushing your arm against your body....
"The Beautiful 100% Metal Black Wand magically dances in the air around the magician.
Comes with aluminum wand, gimmick, and black slip case.
Dimension Approximately 13 1/8"" Long x 7/16"" DIA (33.33cm x 1.11cm)"
No matter how much you bet, you will always win.
It´s a double-headed coin!
Use it as the closing act of a card routine, in mentalism or just to seduce Demi More!
No matter how much you bet, you will always win.
It´s a double-headed coin!
Use it as the closing act of a card routine, in mentalism or just to seduce Demi More!
Note: Each table is custom made. Call for delivery time
The world's most popular table for professional magicians, clowns, and variety entertainers. This high quality, precision-crafted item is an investment that will carry and protect your props for years to come while making you look your best when stepping in...
Expanded Shell Coin - Half Dollar (Steel Back)
by Tango Magic
A soft and durable, double layered close-up mat.
Does not slip. Does not tear. Lasts a lifetime.
Available in four colors.
Dimensions Approximately: 40 cm x 27 cm (about 11" x 16").
The Thumbtip is the most useful item in magic. Available in a variety of sizes.
Standard - 48mm long, 22mm opening
Soft - 54mm long, 22mm opening
King - 60mm long, 22mm opening
XXL 52mm long, 27mm opening
Fingertip - 50mm x 18mm
Little Fingertip - 45 mm x 16mm
This is an essential accessory to create the "Silk to egg" routine.
The egg is TRUE and treated and cared in every detail, the hole is drilled manually on each piece.
The realization of each egg take a long time so that's why only one in every five exceeds the manufacturing process treatment and attention to detail...
Expanded Euro Shell Coin with a steel back.
by Tango Magic
Compact, lightweight fog machine emits thick bursts of water-based fog to enhance any light show Ready to use right out of the box by including a wired remote control and free pint of water-based fog fluid
Tank Capacity: 0.2 gal (0.6 L)
Remote Length: 13 ft (4 m) Heat-up Time: 2.5 min
Output: 1,500...
Now available in a Mini size
The Tough Pad is a highly durable close-up pad for all performing conditions!
This pad is non-wrinkling, non-slip, non-fraying & hand washable.
The pad will provide many years of quality use!
Standard - 14 x 18 inches
Mini - 11 x 14
This wallet which is also known as "The Shogun 11" Wallet, has had a lot of time and effort put into designing and perfecting the multiple out wallet so that it is completely deceptive and absolutely practical for real-world use.
This wallet has been specially designed in dark leather to make performing the effect easier than...
This very fine invisible thread is perfect for the professional thread magician. This thread is twice as strong as traditional thread, and it is much better for fluorescent lighting. This thread is perfect for close-up or strolling magic and is incredibly fun to perform with!!
Sponge balls by Goshman.
Bag of 50 Super Soft.
2 inch
Sponge Balls - Box of 4 - Super Soft - Goshman
Includes 50 black I's. Perfect for any sponge ball routine.
HandySound 2.0 is a great sound device that is an improved version of HandySound Coin type that sold more than 10,000 units in around the world.
The difference is its sound volume, so it is perfect for performances at huge venue or noisy space.
Handy Sound 2.0 adds something a little extra to every performance....
Note: Each table is custom made. Call for delivery time
NEW SIZE! The world's most popular table for professional magicians, clowns, and variety entertainers. This high quality, precision-crafted item is an investment that will carry and protect your props for years to come while making you look your best...
Great addition to any party. Made of plastic and measures 7" high x 6" wide at the base. 5' long black UL Listed power cord. Liven up all your parties with this cool light.
This red police light includes a 56 inch long power cord and on/off switch.
Halloween fun ahead! Perfect for all your haunted house needs, or for good times at your non-haunted home or at events! These mini strobe lights are awesome for creating amazing party effects like in the best bars and clubs, or the most terrifying scary effects like in amusement parks and movies! These are small, featuring 3 lighting tubes,...
Bicycle - Poker Size - Deck of 52 cards
These cards have a different face card on each side.
You get a complete deck of 52 cards
Comical deluxe plush moo cow mascot costume. Cow head, with see thru eye mesh, jumpsuit with attached mittens and foot covers. One size fits most adults.
Manipulation Cards - White (For Glove Workers)
by Trevor Duffy
Imported from South Africa, our goal was to produce simply the best manipulation cards available. These cards combine all the neccessary requirements for manipulation into one deck.


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United Airlines to Compensate All Passengers on Board Flight from Which Man Was Forcibly Removed
The compensation will equal the cost of the passengers' tickets and will be either cash, miles, or credits
United Airlines has announced its intention of compensating all passengers who were aboard United Express Flight 3411, the flight from which a man was forcibly removed by airport police after refusing to give up his seat to airline employees.
According to company spokeswoman Megan McCarthy, the passengers' compensation will be equal to the cost of their tickets. It will be provided in the form of cash, miles, or travel credits.
CEO Oscar Munoz has committed to never again involve law enforcement when removing passengers from a flight.
United employees had asked passengers to volunteer to give up their seats to four employees needed in other cities. Three passengers left, but 69-year-old physician David Dao refused.
Other passengers recorded footage of police officers forcibly dragging a bloodied and apparently unconscious Dao from the plane.
Munoz publicly apologized to Dao, his family, and the other passengers, but in an internal company communication referred to Dao as a "disruptive and belligerent passenger."


text: Digital Scholarly Editions — Challenges and Opportunities By Ben Brumfield at THATCamp AHA 2018 January 3, 2018 Categorized: Scholarly Editions, Session: Talk Some more possible workshops/discussions By Elli Mylonas at THAT CAMP New England 2017 March 24, 2017 Categorized: Scholarly Editions, Session: Talk, Session: Teach, Workshops Let's Build an Edition! By cforster at THATCamp CNY 2016 April 8, 2016 Categorized: Coding, Collaboration, Copyright, Crowdsourcing, Open Access, Publishing, Scholarly Editions, Session Proposals, Session: Make All Variously Imperfect: The Problem of Representing Text Digitally By cforster at THATCamp CNY 2016 April 8, 2016 Categorized: Coding, Metadata, Open Access, Publishing, Scholarly Editions, Session Proposals, Session: Talk De Gruyter – THATCamp 2015 AAR/SBL Sponsor By John Crow at THATCamp AAR/SBL 2015 October 29, 2015 Categorized: Funding, Publishing, Scholarly Editions TEI, Poetic Analysis, and Interchange By William Dorner at THATCamp Gainesville 2015 April 15, 2015 Categorized: Archives, Coding, Collaboration, Project Management, Scholarly Editions, Visualization Tagged: Boilerplate, CSS, Poetry, tei, XSL, XTF Hacking TEI Boilerplate By Miller Krause at THATCamp Gainesville 2015 March 20, 2015 Categorized: Coding, Open Access, Scholarly Editions Tagged: Boilerplate, CSS, javascript, JQuery, tei Annotate the World Using Genius By Kacy Tillman at THATCamp Florida 2015 February 24, 2015 Categorized: Collaboration, Digital Literacy, Metadata, Scholarly Editions, Session Proposals, Session: Play, Session: Teach, Social Media, Teaching, Workshops Text to Image Linking Tool (TILT) By Desmond Schmidt at THATCamp Brisbane 2014 August 4, 2014 Categorized: Archives, Libraries, Museums, Scholarly Editions, Visualization Making Maps for Beginners and Experts By rosborne at THATCamp Brisbane 2014 July 2, 2014 Categorized: Archives, Collaboration, Crowdsourcing, Mapping, Metadata, Research Methods, Scholarly Editions Tagged: Visualizations Session Proposal: Digital (and Analog) Tools for Digital (and Analog) Scholars By Chris Strauber at THATCamp New England 2014 May 19, 2014 Categorized: Project Management, Research Methods, Scholarly Editions, Session: Talk, Text Mining, Visualization, Your Categories Are Inadequate Pros and cons; pitfalls and tips By Christina Smith at THATCamp Southwest 2014 April 5, 2014 Categorized: Collaboration, Data Mining, Mapping, Metadata, Publishing, Scholarly Editions, Text Mining Workshop Proposal–The Classroom as Humanities Lab and Digital Research By James Mulholland at THATCamp Digital Knowledge 2014 March 24, 2014 Categorized: Collaboration, Digital Literacy, Mapping, Research Methods, Scholarly Editions, Teaching, Visualization, Workshops Talk Session: Multimodal Publication By Alissa Jones Nelson at THATCamp American Academy of Religion 2013 November 20, 2013 Categorized: Blogging, Collaboration, Open Access, Publishing, Scholarly Editions, Session Proposals, Session: Talk, Social Media Tagged: tenure and promotion Markup (TEI/XML?) for Hebrew Bible Research and Teaching By Brooke Lester at THATCamp American Academy of Religion 2013 November 18, 2013 Categorized: Coding, Collaboration, Digital Literacy, Metadata, Research Methods, Scholarly Editions, Session: Make, Session: Play, Session: Teach, Text Mining Participatory DH By Neil Fraistat at THATCamp Leadership 2013 October 9, 2013 Categorized: Archives, Coding, Collaboration, Copyright, Crowdsourcing, Digital Literacy, Open Access, Publishing, Research Methods, Scholarly Editions, Session: Talk Tagged: archives, crowdsourcing, digital scholarship, editing, future of humanities, innovation, pedagogy, proceedings-1.1, publishing, transformdh Hypothes.is: The Power of Annotation (Talk Session) By Jake Hartnell at THATCamp Alt-Ac 2013 September 28, 2013 Categorized: Collaboration, Data Mining, Libraries, Linked Data, Metadata, Open Access, Publishing, Research Methods, Scholarly Editions, Your Categories Are Inadequate Digital Editions By Mary Alexander at THATCamp Alabama 2013 August 1, 2013 Categorized: Archives, Coding, Scholarly Editions, Session Proposals, Session: Talk Tagged: annotation, manuscripts, tei Supporting Multimodal Projects By Alissa Jones Nelson at THATCamp Publishing 2013 June 19, 2013 Categorized: Linked Data, Open Access, Project Management, Publishing, Scholarly Editions Tagged: jobs, licensing, tenure and promotion Aggregating and Curating Scholarship on the Open Web: The Why and How (Talk and Play Session) By joanftroyano at THATCamp Publishing 2013 June 18, 2013 Categorized: Collaboration, Publishing, Research Methods, Scholarly Editions, Session Proposals The versatility of TEI: some projects By Katrien Deroo at THATCamp Ghent 2013 May 25, 2013 Categorized: Metadata, Project Management, Scholarly Editions, Session Proposals, Session: Talk, Session: Teach Manuscript description and the possibilities of digital editing with TEI-conformant XML By Ulrike Wuttke at THATCamp Ghent 2013 May 24, 2013 Categorized: Scholarly Editions, Session Proposals One Hour: One Project – DH and Libraries Ebook By Micah Vandegrift at THATCamp ACRL 2013 April 14, 2013 Categorized: Publishing, Scholarly Editions Tagged: creative commons, ebook Robinson Crusoe in the Public Sphere By Suzan Alteri at THATCamp Florida 2013 February 13, 2013 Categorized: Collaboration, Digital Literacy, Libraries, Metadata, Open Access, Scholarly Editions, Teaching Tagged: comparative editions, digital collections, digital information, public sphere, special collections "'Using Versus Building' in the Digital Humanities" By markkamrath at THATCamp Florida 2013 February 11, 2013 Categorized: Archives, Collaboration, Metadata, Scholarly Editions, Session Proposals Next page


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Missy still got it.
Missy still got it.
While you were nursing your hangover this weekend, you might have missed something very important: Missy Elliott took the stage at the FYF Festival to celebrate 20 years in the industry, and she had a couple of very famous faces in attendance. Beyonce, her sister Solange, Bjork and Katy Perry all paid Missy a visit.
Missy performed her biggest hits for the crowd, and thanked them for their support throughout the years. It's a good sign for a comeback. After her stint at the Super Bowl a few years back and a couple of new singles under her belt, fans thought she was readying a proper return. We are well into 2017 and still no concrete evidence she's releasing an album any time soon… so these one-off performances like the Fyf Fest are extra special.
Check out the epic pictures plus a couple of the performances below:
Thank u to my good sis @solangeknowles u know how we do! #cancerseason!& my good sis ?@Beyonce they always have shown me ❤& I am humbled?? pic.twitter.com/kkrLahHkwj
— Missy Elliott (@MissyElliott) July 22, 2017
.@bjork YOU are LEGENDARY! & your MUSIC & BEATS & CREATIVITY have been inspiring for ppl like me! We had a blast @ the #FYFFest I ❤u much? pic.twitter.com/1iXGjillWu
— Missy Elliott (@MissyElliott) July 22, 2017
THANKU @MissyElliott !! that was 1 of the best shows ive ever seen:million mindblowing hits 1after the other! A TOTAL ETERNAL ADORE <3 björk https://t.co/VdTGxLd0Xm
— björk (@bjork) July 24, 2017
.@katyperry Thank u for coming out to support me at the #FYFFest last night I see u getting it in to "Lose Control" ayyye?? grateful?? pic.twitter.com/dAZN2WVFLg
— Missy Elliott (@MissyElliott) July 22, 2017
Thoughts? Let us know in Exhale.
And while you're at it… leave a comment and follow us on Facebook, Twitter & Instagram and subscribe to our YouTube channel.


text:
Brazil and Croatia Started in style: Football worldcup 2014 @ Brazil
Bazil had waited for the World Cup for years. They spent billions building stadiums but finally the World Cup was here and they let the big Brazilian party started. Brazil made a winning start to their campaign after a colourful opening ceremony at the Arena de Sao Paulo. Thousands of Brazilian fans... [Read More]


text:
KCR to TDP: Support T-state or cease to exist
Telangana Rashtra Samithi president K Chandrasekhar Rao has warned TDP chief Chandrababu Naidu that the TDP would cease to exist in the region if the party did not change its stand on separate statehood.
Speaking to party workers here today after admitting TDP workers from Adilabad district into his party, KCR demanded that the TDP should submit a memorandum to the Srikrishna Committee in favour of Telangana. Otherwise, Naidu should forget about the TDP in the region, the TRS chief said.


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hot sessions, perfect material bf, same of my pic
Hi my name is Matthew. I've just landed back in to London this September and looking forward to meeting you. We must have something in common since you're checking me out.
A bit more about me. I'm Latin, I speak perfect English and Spanish. I am the perfect companion to have at dinner, to chat with and of course, to have a great hot sex. I am 100% versatile.
I like to treat my clients in the best possible way and have always satisfy their wishes. All my photos are real. Usually people say I have a better personally.
I open to party and also threesomes.
I hope to hear from you soon and please don't waste time because life is too short .
Let me know if u have any questions...


text:
Eating Well To Effectively Manage Diabetes
Diabetes or not, eating healthy food is recommended for everyone. However, if you have diabetes, you need to remember that eating healthy food is not just a requirement, but it should be part of your everyday life. Living with diabetes is hard. You need to drastically change the way you live your life especially when it comes to your diet. There is basically no need to prepare separate meals for people with diabetes and for people who are not suffering from this disease as the diabetic diet […]More info


text:
Travel view of Venice houses featuring house restaurant. The image location is Venice in Italy, Europe.
Travel view of Venice houses featuring house restaurant. The image location is Venice in Italy, Europe.
Category:houses palaces Venice photo. The photo "Venice house restaurant" is free for private or commercial use. This free photo may be used for different types of artworks, like digital presentations, books, web design, videogames, exibitions and more. Additional details are available in the faq section. The full stock photos collection includes thousands of photos; more photos related to "Venice house restaurant" are available in the section houses palaces Venice.
Author:Valentina Sannicolo.
Publisher:Francesco Cepolina.
Download:The image is available in 8 different resolutions.
keys:Venice , StrV, free photo, free image, free photo download.
Venice house restaurant extended keywords
keywords:Venice, Europe, Italy, city, Veneto, Italian region, lagoon, channels, rills, love, dream, water, relax, vacations, romantic, Venice, Venezia, metropolis, urban center, house, dwelling, home, domicile, abode, habitation, dwelling house, restaurant, eating house, eating place, building, edifice, European country, natural beauties, love cities, tourism, travel europe, travel guide, travel map, travel package, travel planning, most downloaded, most popular, beautiful, travel destinations, travel, tourist destination, view, popular, tourist, holiday, vacation, european, travel photography, traveler, Alps, Mediterranean Sea, landscapes, mountainous country, lowland, summer tourism, history, artistic treasures, Italian Republic, Italia, European nation, houses, palaces, houses palaces Venice, trading city, commercial relations, Orient, Arab, Byzantine, influences, style, windows, curved shapes, arcs, noble family, palace, power, mansion, banks, Grand Canal, buildings, pier, window, art, architecture, opening, light pass, wood framework, metal framework, glass windowpane, balconies, blinds windows, grilles window, framework, frame, framing, architectonic elements, indoor, municipality, structure, construction, touristry, holidays, fun, facade, frontage, frontal, front, old, past, past times, yesteryear, yore, alley, alleyway, back street, street, thoroughfare, wall, solid structure, protects space, architectural partition, rooms, concrete wall, stone walls, wood wall, paper wall, partition, divider, sky, atmosphere, blue, village, small town, settlement, community


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Job Description
.NET Framework, VB.NET, C#.NET, ASP.NET with HML, CSS, JavaScript, Ajax, Visual Studio. To join very talented team working on sophisticated financial platform. Company are phasing in some new exciting technology and phasing out some of the old stuff ie VB.NET so candidates will be able to keep skills right up to date


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Gene expression in vivo shows that Helicobacter pylori colonizes an acidic niche on the gastric surface
Communicated by H. Ronald Kaback, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, March 14, 2007 (received for review January 9, 2007)
Helicobacter pylori is a gastric-dwelling pathogen responsible, with acid secretion, for peptic ulcer and a 20-fold increase in the risk of gastric cancer. Several transcriptomes have been described after short-term exposure to acidity in vitro, but there are no data identifying the effects of chronic gastric exposure on bacterial gene expression. Comparison of the in vivo to the in vitro transcriptome at pH 7.4 identified several groups of genes of known function that increased expression >2-fold, and three of these respond both to acidity in vitro and to gastric infection. Almost all known acid acclimation genes are highly up-regulated. These include ureA, ureB, and rocF and the pH-gated urea channel, ureI. There is also up-regulation of two groups of motility and chemotaxis genes and for pathogenicity island genes, especially cagA, a predictor for pathogenicity. Most of these genes interact with HP0166, the response element of the pH-sensing two-component histidine kinase, HP0165/HP0166, ArsRS. Based on the pH profile of survival of ureI deletion mutants in vitro and their inability to survive in gastric acidity, the habitat of the organism at the gastric surface is acidic with a pH ≤ 4.0. Hence, the pH of the habitat of H. pylori on the surface of the stomach largely determines the regulation of these specific groups of genes.
The acidity of the mammalian stomach is important for preventing the transit of many potentially injurious bacteria to the intestine. Although some pathogens, such as Vibrio cholerae or pathogenic Escherichia coli, are able to transit the highly acidic gastric environment because of expression of acid resistance or tolerance genes (1), only Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative, microaerophilic neutralophile, is able to colonize the human stomach. Studies have been performed in vitro to examine the effect of short term exposure (30–120 min) to acidic pH on H. pylori gene regulation (2–5). Under these conditions, the organism up-regulates acid acclimation and other groups of genes (2). Only analysis of gene expression in the stomach can evaluate the effect of long-term exposure to the gastric environment and identify whether it is acidic or neutral and provide information on the bacterial response to gastric habitation.
An important component of the response of H. pylori to acid is acid acclimation (6–8). Acid acclimation is the ability of H. pylori to maintain periplasmic pH at 6.1 in the face of an external pH at least as low as pH 2.5 (6, 9, 10). Hence, by maintaining a near neutral periplasmic pH, the cytoplasmic pH experiences relatively small excursions from its optimal pH in the presence of acid, allowing the organism to grow in gastric acidity as if it were in a neutral environment. Many of the important components of the acid acclimation system have been identified in vitro by biochemical, physiological, and transcriptomal analysis (5, 6, 10–12).
The importance of some of the individual components of the acid acclimation system has been confirmed by gene deletion correlating the survival of H. pylori exposed to an acid pH in vitro with the ability of the mutants to infect the stomach (6, 13, 14). Other genes have been identified that contribute to or are essential for gastric infection, such as genes involved in motility and chemotaxis (15–17). Some of these studies have relied on examination of the effects of in vitro culture under different conditions on gene expression or bacterial survival to identify genes of interest for subsequent knockout studies. Others have relied on the loss of infective ability of deletion mutants (2–5, 13, 18). It has not been determined whether any of these genes change expression when the organism colonizes the stomach.
The median pH of the gastric lumen is 1.4 (19). This has resulted in the suggestion that there is a barrier to back diffusion of protons across the mucus layer and neutralization by bicarbonate secretion by the gastric surface cells (20). The perceived need for a barrier derives from the original finding that artificial phospholipid bilayers were proton permeable (21). More recent work showed that this result was due to contamination of the phospholipid and that bilayer proton permeability is similar to that of small cations. Hence, in the absence of proton conductance on the apical membrane of gastric epithelial cells, no proton barrier is required (22, 23).
Nevertheless, the pH at the gastric surface remains important and controversial. Studies using glass tip pH microelectrodes suggested the presence of a gastric barrier comprised of mucus and HCO3 − secretion maintaining the surface pH at ≈6.0 even with a luminal pH of 1.0 to 2.0 (24). In contrast, studies using pH sensitive fluorimetric dyes concluded that the pH at the epithelial surface was maintained at pH 4 independent of luminal pH (25). Recent work using open tip electrodes shows that there is loss of the proton barrier in mice infected with H. pylori (26). Examination of the changes and the magnitude of expression of the acid acclimation genes in vivo can determine the degree of acidity at the gastric surface. Similarly, expression levels of motility and pathogenicity island (PAI) genes that are regulated by acid in vitro will provide additional evidence as to the pH of the gastric environment of H. pylori.
To determine the nature of the genes expressed by H. pylori in vivo, we isolated the bacterial RNA from infected gerbil stomachs and performed transcriptomal analysis. Because the luminal pH and the pathological consequences of H. pylori infection of the gerbil stomach is similar to that of the human, it is likely that the gene expression profile will resemble that occurring during colonization of man (19, 27). The animals were infected with H. pylori expressing Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) to allow localization of the infection using confocal microscopy. The organisms were found adherent to the surface epithelial cells and in the overlying mucus layer (data not shown).
Here, we present the first set of data on the transcriptome of H. pylori inhabiting the stomach. A previous publication (28) used DNA capture to identify only those genes that were unique to the gastric environment but did not survey global changes as compared with in vitro culture conditions. Several groups of genes markedly increased expression in vivo compared with that of the bacterium in vitro. These data show the differences between gastric dwelling bacteria and bacteria cultured in vitro, reflecting the response to gastric habitation. These differences indicate that the gastric environment at the site of infection is acidic. There is good agreement between the data presented here and PCR studies on a few selected genes from human or monkey biopsies (29, 30).
Microarray analysis of gene expression of H. pylori isolated from the gerbil stomach 10 days after inoculation identified 16 groups of genes of known function that increased expression >2-fold compared with H. pylori grown on TSA plates in a microaerobic environment at pH 7.4. There were also ≈100 genes of unknown function that increased by the same amount. Fig. 1 shows the number of genes in the functional groups that were up-regulated twofold or greater in the in vivo transcriptome. Members of two of these groups have been identified as required for infection of animal models. These are genes encoding proteins involved in acid acclimation and in motility and chemotaxis. The motility and chemotactic proteins allow the organism to penetrate the gastric mucus layer to find its site of colonization, probably a specific niche in the gastric epithelium (31). A third group of genes was also up-regulated in vivo encoding for proteins of the Cag PAI, one of which, CagA, has often been considered as a marker for induction of gastric pathology.
Two genes that were up-regulated in gerbil infection were selected for confirmation by real time PCR. One gene, HP0166, which was unchanged on the microarray in vivo, was chosen as a control. This gene did not show a change in the gastric environment but was up-regulated in acid in vitro. The results are in Table 1. This experiment confirmed the up-regulation of ureA and ureI in the gerbil infection model. There was no change in HP0166 (ompR).
Acid Acclimation.
A comparison of the in vivo transcriptome to the in vitro transcriptome (Table 2) shows that most of the known acid acclimation genes are up-regulated in the gerbil stomach. There was a relatively larger increase in vivo of the expressions of ureA, ureB, hypB, and rocF as compared with the others of this group. The genes encoding the structural subunits of urease, ureA and ureB, showed a very large increase in the gastric transcriptome, indicating an increased requirement for urease in the stomach, likely due to prolonged exposure to high acidity and variable urea and maybe peptic modification of the outer membrane. Accompanying this increased transcription, the genes encoding accessory subunits involved in Ni2+ insertion that converts the apoenzyme to active urease, ureE and ureG, and the Ni2+ donating hydrogenase accessory proteins hypA and hypB were also up-regulated. The absence of up-regulation of ureF and ureH may be due to variable stability of these mRNAs that has been described (32). The genes encoding the proton-gated urea channel, UreI and α-carbonic anhydrase, which are essential for acid acclimation, were also up-regulated in the stomach (6, 10). There was a large increase of expression of rocF, the gene encoding arginase. There was also increased expression of the three genes encoding enzymes able to generate intrabacterial ammonia, namely amidases amiE and amiF and aspartase, aspA. Also in the table are the in vitro pH 4.5 induced transcriptomal studies that showed up-regulation of the acid acclimation genes. Except for hypB and aspA, all of the acid acclimation genes of this group are members of the acid sensing ArsRS regulon (7).
Motility and Chemotaxis.
Expression of 18 genes involved in motility and chemotaxis increased in the gastric gene profile (Table 3). Some members of this group are essential for infection, such as flaA and flaB, encoding for the structural subunits of the flagellum. There was increased in vivo expression of the chemotaxis gene cheY (HP1067) and the two cheV genes (HP0393, HP0019). There was also increased expression of two genes encoding for transmembrane receptors, the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, tlpB (HP0103), and HP0599.
Twelve of this group of genes were up-regulated in the acidic in vitro transcriptome, hence again showing acidity of the gastric environment of H. pylori. Only three genes in this group, flgG, HP1192 (encoding a motility related secreted protein) and cheY (encoding a chemotaxis protein) are members of the ArsRS regulon and therefore the pH-dependent regulation of expression of the remaining nine genes does not depend on ArsRS but on unknown regulators.
Many H. pylori strains contain the Cag PAI, whose genes encode for many components of a type IV secretory system (T4SS) (15, 62). These genes are not essential for infection, because many strains isolated from the human stomach lack this PAI. However, because of their up-regulation at pH 4.5 in vitro, interaction with HP0166 and their likely clinical importance, this group is included here (33). As shown in Table 4, nine genes of the Cag PAI were up-regulated in the stomach, five of which respond to acid in vitro and eight of which interact with the response element of the ArsRS, HP0166.
cag26 encodes the protein, CagA, which has been associated with virulence of infection and is exported and injected into the host cell (34) and this gene increases expression about 20-fold probably because of adhesion of the organism to the gastric surface and CagA secretion into the host cell. Without secretion as is the case in vitro, there is no change in expression of this gene. Because seven of these genes belong to the ArsRS regulon, they probably respond to the acidity of the gastric environment of H. pylori.
Analysis of gene expression by the organism dwelling in the stomach is required to explain the unique ability of H. pylori to colonize the human stomach. H. pylori global transcriptomal analysis has been limited to studies of gene regulation in vitro although many of these in vitro studies have measured expression in acidic compared with neutral media but do not fully represent the gastric conditions encountered by the organism (2–5). Only one study included urea to more closely mimic the conditions of the stomach (5). The pH at the site of colonization is controversial and other factors may play a role in adaptation of the organism to its gastric environment. The data on acid acclimation genes in vivo show that H. pylori experiences and resides in acid and also expresses many motility and chemotaxis genes to allow the bacteria to move on the gastric surface or the adjacent mucus layer. PAI genes thought to play an important role in the gastric mucosal response to infection are also increased in the in vivo transcriptome (35).
Acid Acclimation.
Acid acclimation is the ability of H. pylori to maintain periplasmic pH close to neutrality in the presence of extra bacterial acidity to maintain cytoplasmic pH at physiological levels. Several acid acclimation genes are required for Helicobacter colonization of animal models. These genes include urease, those involved in its biosynthesis, and UreI, the proton gated urea channel essential for adequate access of medium urea to intrabacterial urease and periplasmic α-carbonic anhydrase (6, 10, 13). Intrabacterial urease along with UreI and the periplasmic α-carbonic anhydrase act in concert to buffer the periplasm to pH 6.1 even at a pHout 2.5. These in vitro data were obtained by measurement of inner membrane potential, cytoplasmic pH, and the use of a pH sensing dye to directly visualize periplasmic alkalization using ureI and HP1186 (α-carbonic anhydrase) deletion mutants or acetazolamide to inhibit α-carbonic anhydrase (6, 9, 36).
The in vivo H. pylori transcriptome showed an increase in the level of message for the acid acclimation genes ureA, ureB, several urease accessory genes required for Ni2+ insertion, ureI and α-carbonic anhydrase when compared with bacteria grown under optimal laboratory conditions. There was also an increased transcription of the hydrogenase accessory genes, hypA and hypB. These genes encode for proteins involved in nickel regulation and are implicated in the activation of the urease apoenzyme. Deletion of either hypA or hypB results in significant reduction in urease activity by 40- and 200-fold, respectively (37). Therefore, along with the increase in expression of ureA and ureB, a concomitant increase would occur in Ni2+ sequestering proteins to provide this essential cation to the apoenzyme (38, 39). The increase in expression of these genes emphasizes the need for high urease content for colonization of the niche occupied by H. pylori in the gerbil stomach (31).
There was also increased expression of three genes encoding enzymes able to generate intrabacterial ammonia, the amidases (amiE and amiF), and aspartase, aspA. These enzymes may contribute to neutralization of entering protons under acidic conditions by production of ammonia. These enzymes may also contribute to periplasmic buffering and thus acid acclimation. None of these genes have been shown to be essential either for colonizing the mouse stomach or for acid survival in vitro. However, the intragastric pH of the mouse stomach is two units higher than that of the gerbil and may account for the up-regulation of these genes in the gerbil in vivo transcriptome (13, 40).
There was a large increase of expression of the gene encoding arginase (rocF) by about 15-fold in vivo, possibly to provide an alternate source for intracellular urea. Arginase generates intrabacterial urea, and although not required for infection of the mouse stomach, it is required for acid survival in vitro in the absence of urea (41–43). Urea concentrations at the site of colonization may not be maintained at adequate levels, which may account for the up-regulation of arginase seen in vivo.
Except for aspA, all of the genes identified in this group showed similar changes in transcription in in vitro transcriptomal analyses when the bacteria were exposed to various levels of acidity (3–5). The above data make it likely that the site of infection of the gerbil stomach by H. pylori is acidic requiring the increased production of proteins encoded by the acid acclimation genes in this group.
It is thought that the gastric mucus is a barrier to luminal acid, protecting the gastric epithelium from damage. Recent data have challenged this supposition. Early work using glass microelectrodes suggested the presence of a pH gradient in the gastric mucus with the luminal face being acidic and the epithelial surface being neutral. This pH gradient through the mucus was maintained until luminal pH fell to <2.0, whereupon surface pH equaled luminal pH (44). More recent work using open tip ionophore based electrodes indicated the presence of a gastric surface pH barrier at a luminal pH of 2.0 or even 1.0 (45). However, using similar electrodes, it appears that infection with H. pylori of the mouse stomach disrupts this putative gastric barrier, allowing acidification of the gastric surface (26). An alternative approach to determine the surface pH gradient, using pH sensitive fluorescent probes, shows that, in agreement with the earlier microelectrode data, the gradient disappeared when the lumen was maintained at pH 2.0 (25). These studies show that the pH at the gastric epithelial surface can be maintained at pH 4.0 independent of luminal pH until the luminal pH falls to <3.0, and then surface pH equals luminal pH. The luminal pH after the gerbils were killed was found to be pH 3.0 (data not shown), hence the surface pH is at least 3.0. The median pH of the stomach of this species is similar to that of man, pH 1.4 (13, 19, 27).
The pH at the gastric surface can be deduced from gastric physiology and from physiological studies of H. pylori itself. The antrum of the stomach is an endocrine organ and is also the major site of H. pylori infection in the human (46). Feeding stimulates the release of gastrin from the antral G-cell because of muscarinic and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) stimulation and by luminal aromatic amino acids (47). Gastrin stimulates the release of histamine from the enterochromaffin-like cell, which activates the H2 receptor of the parietal cell and is the major peripheral stimulant of acid secretion. The buffering action of food maintains luminal pH to between pH 4.0 and 5.0. After digestion, the intragastric pH falls to 3.0 or less. D-cells are located at the base of antral glands and, because their apical surface is exposed to the lumen, they sense surface pH and release somatostatin when the luminal pH falls to 3.0 (48). Somatostatin inhibits gastrin release. The antral D cells thus respond to acidic pH at a location well below the surface of the mucosa. This inhibition of gastrin release by luminal pH at the D cell suggests that gastric mucus and HCO3 − secretion do not provide a barrier to protons at a luminal pH ≤ 3.0 (25, 49).
Other evidence supporting an acidic environment at the gastric surface is the finding that Hp ureI deletion mutants are unable to colonize either the mouse or gerbil and also do not survive at a pH <4.0 in vitro even in the presence of physiological urea concentrations (13). Expression of the UreI component of the acid acclimation system is essential for infection or colonization of the gerbil unless acid secretion is inhibited by administration of H, K ATPase inhibitors. H. pylori isogenic ureI deletion mutants infected the nonacid secreting gerbil stomach as effectively as the wild-type organism (13). However, restoration of acid secretion by discontinuing administration of the ATPase inhibitors completely eradicated the deletion mutant but not the wild-type organism. Therefore, the bacteria require expression of UreI to survive acidity at the site of colonization on the gastric surface. It is likely that this pH ≤ 4.0, the lowest pH at which H. pylori survives in the absence of either urea or UreI (9).
Except for the hypB and aspA, all of the acid acclimation genes in table 1 are members of the ArsRS regulon. These data provide further evidence for exposure of the periplasm in vivo to a pH that activates HP0165 at a pH ≈5.9, the pH for half maximal activation of UreI and close to the pKa of histidine (50, 51). This is close to the calculated periplasmic pH found in vitro when the pHout was pH 3.0 (9). It would seem that the regulation of these genes in vivo when the organism is already on the surface of the gastric epithelium is also a compelling argument for their requirement for colonization, not just transit to the gastric surface. Hence, the in vivo transcriptome and the ureI deletion infection experiments indicate that H. pylori has to resist acid both in transit from the gastric lumen to the gastric surface and at its site of colonization. A model of the in vivo acid acclimation mechanism and gene regulation by the ArsRS two-component system is shown in Fig. 2.
Motility and Chemotaxis.
To infect the stomach, H. pylori must transit the mucus layer from the gastric lumen to access the epithelial surface, its site of infection. This movement is directed as H. pylori colonize a particular gastric niche, the transitional zone at the interface of the antral and fundic mucosa of the human stomach (31). It must continually seek out this niche as conditions vary between feeding and fasting. This directed movement requires motility and chemotaxis. H. pylori is spiral shaped with 2–6 unipolar sheathed flagella. Together, these attributes enable the organism to move in the gastric mucus (52).
Inoculation of gnotobiotic pigs with H. pylori strains of different motilities as determined by in vitro methods demonstrated that the rates of infection were proportional to the degree of motility of the organism and established the requirement for motility as a pathogenic factor (53). The flagellae are composed of two subunits, FlaA and FlaB. Mutation of either subunit alone or a double mutation abolished colonization in the gnotobiotic pig (54). Mutagenesis of a number of motility genes in H. pylori also abolished colonization and/or persistence in various animal infection models (16). Of the 13 genes encoding flagellar structural and biosynthetic proteins that were up-regulated in the gerbil stomach, flaA, flgD, flgE, and flgH, have been shown to be essential for gerbil infection. Eight of the 13 in vivo up-regulated genes were also up-regulated in in vitro transcriptomal comparison studies of H. pylori exposed to acid versus neutral pH (2–5). This commonality of increased expression of these flagellar genes between the in vivo transcriptome and acid-induced in vitro transcriptomes suggests that low pH at the site of colonization is one of the triggers for transcription of these genes. Also, there was an increase in expression of the chemotactic genes cheY, and the two cheV genes in both the in vivo and in vitro acid-induced transcriptomes suggesting that the trigger for the sigma factor σ80 is low pH (2, 5).
H. pylori has a positive chemotactic response to urea, sodium bicarbonate and the urease inhibitor, flurofamide (55). Because urea is an absolute requirement for acid survival by this gastric pathogen, it has been suggested that the chemotactic response to urea may be a requirement for colonization (55). Urease is not required for the positive chemotactic response to urea in a low viscosity medium but is required at higher viscosities (5.6–16.7 cP) (56). In H. pylori, chemo-attractants/repellents bind to inner membrane methyl-accepting chemoreceptor proteins (MCPs) (TlpA, TlpB and TlpC). Ligand binding to the chemoreceptor activates the histidine kinase, CheA, through the coupling protein CheW, phosphorylating the response regulator CheY that then binds to MotB the flagellar motor switch, affecting both flagellar direction and rotational velocity. cheY mutants of H. pylori strain N6 are nonmotile and unable to infect the gnotobiotic pig (57). Likewise, disruption of cheW and cheY in the SS1 strain renders the organism nonmotile and unable to infect the HSD/ICR mouse. In contrast, cheA, cheY, and cheW mutants of the SS1 strain were able to infect FVB/N mice but with an attenuated phenotype after 2 weeks of infection that returned to control levels after 6 months of infection (58). Disruption of the motB gene results in a nonmotile bacterium with intact flagella that is severely attenuated in its ability to infect the FVB/N mouse and incapable of infecting the HSD/ICR mouse (57, 59). Disruption of the putative MCP genes, tlpA and tlpC, had no effect on motility, but these mutants were also attenuated in their ability to infect mice. There was increased in vivo expression of the chemotaxis gene cheY (HP1067) and the two cheV genes (HP0393, HP0019) as in expression of these genes in the in vitro acid-exposed transcriptome (2, 5). Increased expression of the gene encoding the transmembrane receptor, methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, tlpB (HP0103) and HP0559 in the gerbil stomach but not under acidic conditions in vitro suggests that regulation of these genes, unlike that of cheV and cheY, is independent of environmental pH. Further, only three of these genes are part of the ArsRS regulon, suggesting regulation by factors other than environmental pH.
It is thought that expression of the genes in the Cag PAI is related to generation of gastric pathology (35). Several genes of the Cag PAI are up-regulated by acidity in vitro (cag22, cag21, cag20, cag12, and cag1) and, along with cagA, are also part of the ArsRS regulon (5, 7). None of the in vitro acid-induced transcriptomes detected up-regulation of cagA, although it increased 21-fold in vivo. These findings suggest that the T4SS machinery is up-regulated when the organism senses acid so as to be primed to inject CagA. cagA is up-regulated following adhesion and secretion into the gastric cell due to the requirement for increased CagA synthesis. Therefore, cagA as a member of the ArsRS regulon requires not only acid for increased transcription but also adhesion to the host cell and increased protein turnover due to secretion into the host cell.
Thus, analysis of the in vivo transcriptome has shown up-regulation of several groups of genes, three of which are discussed here. The majority of the acid acclimation group of genes was up-regulated, and these are members of the pH sensitive ArsRS two-component system, indicating that this group is regulated by gastric acidity. Only three of the motility and chemotaxis group of genes are members of this regulon, but 12 of the 18 genes in this group were increased in vitro at pH 4.5, suggesting an additional acidity-dependent regulation. However, seven of nine PAI genes up-regulated in the stomach are members of this two-component system and hence respond to gastric acidity. Acidity is therefore a major factor in regulation of many of the genes, but other as-yet-undiscovered means of regulation must also be present.
Materials and Methods
Briefly, Mongolian gerbils were inoculated by gavage with H. pylori strain 69a expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP-Hp). Ten days after inoculation, the animals were killed, and their stomachs were rapidly removed. H. pylori RNA from the fundic and antral mucosae was isolated and enriched by using MICROBEnrich and MICROBExpress Bacterial mRNA enrichment kits (Ambion, Austin, TX). cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription from in vivo H. pylori RNA in the presence of Cy5-dCTP and from in vitro cultured H. pylori RNA with Cy3-dCTP and hybridized to glass slides containing the 1,534 predicted ORFs of H. pylori strain 26695 (5). Microarray analysis was performed by using Phoretix Array software (Nonlinear Dynamic, Durham, NC). For details, see supporting information (SI) Materials and Methods .
- ‡To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: dscott{at}ucla.edu or gsachs{at}ucla.edu
Author contributions: D.R.S. and G.S. designed research; D.R.S., E.A.M., and J.O. performed research; D.R.S., E.A.M., Y.W., J.O., and G.S. analyzed data; and D.R.S. and G.S. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0702300104/DC1.
- Abbreviation:
- pathogenicity island.
- © 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
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Robert Pattinson and Willem Dafoe star as two lighthouse keepers with only themselves to keep each other company when they eventually begin to go nuts.
The first trailer for A24's and Robert Eggers' film The Lighthouse focused on building the sense of dread we can expect in the film with a tease of a supernatural element, which was great.
This second trailer aims to highlight the film's dark-comedy aspect and it does so superbly while retaining its element of mystery, suspense and horror.
Pattinson and Dafoe play lighthouse keepers on a remote New England island in the 1890s who go mad after a time together.
They both look like they're in excellent form here with some solid chemistry between the two.
This is director Robert Eggers follow-up to his successful horror film The Witch (2016), which was highly praised for its disturbing, slow-burning take on the witch mythology.
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The fact that he's shot the film in grainy black and white and in an unusual aspect ratio should only heighten the experience for horror fans.
It's due for release on 18 October 2019, check out the cool new trailer below.
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The World of Zero Down Investing – sagely.com – The $30,000 loan would be your responsibility but neither financing option entails a down payment. Obviously, income from the property would have to cover the payments on both loans, but if that math works out, involving a note buyer can accomplish a zero down investment.
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Allen Bayer
Accountant in Yoakum, TX
About Allen Bayer
Allen Bayer is a certified public accountant located in and around Yoakum, Texas. Allen Bayer is a CPAdirectory verified CPA, licensed to practice in the state of Texas. The requirements for licensure in Texas ensure that Allen Bayer maintains the highest standard of knowledge and ethics when operating as an accountant. CPAs may practice as a public accountant, work in private industry, education or government, and are often considered experts in tax preparation. Their overall educational requirements and training in business and knowledge in principles of general law and taxation provide CPAs with the skills to help individuals with both personal and business financial decisions.
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- Basic Accounting Services
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Gigabyte Touchpad Mouse the Aivia Xenon
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Gigabyte releases the Aivia Xenon Dual Mode Touchpad Mouse, the world
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