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Radmat GM20 Extensive Substrate provides a suitable growing medium for a self-sustaining plant community consisting of pre-grown sedum plug plants or pre-grown sedum blankets (see separate Product Data Sheets for species options). Consisting of a blend of water retaining aggregates, crushed brick and organic material, all composted material is from sustainable sources and the crushed brick element is a by-product or a second from the brick manufacturing industry and contains no demolition waste. Compliant with GRO substrate guidelines.
Sedum based green roofs using pre-grown sedum plugs or pre-grown sedum blanket. Install GM20 Extensive Substrate on either Radmat D25 or D40 drainage/reservoir board covered with G11 filter fleece in accordance with the Radmat specification.
Apply to a depth as specified according to plant type allowing 10% post installation settlement. Indicative substrate depths are given in the table below, however the specified depth will vary based on a variety of factors including design load, building location, building height, plant species etc. It is therefore important to consult the project specification.
|Crushed bricks/compost
|Bulk density – dry
|850-900 to kg/m3
|Bulk density – max water content
|1060-1125 to kg/m3
|Drainage Board
|Radmat D25/D40
|Filter Fleece
|Radmat G11
|Delivery Form
|1.25m³ Bulk Bags/25 litre Sacks/Pallet
|STRI Certification
Click on the items above to view or download information. To download multiple items as a zip file click + to add to a collection.
Please Login before adding files to a collection.
SedumPlus is a low maintenance, drought resistant, ready to lay sedum vegetation blanket (Mat).
A needle punched polypropylene filter fleece for use as a protection and filter layer in green roofs.
A drainage and water storage element for extensive green roofing.


text: As sociologists at Loyola Marymount University our purpose is to discover and confirm evidence about society. We are appalled and dismayed by President Trump's shameful, cavalier, and blatant disregard for social scientific evidence. As researchers who have studied most of these issues our entire lives, we know that the data prove, for instance, that immigrants do not commit more crimes than native-born Americans; it is, in fact, assimilation to US society that increases crime rates. We know that the vast majority of Muslim Americans and Muslims around the world are peaceful, law-abiding citizens who decry extremism. We know that there is no such thing as a 9th month abortion – that, by the way, is called a "C-section delivery" -- and that women's indisposable contributions to the global and US work force and to higher education would not be possible without full control of their reproductive and other forms of health. We know that the murder rates he so falsely attributes to inner-city communities of color have decreased dramatically in the last two decades, and that "stop-and-frisk" was a destructive program of racist police profiling. We know that children who are raised by gay/lesbian parents are just as well-developed as, and often more so than, kids raised by heterosexual parents. Finally, the social scientific record demonstrates that most disabled people are perfectly able to work in our labor market, but systematically are not hired or promoted due to the type of ableist discrimination that he unleashed against a respected disabled journalist. Furthermore, we sociologists join with scientists across the country and globe to insist that the President read the countless studies proving that climate change exists, is human-made, and is in need of immediate reversal before all of us, including him and his family, feel its wrath. Henceforth, we demand that President Trump evidence each and all of his public statements and policy decisions with patterned scientific data from universities (research universities, that is, not the likes of Trump University). Otherwise, we will make sure that, at every turn in his Presidency, he will have to answer to us social scientists and to our overwhelming data that disprove his countless fabrications, falsehoods, and "alternative facts."

subset: commoncrawl


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For use on the following models: Z, Afterburner Series, NG, Combustion, Prima Artist.
.030" .045" .058" .075" .098" .127"
For US Shipments:
Small Packet Air - USA Air and Expedited Parcel - USA are NOT tracked.Tracked Packet - USA and Xpresspost - USA ARE tracked
For International Shipments:
Small Packet International Surface, Small Packet International - Air, International Parcel - Surface are NOT tracked.
Tracked Packet - International and Xpresspost - International ARE tracked


text: Activities Quad Bike & Buggy Previous Next New sensations!! Escapades (2 hours and half in adapted quad or buggy in beautiful landscapes) José validates this activity according to availability of each person and adapt quads and buggies to each handicap. This escapade is done in duo with a driver A good way to escape!


text:
LITTLE ROCK, Ark. (AP) — Changes in the way Medicaid pays for services in Arkansas and other efforts to save money won't eliminate the up to $400 million shortfall the state program faces next year, Department of Human Services Director John Selig said Monday
Selig and state Medicaid Director Andy Allison told a legislative panel Monday that they'll have a firmer number on the state's Medicaid shortfall later this year. State officials previously have estimated the program could have a deficit between $250 million and $400 million in the budget year that begins July 1, 2013.
Later this year, Arkansas will begin changing the way it pays for services —paying for "episodes" of care rather than each individual treatment — in a handful of areas, and Selig said the program is also looking at other ways to keep its expenses down in the coming fiscal year. But he warned that those efforts, as well as proposals to find fraud and abuse in the program, would not completely close the impending deficit.
"I don't want anybody to think we can just get rid of this shortfall," Selig said. "But if we can get it smaller, it's a little more manageable for you and the governor."
The Medicaid shortfall is expected to be the Legislature's top agenda item when it convenes for its regular session in January. Republican legislators have expressed skepticism about the payment reforms proposed by Democratic Gov. Mike Beebe. The GOP has pledged to find other ways to save money and curb the growing costs of the Medicaid program if they win control of the Legislature in November.
Selig and Allison said an unknown factor for that estimate is the impact of the federal health care law, noting that it could swell the state's Medicaid rolls. Selig said DHS will likely have a better financial estimate after the U.S. Supreme Court rules on the health care law this summer.
He warned that lawmakers will face tough choices about the program and potential cuts if additional revenues aren't found.
"Without significant new revenues, there's just not any way to not make some really deep cuts in this program," Selig said.


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Today we hark back to what used be the number one news item, Brexit. There has been short-term uplift for economic figures from a weaker pound (and knock-on benefits for FTSE 100 companies with foreign earnings), but the longer-term outlook is not so good, according to recent reports.
Our friends at AltFi carry coverage of research by Magic Circle law firm Allen & Overy. This look at the Brexit implications for investors in, and borrowers of, alternative credit.
"More than two-thirds of UK firms have seen the result of the EU referendum hinder their ability to tap alternative sources of funding, according to a survey by the law firm Allen & Overy, which also suggests a large number of alternative credit investors see the process as an opportunity.
"It has been more than four months since the UK's path to an exit from the European Union became the dominant economic and political reality for firms, particularly those based or doing business in the UK. At this juncture, there is little clarity on the longer-term impact for business and the economy, although, risk levels in the short term – perhaps prompted by this uncertainty – have risen for UK firms looking to borrow money from alternative finance providers, Allen & Overy's latest research into the alternative finance market suggests.
"While this paints a less than rosy picture for companies in need of working capital or looking to fund acquisitions, investors in alternative forms of credit are more upbeat. The report suggests 43 per cent of investors believe Brexit presents investment opportunities for their business, due to anticipated changes in the European banking landscape. Nearly a third, 29 per cent, said it would have no impact at all.
"The research, conducted by YouGov surveyed 362 respondents. Half were investors and half were corporate borrowers across six European markets: France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the Benelux region. Corporate respondents were split evenly between medium and large companies in a variety of sectors while investors came from private debt funds, family offices hedge funds, insurance companies and pension funds."
Learn more about crowdfunding and P2P lending with Money&Co. by visiting our Knowledge Hub.


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If you are searching for what is content://com.avast.android.mobilesecurity/temporarynotifications and how to download the Avast free mobile security App on your android Phone. So let's show you all you need to know about How to install the Avast free mobile security. By following steps.
Here is a Way to Download Avast Mobile Security & Antivirus for Android
- Go to the Google play store on your android phone.
- And Search Avast Antivirus or click here
- Now just Tap on install button.
- After little second installation complete.
Check Out: best free android antivirus apps
Key Features of Avast Mobile App
- Power Save
- Privacy Permissions
- Antivirus Engine
- Junk Cleaner
- Web Shield
- Wi-Fi Security
- App Lock
- Call Blocker (for Android 8.1 and older)
- Anti-Theft
- Photo Vault
- VPN (virtual private network)
- Firewall (for rooted Android only)
- RAM Boost
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That's it.
Hope you find out content://com.avast.android.mobilesecurity/temporarynotifications download and get the Avast free mobile security android app. If you have a any query about it let me know us in below comment box.


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What is IVF?
What is IVF?
|IVF means In-Vitro Fertilisation. It is a technique where fertilisation takes place outside the body. During this process, your eggs and sperm or donor eggs or sperm are mixed together in the embryology laboratory.
Fertilised eggs are called embryos and these can develop for up to five days in our specialised incubators, until the best embryo is selected to be transferred back into the uterus to implant and grow just like in natural pregnancy.
When is IVF recommended?
|IVF is used to treat a wide range of fertility problems, such as:
What is the IVF process?
|1. Initial investigations & scans
IVF starts with pre-treatment tests to assess your fertility.
2. Consultation with a Fertility Specialist
3. Ovarian Stimulation
4. Egg maturation
5. Egg collection
6. Insemination of eggs
7. Fertilisation
8. Embryo culture
9. Embryo transfer
10. Vitrification
11. Pregnancy Test
Why choose us for IVF?
|MMC IVF has over 25 years of IVF expertise and consistent patient success. Find out more about us here.
We specialise in individualised IVF treatment that is unique to you, focused on achieving a healthy pregnancy and baby. When you have IVF with us, you can look forward to:
MMC IVF that is planned and led by one of the UAE's leading IVF and fertility specialist Dr. Gautam Allahbadia, a Consultant Reproductive Endocrinology & IVF.
Contact Us
Fill your contact information in this form, and we'll get back to you as soon as possible (usually within 48 hours).


text: On 05/04/2016 12:16 PM, Norman Gray wrote: > I can't remember if there was a trivial or default DTD which was > assumed in the absence of a declared one, Nope. > Practical aspect: When I'm writing XML, I use a DTD (in whatever > syntax) to help Emacs tell me if the document is valid, but I don't > even know whether the XML parsers I use are capable of using a DTD > external subset. I do the same. If you are using psgml's xml-mode (the one which parses a DTD so that it is tag-aware), then you can install the OpenSP package which provides the onsgmls validating parser, and xml-mode's C-c C-v command will validate your XML document using this if you tell Emacs (setq sgml-xml-declaration "/usr/share/xml/declaration/xml.dcl") (setq sgml-xml-validate-command "onsgmls -wxml -s %s %s") You need to make sure that you do have xml.dcl there (or change it). The -s suppresses output of the instance and just gives you any errors. You can even still use the old catalog method for dereferencing FPIs: (setq sgml-catalog-files '("catalog" "/usr/local/lib/sgml/CATALOG")) This is ancient stuff, but it works, and it lets you use Emacs as a decent XML editor for documents using DTDs. I wish nxml-mode had the document-editing facilities of xml-mode! ///Peter


text:
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Need help with maths or science? You can count on me.
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text:
New leader for Chambers womens programs
I'm pleased to announce that Greater Philadelphia business leader Rose Ann Scanlon has been selected as part of a team to lead The Main Line Chamber of Commerce's Society of Professional Women.
As our new SPW Facilitator, Rose Ann will collaborate with SPW Program Director Nicole Stephenson to create the future of Greater Philadelphia's largest women's empowerment and networking group. Outgoing SPW leader Eileen Connolly-Robbins, who resigned her post with the Chamber last year, continues to be involved in the transition.
An attorney who started her career at Stradley Ronon Stevens and Young, Rose Ann most recently held transformational executive leadership positions with AstraZeneca and Holy Redeemer Health System.
Long active in the community as a volunteer, she serves as the current Board Chair of Women's Way, a groundbreaking nonprofit engaged in grant making, education and advocacy in support of local women and girls.
Rose Ann's accomplishments as a leader and her volunteer focus on empowering women make her the ideal fit for SPW. Together, she and Nicole will ensure that SPW continues to set the standard for excellence in women's leadership programming, both in our region and across the country.
The entire Main Line Chamber of Commerce staff and board will support our SPW leaders and SPW Advisory Council in expanding and evolving SPW programs: the sell-out Trademark Events, She-Suite Leadership Workshops, Lunch & Share educational events, Women Helping Women Mentoring and more.
By providing best-in-class leadership development programs for women, the Chamber proudly plays an important role in meeting the needs of our nearly 1,000 member companies. As SPW speakers have so often said, addressing inequalities that impede the elevation of women is not a "women's issue." All of us have a stake in removing barriers so that our companies and communities can benefit from the best available talent, regardless of gender.
To read the entire April issue of the Main Line Business Monthly please click here


text:
five of my favorite hair products – I don't use too many hair products but there are the ones I can't recommend highly enough!
grow light review – because I can almost guarantee your house plants aren't getting enough natural light!
five reasons to start geocaching – say 'hello' to your new favorite hobby!
fun lighting must-haves! – LEDs behind the TV and uh… a toilet light!!!
five products to help combat facial redness – witch hazel is kiiiind of life changing!
a few of my favorite headstones – 'specimens', 'seldom seen slim', and of course, Lilly E Gray who was a 'victim of the beast 666'
how to clean up hair dye messes – because no matter how neat you are it's basically a fact you're gonna get hair dye somewhere it shouldn't be!
2017 bulletin board/wire memo board DIY – saved myself over $100 on this DIY. Literally so simple I couldn't write a tutorial!
10 things making me smile – just ten photos of the kitty with the world's biggest personality!
At the end of every year I go a little recap post crazy. I really enjoy browsing my archives, it makes me appreciate my blog so much more. It's fun to look back and see all the fun things I've done, all the awesome photos I've taken, and what a great year it actually was. Above are a few of my favorite posts from 2017, these are the more informative posts, as opposed to personal or daily life posts. (That list will be up first thing next week!)


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With a number of environmental issues currently being consulted on by the Government, Beef+Lamb NZ is running an Environmental Issues Farmer Roadshow to help farmers understand what's going on, get feedback from farmers on their thoughts on the policies being proposed, and to provide advice for farmers wanting to make a submission.
In Tasman, the B+LNZ roadshow is at Moutere Hills Community Centre in Upper Moutere on Thursday October 24 from 5:30pm till 8:30pm. All farmers welcome.
View the schedule of Freshwater Policy Farmer meetings.(external link)
Find out more about the Government consultation on the Essential Freshwater policy.(external link)


text:
How to manage misbehaving kids
We have all seen misbehaving kids. A child enters the shop, gets overly excited at the rows and rows of toys on display and refuses to leave. What do you do in such situations?
Nip it in the bud
When my son started taking solids, he developed the most frustrating habit during meal times. He would literally scream for us to feed him, and start banging the table if we did not act fast enough. Initially my husband and I thought nothing about it, thinking that his misbehaviour was fuelled by hunger and fed him as fast as he wanted us to.
After almost a month of enduring his ear-piercing screams, I finally had enough. I removed him from the table and told him that was not the way to ask for more food. I don't like the screaming. I don't like the banging of the table. And I gave him a choice: Continue misbehaving and get denied of his dinner, or learn to behave.
Obviously my child didn't like the ultimatum presented to him and started throwing a tantrum. I sat him on the floor and told him he could either stay here and scream, or quiet down and return to the table to eat. It took him 10 minutes to regain himself, and we promptly brought him back to the dinner table. Throughout the rest of the meal, we praised him whenever he didn't yell and simply refused to feed him if he did.
We continued this practice with him at each meal and were more than glad when our efforts paid off after a few weeks.
I understand there is a parenting concept of "ignoring the bad and praising the good", but I believe my child would not be able to tell good from bad unless I specifically told him. It doesn't mean that I would punish him for his bad behaviour, I just make it a point to tell him that what he is doing is not nice and that he should stop immediately or risk being removed from the situation.
More tips on dealing with misbehaving kids on the next page...
Consistency is key
It takes consistency from all of a child's caretakers to stay true to what has been said, otherwise our clever children will realise that the discipline would only come from a particular person and will find a way to misbehave when under the care of someone else.
It also takes discipline from us to be consistent with what we have said before. If certain behaviours are not allowed, then they should never be condoned. It is a tiresome task to keep track of all our discipline measures and to remain firm especially when the tantrums happen in public, but it is only for the good of our children and to promote a simple idea that "no means no". Otherwise, children get confused when we sometimes frown, yet sometimes allow them to misbehave simply because we are too exhausted to enforce the law.


text:
Culture Trip stands with
Black Lives Matter
Starting at the largest market, Weihnachtsmärkte at Roncalliplatz, in front of the Dom Kolner Cathedral are stalls selling a stunning array of decorations for the Christmas tree. There are the standard baubles glazed and glittered, but varieties also include real glass with exquisite patterning and some with snowmen or a Santa contained inside. Some decorations are true works of art with nativity or festive scenes painted on them. Pendants made of silver or glass can be purchased, adding something different to the tree. There are ranges and prices to suit everyone.
Nothing is more romantic than a Christmas candle, and each market has an abundance of sizes and scents from which to choose. Also, many stalls sell decorative candleholders and cases. There are bronzed metallic cylinders decorated with small perforations allowing light to seep through and illuminate a room gently. Some stalls also sell candles and holders that can be placed directly on a Christmas tree — though stunningly beautiful, use these with caution!
Not a romantic? Not to worry. Neumarkt has a good selection of practical gifts such as custom-made belt buckles. It is quite fascinating to watch how these items are made; the metal is fashioned into ovals, rectangles or squares then embossed right before the customer. There are also stalls selling specialized handmade fragrances and soaps that would be a delight in any Christmas stocking. Such practical gifts like incense and perfume are available too.
For sheer camp and kitsch value, don't go past the markets offering brightly painted Santas or St. Nicholas. Some are painted crimson and small enough to be tree ornaments, while others are wooden or porcelain figurines dressed with smart red velvet outfits and freestanding. They all have delightful and amusing expressions. The larger ones are freestanding and can be quite costly, but having on them on the mantel brings a whimsical ambiance to the home. A higher price ensures better quality, meaning your Santa will be with you for many Christmases to come.
Puppets are not usually the first gift that comes to mind when thinking of Christmas, but they are plentiful. Rudolfplatz, one of the larger markets, has marionettes in the form of dolls and soldiers dangling on strings and ready to come to life by a puppeteer. Some are in traditional German dress while others are in festive costumes, but each one has a unique, cheeky, expression on its face. A whimsical gift, a puppet would entertain all year-round, and it's no surprise that Cologne has its own theater dedicated to puppetry; The Hanneschen-Theater has been in operation since 1802!
If glass, porcelain or plastic are not impressive, then try a wooden gift. Many of the markets sell stars and religious decorations ready to hang on trees. Nativity scenes and angels exquisitely carved are beautiful. They can create a natural, warm atmosphere in a home and are very inexpensive for the quality! There are also more exotic gifts such as life-sized crows and gnomes for sale — do check airline weight restrictions for luggage, as these gargantuan sculptures are heavy.
Time to splash out? Many of the markets have jewelry, gems, and precious metals for sale. There are numerous stalls with elegant earrings and necklaces made from quartz, amber, wood and other metals in simple, elegant designs. Some select markets will have gold and silver but come with an expensive price tag. There's something for the men too! Cufflinks and unisex bracelets can be purchased, many in a new-age style. Looking for something totally ostentatious? Bizarre, festive and bejeweled hats can be purchased with matching accessories.
Christmas just isn't complete without fairy lights, and mostly every market in the city has a stall that sells different types of lights. There are standard LED lights on wires, but for something unusual, try hanging globes made of ceramics and paper, decorated with stars and snow. Many come in varying lengths and sizes, so do ask the vendor before purchasing. Lanterns can also be bought patterned with different types of glass and reminiscent of the stained glass in the magnificent Dom Cathedral.
From the markets by the cathedral to the Neumarkt and beyond, confectionary is sold in abundance. There are fudges, candies, jellybeans and biscuits (the almond flavored varieties are delicious) that would make a sweet treat for anyone. Handmade chocolates in every possible flavor, size, and cocoa percentage are available. Some chocolates are sold in tins with Cologne images that will make for a good souvenir. However, if in a decadent mood, try a foot-long slab of chocolate to nibble on while wondering through the merriment of the markets.
If there's one thing the markets are never in short supply of, it is food. The smell of roasting chestnuts, for starters, is an irresistible lure. Most people will try the standard sausages or mulled wine, but for a unique experience, try the potato cakes (reibekuchen) — a fried rosti served with applesauce or crispy battered fish served in a roll with mayonnaise. This can all be washed down with a beer, wine, coffee or hot chocolate. The only difficulty is deciding what to eat first! The markets run approximately from November to December.


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|Group A Calsonic Nissan Skyline GTR
We don't know the condition of your car, the modifications done to your car, or your track experience, so bear with us on some of these items. This covers R32, R33, and R34.
|R's Day 2019 Buttonwillow Raceway October 12
R's Day 2019 is coming up October 12th at Buttonwillow Raceway park. So if you are going to that, or another event, here are some guidelines.
- Notebook
- Maintenance
- Fluids
- Tires
- Brakes
- Cooling
- Suspension
- Alignment
- Oiling
- Nut and Bolt
- Tow Hooks
- Fuel
- Modifications
- What to do once you reach the track
|My GTR notes, the only picture of I notebook I had handy.
|Notes, you can never have enough notes.
You have to maintain the car. You have to at least check these items. If you don't know the last time they were replaced, replace them prior to your track day.
- Basics - Read and know the basics
- Air Filter
- Spark Plugs
- Fuel Filter
- Compression/Leak Down Test
- Injector cleaning results
- You aren't done, you just started
|A typical light load of items to bring to the track. Not including the engine hoist.
Replace them all before, and probably after each track day. It is cheap insurance.
- Engine Oil - 7.5 - 30 (10-30 for a street car, 10-60 on a track car) - 4.5 liters
- Oil Filter - OEM 15208-60U00 , WIX 51361, OEM(R34, smaller filter) 15208-9E000
- Cooling System - Approximately 9 liters. Gycol or Water? Depends where you live.
- Front Differential (F160) - GL5 85-90 1 liter - (1 quart)
- Transmission fluid - Don't try and fill it though the gear shifter. Though the gear shifter is the transfer case . GL4 75-90 4.1 liters (4.3 quarts)
- Transfer Case - Nissan Automatic Fluid Type D 1.8 liters (1.9 quarts)
- Rear Differential(R200) - LSD GL5 80-90 1.5 liter(1.5 quarts)
Tires are the only things that touch the track. We would say that the single biggest thing that effect how the car works, are the tires. The wrong tires for the wrong job, will mean you fail to reach your full potential. Tires will be a complicated problem because there are compromises. The fastest tires on track, will also wear fastest. The longest lasting street tires, will preform fairly poorly on track. Now if it rains, the best tires in the dry, may be the worst tires in the wet (think slicks).
Generally I want the stickiest, widest tire possible under the car. The key being under the car. Not sticking outside of the body lines.
|BT2 R32 GT-R with Magnesium Volk Wheels
What wheels fit my R32 GT-R?
Can I run different sized tires on my Skyline GT-R?
16 inch tire options for OEM R32 GT-R Wheels
|Cross drilled rotors always crack
Heat is the enemy of the braking system,well excessive heat. Every brake pad, every rotor, every brake fluid is going to have a range that it works well within. When you run outside this range, things go down hill and wear out quickly. I have written a lot about the brakes on the R35, and similar things apply to the R32, R33, and R34. The R32 Vspec, R33, and R34 all had Brembo 4 piston front, and 2 piston rear brakes.
|Racing Brake Fluids
|Brand Name
|Compatible with
Brake Fluids*
Fl Oz
|AP Radi-CAL R4
|Motul RBF 660
|AP Radi-CAL R3
(formerly PRF)
|Red Line RL-600
|Motul RBF 600
|AP Radi-CAL R2
(formerly Super 600)
|* No *
|Castrol SRF
|Prospeed RS683
|ATE Type 200
|Motul DOT 5.1
|AP Radi-CAL R1
(formerly AP 551)
|Castrol Advanced Performance
(formerly GT-LMA)
(was 446)
|12 or 32
Stock R32 GT-R - Non Vspec
- Front -296 mm x 32 mm
- 40206-05U02 Right Front OEM Cross Drilled
- 40206-05U10 Right Front OEM Plain
- 40206-05U03 Left Front OEM Cross Drilled
- 40206-05U11 Left Front OEM Plain
- Rear- 297 mm x 18 mm
- 43206-05U13 Rear OEM Cross Drilled
- The OEM rotors are cross drilled. Eventually in the GT-R racing range they went to a solid rotor, because cross drilled rotors crack. For racing use, usually a different kind of surface treatment is popular(Plain, slotted, J-Hook). Cross drilling looks good, and works well enough on the street. I like a two piece rotor as they weigh less than a solid disk. You can save several pounds per corner by going to a aluminum hatted rotor.
- DBA has their 5000 series of rotors but not in the stock 296 mm size, just the 4000 series rotors (Front DBA 4926 296MM 4000 Series Heavy Duty.)(Rear DBA 908) Have to see if I can come up with anything, or do something like a bracket to put a larger rotor on the car. Larger rotors mean larger wheels, and I think I am sticking with the 16's. (I lied, I'm on R34 18" now) Brake Weights - R32 GT-R
- EBC Brake rotors ~$250 to $350 for a set - Front RK1226 ~$85-120 for a set Rear RK699
|An odd location for an oil cooler on the #bluecar. One day, we will move this.
Cooling can depend on your ambient temperature and humidity. The hotter ambient is, the more humid it is, the less effective the cooling system is. On an RB26 there is a factory oil/water oil cooler. That cools the oil, but adds temperature to the coolant/water. Oil generally runs hotter than water. Radiator, Hoses, Coolant, Anti-Freeze, Water Pump information.
An RB26 is nearly oil cooled. 7 main caps, twin long cams, oil squirters, oil cooled pistons, turbos. Heat is introduced into the oil, and that heat needs to be rejected via an oil cooler. Big, and many seem to be the RB26 answer.
You probably need to run an aftermarket oil cooler. Bigger is better. If you are making a lot of power, then a lot of that power is turned into heat.
|Stock suspension, Buddy Club, and some basic grade Ohlins
|PCV with sub tank vs Flag R
In order for you to be able to control the car, the tires have to maintain contact with the road/track surface. If the car is so stiff that the tire is bouncing up and down, and not contacting the road, you will not have control. There are many reasons not to over lower a car, or to make it too stiff. Stiffness does not equate fast or good handling. We see all kinds of Chinese branded coil over crap sold to unknowing young buyers. When you are young you might be able to live with shitty suspension, but as you get older, and have a chance to try out cars with hundreds of setups, you will probably much prefer a real coil over, vs some eBay crap.
As far as brands go, we like Ohlins. There are different levels of Ohlins, the newest are the DFV, or dual flow valve setups. Ohlins does a good job of matching spring to damping.
Ride Height : Don't go too low. The suspension has to be able to compress to work and control the tire
Camber : The reason for camber, is not for you to fit the widest tire possible. Camber flattens out the tire as you are cornering. Too much camber negatively effects braking.
Toe : You have 10 of them. Or rather it is the direction the tire is pointing. Toe in, or toe out. Toe in make a car more stable, toe out makes it a little less stable. Toe being off is the biggest wear of a tire.
Caster : Shopping carts have casters. In a car it is self centering of the wheel, and steering effort related.
As far as adjustable parts go, if you don't know what they do, and how they interact with how the car handles, you might not want to mess with them. There are plenty of ways to adjust how a car handles, based on how you drive, and tire pressures, but lots of people want every piece of adjustable suspension component they can get, then leave it all stock settings. Don't be that guy.
Suspension and Alignment Settings : R32, R33, R34 GT-R
Suspension Parts : Nissan Skyline GT-R
R32 GT-R Chassis Bracing
MotoIQ : The Ultimate Guide to Suspension and Handling
Wheel Hop
|The elusive camber spacers
Alignment, corner balancing are both very important things in making a car handle well. Most any shop can handle aligning a Nissan Skyline. The OEM specs are above. Once you get into a track car however, your alignment for the track, may/should be different than for a street car. Follow some of the MotoIQ information above to learn more about suspension and handling.
Corner balancing is done for cars with adjustable suspension. If you don't have aftermarket coil overs then you won't be corner balancing. If you do, then it is a critical step in making sure that the car is setup for the track. If you don't have the tools required, you have to find a shop that can help you properly corner balance your car.
|#Bluecar on the scales
GT-R Alignment Specifications
Front Camber
- 0deg 50' +/-45'
- 0deg 50' +/-45'
- 0deg 55' +/-45'
Front Caster
3deg 55' +/- 45 '
3deg 55' +/- 45 '
3deg 40' +/- 45 '
Front Toe (mm)
1 +/- 1
Front Kingpin
15deg 20' +/-45'
15deg 20' +/-45'
15deg 25 +/-45'
Rear Camber
-1deg 15' +/-30'
-1deg 05'+/-45'
-1deg 05' +/-30'
Rear Toe (mm)
2 +/-2
|Tomei Oil pump vs OEM oil pump. The Tomei are the largest and strongest crank driven pumps.
This is a double edged sword. If the car is stock, you aren't on a crazy tire, and everything is in good order, then whatever the car has is probably fine. However...
Peter from Australia mentioned that I should let people know that the oil level should be filled to the bump/hump in the dipstick. We do talk about it in the basics and oil and filter change, but it might be missed. This overfill may help keep your oil pickup covered in oil. Very good idea for a near stock car that is tracked. Some pictures of oil pan level and that bump are here - https://www.gtrusablog.com/2019/08/rb26dett-oil-pan-testing-filling-it.html
Peter from Australia mentioned that I should let people know that the oil level should be filled to the bump/hump in the dipstick. We do talk about it in the basics and oil and filter change, but it might be missed. This overfill may help keep your oil pickup covered in oil. Very good idea for a near stock car that is tracked. Some pictures of oil pan level and that bump are here - https://www.gtrusablog.com/2019/08/rb26dett-oil-pan-testing-filling-it.html
Nut and Bolt
Nut and bolt is what we do to any car before we take it on track. It is a critical step to ensure that you have the minimal amount of mistakes or failures. You will hopefully save yourself a ton of time and effort if you just do some checking. You really want to touch, poke, prod, and shake everything on the car prior to going on track. You will find loose items, and fix them before they become an issue. Make sure you lift the car, and grab each wheel/tire at 12 and 6 oclock and shake. Then grab them at 9 and 3 and shake. You are checking the condition of the wheel bearings, tie rods, and other suspension parts.
Nut and bolt involves taking wrenches, and other tools, and putting them on anything on the car that was touched, might fall off the car. So if you just replaced the brakes, then go back with a little clearer head, and double check them. Often what we do on race cars, is use two people, each with a paint marker that goes around the car, and puts a dot/mark on each nut or bolt they touch. Fast reference to make sure that you have the minimum amount of mistakes. We are all human, we all make mistakes, or miss a bolt.
The best paint marker we have tried and used, is the 1.8 mm to 2.5 mm Posca marker in Pink. Pink shows up on about anything. Easy to see, not expensive at about $5 each. Really worth it if you have things to mark.
Tow Hooks
|Not an acceptable tow hook
Tow hooks are required for most track day event organizers. They want a safe, defined spot on your car, where they can move it, if it becomes disabled.
Run good gas in your car. We could talk about octane, and octane requirements. But we just will say, run the good gas. Run the expensive gas. If you are blasting around the track, not paying attention to things like boost, or temperature, good gas may save your engine. So that few hundred dollars in the good stuff, may save you a $5k engine rebuild.
These are entirely optional. There are a metric fuckton of things you can do to a Nissan Skyline to make it preform better, or perhaps worse on track. Yes really. You really can make it worse. If you don't know the hows and whys of a modification, you should seek some help, or guidance. Aka low is good, so lower is better?
- How Do I Build a 500 Horsepower Skyline GT-R ? 600 Horsepower ? 700 Horsepower ? 800 Horsepower
- Advanced Nissan Skyline GTR Notes
- R32 Chassis Bracing
- Heat Shielding
- Turbos
R32 GT-R (early)
R33 GT-R (normal)
R34 GT-R (normal)
R35 GT-R (early)
4545 mm (178.9 in)
4675 mm (184.1 in)
4600 mm (181.1 in)
4650 mm (183.1 in)
1755 mm (69.1 in)
1780 mm (70.1 in)
1785 mm (70.3)
1900 mm (74.9 in)
1340 mm (52.8 in)
1360 mm (53.5 in)
1360 mm (53.5 in)
1370 mm (54 in)
1480 kg (3265 lbs)
1530 kg (3373 lbs)
1540 kg (3395 lbs)
1737 kg (3829 lbs)
2615 mm (103 in)
2720 mm (107.1 in)
2665 mm(104.9 in)
2780 mm (109.4 in)
Front track
1480 mm (58.3 in)
1480 mm (58.3 in)
1480 mm (58.3 in)
1590 mm (62.9 in)
Rear track
1480 mm (58.3 in)
1480 mm (58.3 in)
1490 mm (58.7 in)
1600 mm (63 in)
What to Do Once You Reach the Track
|Nismo R32 GTR at Buttonwillow Raceway
This should be it own separate post. From watching video before you go out, to knowing the track layout, the in's and outs. The length of the sessions, the rules for each session.
Buy USA Legal R32 and R33 Skylines at Importavehicle.com!
Buy-R.com for Nissan Skyline GT-R and GT-R parts.


text:
ISSN : 2288-4645(Online)
DOI : http://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2018.vol5.no3.143
Comparative Sustainability Analysis of Two Asian Cities: A Multidimensional Assessment of Taipei and Almaty
JEL Classification Code: F61, F62, F63, F64
1. Introduction
Active and dynamic processes of globalization, international interaction, scientific and technical breakthroughs and the introduction of digital technologies in all spheres of the life of society exacerbate the contradictions between the economic and environmental trends in the development of regions and cities. The challenge of building green economy in Kazakhstan is magnified by the strong and established status of Kazakhstan as a resource exporting country. The volume of trade in Kazakhstan amounted to $55.4 billion in 2017, including supplies of ferroalloys, petroleum products, copper, rolled metal, propane, butane and zinc. One third of the exported products represented the non-primary sector of the economy (MKKZ, 2017), including electric locomotives; assembled cars and electric batteries according to Zhenis Kasymbek, the Minister for Investment and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Dynamics of the economy in Kazakhstan is unfortunately accompanied by deterioration in the environmental quality in the regions of the country. An unsuitable ecological situation complicates the problem of stable territorial development. The high level of atmospheric air pollution in the cities of Kazakhstan with such pollutants as nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide is caused by congestion of roads by urban transport, dissipation of emissions from industrial enterprises and low aerating in cities (Kazhydromet, 2017). Accounting for environmental factors in the development of regional programs, the rationale for investment policy, and the resolution of resource-saving issues is becoming increasingly important, since there is a close interconnection between the economic and environmental spheres that are the main components of sustainable territorial development.
The article will be structured as follows: Section 2 offers a conceptual framework of green economy in the urban sustainability context; Section 3 covers data and methods used; Section 4 presents the analysis and results of the study; Section 5 offers a discussion; Section 6 concludes.
2. Conceptual Framework
The notion of «sustainable development» is widely used in economics, ecology and other sciences, but until recently there has been no consensus on the nature and content of the term. Although there is an understanding in the world that «sustainable development is the basic paradigm of the further development of mankind in the twenty-first century» (Bobylev et al., 2015). After the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, the United Nations Environment Programme issued a proposal to use green economy as a key paradigm for economic reform, not only tackling the environmental issues through the development of renewable energy, circular economy and sustainable cities, but also stimulating economic progress through increased investment (UNEP, 2011; Shmelev, 2017).
The UN Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, held in 2012, considered the following areas: the "green" economy in the context of sustainable development; institutional framework for sustainable development. The final document of the Rio + 20 conference sets out the basis for a new model of green economic development that will promote social progress, sustainable consumption and production. Thus, the green economy concept, that has spread after the adopted "green economy approach to the sustainable development and poverty eradication" UN Environment Program (UNEP) in 2011, is positioned as a way to achieve sustainable development within global systems (UNEP, 2011). The transition to a green economy involves the use of clean energy and green technologies in production, reducing the negative impact on the environment and climate, and at the same time eradicating poverty.
The concept of sustainable development has been further clarified in the Agenda for Sustainable Development until 2030, adopted by the UN member states on September 25, 2015 (The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), officially known as the Transformation Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development until 2030). Seventeen goals were identified and expressed quantitatively in a number of indicators, which should be achieved within 15 years. It is clarified that joint efforts of governments, the private sector, civil society and the inhabitants of the Earth are needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Since there has been unprecedented urban growth in the world in recent decades and with about 54% of the world's population living there, there are also attendant problems of rapid urbanization: increasing number of slum dwellers, increasing air pollution, industrial and solid domestic waste, water pollution, etc. Therefore, Goal 11 on the Agenda for Sustainable Development until 2030 was defined as "Ensuring the openness, security, resilience and environmental sustainability of cities and human settlements" (UN, 2017). The urban slum population in developing countries declined from 39% in 2000 to 30% in 2014. Despite some progress, the absolute number of urban residents living in the slums continued to increase, partly due to the acceleration of urbanization, the growth of the total population and the lack of sound land and housing policies. In 2014, it is estimated that 880 million urban dwellers lived in the slums, while in 2000 the number of such residents was 792 million.
As more and more people move to urban areas, the geographical boundaries of cities tend to expand to accommodate new residents. Between 2000 and 2015, the expansion of urban areas in all regions of the world was faster than the urban population growth. As a result, as cities grow, the population density decreases, while unplanned urban sprawl complicates the introduction of more sustainable urban development models. As of May 2017, 149 countries were engaged in the development of urban policies at the national level. One of the most important environmental services in cities is the safe disposal of solid waste. The unsuccessful solid waste disposal litter the gutters, cause flooding and can lead to the spread of diseases transmitted through water. Data from cities in 101 countries for the period from 2009 to 2013 indicate that the municipal waste collection system covered only 65% of the urban population. One of the main environmental risk factors for health is air pollution. In 2014, 9 out of 10 people living in cities breathed air that did not meet WHO's safety standard. The total area of the world's cities is only 3% of the Earth's land area, but they account for 60-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon dioxide emissions. Rapid urbanization rates have a negative impact on freshwater supplies, sewerage systems, habitat and public health systems. Relatively high density of cities can contribute to improving the efficiency of the economy and introducing technological innovations while reducing consumption of resources and energy (UN, 2017). Thus, SDGs openly acknowledged the need to take into account the interrelation between ecological and economic parameters of the development of modern cities, which has also been emphasized in the UN Indicators of Sustainable Development (UN, 2007).
There is a diversity of perspectives on green economy and sustainability that could be relevant for the urban context. Thus, Mayer and Knox (2006) use the urban regime change theory to characterise the transition of two German cities, Hersbruck and Waldirkch to the slow city and slow food movement. Shmelev and Shmeleva (2009) use multiple urban sustainability indicators to provide a comparative assessment of London and St Petersburg on social, economic and environmental dimensions. Shen et al. (2011) offer conceptual models of plastics recycling, the issue that is most pertinent today for urban centres all around the world. Yu et al. (2012) analyse CO2 emissions in Chinese cities and find that they are much higher than those of European counterparts, which is relevant for Kazakhstan, as Almaty, the focus of this paper, is extensively using coal as an energy source. Beatley and Newman (2013) propose a system of guidelines to define a 'biophilic' city or a city that values nature, ecosystems and biodiversity and show how such characteristics could benefit the wider well-being of an urban metropolis.
Höjer and Wangel (2014) consider Stockholm as a model for a smart and sustainable city, which uses ICT for the transition towards a green economy. David and Fistung (2015) consider transport policies in Romania that could be a useful experience of a situation in a country in transition, which could provide insights for Kazakhstan. Similarly, Cioca, et al. (2015) focus on Romania's CO2 emissions in the transport and energy sectors, industries and especially, waste management sector and argue for a transition towards the use of renewable resources at the national level, which could be most relevant for Kazakhstan as a country in transition. Shmelev (2017) applied the methodology of Multicriteria Decision Aid to a set of fourteen global cities and identified the leading position of Singapore compared with London, New York, Paris, Los Angeles, Shanghai, Tokyo and other global cities. Hemani and Punekar (2015) discuss new principles of urban design that could be crucial for a transition towards the green economy. Imai (2015) assesses green innovations in Japan from the point of view of patent applications and reveals that China starts playing a leading role in this area. Kumar et al. (2017) analyse how multi-criteria decision aid could be used to support introduction of renewable energy systems.
In the context of Kazakhstan, the research by Mukhtarova and Zhidebekkyzy (2015) shows that despite Kazakhstan's intentions to update and develop much of its infrastructure over the coming 20 years, inefficient use of resources is currently observed in every sector. The authors assert that it is necessary to encourage scientists and entrepreneurs to invent and commercialize new green technologies, which could be the basis for a successful transition to green economy. Most relevant new technologies for Kazakhstan are identified by Mukhtarova, Trifilova, and Zhidebekkyzy (2016), who identify the most relevant research on commercialization of green technologies, which forms a report on the existing practices and positive experience in responsible leadership for policy makers.
At the same time, the new era of Sustainable Development Goals (Biermann, Kanie, & Kim, 2017) requires new interdisciplinary perspectives that should reflect as much as possible the different development goals, including goal 11, specifically focused on urban sustainability. Beddoe et al. (2009) suggest an integrated set of worldviews, institutions, and technologies to stimulate and seed the evolutionary redesign of the current socio-ecological regime to achieve global sustainability. The urban research should also reflect the important dimensions of climate change, resource use and protection of ecosystems and biodiversity that have recently been the subject of global assessment, described in MCC (2017).The issues of sustainable consumption (Lorek & Fuchs, 2011) also start playing a role in the context of a transition to a green economy, which in the context of Kazakhstan might be a very distant and abstract argument as residents primarily focus on how to increase consumption, not to decrease it.
Thus, urban sustainable development is a multifaceted and broadly interpreted phenomenon that integrates the economic, environmental and social components and requires interdisciplinary approaches. Green economy according to UNEP is the economy that leads to «improved human well-being and social equity, significantly reducing environmental risks and environmental deficits». In a new compendium, 'Green Economy Reader' (Shmelev, 2017) green economy is shown to be methodologically underpinned by the developments in ecological economics, an interdisciplinary field focusing on economy-environment interactions in the broadest sense. Ecological economics uses a wide spectrum of analytical tools to support decision making for sustainable development. Thus, the achievement of the goal of openness, security, vitality and environmental sustainability of cities and settlements assumes a comprehensive assessment of their environmental, social and economic development in comparison with the best world examples.
3. Data and Methods
It is well known that the ecological situation in the cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized by unfavorable parameters. In particular, if to look at the official statistics, the cities of the eastern region (Ust-Kamenogorsk, Ridder), the southern (Almaty, Shymkent, Kyzylorda, Taraz) and the central (Karaganda, Temirtau, Zhezkazgan), where the largest enterprises of metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry, heat-and-power enterprises are located, fall into the priority list of the cities with the highest pollution level (Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2016). The high level of pollution in these cities persists for many years, which indicates the need to strengthen environmental measures to improve the situation in the air. The level of atmospheric pollution is estimated from the complex index of atmospheric pollution (API-5), which is calculated from five substances (sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, phenol, formaldehyde) with the highest values at maximum permissible concentration (MPC) taking into account their hazard class. Depending on the API value, the level of air pollution is determined as follows: low - less than or equal to 5, increased - 5-7, high - 7-14, very high - greater than or equal to 14 (Kazinform, 2012). According to the Kazgidromet Regional State Enterprise data for 2014, the atmospheric pollution index (API-5) was 10.7 in Shymkent, 10.4 in Ust-Kamenogorsk and 10 in Almaty, which indicates a high level of pollution (State Fund of Ecological Information, 2015).
In order to understand what is the starting point for improving the ecological situation in particular in Almaty, it is necessary to get acquainted with the experience of leading cities, in which the development occurs in a more harmonious way, according to the principles of sustainable development, with equal attention given to economic, social and environmental dimensions. Based on the methodological ideas outlined in Shmelev and Shmeleva (2009) and Shmelev (2017) we have adopted a multi-criteria approach to try to determine the pressing urban development problems and sustainability potential of Almaty.
For comparison, we suggest considering the city of Taipei, one of the leading cities in South-East Asia, which demonstrates sustainable development, as environmental indicators do not deteriorate with dynamic and green economic growth. The choice is due to the fact that the cities are comparable in population: 2,704,810 inhabitants in Taipei in 2015, (City Population, 2015), and 1,641,444 residents in Almaty (Committee on Statistics, 2017). In addition to the constantly growing population within the city limits, Almaty has become the core of the Almaty agglomeration with the population of 2,460,400 people on January 1, 2015 (Committee on Statistics, 2017). At the same time, the area of Taipei is 271.8km² (Taipei City Government, 2015), while the area of Almaty is 683,5 km² (Committee on Statistics, 2017). Figures 1 and 2 show maps of the Taipei and Almaty cities with public transport metro lines.
Source: Johomaps (2012).
Figure 1. Map of the Taipei city with metro lines
Source: vse.kz (2012).
Figure 2. Map of the Almaty city with metro lines.
To analyse the ecological and economic situation in selected cities, we use sustainability indicators (Shmelev, 2011, 2012, 2017; Shmelev & Shmeleva, 2009; Shmelev & Rodriguez-Labajos, 2009), which will be conditionally divided into three major sectors:
- economic parameters that demonstrate the dynamics of the economy of these cities;
- social parameters associated with living conditions of the population;
- environmental parameters associated with the consequences of economic activities for the environment.
Table 1 presents the economic, social and environmental parameters for the cities of Taipei and Almaty for the year 2015.
Table 1. Economic, social and environmental parameters for the cities of Taipei and Almaty for the year 2015
Sources: Taipei City Government. https://english.gov.taipei/
Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. http://stat.gov.kz/
4. Analysis and Results
Comparative analysis of two cities, Taipei and Almaty, based on their sustainable development performance shows the following trends. The value of the gross regional product of the city of Taipei exceeds the GRP of Almaty by almost 1.5 times, which indicates the large scale of economic development in Taipei with a smaller population. The level of development of the city's infrastructure, which has positive environmental implications, can be judged by such indicators as the number of metro stations per million inhabitants (in Taipei they are 8 times more than in Almaty) and the share of bicycle transport in the overall passenger flow of the city (this figure in Taipei in 4 times exceeds the data of Almaty). At the same time, the share of public transport in the total city passenger traffic in the compared cities is approximately the same, and the number of cars per 1,000 people in Taipei is about 1.5 times less than in Almaty. Thus, the economy of Taipei city is developing dynamically, using more environmentally friendly transport, which significantly reduces the amount of harmful emissions to the atmosphere. How does Taipei manage to achieve a much stronger sustainable development performance with an area 2.5 times smaller than that of Almaty?
Exploring the number of patents for research, one could assess on the "innovation" of the city's economy, generating new ideas, since the development and implementation of know-how and technologies, in addition to progress, help create new jobs requiring qualitatively high level of skills, solve environmental and infrastructure problems, reduce the distribution of income between the rich and the poor. As can be seen from Table 1, the number of patents received for research work in Almaty shows a significant backlog - 0.5 patents per capita, while in Taipei this figure is 7 times higher. In fact, the southern capital of Kazakhstan, despite the considerable concentration of scientific potential of the country (41% of the scientific sector employees are concentrated in Almaty), does not realize it effectively.
Turning to social performance indicators, let us examine the level of the average monthly wage - the main source of income for the population of cities. In the city of Taipei, this level is 2.7 times higher than that of Almaty. If we pay attention to real wages, then with inflation of 1.7% in Taipei and 7% in Almaty, we can state that the actual average standard of living of the Taipei population exceeds that of Almaty by a factor of 5. Analysis of labour market statistics for both cities shows a greater number of unemployed in Almaty (5.5%) than in Taipei (3.8%), which also emphasizes better social and economic well-being of the latter city, since a significant part of the economically active population is engaged in creative production. The next criterion of social development is the average life expectancy at birth. In Taipei, it is 6 years higher than in Almaty, which can also be associated with a higher level wellbeing of the population as well as better environmental quality.
If we consider another social indicator, such as the Gini index of income inequality, then in Almaty it is 27.1%, which indicates a more even distribution of the income of the population in the megalopolis than in the city of Taipei, where it is 32.5%. Meanwhile, if we look at additional statistics showing the level of incomes of the population in Almaty, such as the existence of savings and consumer loans, as well as the number of people owning real estate, then the problem of inequality gets a special meaning. The monetary policy pursued in Kazakhstan, in turn, influenced the incomes of the population (Kondybayeva and Ishuova, 2013). Thus, the proportion of citizens with a high standard of living and those who come in search of work and are severely restricted in funds is high in the city (in comparison with the average republican values). The problem of inequality is aggravated by employment and housing issues, which are often faced by new townspeople.
"Housing conflicts" and, in general, the problem of "unauthorised construction" also indicate a high level of inequality in Almaty. Many experts believe that housing issues can affect the growth of the conflict potential of the population (Zhusupova, 2015). At present, the problem is more acute, which is illustrated by the overpopulated Almaty, which does not have time to adapt the influx of migrants from rural areas of Kazakhstan (Zhusupova, 2015). It has to be noted that at its current official levels, inequality in Almaty is at the level of European cities and lower than in USA, China or South America. Thus, summing up the analysis, we can state that in the social sphere the city of Almaty lags far behind Taipei in accordance with the goals of sustainable development.
Considering the indicators that can describe the environmental performance of a city, first of all, let's pay attention to air quality. Concerning one of the most harmful emissions - sulfur dioxide (SO2, mg/m3) – average concentrations of this pollutant in Taipei are 12 times lower than in Almaty; the release of nitrogen dioxide (NO2, mg/m3) in Taipei demonstrates a value of 3 times less than in Almaty. Concentrations of particulate matter or PM10 (in μg/m3, the WHO norm of 20), which according to WHO studies is directly affecting life expectancy, in Taipei are 3 times less than in Almaty (WHO, 2010). This disappointing fact is confirmed by the indicator of the average life expectancy (years) in the city of Almaty, which is 6 years shorter than in the city of Taipei.
A significant ecological criterion for sustainable development of the city is the indicator of water use (in liters per day), which is less by 100 liters per day in Almaty than in Taipei. However, "economical" water consumption in Almaty is not a result of the use of resource-saving technologies, but the lack of access of the population to the central water supply.
Figure 3. Comparative Analysis of Sustainability: Almaty and Taipei, 2015.
The most favourable ecological indicator of the Kazakh city is the "green" spaces (in m2 per capita), which is 4 times more in Almaty than in Taipei. This is a great advantage of Almaty, because the presence of green spaces allows mitigating the ecological situation in the city, being a natural filter protecting the city's air. The two following indicators of the ecological well-being of cities - the volume of municipal waste and recycling (in percent) also show a significant backlog of the city of Almaty. The volume of municipal waste in Almaty is 4 times higher than in Taipei, with recycling lagging behind by a factor of 10. Thus, the analysis of the ecological, economic and sociological parameters of the city of Taipei reflects its greater compliance with the goals of sustainable development. Figure 3 shows the Comparative Analysis of Sustainability: Almaty and Taipei, 2015.
It would be helpful to analyse how Taiwan managed to achieve its spectacular performance on sustainability. Turning to the history of Taiwan's environmental problems, back in the late 1990s, it was considered to be one of the most polluted regions in the world, neglecting environmental issues and increasing the number of industrial enterprises in an effort to increase employment and encourage exports.
First of all, experts noted particularly acute problems of garbage recycling, air and water pollution, which were caused by the high population density on the island in 1998, amounting to almost 580 people/km2 (22 times more than in the US) with a total population of 21.82 million people. The number of industrial companies reached 157 thousand, and their density was 4.4 companies/km2 (12 times more than in the US). At the same time, enterprises that used and produced harmful wastes had difficulty in disposing them. In turn, high population density led to a higher concentration of debris. The total amount of waste produced in Taiwan in 1996 was 8.6 million tons equivalent to more than 1 kilogram of garbage a day, comparable OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development) average. The total number of vehicles was 15.77 million units, including 5.35 million vehicles and 10.42 million motor scooters and motorcycles, which gives a density of 438 vehicles/km2 (18 times more than in the US).
River and coastal waters in many parts of Taiwan have been severely contaminated, since industrial, agricultural and residential wastewater often directly merged into rivers. By 1997, 38% of Taiwan's main rivers and 29.5% of secondary rivers were polluted. The primary causes of the pollution problem were urban areas, mainly because the island did not have a modern sewerage system and wastewater treatment facilities. Even in Taipei, where the construction of the sewerage system began in 1972, only 40% of the sewage system was connected to it, residential buildings, in Kaohsiung - 5.3% (Paley, 2003). The ecological problems of Taiwan were exacerbated by complex natural and climatic conditions, as the island is periodically exposed to such natural disasters as earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons and droughts. Backed by the support of international organizations, the Government of Taiwan has taken a number of administrative, legislative and economic measures that have allowed the phased environmental problems to be addressed in stages, implementing "green" programs. It established the Environmental Protection Agency, invested significant funds and implemented a number of government programs aimed at addressing the problems of air quality, water pollution and recycling of waste. "Green" energy was one of the six priority industries, beginning in 2010. The remaining five priority sectors are tourism, biotechnology, health, agriculture, creative and cultural industries.
In addition to actively participating in all international environmental agreements, Taiwan's environmental reforms were reinforced by the efforts of the business community. The Environmental Protection Agency formed working groups with representatives from 7 major industry sectors and held 17 meetings to discuss possible solutions and measures to overcome the difficulties in reducing emissions. The voluntary system for the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions is active in industries such as cement, steelmaking and petrochemical production, where from 2006 to 2015, more than 7,776 emission reduction measures were introduced. As a result of 42.1 billion NTD (about 1.3 billion US dollars) spent, the level of carbon dioxide emissions decreased by 10 million 220 thousand tons, and overall productivity increased. This indicates the effectiveness of interaction between the state and the private sector on the transition to an environmentally friendly production cycle (Radio Taiwan International, 2011).
The Government of Taiwan is continuously improving environmental legislation to prevent environmental crime. This is one of the few countries that have adopted legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, entering into force in July 2015. In addition, the government has adopted a plan to reduce emissions by 50% by 2030 to 214 million tons, which would mean an actual reduction of 20%. According to the Council for Agriculture, in Taiwan now more than 7,200 hectares of land are allocated for the cultivation of organic products. Over the past 10 years, the area of such fields has grown 3.5 times. The Government of Taiwan is carrying out activities to consolidate the efforts of the whole society to solve environmental problems. There's currently considerable public support for the governmental initiatives in the field of sustainability. Thus, the consistent and comprehensive implementation of measures by the government of Taiwan, continuing at this stage, has a positive economic, social and environmental effect in the city of Taipei, which will be extended to other regions of the country.
In 2011, according to the influential English news agency Economist Intelligence Unit, for active efforts to improve the quality of life of citizens and the urban environment, Taipei took 2nd place after Singapore among 22 Asian cities. The experts' report "Comparison of the "green" cities in Asia estimated the following indicators: energy and CO2 emissions, land use and architecture, transport, waste management, water resources, health infrastructure, air quality and environmental management. Together with Taipei, the second place was shared by Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama, Hong Kong and Seoul. However, other regions of Taiwan have not achieved such excellent indicators, for example, Yunlin County is still the "champion" among all administrative-territorial units of Taiwan in terms of air pollution (Radio Taiwan International, 2011).
The Taiwan National Laboratory of Applied Research first demonstrated unmanned aerial vehicles for the study of typhoons. Six devices ordered in Australia in 2015 at a price of 81.5 thousand to 120 thousand dollars, will be used in the research program this year. They are equipped with video cameras and sensors to record data on temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind speed and direction. The maximum flight time of unmanned drones is from 10 to 18 hours (Radio Taiwan International, 2011). Also, Taipei introduces "smart", "green" power management. The company that manages the Taipei 101 skyscraper, which is officially certified as the world's tallest green, i.e. environmentally acceptable building, signed a memorandum of understanding with Siemens Ltd., Taiwan regarding the implementation of the energy complex management platform based on cloud technologies. This allows this building, which is a symbol and one of the main attractions of Taipei, to confidently embark on a path leading to its transformation into one of not only the most "green", but also the most intellectually advanced structures of the planet. According to the memorandum, "Taipei 101" will use the Siemens navigator to control the energy supply, energy consumption and operation of the building's entire power system, and also make detailed analytical reports based on the incoming data. All this should improve the efficiency of the building operation, reduce costs and promote the development of the strategy for managing the energy complex in the spirit of the concept of sustainable development.
In Kazakhstan, the Green Economy principles are gradually introduced into the development model by means of establishing new green institutions and joining international agreements, which play a very important role. The active participation of Kazakhstan country in international agreements in the field of environmental protection positively affected the solution of environmental problems.
5. Discussion
Thus, comparing the effect of environmental reforms on sustainability performance of cities of Taipei and Almaty, the following differences can be noted:
- Commitment to the steady implementation of sustainable development programs in Taiwan was due to very acute environmental and natural conditions (such as lack of territory, political and socio-economic situation in Taiwan).
- The Government of Taiwan relied on technological, financial and institutional international cooperation with developed countries, both in the development and implementation of the strategy for sustainable development.
- The Government of Taiwan has provided various support for the transition of industrial enterprises to more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient technologies.
- The Government of Taipei has connected both the intellectual potential of the country and ordinary citizens, as well as non-governmental organizations to the implementation of green projects.
- Measures to stimulate the development and implementation of both national and foreign environmental innovations played a significant role.
- Legislation in the field of environmental protection has become tougher with respect to industries that cause damage to both the environment and the public.
In Kazakhstan, the transition to "green economy" is based on the following basic principles (President of Kazakhstan, 2013):
- increase of resource productivity, which is defined as GDP per unit of water, land, energy resources, unit of greenhouse gas emissions, etc. It should become the central economic indicator, as this parameter assesses the ability of our country to create value with minimizing the load on the environment;
- responsibility for the use of resources. It is necessary to increase the responsibility at all levels of government, business and the population for monitoring the sustainable consumption of resources and the state of the environment;
- modernization of the economy using the most efficient technologies. Kazakhstan will increase GDP, industrial production and the number of infrastructure facilities in the next 20 years. These transformations offer the possibility of applying completely new solutions in the economy: these can be new technologies, integrated systems with a closed production cycle, or innovative approaches to the production of electricity in the framework of the "Third Industrial Revolution";
- ensuring investment attractiveness of measures for efficient use of resources. It is necessary to ensure fair tariff and price formation in resource markets in order to reduce subsidies to the sectors that consume them;
- implementation of cost-effective activities in the first turn: priority will be given to those initiatives that allow not only to improve the environmental situation, but also to obtain economic benefits;
- training and formation of ecological culture in business and among the population: it is necessary to improve the existing ones and develop new educational programs on rational use of resources and environmental protection in the education and training system.
Thus, the idea of "green" economy is the basis for the long-term sustainability of economic development. At the same time, in the context of practical implementation of this idea, complex and integrated assessment of natural capital is based on traditional and new environmental and economic methods. To improve air quality in Almaty, a set of measures is required, both from the government and from the residents. The main sources of air pollution in the city are the emissions from CHPP (Coal Heat Power Plant), road transport and the private sector. Here is an outline of several proposed immediate steps that could be taken in the context of Almaty.
The Government may take the following measures: CHPP must be switched to natural gas, it is necessary to start using coal with ash content below 39%, filters that are more efficient can also be installed. The largest point source of pollution is CHPP-2, which burns more than two million tons of coal annually. The quality of coal is low; this is Ekibastuz high-ash product, which when burned forms a large amount of useless ash. Some part of it is thrown through a high pipe into the atmosphere. It is also necessary to introduce a carbon tax on fuel, improve the quality of fuel sold in the city, transfer the private sector to gas heating; this will significantly reduce the amount of emissions in the air. The private sector also uses coal as fuel because it is cheaper than gas, but highly ashy. In addition, in private sector, people do not use filters, thereby contributing to the creation of urban smog. To solve the problem of air quality, the Government plans to allocate a budget for gas supply in 2019. "Samruk-Kazyna" JSC has started to develop a project on the transfer of CHPP-2 to gas; this is a very labour-consuming and costly process. These measures solve only 20% of the pollution problem. Residents should think about using environmentally friendly means of transportation, not burning rubbish and leaves. Cars certainly do not make the air cleaner. 80% of emissions comes from traffic; therefore, there is a need to solve the problem of traffic congestion: streamline the car flow, reduce the number of cars. This requires the political will of the city authorities. It is necessary to constantly monitor the level of emissions, which will predict the increase in permissible concentrations, evaluate the effectiveness of the measures taken, identify new harmful substances, and find the most dangerous and illegal sources of pollution. The air monitoring system in Kazakhstan requires modernization.
Authorities should listen to independent organizations and city activists who measure the level of pollution. More data on the state of the air are needed.
Kazhydromet is guided by the environmental code, where the rules for the implementation of environmental monitoring are prescribed. For example, all devices must have a certificate of compliance; in addition, all devices are regularly checked to verify serviceability or to set up correct functioning. If after monitoring we see a tenfold excess of the maximum permissible concentrations, which is called the "case of high pollution", then it is necessary to immediately send the data to the territorial Department of Ecology in order to identify the source of pollution and take action. People are not yet aware of the whole scale of the problem, because they simply do not have the time for that: they need to feed the children and pay the loans, while the issue of ecology is at a completely different level of the needs' pyramid. The media should bring the problem to people - to dig, conduct investigations, inform and find out where everything starts, why it happens and who should take responsibility.
Almaty has been balancing on the verge of ecological catastrophe for many years. A huge number of citizens come to polyclinics with complaints about respiratory organs. The state in turn spends millions on their treatment, although it would be cheaper to eliminate the source of the problem. The pollution is incredibly higher than the maximum allowable concentration, and the authorities still do not pay proper attention to this problem. The best thing that Almaty residents can do is to demand from the municipal authorities affordable and practical public transport and developed bicycle infrastructure, as well as the convenient infrastructure for pedestrians (Ramazanova, 2017). Air pollution is the most important problem in Almaty and many cities in Kazakhstan. Of course, Almaty has other important problems like poor road system and public transport, overcrowded kindergartens and schools, criminalization and marginalization of the city, mass cutting down of trees and criminal seizure of the lands of the national park and reserves in the southern suburbs of the city, destruction of architectural monuments and cinemas for the construction of junk-food points in their place, etc.
The air problem by its neglect and scale exceeds all the other problems described above. There cannot be one solution to this issue; a complex of modern and effective measures is needed here. These could include many steps: choice in favour of grass, not asphalt; choice in favour of gas, not coal; choice in favour of eco-friendly transport, not fuming decommissioned Chinese buses; choice in favour of accessible galleries, independent cultural and educational centres, kindergartens and schools, and not in favour of shopping centres, gas stations, bookmakers and pubs; choice in favour of beautiful, honest and eco-friendly coat of arms with a snow leopard, glaciers, apple and flowers, not a monstrous acid logo. Almaty does deserve these proud symbols. After all, it was the Almaty land that gave the planet tulips and apple trees; expansion of public transport and reduction of the number of toxic vehicles; support for environmental art and culture; introduction of environmental standards, as well as air and fuel measurements - at the European level; returning to the values of the green city and trees, and not keeping to the barbarous practice of cutting down trees and reducing green zones and reserves; refusal to destroy environmentally friendly modes of transport (as was the case with the destruction of the Almaty tram system), in favour of introduction and expansion of clean modes of transport: trams, trolleybuses, bicycling; revival of the "lungs" of Almaty - the Kok-Zhailau National Park, rather than corrupt buildings and destruction of the reserve; expanding pedestrian alleys and parks, rather than highways and car interchanges; pedestrianisation, not car economy; ecological activism, ecological tourism.
Air pollution is an urgent problem throughout the Republic. One can see different kinds of smog in the cities of Kazakhstan: in Karaganda, Astana, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Pavlodar, Temirtau. Surprisingly and sadly, the political capital and the cultural capital compete in terms of air pollution with the level of pollution of industrial and toxic areas and even surpass them. This is not very compatible with expensive pomp and statements about innovation, green economy, the energy of the future and modernization of consciousness. Without clean air, our consciousness will most likely experience harmful mutations, and not transformation towards innovation and spiritual revival. Taking into account this sad fact, it is high time that everyone would understand the real scale of the problem, and start solving it and making the right choices.
6. Conclusions
The past history of Kazakhstan clearly illustrates the effect of a short-sighted approach, greed and ignoring ecological values combined with bad management in relation to cities and nature. Examples are abandoned ghost cities in central Kazakhstan, the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, the desert where the Aral Sea used to splash, and many other places with polluted air and post-apocalyptic landscape. We would like Almaty to move towards Scandinavian environmental values, towards Brooklyn gentrification, towards Istanbul public transport and the Amsterdam bicycle system (Ramazanova, 2017). Thus, for the further sustainable development of Almaty, it is necessary to continue environmental reforms, stimulating production using green technologies, encouraging foreign and domestic eco-innovations, as well as connecting non-governmental organizations and members of the public to support environmental reforms. Only consistent and systemic steps will help Kazakhstan's megalopolis move towards sustainable development.
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