text:
Over $12,000in prize money last year
With Fantasy NASCAR pool contests, the total amount of prizes grow with the number of teams playing the game. The bigger the pool gets, the bigger the prizes.
Can you put together the best 8-car fantasy team?
Build Your Fantasy Team
Think of yourself as a team owner. You get a budget, and drivers have a salary. You have to put together an 8-man team by staying at or below your spending limit.
It's Easy & Cheap To Play
At just $30.00 per team to play, the Salary Cap Challenge is not only fun, but affordable. Once you set your 8-car lineup, you can roll with it for the entire year, or you're allowed 3 trades if you'd like.
How You Score Points
You score points based on your the cars on your team perform. You get points for finishing position, wins, poles, Stage finishes, and laps led.
What are you waiting for? Reserve Your Spot!
How To Win
There are a few ways to take home prize money in this pool. By having the highest score in one of the 36 races, you get $30.00. Also, the top 40 teams for the entire season take home cash prizes. Those amounts are determined by the number of teams in the pool.
2020 Prize Structure for the Salary Cap Challenge
Game Growth By Year
Estimated Prizes
The "Prize Pot" referenced in the chart is calculated by taking the number of registered teams multiplied by $30.00, and then subtracting $1,080 (for the Weekly Win prizes). So, if there are 442 teams in the pool--as there were in 2019--the "Prize Pot" would be $12,360, as ($30 x 442 = $13,260) minus $1,080 = $12,360. The "Places" below will be determined based on the 'Standings Calculation' section within the Official Rules.
2020 Salary Cap Challenge Driver Salaries
Salary Cap for Roster = $1,500
Each roster must have 7 "regular cars" plus one "All Star Car" (salary cost doubled) for a total of 8.
What are you waiting for? Let's Go Racing!
Quick Scoring Guide
The "All Star Car" points are doubled.


text: matesax 0 Posted May 10, 2014 Share Posted May 10, 2014 Hello, game working very well - but only in less levels than Goto's yacht. After (and in) this level game keeps falling (crashing) without useful information about problem. I can moving, I can fighting - I can all... But Game can fall... (anytime)Windows 7 Home Premium; AMD_64; Nvidia; double core Name of faulting application: swkotor2.exe, verze: 18.104.22.168, time mark: 0x00000000Name of faulting module: nvoglv32.DLL, verze: 126.96.36.1993, time mrak: 0x510a1d9aException code: 0xc0000005Shift of error: 0x008df0c6ID of faulting process: 0x14c4Start time of of faulting application: 0x01cf6c8b9164f3c0Path of of faulting application: C:\Program Files\Star Wars II\swkotor2.exePath of faulting module: C:\Windows\system32\nvoglv32.DLLID message: 36584e90-d87f-11e3-b3a5-aa8faf6a4817 Thank you! Quote Link to post Share on other sites

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The following are our own in-house Residential Rentals. Commercial Rentals are listed online HERE.
Updated Oct 9, 2020
To schedule a showing you must complete our Showing Request Form on this page and our staff will follow up with you.
If you have rental questions, for a faster response send an email to email@example.com.
Please do not call our Home Sales Agents since they cannot help you with residential rentals and it will only slow down a response to you. Only extension -0- can answer your rental calls. Thank you.
HELPFUL TIPS: Availability is subject to change daily; only a signed lease and deposit will ensure a unit is held. Utilities are not included. Due to the high volume of applicants we receive, credit and criminal background checks along with prior landlord references are required to be considered. Our Tenant Application is performed online via the "Apply Now" links shown. Application fees are not refundable. Many of our rentals were built before 1978 and may require a lead paint addendum; for more information on Lead Paint Disclosures review the online packet available here. We own most of our rental properties and act as owner/agents. We strive to provide 5-Star rated service and maintain high levels of customer satisfaction year after year and have been rated as Best Real Estate Firm In Statesboro. To see our reviews please visit our Facebook Reviews Page. We appreciate you taking the time to complete an application and look forward to serving you.
SCAM WARNING: Only by emailing us at can you ensure you are speaking with a Statesboro Properties Agent. We have been made aware of scammers posting listings online and taking deposits and rent checks illegally and stealing the funds from the applicant. To protect yourself, do not discuss our rental properties with others posting online claiming they need you to send them payments. Even if they agree to meet you at the property, you should not make any payments except in the form of a check delivered to staff at the Statesboro Properties main office at 28 East Main Street, Statesboro GA 30458.
Ownership Disclosure: Our firm and/or our agents may have an ownership interest in properties we lease.


text:
Client testimonials:
"Thank you for taking the time and care to preserve such a personal moment for me. You truly are an artist – the final illustration is breath taking, capturing my dress (simple lines, a-line waist, lace detailing) and simple accessories (necklace, bracelet and bouquet) perfectly. It is more than a beautiful drawing – it is a sentimental piece of art, and one that I will always treasure.
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Thanks you so much, we'll be recommending you!! ~ James
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"Thank you so much for my lovely wedding dress illustration. It's such a fun way to preserve the memory of such an important day - especially a preservation that makes me appear taller, thinner and more glamourous! :) I will be sure to mention your illustrations to anyone I know who is getting married!" ~ Heather
"Hilary received her package, she loves it and was so surprised!! You are so very talented, it's beautiful! Thank you" ~ Tracy
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"Thanks so much, I got the package and it looks awesome! I think she is going to be thrilled. Thank you for putting the time and effort into it. It certainly is a fun and unique gift that I think she will enjoy for years to come!" ~ Christopher
"I cant begin to tell you how excited I was when I received my painting! It is beautiful and I cant wait to give it to my daughter. Thank you so much for doing this for me. " ~ Dottie
"Thank you. She loved it! We ended up giving it to her on the morning of her wedding day as we all got ready. She loved it so much that she cried! " ~ Alicia
"Happy holidays! My mother-in-law gave me and my sister-in-law a custom sketch of my wedding dress for Christmas and I absolutely LOVE it! It was one of the most special gifts I got this year, and I can't thank you enough for capturing every detail perfectly. You're so talented! Thanks again and happy new year!" ~ Christine
"We couldn't be happier with the sketch of my daughter's dress. You got the detail perfectly and the unique color as well. We are thrilled with the sketch and can't stop looking at it. It was also nice to have something special to look forward to after all the wedding shenanigans were over. What you provide for Bride's is not only a beautiful gift for them, but a keepsake for the family for years to come. I am just thrilled! Thank you again for such a lovely and meaningful memento."


text:
Age: unknown
Sex: female
Date: 28 Jul 1906
Place: Barrack Yard, Rochdale
Source: www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk
Margaret Farrington was found unconscious with a fractured skull.
She had lived in Barrack Yard in Rochdale.
She was found unconscious after the man that she lived with called a doctor and remained in a comatose state until she died a few days later.
The post mortem revealed that her skull had been fractured.
see Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser - Saturday 28 July 1906


text:
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text:
Originally a remake of the Team Fortress modification for Quake. Team Fortress Classic features over nine character classes - from Medic to Spy to Demolition Man - enlisted in a unique style of online team warfare.
It's true. A new mod has came to mind. Team Fortress 2012. It has a mix of TF2 and TF1 with some new things that weren't in the game series. Now is hasn't realey begun, but it's geting reday to. If you want to read the full list of ideas, click here: Moddb.com
A happy, Collector1
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This is the CD-Rom that came with the June 1999 issue of the UK Gaming Magazine PC Zone by Dennis Publishing, Included is demos of Kingpin:Life of Crime...
This is a disk from the July 1999 issue of PC Accelerator, Contained in this disk is the Half-Life 220.127.116.11 update which contains Team Fortress Classic...
It's Complete game with Bots and TF2 Skins. Credits "Zohaib Badarpura"
A TF2 Mod Pack for Team Fortress Classic with FoxBot and waypoints.
This is a rare video off of Fileplanet which appears to be an musical tribute to the game, Set to The Bee Gee's disco classic Stayin Alive. Video isn't...
This is an clan video found on Fileplanet of what looks like two of the more respected clans of TFC going at it. This video isn't by me and I don't take...
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Hi everyone iam the owner of -|dsh|- Slaughter House and i would like to send out an invite to all who read this . To come join my new server,we had some help creating this server from some of the greatest tfc servers 1999 - 2013 , this server is a tribute to the servers of the past!!
So come join the movement today
And our official steam group
I need to find servers for this game.. The Evil Soldiers Clan are barely around anymore with three servers.
needs tp become f2p
My PC isn't the fastest or the greatest but I wanted to game I bought a bunch of gold source games on Steam I lost intrest in this game Because Of Day of Defeat,Counter Strike 1.6 & Condition Zero and of course Half-Life yesterday I started playing again and forgot how much I loved this game and I really like being the Pyro.
Needs more people playing.
The original is better.
I love this game. In fact, I just started playing again. I never installed the update before, the one with teleports, which was an amazing feature. Anyone who CAN, try this. You won't regret it!
know this ???
Extremely fun.
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.
Highest Rated (7 agree) 10/10
this was the best team fortress game that i have I played.
multiplayer problems:
some people might say strong profanity, others might post pictures of porn as their spray.
Jul 23 2011 by melech874


text:
Some items are no longer available. Your cart has been updated.
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Sale price USD $58.95 Regular price USD $199.00


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Contact Info
Let's chat.
How can I help you better tell your story? Please call or email me with the details of your project and I'll be happy to help.
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Simone Adams
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I often allow myself a low-tech or no-tech day where I am not available by email and/or cell phone. This is so I can focus on my craft. Please allow me to get back to you at my earliest convenience. I will give your project the same courtesy.


text: Mr. Heisensparkle Share on Tumblr Walter White Mr. Sparkle Breaking Bad Simpsons T-Shirt "Mr. White" by Sergio Doe Mr. Heisensparkle wants your Blue Sky to be most crystal. Awesome power! More tees you might like: The Godfather of Danger Heisenberg Blue Sky Crystals Dexter White Mr. White and Pinkman Cooking Blue Sky Making Green


text:
|Mass number
|[294] (unconfirmed: 295)
|Oganesson in the periodic table
|Atomic number (Z)
|group 18
|period 7
|Element category
|Unknown chemical properties, was expected to be a noble gas; now predicted to be metallic-looking reactive solid, and either a semiconductor (possibly a metalloid) or a post-transition metal[3][4]
|Electron configuration
|[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 (predicted)[5][6]
|Electrons per shell
|2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 (predicted)
|Physical properties
|Phase at STP
|solid (predicted)[5]
|Melting point
|320 K (50 °C, 120 °F) (predicted)[7]
|Boiling point
|350±30 K (80±30 °C, 170±50 °F) (extrapolated)[5]
|Density (near r.t.)
|4.9–5.1 g/cm3 (predicted)[8]
|Critical point
|439 K, 6.8 MPa (extrapolated)[9]
|Heat of fusion
|23.5 kJ/mol (extrapolated)[9]
|Heat of vaporization
|19.4 kJ/mol (extrapolated)[9]
|Atomic properties
|Oxidation states
|(−1),[6] (0), (+1),[10] (+2),[11] (+4),[11] (+6)[6] (predicted)
|Ionization energies
|Covalent radius
|157 pm (predicted)[14]
|Other properties
|Natural occurrence
|Crystal structure
| face-centered cubic (fcc)
|CAS Number
|after Yuri Oganessian
|Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen (1895)
|Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2002)
|Main isotopes of oganesson
Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow, Russia, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of the international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. It was formally named on 28 November 2016.[19][20] The name is in line with the tradition of honoring a scientist, in this case the nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian, who has played a leading role in the discovery of the heaviest elements in the periodic table. It is one of only two elements named after a person who was alive at the time of naming, the other being seaborgium, and the only element whose namesake is alive today.[21]
Oganesson has the highest atomic number and highest atomic mass of all known elements. The radioactive oganesson atom is very unstable, and since 2005, only five (possibly six) atoms of the isotope oganesson-294 have been detected.[22] Although this allowed very little experimental characterization of its properties and possible compounds, theoretical calculations have resulted in many predictions, including some surprising ones. For example, although oganesson is a member of group 18 (the noble gases) – the first synthetic element to be so – it may be significantly reactive, unlike all the other elements of that group.[5] It was formerly thought to be a gas under normal conditions but is now predicted to be a solid due to relativistic effects.[5] On the periodic table of the elements it is a p-block element and the last one of period 7.
|External video
|Visualization of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations by the Australian National University[23]
The heaviest[a] atomic nuclei are created in nuclear reactions that combine two other nuclei of unequal size[b] into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of mass, the greater the possibility that the two react.[29] The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the beam of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only fuse into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to electrostatic repulsion. The strong interaction can overcome this repulsion but only within a very short distance from a nucleus; beam nuclei are thus greatly accelerated in order to make such repulsion insignificant compared to the velocity of the beam nucleus.[30] Coming close alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for approximately 10−20 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus.[30][31] If fusion does occur, the temporary merger—termed a compound nucleus—is an excited state. To lose its excitation energy and reach a more stable state, a compound nucleus either fissions or ejects one or several neutrons,[c] which carry away the energy. This occurs in approximately 10−16 seconds after the initial collision.[32][d]
The beam passes through the target and reaches the next chamber, the separator; if a new nucleus is produced, it is carried with this beam.[35] In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products)[e] and transferred to a surface-barrier detector, which stops the nucleus. The exact location of the upcoming impact on the detector is marked; also marked are its energy and the time of the arrival.[35] The transfer takes about 10−6 seconds; in order to be detected, the nucleus must survive this long.[38] The nucleus is recorded again once its decay is registered, and the location, the energy, and the time of the decay are measured.[35]
Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, its influence on the outermost nucleons (protons and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, as it has unlimited range.[39] Nuclei of the heaviest elements are thus theoretically predicted[40] and have so far been observed[41] to primarily decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission;[f] these modes are predominant for nuclei of superheavy elements. Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be determined arithmetically.[g] Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.[h]
The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize one of the heaviest elements is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.[i]
Early speculation[edit]
The possibility of a seventh noble gas, after helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon was considered almost as soon as the noble gas group was discovered. The Danish chemist Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen predicted in April 1895, the year after the discovery of argon, that there was a whole series of chemically inert gases similar to argon that would bridge the halogen and alkali metal groups: he expected that the seventh of this series would end a 32-element period which contained thorium and uranium and have an atomic weight of 292, close to the 294 now known for the first and only confirmed isotope of oganesson.[53] Niels Bohr noted in 1922 that this seventh noble gas should have atomic number 118 and predicted its electronic structure as 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8, matching modern predictions.[54] Following this, Aristid von Grosse wrote an article in 1965 predicting the likely properties of element 118. It was 107 years from Thomsen's prediction before oganesson was successfully synthesized, although its chemical properties have not been investigated to determine if it behaves as the heavier congener of radon.[13] In a 1975 article, Kenneth Pitzer suggested that the 118th element should be a gas or volatile liquid due to relativistic effects.[55]
Unconfirmed discovery claims[edit]
In late 1998, Polish physicist Robert Smolańczuk published calculations on the fusion of atomic nuclei towards the synthesis of superheavy atoms, including oganesson.[56] His calculations suggested that it might be possible to make oganesson by fusing lead with krypton under carefully controlled conditions, and that the fusion probability (cross section) of that reaction would be close to the lead–chromium reaction that had produced element 106, seaborgium. This contradicted predictions that the cross sections for reactions with lead or bismuth targets would go down exponentially as the atomic number of the resulting elements increased.[56]
In 1999, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory made use of these predictions and announced the discovery of livermorium and oganesson, in a paper published in Physical Review Letters,[57] and very soon after the results were reported in Science.[58] The researchers reported that they had performed the reaction
In 2001, they published a retraction after researchers at other laboratories were unable to duplicate the results and the Berkeley lab could not duplicate them either.[59] In June 2002, the director of the lab announced that the original claim of the discovery of these two elements had been based on data fabricated by principal author Victor Ninov.[60][61] Newer experimental results and theoretical predictions have confirmed the exponential decrease in cross sections with lead and bismuth targets as the atomic number of the resulting nuclide increases.[62]
Discovery reports[edit]
The first genuine decay of atoms of oganesson was observed in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. Headed by Yuri Oganessian, a Russian nuclear physicist of Armenian ethnicity, the team included American scientists of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California.[63] The discovery was not announced immediately, because the decay energy of 294Og matched that of 212mPo, a common impurity produced in fusion reactions aimed at producing superheavy elements, and thus announcement was delayed until after a 2005 confirmatory experiment aimed at producing more oganesson atoms.[64] The 2005 experiment used a different beam energy (251 MeV instead of 245 MeV) and target thickness (0.34 mg/cm2 instead of 0.23 mg/cm2).[16] On 9 October 2006, the researchers announced[16] that they had indirectly detected a total of three (possibly four) nuclei of oganesson-294 (one or two in 2002[65] and two more in 2005) produced via collisions of californium-249 atoms and calcium-48 ions.[66][67][68][69][70]
In 2011, IUPAC evaluated the 2006 results of the Dubna–Livermore collaboration and concluded: "The three events reported for the Z = 118 isotope have very good internal redundancy but with no anchor to known nuclei do not satisfy the criteria for discovery".[71]
Because of the very small fusion reaction probability (the fusion cross section is ~0.3–0.6 pb or (3–6)×10−41 m2) the experiment took four months and involved a beam dose of 2.5×1019 calcium ions that had to be shot at the californium target to produce the first recorded event believed to be the synthesis of oganesson.[72] Nevertheless, researchers were highly confident that the results were not a false positive, since the chance that the detections were random events was estimated to be less than one part in 100000.[73]
In the experiments, the alpha-decay of three atoms of oganesson was observed. A fourth decay by direct spontaneous fission was also proposed. A half-life of 0.89 ms was calculated: 294
Og decays into 290
Lv by alpha decay. Since there were only three nuclei, the half-life derived from observed lifetimes has a large uncertainty: 0.89+1.07
−0.31 ms.[16]
- 294
→ 290
+ 4
The identification of the 294
Og nuclei was verified by separately creating the putative daughter nucleus 290
Lv directly by means of a bombardment of 245
Cm with 48
Ca ions,
- 245
+ 48
→ 290
+ 3
and checking that the 290
Lv decay matched the decay chain of the 294
Og nuclei.[16] The daughter nucleus 290
Lv is very unstable, decaying with a lifetime of 14 milliseconds into 286
Fl, which may experience either spontaneous fission or alpha decay into 282
Cn, which will undergo spontaneous fission.[16]
One atom of the heavier isotope 295Og may have been seen in a 2011 experiment at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany aimed at the synthesis of element 120 in the reaction 248Cm+54Cr, but uncertainties in the data meant that the observed chain cannot be definitely assigned to 299120 and 295Og: the data indicates for 295Og a half-life of 181 milliseconds, longer than that of 294Og, which is 0.7 milliseconds.[18]
In December 2015, the Joint Working Party of international scientific bodies International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) recognized the element's discovery and assigned the priority of the discovery to the Dubna–Livermore collaboration.[74] This was on account of two 2009 and 2010 confirmations of the properties of the granddaughter of 294Og, 286Fl, at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, as well as the observation of another consistent decay chain of 294Og by the Dubna group in 2012. The goal of that experiment had been the synthesis of 294Ts via the reaction 249Bk(48Ca,3n), but the short half-life of 249Bk resulted in a significant quantity of the target having decayed to 249Cf, resulting in the synthesis of oganesson instead of tennessine.[75]
From 1 October 2015 to 6 April 2016, the Dubna team performed a similar experiment with 48Ca projectiles aimed at a mixed-isotope californium target containing 249Cf, 250Cf, and 251Cf, with the aim of producing the heavier oganesson isotopes 295Og and 296Og. Two beam energies at 252 MeV and 258 MeV were used. Only one atom was seen at the lower beam energy, whose decay chain fitted the previously known one of 294Og (terminating with spontaneous fission of 286Fl), and none were seen at the higher beam energy. The experiment was then halted, as the glue from the sector frames covered the target and blocked evaporation residues from escaping to the detectors.[76] The production of 293Og and its daughter 289Lv, as well as the even heavier isotope 297Og, is also possible using this reaction. The isotopes 295Og and 296Og may also be produced in the fusion of 248Cm with 50Ti projectiles.[76][77][78] A search beginning in summer 2016 at RIKEN for 295Og in the 3n channel of this reaction was unsuccessful, though the study is planned to resume; a detailed analysis and cross section limit were not provided. These heavier and likely more stable isotopes may be useful in probing the chemistry of oganesson.[79][80]
Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, oganesson is sometimes known as eka-radon (until the 1960s as eka-emanation, emanation being the old name for radon).[15] In 1979, IUPAC assigned the systematic placeholder name ununoctium to the undiscovered element, with the corresponding symbol of Uuo,[81] and recommended that it be used until after confirmed discovery of the element.[82] Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it "element 118", with the symbol of E118, (118), or even simply 118.[6]
Before the retraction in 2001, the researchers from Berkeley had intended to name the element ghiorsium (Gh), after Albert Ghiorso (a leading member of the research team).[83]
The Russian discoverers reported their synthesis in 2006. According to IUPAC recommendations, the discoverers of a new element have the right to suggest a name.[84] In 2007, the head of the Russian institute stated the team were considering two names for the new element: flyorium, in honor of Georgy Flyorov, the founder of the research laboratory in Dubna; and moskovium, in recognition of the Moscow Oblast where Dubna is located.[85] He also stated that although the element was discovered as an American collaboration, who provided the californium target, the element should rightly be named in honor of Russia since the Flyorov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at JINR was the only facility in the world which could achieve this result.[86] These names were later suggested for element 114 (flerovium) and element 116 (moscovium).[87] Flerovium became the name of element 114; the final name proposed for element 116 was instead livermorium,[88] with moscovium later being proposed and accepted for element 115 instead.[21]
Traditionally, the names of all noble gases end in "-on", with the exception of helium, which was not known to be a noble gas when discovered. The IUPAC guidelines valid at the moment of the discovery approval however required all new elements be named with the ending "-ium", even if they turned out to be halogens (traditionally ending in "-ine") or noble gases (traditionally ending in "-on").[89] While the provisional name ununoctium followed this convention, a new IUPAC recommendation published in 2016 recommended using the "-on" ending for new group 18 elements, regardless of whether they turn out to have the chemical properties of a noble gas.[90]
The scientists involved in the discovery of element 118, as well as those of 117 and 115, held a conference call on 23 March 2016. Element 118 was the last to be decided upon; after Oganessian was asked to leave the call, the remaining scientists unanimously decided to have the element "oganesson" after him. Oganessian was a pioneer in superheavy element research for sixty years reaching back to the field's foundation: his team and his proposed techniques had led directly to the synthesis of elements 107 through 118. Mark Stoyer, nuclear chemist at the LLNL, later recalled, "We had intended to propose that name from Livermore, and things kind of got proposed at the same time from multiple places. I don't know if we can claim that we actually proposed the name, but we had intended it."[91]
In internal discussions, IUPAC asked the JINR if they wanted the element to be spelled "oganeson" to match the Russian spelling more closely. Oganessian and the JINR refused this offer, citing the Soviet-era practice of transliterating names into the Latin alphabet in accordance with the rules of the French language ("Oganessian" is a such a transliteration) and arguing that "oganesson" would be easier to link to the person.[92][j] In June 2016, IUPAC announced that the discoverers planned to give the element the name oganesson (symbol: Og). The name became official on 28 November 2016.[21] In 2017, Oganessian commented on the naming:[93]
For me, it is an honour. The discovery of element 118 was by scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia and at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the US, and it was my colleagues who proposed the name oganesson. My children and grandchildren have been living in the US for decades, but my daughter wrote to me to say that she did not sleep the night she heard because she was crying.[93]— Yuri Oganessian
The naming ceremony for moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson was held on 2 March 2017 at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.[94]
In a 2019 interview, when asked what it was like to see his name in the periodic table next to Einstein, Mendeleev, the Curies, and Rutherford, Oganessian responded:[92]
Not like much! You see, not like much. It is customary in science to name something new after its discoverer. It's just that there are few elements, and this happens rarely. But look at how many equations and theorems in mathematics are named after somebody. And in medicine? Alzheimer, Parkinson. There's nothing special about it.
No properties of oganesson or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production[29] and the fact that it decays very quickly. Properties of oganesson remain unknown and only predictions are available.
Nuclear stability and isotopes[edit]
The stability of nuclei quickly decreases with the increase in atomic number after curium, element 96, whose half-life is four orders of magnitude longer than that of any subsequent element. All isotopes with an atomic number above 101 undergo radioactive decay with half-lives of less than 30 hours. No elements with atomic numbers above 82 (after lead) have stable isotopes.[95] This is because of the ever-increasing Coulomb repulsion of protons, so that the strong nuclear force cannot hold the nucleus together against spontaneous fission for long. Calculations suggest that in the absence of other stabilizing factors, elements with more than 104 protons should not exist.[96] However, researchers in the 1960s suggested that the closed nuclear shells around 114 protons and 184 neutrons should counteract this instability, creating an island of stability in which nuclides could have half-lives reaching thousands or millions of years. While scientists have still not reached the island, the mere existence of the superheavy elements (including oganesson) confirms that this stabilizing effect is real, and in general the known superheavy nuclides become exponentially longer-lived as they approach the predicted location of the island.[97][98] Oganesson is radioactive and has a half-life that appears to be less than a millisecond. Nonetheless, this is still longer than some predicted values,[99][100] thus giving further support to the idea of the island of stability.[101]
Calculations using a quantum-tunneling model predict the existence of several heavier isotopes of oganesson with alpha-decay half-lives close to 1 ms.[102][103]
Theoretical calculations done on the synthetic pathways for, and the half-life of, other isotopes have shown that some could be slightly more stable than the synthesized isotope 294Og, most likely 293Og, 295Og, 296Og, 297Og, 298Og, 300Og and 302Og (the last reaching the N = 184 shell closure).[99][104] Of these, 297Og might provide the best chances for obtaining longer-lived nuclei,[99][104] and thus might become the focus of future work with this element. Some isotopes with many more neutrons, such as some located around 313Og, could also provide longer-lived nuclei.[105]
In a quantum-tunneling model, the alpha decay half-life of 294
Og was predicted to be 0.66+0.23
−0.18 ms[99] with the experimental Q-value published in 2004.[106] Calculation with theoretical Q-values from the macroscopic-microscopic model of Muntian–Hofman–Patyk–Sobiczewski gives somewhat lower but comparable results.[107]
Calculated atomic and physical properties[edit]
Oganesson is a member of group 18, the zero-valence elements. The members of this group are usually inert to most common chemical reactions (for example, combustion) because the outer valence shell is completely filled with eight electrons. This produces a stable, minimum energy configuration in which the outer electrons are tightly bound.[108] It is thought that similarly, oganesson has a closed outer valence shell in which its valence electrons are arranged in a 7s27p6 configuration.[5]
Consequently, some expect oganesson to have similar physical and chemical properties to other members of its group, most closely resembling the noble gas above it in the periodic table, radon.[109] Following the periodic trend, oganesson would be expected to be slightly more reactive than radon. However, theoretical calculations have shown that it could be significantly more reactive.[11] In addition to being far more reactive than radon, oganesson may be even more reactive than the elements flerovium and copernicium, which are heavier homologs of the more chemically active elements lead and mercury respectively.[5] The reason for the possible enhancement of the chemical activity of oganesson relative to radon is an energetic destabilization and a radial expansion of the last occupied 7p-subshell.[5] More precisely, considerable spin–orbit interactions between the 7p electrons and the inert 7s electrons effectively lead to a second valence shell closing at flerovium, and a significant decrease in stabilization of the closed shell of oganesson.[5] It has also been calculated that oganesson, unlike the other noble gases, binds an electron with release of energy, or in other words, it exhibits positive electron affinity,[110][111] due to the relativistically stabilized 8s energy level and the destabilized 7p3/2 level,[112] whereas copernicium and flerovium are predicted to have no electron affinity.[113][114] Nevertheless, quantum electrodynamic corrections have been shown to be quite significant in reducing this affinity by decreasing the binding in the anion Og− by 9%, thus confirming the importance of these corrections in superheavy elements.[110]
Oganesson is expected to have an extremely broad polarizability, almost double that of radon.[5] By extrapolating from the other noble gases, it is expected that oganesson has a melting point of approximately 320 K[7] and a boiling point between 320 and 380 K.[5] This is very different from the previously estimated values of 263 K[115] or 247 K for the boiling point.[116] It thus seems highly unlikely that oganesson would be a gas under standard conditions,[5] and as the liquid range of the other gases is very narrow, between 2 and 9 kelvins, this element should be solid at standard conditions. Nevertheless, if oganesson forms a gas under standard conditions, it would be one of the densest gaseous substances at standard conditions, even if it is monatomic like the other noble gases.
Because of its tremendous polarizability, oganesson is expected to have an anomalously low first ionization energy of 860.1 kJ/mol, similar to that of cadmium and less than those of iridium, platinum, and gold. This is significantly smaller than the values predicted for darmstadtium, roentgenium, and copernicium, although it is greater than that predicted for flerovium.[117] Even the shell structure in the nucleus and electron cloud of oganesson is strongly impacted by relativistic effects: the valence and core electron subshells in oganesson are expected to be "smeared out" in a homogeneous Fermi gas of electrons, unlike those of the "less relativistic" radon and xenon (although there is some incipient delocalisation in radon), due to the very strong spin-orbit splitting of the 7p orbital in oganesson.[118] A similar effect for nucleons, particularly neutrons, is incipient in the closed-neutron-shell nucleus 302Og and is strongly in force at the hypothetical superheavy closed-shell nucleus 472164, with 164 protons and 308 neutrons.[118] Moreover, spin-orbit effects may cause bulk oganesson to be a semiconductor while all the lighter noble gases are insulators, with a band gap of 1.5±0.6 eV predicted (that for radon should be 7.1±0.5 eV).[3]
Predicted compounds[edit]
The only confirmed isotope of oganesson, 294Og, has much too short a half-life to be chemically investigated experimentally. Therefore, no compounds of oganesson have been synthesized yet.[64] Nevertheless, calculations on theoretical compounds have been performed since 1964.[15] It is expected that if the ionization energy of the element is high enough, it will be difficult to oxidize and therefore, the most common oxidation state would be 0 (as for the noble gases);[119] nevertheless, this appears not to be the case.[13]
Calculations on the diatomic molecule Og
2 showed a bonding interaction roughly equivalent to that calculated for Hg
2, and a dissociation energy of 6 kJ/mol, roughly 4 times of that of Rn
2.[5] Most strikingly, it was calculated to have a bond length shorter than in Rn
2 by 0.16 Å, which would be indicative of a significant bonding interaction.[5] On the other hand, the compound OgH+ exhibits a dissociation energy (in other words proton affinity of oganesson) that is smaller than that of RnH+.[5]
The bonding between oganesson and hydrogen in OgH is predicted to be very weak and can be regarded as a pure van der Waals interaction rather than a true chemical bond.[10] On the other hand, with highly electronegative elements, oganesson seems to form more stable compounds than for example copernicium or flerovium.[10] The stable oxidation states +2 and +4 have been predicted to exist in the fluorides OgF
2 and OgF
4.[120] The +6 state would be less stable due to the strong binding of the 7p1/2 subshell.[13] This is a result of the same spin-orbit interactions that make oganesson unusually reactive. For example, it was shown that the reaction of oganesson with F
2 to form the compound OgF
2 would release an energy of 106 kcal/mol of which about 46 kcal/mol come from these interactions.[10] For comparison, the spin-orbit interaction for the similar molecule RnF
2 is about 10 kcal/mol out of a formation energy of 49 kcal/mol.[10] The same interaction stabilizes the tetrahedral Td configuration for OgF
4, as distinct from the square planar D4h one of XeF
4, which RnF
4 is also expected to have;[120] this is because OgF4 is expected to have two inert electron pairs (7s and 7p1/2). As such, OgF6 is expected to be unbound, continuing an expected trend in the destabilisation of the +6 oxidation state (RnF6 is likewise expected to be much less stable than XeF6).[121][122] The Og–F bond will most probably be ionic rather than covalent, rendering the oganesson fluorides non-volatile.[11][123] OgF2 is predicted to be partially ionic due to oganesson's high electropositivity.[124] Unlike the other noble gases (except possibly xenon and radon),[125][126] oganesson is predicted to be sufficiently electropositive[124] to form an Og–Cl bond with chlorine.[11]
See also[edit]
- ^ In nuclear physics, an element is called heavy if its atomic number is high; lead (element 82) is one example of such a heavy element. The term "superheavy elements" typically refers to elements with atomic number greater than 103 (although there are other definitions, such as atomic number greater than 100[24] or 112;[25] sometimes, the term is presented an equivalent to the term "transactinide", which puts an upper limit before the beginning of the hypothetical superactinide series).[26] Terms "heavy isotopes" (of a given element) and "heavy nuclei" mean what could be understood in the common language—isotopes of high mass (for the given element) and nuclei of high mass, respectively.
- ^ In 2009, a team at JINR led by Oganessian published results of their attempt to create hassium in a symmetric 136Xe + 136Xe reaction. They failed to observe a single atom in such a reaction, putting the upper limit on the cross section, the measure of probability of a nuclear reaction, as 2.5 pb.[27] In comparison, the reaction that resulted in hassium discovery, 208Pb + 58Fe, had a cross section of ~20 pb (more specifically, 19+19
−11 pb), as estimated by the discoverers.[28]
- ^ The greater the excitation energy, the more neutrons are ejected. If the excitation energy is lower than energy binding each neutron to the rest of the nucleus, neutrons are not emitted; instead, the compound nucleus de-excites by emitting a gamma ray.[32]
- ^ The definition by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party states that a chemical element can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not decayed within 10−14 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire its outer electrons and thus display its chemical properties.[33] This figure also marks the generally accepted upper limit for lifetime of a compound nucleus.[34]
- ^ This separation is based on that the resulting nuclei move past the target more slowly then the unreacted beam nuclei. The separator contains electric and magnetic fields whose effects on a moving particle cancel out for a specific velocity of a particle.[36] Such separation can also be aided by a time-of-flight measurement and a recoil energy measurement; a combination of the two may allow to estimate the mass of a nucleus.[37]
- ^ Not all decay modes are caused by electrostatic repulsion. For example, beta decay is caused by the weak interaction.[42]
- ^ Since mass of a nucleus is not measured directly but is rather calculated from that of another nucleus, such measurement is called indirect. Direct measurements are also possible, but for the most part they have remained unavailable for heaviest nuclei.[43] The first direct measurement of mass of a superheavy nucleus was reported in 2018 at LBNL.[44] Mass was determined from the location of a nucleus after the transfer (the location helps determine its trajectory, which is linked to the mass-to-charge ratio of the nucleus, since the transfer was done in presence of a magnet).[45]
- ^ Spontaneous fission was discovered by Soviet physicist Georgy Flerov,[46] a leading scientist at JINR, and thus it was a "hobbyhorse" for the facility.[47] In contrast, the LBL scientists believed fission information was not sufficient for a claim of synthesis of an element. They believed spontaneous fission had not been studied enough to use it for identification of a new element, since there was a difficulty of establishing that a compound nucleus had only ejected neutrons and not charged particles like protons or alpha particles.[34] They thus preferred to link new isotopes to the already known ones by successive alpha decays.[46]
- ^ For instance, element 102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden.[48] There were no earlier definitive claims of creation of this element, and the element was assigned a name by its Swedish, American, and British discoverers, nobelium. It was later shown that the identification was incorrect.[49] The following year, RL was unable to reproduce the Swedish results and announced instead their synthesis of the element; that claim was also disproved later.[49] JINR insisted that they were the first to create the element and suggested a name of their own for the new element, joliotium;[50] the Soviet name was also not accepted (JINR later referred to the naming of element 102 as "hasty").[51] The name "nobelium" remained unchanged on account of its widespread usage.[52]
- ^ In Russian, Oganessian's name is spelled Оганесян [ˈɐgənʲɪˈsʲan]; the transliteration in accordance with the rules of the English language would be Oganesyan, with one s. Similarly, the Russian name for the element is оганесон, oganeson. Oganessian is the Russified version of the Armenian last name Hovhannisyan (Armenian: Հովհաննիսյան [hɔvhɑnnisˈjɑn]). It means "son of Hovhannes", i.e., "son of John". It is the most common surname in Armenia.
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+ 48
experiment". Communication of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
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I would say we're very confident.
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- Hoffman, D. C.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. T. (2000). The Transuranium People: The Inside Story. World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-78-326244-1.
- Kragh, H. (2018). From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75813-8.
- Zagrebaev, V.; Karpov, A.; Greiner, W. (2013). "Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 420 (1): 012001. arXiv:1207.5700. Bibcode:2013JPhCS.420a2001Z. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001. ISSN 1742-6588.
Further reading[edit]
- Scerri, Eric (2007). The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530573-9.
External links[edit]
- 5 ways the heaviest element on the periodic table is really bizarre, ScienceNews.org
- Element 118: Experiments on discovery, archive of discoverers' official web page
- Element 118, Heaviest Ever, Reported for 1,000th of a Second, NYTimes.com.
- It's Elemental: Oganesson
- Oganesson at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
- On the Claims for Discovery of Elements 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, and 118 (IUPAC Technical Report)
- WebElements: Oganesson


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It's an informal and welcoming décor that is meant to make your visitors feel comfortable and create closer household connections. This is a very enjoyable development and in some cases, it's an easy approach to add some aptitude to a house with no main … Read More


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Phillip Lauer is a producer, musician and DJ based in Frankfurt. Raised on a
strict diet of hip hop & punk rock, Phillip finally succumbed to the pleasures of
electronic music in the late nineties when he started to produce deep house tracks.
The first results - mastered straight from cassette, were released as Plenty Ammo on
Inbetween Records and later on the prolific Real Soon label. Later he put out some
more serious tracks on Separe Recordings and Punkt Music and was involved in
remix productions for labels like Output Recordings, Rekids, Careless, Spectral ,
Sonar Kollektiv or Tiny Sticks to name just a few - also as Arto Mwambe - a project
he startet with his buddy CB Funk in 2004. In 2006 he founded his own label called
Brontosaurus, where he puts out music of his weirdest friends and himself. On his DJ
appearances he tries to preach the ragged side proto dance music. His highly
praised debut album "Phillips" was released in spring 2012 on Running Back.
Alle Infos zu Juicy Beats 21


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WWARN at ASTMH 2019
8 November 2019
Come and meet us at this year's ASTMH 68th Annual Meeting. Over 4,800 delegates are expected to attend with leading global health researchers from around the world. At this year's conference, as part of IDDO, we have symposia, talks and posters on malaria, scrub typhus, visceral leishmaniasis and medicine quality.


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The Co-op Trap | Be Real Do Better – The Small Business Marketing Show, Ep. 22
When somebody else pays part of your advertising bill, that's a great thing, right?
For some, it's a trap that paints them into a corner, dilutes their own unique message, character and culture and creates the illusion of "getting the word out" more effectively than it actually does. And now more than ever, that matters. A lot.
It used to be that small-to-midsize businesses had to struggle and scrap for more "awareness" and "impressions." But those old ideas have had their day. That approach, and why it's no longer the most effective route, can be summed up in one simple word: noise.
Not so long ago, he or she who made the most noise won. It presented a false idea of legitimacy and credibility when we could dominate our local airwaves, even if the message was largely inauthentic and gimmicky. That game has changed. People don't have to listen to the noise anymore. They have too much choice. And if what we're doing is making noise and trying to "out-impression" everyone else, we're working a lot harder – and spending a lot more – than we have to.
It's connection that matters now, and when we hand the reigns of our message over to someone – or something – else without ever taking the time to tell our own story in our own way and build lasting relationships, we're spinning our wheels. We may complete some transactions, but that won't sustain and scale itself like connection will.
In a lot of cases, co-op makes connection a challenge. For many private businesses, it's an easy marketing trap. But it shouldn't be a trap. It should be fuel. Whether it propels you or pulls you back depends entirely on how you use it.
Like awareness and impressions, it used to be that being attached to a big brand lent an immediate air of legitimacy to a local business. That may still be the case to some extent. But it's changing. Consumers no longer have to put up with shoddy service, ineffective products or broken promises. There are simply too many other choices available that are easily accessible and affordable.
So you sell Ford or Chevrolet or Toyota, or Pandora or John Deere or Yamaha (or whatever the case may be). So what? I can get that stuff anywhere now. Click-click-done. Why would I buy from you?
If this sounds harsh, either get over it or get left behind. There are going to be more choices coming, not less. If you're putting your message almost entirely in the hands of your manufacturer, in my opinion, you're selling yourself short and watering the seeds of redundancy.
In this episode:
– A quick overview of co-op (or "co op") , what it is, to whom it applies and why the principles are worth considering, even if you don't currently represent a specific product or manufacturer.
– A few examples, such as jewelry, cars, tool companies and "power sports" dealers
– The danger of too much co-op messaging = industry jargon that means little (or nothing) to anyone but you and the manufacturer you represent.
– The "Magic Weapon" that almost no one in co-op categories are using effectively yet!
Some Key Takeaways:
– Use the available space around the co-op specifications to let people know what the products do and, more importantly, why it might matter to them.
– Create some non-co-oped space to tell your own story in an interesting and engaging way.
– Consider what happens when the product you represent changes? What if it goes south, even for a short period of time? If you've put all your eggs in the product brand basket, why would people continue to come to you? I've shared a real example of this, in the episode, of a local business that almost went under while their manufacturer took its sweet time catching back up to an industry that had surpassed it with more appealing products and pricing. During that time, this business survived – barely – on service.
– Try this exercise: Want to see if your message is infected with co-oped industry jargon? Swap out the product names with the name of a Star Wars robot and see how it reads. I'm serious. Because, to people who do not know your brand in-and-out, your product names mean little (or nothing) to them. You may as well call your "IS300" or "Canyonero" an R2D2 or C3P0.
Remember: what something's called doesn't matter to people as much as what it does. And more specifically, what it does for them, and why they might care.
Stop making noise. Start creating connection
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A US-Canadian study says that Britain's decision to leave the European Union will cost both Northern Ireland and the Republic billions of euros and the only possible successful outcome is reunification.
Northern Ireland has become something of a political football stuck in the middle of a seemingly intractable disagreement between the British Government and the EU negotiators. Both agree that there can be no return to a hard border between the North and the Republic, but they can't agree on how to achieve that while maintaining necessary customs checks once two different trading regimes come into effect.
A report produced by the Canadian firm KLC Consultants on behalf of the US-based Irish American organisation KRB Inc has produced some startling findings. The study, The Costs of Non-Unification – Brexit and the Unification of Ireland, examines three possible scenarios:
Hard Brexit. This is where all the UK including Northern Ireland leaves the single market and the Customs Union, the two key pillars of EU trade
Compromise Brexit, in which Northern Ireland remains within the single market and customs union.
Unification of Ireland following the political fall-out of Brexit, which a majority of people in Northern Ireland voted against.
The researchers estimate that hard Brexit would reduce the North's GDP by more than €10 billion between 2021 and 2025, while remaining in the Customs Union and Single Market would lead to a loss of €3.8 billion over the same period. However, reunification with the Republic could lead to an increase in GDP.
The report says: "The only winning scenario is the case of unification where between 2018 and 2025, Northern Ireland would increase its GDP by €17.9bn.
"If political actors nevertheless prefer a hard Brexit, or if they are willing to accept a hard Brexit for overarching political reasons, then they accept willingly high negative economic costs."
Sinn Fein vice president Michell O'Neill told the Press Association: "This report, and particular economic modelling, exposes the hard economic evidence that reunification would provide a massive economic boost to the entire island.
"In the words of the report, unification 'is the only option with positive net effects'.
"The strength of this evidence cannot be ignored and while we thank Dr Hubner and his team for this valuable contribution, it is a debate that the Irish Government must now take a much more proactive role in leading.
"A new generation is already questioning partition, particularly in the context of Brexit, and it is time now for the Irish Government to encourage and lead an informed, reasoned and respectful public dialogue on the issue of Irish unity.
"It is also time that the Government prepared a realistic plan for Irish reunification, including the establishment of an Oireachtas committee to bring forward a Green Paper for Irish reunification."
However, Ulster Unionist Steve Aiken dismissed the findings, saying that projected loss of €10 billion was a small figure over the projected time frame and well within the margin for error.
He told the Press Association: "I can only presume when they continue to put data into the model, they will suddenly realise something we have known all along – that unification is not an answer and would be a net detriment to Northern Ireland.
"And that is very clear because there is no way we can go from one of the largest economies in the world with close on a three trillion GDP into joining something like the Irish Republic that will have significant problems going forward, particularly if the Irish Government continue pushing us towards making sure we have a hard Brexit rather than having an appropriate Brexit for everybody."
Britain is due to leave the EU next March but still hasn't reached a withdrawal agreement, with the Northern Ireland border remaining the main sticking point. Even when a withdrawal agreement is reached, there will still need to be ongoing negotiations over the next two years and beyond to settle on a trading and customs arrangement between the two sides.


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By Gary Gutting
This is a concluding reflection on my series of 12 interviews with philosophers on religion. I'm grateful to all of them for the intelligence, clarity and honesty with which they responded to my questions, and to the readers, who posted hundred of comments on each interview. It seemed natural to keep to the interview format, even though I (G.G.) had no one to interview except myself (g.g.). Taking some of the recurring views and concerns expressed by the readers into account (there were too many to cite individually), I've tried to submit myself to what I hope was the polite but challenging voice questioning my interviewees.
G.G.: What was the point of talking to a bunch of philosophers about religious belief?
g.g.: The immediate impetus came from the poll I cited at the beginning of the first interview: 73 percent of philosophers said they accepted or were inclined to atheism, while 15 percent accepted or inclined to theism. Only around 6 percent identified themselves as agnostics. I would have expected a good majority to identify as agnostics.
G.G.: Why did you expect that?
g.g.: The question of whether God exists is a controversial one: there have been, and still are, lots of smart, informed and sincere people on both sides. So it would seem that philosophers, committed to rational reflection on the big questions, wouldn't be atheists (or theists) without good reasons. But it is also obvious that the standard arguments for and against God's existence — first-cause arguments, the problem of evil, etc. — have stimulated an enormous amount of debate, leading to many complications but to no consensus. (To get a sense of contemporary discussions on theism see the Stanford Encyclopedia's articles on the cosmological argument and on the problem of evil.) Given this, it seemed to me that at least a good proportion of philosophers would be agnostics, undecided about God's existence.
Read the full interview by clicking the name of the source located below.


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Paul Gauguin
Giorgio Bertini
Research Professor. Director at Learning Change Project – Research on society, culture, art, neuroscience, cognition, critical thinking, intelligence, creativity, autopoiesis, self-organization, rhizomes, complexity, systems, networks, sustainability, thinkers, ++
Giorgio Bertini does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from these papers, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
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Tag Archives: animals
Evolution – Taxonomies of Cognition
From world-renowned biologist and primatologist Frans de Waal, a groundbreaking work on animal intelligence destined to become a classic. What separates your mind from an animal's? Maybe you think it's your ability to design tools, your sense of self, or … Continue reading
Posted in Animal cognition, Animals, Cognition, Evolution, Intelligence Tagged Animal cognition, animals, cognition, evolution, intelligence
Anthropocentrism is not the first step in Children's reasoning about the Natural World
What is the relation between human and nonhuman animals? As adults, we construe this relation flexibly, depending in part on the situation at hand. From a biological perspective, we acknowledge the status of humans as one species among many (as … Continue reading
Posted in Animals, Anthropocentric, Anthropocentrism, Biological world, Children, Humans Tagged animals, anthropocentric, Anthropocentrism, Biological world, children, humans
Wild Justice – The Moral Lives of Animals
Scientists have long counseled against interpreting animal behavior in terms of human emotions, warning that such anthropomorphizing limits our ability to understand animals as they really are. Yet what are we to make of a female gorilla in a German … Continue reading
Petite Sociologie des Hiérarchies Animales
Cerfs, singes, poules… les animaux multiplient les postures d'intimidation ou de reconnaissance pour établir les relations entre dominants et dominés, le combat mortel, trop risqué, étant souvent évité. A découvrir dans un livre de l'essayiste Alexis Rosenbaum. Tocqueville le disait … Continue reading
Dances with Bees: Exploring the Relevance of the Study of Animal Communication to Informatics
This paper describes part of a larger body of theoretical work which provides a new perspective on the nature of informatics, an umbrella term used to stand for the overlapping disciplinary areas of Information Systems, Information Management and Information Technology. … Continue reading
Posted in Animals, Communication, Informatics, Information Tagged animals, communication, informatics, information
Do Other Animals Make Music, or Just Sounds?
The question in the title of this post involves not one but two enigmas: Artistic merit is an abstract and slippery concept, and assigning intention to the actions of other species is a perpetual challenge. Thus, the question invites various, … Continue reading


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Today, I wanted to focus on research.
When looking at the writing process, nothing scares me as much as the research part.
How much planning and research is enough? At what point can you get too buried underneath all of the information?
The most daunting question of all… where do I begin?
I wanted to try the following exercise.
Make a list of the first five celebrities or historical figures that come into your head. Then pick one.
Using google, spend thirty minutes finding out five facts about this celebrity or historical figure.
Once you've done that, write a conversation between yourself and this person using the information you've found out.
Has this exercise sparked a bigger idea? What else do you feel you'd need to know before you begin to write a bigger story?
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