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Modern Forensics: Mitochondria DNA Essay
Modern Forensics: Mitochondria DNAIntroductionForensic science which is famous in some parts of the world as officially authorized remedy is a field that seeks to assist adjudicators and judges in solving lawful cases, not only in criminal law but also in civil cases. The subject is vast and has particularly got intersection between limits of biology, physics, chemistry and mathematics, with as diverse as ballistics and botany, and analysis of handwritings, ear prints, and fingerprints and recorded sound. Since eighties one precise biological technique has transfigured forensic inquiry – the analysis of DNA. (Jobling, 353) DNA is contained in all living things, and all DNA demonstrate variations amongst and within species, legal case links any biological matter has all its information and its origin.
This paper discusses the application of the forensic science in solving the crimes in general and then narrows down to a relatively new concept Mitochondria DNA and discusses how it helps in solving the crime cases. In the end of the paper a summary of the whole topic is given, discussing the major points covered in the paper.Application of DNA In Solving CrimesThe impact of forensic DNA identification technology in the criminal justice process is quick and extensive.
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In the mid of eighties 'genetic fingerprinting' was introduced in high profile cases of serious crime; till now a day's regular use of 'genetic profiling' in most crime investigations. DNA recognition put up a vital role to the exposure of crime and to the edifice of examination cases for courtroom hearings. Such recognition typically engage the compilation of genetic material revealed at crime scenes, the profiling of DNA taken out from this matter,and the assessment of the profile gained with offered DNA profiles of criminals held on a 'forensic' record. Two main kinds of educational learning have added to current understandings of the course and penalties of these uses of molecular biology and bio-technology in the unlawful justice method. The first kind of study, largely informed by an interest in the institutional correlates of large-scale socio-historical changes, has represented the developing uses of DNA profiling and the construction of DNA databases as the instantiation of more generic changes in the modes of control and control policies characteristic of recent and contemporary Western European and North American societies.
From this standpoint, DNA profiling is seen to play a significant (but largely unanalyzed) part in the 'new culture of crime control' which has both been informed by the political and cultural values of late modern society and has in turn come to shape the ways in which this society has installed '…more intensive regimes of regulation, inspection and control…[whilst]…our civic culture becomes increasingly less tolerant and inclusive, increasingly less capable of trust.' (Garland, 194-5)Accordingly, DNA databases containing an increasing number of the genetic profiles of criminal suspects constitute 'centers of calculation' whose installation marks the growing extensiveness and intensity of bureaucratic surveillance in contemporary society – as one amongst the multiplicity of ways in which modern forms of government seek and use knowledge about their citizens in general and 'suspect citizens' in particular (Marx, 19). Here DNA profiles, databased as seemingly robust and resilient knowledge about such citizens, are characterized as part of a bio-surveillance apparatus to which can be submitted the material residue of the past, present and potentially future criminal conduct of the person profiled.
Stenson (1993, 379) has written about the ways in which a variety of forms of surveillance both embodies and enhances such 'specialized knowledge about crime and criminals'. And like others he uses Foucault's (1979) original idea of 'governmentality' to assert that knowledge of such surveillance has effects on the self management of those whose actions and identities are captured by its gaze. The incorporation of genetic knowledge into such techniques of surveillance is then simply '…only one element within a complex of programmes which address the issue of crime control…' (Hutchby, 41), and the contemporary crime control complex is seen to deploy DNA databasing as part of a technologically facilitated infrastructure of intelligence gathering aimed at effective detection, crime reduction and risk management.Mitochondrial DNAMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is perfect for older, smaller or degraded samples.
These energy producing mitochondria have their own DNA molecules that are used to create a DNA profile, which is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA. In humans, the mitochondrial DNA genome consists of about 16,000 DNA building blocks (base pairs), representing just a fraction of the total DNA in cells. Because mitochondria are structurally strong and protect the DNA they contain, mitochondrial DNA is useful for identifying victims of mass disasters, where the nuclear DNA in the cells could have been degraded or damaged. It is also often used in Cold Cases. (Sykes, 17) Most cells in our bodies contain between 500 and 1000 copies of the mtDNA molecule, which makes it a lot easier to find and extract than nuclear DNA. The rise of mtDNA testing in the field of forensics means that cases that were previously thought hopeless, may now be resolved. Mitochondrial DNA in human cells is often more robust and more plentiful than nuclear DNA.
MtDNA typing can be performed on hair shafts, bone, and teeth. As a result, mtDNA testing has been widely utilized by investigators in "cold case" police units. (Tyler-Smith, 98)mtDNA shares many of the theoretical disadvantages of the Y chromosome: it is non-recombining, so indicators do not segregate independently, thereby reducing diversity; it is uniparentally inherited (through the mother), so all members of a matriline share a haplotype; and it shows marked population structure. Furthermore, there is the complication of heteroplasmy. The advantage of mtDNA lies in its copy number, which is between ~200 and 1,700 per cell; this means that it has a greater probability of survival than nuclear DNA does. Forensic applications include analysis of samples that are old or severely damaged, or low in DNA (such as hair shafts), and include historical criminal cases. The normal practice is to sequence two segments of the control region that are particularly polymorphic, known as hyper-variable segments I and II (HVSI, HVSII). SNPs outside the hyper-variable segments will increase the power of mtDNA typing.
Rather than considering the average-match probability (which is high, at ~0.005–0.025), match significance is usually evaluated by the 'counting method' — how many times a specific sequence has been observed in a population database, with a correction for sampling error. (Sinha, 93) There has been criticism of the quality of some forensic datasets, on the basis of highly improbable sequences that are detectable by phylogenetic analysis. Heteroplasmy can lead to different sequences being found between hairs or tissues in a single individual, and even along the length of a single hair shaft.
Mutation, which distinguishes heteroplasmic types, is particularly common at some sites ('hot spots'), but this can be built into the interpretation using a likelihood ratio approach. Shared heteroplasmy between two samples can actually increase the strength of evidence.DNA and mtDNA Profile and Crime SolvingOnce the crime has taken place, a complete from the crime scene is developed but when this profile does not seem to find any match in an intelligence database, whichever information that is able to be deducted from the DNA regarding the giver is of use. An essential bit of information required is sex, however two more characteristics are also helpful in investigating crimes which are: population of origin and phenotypic (physical) features.Population Of OriginIn human population the genetic deviation is found to be the highest. However, people who `belong to different populations are, generally, somewhat additionally dissimilar from each other than are people from the similar population and this lets in setting of indicators to be used to calculate population of origin. Same techniques would be appropriate for the investigation of a crime scene sample. Forensic Short Tandem Repeat (STR) profiles are extremely inconsistent amongst people and therefore demonstrate little inter-population inconsistency (FST).
They are as a result not perfect for calculating population of origin. The ability of SGM Plus profiles to classify people into one of five police-defined 'ethnic groups' has been evaluated, and proved. (Sinha, 103) Regardless of the misclassification, prediction is helpful if it decreases the amount of suspect investigations carried out prior to the real person responsible for has arrived. Police are not anthropologists and one difficulty with deducing these studies are the over simplified method in which populations are described. The haploid Y chromosome and mtDNA demonstrate strong geographic delineation for the reason that their small Effective Population Size (one quarter of that of any autosome) leads to improved Genetic Drift.
Intercourse habits may as well add up to variation within population. These indicators as a result hold information on population of origin, however, due to admixture, can present deceptive outcomes. (Butler, 99)Indicators with superior power have appeared from studies of admixed populations for epidemiological reasons or for planning ailment genes by Linkage Disequilibrium. Autosomal binary or STR loci have been recognized that demonstrate huge allele rate variations (30–50%) among parental population groups. Multilocus genotypes based on such Ancestry Informative Indicators (AIMS) can be investigated by means of model-based clustering algorithms, yielding individual shares of descent from a number of populations.
(Macaulay, 315) even though forensic assessment has not yet been conceded out, tests using 175 AIMs are by now accessible from markets for forensic use; their use will perhaps enhance, while it might be restricted in admixed populations.Phenotypic InformationA strong prediction of population of origin might indicate some aspects of phenotype, such as skin color. However, direct genetic tests would be more useful.
Many human phenotypes (for example, stature, facial features and pigmentation) have a strong genetic component. The only relevant trait that has undergone serious investigation is pigmentation. However, although there are many human genes that when mutated are known to cause abnormal pigmentation such as albinism, only a minority appear to influence 'normal' variation. The best studied is the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, the gene product of which lies in the cell membrane of the Melanocyte. Binding of ?-melanocyte stimulating factor to the receptor leads to production of black/ brown pigments, whereas in the absence of a signal through MC1R, red/yellow pigments predominate. (Holland, Parsons, 21) The MC1R gene has more than 30 known variant alleles involving amino-acid substitutions, three of which are associated with red hair, fair skin and freckling. Population studies show that homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for such a variant gives a >90% probability of having red hair.
This test is therefore useful as an investigative tool in populations where red hair is found at an appreciable frequency. Other candidate pigmentation genes have been investigated, but with less success. Linkage analysis has identified a locus on chromosome 15 that influences eye color, for which the P gene, the product of which is involved in melanin production, is a candidate.
Two amino-acid substitutions in the gene are associated with blue or grey eyes. A broader association study including SNPs in several candidate genes has identified 61 SNPs that explain 15% of the variation in eye color in a sample, but probably do not provide useful predictive testing. Work on these and other phenotypes will probably increase in the future. However, the complexity of these quantitative traits, coupled with variability introduced by environmental and nutritional differences, means that even if the genes influencing them were identified there is no guarantee that simple deterministic tests would emerge.Non-Human Species In Forensic GeneticsForensic analysis of animal DNA has been used both when animal material (usually pet hairs) is found at crime scenes, and in investigations of the illegal trade in endangered species. Work on canine identification is mostly based on STRs developed for parentage testing, but also includes mtDNA profiling. In the endangered species field, species-specific methods target the gene that encodes cytochrome b of mtDNA.
As with animal material, plant material can be associated with a crime scene and provide vital evidence. When morphology is uninformative, DNA could, in principle, offer species identification or a link to a specific place. However, in the analysis of plant DNA there is no easy equivalent of the widely studied animal mtDNA sequences (although regions of the chloroplast genome and the nuclear ribosomal RNA loci seem promising) and STRs in most species are poorly characterized. (Chakraborty, 139) PCR-based fingerprinting methods such as Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) can allow identification of plant strains and have been used in the analysis of mosses in a murder case, and in civil disputes over the identity of commercially valuable cultivars of strawberry and chilli. A species-specific PCR assay is available for Cannabis sativa and the isolation of a hexanucleotide STR from the same species provided a indicator with some potential to identify the source of cannabis samples. Microorganisms can be sources of evidence in situations such as foodstuff contamination and medical negligence cases involving infections, such as HIV transmission. Microbiologists, epidemiologists and forensic scientists have met to define problems and make recommendations, many of which will be expensive to implement.Future DevelopmentsForensic genetics will continue to take advantage of technical developments in DNA analysis.
A 'sci-fi' vision of a hand-held device (the 'lab on a chip') that would allow rapid DNA profiling at the crime scene is close to realization, with developments in micro-fabrication of capillary electrophoretic arrays; single integrated platforms that extract, amplify and sequence DNA havealready been developed, but it will be some time before such devices are validated for forensic use.SummaryIn this paper we have examined some of the ways in which the use of DNA and mtDNA in criminal investigations has both contributed to and been shaped by the creation of a national DNA database (NDNAD). In particular, this paper has mapped a number of important scientific and technical, developments, which have together transformed the forensic use of DNA. Contemporary investigative practice now involves the routine search for DNA evidence, potentially at every one of the hundred of thousands of crime scenes attended by scene examiners, and the collection of DNA samples from all those suspected by the police of involvement in a recordable offence.
Nevertheless, there remain many policy questions concerning the use of DNA and the mtDNA for crime investigation. (Chakraborty, 141) These range in scope, but include: whether the use of the mtDNA sustains, or even enhances asserted inequities in the criminal justice system; whether tissue samples used for DNA profiling should be destroyed or retained along with the digital profiles; under what circumstances may the convicted be allowed to reopen cases to seek exoneration by DNA analysis; and what privacy rights are attached to information potentially recoverable from the biological materials held by the laboratories that supply profiles to the National DNA Database? These questions will not only structure future research on the NDNAD but will provide the foundations for debates about the important social, ethical and legal issues which are raised by the operation of this increasingly important police resource.Works CitedButler, J. M. Recent developments in Y-Short Tandem Repeat and Y-Single Nucleotide Polymorphism analysis.
Forensic Science Review. 15, 91–111 (2003).Chakraborty, R. Forensics and mitochondrial DNA: applications, debates and foundations. Annual Revised. Genomics Human. Genetics.
4, 119–141 (2003).Foucault, M. "Governmentality.
" Ideology and Consciousness 6, 1979.Garland, D. The Culture of Crime Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2001).
Holland, M. M. & Parsons, T. J. Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis — validation and use for forensic casework. Forensic Sci.
Rev. 11, 21–49 (1999).Hutchby, I. "Technologies, Texts and Affordances.
" Sociology 35(2): 41-56 (2001).Jobling, M. A. In the name of the father: surnames and genetics. Trends Genet. 17, 353–357 (2001).
Macaulay, V. The mitochondrial gene tree comes of age. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68, 315–320 (2001).Marx, G.
T. "What's New About the 'New Surveillance'? Classifying for Change and Continuity." Surveillance and Society 1: 9-29, 2002 .Sinha, S. K.
et al. Development and validation of a multiplexed Y-chromosome STR genotyping system, YPLEX 6, for forensic casework. J. Forensic Sci. 48, 93-103 (2003).
Stenson, K. "Community Policing as a Governmental Technology." Economy and Society 22: 373-399, 1993.Sykes, B. & Irven, C. Surnames and the Y chromosome. Am. J.
Hum. Genet. 66, 17–19 (2000).Tyler-Smith, C. The human Y chromosome: an evolutionary indicator comes of age. Nature Rev.
Genet. 4, 98–102 (2003).


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Apple pickers claim Tongan manager discriminated against them
WELLINGTON, New Zealand (Radio New Zealand International, Feb. 6, 2015) – In Samoa, the Prime Minister, Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi, has told local reporters a strike by apple pickers from his country working in Australia under the seasonal scheme has been resolved.
Tuila'epa said the CEO of the Ministry of the Prime Minister and Cabinet has left the country for talks with Australian authorities on the matter.
The prime minister did not go into details, but says the workers have accused a Tongan man managing the job of being discriminatory against the Samoans and favoring people from his home country.
He says earning money from the scheme is more important, which is the reason the government has decided to send a senior government official to discuss the differences, with the hope that it does not to happen again in the future.
Government schools to be transformed to 'reflect the vision of the ministry'
SUVA, Fiji (Fijilive, Feb. 6, 2015) – The boards of all Government schools will be dissolved and all operations will be overseen by Fiji's Ministry of Education as it seeks to transform it to model schools.
Minister for Education Dr Mahendra Reddy said all Government schools whether primary or secondary level need to reflect the vision of the ministry.
To this end, Dr Reddy says all boards and committees whose terms have expired will not be renewed while those boards whose terms have not ended have been invited to discuss with the school heads on the new vision.
"Government will now take extra responsibility of its schools to transform it to become model schools," he said while addressing school head teachers and principals at a Reforms Awareness Workshop in Ba this week.
"We will ensure that the schools are painted renovated, ablution blocks improved, hostels, kitchens...
Minister told to 'reconsider decision' to deny export license
By Daniel Namosuaia
HONIARA, Solomon Islands (Solomon Star, Feb. 5, 2015) – Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare's directive to issue an export permit to Ontong Java Development Company (OJDC) inorder to export beche-de-mer did not go down well with top fisheries officials, it was disclosed.
Sogavare's involvement in the latest move has raised question over his leadership credentials and the way the country had portrayed him as the right leader to take this country forward.
According to documents cited by this paper, Sogavare had written to the Minister of Fisheries John Maneniaru to reconsider his decision not to accept OJDC's application and issue the license with immediate effect.
"…I'm requesting you to reconsider your decision and issue the export license applied for by Ontong Java Development Company with immediate effect," Sogavare said in his letter dated 20th January 2015.
Bainimarama: Removing Union Jack about 'embracing our own symbols'
By Vuniwaqa Bola-Bari
SUVA, Fiji (Fijilive, Feb. 6, 2015) – Removing the Union Jack from the Fiji flag does not mean that the country has sever ties with Britain, says Fijian Prime Minister Voreqe Bainimarama said.
He says that Britain and the British crown will remain a valuable part of Fiji's historical link.
[PIR editor's note: RNZI reported that 'A petition is circulating in Fiji to call for the government to stop its move to change the national flag. ... One of the petition's organisers, the President of the youth wing of the opposition Sodelpa party, Peter Waqavonovono, says people need to be consulted first.']
"We also value the infrastructure the British left us – such as the magnificent site of our new Parliament – and all those great...
Academic speculates MOU will include military exports
WELLINGTON, New Zealand (Radio New Zealand International, Feb. 6, 2015) – An analyst in international relations says Russia is likely to sell military weapons to Fiji after an agreement being signed between the two nations.
Fiji is hosting Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister in Suva this week and the final text of a Memorandum of Understanding is expected to be signed during the visit.
Senior lecturer in international relations at Victoria University, Dr Alexander Bukh, says Russia is facing a lot of criticism from the Western powers so any country interested in signing an agreement with Russia is greeted with quite a lot of enthusiasm.
"Fiji, it's a small country but it's an independent country, it's a member of the UN, they have certain needs. One of the major Russian exports is military related exports, so weapons. This is going to be one of the aspects of Russia - Fiji co-operation. Russia needs to...
Government-owned Telikom to boost local content
SUVA, Fiji (Fijilive, Feb. 6, 2015) – Fiji Television Limited is to sell its 100 per cent owned Papua New Guinea subsidiary, Media Niugini Limited to Telikom PNG for a little over $F21 million (27m kina [US$10.2 million]).
[PIR editor's note: Media Niugini Limited operates the network EMTV in PNG.]
The sale and purchase agreement was signed in Suva today between FTV and Michael Donnelly, Telikom PNG group chief executive, four months after talks between the two parties were initiated.
FHL chief executive Nouzab Fareed said it would take another 30 to 60 days to complete the sale in view of all the regulatory approval that would need to be obtained.
Fiji TV, he says, will also need to call an extraordinary general meeting to get shareholders' approval.
"The two major shareholders have approved of the sale.
We had a board meeting this morning of all FTV directors representing all the...
Sopoaga optimistic an international agreement can be reached
WELLINGTON, New Zealand (Radio New Zealand International, Feb. 5, 2015) – Tuvalu's Prime Minister says the option of litigation remains open if no progress is made in international climate talks.
Enele Sopoaga, whose low-lying country is one of the most at risk from rising sea levels, says trying to make other countries aware of Tuvalu's plight is difficult, but he remains optimistic an agreement can be reached this year.
Mr Sopoaga says it is also difficult when major countries like the United States and Australia continue to argue about climate change and struggle to push through any meaningful legislation.
"The time for arguing over the science is over. It is very, very difficult and the option for litigation has always been there, but I think right now those options are self-defeating. We would be eventually coming to those options, but we must continue to fight for whatever is possible to...
First phase of drilling will determine viability of project
WELLINGTON, New Zealand (Radio New Zealand International, Feb. 5, 2015) – In Vanuatu the developer of the Takara geothermal power project in North Efate has got approval from the Department of Environment to start drilling.
The Australian company, Geodynamics Limited, has been exploring two sites in the area.
The acting director for environment, Trinison Tari, says this first phase drilling will determine if there is sufficient heat extracted to be able to turn a generator turbine.
He says if the result is negative then the project will not go ahead.
AG: 13 people on death row have 'less than a year to live'
By Margaret Talingapua
PORT MORESBY, Papua New Guinea (The National, Feb. 5, 2015) – The 13 people on death row are expected to be executed this year after Cabinet endorsed the proposed guidelines for the implementation of death penalty, it has been revealed.
Secretary for the Department of Justice and Attorney-General Dr Lawrence Kalinoe told The National yesterday Cabinet had approved the establishment of an inter-agency committee to see its implementation.
Kalinoe said the 13 people on death row had less than a year to live because the Government was adamant on implementing death penalty this year. "The committee will facilitate the implementation of death penalty by this year," Kalinoe said.
He said the 13 people had exhausted all appeal and constitutional review processes, plus the plea for clemency. He said the death penalty would now be administered. The committee comprises the...
Ban on buai in National Capital District is only solution
By Maureen Gerawa
PORT MORESBY, Papua New Guinea (PNG Post-Courier, Feb. 6, 2015) – Designated betelnut trading sections in markets proposed by Prime Minister Peter O'Neill will not stop abuse, National Capital District Commission officials said yesterday.
They insist that the current betelnut ban was the only workable solution to controlling the red spittle and littering of betelnut husks. The ban was already helping city residents change their attitudes, the officials said.
They were compelled to comment following the Prime Minister's announcement that betelnut would be sold and chewed in designated places in the markets.
They said this would make it difficult for NCDC to implement the ban.
[PIR editor's note: The National reported that 'The betel nut ban in Port Moresby is still effective, according to...
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Conrad Chow, Premieres (Cambria CD-1204).
For his début album, violinist Conrad Chow has chosen to 'première' attractive, unrecorded works by composers Bruce Broughton, Ronald Royer, and Kevin Lau.
Kevin Lau's "Joy" (for violin and String Orchestra) has a theme of exquisite beauty that Chow's violin renders sweet and gentle, strangely redolent of heather.
Ronald Royer writes Rhapsodies (and Romances). I enjoyed the masterful and witty "Rhapsody for Clarinet, Percussion and Strings," that he contributed to The Nightingale's Rhapsody, a 2010 CD with Clarinetist Jerome Summers. Conrad Chow chose to première Royer's "Rhapsody for Violin and Chamber Orchestra." This two-movement work charms with its late-romantic, early-modernist manner, but the music's lyrical liveliness makes it more than a mere hearkening back.
Royer himself conducting the Sinfonia Toronto draws a drama alert out of the winds' and harp's middle-eastern melody. Chow's violin in concert with the winds underline the motif strongly, as if with kohl, and the subsequent rich orchestration is marked by touches of dissonance in the manner of Britten.
The second movement opens with a slow solo, gains complexity and momentum, working up a heavy pulsation over which Chow's violin does a gritty, antic, dance that leads the mind to the colourful rhythms of Shostakovich and Rimsky-Koraskov.
Royer's "In Memoriam to J.S. Bach" strengthens the neo-baroque aspect of Chow's program, but with a slightly tart modern touch. Royer's work is appealing as an impressionistic update of Bach-as-inspiration. It is also a moody work, the emotions going to excess before being reined in by step-wise Brandenburgerish references.
Broughton's compositions are the core of the CD. They open and close it and afford Chow space to show his styles. The first movement of Three Incongruities for Violin and Chamber Orchestra mingle the sounds of Bach and hoedown, or if you prefer, sounds courtly and folky. In the second movement, marked 'slow, in a singing style,' Chow's hand on the bow is light and lovely, sad and slow: the violin's tone is sometimes like a clarinet, sometimes harsh, double-stopped and dissonant, the tempo varying from fleet to wistful and back. The finale brings back the country-jig: the violin imitates a penny-whistle, and among the reflective interludes is the sound of bagpipes.
The CD closes with charming Broughton folk tunes associated with the California Goldrush, and a respectable and very well done bit of Chopin, the Nocturne in C-Sharp Minor, Op. posth.
This CD has the strength of internal unity. You can feel it flow through the program that Chow executes in synch with the fine Sinfonia Toronto. It's obvious that Premières is a thoughtfully prepared piece of work, and for that reason alone it deserves an audience.


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Socii Dispatch 07
The previous version of Socii consisted of seven "microservices" and two web apps that were eventually condensed to two APIs and (hopefully) a sensible stack. This post will detail the process and why the changes were made.
Old Socii was busted and didn't feel good to use. Even I didn't want to use it so changes had to be made. New Socii is super pleasant to use and I'm happy again. What follows is a deep-dive into the history of the architecture and why I made the changes I made.
Horus: the notifier
Hu: the authenticator (user management)
Nemty: the emailer
Ra: the one who knows all (GraphQL)
Seshat: the keeper of records (post management)
Thoth: the media converter
Web Apps
Marketing: the pretty informational site
Network: the actual web app
The Rest
DigitalOcean: the server
Mailgun: backend for email delivery
MongoDB: the database
How it worked
User visited
socii.network and liked what they saw so they decided to sign up. Being a new user, they were logged in immediately. On the backend, Hu created the user and pinged Nemty with the user's email address. Nemty created and sent a welcome email to the user.
If the user decided to make a post, Seshat would get those details and save it to the database. Thoth took care of uploading the user's profile picture. Horus facilitated details of post actions (favorite, reply, &c) to Nemty. Ra was the glue that held everything together.
What didn't work
Adding a feature to one microservice often meant updating nearly all of them and that grew hella tedious. When Socii 1.0 was in development the web industry was super buzzed about microservices, everywhere! They would solve all your problems! In my case, they added more than removed problems. It is fully possible that I did not write them in the way microservices are supposed to be written but when most of the tutorials on the subject came from the Medium hive mind, you can understand how good information and examples (!!) are hard to come by.
Web Apps
Like my microservices, I did not enjoy doing a lot of work on the Network and then realizing Marketing wasn't up to date with things ranging from a shade of blue to the modules powering the app. I did a lot of copy/pasting and it felt like I was doing something wrong. Tedium!
The Rest
DigitalOcean and Mailgun have been doing well for me. In fact, I believe I'm grandfathered into Mailgun's free tier due to the low volume of Socii's email output. I've experienced zero issues with email deliverability so I'd gladly pay for it (make Socii popular y'all).
MongoDB? Sigh
Like many front-end developers, I gravitated to it for my projects because it was the "least scary" database available. Plenty of ORMs are available for it and I used mongoose for a while before transitioning to mongoist during one of the phases of the refactor (in total, there have been at least four phases).
The issue that stumped me for at least a month before urging me to investigate other databases involved updating the schema of posts and users. I forget the details exactly but I had a defined schema and exported the data to perform a database migration. The migration kept failing due to permission checks of some sort and no amount of search engine kung fu rescued me from my woes. Mongo is super unhelpful when things go wrong.
I ended up cursing myself for being so reliant on a database with piss-poor error messages.
The Search
I had been using ZEIT's micro/micro-dev modules as the basis for my microservices but the lack of updates/interest from the maintainers urged me to look elsewhere.
I also read many articles about how companies like Airbnb and Netflix managed their software, to better inform my own decisions about the future of my microservices. In the realm of that research I learned about "monorepos" with the most popular NodeJS module being Lerna. I decided not to use it but to implement one of the core features, which was to put all of my microservices into one API and go from there.
Web Apps
The original Socii made extensive use of websockets in order to provide a responsive UI. That…worked…for a while. I soon realized I was merely replicating what single-page applications do.
The web industry's favorite framework for SPAs is (was?) React and I despise React. It has always seemed too bulky and I'm allergic to packages with a boatload of dependencies.
Far too many times in my web development career I have been forced to stop using a useful package because of a dependency being out of date or suffering from a vulnerability and the author/maintainers of that dependency being unresponsive or plain not caring. Bulky packages also become targets for misuse. Companies like Snyk exist to help mitigate this issue but the first step, IMHO, is to limit the attack area yourself by choosing smaller (often with full feature-parity) packages.
Anyhoo, I looked at Preact, Composi, and a lot of interesting HyperScript mini-frameworks before settling on Mithril. I really thought this was IT. I found the perfect front-end framework! Right?! Heh, no.
The original codebase was server-side rendered which meant shared links in Apple Messages and elsewhere online showed rich metadata; title of the page, description, and Socii's icon image. With Mithril, I lost all that. Frustrated once more, it was back to the drawing board.
The Rest
Your service is only as good as your database.
Your database of choice is the jewel, the Big Kahuna, the very foundation of your service. So, I tested Apple's FoundationDB. Long story short, I found it relatively easy to setup but was confused about how I'd put data into it's Document Layer (document data model on FoundationDB, implementing MongoDB's wire protocol; I'd be able to plug 'n play, basically).
However, I did find an awesome NodeJS module written by Steve Korshakov, CEO of Openland: @openland/foundationdb. Unfortunately, it didn't have Document Layer support so my search continued.
No other database looked pleasant to use (to me). One of my developer friends espoused the beauty of MariaDB but I was spoiled by ORMs. I didn't want to learn how to write weird syntax just to interface with my database (I also didn't realize at the time that TypeORM was a thing, which renders my previous sentence null).
Five of the original six microservices I created were condensed into a single GraphQL API. The outlier was Thoth (media converter/file management) because as great as GraphQL is, it cannot handle file uploads as easy as a standard REST API could.
Instead, this is the process: when I need to upload something (like a profile picture for instance), the upload is happening in the background as soon as possible. The response from Thoth is the resulting URL from DigitalOcean's Spaces (basically AWS) that becomes a hidden input's value that will finally get sent to the API to be inserted into the database, after a user clicks "save"/"upload".
Kind of convoluted but it works for now.
So, I now have two APIs: a GraphQL-based one (primary) and a REST-based one (file uploads). Both are built upon the restify framework (it's like Express but focused on API creation).
Web Apps
Back at the drawing board but fully understanding what my requirements were for a front-end framework, it didn't take me long to find another one of ZEIT's open-source projects, Next. Alas, it was built upon React but if I could have an SSR-powered SPA I'd swallow that. And so I did until approximately a week and a half later when I came across a blog post comparing Next and something called "Sapper". This section of the post blew my mind (emphasis mine):
The same 'hello world' app that took 204kb with React and Next weighs just 7kb with Sapper. That number is likely to fall further in the future as we explore the space of optimisation possibilities, such as not shipping any JavaScript at all for pages that aren't interactive, beyond the tiny Sapper runtime that handles client-side routing.
Sapper has Express-compatible middleware, making it easy to understand and customize for people who are used to using Express (and Fastify, Restify, &c). It is built upon a framework that's not really a framework: Svelte. Like the name implies, Svelte compiles code to tiny, framework-less vanilla JavaScript. Quite honestly, this is everything I've been looking for; a lightweight SPA with SSR support!
With the web app framework finally figured out, I had to then figure out what I wanted to do about having two front-ends to manage. And…I didn't want to manage two of them. I decided to merge them instead and deprecate the use of a sub-domain for the Network. So, if you were logged-in you would see the global feed but if you were logged-out you would see the marketing homepage. The navigation would also change accordingly.
The Rest
The database I settled upon is RethinkDB. An interesting choice considering that one of the most commented issues in one of its repos on Github is titled, "is this project dead?". Well, the original company behind it is but there's still a small, vibrant community around it that's been using Rethink in production for years.
One of the great things about Rethink is the web interface it comes with (you can disable this if you want). This interface has a feature called "Data Explorer" and like the name implies, it allows you to test database commands (or, quickly query something from your database). Coming from a database that effectively told you nothing via opaque errors to a database that gave you the tools to succeed was a breath of fresh air and made me question why the company behind Rethink failed in the first place. The founder of the company, Slava Akhmechet, wrote about their failure in depth and the TL;DR is: great product, wrong time.
The Future
I believe I have created a stable foundation for the future of Socii's development. So, what's next? A laundry list of features: images in posts, more profile customization, groups, iOS app, re-enabled JSON Feed for profiles, end-to-end encryption, &c. I don't have experience with CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Development) workflows so maybe that'll be the next thing major thing I tackle. Of course, I'll share my experiences along the way.


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German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has announced the White House Correspondents' Association as the winner of its 2017 Freedom of Speech Award.
Deutsche Welle said the White House press corps is "establishing a new benchmark in reporting about the policies of the new administration" in spite of President Donald Trump denying their credibility and sometimes using personal attacks.
"We have complete trust in the democracy in the United States of America," said DW Director General Peter Limbourg."This entails that we are reliant on a strong media.The White House Correspondents' Association is a guarantor for the control of those in power."
The award will be presented at Deutsche Welle's Global Media Forum in Bonn in June.
WHCA President Jeff Mason said the group is "deeply humbled and honored" to be chosen.
"Press freedom in the United States is not a given, despite the protection provided by the constitution.We must remain vigilant to ensure that those freedoms persist, regardless of who holds power in Washington," Mason said.
The award is in its third year.The prior winners were imprisoned Saudi blogger Raif Badawi and Sedat Ergin, then-editor-in-chief of the Turkish daily Hurriyet.


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Switchfast's 2nd Annual Community Blood Drive
On November 9th, Switchfast opened our doors to invite friends and neighbors in the Ravenswood Corridor to our 2nd Annual Community Blood Drive. Partnering with Vitalant (previously known as Lifesource), we gathered 34 brave donors to provide aid for Chicagoans in need. Since each donation helps to save three lives, our efforts will help save 102 patients in our community.
Vitalant's mission is to help people realize their life-transforming potential and give people the resources needed to help their communities. Founded in 1943, Vitalant is one of the nation's oldest and largest nonprofit transfusion medicine organizations. Combining a rich history and the community legacies of nearly a dozen blood centers across the nation, Vitalant transforms lives coast-to-coast.
Scared of needles?
Did you know:
- Someone needs blood every two seconds?
- Fewer than 3% of eligible donors in Chicago give blood regularly
- Every donation of whole blood (the most common kind) can save the lives of three people
- Donating blood doesn't hurt
While donation events such as ours provide an easy opportunity for us to make a difference, blood donations are available daily across the city. Whether you're a new or returning donor, you can create a profile with Vitalant to schedule appointments in your area.
Thanks to all our donors:
Christopher Thele, Kayla Johnson, Lee Villacreses, Craig Hasselberger, Craig Gettelman, Patrick Moran, Courtney Matula, James Anderson, Jill Wilson, JJ Mehren, Andrea Ruggles, Jonathan Kaufman, Kylie Cyr, Krista Chambers, Sara Costello, TJ Pusateri, Will Moritz, Rebecca Lecey, De Blenniss, Kelly Greene, Trevor Shaffer, Ashley Brasch, Justin Newton, Daniel Puraleski, Jason Simon, Tim Schmitt, Brian O'Neill, Joseph Paneral and Isaac Kagan.


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Paintings On Canvas
Commission a stunning portrait of your pet by A J Turner
A portrait is a wonderful & unique tribute to your beloved pet that will last a lifetime. Buy as a special gift for a loved one , To celebrate your Winning dogs success or just to treat yourself.
Painted in Acrylic on Canvas from your photographs.
Email : firstname.lastname@example.com to discuss how I can create your very own piece of Art !
- Prices shown are based on single head studies of your chosen size, Please email me for pricing on backgrounds, full body & group portraits.
- To buy simply choose your size from the drop down menu & Buy Now, then email me with photo's of your pet.
- Clear photo's are ideal but blurry / red eye shots can still be useful. So if in doubt please email your photo's to me and I will discuss how they can be used.
More from this collection


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I always wanted to read a book written by Richard Branson but couldn't start one. Finally, I got interested in The Virgin Way. It is almost like an autobiography of Richard, in which he has shared his various experience and learning's from the same.
Some of the key learning's are:
- First Listen
- Taking down Notes
- Communicate, collaborate and communicate some more.
- Taking Risks
- Whatever happens, Be Cool and Funny
- Screw it, let's do it attitude!
- Make a positive difference and do some good.
- Do what you love and have a couch in the kitchen.
- Listen, take lots of notes and keep setting new challenges.
- Communicate, collaborate and communicate some more.
- Have fun and look after your team.
- Delegate and spend more time with your family.
- Turn off that laptop and iPhone and get your derrière out there
- Follow your dreams and just do it.
- Believe in your ideas and be the best.
- Don't give up.
It was a fun and easy read, you can easily complete the book in max 5 days. If you like to get a copy of it kindly click here.


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Question Description
I'm trying to learn for my class and I'm stuck. Can you help?
Write a 700- to 1,050-word section for your strategic plan in
which you add your strategies and tactics to implement and realize your
strategic objectives, measures, and targets. Include marketing and information
technology strategies and tactics. Develop at least three methods to monitor
and control your proposed strategic plan, being sure to analyze how the
measures will advance organizational goals financially and operationally.
Finally, recommend actions needed to address ethical, legal, and regulatory
issues faced by the organization, and how they can improve corporate
Must be plagiarism free!
Final Answer
Brown University
1271 Tutors
California Institute of Technology
2131 Tutors
Carnegie Mellon University
982 Tutors
Columbia University
1256 Tutors
Dartmouth University
2113 Tutors
Emory University
2279 Tutors
Harvard University
599 Tutors
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2319 Tutors
New York University
1645 Tutors
Notre Dam University
1911 Tutors
Oklahoma University
2122 Tutors
Pennsylvania State University
932 Tutors
Princeton University
1211 Tutors
Stanford University
983 Tutors
University of California
1282 Tutors
Oxford University
123 Tutors
Yale University
2325 Tutors


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The Fleeing Evangelist (For the Feast of Saint Mark)
If he truly was the young man who fled naked when they seized him by his linen garment while following the one captured in the garden, do we then, perhaps, see in this a truth that fits the shy evangelist well? Does it not match well one whose face evades us, who flees when we hold him? Churches in Egypt stand in his stead, traditions flow from him like the train of his cloak, yet in the certainty of history he drops them, sheds them and flees, leaving us looking instead, through the crystal clarity of his words at the one who stood in the wilderness, who cleared the temple and drove out the spirits, who declared Himself the promised one and rose again to prove it. Look at him! If this Mark truly was the one who let down Paul yet raised up churches where great libraries fell and died when his enemies finally caught him, it seems fitting that we do not know for sure about him, dressed only in linen, and fleeing from us lest we hold onto him and hold not the Word who he stood to proclaim.


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• June 16, 9am-1pm
• Ages: Camp is open to girls and boys ages 7-18
• Adults can sign up to "shadow a coach" for the duration of the camp
• Cost for Youth and Adults: $40
All participants will receive instruction from Utah Falconz coaches and players. This camp will emphasize on fundamentals and techniques focusing on specific positions to allow for more detailed instruction and player development. Players will be divided by age and skill level. This is a non-contact camp.
Adults who sign up to "shadow a coach" have the opportunity to be on the field and see the drills and workouts up close. We ask that during the actual instruction time with the campers, the adults observe and not interfere with the players learning time. There will be time allotted to ask questions to coaches and players throughout the camp.
• Opportunity to meet, learn from, and workout with their favorite Falconz players and coaches
• Camp T-shirt
• Action photos will be taken of the players throughout the camp and made available through Utah Falconz Facebook Page


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Lesson Plan
Lesson 8: Interpreting the Night Sky
A 60 minute lesson designed to research Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' understanding of the night sky and its use for timekeeping purposes.
This lesson plan includes the following resources:
Lesson Plan
Tuning In
- Ask the students if they know what Betelgeuse is? Conduct a Think, Pair, Share: students individually think about the question, then they make a pair with another student, and then share their ideas. Gather all of the students back together and invite partners to share their ideas with the whole class.
- Watch the video Visiting Supergiant Betelgeuse Afterwards, clarify what Betelgeuse is and recall some key facts about the star.
- Replay the video and pause the opening seen that depicts the constellation Orion. Ask the class if they believe that everyone around the world knows Betelgeuse as being part of Orion. Encourage students to respond and share their reasoning.
- Introduce the students to the lesson's statement to be investigated: Different peoples infer different meanings from the night sky.
Teacher Instruction
- Go to the website Figures in the Sky and display it for the class. Scroll down to the star map featuring Betelgeuse and click on the Western: Orion icon.
- Look at the other icons surrounding the star map and click on a selection of these to explore how different cultures make different constellations with Betelgeuse. Discuss how this information supports or refutes the investigation statement.
Guided/Independent Learning
- Distribute the Aboriginal Interpretations of the Night Sky Worksheet and read through the task with the class.
- Play the videos Aboriginal Astronomy- Behind the News and Aboriginal Astronomy – NITV (scroll down to the bottom of the web page for the video). Encourage students to take notes or record answers on the worksheet as they watch. Alternatively, students can conduct their own research.
- Monitor and support the students as they complete the task.
Wrapping Up
- As a whole class, review the main points of the videos and/or check the responses for the worksheet questions. Encourage students to share their answers.
- Refer back to the statement being investigated. Conduct a class discussion about whether it is true or false based on the information collated from the various activities performed during the lesson.
- Collect the students' worksheets. These could be included in a portfolio of work samples and used to assess the students' understanding of the unit objectives.
Extending Students
- More capable students could research different cultural stories about the appearance of the moon, including an Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander example, and then use these to support or refute the statement being investigated.
- Students could create a 'yarning circle' and share stories they have heard about objects in the sky.
Supporting Students
- Allow less confident students to record one example for each item on the worksheet and/or work as part of a small group with adult assistance.
Assessment Strategies
Suggested Assessment Strategies
- used strategic whole class or individual questioning
- observed student participation during learning activities
- recorded student progress on a checklist
- annotated student work samples
- collected and reviewed student work samples
- facilitated whole class or peer feedback sessions
- encouraged student self-reflection
- administered formal assessment tasks.
NSW Curriculum alignment
Explains regular events in the solar system and geological events on the Earth's surface
Explains regular events in the solar system and geological events on the Earth's surface
Victorian Curriculum alignment
Australian Curriculum alignment
The Earth is part of a system of planets orbiting around a star (the Sun)
Find more resources for these topics
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Hi this video is no longer available. Can you please suggest an alternative? Thanks
Lisa Lambourne · Oct 7th, 2020
Hi Lisa,
We have updated the lesson plan with a new video link. Take a look at https://www.teachstarter.com/au/lesson-plan/interpreting-the-night-sky/
Paul (Teach Starter) · Oct 8th, 2020
Resource Updates
The video link has been updated.
Change by Paul (Teach Starter) Oct 7th, 2020
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The Difference Between Raising Kids With No Gender Roles vs Gender Neutral
In this more progressive time, straying away from gender norms and gender roles has become much more common. I'm certainly one of the people who makes a great effort to avoid falling into traditional schools of thought. After I wrote an article about my lack of labels in terms of gender and sex, my friend asked me if I would raise my child without gender. My answer, which may be surprising to some, is no. I want to talk about why I'd definitely raise my child without strict gender norms but would never go as far as to raise them gender neutral.
For those unfamiliar with the difference between sex and gender, here's a little refresher. Sex is the classifications of male and female linked to biology. Gender is culturally created differences between men and women. Our culture's expectations of gender are often harmful to boys and girls who gone on to become men and women. Raising children without those expectations is imperative to fighting toxic masculinity and internalized misogyny. We teach boys to be strong, tough, independent, unfeeling, and that they can do anything. At the same time, we teach girls that they are pretty, sensitive, caring and to define themselves in relationship to others (daughters, girlfriends, wives etc.). In a world where we stray away from gendered traditions, we would teach our girls to be strong, independent, and that they can do anything. We would teach our boys that they are sensitive, caring and can be feeling. Boys and girls would be encouraged to play with whatever toys and aspire to pursue whatever career path they chose. That's how I'd raise my children, without gender roles or expectations.
Recently, I've seen articles, tweets, Facebook post or whatever you will about raising your children without a gender. This entails completely removing gender for the child's life and doing things like using they/them pronouns. My problem with this isn't with gender neutrality but placing an identity on a child they didn't choose—especially one that isn't the norm. Whether we agree with it or not, we live in a world that grants cis people privilege. Don't make your child miss out on the opportunity to enjoy that privilege. Instead of raising a child gender neutral, take the pressure of gender off of them. Once they're old enough to begin to understand gender and the implications, encourage their feelings whether they're cis or trans because no one knows them better than themselves. Let them know they're not "supposed" to be anyone or anything. When they figure it out, accept them, love them and follow their lead.


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S/Y Number One is pure luxury in a catamaran her expansive flybridge with an authentic ocean terrace and a forward cockpit with jacuzzi; are just some of her hallmark features. Experience the exhilaration of sailing or simply relaxing on the decadent lounges or sunbathing beds.Her stunning interior is boldly modern and incredibly spacious to deliver the ultimate in comfort and luxury.
She accommodate 8 guests in four cabins - one owner's suite and 3 queen bed cabins all with private bathrooms. The flybridge together with the forward deck offers plenty of space for sunbathing and relaxing and the aft cockpit a great area for socialising and alfresco dining. Our crew consisting of a captain, hostess and chef will look forward to pampering guests on board without leaving any wish unfulfilled.
Giorgos passion is the sea! He has been sailing since the age of twelve and has reached almost every corner of the planet. A true seaman at heart there is no place that he rather be than on the deep blue sea. He is RYA Ocean Master licensed for both power and sailing yachts, and a dive master. A wealth of knowledge and experience in both the Mediterranean and Carribean along with a professional attitude and meticulous eye for detail. His relaxed leadership style and over 20 years professional yachting experience Giorgos will help to get the best out of any situation and ensure a wonderful experience for you and your guests. He likes to maintain a relaxed and friendly atmosphere on board with the emphasis on sailing as much as possible. He is extremely professional and responsible and makes his clients feel right at home. In his spare time Giorgos likes yoga, photography, music, and travel.
Yulia was born in the heart of Russia in Siberia. She worked as a flight attendant and then she started a new career in yachting 10 years ago in Greece. During this years she got a lot of experience by working of almost any type and size of pleasure yachts ( catamaran, mono hulls, motor yachts)Yulia has been lucky enough to tour to some incredible destinations including Caribbean, Spain, Croatia and also crossed the Atlantic twice.
She has always had a keen interest in food and started her yachting adventure working as a chef on board of a sailing catamaran.
Guests are welcomed in the galley for a tour, cooking lessons, recipes or to share any comments or questions.
Yulia speaks native Russian, fluent English and Greek.
Qualifications: Offshore sailing school, LE MONDE DU Tourisme- Intensive Culinary. ENG 1.
HOBBIES: sailing, likes to read books, gym, exploring new places.
Ioannis has served on the Greek Special Forces and later on he realised he wants to sail. He was born in Athens in 1980 and he has certification in first aid, personal survival techniques, fire prevention, and social responsibilities.
He speaks english and a some Italian. He is very active as he is a marathon runner, triahlete and trail runner, and has been in the hospitality indutry for several years.
He helds offshore sailling diploma, speed boat operator license and the open water diver padi diploma.


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Brand: Monks
Category: Gin
Monks gins are handcrafted and double-distilled in small batches using a hybrid artisanal still. Expect intensely flavour-forward botanicals, nine of them hand-picked and many endemic to the area. Combine with crystal-clear mountain waters and the result is a rewarding one, featuring ripples of citrus, berries and Cape Buchu.
Monks Mysterium, their first gin, is infused with Africa's 'miracle herb' buchu and Sceletium, a natural mood enhancer sometimes referred to as the 'pathway to the gods'.


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Remember in the 1970's when the first digital watches came out? I do. I got mine as a Christmas gift in 1978 it was a black Casio. It also came with a big instruction manual with the manufacturer imploring me to read it.
Unsurprisingly I initially discarded it. However, after 5 days of trying to program the damn thing it still flashed 12 o'clock. I finally opened the little booklet and programmed it within 5 minutes.
Most of us ignored the manual, just plugged it in and tried to figure out the rest. That's why we all had the blinking 12:00 on.
Today, most new electronics now come with a quick start guide which has the most basic 4 or 5 steps to get your watch working and then anything else you needed, you could reference the detailed instruction manual. Instruction manuals are just so much more useful this way.
Well, I don't know much about digital watches, but I do know about type 2 diabetes. I could write an entire book about obesity (oh, wait, I'm already doing that).
However, now that we're in the ADHD age most people no longer want to read a big long book even if it could save their lives. Therefore I have made a quick start guide to reverse your type 2 diabetes!
Yes you can reverse diabetes!
Most doctors, dietitians and diabetes specialists claim that type 2 diabetes is a chronic and progressive disease. The American Diabetes Association, for example, almost proudly proclaims this on its website.
Once you get the diagnosis, it's a life sentence. But, it's actually a great big lie. Type 2 diabetes is almost always reversible and this is almost ridiculously easy to prove.
This is great news for the more than 50% of American adults who have been diagnosed with pre-diabetes or diabetes. Recognizing this truth is the crucial first step in reversing your diabetes or pre-diabetes. Actually, it something that most people already instinctively recognized to be true.
Suppose your friend is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, then works hard to lose 50 pounds. He takes himself off all his medications and his blood sugars are now normal.
What would you say to him?
Probably something like "Great job.
You're really taking care of yourself. Keep it up!" What you wouldn't say is something like "You're such a dirty, filthy liar. My doctor says this is a chronic and progressive disease so you must be lying ".
It seems perfectly obvious that diabetes reversed because your friend lost all that weight. And that's the point. The disease is reversible. We've known all this along. But only diet and lifestyle changes will reverse it. NOT medications.
Insulin actually makes type 2 diabetes worse!
The most important thing, of course, is to lose weight. But the diabetes medications don't do this. Quite the contrary. Insulin, for example is notorious for causing weight gain.
Clients that came into my office for counseling would often say to me:
"John, my doctor told me the key to reversing diabetes is to lose weight yet my doctor is making me take some drugs that made gain 25 lbs!"
The truth is that insulin doesn't help diabetes! I'll say it again insulin doesn't stop type 2 diabetes! Insulin reduces your blood glucose levels.
That's it!
Insulin doesn't actually treat the underlying cause of type two diabetes it only treats the result of it. It's just like saying a patch will heal a tear in your pants. The patch makes the pants somewhat more wearable everybody knows that big gaping hole is still there underneath.
Other medications such as metformin or the DPP4 drug class are weight neutral. While this won't make things worse but they won't make things better either.
Since weight loss is the key to reversing type 2 diabetes, medications won't make things better. Medications make blood sugars (the symptom) better, but not the diabetes (the actual disease).
We've been pretending that the symptom is the disease.We can pretend the disease is better, but that doesn't make it true. That's the reason most doctors think type 2 diabetes a chronic and progressive disease.
We've been using the wrong treatment. We've been prescribing drugs for a dietary disease. No wonder it doesn't work.
So, how can you reverse your type 2 diabetes?
It's the sugar stupid!
The key feature of type 2 diabetes and also pre-diabetes is that our bodies are full of sugar and its not just that there's too much sugar in the blood either. That's just scratching the surface of the problem. There's way too much sugar in our entire bodies! That means bones, skin, hair everything…
Let's imagine that our bodies are receptacles of sugar starting off almost empty when we're born.
Throughout our lives we eat waaaayyyyy too much sugar. You'd be shocked how many modern foods are packed full of sugar and you didn't even know it. Just one quarter ponder with cheese (not including the fries and a drink) has almost half of your daily recommended intake of sugar.
As we go through lives the receptacle (our bodies) begins to fill until it is completely full and overflowing with the legal drug.
As we continue to eat too much sugar our bodies have no place to put the excess sugar except our blood.
Insulin is a normal hormone produced when we eat and its job is help metabolize sugar so our cells can use it. Once it becomes overwhelmed the mechanism stops working. Our cells can no longer use the sugar in our blood. It's literally like starving while you're at a buffet.
But what causes this?
Back to our buffet example. Imagine you are at the Golden Coral and you just decide to pig out. Your stuff yourself to the point of throwing up.
For awhile you don't want to eat anymore even if you feel hungry. You resist all the food around you in your kitchen. The food is there and even though you are hungry because of your experience at the Golden Coral you just don't want to eat.
This is similar to what happens inside your body with diabetes.
It's just like when we played Tetrus as kids. Those of us who sucked at it (hand goes up) we couldn't get the right pieces in at the right time. The first pieces go in easily but as it gets full it gets harder and harder and requires much more effort to get the pieces right where they should be to get the system to work until finally its game over.
That's exactly what untreated diabetes is…Game over…
When the insulin levels are unable to keep up with the increasing resistance, blood sugars rise and your doctor diagnoses you with type 2 diabetes and starts you on a pill, usually metformin.
But metformin does not get rid of the sugar. Instead, it simply takes the sugar from the blood and rams it back into the liver.
The liver doesn't want it either, so it ships it out to all the other organs — the kidneys, the nerves, the eyes, the heart. Much of this extra sugar will also just get turned into fat.
The problem, of course, has not been solved — the receptacle is still overflowing. You've only moved sugar from the blood (where you could see it) into the body (where you couldn't see it).
It's putting a band-aid over a bullet hole. So, the very next time you eat, the exact same thing happens. Sugar comes in, spills out into the blood and you take medication to cram the sugar back into the body.
This works for a while, but eventually, the body fills up with sugar, too. Now, that same dose of medication cannot force any more sugar into the body.
So you go to your doctor. What does he do? Instead of getting rid of the toxic sugar load, he doubles the dose of the medication. If the luggage doesn't close, the solution is to empty it out, not use more force to .
The higher dose of medication helps, but only for a time. Blood sugars go down as you force your body to gag down even more sugar. But eventually, this dose fails as well. So then your doctor gives you a second medication, then a third one and then eventually insulin injections.
Over a period of times, you went from pre-diabetes, to diabetes, to taking one medication, then two then three and then finally large doses of insulin. Here's the thing. If you are taking more and more medications to keep your blood sugars at the same level, your diabetes is getting worse!
Even if your blood sugars get better, your diabetes is getting worse.
This is unfortunately what happens to virtually every patient. The body is already overflowing with sugar. The medications only hide the blood sugar by cramming it into the engorged body.
The diabetes looks better, since you can only see the blood sugars. Your doctor gets to pat himself on the back with the illusion that the problem has been solved. All this while you're getting sicker and sicker.
Eventually you will require forever increasing doses of medications and despite that will still suffer with heart attacks, congestive heart failure, strokes, kidney failure, amputations and blindness.
"Welp I did what I could time to move on to the next patient"
-Your doctor
Imagine that you hide your kitchen garbage under the rug instead throwing it outside in the trash. You can't see it, so you can pretend your house is clean.
It's like when we were kids and we used to stuff the garbage can as much as we could. Eventually it would get full and stomp it down in there with our feet. Then when that stopped working maybe we'd use the bathroom trash can (I was a lazy child).
Eventually the trash began to stink–really really bad–and our mothers would order us to take care of it. Current medical treatments for diabetes are just like stomping the trash further into the can.
They don't take care of the problem they just make look like its under control all the while the trash is still building up inside the can.
The last level
What happens when you don't take the trash out?
The trash begins to rot right?
The same the same begins to happen to you. A person with untreated diabetes begins to rot literally from the inside out. Usually your feet are the first to go. The neurons begin to die in your toes and they start tingling. If left untreated you'll end up losing your entire foot.
But its not just the feet…
Your eyes rot — and you go blind. Your kidneys rot — and you need dialysis. You heart rots — and you get heart attacks and heart failure. Your brain rots — and you get Alzheimers disease. Your liver rots — and you get fatty liver disease. Your legs rot — and you get diabetic foot ulcers. Your nerves rot — and you get diabetic neuropathy. No part of your body is spared.
Just like stomping the trash down into the can doesn't stop it from rotting because it hasn't been taken out; neither do modern medications stop your body from slowly rotting away due to excess sugar.
We've known this inconvenient fact since 2008. No less than 7 multinational, multi-centre, randomized controlled trials of tight blood glucose control with medications (ACCORD, ADVANCE, VADT, ORIGIN, TECOS, ELIXA, SAVOR) failed to demonstrate reductions in heart disease, the major killer of diabetic patients.
We pretended that using medications to lower blood sugar makes people healthier. But it's only been a lie. You can't use drugs to cure a dietary disease.
How to finally take out the trash
Once we understand type 2 diabetes, then the solution becomes pretty freakin obvious. Once the trash is full then take it out! Don't just stomp it down to feel like we're actually doing something about it!
Here are two ways to take out the trash in your body:
1.Don't put sugar in.
2. Burn it off.
That's it…
That's all we need to do. The best part? It's all natural and completely free. No drugs. No sugar. No cost.
Step 1 — Stopping putting sugar in
The first step is to eliminate all sugar and refined starches from your diet. Sugar actually has little nutritional value and can therefore be eliminated. Starches are nothing more long chains of sugars.
Highly refined starches such as flour or white rice are quickly broken down by digestion into glucose. This is quickly absorbed into the blood and raises blood sugar. You probably already know that eating white bread increases blood sugars very quickly.
Doesn't it seem apparent that we should avoid foods that raise blood sugars because they will eventually be absorbed into the body?
The problem, as eluded to earlier, As discussed earlier though must of us don't know what foods besides the obvious to eliminate.
Step 2 — Burn it off
Fasting is a simple and quick method to force your body to burn its excess sugar and fat for energy. Glucose in the blood is the most easily accessible source of energy for the body. Fasting is merely the antithesis of eating–if you are not putting sugar into your body you are burning it off.
Since type 2 diabetes is merely excessive glucose in the body, burning it off will reverse the disease. While it may sound severe, fasting has been practiced for at least 2000 years. It is the literally the oldest diet known to man kind.
Stone tablets of Roman's practicing fasting have been found in Italy, for example…
Here's the bottom line:
If you don't eat, will your blood sugars come down? Of course.
If you don't eat, will you lose weight? Of course.
Problem solved! Someone please award me a noble prize! Oh wait there's one little problem. You'll die if you don't eat…
Okay so we know we can reverse type 2 diabetes quickly if you stop eating. But since that would kill you there's got to be a better way.
There is. If we eat the right foods at the right times we can give our bodies a chance to slowly heal from all the garbage we've been stomping into it for all our lives.
The truth is Type 2 diabetes is completely reversible! No drugs! No magic potions! No gimmicks! It is completely reversible with eating and drinking the right things at the right time.
A new hope has risen…
Of course neither of these things are as easy as I've described but there are ways to get darn close to achieving these goals. This full guide will show you exactly what to do and when to do it to reverse your type 2 diabetes. You can read a full review of the full guide here. By the way here is a coupon to the 7 Steps to Health diabetes reversal system.


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Contact MJJ Prophecy
In full obedience to the decrees of Pope Urban VIII and other Supreme Pontiffs, the editor declares that the graces and other supernatural phenomena treated in this website, which testify to the sanctity of Servants of God, such as its main subject, Marie-Julie Jahenny, other than those canonized by the Church, are based on human authority. In this regard, as in all matters of faith, the editor submits without reserve to the infallible judgment of the Apostolic See, which, though currently in exile, alone has the power to render infallible pronouncements.
You are invited to mail the editor at: firstname.lastname@example.com
Pray for the success of the Catholic Church's Papal Restoration Campaign, so that millions of souls around the world will know their True Pope.


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UPDATE 19th May 2018
Independent Councillor Anthony Andrews, Liberal Councillor Harry Stavrinos and Liberal Councillor Ted Seng have declined to withdraw their signatures from the rescission motion that they lodged against the Council decision on the extension to the Dudley Street Heritage Area.
This means that the rescission motion will be debated at this Tuesday night's Randwick Council meeting starting at 6pm.
One development has been that independent Councillor NoelD'Souza has now informed the Greens that he will be switching to voting with fellow independent Cr Andrews and the Liberals against heritage protection. I find this lack of appreciation of heritage issues to be a disappointing attitude for a former Mayor of Randwick City Council to hold. Particularly as I personally voted for him to be Mayor twice. Non-the-less I am confident that a majority of Randwick's Labor and Green Councillors are committed to protecting the architectural heritage of Coogee and will vote down the rescission motion.
The next step will be to lobby Liberal MP Bruce Notley-Smith (firstname.lastname@example.com) to approach the Planning Minister to urge that Randwick Council is given approval to put the proposal on public exhibition so that everyone can have their say.
The text of the independent/Liberal rescission motion can be read at: http://businesspapers.randwick.nsw.gov.au/Open/2018/05/OC_22052018_AGN_AT.PDF#page=252
UPDATED 10th May 2018
Liberal Councillors after unsuccessfully voting against Randwick Council extending a Heritage Conservation Area along Dudley Street in Coogee have now submitted a rescission motion which will force a re-vote.
The Council has been planning to preserve the area since February last year when Greens Councillor Murray Matson learnt that the old home at 48 Dudley Street was going to be demolished.
The proposed new heritage conservation area is too late to save 48 Dudley, which has now been demolished. But Councillor Matson says that other homes at 38, 42 and 44 Dudley Street and 122 Mount Street"can and should be protected".
Councillor Matson says that the Liberal's rescission motion will only put more heritage value buildings at risk of demolition. He said
"The Liberals are not displaying a serious commitment to actually preserving older Coogee buildings for future generations."
"I was taken back when East Ward Liberal Councillor Brendan Roberts spoke against voting to ask the Planning Minister for permission to put the proposed extension to the Dudley Street Heritage Conservation Area on public exhibition."
"The Dudley Street Conservation Area is defined by notable and contributory examples of residential development from the initial Federation subdivisions through to the later Inter-War years. The area of this assessment, extending from the southwestern corner of Dudley and Mount Streets through to Thomas Street Coogee, has considered the evolution of residences
on the south side of this length of street frontage. Whilst of varied scale, the residences have been found to demonstrate close association in style, form, history and detail with those defining the Dudley Street Conservation Area to the North." (Page 29, Dudley Street Conservation Area extension Assessment June 2017)
Randwick City Council – Director City Planning Report No. CP7/18 Subject: Dudley Street Heritage Conservation Boundary Extension and inclusion of Local Heritage Items


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Jane Lynch's 'Glee' character to get married this season
HollywoodNews.com: Apparently Sue Sylvester, Jane Lynch's character on 'Glee,' will be heading down the aisle this season.
Lynch revealed that Sue will be getting married, but she "can't say who!" reports UsMagazine.com. But Lynch is pretty excited about the upcoming wedding and is ready for everyone to see it.
The wedding has reportedly already been shot. One can only imagine who she is marrying or what songs will be a part of this special occasion.
What do you hope to see in the wedding of Sue Sylvester?
Follow Hollywood News on Twitter for up-to-date news information.
Hollywood News, Hollywood Awards, Awards, Movies, News, Award News, Breaking News, Entertainment News, Movie News, Music News
Image by PR Photos


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Carpet Cleaning
Ithaca Carpet Cleaning Companies near me- A Background
Sustaining a rug is completely important as your picture can be blotched by any apparent spot-on your rug. Nearing an expert carpet cleaning support is peaceful important because they understand what kind of cleansing technique is correct for the rug. With respect to the elements for example kind of substance and if the cleansing procedure can be endured by the material etc., the cleansing technique is decided by industrial carpet cleaning. Besides, minimal disruption will be caused by skilled carpet cleaning for your routine because they are ready to be per your comfort. Mentioned here are several rug cleaning techniques that industrial carpet cleaning solutions frequently follow. The cleaning techniques include vapour cleaning washing and cleaning etc. Whatever The method originally it's essential to machine from the rug, particularly when heavy cleaning will become necessary. Rug homeowners have to comprehend these procedures and determine the best one based on budget their rug kind and comfort.Have a look at carpet cleaning services prices for more info on this.
Within this cleansing technique, following tools are utilized: rotator ground device also known as ground barrier that accompany plastic washing comb and answer container connection. Pre removes originally contaminants like free dirt - where washing is likely to be achieved cleaning the places. Specialists utilize it by mixing rug shampoo when the device is constructed. The quantity of wash to become utilized depends upon the directions of producer. So the wash is launched equally about the carpet then your products function the equipment in circular movement through the carpet. Until it forms, the procedure is ongoing notice 'D'. They quit delivering the wash and transfer the equipment in additional instructions or circularly to clean the dust away. Cleaning the places can then extract the wash. This process would work for those that are heavily damaged or rugs with traffic sample. This process takes a vapour device that will be used-to provide cleansing solution and heated water in to the cleansing regions of rug. The equipment functions hot and wand water option keeping device. To setup, answer unit and the machine tubes are mounted on the wand device.
For beginning the cleansing procedure, while shifting the wand backwards specialists then clear backwards and begin with far end, launch the cleansing solution in to the rug by blending the trigger. The procedure is finished eliminating excessive humidity and giving a dried move towards the places utilizing the wand. This process is recommended for places and office offices where restricted cleansing will become necessary. It's being favoured over water cleaning whilst the quick-drying method enables you to return to your program existence within several hours. Typically the most popular approach within this class is Hood washing, which is really a reduced- quick-drying and humidity cleaning method. This process wants exactly the same device in washing method utilized however the accessories differ. Below there is blocking driver used, for keeping the absorbing mat that will be attached to the equipment. The cleansing option distributed in to the pressure sprayer, which may be used-to spray within the cleansing places and is combined. To begin the cleansing, specialists transfer the equipment in round along with other instructions and fan the places using the hood mat.
Humidity and all of the dust is consumed from the hood and also the rug is likely to be established in about one hour to be used. The industrial carpet cleaning brings several issues for example follower's air movers, spot-cleaning chemicals although performing these techniques. Air movers and followers: it's typical that employees inhabit the region although doing the cleansing procedure. From moist places to dry places which make it hard to dry the region totally they part of and out. Therefore, to rapidly dry the moist places it's essential to transport followers and the atmosphere movers. Resources and substances cleaning: spot-cleaning tools are needed for places where traces are available. Resources and place cleaning substances like gum cleaner, all-purpose rust remover and area remover are peaceful required for the location cleanup. Request your rug solution to utilize a protestant at the cleansing process' end. You may also obtain them. Emanate a constant scent and these essential rug cleaning guidelines will create your rug stay clear for lengthy.


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The biggest attraction in the ukrainian city of Odessa is not located on the surface, but below the ground. Welcome to the largest catacomb network in the world!
Tag: First World War
Brest: Border City, Hero City
The last stop on my trip through Belarus was the border city of Brest. Only the Brest Fortress has survived the Second World War, but not just the giant memorial complex is worth a visit! 🙂


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Caramelicious is a CBD-rich strain that has been bred by crossing Californian Orange with Skunk. It has been developed over a period in excess of 15 years and is ready to meet the demand for high CBD strains for the medical marijuana community.
Caramelicious produces big, fat buds with a sweet, caramel aroma and it is an easy-to-grow plant. An 80% indica, 20% sativa hybrid it produces a large amount of resin-exuding trichomes and has a very high calyx to leaf ratio that makes it a breeze to dry and manicure.
Stringent selections have taken place in order to produce consistency in its sweet taste as well as its long-lasting high. Expect high yields to complement its undoubted quality. It does well outdoors as well as indoors; in the case of the latter it will be ready to harvest in 8 - 9 weeks of flowering producing high levels of both THC and CBD with a stimulating effect.
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Apr 12 2012
Aid Joy Helps Millions with Rising Cost
4608 views
5.2 million Malaysian households earning RM3,000 and below each received one-off BR1M RM500 financial assistance. Over 75% of households benefited from a RM2.6bil budget set aside for BR1M. Some 5.3 million primary and secondary school-going children also received RM100 to cover "back-to-school" expenses. Government school fees have been removed beginning this year. RM260mil were pumped in for about [...]


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|EU Needs More Time for Biometric Passports
|Marcus Didius Falco (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Wed, 30 Mar 2005 22:29:33 -0500
So much for the US government's big rush to get them done this year,
to the extent that they haven't thought out the implications of the
RFID chip (although they realize they should call it anything but
RFID, because the acronym RFID is a magnet for animosity).
EU needs more time for biometric passports BRUSSELS, Belgium (AP) The
EU justice and interior ministers had said last year they would meet
After Oct. 26, citizens from 27 visa-exempt countries will have to
The EU's Justice and Home Affairs Commissioner Franco Frattini wrote
"Despite all the progress ... we would urge the Congress to consider a
Frattini said the issuing of similar U.S. passports was also
So-called biometric features can reduce patterns of fingerprints,
"Despite all the progress made ... in reinforcing the security of
Frattini said the EU "shares the view of the United States that more
The United States is urging European countries to have new biometric
All new U.S. passports issued by the end of 2005 are expected to have
Also Wednesday, the EU head office released a report on the impact of
Copyright 2005 The Associated Press.
NOTE: For more telecom/internet/networking/computer news from the daily
*** FAIR USE NOTICE. This message contains copyrighted material the
For more information go to:
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|Go to Next message: Lisa Minter: "Microsoft Files 117 Suits That Target 'Phishing'"
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MiataRoadster solid Delrin differential mounts kit minimizes wheel hop on hard launches and improves shifting by limiting rotation of PPF and transmission.
Delrin is superior to Aluminum for isolating harmonics (i.e. we don't recommend metal-on-metal interfaces).
No modifications required, simply swap for stock parts.
Fits all 1989-2005 NA/NB Miatas. Also fits 1986-1991 FC non-Turbo II carriers when used on Miatas.
These solid mounts are recommended for track use only.
Kit includes:
(2) Delrin upper differential mounts
(2) Delrin lower differential mounts
(2) stripped and gloss black powder coated lower mount brackets
(1) mounting fasteners kit
NOTE: This kit DOES NOT include the differential carrier that's shown in the images for reference only.
See separate listing for just the lower mount brackets for use with Energy Suspension or Prothane Urethane differential mount kits.


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This DIT Life Category is the perfect place for people to do it together within their communities and share in all kinds of events, activities, services, volunteering and social gatherings within their community and beyond.
Apologies, but no results were found for the requested archive.
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People can be terrible, but they can also be wonderful. I was reminded of this as I watched my friends back in Alberta go through a terribly worrying time with the flooding that is going on there right now. It's hard to be away from them and not be able to help, but I am comforted by the sights of people helping to sandbag, evacuate, feed and house their friends, neighbours and strangers. They are doing it because that is the right thing to do... no payment required, so favours to return.
Thank you, people, for being so decent in this often frightening world. The image below is from the 99.5 DrumFM Facebook page.


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Reported in the Carriageway Defect category anonymously at 14:49, Tue 5 November 2019
Sent to Bristol City Council 1 minute later
OUR REFERENCE: #169198 OS GRID REFERENCE: ST 56967 71060 DISTRICT: Bristol, City of WARD: Southville ROAD NAME: Winterstoke Road LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Close to pedestrian crossing facility at junction of Smyth Road and Winterstoke Road, on the southbound lane. Between Gore's Marsh park and Imperial Tobacco / trust ford. HAZARD TYPE: Pothole APPROX. SIZE: 400 mm diameter APPROX. DEPTH: 300 mm APPROX. DISTANCE FROM KERB: 600mm DATE ENCOUNTERED: 2019-11-05 DEFECT DESCRIPTION: Pothole
A new enquiry has been raised for this issue.
Posted by Bristol City Council at 14:50, Tue 5 November 2019
This issue is currently under investigation. We'll provide updates on the outcome as soon as we can.
Posted by Bristol City Council at 09:02, Wed 6 November 2019
We've investigated this issue and don't think any further action is needed at this time.
State changed to: Closed
Posted by Bristol City Council at 15:41, Tue 19 November 2019
This report is now closed to updates. You can make a new report in the same location.


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Regular price
A slinky draped toga dress by Vivienne Westwood Anglomania, in soft dark red jersey with scarlet tie dye effect bands.
The below-the-knee dress is bias cut, asymmetrical and can be worn off the shoulder. It has over length sleeves, one fitted and the other is draped further down the sleeve.
Material: Viscose and spandex
Size: L UK14
Measurements (laid flat):
Width of neck opening: 37cm
Bust: 106cm under arms
Length: 117cm
Condition: Perfect, unworn
Please view our Shipping & Returns page for shipping details.
If you have any further questions please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com


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- Home>
- Consumer Electronics>
- Mini Cameras & Photos>
- Mini Camcorders>
- 1080P HD Driving Recorder 5.0 Inch 170 Degrees Rotating Camcorder
1080P HD Driving Recorder 5.0 Inch 170 Degrees Rotating Camcorder - Black
Estimated Delivery Time:34 - 60 days
Product Introduction
This is a 170 degrees rotating camera with high-definition and built-in rechargeable battery. It offers full HD 1080P even at night.
Size: 31.6*8.3cm
Support TF card: 8G-32G (not included)
Scree size: 5.0
• Quick instal: Attache in seconds instantly turns your existing rearview mirror into a dashcam.
• Rotte: 170 degrees rotating camera, high-definition, built-in rechargeable battery, Full HD 1080P — even at night.
• Night vision: HD Mirror Cam works great at night. It's ideal for drivers of Uber, Lyft, taxis, limos, etc; Built-in microphone /speaker function.
• Auto start: HD Mirror Cam is equipped with Auto Ignition Start, Video Record & Photo Mode, Motion Detection, Screen Shut Off mode, Records up to 14 hours
• 1 x Car Camera
• 1 x Car Charger
• 1 x Car Car Rear Reversing Camera
• 1 x User Manual
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1. Presale items are available for group buy; but they will be shipped out when we have them in stock if group buy succeed.
2. Some products like Joyetech, Eleaf, Wismec brands, Flash Sale devices, and items priced at more than $300, are excluded for group buy.
3. The entrance for starting a group buy has been set up in every product page; Invitees can only join in the group buy via a specified link with the inviter's unique ID.
4. Once joining in the group buying, you can not quit in the midway; you can not cancel your order if the group buy succeeds; if no quality problem, we don't support refund for group buy items.
5. One shopper can only have at most five ongoing groups. When one group ends, he/she can start a new group.
6. Once a group buying starts, the price won't be changed before it's closed. Invitees enjoy free shipping when orders over $20, while inviters only pay $0.1, no ship fee.
7. The number of participants for a group depends on the value of specific item.
8. Once any cheating means found, we have the right to disqualify the participant from the group buy activity. The right to interpret belongs to Buybest.