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This feature, along with all inbound SMS capabilities, is only available to CommCare users with a Advanced Plan or higher. For more details, see the CommCare Software Plan page.
One of the primary uses of CommCare Messaging is to send out surveys via SMS.
Some common use cases:
Surveys are very easy to build because they use the same Form Builder as CommCare.
Navigate to the tab that is called "Applications."
You can find basic information about the Form Builder here or in the Beginner Tutorial. It is highly recommended that you complete the Beginner Tutorial before proceeding.
Please do not make the first question in your SMS survey a question list. This may lead to errors in the sending of the SMS survey.
Referencing the Form Builder Page, you can think through the different types of questions you may want to include in your survey, and how you want the structure of your survey.
The most common question types for SMS Surveys are:
Be sure to consult the CommCare Messaging best practices for helpful hints on designing a good survey.
Let's imagine we want to create a survey like this:
We can add a bit more detail to make it easier to build. For each question you'll want to define:
Below you can see one way of thinking about our survey:
|Question ID
|Label Text
|Question Type
|Display Condition
|Did you go to the clinic today?
|Multiple Choice-Single Answer
|Yes, No
|Always show
Great! What doctor did you see?
|If went_to_clinic = Yes
|Why not?
Clinic was closed, I felt fine,
Clinic too far, Was busy
|If went_to_clinic = No
Going to the clinic is important.
Please call 555-5555 to reschedule your appointment.
|If went_to_clinic = No
CommCare Messaging will automatically number options; for example, the question why_no_clinic will be sent out as:
Why not? 1. Clinic was closed, 2. I felt fine, 3. Clinic too far, 4. Was busy.
Use the Form Builder to add questions, options, and display conditions just as indicated in the Beginner Tutorial.
The survey described above would look like this:
It is important to keep things short! Specifically, when asking a multiple choice question you want to ensure that the text of the question, plus the text of all the possible answers fits in one message. If it is too long, it may be broken into multiple messages. Messages are not always assembled in the right order so it advisable not to have them break up.
There are certain words that cannot be used to test surveys. ex. SURVEY, START.
Make sure to try out your survey before going live. You can give it a keyword (Setup SMS Keywords) and register yourself in the system (Configure a Mobile Worker for Messaging).
Using the keyword you can try out the survey multiple times. To test the survey using the keyboard, text the system using the format: #start keyword
When completing your survey keep in mind:
If you reply with something that is not an acceptable reponse (i.e. there are 4 choices and you reply with "5") CommCare Messaging will send back a generic message that the response could not be understood, and that they should try again.
You can schedule your survey either using a Broadcast or Conditional Alert.
Data from SMS Surveys are set-up in Forms. To review your SMS survey data, apart from other SMS data, you can go to the Form Exports in CommCare.
If you are looking for data from SMS users who are cases, be sure to select "unknown users" to export that information.


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The magician makes three predictions on a board of three words or numbers selected by three members of the audience. These predictions are found to be absolutely correct.
This is one of the finest and most straight forward mental effects ever conceived. It is suitable for presentation under all conditions, including Cabaret, and stage. The apparatus is approximately 18″ x 13.75″ and can be seen at a considerable distance by a large audience.
We also produce the Epic Board, which is a smaller model of the same item.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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is back-ordered. We will ship it separately when back in stock
We will notify you when this product becomes available.
Firing Range: 999-1305c (Cone 06-10)
High quality lead-free ceramic stains.
Ultra Stains may be used in the manufacture of glazes and underglazes for use on various ceramic and clay bodies fired at temperatures between 1000 and 1300c
Copyright © 2020 Keane Ceramics. POS and Ecommerce by Shopify.


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Tunis Stock Exchange
Tunis Stock Exchange
MIC / AcronymXTUN /
Market Cap$8.4 Billion
Trading Hours9:00 AM -
Tunis Stock Exchange 2020
Tunis Stock Exchange Table of Contents
Tunis Stock Exchange by the Numbers
The Bourse de Tunis (BVMT) is based in Tunis, Tunisia. Below is a break down of key Tunis Stock Exchange figures.
The MIC code for the Bourse de Tunis is XTUN (operating MIC XTUN).
Market Capitalization †
Tunis Stock Exchange as a Market Capitalization of $8.4 Billion. By market cap, Tunis Stock Exchange is ranked 135 out of the 144 stock markets we track.
† Market Capitalization and Gross Domestic Product are both converted into U.S. Dollars. Data shown here is from March 2020 and is updated yearly.
When is the Tunis Stock Exchange Open?
Upcoming Holidays
|October 28, 2020
|New Year's Day
|January 1, 2021
|Youth Day
|January 14, 2021
|Independence Day
|March 20, 2021
|Martyrs' Day
|April 9, 2021
|April 13, 2021
|April 14, 2021
|April 15, 2021
Trading Schedule
Mo/Tu/We/Th/Fr:8:30 AM - 9:00 AM — Opening Session
9:00 AM - 2:00 PM — Trading Session
2:00 PM - 2:05 PM — Pre-Closing
2:05 PM - 2:10 PM — Trading at last
Real-Time Countdown »
Does the Tunis Stock Exchange close for lunch?
The Tunis Stock Exchange does not close for lunch. Continuous trading begins at 9:00 AM and continues all day until the closing bell at 2:00 PM.
Tunis Stock Exchange Timezone
The Tunis Stock Exchange uses the Africa/Tunis timezone for all listed times. This timezone is currently +01:00. Referred to by its abbreviation CET. Tunis does not observe Daylight Saving Time (DST).
About the Tunis Stock Exchange
Tunis Stock Exchange Currency
The Tunis Stock Exchange trades shares in Tunisian Dinars. The official ISO 4217 currency code for Tunisian Dinar is TND. The official currency symbol is "".
Note: all dollar values listed on this site, such as market cap, are in U.S. Dollars, unless otherwise noted.
Economy and Geography
The Tunis Stock Exchange (BVMT) is located in Africa (Northern Africa) and its headquarters is located in Tunis, Tunisia. The capital of Tunisia is Tunis. You can browse all markets by country if needed.
Contact the Tunis Stock Exchange
In most cases, you will want contact your broker instead of contacting the Tunis Stock Exchange directly. Most general information about the Tunis Stock Exchange can be found on the web at www.bvmt.com.tn.
To contact the Tunis Stock Exchange, you can use the information below:
- Phone Number: +216 71 197 910
- Email Address: [email protected]
What's Next?
Check out the Tunis Stock Exchange Bell Countdown see when the stock market opens next. All holiday closures are taken into account by our Opening/Closing Bell Countdown. You can even turn on/off an opening and closing bell notification sound.
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The dwelling associated with diploma's basic part
The basic component in diploma occupies a unique niche, since unlike other sections, needless to say in addition to the last component. The introduction presents not just the presenter himself, but in addition the people in the council that is pedagogical. Particular attention is paid to appropriate presentation, which must conform to state standards for written works and methodological guidelines of this university, this content associated with the part, and its particular framework.
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- Diploma examines a quantity of tasks, solutions of which result in a certain goal. The aim is generally set into the theme associated with the thesis. It really is not likely that a previously unknown subject are going to be assigned towards the pupil, therefore, folks have labored on it, including individuals who have a degree that is scientific. Consequently, when you look at the part there must be links to quotes and statements of eminent people.
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The quantity regarding the "introduction" area into the diploma task is significantly bigger than comparable sections various other kinds of written works and occupies a minimum of four pages of a standard A4 typewritten sheet.
- Allocating essential points into the work, you won't be superfluous to conduct spectral analysis along with other diploma jobs getting the exact same theme.
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On top of that, the complete narrative associated with area should occur in a definite, laconic form. The main part of the work is provided for detailed answers.
Framework of this introduction
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The different parts of the introduction
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- The 2nd point leads into the undeniable fact that the issue starts to be examined on a concrete example, more correctly, on a monitoring item. The thing is intended by the issue in general. To the impact, it must produce a characterization associated with the item.
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- the objective of the thesis is mentioned. Your reader is provided a basic concept just what the outcome of this monitoring is supposed to be. Then the student pays more time studying and collecting relevant literature if the diploma is dominated by a theoretical objective. The practical objective suggests the growth of brand brand new practices and approaches for re solving dilemmas.
- One of the more essential types of monitoring are hypotheses. In reality, they are the presumptions that follow the concept, but which may have maybe maybe not yet been accepted as an axiom. Frequently, hypotheses don't nowhere appear from. The prerequisites for them are guesses which do not have rational summary.
- The tasks related to one another by rational idea are enumerated, their solutions, which resulted in accomplishment of this objective, so that they induce the disclosure the diploma&rsquo theme that is;s.
- Ways of monitoring and their description must be mandatory when you look at https://essaywriters.us the part that is introductory of work. But just their fundamental essence is described right right here, which can only help to show some actions, phenomena.


text:
Avalon Series
Petite R
The Petite R provides convenient, affordable and flexible ground coffee solutions to meet today's increasingly savvy consumers. Combining a sleek and elegant design and environmentally friendly features, this Avalon coffee machine is the perfect solution for small coffee areas.
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27,5" (H) x 12" (W) x 23" (D)
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text:
Martin Lawrence
publication date: Saturday, January 28, 2017 (part of Winter 2017)
category: Movies
clue: Outside of his eponymous sitcom, he's best known for being a big mother and a bad boy.
explanation: Lawrence starred in Martin, Big Momma's House, and Bad Boys. more…
difficulty: easy
solved by: Russ Wilhelm, Steve West, LaVonne Lemler, Chris Lemler, Justin Woods, Matthew Preston, Richard Slominsky, and Jesse King


text:
United States 4 - 7 Day Shipping Available
Cute Alert! This adorable knitted cardigan is comfortable, fashionable, and stylish. Made of Nylon for a slick look and feel, cotton softness for breathability and warmth, and finally polyester for stretch and durability. Designed from worsted fabric for a tough, lightweight garment, and a shiny look and feel. Features turndown collar, a hooded faux fur, easy button removable faux. This ever so cute sweater jacket makes a great addition to your little one's all-season wardrobe collection.
Item Information
Worsted fabrics are spun yarn fibres that have been combed, to ensure that the fibres all run the same direction, and remain parallel. A short draw is used in spinning worsted fibres as opposed to a long draw; this makes for a more soft and breathable fabric
How to care for faux fur after shipment: Your fur can arrive crinkled and not fluffy, take a brush or comb and run it through the fur a few times until you achieve desired fluff. If the fur is not responding take your blowdryer and just quickly warm the fur and re-brush to desired fluff.
Material: Nylon, Polyester, Cotton
Fabric Type: Worsted
Seasons: Spring, Autumn, Winter
Shipping Information
Processing Time: 3-5 Days
• Free Standard Shipping: 10-15 Days + Processing Time
• United States Express Shipping : 4-7 Days
Add any quantity of United States warehouse products, for a 1 time fee of $6.00 per cart
Return Policy
Our hassle free return policy lasts for 14 days upon receiving your item.
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Safeguarding your personal information is of utmost importance to us, This is why we use SSL technology, never store your credit card information, and follow Industry Data Security Standards (PCI DSS). We guarantee all our customers & their information are secure at all times.


text:
Property ID : Lions Mansion Hanakuma
For Rent, For Rent - Residential ¥61,000 per month - Apartment, Residential
Beautifully Furnished Studio Apartment in Hanakuma/Motomachi area
This furnished studio apartment is ready to live and conveniently located, only 3 minutes walk to Hanakuma station,
and 8 minutes walk to JR Motomachi station. Daily necessary shops are within walking distance.
Longer term from 1 year and above
Monthly rent: 61,000 yen
Monthly communal fee: 7,000 yen
Refundable deposit: 136,000 yen
Fire insurance : 15,000 yen/2 years
*House cleaning fee of 20,000 yen+tax will be deducted from refundable deposit when leaving
Monthly rent: 74,000 yen without utilities (including communal fee)
Monthly rent: 88,000 yen including internet, electricity, gas and water, communal fee
Refundable Deposit: 2 months' rent
Key money: ————-
Fire Insurance: 7,500 yen/1 year
*House cleaning fee of 20,000 yen+tax will be deducted from refundable deposit when leaving
Parking: Not Available
3 minutes walking to Kosoku Kobe Line "Hanakuma Station"
8 minutes walking to JR Motomachi Station.
・Built in 1987
・Sofa bed, desk, chairs, microwave, fridge, vacuum cleaner and some kitchen tools are installed.
・coin laundry is on the ground floor of the building


text:
May 25, 2007
Gainesville, Fla. – Steve Marcelle placed fifth in the men's discus to lead the Georgia Tech track and field teams on day one of the NCAA East Region Championships at the James G. Pressly Stadium at Percy Beard Track on the University of Florida campus.
Marcelle, a redshirt freshman, finished the discus a personal-best throw of 180 feet, 3 inches, the third best in school history, to earn a trip to the NCAA Championships. Marcelle will look to also qualify in the shot put on the second day of the regional beginning at 6 p.m.
Sophomore Jacqua Williams led the women after earning a spot in both 100- and 200-meter dash finals that will take place on Saturday. The sophomore sprinter placed seventh overall with a time of 11.53 in the 100m. In the 200m, Williams also crossed the line seventh with a personal-best time of 23.31. The gun will go up for the 100m at 6:40 p.m. and the 200m at 7:35 p.m.
Senior Ashlee Kidd dominated the 400-meter field, coasting across the line in first place with a time of 52.37. The 400m finals are set to begin at 6:50 p.m. as Kidd begins her quest to win her first National Championship.
The Jackets also had a pair of runners qualify for the 100-meter hurdles as senior Fatmata Fofanah and junior Shantia Moss each had top-eight times. Fofanah crossed the line in 13.30 and Moss finished with a time of 13.68. The two will each take their shot at qualifying for the NCAA Championships at 6:25 p.m. tomorrow.
The Jackets will resume their quest to qualify for the NCAA Championships when the field events get underway at noon and the running events beginning at 5:30 p.m. Live results for the NCAA East Regional are available at www.gatorzone.com.


text:
General Maintenance Service Corporation gets you back on the road with quality truck repair in Medina, OH. From semis to school buses, our mechanics provide quality service for any large vehicle. Our truck repair shop has been providing everything from truck AC repair, alignment, and bodywork for over 30 years. We specialize in heavy truck repair including diesel engine repair.
With qualified ASE certified mechanics on hand, we can take on big jobs like semi-truck and trailer repair. As a truck service and body shop, we keep a range of heavy truck parts on hand to minimize wait times for repairs. We also provide school bus repair for nearby districts. Let us help you keep your rig in good order with our quality truck repair in Medina, OH.
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After President Obama addressed the nation Sunday night about the terror attack that killed 14 people last week in San Bernadino, California, some Mainers who heard the speech were left with starkly divergent ideas about how the U.S. should move forward.
In the 14-minute address from the Oval Office, Obama struck a measured tone as he sought to reassure Americans that the United States was doing all it could to stem terrorist attacks, while urging Congress to act on a handful of priorities and asking citizens not to give in to fear and divisiveness.
"The threat from terrorism is real, but we will overcome it," Obama said.
Among the thousands listening in Maine and who spoke to the Portland Press Herald after Obama's speech were a recent immigrant from war-torn Iraq, a Christian faith leader, a retired Navy commander and a former legislator and gun-rights advocate.
The Rev. Marvin Ellison of Portland, a Presbyterian minister and retired ethics professor, expressed appreciation for Obama's clarity in separating the issue of terrorism from the religion of Islam.
What deeply troubled him, however, was the president's continued reliance on a military solution to terrorism, guaranteeing that violence against America will be met with more violence, he said.
"I say this as a faith leader: The biblical insight is if you want peace, then work for justice," Ellison said. "Correct the conditions that have created harm and disruption, and that includes addressing this major challenge of the distorted distribution of extreme wealth and extreme misery around the world and increasingly in the U.S."
Ellison would have also preferred Obama pursue more vigorously stronger legislation to curtail the mass availability of firearms in the U.S. – an idea that was touched on only briefly Sunday night by the president.
But the idea of gun control to stem violent acts did not ring true or logical to David Trahan, a former Maine legislator and current executive director of the Sportsman's Alliance of Maine.
Trahan said he was looking for Obama to outline a clear, actionable plan in the speech for the nation's domestic security, much as the U.S. reacted following the frequent hijackings of international flights in the 1970s and 1980s, which led to airport security measures that stood largely unchanged until the attacks of Sept. 11.
He was disappointed with the amount of time Obama spent on international tactics, not domestic security.
"I think that's what Americans are afraid of, being struck on American soil," Trahan said. "I wanted to hear from the president what his plans were to prevent threats of terrorism. So I think he missed a great opportunity."
Trahan dismissed calls for more regulation of firearms, and said that since mass shootings often occur in so-called "gun-free zones," leaders should beef up security where Americans are not allowed to carry weapons.
"Instead of talking about all the new gun control laws you're going to create, we should be talking about how we're going to make those areas safe, like we did in our airports," said Trahan, of Waldoboro. "I want to see some policy. I want to see a plan. I wanted him to shake his fist and say, 'This was horrible, and we're not going to put up with it, and this is what we're going to do to make it stop.'"
Less concerned about domestic security than he was about overall anti-terrorism strategy was Ali Al Mashakheel, 39, of Portland, who lived in Baghdad and worked as a journalist there until 2014, when he fled to the United States, and then came to Maine.
Today, he speaks out against Islamaphobia and discriminatory thinking in the age of terrorism, including at a rally Sunday night that drew a few hundred people to Monument Square in Portland.
"I never blame the people who are afraid," Al Mashakheel said. "But fear should not lead us. One of the problems in the Middle East is the politics of fear. That's what's happening – the politics of fear is igniting violence. America is a smart nation. Fear should not make (Americans) judge people."
The same fear, he said, can lead to hurtful or misguided interpretations of Islam by Americans who have little experience with actual Muslims. He urged that Americans learn about the religion before demonizing its followers.
"I'm afraid for my kids. I'm like them, I'm a Muslim, I'm an Iraqi," he said. "I call upon Mainers to look to their neighbors, to their friends to their co-workers, as the president said, and look at them, talk to them."
Alex Carr, a retired Navy commander who taught military operational strategy at the Military Joint Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia, said Obama's remarks struck him as political and perhaps too vague.
Carr, who lives in North Yarmouth and is chairman of the Board of Selectmen there, said he appreciated that Obama was quick to call the attack in San Bernadino the work of terrorists – which seemed to him a lesson learned after the attacks in 2012 on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, which the administration at first attributed to protesters before finally acknowledging the coordinated nature of the attack.
What Obama called strategy Sunday night was also a misnomer, Carr said. Working with allies in the Middle East, arming forces that oppose Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL, and continuing an aerial assault in Syria are tactics, he said.
"That's not really strategy, and I know he knows that," Carr said. "If he was really talking strategy, he'd mention Russia, Saudi Arabia, perhaps Israel."
Carr was also critical of Obama's open reluctance to commit significant ground troops to another extended war, like the United States did in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001 and 2003.
"I would never play that card publicly," Carr said. "We always hold that card in reserve, that you can deploy ground forces."
Carr said he believes the president may have done better to focus on the values issue – perhaps challenging the nation to accept more Syrian refugees, or emphasizing a greater acceptance of Muslim-Americans.
"You hate to downplay a few terrorist acts, but we're not quite like France, and we're certainly not like the Middle East. We're not like Israel where we need to have (the) National Guard in the streets," he said. "I personally think the best things he could have done is focus on the values issues. The last thing we want is to have a singling out of certain categories of people in this nation."
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text:
Take a break from the chaos and whirlwind modern life and spend some time on yourself
De-Stress: Breath & Meditation
What is it about?
Take a break from the chaos and whirlwind modern life and spend some time on yourself.
App Screenshots
App Store Description
Take a break from the chaos and whirlwind modern life and spend some time on yourself.
De-Stress app contains a collection of thoroughly thought-through meditations and breathing techniques that will help you to relieve stress and feel rejuvenated.
De-Stress benefits:
- Anxiety reduction
- Emotional health
- Good sleep
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- Longer attention span
- Reduced age-related memory loss
- Normalized blood pressure
- Pain control
Open the app and find an inspirational quote to kick-start your day and encourage to make positive changes in your life!
All the stress relief techniques in one place. Live healthier and more in-tune life with De-Stress!
Download now!
De-Stress offers auto-renewing subscription options for "Premium De-Stress Features":
$9.99 - per month (with a 7-day trial period)
These prices are for United States customers. Pricing in other countries may vary and actual charges may be converted to your local currency depending on the country of residence.
Payment will be charged to iTunes Account at confirmation of purchase.
Subscription automatically renews unless auto-renew is turned off at least 24-hours before the end of the current period.
Account will be charged for renewal within 24-hours prior to the end of the current period, and identify the cost of the renewal.
Subscriptions may be managed by the user and auto-renewal may be turned off by going to the user's Account Settings after purchase.
Any unused portion of a free trial period, if offered, will be forfeited when the user purchases a subscription to that publication, where applicable.
Read more about our terms and conditions here:
Terms of service: http://facemetrics.io/terms-app
Privacy policy: http://facemetrics.io/policy-app
AppAdvice does not own this application and only provides images and links contained in the iTunes Search API, to help our users find the best apps to download. If you are the developer of this app and would like your information removed, please send a request to [email protected] and your information will be removed.


text:
Samichlaus Classic - Austrian Beer - 14%
Brasserie Schloss Eggenberg
One of the strongest beers in the world!Brewed only once a year on December 6, this Samichlaus is aged for 10 months before bottling. Serve with strong-flavoured dishes and desserts or chocolates, or just enjoy by itself as an after dinner drink.
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text:
IoT (Internet of Things) Innovation in Healthcare, New Webinar Hosted by Xtalks
Session to examine how medical device and diagnostic equipment companies can use IoT to provide innovative, compliant and secure healthcare solutions
TORONTO, April 12, 2018 (Newswire.com) - Internet of Things (IoT) in the healthcare industry is rapidly emerging with new business cases evolving every week. Potential benefits include using IoT to monitor patients and securely manage data during and after care. While new ideas are plentiful, execution of those ideas requires resources, expertise, and experience.
In a live session on Monday, April 30, 2018 at 1 p.m. EDT, join industry expert Tad Reynes, Regional Vice President of AT&T IoT Healthcare Solutions to learn how AT&T is helping medical device and diagnostic equipment companies utilize IoT to its fullest potential. The platform that all AT&T IOT devices ride upon contains out of the box industry-leading APIs which allow them to interface with most legacy systems.
Case studies with examples and solutions will be provided during the presentation. The speaker will also highlight AT&T Foundry, created to bring innovators into a collaborative environment with industry technology providers, developers and startups to move ideas to market faster. The AT&T Foundry innovation centers are in 6 cities around the world, and since its inception has started more than 500 projects and deployed dozens of new products and services.
Join us for an insightful discussion — and answers to your questions — on this clinically and commercially relevant topic. To learn more about this free webinar visit:
IoT (Internet of Things) Innovation in Healthcare.
Xtalks, powered by Honeycomb Worldwide Inc., is a leading provider of educational webinars to the global life science, food and medical device community. Every year thousands of industry practitioners (from life science, food and medical device companies, private & academic research institutions, healthcare centers, etc.) turn to Xtalks for access to quality content. Xtalks helps Life Science professionals stay current with industry developments, trends and regulations. Xtalks webinars also provide perspectives on key issues from top industry thought leaders and service providers.
To learn more about Xtalks visit http://xtalks.com.
For information about hosting a webinar visit http://xtalks.com/why-host-a-webinar.
Nima Rajan
Tel: +1 (416) 977-6555 ext 352
Email: email@example.com
Source: Xtalks
Categories: Electrical and Electronics, Engineering, Diagnostics, Radiology and Medical Imaging, Healthcare
Tags: AT&T, IoT (Internet of Things), medical device, Xtalks


text:
When I'm at a market, my eyes light up when I see a collection of handmade things in jars, ideally labeled by hand in spidery blue script. I'm a big fan of home cooking, and some of my favourite condiments, jams and pickles have been fringe items that are too labour-intensive or small-run to be commercially feasible. My eyes are always searching for the next cumquat jam, crab apple jelly, or curried cucumber pickle. So my interest was definitely piqued by FoodByUs, which is basically a kind of electronic bridge between tiny artisan food producers who might sell by market stall, and their next level, which might involve some sort of permanent store.
Cleverly, the FoodByUs website focuses most heavily upon items that will travel well – like doughnuts, cupcakes and pies. They also have a strong showing in categories that might be hard to find – like vegan offerings, and products that are gluten-free. I was pleased to see producers on there that I was already familiar with, like Sydney bagel king, Michael Shafran from Brooklyn Boy Bagels. "In a nutshell, I chose them because their platform was the best I've seen (and I've seen a lot of platforms) and their fees and delivery structure are reasonable. Lots of guys are out there charging 30% per delivery, which is most of the margin you get in a food business, which isn't sustainable," Michael explained.
After spending some time on the FoodByUs website trawling through various tasty options, from South American alfajores and empanadas, to Mexican pan de muerto - Day of the Dead 'Altar Bread', I finally settled upon Broomfield's Pie Co.. Their Tasting Menu ($35) of four seasonal pie selections from UK-trained piemaker, Ryan Broomfield, caught my eye for an unusual ham and black pudding pie varietal. Sadly the menu hadn't been updated, and Ryan had already moved onto his Spring menu, but he replied quickly through the platform, offering me both an explanation, alternative selections and a tantilising promise: "the puddings are from my local butcher in Freshwater. I will let you know when I do them again."
Luckily for me, Ryan's Lamb, Ale, Lemon and Pea Pie ($10) was a thing of beauty. It encased a generous amount of Cowra spring lamb shoulder braised in Coopers ale with roasted onion, garlic cream, barley, preserved lemons, peas and thyme in a stiff-sided, butter pastry pie firm enough to pick up and eat with my fingers. The four pies arrived to our door well-packaged, with simple heating instructions (bake for 15-20 minutes in an oven pre-heated to 180 degrees Celcius) for an additional five-dollar delivery fee. What I liked most about this seller was his use of fellow market stall holders' products in his pies, like Prickle Hill sugar plums and Worcestershire sauce. You'll also find Aussie-grown Love Beets baby beetroot in his Feta Beets & Asparagus ($10) pie; and Eden Smokehouse's hot smoked salmon in his creamy Fish Pie ($10). Of course using such high quality ingredients do make these pies a little pricy.
From a consumer's perspective, if you struggle to find time on Saturday mornings to trawl farmers' markets, you may find FoodByUs worthwhile, because it does gives you the chance to access artisan food makers with food delivered directly to your door. In terms of food safety, FoodByUs Marketing Director Leonardo Wilhelm assured me that all makers "have to provide proof that they have notified their local council and sign a contract that they are responsible to make sure they follow food regulations." And while this only a new platform with little customer feedback to date, as it grows, repeated negative reviews will likely see any low quality makers removed pretty quick.
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Uncertain; estimates range from 2 million to more than 12 million[1][2][3]See Romani people by country for the entire list of countries and other estimations.
The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe and the Americas.[24] Romani are widely known in the English-speaking world by the exonym "Gypsies" (or Gipsies) and also as Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms; in their language, Romani, they are known collectively as Romane or Rromane (depending on the dialect).
Romani are widely dispersed, with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe and Anatolia, followed by the Kale of Iberia and Southern France. They originated from India and arrived in the Middle East first and then in Europe by the 14th century,[25] either separating from the Dom people or, at least, having a similar history;[26] the ancestors of both the Romani and the Dom left North India sometime between the 6th and 11th century.[25]
Since the 19th century, some Romani have also migrated to the Americas. There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States;[4] and 800,000 in Brazil, most of whose ancestors emigrated in the nineteenth century from eastern Europe. Brazil also includes Romani descended from people deported by the government of Portugal during the Inquisition in the colonial era.[27] In migrations since the late nineteenth century, Romani have also moved to Canada and countries in South America.[28]
The Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million.[29] The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two; those varieties are sometimes called Para-Romani.[30]
In the Romani language, rom is a masculine noun, meaning "man, husband", with the plural roma. Romani is the feminine adjective, while romano is the masculine adjective. Some Romanies use Rom or Roma as an ethnic name, while others (such as the Sinti, or the Romanichal) do not use this term as a self-ascription for the entire ethnic group.[31]
Sometimes, rom and romani are spelled with a double r, i.e., rrom and rromani. In this case rr is used to represent the phoneme /ʀ/ (also written as ř and rh), which in some Romani dialects has remained different from the one written with a single r. The rr spelling is common particularly in Romania, in order to distinguish from the endonym for Romanians (sg. român, pl. români).[32]
In the English language (according to the Oxford English Dictionary), Rom is a noun (with the plural Roma or Roms) and an adjective, while Romani (Romany) is also a noun (with the plural Romanies or Romanis) and an adjective. Both Rom and Romani have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for Gypsy. Romani was initially spelled Rommany, then Romany, while today the Romani spelling is the most popular spelling. Occasionally, the double r spelling (e.g., Rroma, Rromani) mentioned above is also encountered in English texts.
Although Roma is used as a designation for the branch of the Romani people with historic concentrations in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, it is increasingly encountered during recent decades[33][34] as a generic term for the Romani people as a whole.[35]
Because all Romanies use the word Romani as an adjective, the term began to be used as a noun for the entire ethnic group.[36]
Today, the term Romani is used by most organizations—including the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the US Library of Congress.[32]
The standard assumption is that the demonyms of the Romani people, Lom and Dom share the same origin.[37][38]
The English term Gypsy (or Gipsy) originates from the Middle English gypcian, short for Egipcien. It is ultimately derived from the Greek Αἰγύπτιοι (Aigyptioi), via Middle French and Latin. It was once believed that the Romanies, or some other Gypsy groups (such as the Balkan Egyptians), originated in Egypt, and in one narrative were exiled as punishment for allegedly harbouring the infant Jesus.[39]
This exonym is sometimes written with capital letter, to show that it designates an ethnic group.[40] The term 'gypsy' appears when international research programmes, documents and policies on the community are referred to. However, as a term 'gypsy' is considered derogatory by many members of the Roma community because of negative and stereotypical associations with the term.[41]
As described in Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, the medieval French referred to the Romanies as egyptiens. The term has come to bear pejorative connotations. The word Gypsy in English has become so pervasive that many Romani organizations use it in their own organizational names.
In North America, the word gypsy is most commonly used as a reference to Romani ethnicity,[42] though lifestyle and fashion are at times also referenced by using this word.[43] The Spanish term gitano and the French term gitan may have the same origin as a reference to Egypt.[44]
For a variety of reasons, many Romanies choose not to register their ethnic identity in official censuses. There are an estimated four million Romani people in Europe (as of 2002),[45] although some high estimates by Romani organizations give numbers as high as 14 million.[46]
Significant Romani populations are found in the Balkan peninsula, in some Central European states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. Several million more Romanies may live out of Europe, in particular in the Middle East and in the Americas.
There are endless and countless number of designations that can be given to individual Roma groups. It is a result of the caste system, inherited from India, and their movement on Asia, Europe, America and Australia.
All-encompassing self-description is always "Rom".[49] Even when some groups are not using an endonym "Roma", they all acknowledge a common origin and a dichotomy Roma-Gadjo.[50]
Roma, who concentrated in central and eastern Europe and central Italy, mostly use the word Roma and are described in the article Roma (Romani subgroup).
Other groups, using different endonyms are, for example:
Other Romani sub-groups include:
Some groups which are commonly thought of as Romani, either by surrounding populations or by Romani groups, do not consider themselves to be Romani. This applies to the Balkan Egyptians and the Ashkali.[67]
Because Romani didn't keep chronicles of their history or have oral accounts of it, most of hypotheses about Roma early history is based on linguistic theory.[68] There is also no known record of a migration from India to Europe from medieval times that can be connected indisputably to Roma.[69]
According to a legend reported in Shahnameh and repeated by several modern authors, the Sasanian king Bahrām V Gōr learned towards the end of his reign (421-39) that the poor could not afford to enjoy music, and he asked the king of India to send him ten thousand luris, men and women, lute playing experts . When the luris arrived, Bahrām gave each one an ox and a donkey and a donkey-load of wheat so that they could live on agriculture and play music gratuitously for the poor. But the luris ate the oxen and the wheat and came back a year later with their cheeks hollowed with hunger. The king was angered with their having wasted what he had given them, ordered them to pack up their bags on their asses and go wandering around the world.[70]
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.[71]
More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.[72]
Romani and Domari share some similarities: agglutination of postpositions of the second Layer (or case marking clitics) to the nominal stem, concordmarkers for the past tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use of the oblique case as an accusative.[73][74] This has prompted much discussion about the relationships between these two languages. Domari was once thought to be the "sister language" of Romani, the two languages having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent, but more recent research suggests that the differences between them are significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within the Central zone (Hindustani) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom therefore likely descend from two different migration waves out of India, separated by several centuries.[26][75]
Numerals in the Romani, Domari and Lomavren languages, with Hindi and Persian forms for comparison.[76] Note that Romani 7–9 are borrowed from Greek.
We can show a few examples:[77]
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest they originated in northwest India and migrated as a group.[78][79]
According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.[80] In December 2012, additional findings appeared to confirm the "Roma came from a single group that left northwestern India about 1,500 years ago.[dubious – discuss]"[79] They reached the Balkans about 900 years ago, and then spread throughout Europe. The team found that, despite some isolation, the Roma were "genetically similar to other Europeans."[78][79] Contemporary populations suggested as sharing a close relationship to the Romani are the Dom people of Western Asia and North Africa, and the Banjara of India.[81]
Genetic evidence supports the mediaeval migration from India. The Romani have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder populations",[82] while a number of common Mendelian disorders among Romanies from all over Europe indicates "a common origin and founder effect".[82][83]
A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group".[84] The same study found that "a single lineage ... found across Romani populations, accounts for almost one-third of Romani males."[84]
A 2004 study by Morar et al. concluded that the Romani population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago".[85]
The discovery in 2009 of the "Jat mutation" that causes a type of glaucoma in Romani populations suggests that the Romani people are the descendants of the Jat people found in the Indian subcontinent.[86][87] This relation to Jats had earlier been suggested by Michael Jan de Goeje in 1883.[88] The 2009 glaucoma study, however, contradicts an earlier study that compared the most common haplotypes found in Romani groups with those found in Jat Sikhs and Jats from Haryana and found no matches.[89]
They may have emerged from the modern Indian state of Rajasthan,[90] migrating to the northwest (the Punjab region, Sindh and Baluchistan of the Indian subcontinent) around 250 BC. In the centuries spent here, there may have been close interaction with these established groups such as the Rajputs and the Jats. Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed to have occurred beginning in about AD 500.[dubious – discuss][79]
It has also been suggested that emigration from India may have taken place in the context of the raids by Mahmud of Ghazni.[91] As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their families into the Byzantine Empire. The 11th century terminus post quem is due to the Romani language showing unambiguous features of the Modern Indo-Aryan languages,[92] precluding an emigration during the Middle Indic period.
The first historical records of the Romani reaching south-eastern Europe are from the 14th century.
In 1322, an Irish Franciscan monk, Symon Semeonis encountered a migrant group, "the descendants of Cain", outside the town of Heraklion (Candia), in Crete. Symon's account is probably the earliest surviving description by a Western chronicler of the Romani people in Europe. In 1350, Ludolphus of Sudheim mentioned a similar people with a unique language whom he called Mandapolos, a word which some theorize was derived from the Greek word mantes (meaning prophet or fortune teller).[93]
Around 1360, a fiefdom, called the Feudum Acinganorum was established in Corfu, which mainly used Romani serfs and to which the Romani on the island were subservient.[94][95]
By 1424, they were recorded in Germany; and by the 16th century, Scotland and Sweden. Some Romani migrated from Persia through North Africa, reaching the Iberian Peninsula in the 15th century. The two currents met in France.
According to a 2012 genomic study, the Romani reached the Balkans as early as the 12th century.[96]
Their early history shows a mixed reception. Although 1385 marks the first recorded transaction for a Romani slave in Wallachia, they were issued safe conduct by Sigismund of the Holy Roman Empire in 1417.[97] Romanies were ordered expelled from the Meissen region of Germany in 1416, Lucerne in 1471, Milan in 1493, France in 1504, Catalonia in 1512, Sweden in 1525, England in 1530 (see Egyptians Act 1530), and Denmark in 1536.[97] In 1510, any Romani found in Switzerland were ordered to be put to death, with similar rules established in England in 1554, and Denmark in 1589, whereas Portugal began deportations of Romanies to its colonies in 1538.[97]
Later, a 1596 English statute, however, gave Romanies special privileges that other wanderers lacked; France passed a similar law in 1683. Catherine the Great of Russia declared the Romanies "crown slaves" (a status superior to serfs), but also kept them out of certain parts of the capital.[98] In 1595, Ştefan Răzvan overcame his birth into slavery, and became the Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia.[97]
Romani could be kept as slaves in Wallachia and Moldavia, until abolition in 1856.[99]
Elsewhere in Europe, they were subject to ethnic cleansing, abduction of their children, and forced labor. In England, Romani were sometimes expelled from small communities or hanged; in France, they were branded and their heads were shaved; in Moravia and Bohemia, the women were marked by their ears being severed. As a result, large groups of the Romani moved to the East, toward Poland, which was more tolerant, and Russia, where the Romani were treated more fairly as long as they paid the annual taxes.[100]
Romani began emigrating to North America in colonial times, with small groups recorded in Virginia and French Louisiana. Larger-scale Roma emigration to the United States began in the 1860s, with groups of Romnaichal from Great Britain. The largest number immigrated in the early 1900s, mainly from the Vlax group of Kalderash. Many Romani also settled in South America.
During World War II, the Nazis and the Ustaša embarked on a systematic genocide of the Romani, a process known in Romani as the Porajmos.[101] Romanies were marked for extermination and sentenced to forced labor and imprisonment in concentration camps.
They were often killed on sight, especially by the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) on the Eastern Front.[102] The total number of victims has been variously estimated at between 220,000 to 1,500,000; even the lowest number would make the Porajmos one of the largest mass killings in history.[103]
In Communist Eastern Europe, Romanies experienced assimilation schemes and restrictions on cultural freedom. The Romani language and Romani music were banned from public performance in Bulgaria.[dubious – discuss] In Czechoslovakia, they were labeled a "socially degraded stratum," and Romani women were sterilized as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was implemented with large financial incentives, threats of denying future welfare payments, with misinformation, or after administering drugs (Silverman 1995; Helsinki Watch 1991).
An official inquiry from the Czech Republic, resulting in a report (December 2005), concluded that the Communist authorities had practiced an assimilation policy towards Romanies, which "included efforts by social services to control the birth rate in the Romani community". "The problem of sexual sterilisation carried out in the Czech Republic, either with improper motivation or illegally, exists," said Czech Public Defender of Rights, recommending state compensation for women affected between 1973 and 1991.[104] New cases were revealed up until 2004, in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland "all have histories of coercive sterilization of minorities and other groups." [105]
The traditional Romanies place a high value on the extended family. Virginity is essential in unmarried women. Both men and women often marry young; there has been controversy in several countries over the Romani practice of child marriage. Romani law establishes that the man's family must pay a bride price to the bride's parents, but only traditional families still follow this rule.
Once married, the woman joins the husband's family, where her main job is to tend to her husband's and her children's needs, as well as to take care of her in-laws. The power structure in the traditional Romani household has at its top the oldest man or grandfather, and men in general have more authority than women. Women gain respect and authority as they get older. Young wives begin gaining authority once they have children.
Romani social behavior is strictly regulated by Hindu purity laws ("marime" or "marhime"), still respected by most Roma (and by most older generations of Sinti). This regulation affects many aspects of life, and is applied to actions, people and things: parts of the human body are considered impure: the genital organs (because they produce emissions), as well as the rest of the lower body. Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of menstruating women, are washed separately. Items used for eating are also washed in a different place. Childbirth is considered impure, and must occur outside the dwelling place. The mother is considered impure for forty days after giving birth.
Death is considered impure, and affects the whole family of the dead, who remain impure for a period of time. In contrast to the practice of cremating the dead, Romani dead must be buried.[106] Cremation and burial are both known from the time of the Rigveda, and both are widely practiced in Hinduism today (although the tendency for higher caste groups is to burn, while lower caste groups in South India tend to bury their dead).[107] Some animals are also considered impure, for instance cats because they lick themselves.[108]
Romanipen (also romanypen, romanipe, romanype, romanimos, romaimos, romaniya) is a complicated term of Romani philosophy that means totality of the Romani spirit, Romani culture, Romani Law, being a Romani, a set of Romani strains.
An ethnic Romani is considered to be a Gadjo (non-Romani) in the Romani society if he has no Romanipen. Sometimes a non-Romani may be considered to be a Romani if he has Romanipen, (usually that is an adopted child). As a concept, Romanipen has been the subject of interest to numerous academic observers. It has been hypothesized that it owes more to a framework of culture rather than simply an adherence to historically received rules.[109]
The ancestors of modern day Romani people were previously Hindu but adopted Christianity or Islam depending on their respective countries due to missionary activities.[110]
Blessed Ceferino Giménez Malla is considered a patron saint of the Romani people in Roman Catholicism.[111] Saint Sarah, or Kali Sara, has also been worshipped as a patron saint in the same manner as the Blessed Ceferino Giménez Malla, but a transition has occurred in the 21st century, whereby Kali Sara is understood as an Indian deity brought from India by the refugee ancestors of the Roma people, thereby removing any Christian association. Saint Sarah is progressively being considered as "a Romani Goddess, the Protectress of the Roma" and an "indisputable link with Mother India".[112]
Romanies often adopt the dominant religion of their host country in the event that a ceremony associated with a formal religious institution is necessary, such as a baptism or funeral (their particular belief systems and indigenous religion and worship remain preserved regardless of such adoption processes). The Roma continue to practice "Shaktism", a practice with origins in India, whereby a female consort is required for the worship of a god. Adherence to this practice means that for the Roma who worship a Christian God, prayer is conducted through the Virgin Mary, or her mother, Saint Anne—Shaktism continues over one thousand years after the people's separation from India.[113]
Besides the Roma elders, who serve as spiritual leaders, priests, churches, or bibles do not exist among the Romanies—the only exception is the Pentecostal Roma.[113]
For the Roma communities that have resided in the Balkans for numerous centuries, often referred to as "Turkish Gypsies", the following histories apply for religious beliefs:
In northwestern Bulgaria, in addition to Sofia and Kyustendil, Islam is the dominant faith; however in the independent Bulgarian state, a major conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity has occurred. In southwestern Bulgaria (Pirin Macedonia), Islam is also the dominant religion, with a smaller section of the population, declaring themselves as "Turks", continuing to mix ethnicity with Islam.[114]
The majority are Orthodox Christians; however in the South East there is a small community that are Muslim and also speak Turkish.[114]
The descendants of groups, such as Sepečides or Sevljara, Kalpazaja, Filipidži and others, living in Athens, Thessaloniki, central Greece and Aegean Macedonia are mostly Orthodox Christians, with Islamic beliefs held by a minority of the population. Following the Peace Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, many Muslim Roma moved to Turkey in the subsequent population exchange between Turkey and Greece.[114]
Albania's Roma people are all Muslims.[114]
The majority of Roma people are followers of Islam.[114]
Most Roma people in Serbia are Muslim, but the Gurbeti community, as it has been designated, are Christian.[114]
The vast majority of the Roma population in what has become Kosovo is Muslim.[114]
Islam is the dominant religion amongst the Roma.[114]
Following the Second World War, a large number of Muslim Roma relocated to Croatia (the majority moving from Kosovo).[114]
In Ukraine and Russia the Roma populations are also Muslim as the families of Balkan migrants continue to live in these locations. Their ancestors settled on the Crimean peninsula during the 17th and 18th centuries, but then migrated to Ukraine, southern Russia and the Povolzhie (along the Volga River). Formally, Islam is the religion that these communities align themselves with and the people are recognized for their staunch preservation of the Romani language and identity.[114]
Most Eastern European Romanies are Roman Catholic, Orthodox Christian, or Muslim. Those in Western Europe and the United States are mostly Roman Catholic or Protestant—in southern Spain, many Romanies are Pentecostal, but this is a small minority that has emerged in contemporary times.[113] In Egypt, the Romanies are split into Christian and Muslim populations—for countless years, dance has been considered a religious practice for the Egyptian Romanies.[115]
Romani music plays an important role in Central and Eastern European countries such as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Hungary, Slovenia and Romania, and the style and performance practices of Romani musicians have influenced European classical composers such as Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms. The lăutari who perform at traditional Romanian weddings are virtually all Romani.
Probably the most internationally prominent contemporary performers in the lăutari tradition are Taraful Haiducilor. Bulgaria's popular "wedding music", too, is almost exclusively performed by Romani musicians such as Ivo Papasov, a virtuoso clarinetist closely associated with this genre and Bulgarian pop-folk singer Azis.
Many famous classical musicians, such as the Hungarian pianist Georges Cziffra, are Romani, as are many prominent performers of manele. Zdob şi Zdub, one of the most prominent rock bands in Moldova, although not Romanies themselves, draw heavily on Romani music, as do Spitalul de Urgenţă in Romania, Shantel in Germany, Goran Bregović in Serbia, Darko Rundek in Croatia, Beirut and Gogol Bordello in the United States.
Another tradition of Romani music is the genre of the Romani brass band, with such notable practitioners as Boban Marković of Serbia, and the brass lăutari groups Fanfare Ciocărlia and Fanfare din Cozmesti of Romania.
The distinctive sound of Romani music has also strongly influenced bolero, jazz, and flamenco (especially cante jondo) in Europe. European-style gypsy jazz ("jazz Manouche" or "Sinti jazz") is still widely practiced among the original creators (the Romanie People); one who acknowledged this artistic debt was guitarist Django Reinhardt. Contemporary artists in this tradition known internationally include Stochelo Rosenberg, Biréli Lagrène, Jimmy Rosenberg, and Tchavolo Schmitt.
The Romanies of Turkey have achieved musical acclaim from national and local audiences. Local performers usually perform for special holidays. Their music is usually performed on instruments such as the darbuka, gırnata and cümbüş.[116]
Most Romani speak one of several dialects of the Romani language,[117] an Indo-Aryan language. They also will often speak the languages of the countries they live in. Typically, they also incorporate loanwords and calques into Romani from the languages of those countries, especially words for terms that the Romani language does not have. Most of the Ciganos of Portugal, the Gitanos of Spain, the Romanichal of the UK, and Scandinavian Travellers have lost their knowledge of pure Romani, and respectively speak the mixed languages Caló,[118] Angloromany, and Scandoromani.
One of the most enduring persecutions against the Romani people was the enslaving of the Romanies. In the Byzantine Empire, they were slaves of the state and it seems the situation was the same in Bulgaria and Serbia until their social organization was destroyed by the Ottoman conquest. Slavery existed on the territory of present-day Romania from before the founding of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 13th–14th century, until it was abolished in stages during the 1840s and 1850s.[119] Legislation decreed that all the Romanies living in these states, as well as any others who would immigrate there, were slaves.[120] Most of the slaves were of Roma (Gypsy) ethnicity.
The exact origins of slavery in the Danubian Principalities are not known. There is some debate over whether the Romani people came to Wallachia and Moldavia as free men or as slaves. Historian Nicolae Iorga associated the Roma people's arrival with the 1241 Mongol invasion of Europe and considered their slavery as a vestige of that era, the Romanians taking the Roma from the Mongols as slaves and preserving their status. Other historians consider that they were enslaved while captured during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving prisoners may also have been taken from the Mongols.[119] While it is possible that some Romani people were slaves or auxiliary troops of the Mongols or Tatars, the bulk of them came from south of the Danube at the end of the 14th century, some time after the foundation of Wallachia. By then, the institution of slavery was already established in Moldavia and possibly in both principalities, but the arrival of the Roma made slavery a widespread practice. The Tatar slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma population.[121]
The arrival of some branches of the Romani people in Western Europe in the 15th century was precipitated by the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Although the Romanies themselves were refugees from the conflicts in southeastern Europe, they were mistaken by the local population in the West, because of their foreign appearance, as part of the Ottoman invasion (the German Reichstags at Landau and Freiburg in 1496-1498 declared the Romanies as spies of the Turks). In Western Europe, this resulted in a violent history of persecution and attempts of ethnic cleansing until the modern era. As time passed, other accusations were added against local Romanies (accusations specific to this area, against non-assimilated minorities), like that of bringing the plague, usually sharing their burden together with the local Jews.[122]
One example of official persecution of the Romani is exemplified by The Great Roundup of Spanish Romanies (Gitanos) in 1749. The Spanish monarchy ordered a nationwide raid that led to separation of families and placement of all able-bodied men into forced labor camps.
Later in the 19th century, Romani immigration was forbidden on a racial basis in areas outside Europe, mostly in the English-speaking world (in 1885 the United States outlawed the entry of the Roma) and also in some South American countries (in 1880 Argentina adopted a similar policy).[122]
The persecution of the Romanies reached a peak during World War II in the Porajmos, the genocide perpetrated by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In 1935, the Nuremberg laws stripped the Romani people living in Nazi Germany of their citizenship, after which they were subjected to violence, imprisonment in concentration camps and later genocide in extermination camps. The policy was extended in areas occupied by the Nazis during the war, and it was also applied by their allies, notably the Independent State of Croatia, Romania and Hungary.
Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Romanis, it is impossible to accurately assess the actual number of victims. Ian Hancock, director of the Program of Romani Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, proposes a figure of up to a million and a half, while an estimate of between 220,000 and 500,000 was made by Sybil Milton, formerly senior historian of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.[123] In Central Europe, the extermination in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was so thorough that the Bohemian Romani language became extinct.
In the Habsburg Monarchy under Maria Theresa (1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to force the Romanies to permanently settle, removed rights to horse and wagon ownership (1754), renamed them as "New Citizens" and forced Romani boys into military service if they had no trade (1761), forced them to register with the local authorities (1767), and prohibited marriage between Romanies (1773). Her successor Josef II prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing and the use of the Romani language, punishable by flogging.[124]
In Spain, attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were under way as early as 1619, when Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use of the Romani language was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to separate workhouses and their children sent to orphanages. Similar prohibitions took place in 1783 under King Charles III, who prohibited the nomadic lifestyle, the use of the Calo language, Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades.
The use of the word gitano was also forbidden to further assimilation. Ultimately these measures failed, as the rest of the population rejected the integration of the Gitanos.[124][125]
Other examples of forced assimilation include Norway, where a law was passed in 1896 permitting the state to remove children from their parents and place them in state institutions.[126] This resulted in some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the 20th century.[127]
Discrimination against the Romani people has continued to the present day,[129][130] although efforts are being made to address them.[131] Amnesty International reports continued instances of Antizigan discrimination during the 20th Century, particularly in Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Serbia,[132] Slovakia,[133] Hungary,[134] Slovenia,[135] and Kosovo.[136]
The Romanis of Kosovo have been severely persecuted by ethnic Albanians since the end of the Kosovo War, and the region's Romani community is regarded to be for the most part annihilated.[137]
Czechoslovakia carried out a policy of sterilization of Romani women, starting in 1973.[138] The dissidents of the Charter 77 denounced it in 1977-78 as a genocide, but the practice continued through the Velvet Revolution of 1989.[139] A 2005 report by the Czech government's independent ombudsman, Otakar Motejl, identified dozens of cases of coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal investigations and possible prosecution against several health care workers and administrators.[140]
In 2008, following the brutal murder of a woman in Rome at the hands of a young man from a local Romani encampment,[141] the Italian government declared that Italy's Romani population represented a national security risk and that swift action was required to address the emergenza nomadi (nomad emergency).[142] Specifically, officials in the Italian government accused the Romanies of being responsible for rising crime rates in urban areas. One police raid in 2007 freed many of the children belonging to a Romani gang who used to steal by day, and who were locked in a shed by night by members of the gang.[143]
On International Roma Day, which falls on 8 April, the significant proportion of Europe's 12 million Roma who live in deplorable conditions will not have much to celebrate. And poverty is not the only worry for the community. Ethnic tensions are on the rise. In 2008, Roma camps came under attack in Italy, intimidation by racist parliamentarians is the norm in Hungary, and in September of last year thousands of Bulgarians took to the streets to chant such slogans as "Turn the gypsies into soap". Speaking in 1993, Václav Havel prophetically remarked that "the treatment of the Roma is a litmus test for democracy": and democracy has been found wanting. The consequences of the transition to capitalism have been disastrous for the Roma. Under communism they had jobs, free housing and schooling. Now many are unemployed, many are losing their homes and racism is increasingly rewarded with impunity.[144]
In the summer of 2010 French authorities demolished at least 51 illegal Roma camps and began the process of repatriating their residents to their countries of origin.[145] This followed tensions between the French state and Roma communities, which had been heightened after French police opened fire and killed a traveller who drove through a police checkpoint, hitting an officer, and attempted to hit two more officers at another checkpoint. In retaliation a group of Roma, armed with hatchets and iron bars, attacked the police station of Saint-Aignan, toppled traffic lights and road signs and burned three cars.[146][147] The French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to pursue its political agenda.[148] EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding stated that the European Commission should take legal action against France over the issue, calling the deportations "a disgrace". Purportedly, a leaked file dated 5 August, sent from the Interior Ministry to regional police chiefs included the instruction:
"Three hundred camps or illegal settlements must be cleared within three months, Roma camps are a priority."[149]
Many fictional depictions of Romani people in literature and art present romanticized narratives of their supposed mystical powers of fortune telling or their supposed irascible or passionate temper paired with an indomitable love of freedom and a habit of criminality.
Particularly notable are classics like the story Carmen by Prosper Mérimée and the opera based on it by Georges Bizet, Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Herge's The Castafiore Emerald and Miguel de Cervantes' La Gitanilla.
The Romani were also heavily romanticized in the Soviet Union, a classic example being the 1975 Tabor ukhodit v Nebo.
A more realistic depiction of contemporary Romani in the Balkans, featuring Romani lay actors speaking in their native dialects, although still playing with established clichés of a Romani penchant for both magic and crime, was presented by Emir Kusturica in his Time of the Gypsies (1988) and Black Cat, White Cat (1998). The films of Tony Gatlif, a French director of Romani ethnicity, like Les Princes (1983), Latcho Drom (1993) and Gadjo Dilo (1997) also portray gypsy life.
The Romani ethnicity is often used for characters in contemporary fantasy literature. In such literature, the Romani are often portrayed as possessing archaic occult knowledge passed down through the ages. This frequent use of the ethnicity has given rise to 'gypsy archetypes' in popular contemporary literature. A UK example is the Freya Trilogy by Elizabeth Arnold.
(An extensive historical bibliography, "Gypsies in France, 1566 - 2011", is available at [6].)
Romani people, Czech Republic, Poles, Greeks, Prague
Buddhism, Gautama Buddha, Śīla, Lucknow, Karuṇā
World War II, Operation Market Garden, Anne Frank, Danish resistance movement, Yugoslav Partisans
Hungary, Odessa, Counties of Hungary, Daylight saving time, Village


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Stroke Alert Training
The Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke Program offers Simulation Lab Mock Stroke Alert Training for neurology residents and emergency department providers.
The goals of this exercise are to improve:
- The selection of patients for intravenous thrombolysis
- The detection of stroke mimics, basic CT scan interpretation, and acute blood pressure management
View a sample video clip of a recent training session.
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Foreignaffairs. Politics Faces Sweeping Change via the Web. Internet is a growing platform for political change, USC study finds - MyNewsLA.com. The Internet is a growing platform for political change, users' faith in the reliability of online information continues to dip and fewer adults approve of children's online use, according to an annual online impact study released Thursday by the USC Annenberg Center for the Digital Future.
Those views are among more than 180 issues explored in the 2014 Digital Future Project, conducted with Bovitz Inc. How the Internet Has Changed the State of Political Debate The 2008 political campaign undoubtedly changed how politicians view the importance of the Internet.
Some have said that without the Internet, President Barack Obama wouldn't have been elected. Regardless of your view on that, there's no denying that the Internet has changed the way we view, research and debate politics today. In fact, according to the Pew Research Center, 40 percent of adult Internet users go online for data about government spending and activities. Think back 15 years ago -- that would have seemed otherworldly!
Users are also utilizing social tools, with 31 percent using blogs, social networking sites, online video, email, and text alerts to keep informed about government activities. Technology supports movements. But only risk-takers make political change. Technology has always been instrumental to movements for social and political change, but recently, it's been getting too much credit for the success of those movements.
People talk about how Egypt's revolution was due to Facebook, or how none of today's activism (Ferguson, the Keystone XL protests, Occupy) would be successful without social media. That's all hogwash. Hosni Mubarak had no reason to fear a website, only what people might do when they stopped looking at it; shutting down Facebook only got people into the streets that much faster. Electronic technologies can be important and useful, but they're never revolutionary in themselves. Like engravings, the printing press or other technologies that have appeared over the centuries, electronic media do help activists get the word out. One thing that does differentiate electronic technology from past ones is the way so many people think it makes in-person action obsolete.
So why do we put so much faith in today's new tools? Political activism is as strong as ever, but now it's digital – and passionate. Like most Americans of my generation – born in 1973 – I learned about civics from television.
On Saturday mornings, our diet of cartoons was regularly interrupted for Schoolhouse Rock, three-minute animated musical lessons on science, grammar and the workings of government. I know that a bill can die in committee before coming to the House for a vote because I can still sing "I'm Just a Bill", an incurable earworm and a pretty thorough overview of America's federal legislative process. We don't teach civics this way anymore and that's probably a good thing. Today's Schoolhouse Rock would have to explain why part of Congress shut down the US government in a tantrum over a law they didn't like, which is hard to accomplish in three stanzas, and worse, "intransigence" doesn't rhyme with anything.
It's hard to teach civics in three-minute snippets because the way we participate in civic life is changing shape – and changing very quickly. No wonder it's hard to get our heads around it. Internet as a Driver of Political Change: Cyber-Pessimists and Cyber-Optimists. There are two schools of thought about the impact of Internet on the processes of political change.
On the one hand, individuals who believe that this technology has some features that promote the spread of democracy around the world, and those who believe that this instrument consolidates authoritarianism and political repression. The purpose of this article is a descriptive analysis of the main arguments used for both to justify their positions. This work defends the argument that both views attribute a deterministic role to Internet which does not correspond to its neutral nature. In contrast, the effects of Internet on political change depend on the context and the ability of actors who use it. Download full article. To cite this article: Manuel R. Will the Internet Remake Politics? The Internet's impact on politics in the 21st century seems to be unquestionable.
Internet technology a tool for political change in Arab world. The revolts in Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen are driven by deep dissatisfaction with authoritarian regimes, but Internet technology has played a crucial role as a 21st-century weapon for democracy movements, experts say.
Inspired by the recent overthrow of the Zine El Abidine Ben Ali dictatorship in Tunisia, citizen activists on Thursday escalated their protests in Egypt and Yemen, denouncing their respective governments. And social media played the dual role of a virtual town square where protest leaders rally the masses and counter government disinformation.Services such as Twitter and Facebook are "playing an increasingly large role in almost any mass protest around the world," said John Palfrey, a law professor at Harvard University who studies limits on Internet expression.
"We will see more of this. " "The reason why it was so effective is because of what happened in Tunisia," she said. "They saw it on TV. On Wednesday, U.S. The Internet´s Impact on Political Parties and Campaigns, International Reports, Publications, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.


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Tamanohada Round Soap - Lavender
Fitting perfectly in the palm of your hand, this ball of soap lathers well for a moist and gentle wash. Scented with a pleasantly delicate aroma that will remain with you throughout the day.
Fragrance: a blended balance of rosemary and essential lavender oil for a calming, floral scent.
Ingredients: Sodium Palmate, Sodium Palm Kernelate, Water, Coconut Acid, Fragrance, Palm Acid, Palm Kernel Acid, Glycerin, Peg-75, Sodium Chloride, Tetrasodium EDTA, Etidronic Acid
125g / 4.4 oz
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This service is available from Monday - Friday only. We do not deliver on the weekends. We also do not offer delivery service on holidays.
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At Old Faithful Shop we strive to process your order as quickly and carefully as possible within 24 hours.
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I stumbled upon the image above on Pinterest, and I haven't been able to stop thinking about this amazing house. I tracked it down to Luxe Magazine, where I learned the architecture was done by Austin Depree and the interiors by Shelley Johnstone Paschke. The best part of all, was seeing the whole home tour. Not only did this loveliness revive my whole desire to paint our red brick house white (and how chic is that robin's egg trim color?!) but it's also reinforcing my need for a round kitchen table… a thought I recently shared on Instagram. My list of spring home decor projects is growing by the day.
Photography by: Cynthia Lynn


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Carry Case
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This case was designed specifically for the audio ape product and its accessories.
Holds receiver, antenna, power, iOS Stand, remote, plus 2 or 3 extras like battery bank, DI box or spare remote.
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In the frame of the MEETS programme, two ESSnets concluded to the need of changing the current definition of the statistical unit enterprise (Council Regulation (EEC) No 636/93), on which the main part of business statistics in the EU is based.
The ESSnet on consistency proposed the following definition:
"A statistical unit enterprise is an organizational market oriented unit which benefits from sufficient degree of autonomy in decision-making. An enterprise carries out one or more activities at one or more locations. Meaningful data for statistics can be provided for this unit.
The enterprise can correspond to a single legal unit (not controlled by any other legal entity), an enterprise group as a set of legal units under common control, or an autonomous part of an enterprise group."
Moreover, the ESSnet on profiling large and complex multinational enterprise groups proposed a method to delineate the enterprises in the frame of large and complex groups, when they cannot be considered as a single enterprise.
In 2013 a contractor performed analyses on some aspects of the definition order to assess the feasibility of the implementation of this new definition.
Lot 1: Definition of a model to produce business statistics based on new statistical units in case of a whole enterprise group is considered as one enterprise.
Lot 2: Analysis of the impact of the changes in the definition of the statistical unit enterprise on SBS.
The results can be found here.


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For the last couple of months, I've shared my thoughts on Generosity. Generosity is the practice of giving without the expectation of receiving, and, giving wholeheartedly, without regret. In this post we'll continue by exploring where generosity comes from …. that place inside of ourselves in which generosity automatically springs forth.
Generosity becomes a natural part of life when we realize that we're all woven into an interconnected web of existence. Initially, we aren't able to see that web of interconnectedness so clearly.
We've been conditioned to believe that we are separate individuals living in the same world, rather than believing that we are all part of the same One. When we understand that we're all part of a collective, we're inspired to think, speak and move in ways that are compassionate, loving, and respectful of ourselves and others. What happens in one corner of this web, is surely felt at the other end. There is no separation.
Generosity becomes effortless when we realize that no one is truly free, until all sentient beings are free. If there's suffering over here, then there's suffering, period. It's not his suffering, or my suffering, there's just suffering. We give not because we should, or because it's the right thing to do. We help our brothers and sisters because they're simply extensions of ourselves, and we're all in this life together.


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Chretien speaks his mind to African nations
Prime Minister Jean Chretien delivered a blunt message to African leaders and business people, telling them they had
to clean up corruption and stop their "bloody" wars if they expect Canada and other developed nations to invest in
their continent. Less than 10 days before he retires, Chretien did not hesitate to speak his mind as he fielded
questions from Commonwealth business leaders looking for handouts from Canada and other rich nations.
"You want investment, then you have to do what is needed to have investment. You need good administration for the people to invest to develop business. You need political stability. Stop this bloody conflict that you have too often in some parts of Africa. This is a reality," snapped Chretien, during a question-and-answer session with 200 members of the business and political delegation. "I'm probably blunt, but I don't have to be elected here."
Chretien, who will attend the three-day biannual meeting of the Commonwealth heads of government meeting, warned that
investors will take their money elsewhere if they do not sense a feeling of confidence in the African market.
"If they feel that honesty is there, that if there is a conflict there will be an honest system of justice, that the decisions of the courts will be implemented, that human rights will be protected, that the elections will be fair, nervousness will disappear," he said.
Chretien had just delivered an upbeat speech to the Commonwealth Business Forum, praising the goal African countries
have set to create a better investment environment on the continent. His speech was well-received by many of the
business leaders, including SNC-Lavalin International senior vice-president Robert Blackburn.
Also chair of the Canadian Council on Africa, Blackburn said although corruption is part of the African system, it is still possible to have successful business dealings on the continent and pointed out his company has had projects here for 35 years. Government officials said the average return on business investment in Africa is 29 %, higher than anywhere else in the world.
But Chretien was grilled by business people who called on him to do more. One told Chretien that corruption is a
serious problem in Nigeria, but that foreigners are also responsible for it because they often pay bribes. Chretien
snapped back that Canada has already implemented a law making it illegal to pay bribes for services abroad and added
that Canadians working overseas have been served notice they are to report any such cases of corruption.
Chretien was even more abrupt with a Nigerian woman who called on him to lead a campaign to pressure rich countries to forgive debts owed them by Nigeria and other African nations. He said Canada has been at the forefront of eliminating debt for poor countries but noted Nigeria, a country rich in oil, is far from being in that category.


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Superior Energy Stock Seen Reaching $23
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Superior Energy Services (SPN: NYSE)
By Imperial Capital ($18.41, July 15, 2016)
We are raising our rating on Superior Energy Services shares to Outperform from In-Line, and are raising our one-year price target to $23 from $15.
We believe Superior Energy (ticker: SPN ) is well positioned as an early-stage beneficiary of a potential exploration and production industry upturn, given its positioning in attractive onshore service lines, recent cost-reduction efforts, and healthy balance-sheet condition.
Our one-year price target of $23 is based on a 17.6 times target multiple applied to our fiscal 2017 estimated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (Ebitda) of $262 million (and 8.8 times our fiscal 2018 Ebitda estimate of $512 million), and offers 25% potential upside from recent levels. Superior Energy shares are up 37% year-to-date, outperforming the energy-services peer group average (down 16% year-to-date), and the S&P 500 (up 6% year-to-date). Superior Energy currently trades at a discount to the peer group on fiscal 2017 enterprise value/Ebitda.
We are increasing our fiscal 2016 and 2017 Ebitda estimates by $1 million each [to $144.6 million and $261.6 million, respectively], and are introducing a fiscal 2018 Ebitda estimate of $512 million, which assumes 27% year-over-year revenue growth, and an incremental earnings-before-interest-and-taxes margin of nearly 50%. We think Superior Energy's incremental margins could be surprisingly strong over the next few years, due in part to cost reduction and-or restructuring activity undertaken during the downturn, as well as leverage to select service lines (pressure pumping, drill pipe rentals) that we expect to be among the first to recover from the downturn, particularly in the U.S.
We are gaining confidence that a recovery in energy services is approaching. Recent indicators suggest that a sustainable recovery in the energy industry is approaching, given recent stabilization and/or improvement in oil and gas prices, and signs of a lift in U.S. onshore rig count, which has risen in six of the last seven weeks, and which we expect to continue to increase, albeit gradually. While we do not expect fundamental improvement to be particularly evident in second-quarter results, we do expect this to be apparent by year-end 2016, with acceleration in fiscal 2017 and beyond, absent a "triple dip" in commodity prices.
Superior Energy has several attributes that we think make it an attractive name to own in this recovery, given its diverse mix of services and geographies, and has expressed an interest in growing its U.S. onshore footprint in pressure pumping and drill pipe rentals, which we expect to be early-stage beneficiaries of the recovery. Furthermore, Superior Energy's presence in select overseas markets provides attractive balance and diversity to its business (including exposure to comparatively-healthy markets in the Middle East), which should be viewed favorably versus less-diversified small-cap peers.
Although we think the industry will likely remain in a tenuous position (and will potentially claim additional casualties) over the next few quarters, Superior Energy's balance sheet remains healthy, following its credit refinancing earlier this year. We therefore expect Superior Energy to emerge from the downturn in a stronger position than which it entered, with potentially improved market share, and ample capacity to finance its growth needs.
-- Scott Levine
The companies mentioned in Hot Research are subjects of research reports issued recently by investment firms. Their opinions in no way represent those of Barrons.com or Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Some of the reports' issuers have provided, or hope to provide, investment-banking or other services to the companies being analyzed. Share prices at the time the report was issued and the date of the report are in parentheses.
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