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Print version ISSN 0012-7353
Dyna rev.fac.nac.minas vol.82 no.192 Medellín July/Aug. 2015
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n192.48586
Generalities about design and operation of microgrids
Generalidades sobre diseño y operación de micro-redes
Juan Manuel Rey-López a, Pedro Pablo Vergara-Barrios b, Germán Alfonso Osma-Pinto c & Gabriel Ordóñez-Plata d
a Esc. de Ingenierías Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. email@example.com
b Esc. de Ingenierías Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. firstname.lastname@example.com
c Esc. de Ingenierías Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. firstname.lastname@example.com
d Esc.de Ingenierías Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. firstname.lastname@example.com
Received: March 23th, 2014. Received in revised form: February 17th, 2015. Accepted: July 14th, 2015.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The need for new generation systems has motivated the development of microgrids. This new concept may provide significant benefits such as losses reduction, high degree of efficiency and reliability to the transmission and distribution networks. This paper presents generalities about microgrids, including general structure and different topologies. Also an original methodology for facilitating its design and evaluation is proposed. Finally, the microgrid located at the Parque Tecnológíco de Guatiguará at the Universidad Industrial de Santander, is analyzed and an operation analysis is included for different operations stages of loads and generation, the performance of operation of storage systems, the interaction with the grid and an energy balance for all the system.
Keywords: energy design; energy implementation; energy simulation; microgrids; photovoltaic and wind system.
La necesidad de nuevos sistemas de generación ha motivado el desarrollo de las micro-redes. Este nuevo concepto traerá consigo significantes beneficios a las redes de transmisión y distribución como reducción de pérdidas, mayor grado de eficiencia y confiabilidad. Este artículo presenta generalidades sobre las micro-redes, incluyendo su estructura general y diferentes topologías; además se propone una metodología original para facilitar su diseño y evaluación. Finalmente, se analiza el diseño de la micro-red localizada en el Parque Tecnológico de Guatiguará de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, incluyendo un análisis de operación para diferentes escenarios de operación y carga, la operación del sistema de almacenamiento, la interacción con la red eléctrica y un balance energético para todo el sistema.
Palabras clave: diseño energético; implementación energética; simulación energética; micro-redes, sistema fotovoltaico y eólico.
1. Introduction
The electric energy generation industry is headed towards reducing its dependence on fossil fuels through the integration of technologies that are friendlier to the environment.
This is due, in part, to the integration of distributed systems based on renewable energy sources. This strategy seeks to address new requirements of generation, operation and energy supply, and provoke the modification of the current structure of the transmission and distribution system, in order to change it from a centralized to a decentralized structure [1].
A particular case of these systems is the smart electrical microgrids, where a consumer with in situ generation can also act as a small-scale generator due to bidirectional power flow.
The microgrids are characterized by a scheme of electric energy supply based on multiple sources of energy, known as hybrid generation.
The selection of energy generation systems depends on geographical and climatic conditions, availability of conventional energy sources at the site, as well as the overall financial characteristics of the project.
Its operation is based on energy supply management from monitoring the demand and generation, which allows: the mitigation of the impact on the environment by prioritizing renewable generation over conventional generation, the reduction of the energy consumption peaks of the grid by making use of local generation, and the increasing of the reliability of energy supply to avoid the effect of interruptions in transmission grids [2], among others.
For the design of an electric microgrid, information about the demand to be supplied and the energy potential for in situ generation is required. Then, the system configuration is set, from which the dimensioning of the components and electrical installations is made, and finally, the energy and financial analysis can be done.
Unfortunately, the development of the steps mentioned above can be confusing, since there is not a sequential approach that takes into detailed account various guidelines for the proper design of a microgrid.
For this reason, the aim of this work is to meet the manifest need. In order to achieve this, the paper begins with the generalities and types of microgrids. Next, the proposed design methodology and additional technical considerations are presented. Based on this, we proceed to show the operation of a microgrid to be located in university facilities, in order to facilitate the understanding of the microgrid operation, for which we considered various generation and load scenarios. Finally, the conclusions of the work are presented.
2. General structure of a microgrid
A microgrid is defined as a system consisting of generation sources, storage equipment, and electrically connected loads, to meet a determined energy demand. It can operate connected to the main grid in medium voltage or low voltage, or isolated from the same [2].
Energy sources in a microgrid can be renewable (e.g. photovoltaic, wind, thermal and geothermal generation, biomass, tidal and cogeneration, etc.), conventional in situ (e.g. diesel thermal plants) or the same electric grid [3].
The current trend focuses on the use of renewable energies in the majority of cases, leaving conventional generation for exceptional cases, such as [4] details.
Fig. 1 shows the general structure of a microgrid, formed by different energy generation systems (conventional and unconventional), energy storage system, and power management units (e.g. converter, grid-tied inverter, pure inverter, regulator [5]) for the system operation and the possible connection to the grid.
The most advanced microgrids have a power management strategy (PMS) and an energy management strategy (EMS) [6], which are described in the information flow diagram (Fig. 2). These management functions require a communication infrastructure consisting of smart metering equipment [4,7].
The information is analyzed in real time to determine the load, to prioritize the renewable generation, calculate the power flow, make connections to the grid, operate conventional generators, as well as storing energy and using it according to the criteria of operation.
Although storage systems increase the investment of the project, the implementation ensures a continuous flow in the load supply.
3. Microgrids topologies
To set the proper design of a microgrid, it is necessary to determine its configuration according to the needs to be satisfied.
Microgrids can be designed according to criteria such as connection with the grid, support, relations with types and number of energy sources and according to load. The most common configurations are shown in Table 1. The following are the first two classes.
3.1. According to the type of bus
The microgrids can be classified according to the type of bus through which the energy exchange happens: direct current (DC), alternating current (AC) or mixed [2], which depends on the load.
Fig. 3.a) shows the basic structure of a microgrid with AC source that requires a rectifier to supply power. Similarly, Fig. 3b) shows a microgrid with DC load that requires and inverter to charge the AC loads. Both types of microgrids can be connected to the grid, taking into account the signal conversion required to charge loads.
Fig. 4 shows examples of microgrids of mixed bus, which describe configurations for AC and DC loads.
3.2. According to the level of interaction with the grid
The interaction of a microgrid with the main grid and the loads allows classifying microgrids into three types: remote microgrids, complementary microgrids and support microgrids [8].
The remote microgrids are those that are located in distant areas or islands where it is too expensive to make the interconnection to the main grid. Natural gas, diesel, biomass or renewable resources available in the area are often used.
The microgrids connected to the grid of particular or complementary applications are those that are used to meet a given load, and that from its connection to the grid, increase the reliability of the energy supply.
The support microgrids are also connected, although they generate a considerable percentage of energy. Its installation is ideal in areas with limited availability of fossil fuels.
4. Methodology for the design of microgrids
The design of a microgrid is complex due to factors related to the renewable and conventional generation, the system configuration, the dimensioning and components selection, and the analysis of the operation.
Most of the guidelines required for the design of generation systems, energy management and integration with the grid associated with a microgrid are scattered around in different places, while the technical requirements of the electrical installations are found in codes, standards and/or regulations of general application [9,10].
Additionally, the financial viability analysis of the microgrid must be given to the designer [9,10].
Therefore, it was considered necessary to establish a sequential approach as a tool for the assisted design of microgrids that explains the most important considerations about it. This methodology consists of five phases and is presented in Fig. 5.
This methodological approach is based on the design experience of three (3) microgrids to be implemented in the central campus and the Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará (PTG) of the Universidad Industrial de Santander, based on research carried out by Osma [9], Rey and Vergara [10].
4.1. Energy potential
A microgrid can incorporate both renewable energy sources (e.g. photovoltaic, wind, biomass) and conventional sources (e.g. diesel fuel, gasoline), and also, have support from electric and natural gas networks.
4.1.1. Solar potential
The historical global solar radiation must be quantified; either by consulting solar maps or by monitoring in the site.
These data allow analyzing typical and extreme conditions of operation of photovoltaic panels as well as the potential benefit of solar static or dynamic tracking.
4.1.2. Wind potential
Regarding the wind potential, it must be set from monitoring the speed and direction of the wind, is expressed using a wind rose and a histogram of the frequency of the wind speed.
Data analysis allows the energy potential per square meter to be established and the utility that this resource could offer, either for energy generation or natural ventilation.
4.1.3. Availability of other energy sources
The access to biomass, natural gas, diesel fuel and gasoline, among others must be studied. It is important to note that these sources involve thermal processes and, consequently, generate greenhouse gases.
4.2. Generalities of the microgrid
In this phase, the dimensioning of the system based on the study of energy demand, the configuration of the microgrid required and the design restrictions is made.
4.2.1. Energy needs
The quantification of the demand is made based on load monitoring and the desired technical characteristics of the microgrid (e.g. autonomy and reliability).
4.2.2. Microgrid configuration
The configuration of a microgrid is defined primarily according to energy needs and energy sources available on site.
4.2.3. Design restrictions
The maximum installed capacity (CIMax) of each generation systems can be restricted according to the energy demand on site, the initial investment and the area.
Based on the energy needs to be met, the installed capacity for energy demand (CID) for generation systems is established.
The installed capacity according to the initial investment (CIII) is calculated based on the value per Watt installed. Table 2 presents the cost associated in Colombia for three types of systems as an example.
Regarding the boundary area of the project, an analysis should be undertaken by a generation system. For example, according to [9], the maximum installed capacity due to the area available (CIA) for a photovoltaic system can be expressed by (2) where A is the area in square meters.
4.2.4. Dimensioning of the system
The next step is to proceed to do the dimensioning of generation systems, as is shown in [9,10], thereby establishing a block diagram of the microgrid to associate the electrical characteristics (power, voltage and current) of each component and system flow. For batteries, additionally takes into account the desired autonomy time.
Finally, the normal operating values and the system ends and of each component are related in the block diagram, in order to provide the necessary information for the selection of the equipment to be used.
4.3. Equipment selection
Below are technical considerations for equipment selection. The financial factor can also be included in the analysis.
4.3.1. Generation components
Photovoltaic panels should be selected according to the operating voltage level settings. They will be on-grid type for a grid-tied system or off-grid type for the case of stand-alone systems.
On the other hand, if there's no area restriction, one must look for photovoltaic panels the price for which, per installed Watt, is less than USD 2.5/W, which is typical for panels with an efficiency of approximately 14%. The panels are responsible for 60% of the cost of a generation system.
The selection of micro wind turbines should be based on an analysis of the power generated by the power curve, characteristics of this and the site wind resource; in addition, the noise level of the units should be considered.
The wind turbines for micro-generation (<3 kW) available on the market are equipped with a power conditioning stage, so they only require a simple connection to a barrage of operation or 24 VDC or 48 VDC.
In the case of small-scale cogeneration, it is recognized that Capstone units are the best choice.
Regarding conventional thermal generation, look for plants of high efficiency and low noise.
4.3.2. Conditioning and management units
These units allow the successful use of the energy generated, the voltage level adjustment, the interaction with other units and with the load. Selection must be made according to the configuration of the microgrid and power generation sources.
Some of these units are described in Table 3. The most relevant parameters to be evaluated can be found in [9,10].
4.3.3. Energy storage (batteries)
The storage system configuration depends on the nominal system voltage (Vsyst) of the battery voltage and the nominal operating current required.
The capacity of the battery bank (Cbb) is set with the higher value of two requirements: maximum load current (CBcharge) and maximum discharge current (CBdischarge).
Because the charging process must be done at a rate no greater than 20% of the nominal battery capacity, CBcharge can be calculated according to [9] as expressed in (3).
Nominal discharge capacity is determined according to [9], taken from (4), and considers compensation for quick discharge (FCDR), the depth of discharge (PD) and the system efficiency (h).
4.3.4. Monitoring and communication components
These components are intended to facilitate the tracking and control of the operation of the system, as well as providing sufficient data for its energy analysis. Some management units have these functions integrated, which reduces the required infrastructure.
It is recommended that information be provided in an open format, to facilitate the development of an analysis and visualization application.
4.4. Electrical and complimentary Installations
This phase includes the dimensioning of conductors, ducts, protection and earthing system.
4.4.1. Conductors and ducts
In Colombia, what is indicated in NTC 2050 should be applied, particularly sections 220 and 310. For DC areas of the microgrid the indications of Section 690 can be used. This requires the use of unipolar cables type SE, UF and USE.
The use of flexible cable is recommended when mobile parts exist such as photovoltaic trackers, in order to withstand the mechanical stress (see section 400 of the NTC-2050).
In terms of regulation between the feeder and the final load, you must comply with the literal 210-19d).
4.4.2. Protections
A microgrid must have different means to safeguard the lives of individuals and the integrity of its components, as presented in Table 4.
4.4.3. Earthing system and boards
The earthing system should be in accordance with NTC-2050 (section 250 and subsection 690-E). System boards must comply with the discussion in section 370, 373 and 384 and Article 110-16 of the NTC-2050.
4.4.4. Graphic representation
This consists of block diagrams of the microgrid and it aims to describe the system components and the technical characteristics. Additionally, it involves the process of elaborating plant electrical drawings, details and line diagrams.
4.5. System behavior
The system behavior can be described from examining the energy analysis and financial analysis.
4.5.1. Energy analysis
The energy analysis refers to understanding what, how, where, and how much is consumed. The quantification must be made from the modeling of the microgrid as a system based on a graph, described in interrelated blocks (components) [9].
The modeling can be exhaustive, when the mathematical formulation is based on the detailed operation of each component, or simplified if considering efficiency ratios between output and input variable.
Subsequently, with monitoring data of operation, the energy analysis can be made directly.
4.5.2. Financial analysis
In case of interest, regarding the financial viability of the microgrid, it can be analyzed as an investment project, for which the projection of cash flow during its lifetime and the determination of indicators such as net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) are required to be contemplated.
5. Complimentary technical considerations
The proposed methodology considered the design of the microgrid under general conditions; if it is of interest to the designer to establish a system with a more technical level, it is necessary to address the following issues.
5.1. Solar tracking
Solar trackers are devices that serve to increase the generation of a photovoltaic system, allowing a better uptake of solar radiation to the same area [11]. They can be static or dynamic. The latter can operate passively (absence of electrical and/or mechanical elements) or actively, for example with servomotors [12-14].
Static solar tracking is maximized when considering an inclination close to the latitude and with an orientation opposite to the direction of this.
For Colombia, this increment is less than 2% due to its proximity to the equator [9]. With respect to the dynamic monitoring, the solar radiation increment for Colombia is between 20% and 30%.
5.2. Temperature effect on photovoltaic generation
The operation of the photovoltaic panels in a tropical environment is significantly different to what is described in the technical specification sheets, due to the increasing operating temperature of the semiconductor material [9].
This produces variations in the values of current and voltage operations of the panel to the point of reducing the power generation by up to 15%, mainly because the voltage decreases. Due to such variations one should adjust for the system operation values and the dimensioning of the components.
The effect of temperature on the generation of a specific PV panel can be analyzed as stated in [9,10].
5.3. Limitations of the DC current supply
The microgrids with DC loads involve a higher level of efficiency due to the omission of the inversion and rectification processes. However, the inflexibility in the voltage ranges of some devices and the lower performance of these compared to their AC counterparts mean that, at the moment, their use does not represent minor energy losses [9].
5.4. Wind potential for low wind speeds
It is recommended to avoid the use of micro wind turbines when the wind potential is less than 40 kWh/m2 per year (typical of places where the wind speed is below 2 m/s), since most wind turbines do not operate in such conditions [9].
6. Considerations for microgrid's operation
In order to describe the possible energy behavior of a microgrid, an analysis is undertaken for the case of the microgrid of the Energy Integration Laboratory (EIL) located on the PTG [10] in Piedecuesta, Santander. The general structure of this microgrid can be seen in Fig. 6, which also shows the nominal values of the equipment for the proposed design.
This experimental microgrid aims to appropriate technology and to study operation scenarios to support teacher training and future research, which is why it has been considered a battery bank despite having a stable connection to the grid.
Below are considerations on the modeling of the microgrid components in order to establish its performance in real time, using MATLAB ® to do so.
6.1. Behavior of the solar radiation and wind
The weather station installed has allowed for it to be concluded that the average daily solar radiation in the PTG is 4.27 kWh/m2. It is observed that the average peak value is equal to 678 W/m2 and the maximum peak value is 994 W/m2.
Furthermore, it is observed that the wind potential is low, since almost 60% of the time the speed is between 0 and 1 m/s. While only 20% of the time the speed exceeds 3 m/s, values that have greater potential for power generation.
6.2. Photovoltaic array and MPPT regulator model
The PV panel model considers radiation and temperature as an input to establish the values of voltage and current of the panel operation. In Fig. 7 one can see the characteristic curve of the selected panel for different values of radiation. The maximum power value is obtained for a radiation of 1 000 W/m2 at 25°C (SCT conditions).
The maximum operating condition for a panel of solar radiation and ambient temperature given is calculated from (5), depending on the maximum power voltage given by (6) and the maximum power current given by (7) [16].
Table 5 summarizes the values used for the simulation of the photovoltaic system.
As the photovoltaic system of the microgrid consists of three panels in parallel, the output power is three times the value of , given by (8).
To ensure the operation of the photovoltaic system under maximum power, a MPPT regulator is connected [17]. The output power of the regulator is given by (9):
Where, corresponds to the power of the array (W), and corresponds to the efficiency of equipment, specified
by the manufacturer at 99%. It is important to note that this is valid as long as the input voltage of the array is within the operating voltage range of the regulator and the output current does not exceed the maximum limit specified in the equipment's operation.
6.3. Wind turbine model
The wind turbine model considers the instantaneous wind speed [7] as input data. Therefore, the power output of the wind turbine is given by (10).
Where u is the wind speed (m/s), is the initial speed (m/s) equal to 0.5 m/s, ; the cutting speed (m/s) is equal to 5 m/s, , which corresponds to the nominal speed (m/s) which is equal to 2.5 m/s, which is the nominal power of the equipment (W) equal to 1000 W, according to the manufacturer's data.
6.4. Inverter model
Under the assumptions made for the simulation, the output power of the inverter is modeled according to [15] as shown in (11), based on the input power and the efficiency h in function of the normalized input power or operating point where is the nominal power of the equipment, which corresponds to 3.6 kW.
6.5. Battery model
To describe the process of charging and discharging of the batteries the model presented in [18] and [19] is considered, which is set by the expressions of the load (12), the nominal current (13), the load in a given case (14) and the state of charge (15).
Where is the quantity of battery charge (A-h), is the current of the battery (A), is the time in which the battery acquires the charge (h), is the nominal current (A), is the nominal storage capacity (A-h),is the nominal regime of charge and discharge of the battery (h) , is the accumulator heating (presumably identical for all elements) in comparison with the ambient temperature (oC) and is the state of charge.
Three states are considered: charging, saturation and discharging, from the ranges described in Table 6.
Where is the ending charge (V) and is given by (16).
The expressions describing the voltage in the batteries during different intervals are shown in (17), (18) and (19).
Model of the voltage of the battery for saturation regime:
Model of the voltage of a battery for discharge regime:
The model can generate a discontinuity in the battery voltage between the saturation and discharge zone. To ensure continuity to the function it is possible to linearize an interval that allows connecting the discontinuous points of the function [20].
6.6. Charge controller
The main function of the charge controller is to ensure the charging and discharging processes of the batteries as well as to prevent deep overcharges and overdischarges that limit its lifetime.
This equipment can be modeled as in (20), and will have an efficiency value equal to 97.5%, according to the manufacturer.
6.7. Static transfer switch - STS
The main function of the STS is to allow transfer between the generation of the microgrid and the public grid, to meet the different charge conditions. This transfer depends on the availability of power generation systems and storage, and allows an increase in the reliability of the power supply.
The modeling can be done from (21), and the efficiency value will be equal to 98.7%, according to the manufacturer.
6.8. Operation analysis
This analysis allows the operation of scenarios to be established and calculates the power flows associated with them, and thus efficiency values, charging limits of the battery and interaction with the grid.
Fig. 8 shows the flow diagrams corresponding to three scenarios of the experimental microgrid, (a) in situ generation of the microgrid is greater than load, (b) the load must be served by in situ generation and batteries, and (c) the grid supplies the load because the generation in situ and from batteries is not enough.
7. Study results
Below the simulation results on generation, storage and energy balance of the microgrid, located in the PTG are presented.
7.1. Energy generation
The analysis of the solar resource allowed it to be determined that the photovoltaic generation is very favorable, since radiation values close to 1000 W/m2 were reached during the day.
It was also found that the wind potential of the PTG is not significant, as the average wind speed is in the order of 1 m/s; however, it's possible to use micro-generators.
Fig. 9 shows the variation of the efficiency of the PV array. The maximum efficiency achieved is 13.37%, allowing a maximum generation of 668 W. Under these conditions it is estimated that the average generation of the array is within 2.60 kWh.
It was found that the photovoltaic system injects energy into the system only when solar radiation exceeds 15 , since the minimum operation voltage of the regulator is achieved only under this condition.
Because the PV generator only operates 12 hours a day, only the wind system will be available during the remaining time. Fig. 10 shows the histogram of total renewable generation for the total hours measured as part of this study. It is observed that for 48.94%, the power generated by the microgrid is negligible. This is because the photovoltaic system only operates for 12 hours a day, and over 41.3% of annual wind hours a speed of 0.5 m/s was not exceeded [10].
However, during the day it is possible to reach maximums of 1340.2 W. To increase the generation capacity of the microgrid, it is possible to evaluate the PV system expansion or to use conventional generation systems that supply the load when the generation systems of renewable sources cannot provide the required energy. For the proposed design of the microgrid in EIL, a 6 kW diesel generator is included, which can operate when unconventional generation systems cannot provide the power required by the load. The energy analysis presented in this paper does not include the above-mentioned equipment.
7.1. Storage
With regard to the storage system, Fig. 11 shows the behavior of the batteries SOC for a constant load of 100 W and 500 W.
The charging process occurs because the excess power generated by the microgrid sources with respect to the load is stored by the batteries. They supply power to the load when the sources do not generate enough energy, and they store surpluses that accumulate during each daily cycle.
It is observed that the SOC reaches a value of 100% in all daily cycles for a load of 100 W, while in discharge processes it remains above 75%.
For the case of the load of 500 W, the SOC never becomes 100%, and it does not drop to the lowest possible value of SOC (60%). The latter occurs because the STS unit states that the combined supply of renewable generation and batteries is not sufficient to supply the load, thus it transfers to the grid.
7.2. Energy balance
Fig. 12 shows the power values of the sources and the batteries of the microgrid for a period of 72 hours when the load has a constant value of 315 W.
Generation behavior is due to generation models as well as solar radiation and wind on site. The behavior of the stored power (negative) and delivered (positive) of the batteries, is due to an excess or shortage of generated power.
From the simulation it was found that for loads of less than 315 W, the storage system has the ability to provide the energy required by the load, so the STS does not need to make a generation transfer to the grid. This type of analysis allows the power provided by the grid to be estimated as well as an idea of seeing under what conditions the microgrid is not capable of providing the required power.
Fig. 13 shows the power behavior of the microgrid for a load of 500 W. Because the value of the charge is considerably high to allow battery charging in all cycles, the STS does the commutation, allowing supply directly from the grid.
If, within the design and operation conditions of the microgrid, power consumption of the grid is being minimized, though a similar analysis it is possible to determine the generation capacity of the generation systems, the storage characteristics of the batteries and other operation aspects to satisfy this requirement.
8. Conclusions
The study of microgrids can have an important impact if there is a focus on solving problems such as the supply to non-interconnected zones, since they can use the in-situ energy potential and require a low investment in comparison with the interconnection infrastructure with the grid.
The design and implementation of pilot microgrid projects in universities favors the technological appropriation in these applications, especially for environmental conditions of its social influence.
In general, the design of a microgrid depends on the designer's expertise in the interpretation of information such as energy needs and available energy potential, as well as the level of his technical appropriation of topics such as renewable energy systems and energy management for such applications.
The design methodology presented is a first effort to better establish the design of the scheme and the dimensioning of microgrids.
This methodological approach can be improved when it is implemented by using an assisted design computer tool for optimization, which will mean a lower financial cost and a better energetic use of the system, taking into consideration both energy and financial analysis. In addition, this tool could automatically perform the dimension of the electric installations.
The ad-hoc applications on energy behavior based on a modular approach and simplified modeling of the components of a microgrid, allow the realization of energy analysis for different scenarios of load and generation, as was the case presented in this document.
In order to facilitate and standardize the analysis of microgrid energy, behavior requires the development of applications that incorporate graphical interfaces to set the desired configuration and display results. Preliminary, it should define the generation and load analysis scenarios, and also the relevant indicators about the quality of a microgrid.
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[10] Rey, J. and Vergara, P., Diseño de una microred de baja tensión para el Laboratorio de Integración Energética del Parque Tecnológico de Guatiguará, B.S. Thesis, Electric, Electronic and Telecomunications School, Universidad Industrial de Santander,Colombia, 2012. [ Links ]
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[12] Sungur, C., Multi-axes sun-tracking system with PLC control for photovoltaic panels in Turkey, Renewable Energy, 34 (4), pp. 1119-1125, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2008.06.020 [ Links ]
[13] Sefa, İ., Demirtas, M., and Çolak, İ., Application of one-axis sun tracking system, Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (11), pp. 2709-2718, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2009.06.018 [ Links ]
[14] Alata, M., Alnimr, M. and Qaroush, Y., Developing a multipurpose sun tracking system using fuzzy control, Energy Conversion and Management, 46 (7-8), pp. 1229-1245, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2004.06.013 [ Links ]
[15] Biczel, P. and Michalski, L., Simulink models of power electronic converters for DC microgrid simulation, 2009 Compatability and Power Electronics, pp. 161-165, 2009. [ Links ]
[16] Zerhouni, F.Z., Zerhouni, M.H., Benmessaoud, M.T., Stambouli, A.B. and Naouer, O.E.M., Proposed methods to increase the output efficiency of a photovoltaic system, Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 7 (2), pp. 55-70, 2010. [ Links ]
[17] Cai, W., Ren, H., Jiao, Y., Cai, M. and Cheng, X., Analysis and simulation for grid-connected photovoltaic system based on MATLAB, in 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering, 2011, 1, pp. 63-66. DOI: 10.1109/ICECENG.2011.6056813 [ Links ]
[18] Copeti, J.B., Lorenzo, E. and Chenlo, F., A general baterry model for PV system Simulation, Progres in photovoltaics: Research and Apllications, I, pp. 283-292, 1993. [ Links ]
[19] Gergaud, O., Robin, G., Multon, B. and B.A.H., Energy modeling of a lead-acid battery within hybrid wind-photovoltaic systems, in 2003 European Power Electronic Conference, 2003, pp. 1-10. [ Links ]
[20] Murillo, D.G., Modeling and analysis of photovoltaic system, Ph.D. Thesis, Deparment of Telematic Engineering, Universidad Politecnica de Cataluña, España, 2003. [ Links ]
J.M. Rey-López, received his BSc. Eng in Electrical Engineering in 2012, from the Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Colombia. From 2012 to 2013, he was a lecturer at the Universidad Industrial de Santander. Currently, he is an assistant professor at the Escuela de Ingenierías Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Telecomunicaciones, UIS, Bucaramanga, Colombia. His research interests include: simulation, modeling, design and operations of microgrids and power electronics applications.
P.P. Vergara-Barrios, received his BSc. Eng in Electronic Engineering in 2012 from the Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. From 2012 to 2013, he was a professor and junior researcher in Engineering at the Escuela de Ingenierías Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Telecomunicaciones, UIS. His research interests include: simulation, modeling, design and operations of microgrids, solar and wind systems.
G.A. Osma-Pinto, received his BSc. in Electrical Engineering in 2007, and his MSc. in Electrical Engineering in 2011 from the Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Colombia. He is currently a PhD candidate at this university and a researcher at the Escuela de Ingenierías Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Telecomunicaciones, UIS. His research interests include: green buildings, optimization of energy application, automation, energy, and microgrids.
G. Ordóñez-Plata, received his BSc. degree in electrical engineering from the Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Colombia, in 1985. He received his PhD in Industrial Engineering from the Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain, in 1993. Currently, he is a professor at the Escuela de Ingenierías Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Telecomunicaciones at the UIS-Colombia. His research interests include: electrical measurements, power quality, smart grids, smart metering, and education based on competences.


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One of the biggest questions facing retirement investors right now is what to expect from stocks over the coming decade.
It matters the most if you're at or near retirement, since that number will affect your ability to finance a reasonable life after work.
That's the disconnect many long-term investors feel right now. After decades of double-digit returns from the stock market, some market observers — among them Vanguard Group Founder John Bogle — warn that stocks could fall short of expectations.
Read: How to invest in a time of Trump: Be realistic
Bogle puts the number at 4%, a return many investors once associated with bonds, not stocks. He predicted lower returns in an interview published by CNBC.
By Bogle's reckoning, dividend yield and earnings growth added together get you a 6% return, but that stock valuations compared to earnings growth suggests that number is off by 2%.
"You're talking about a 4% nominal return on stocks. And that's low, lower than history. History is around 6 and a half," Bogle said.
Read: How to convince your boss to let you retire gradually
The problem is that over long periods there really isn't anything better than stocks. Reinvested dividends and compounding are what cause portfolios to grow, year in and year out.
The alternative is stock picking, an endeavor at which even the most experienced investment managers fail on a horrifyingly routine basis.
So what should a long-term investor, someone with a 10 year or more investment horizon, do? Stay invested, according to Bogle.
"It doesn't mean you should stop investing, but it means you should be investing in accordance with the expectation of lower returns in the future," Bogle said.
"And if you're wrong and if I'm wrong and the returns are higher, well, you're just going to have a terrible problem: Your nest egg is going to be larger than you would have ever expected."
Bogle is doing some basic math here to make a prediction about the future of the stock market. With all due respect, he himself would warn anyone against trying to predict anything about stocks.
That said, Bogle is not alone in suggesting a lasting gloom when it comes to stock returns. So what can the serious investor do about it?
Here are four proven ways to ensure your retirement stays on track, whatever the stock market does:
Continue saving
Most of the return you will get out of a portfolio, frankly, comes from steady, sustained contributions over the years, not from the stock market itself.
Every dollar you put in grows that year and each year thereafter. The cumulative effect swamps any given year's gains from stocks alone.
Princeton professor Burt Malkiel, who is a member of the Investment Committee of my firm, Rebalance IRA, once calculated that merely rebalancing was enough to increase return while lowering risk.
As he put it, "We all wish that we had a little genie who could reliably tell us to 'buy low and sell high.' Systemic rebalancing is the closest analogue we have."
Lower your cost
It might seem self-serving, considering that Bogle founded the low-cost leader, Vanguard. Yet it's telling that big firms such as Schwab
It's a fact. The more you pay for investment advice the less you keep in your account. The less money you have, the less it grows from compounding.
Control risks
Finally, and this is a major point, never chase returns. If Bogle's vision of lower stock gains comes true, a lot of voices in the marketplace will try to sell you on leaving stocks for something less diversified and higher risk.
Broad diversification is the key to reliable returns. Trying to grab quick gains by concentrating your bets or through exotic, thinly traded alternatives inevitably ends in tears.
Is this sexy advice? Exciting investing? Absolutely not. But you ask to ask yourself, in all seriousness, do you want your investments to be exciting? If your goal is to retire with more, almost certainly not.
You're invited: MarketWatch is hosting a free panel discussion on the growth of smart-beta funds on May 3 in New York City. RSVP required, and continuing education credit available. Learn more or email firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ordering from us is simple. Set up an account, pick the dishes you want us to prepare, pay your money and await delivery.
Placing your order
We require a minimum order of £20. Orders are delivered every Saturday, between 10am and 4pm and we just need your order by 10pm the Wednesday before (and we'll send you a helpful reminder email so you can't forget).
Delivery (In or Out)
When you complete your order we'll need you to let us know if you're going to be in or out when we deliver. If you're going to be out then please fill in the order notes box to inform us of a safe place for us to leave your delivery and our driver will do just that.Visit the Shop
See if We can Deliver To You
We currently deliver within Greater London, as well as within Berks and Bucks. Please enter your full postcode below to see if we deliver to your area:
Enter your details below and we'll email you to keep you informed of what new stuff we're cooking up in the kitchen.


text:
The youth initiative groups, participating in the Project grant program, are offered 2 ways of project implementation: independently or with the support of the host organization.
The host organization is selected on a competitive base among the non-profit and private organizations. Applications are submitted online at zhasproject.kz.
Selected host organizations shall be offered an opportunity to contribute significantly to social-economic development of their regions, gain international Project work experience, to strengthen the organization's potential and enhance professional skills of the staff by involving them in trainings under the Project.
Coordinating Agency signs the Memorandum on Cooperation with each selected host organization.
Based on signed Memorandum, host organizations:
- take part in awareness raising campaign on Project application requirements for the young people in the region;
- provide organizational support and consultation to youth initiative groups in application preparation and submission processes. Attention! The host organization does not make the application for participants, they offer consultation support only. The application ought to be filled and submitted by the youth group. The host organization can also offer the technical support (computer, internet) demanded to submit project application;
- provide support to young people in building an initiative group based on their level of motivation and engagement in implementation of the project;
- hold regularly meetings with participants aiming at minimalizing risks during social project implementation and sharing experience in project management;
- provide support to youth initiative groups during project implementation. However, the host organization cannot change the project objective and content to benefit their own interests, nor can they change the group team;
- coordinate the project implementation process in order to provide timely project narrative and financial reports to the Coordinating Agency;
- manage financial operations, implemented under the project. Grant funds are transferred to the bank account of the host organization, subsistence stipends are transferred directly to initiative youth group participants.
Each host organization can coordinate no more than seven social projects, however, the projects shall not duplicate the main activity of the organization, funded from other sources. If such a case occurs, the host organization shall be dismissed from project. Employees of the host organization and their closest relatives cannot take part in project implementation as part of the youth group being supervised by the host organization.
Both the initiative group and the host organization have a right to reject any further collaboration, provided there are valid grounds for it, and preliminary consolidation
with the Coordinating Agency was held. If thus is the case, the initiative group continues implementing the project independently, or chose another host organization.
Project copyrights belong to young people - the participants of initiative groups.
After the project termination, all the equipment and materials, purchased for grant funds shall be in the ownership of the initiative groups based on the act of delivery and acceptance.
Host organizations, coordinating the youth projects, shall receive a remuneration to cover overhead costs, which makes 15% of the total grant amount per each project. The remuneration is paid in 2 stages along with the 2 tranches (50%-50%) paid for social project implementation.


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What fits in 8x16?
- The rule of thumb is that the basics of a 3-bedroom house will fit into our 8x16ft container. However, that depends how good you are at 3D Tetris (packing). The idea is to pack up the walls and across the ceiling.
Does Capsule do long distance moves?
- No, we do not do out of state or long-distance moves. Our typical service areas include the following counties:
- Dallas
- Tarrant
- Collin
- Denton
- Johnson
- Ellis
- Parker
- We have had customer use us for long distance moves by unloading into a capsule from a truck because they house was not ready. Or reverse, packing into a van or truck out of the capsule when they got ready to finally move.
Any other sizes?
- No, we only offer 8x16 size. Any bigger and people tend to go overweight (6,000lbs). Any smaller and it isn't any cheaper.
Is there a weight limit?
- The Capsule can be loaded with 6,000lbs of content. We have a digital scale on our machine that weighs it. Most cars do not weigh 6K and I have not had an issue when people pack household items. The problem comes with what you are packing. Here is a list of items that would raise concern: Large gun safes, large amounts of paper or books, loaded toolboxes.
- The weight limit comes from TXDOT requirements on the road, and our system allows for a larger capacity than what I've seen our competitors allow.
- Weight limits don't apply if we are not moving it with stuff inside for on-site storage.
What can not go in the Capsule?
- Your can read our master agreement for full details, but here are the big ones we prohibit:
- Nothing living
- Nothing flammable (propane, fuel cans) anything combustible
- No motorized vehicles (motorbikes or lawn mowers)
- No food or anything that can decompose
Is the Capsule waterproof?
- To date, we have not had any issue with weather (heat, cold, or rain) take a look at this YouTube clip.
Is CAPSULE storage in a Climate controlled warehouse?
- Capsule is not climate controlled. No matter who you use, the best rule of thumb is to not pack anything in a container you wouldn't keep in your car at the airport. I am not aware of any portable storage container company in DFW (big or small) that does a true climate control facility, so if they say 'yes'.. ask them to define climate controlled.
- Some of our customers have chosen to use the Capsule to store the bulk of their items, but then rent a small closet sized climate controlled room for photo albums or anything they are truly concerned about.
What type of clearance do you need for delivery?
- 9ft wide, 9ft tall to put it somewhere.
- We can do ally ways or steep drives.
How do I lock the container?
- Customers are responsible for locking the container, a typical pad lock will work, we can provide one for convenience for $15.
How much notice does Capsule need to schedule a move?
- The more time the better, but typically 2 days' notice and we can work you in.
- We do not move on Sundays
- Fridays and Saturdays pack up quickly and we need to know earlier in the week (by Tuesday at noon typically for that Friday, no guarantees)
Do I have access to Capsule in Storage?
- Yes, just give us 24hrs heads up and we can pull it for you and have it ready
- There is no charge
Do you prorate rent?
- No, it is monthly and you are charged the morning of delivery.
- Your anniversary is the day we delivery it, and that is when you are billed for the next months rent.
Do you provide content Insurance?
- No, customer takes full responsibility of the contents in the container.
- Check with homeowners, or renter's insurance, many will cover storage.
How long can I keep the Capsule?
- As long as you keep paying for it, I do not have term contract. Check with HOA or your city to see if they have rules. Some have 30 days rules
Does Capsule provide loading and unloading services?
- NO, put I can provide you with the name of a few local companies that provide labor.
HOA and City Rules
- Customer takes responsibility for knowing there HOA and city rules regarding portable storage containers.
Can you park it on the curb / street?
- No, it must go on your property. Our rule is it goes on your property. We do not place it in any right of ways.
How does Pricing work?
- There is a monthly rental due on delivery and the anniversary of delivery, then every time we move it, including drop off and pick up empty. Transport fee based on location, and most customers have us move it 2,3, or 4 times.


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Les Overhead Freelance Miner
Back in the mine I went today. Like every day. Descending deep into a shaft with my bag of hammers and chisels and my daily peanut-butter and pickles sandwich.
At the 2,000 foot level I enter the black hole of a tunnel with my headlamp on, searching for signs of ore, a sliver of an idea to dig out and bring to the surface. I probe, pound, and break off drill bits on the hard granite walls. My face becomes caked with sweat and dirt. Even wrapped in tin foil, my sandwich is dusty at lunch. Invisible particles of inspiration get into everything. Even my hair of which I have little.
But alas, it was an empty vein. No ore for this poor miner. But I'll be back tomorrow. And with aching muscles and my bag of dirt-covered tools over my shoulder, I emerge from the mine and head to a bar. To wash down my dry imagination.


text:
We've the college experience.
What's new? Everything.
Scroll down to read — and watch videos — about just a portion of the new Hastings College, Nebraska's Premier Private College.
Seriously affordable.
Every student who applies and is accepted to Hastings College receives at least $11,000 in scholarships. Most receive more, generally in the $13,000-17,000 range. These aren't one-off gimmicky "visit" grants — they renew automatically each year.
Invested in you.
You may know private schools like us have higher tuition costs. But that means we invest more in you and your educational experience, including an average class size of just 13 students. Keep reading for more.
A four-year plan.
We recognize it's not always easy to choose a college. Or decide what to major in. That's why we developed a plan to help you discover your own path, grow your strengths and be ready for wherever life takes you.
Master your strengths.
At Hastings College, every student takes Gallop's CliftonStrengths during their first few weeks on campus. With multiple Gallup-Certified Strengths Coaches, we've built a culture designed to help you discover and build off what makes you exceptional.
Your path, your way.Launching your first year with CliftonStrengths is a perfect way to find a path that works for you — and just the first of four years of incredible learning opportunities at a school that's reimagined everything college should be.
Get ready for adventure.
Our curriculum includes a study abroad course for every student. The two-week travel class happens your third year on campus. It's transformational and the kind of experience that'll help you grow and change your perspective (and it's the type of life experience employers and grad schools love!).
We'll cover the costs.
That's right. This travel adventure opportunity is offered at no extra cost. We're able to make this happen thanks to the financial commitment of donors who love Hastings College and share the belief that getting out of your comfort zone helps you grow.
Put tech to work.You've grown up in a world with the internet and information at your fingertips. So in keeping with the digital era, we'll put some powerful tools in your hand that'll help you engage more deeply.
Partnership with (i)Power.
We've partnered with Apple to provide every Hastings College student an iPad Pro and Apple Pencil — at no additional cost. We'll even load it with a curated set of apps that support learning in and out of the classroom, and help you collaborate at will.
Why Apple Pencil?
Research supports that writing down ideas and drawing (doodle that!) supports active learning in ways that typing doesn't. Combined with an iPad Pro and powerful apps, it makes digital paper and even digital lab books a reality.
Books included!
Hearing about the high cost of textbooks? No more! We're providing all required books as part of tuition, with many being ebooks synched right to your iPad Pro. This will save you $4,000 — or more — over the course of four years!
Your digital life.
Presentations. Videos. Notes. Sharing docs. Collaborating on projects. You'll be a Jedi Master of digital learning — setting you up for success as you'll leverage mobile work throughout your career.
Faculty have the same iPad Pros and Apple Pencils, and we have Apple TVs in every classroom. {Yeah…it's pretty cool.}
Take {just} two.What if you only took a class or two at a time? Could you focus more intently on each class? Could you dive in, absorb information and have a better learning experience. Yes, absolutely!
Building blocks.
To make this happen, we divided the semester into blocks. A two-week block, and two seven-week blocks. So you'll take fewer classes at a time — but there's more.
More time for you.
Internal Server Error
The server encountered an internal error and was unable to complete your request. Either the server is overloaded or there is an error in the application.
Welcome to Hastings College.
Welcome to Nebraska's Premier Private College.
Internal Server Error
The server encountered an internal error and was unable to complete your request. Either the server is overloaded or there is an error in the application.


text:
It is often ironic to many people that there are certain things that are required of humans that also seem to bring them a great deal of pain and anxiety. For example, people are supposed to go to work each and every day and yet this isn't something that seems natural to many. Similarly, people may be required to go to certain social events such as weddings that they would simply prefer not to go to, however, this is what society requires of people.
Another great example of this is when people need to purchase something which will require them to get in their car in order to drive somewhere to pick it up. Not only will leaving one's home on the weekend to drive around in traffic give people anxiety but also having to deal with the people who work in the store can also add to this. So for those who are getting all tied up in a knot about having to leave the home to purchase something, here is why you should buy bongs online when you are too shy to purchase them from a store.
You should buy bongs online when you are too shy to purchase them from a store as you won't receive any judgement
There are all sorts of different reasons why you should buy bongs online only when you are too shy to purchase them from a store and one of these reasons why is because you are not going to receive any judgement. Even though store owners don't actually know what someone is going to use this type of thing more, this doesn't stop people from jumping to conclusions or passing on their judgement. Many people do not understand the benefits that can be associated with this product and many also don't understand that many people are just in the position where they are trying to get through each day.
Whatever the reasoning may be for someone wanting to purchase this product, it really isn't anyone else's business and people shouldn't have to feel like they need to explain themselves. And so, people are able to easily skip all of this turmoil by simply purchasing whatever it is that they want to purchase online instead of visiting a physical store.
You should buy bongs online when you are too shy to purchase them from a store because you don't have to talk to anyone
One of the many reasons why so many people don't enjoy going to a store is because they don't like having to talk to people. For many, making small talk with strangers is one of the most uncomfortable things that they have to do in life and often people are unsure of the social protocols that are required. For instance, if the stores person tries to upsell them then they may feel obligated to purchase whatever it is they are recommending because they don't want to be rude.
Others may worry that they have to run into people that they know such as estranged family members, ex-spouses, teaching, colleagues, or anyone else that they don't want to have to talk to. Once again, people can easily avoid all of this by simply staying home instead and whipping out their laptop to place an online order without having to talk to a soul. At the end of the day, it is so easy to buy bongs online so people should take full advantage of this, especially when they are very shy.


text:
Microsoft Tech support
In this article, we are going to discuss the all the technical support related to the Microsoft product.
Microsoft is the largest international company. its software and hardware based company its release many types of products. These product having some technical issues and problem. We provide the online help to the users to resolve their technical problemwhich user faces in the product. Many technical issues found inMicrosoft office, word and PowerPoint http://msofficesupportnumber.org/microsoft-power-point-support/
Microsoft office
If you are working with Microsoft office then such type of problems you may face it could be caused by the faulty RAM and problem in the hard drive. And many are too lazy to install the service packs. Now.ms diagnostic tool included with the Ms that runs with the battery of test and you came to know about the help and problem you with ways to solve those problems. Ms Office diagnostics by running these scans for the size up yoursystem.
Setup diagnostics
This test may take up to 15 minutes or more than 15 minutes as its goes into the nerve center of the computer .registry and a file is scanned for viruses and faulty installations.
Disk diagnostic
For the potential problem, this test scans the hard disk.generally, it looks in the windows system log and the self-monitoring, analysis and reporting technology if available feature of your hard disk. This test gives you the information about your hard disk crash.
Memory diagnostic
This checks stability on the ram.
Update diagnostic
Generally, its checks the update your computer and your office suite all the updates installed .its most important to out the bugs and to make your system more stable. This test is available when you check the update.
Compatibility diagnostic
Sometimes we have the different versions of the same office installed. DDl files might be causing the errors. Compatibility test checks for nails and problem factor.
Check for the known solution
This test uses the best database of Microsoft crash cases and their possible solutions offer a similar for youafter reviewing the crash report on your system.
Ms Office diagnostics may found under the group menu office tools.
Ms Office window opens to inform the user that test can take 15 minutes and to the Microsoft server.
Then this window displays the tests that carried out begin the scan by clicking on run diagnostic.
In this article I covered technical problems comes in the ms office for any support related to the ms office can visit this site http://msofficesupportnumber.org/microsoft-office-support-number/


text:
Title: Veteran
Fandom: SPN
Pairing, Characters: Dean/Castiel, Sam, Bobby, Gabriel, Cast.
Rating: R
Disclaimer: Not mine in any way shape or form.
Notes/Warnings: I have no idea whatsoever what I should make of this. Seriously, none. Oh, and there are angels involved, as well as latin, which may or may not be a bad thing. Human!Castiel.
Spoilers: Set vaguely post S-5, so spoilers through S-5 to be safe.
Word Count: 7,500
Summary: Dean's been thinking about changing things much more often recently, what with Cas being around the way he is now, and with what Ellen left him in her will.
The apocalypse, rather than the world, ends not with a bang, but with a whimper, and suddenly, Dean can breathe again.
He's not entirely sure how it works. He knows he was standing face-to-face with Lucifer, nothing backing him and all of Hell backing Lucifer, and he knows he said yes. The next thing he remembers is waking up in a red green room. Or maybe it's just called a red room. Or a green room. Dean doesn't know. It's not like he's an expert on freaky angelic stuff.
What he does know is that it's like that time before Lilith was killed. It's not really a place – it's a place that isn't a place, like the waiting room in the hospital, full of people coming from opposite directions and heading away again without ever really intersecting.
At least this time it doesn't look a museum exhibit, so Dean feels less like a bull in a china shop. This time, it's red, which is why he thought 'red room' would be the right name. It's like the inside of a chain restaurant, only clean and empty. The floor is red carpeting; the ceiling is high, with a few shaded lamps hanging overhead.
Dean is lying on one of the soft, cushy benches they put in booths. He's always liked those. He sits up slowly, wondering how his brain is still functioning, wondering how he has any motor control.
He can't really remember what it felt like to have Michael inside him, to be a vessel. He's pretty sure that's a blessing in disguise.
The only way he can really be sure this isn't some mojo-ey mindfuck is that his tongue feels like it's growing mold, his throat is sore, and there's sand in his eyes. That doesn't mean he's at all optimistic, though.
Sam's still asleep on the other side of the booth. Dean has a moment of vertigo, staring at his little brother opposite him, the same way he was before he said yes to Michael. But Sam's not wearing a blinding white suit anymore. Sam's not smiling earnestly at him, and when Dean pokes Sam, says, "Dude, wake the fuck up," Sam's voice as he answers, "Mmmm…what?" is sleep-roughened and Sammy, not smooth and slick.
"Dean?" Sam asks, and Dean's not sure whether he wants to punch him or hug him.
"Yeah," Dean says, and then Sam's on his side of the booth and hugging him before Dean can really consider that right hook.
"You goddamn stupid son of a bitch," he hears himself muttering into Sam's shoulder.
All Sam is saying is, "I'm sorry."
Yeah, right. He damn well better be.
"Touching as this reunion is," a familiar voice drawls, "can we break it up, kids? You're making me blush."
"Nothing makes you blush, Gabriel," a deep voice filled with gravitas and purpose says.
Dean turns in his seat, and there they are.
Michael to the left, inhabiting a guy built like the scariest linebacker football has ever seen. He doesn't look at all like the type to go chasing a ball around a field, though. He looks like a rock. Calm, impenetrable.
Gabriel stands to his right, quicksand to Michael's stone, face half shaded, but grinning.
There are two more figures on Gabriel's right. One is a slim black man, whose expression is far more serene than the last time Dean saw it (possibly because, at the time, the angel in question was standing inside a flaming circle and had just been termed someone's "little bitch").
The other is a bit shorter, with messy dark hair, and a trench coat.
"Cas," Dean says, and curses the breathlessness of his own voice.
Castiel's eyes meet his own, and Dean feels warm all over. Cas is doing the thing where he smiles without ever moving his lips, and Dean has a feeling everything's going to be okay.
"May we sit?" Michael's deep voice asks. He sounds like peace and mercy and a day in June the year Dean turned ten, when his father had him baptized by Pastor Jim, just to be safe.
"Of course," Sam says. He still just sounds like Sam. Dean's not sure that means any less.
"So, how come we're still alive?" Dean asks. Might as well cut to the chase.
"Unlike some people," Gabriel says, looking pointedly at Sam, "Lucifer listens to his big brother." Here, he sounds like the sun and the moon; like a herald proclaiming the king's return, like vengeance and just a little bit like kindness.
"So, what, you just told him to go to his room?"
"No, Dean," Michael says. "It was significantly more complicated. Lucifer is back where he belongs for now; let us leave it at that."
Dean bites his lip in an effort to keep the words that threaten to spill out of his mouth inside.
"Your sacrifice is valued," Michael continues. "Remember that."
"It'd better be," Dean says. "Can you at least tell me why we're both still alive and apparently not paralyzed and brain-dead?"
"Heaven was not always as you found it," Michael says. "But we have not forgotten that we serve a higher purpose."
"Well, you know, technically, we had," Gabriel points out, inspecting his nails. "But guess what? Daddy's home."
"So you found God."
"Nope," Gabriel says. "He swanned back in of his own accord, just in time to help Mike out and give us all a little slap on the wrist."
"Really, well, can't imagine what for," Dean says, mostly to himself.
"I believe it was a general failure to adapt and move with the times," Michael says. "Specifically the failure to leave rather old-fashioned behavior behind."
"And when he says old-fashioned, he means Old Testament," Gabriel adds.
"Fine," Sam says. "So everything's back to normal in heaven. Doesn't answer the question."
"I am not just an archangel," Michael says. Privately, Dean doesn't think there's anything just about being an archangel. "I am also an angel of mercy."
"Me too," Gabriel says brightly.
Raphael speaks for the first time. "I am the angel of healing," he says. "Medicine. It was decided-"
"By Tzadqiel," Gabriel interrupts. "He's justice."
Raphael glares. "It was decided that you don't deserve punishment for your sacrifices."
"Yeah, thanks for that," Dean says. "Look, what are we doing here? Shouldn't you just dump us on earth somewhere and let us live in peace?"
"We wanted to thank you in person," Michael says calmly. "We felt you had earned that."
Dean remembers just a flash of what it felt like to hold Michael's essence inside his body. It wasn't as he'd feared; it wasn't the wrath of heaven in a glowing fireball of fury taped to the inside of his ribs. It was more like a completely calm alpine lake settling inside him. It wasn't about wrath or hate or any of the things the demons had Dean convinced it was. It was about heaven.
He shakes himself loose from the memory. "Okay. Well, thanks for saying thanks," he says. "Can we go now?"
"There is one matter left," Michael says, and looks over to Castiel pointedly.
He hasn't said anything yet, but that's not unusual. He's not the most communicative of guys most days, and with three archangels around…well.
"You're not gonna punish Cas, are you?" Dean asks, righteous indignation building up inside him. "He was the one who was trying to stop the apocalypse, unlike the rest of you guys!"
"Re-lax, Dean," Gabriel says. "We're not going to do anything to him."
"What's this about, then?"
"Things in heaven…" Michael clears his throat awkwardly.
"Things in heaven are in serious need of reshuffling," Gabriel says. "Too many of us starting marching to a weird-ass beat played by a drummer who was way out of his depth. We have to make things work the way they used to. Impose the old hierarchies the way they were meant to be. Possibly get cracking on some modernization allowing for free will and independent thought. Castiel here would be very much in the way. Radicals would turn him into a hero and conservatives would turn him into a scapegoat. We can't have that."
"So you're kicking him out."
"That's a bit strong," Raphael objects. "We're giving him a leave of absence. Just for a while. Until things have cooled off. A few decades."
If Dean were chewing, he would have choked.
He wonders how it is Cas isn't even blushing in front of Raphael, but decides not to worry about it. "So, basically you're asking if Cas can come hang out with us for a while," he says. A while. A few decades. Dean's not sure whether the feeling in his stomach is fear or elation.
"Well, yes," Michael says. "It would be a mutually beneficial arrangement. We don't want Castiel alone, and you could use his knowledge."
"I would be functionally human," Cas says quietly. "I would age with you. I would have no powers to heal or smite."
"That's fine," Sam says. "The apocalypse is over. God only – uh. We don't exactly know what to do with our lives next."
"Very well, then," Michael says.
The red room begins to dissolve into bright light around them.
"I will visit," Gabriel warns, his voice the last vestige of heaven Dean hears.
It's bright daylight in the real world. South Dakota has never looked so beautiful. Bobby's house is outlined sharply by midday sun, and the Impala glistens in the driveway.
Sam strides ahead to the porch to shake Bobby's hand, a gesture that seems woefully inadequate.
The metal on Bobby's wheelchair glistens in the sun, too.
"Cas," Dean says, in what, for him, is a quiet voice. "How can heavenly justice," and here his eyebrows go up skeptically and his hands form gestures that mean freaky mojo, "save us and not heal Bobby?"
Cas gives him a long look, and eventually asks, "First tell me this, Dean. If all your trials had been solved by celestial intervention, would you be half the man you are today?"
Dean doesn't have an answer for that.
"We aren't meant to solve all the problems in the world," Cas says. "That would defeat the purpose of having earth and heaven as separate entities."
Dean swallows around the lump in his throat, nods.
"I think you'll find, though…" Cas begins.
Dean turns to look at him. "I'll find?"
Cas smiles. It floors Dean. He's never seen Cas smile before. Not his Cas. Jimmy Novak, and the Cas of 2014, but never his Cas. It's amazing. "The blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead rise again, the poor have the gospel preached to them."
"Watch who you call lame, kid," Bobby says, and, slowly, clutching the armrests of his wheelchair for support, stands.
He's weak – his legs have lost muscle in his months on the wheelchair, but he's managing. "Thanks," he says gruffly, in Cas's direction.
He turns and walks into the house, Sam supporting him, and Dean just barely hears him ask, "So, are you going to tell me what happened or are you going to make me guess?"
"How…" Dean trails off, not sure he wants an answer.
Cas understands him anyway. "I've told you, Dean. Miracles do happen."
The world not ending leaves Dean a bit at loose ends.
He hasn't really talked it over with Sam yet. He's been chickening out, just in case that conversation leads to other, less nice conversations.
That first night, they sit around Bobby's kitchen table, eating burgers and toasting those who fell and those who didn't with their beer cans.
Cas is a marvel to watch. For the first time, he takes off his trench coat and suit jacket, and for the first time, he eats a burger. He's watched humans long enough to know how to use the bathroom, thank God, and he knows how and why humans eat and drink and talk and feel.
But Dean sees the look of mild confusion on Cas's face when he leaves the bathroom, he sees the way Cas's eyes slip closed as he savors the taste of the burger for the first time, he sees the tiny wrinkle in Cas's forehead when he shifts around on his seat to get more comfortable, and he sees the split second of wide-eyed shock on Cas's face when Dean puts a soft hand on his shoulder and decides they should toast Cas, too.
It's then that Dean really starts thinking about what they should be doing with their lives. He's kind of loathe to part with Cas now. He's gotten used to him in a way he didn't think he could get used to anyone who isn't Sam or Dad. But Cas…well, he's new. He's completely unused to anything that isn't heaven or a battlefield, and on the battlefield of the last two years, he's seen enough of the seedy underbelly of the human race. Dean doesn't really want to drag Cas from motel to motel using fake credit cards and eating food straight from plastic packaging.
He deserves better.
So does Sam, at that, no matter what mistakes he's made.
When the digital clock in Bobby's kitchen shifts from 11:59 to 00:00, they decide to go to bed. Sam takes the couch in the living room, probably because he hasn't been alone in his own body for months and any solitude is good, and Dean and Cas split the guest room upstairs. Bobby only has the one. There's a fold-out bed that hasn't been folded out, but the bed is a double, and Dean's shared it with Sam before. It's not a big deal.
It's a hot July night, so it's alright that Cas doesn't have pajamas, but they're going to have to take him shopping soon. Jimmy Novak is a smaller man than either Dean or Sam, and…
"Cas?" Dean asks, the thought having only just occurred to him. "What happened to Jimmy?"
Cas looks up from untying his shoelaces. "He moved on," Cas says. "Long ago." He sounds sad.
"I'm sorry," Dean says, and he is, but he also isn't, because it's just one more thing that means Cas stays.
Cas nods. "I would like to see Amelia and Claire. At some point."
"Sure thing," Dean says, privately aware that he himself would never have worked up the courage.
They both strip down to their boxers, Cas's movements uncoordinated and strange, Dean's clumsy with exhaustion.
The bed is soft and comfortable and Dean wonders if it's celestial that everything feels just a bit better now, or if it's just relief that makes it feel that way.
"I've never slept before," Cas whispers in the dark.
Dean resists the sudden, inexplicable urge to run a hand through his angel's hair. "It's easy. You'll like it. Just…close your eyes."
He wakes up twelve hours later, with Cas's head pillowed on his chest and his arms wrapped around Cas. It doesn't strike him as strange. Of course they'd move towards each other as two warm, breathing beings do. Humans are pack animals.
Dean sits up, careful not to move Cas too much. Midday sun is streaming in through the open curtains. He must have been more tired than he thought – usually, that would have woken him up. He has a weird ringing in his ear, and a leftover of a dream in his head, something that sounds like a mixed-up exorcism. Te Gladi, Vos Gladias, trea Nomine Sancto.
Yawning, Dean rubs at his eyes, and heads for the bathroom.
Cas is awake when Dean gets out of the shower. Awake, but still lying in the sheets, staring up at the ceiling.
"Morning," Dean says, sitting down on his side of the bed, towel still wrapped firmly around his waist. He can't quite place just where the sudden reluctance to be naked near Cas comes from.
"Good morning," Cas says.
"How are you?" Dean asks.
"I…" Cas pauses, then pushes himself upright, so he's leaning against the headboard. "I'm not accustomed to being any particular way. Angels just are. There is no how."
Dean pauses in his efforts to get dressed without dislodging his towel. He wants to ask Cas if he's okay, wants to say he's sorry, but he doesn't know how that won't come out all wrong.
"It's not bad," Cas hastens to add. "I'm just…unused to it."
Dean nods slowly in understanding.
Cas throws the covers back to go shower, apparently not at all aware of the concept of body shyness (which Dean totally doesn't buy, because he knows for a fact that Adam and Eve are the first recorded case of body shyness, with the snake and the fig leaves and shit). Dean averts his eyes hastily as Cas walks past, but he can't help noticing that he's wearing a pair of black boxer briefs, which makes Dean feel kind of weird. Who'd have thought they'd have the same taste in underwear?
Breakfast is Eggo waffles doused in sour cream and syrup. Dean eats three with his usual gusto, and then starts peeling an orange.
Sam gives him a weird look.
Dean shrugs, eyes wide, his standard whadda ya want look. What he's not saying is that he's thirty-one, he's not getting any younger, and he has a life ahead of him now, not just an endless series of suicide missions. He may as well start taking care of himself.
Cas appreciates waffles even more than he did burgers. Dean hadn't figured he'd have a sweet tooth, but with Gabriel as a big brother, it stands to reason.
"So," Sam says casually. "Any plans for today?"
Dean swallows around the last of his orange and says, "Yeah, thought I'd take Cas here shopping. He's going to need more clothes than just the suit and tie now he's a real boy."
"Cool," Sam says, nodding.
"Y'wanna come?" Dean asks, not really expecting a yes.
"No," Sam doesn't disappoint. "I really need some time to…think, I guess."
Sam's always needed a lot of time to think.
"You up for it, Cas?"
Cas nods around his mouthful. Once he's swallowed, he says, "I am eager to experience human life."
Bobby is walking very slowly through the salvage yard, with a cane and the aid of walls and stable car parts. Dean knows he's better off than he would be if he hadn't been healed by angels – in a normal case, he wouldn't have been able to hold his own body weight on his legs. In any case, he's months of physical therapy and hard work away from being back to his old self.
In a way, Dean's pretty sure that's better than a full on miracle lame-can-walk deal.
As they drive into town, the Impala purring sweetly all around them like the goddess she is, Dean considers sources of income. Maybe it's the fact that he suddenly has two people to pull through, maybe it's the end of the apocalypse, but something's got Dean dreaming of the straight and narrow today like he hasn't since he got his GED.
They pull up in front of a mall, the sprawling expanse of American capitalism begging to be exploited.
"So, what's your style, Cas?" Dean asks as they stand on the escalator up to the men's department store.
"My style?" Cas asks in confusion.
"Yeah," Dean says. "You know, are you really a suit and tie guy, or are you secretly a skinny jeans man? I mean, men's clothes aren't complicated like chick shit, but still. Decisions to make."
"Decisions," Cas repeats, weighing the word in his mouth like a bar of gold.
Dean smiles to himself.
In the end, Dean gets a new pair of suit pants, a pair of khakis, some cargo pants, and about five different kinds of jeans for Cas to try on. "Just try 'em all and tell me which you like best," he says.
Cas is a quick learner of human ways. He figured out how to wash his own hair (Dean knows, because he got a noseful of Cas's hair on the escalator, and it smelled of Dean's shampoo), and his cheeks are smoother than Dean remembers them ever being, so he must have borrowed Dean's razor, too. Dean finds he doesn't really mind, but it goes on the list of things he's going to buy Cas.
In the end, Cas decides on two pairs of jeans and one pair of corduroys, because they're comfortable. They'll keep the suit, of course.
Shirts are a wholly different matter. Cas, apparently, is a guy who likes t-shirts, which Dean gets (he's just glad there's not another dude in the family who picks the one button-up shirt in the entire store that has fugly olive and fuchsia stripes all over it. Where Sam got his taste in clothes is anyone's guess).
Dean doesn't really know what's motivating Cas's choice in shirts. Most likely, he just goes for what strikes him as the most aesthetically pleasing. This leaves them with four t-shirts, two of which are blue, one of which is black, and one of which is purple. They also find two button-up shirts Cas likes – grey and blue. Dean makes him get a hoodie for the next time they end up in Minnesota, just in case, but they can always go clothes-shopping again in winter.
It takes a lot of effort not to blush as he points out that Cas will also need more underwear, but he manages, and Cas reacts so matter-of-factly Dean wonders if he's been hit with a stupid stick. He buys a six pack of socks while he's at it, and hopes Cas's shoes will last a while longer.
They hit a pharmacy next. Dean points Cas in the direction of toiletries with a basket and tells him to find himself shampoo, deodorant, conditioner, a razor, a toothbrush, toothpaste, shaving cream, and anything else he can think of.
Dean, in the meantime, gets advil, gauze, medical tape and the rest of the junk he noticed was missing. He's pretty sure most first aid kits on the planet need restocking after what's been going on for the last few years, and the Winchesters are always prepared.
A sweet old lady asks directions to the food court, which Dean gives, before Dean rejoins Cas. Dean's never noticed quite so much how much he loves humanity now he's been instrumental in saving it.
Cas has drifted away from the hygiene products and is staring at nail polish.
"Dude," Dean says. "What?"
"I find this intriguing," Cas says. Dean foresees the questions about body art and nipple piercing he thought he'd left behind, when Sam entered puberty and developed a sense of shame, coming back twice as strong.
"How 'bout some other time," Dean says. "Lemme see what you got."
Cas has everything Dean told him to get. He seems to like brightly colored bottles with fruity names, and there's a joke in there somewhere about feathery people liking bright, shiny things, but Dean's in too mellow a mood for that kind of humor.
Their last stop for the day is the grocery store.
"People can eat all this?" Cas asks in tones of great wonder, surveying the vast expanses of your standard, run-of-the-mill supermarket.
Dean laughs. "Not at once. And trust me, you don't want to eat half the shit that's here."
Cas follows Dean closely, watching his every move. "This is not what you usually eat," he points out when Dean completely skips the frozen, pre-cooked meals.
"Yeah," Dean says, "but that's because usually I'm not at Bobby's, and usually I don't have much time."
He doesn't realize why that sentence sounded strange in his mouth until two minutes later, when he remembers that he said 'I' instead of 'we'.
Cas's big blue eyes guilt him into buying Fruit Loops and a few bars of milk chocolate just before the cash register, and Dean realizes he's going to have to build up immunity here.
The list Bobby gave them was pretty long, even without the things Cas pleaded for; the lady behind the register gives them a look and says, "Buying this much food…you'd think the world was ending."
Dean laughs until his stomach hurts and his eyes tear, and then he just starts crying.
"Post-traumatic stress," Cas tells the lady quietly, as he bags the food and puts it in their cart, already laden with clothes and toiletries.
In a way, Dean guesses he's right.
Cas's hand on his back, rubbing slow, soothing circles, is warmer than it ever was before, human, grounding him, as they lift all their purchases into the Impala's backseat.
His fingers are just as gentle two minutes later, stroking the nape of Dean's neck as he falls apart behind the Impala's steering wheel. Dean's chest feels tight and uncomfortable and he's never cried like this, not since he was four years old and he finally realized that Mommy was never coming out of the house.
It's nothing in particular and everything at once. It's relief and sadness and grief and triumph. It's my Daddy's dead, and I don't know what to do for Sammy and I went to hell, but it's also, I never thought it would really end, and we did it.
Just when Dean thinks his lungs can't take much more sobbing, Cas shifts closer on the bench and folds his arms carefully around Dean's shaking body. He pulls until Dean can rest his face in Cas's shoulder and Cas can kiss the top of Dean's head and whisper, "It's alright."
When Dean stops crying and has his breathing under control again, he inhales deeply one last time, Cas's particular scent in his nose (Dean's shampoo, clean sweat, sunshine) and sits back up.
Cas's eyes are bloodshot, too, and there are tear tracks down his cheeks. God only knows they've had enough to cry about in this war.
They sit in silence for almost ten minutes before Dean manages to say, hoarsely, "Thank you," and turn the key in the ignition.
They're halfway back to Bobby's when he says, "Remind me to teach you how to drive."
They both know that, coming from him, that means, I love you.
If Sam and Bobby notice their puffy eyes and the tear stain on Cas's coat, they're both smart enough not to say anything.


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Gaelic footballer Ciaran Gavin from Mayo was among the 56 international athletes to receive the Limerick Institute of Technology Sports Scholarship for this academic year.
The recipients were honoured at a special event at LIT, Moylish Campus yesterday, during which keynote speaker World Rugby Referee and former LIT Sport Scholarship recipient Joy Neville spoke of the value of sports scholarships and the opportunities open to the recipients during their time at LIT.
In its third year, the new LIT's Sports Scholarship Programme provides athletic support, focuses on individual welfare, and includes off-field mentoring and education support to its recipients.
This year's recipients excel at a number of sports including basketball, camogie, hurling, Gaelic football, handball, rugby, kickboxing and swimming.


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This book features stunning images in a dramatic and surprising diversity of brilliant colors and unexpected subjects.
Photographing over a three-year period, Robert Haas has captured imagery that reflects three key elements of the region: the arctic landforms, the iconic wildlife, and the footprint of man. He strives for and succeeds in producing a visual record that will reshape our ideas of what the Arctic has to offer and why we should protect it.


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Rich Passanante was born and grew up on Long Island, New York. He moved to the Tampa Bay Area in 2004, studying at the University of South Florida and graduating with degrees in both Sociology and International Studies. He began his career in the mortgage industry in September of 2005 as a loan officer, and in 2009 joined Loralynne Ball at TriCounty Mortgage. TriCounty became a part of VanDyk Mortgage in 2010 and Rich worked in several capacities helping Loralynne to run and grow the 550 team. Rich has a robust background in all areas of origination from Qualification to Processing/Underwriting and Compliance and Closing.
As Production Operations Manager, he works interdepartmentally with the heads of Underwriting, Closing, Compliance and Secondary to make sure loans move through the system as expected, and to resolve escalated issues as quickly as possible. He strives to be an immediate resource to the sales team helping them to work through complex pre-approvals to structure deals up front with the goal of having minimal issues later on in the process. He looks forward to serving all at VanDyk with his vast knowledge of the mortgage industry and its processes.


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|Does A Background Check Reveal Your Credit Score?
A background check refers to an investigation to know about your employment history, criminal records and financial information. Anyone especially an employer and a property owner conduct it after receiving your consent. It can pull all sort of information including those you have kept under your hat. When it comes to a background check, the first question pops up in your mind is "Will it affect your credit score?"
If you have already taken out a bad credit loan online with instant decision, you will never want your credit score to show up on a background check. Otherwise, it may discourage you from landing your dream job or renting out a house. Being worried is obvious after all 98% of employers run a background check before hiring employees. However, not all vacancies require it. Companies are keen to know about your financial history only when the job position is financially sensitive.
It is important for any employer to know whether you are likely to attempt fraud or embezzlement. An employer conducts a background check only when you are applying for a position that involves responsibility of taking care of money. Likewise, a property owner will run a background check to confirm that you have no connection with a criminal activity and your financial condition is good enough that you will not default on your rent payment.
Employment Background Checks
As long as your job does not involve a role of dealing with money, the employer's ultimate goal behind running a background check is to know about your criminal background. This assures that you are not a dangerous person to hire. It has nothing to do with knowing your credit score. It will not show up on a background check and it does not affect your score too.
However, some employers run a deeper background check when the job requires you to handle money and assets. In this case, it becomes crucial to know you are not a person who has judgements, bankruptcy or a large amount of outstanding debt. Employers do not want to know your credit score but outstanding dues that may put their funds on stakes after hiring you.
Investigators report that they do not provide credit scores. Before producing a credit report with information like closed accounts, current accounts, payment history and dues, they would like to have a consent letter signed by you. The report does not disclose your credit score, no matter which kind of job you apply for.
Tenant Background Checks
Landlords run a background check to ensure that you will responsibly be paying out rent. A credit check helps them know about your repayment history. If it reveals CCJs, bankruptcy or outstanding amounts, the property owner may change their mind to let out. However, once you have occupied the house and due to any reason you struggle to pay it off, your landlord will have to give an eviction note in writing.
Like an employer, a property owner will have to seek permission in writing before running a credit check. However, a credit check does not mean that they will get to know your credit scores. Your landlord can know about your reliability and financial commitment by knowing your payment history and previous defaults. They do not need to know your credit score. The information they receive will not be as comprehensive as that is available to lenders. Your credit report only will disclose information related to electoral roll, insolvency, county court judgments, orders and fines.
You are not legally required to give your consent to a credit check, but your landlord may not feel confident about renting out. In addition to a credit check, the background check may also include asking for references from previous landlords and employers, identification proof, and a proof of employment.
The Bottom Line
There is nothing to worry about background checks whether you are applying for a job or looking for renting a property. The credit check will not turn up your credit score, nor will it pull it down. However, it does not mean that you are not likely to get in trouble. Employers and property owners will not get to know about your credit score but about credit history.
Even if your credit report does not reveal a credit rating, payment history is more likely to disclose about your financial commitment. If it shows delinquencies, you are likely to end up with rejection. You cannot escape a background check because otherwise you will get neither a job nor a house. Therefore, the best approach is to work on your finances. Make sure that you do not make defaults on your loans, utility bills and credit card balances. Having a good payment history means you are more likely to get a job or flat without any hurdle.
Description: A background check whether it is for a job or renting out a flat does not reveal your credit score, neither does it pull your credit rating.


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Catawba Brewing Co. has been an industry leader in Western North Carolina's craft beer scene for nearly two decades. The company was founded in 1999 by WNC natives, the Pyatt family, who were inspired by their weekend homebrew hobby. From humble beginnings, the business has grown exponentially to become a major craft beer supplier across five states. Catawba now operates breweries and tasting rooms in three NC cities – Morganton, Asheville, and Charlotte – embracing a hybrid wholesale/retail strategy. With the 2018 acquisition of Palmetto Brewing Co. in Charleston, SC, the Pyatt family hobby has spawned one of the Southeast's largest and most diverse craft brewing entities. Learn more at catawbabrewing.com
Over 20 immersive signature events are featured throughout the weekend! Tours, dinners, parties, foraging and more await.
This inspired, friendly and free-spirited food scene tucked in the mountains of Appalachia has been called "Foodtopia," but the locals just call it home. Plan your trip now.
Access to affordable and healthy food and reducing food waste are important initiatives of the signature event's charitable giving goals.


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Can I use custom HTML templates in the Drag and Drop editor?
While you can import a custom HTML template to have drag-and-drop functionality, we only recommend using custom HTML for technically savvy marketers or for anyone who has access to a developer. While our product does support custom HTML, our support team is unable to help you build out your custom templates beyond offering the general guidance covered in our documentation. We also cannot guarantee that your custom HTML template will be fully compatible or look exactly the same with our drag-and-drop editor. For more information check out our article on Import a Custom HTML Template with Drag and Drop Support
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Set on the incredible 167 acres of the popular Boughton Golf Course, Cave Hotel plays host to couples looking for a unique all-inclusive venue for their wedding day.
Not only a fantastic wedding setting, the venue also boasts quality facilities for the happy couple and their guests to enjoy. Make use of the on-site gym, sauna and steam room, perfect for unwinding in afterwards. Discover a unique hydrotherapy pool next-door, along with a twelve-seater jacuzzi.
Of course, the golf course on-site is unmissable. The eighteen hole course is one of the best and most challenging in Kent and is also excellent entertainment before and after the nuptials.
Cave's 40 bedroom hotel includes a Bridal Suite and a magnificent and luxurious Presidential Penthouse, perfect for you and your wedding party to relax and have fun in.