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30 Aug What Is Ceramic Coating
Ceramic Coating A Car
A ceramic coating is a kind of exterior vehicle finish. It's hand-applied liquid polymer. Some of the name brands available are called C.Quartz, Ceramic Pro, and Opti-Coat Pro. A ceramic coating is something which bonds at a chemical level with the original paint of a vehicle in order to form up a protective layer. This level of protection isn't as comprehensive as paint protection film. In short, a ceramic coating is really just a different choice to something like a premium wax. Such coatings can be either permanent or semi-permanent, which means they don't need as many applications as wax. If you'd like to maintain a great look for your own vehicle without waxing it a lot, then this product can get the job done. The ceramic coating will protect the finish of your vehicle, making it easier to keep clean. Ceramic Coating a car has numerous benefits, as follows:
1) Protection From Oxidation And UV Damage:
Frequent sun exposure will trigger oxidization in vehicle paint. That chemical reaction is why you wind up with paint that is faded and dull. The right ceramic coating will create a robust layer of protection between your vehicle and the ultraviolet rays of the sun. That can slow down the process of oxidation substantially. Ceramic Coating a car isn't going to reverse any sun damage that's already happened, it will prevent any more from happening.
2) Etching / Chemical Stain Prevention:
Even in typical driving conditions, a vehicle might suffer exposure to environmental acidic elements. If such contaminants wind up reacting with the finish of a vehicle, they might cause substantial harm. A good ceramic coating will produce a surface that is resistant, meaning it's more difficult for any acidic contaminants to actually bond with the paint of a vehicle. Ceramic coating a car can make the surfaces of a vehicle resistant to both etching and staining. Having said this, you should note that contaminants will need to get removed from the vehicle as soon as is practical to accomplish.
3) Much Easier To Clean:
The right ceramic coating is going to be hydrophobic. In plain English, that means it will repel water. When water makes contact with a coated vehicle, it'll bead up for the faster runoff. That means ceramic coatings make it more difficult for grime and mud to wind up sticking to your car. Even if these kinds of undesirable contaminants do stick around, they're still going to prove easier to wash off when there's a ceramic coating present too. When the cleaning process is faster and easier, washing your car is less of a chore, thanks to the ceramic coating.
4) The Gloss Is Better:
If you want your car and its paint to look great all the time, then a ceramic coating is essential. Ceramic Coating a car can improve the reflective properties of both the paint as well as the underlying clear coat. The result is a clear, deep shine. Given the tremendous durability, the right ceramic coating will preserve your attractive gloss for longer stretches between your car washes. You can even protect and improve the value of your vehicle by ceramic coating your car. We're one of the leading area providers of ceramic coatings. If you'd like to schedule your appointment do it today. If you're looking to provide protection to the exterior detailing of your vehicle, then the advantages listed above probably make ceramic coatings sound like an obvious move.
Things Ceramic Coating Will Not Do For You
1) The Prevention Of Chips, Swirls, Or Scratches:
Too many marketers like to overstate how much capability a ceramic coating can do in the resistance of minor scratches. While it can be true that some of the smallest scratches won't penetrate a good application of ceramic coating a car with one isn't going to be totally impervious to all forms of damage. Rock chips, parking lot scratches, and other various sources might still leave a mark, even on a coated vehicle. When washed incorrectly, even a coated vehicle might pick up swirl marks. This is particularly common in many automated car washes. A ceramic coating actually isn't the ideal product if you want to prevent chipping and scratching. If you'd like a better level of potential scratch prevention, look into paint protection film, which is also sometimes known as Clear Bra. Even when a ceramic coating is present, your car will still need proper washing in order to avoid potential swirl marks.
2) The Prevention Of Water Spots:
Environmental water sources like rain might have minerals and dirt in them. Droplets of water can carry this material onto the surface of your vehicle when they make contact. When the water moisture itself evaporates, it can leave the minerals behind. This is how water spots are created. Even if an appropriately applied ceramic coating proves to be hydrophobic, it doesn't absolutely mean water spots won't happen. Even when a coated car sheds some of its water, the remaining droplets across the vehicle might still create spots as they evaporate.
3) Washing Become Unnecessary, Right?
No. A good ceramic coating will make washing your car easier to do, but the reduction in your maintenance chores doesn't mean you can start skipping them. Roads and highways, after all, are actually quite dirty places. Your car is bound to pick up grime and dirt as you drive it. Even if there's an applied ceramic coating, you're going to have to occasionally wash your car to keep it looking great. The right ceramic coating will make the process of washing easier, but it won't replace it. It can, however, take the place of something like wax, so you won't need to put new wax on every couple of months. This one benefit can substantially reduce how much time and labor are needed to seriously maintain the exterior of your vehicle. You'll still have to do a bit of work to keep things up, but the right ceramic coating will simplify the process for better results.
For more information about Total Car Detailing make sure to contact a professional today by calling us at (855) 335-2719. To find more content, visit our blog.


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HuGE Literature Finder
Records 1-1
Polymorphisms in WNT6 and WNT10A and Colorectal Adenoma Risk.
Nutrition and cancer 2011 May .
Galbraith RL, Poole EM, Duggan D, Muehling J, Hsu L, Makar K, Xiao L, Potter JD, Ulrich CM
- Page last reviewed:Oct 1, 2020
- Page last updated:Oct 28, 2020
- Content source:

subset: commoncrawl


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per item
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Cialis Professional 20mg
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Cialis Professional is an innovative generic drug used to eliminate erectile problems. The drug can be taken one time to improve potency before sexual intercourse or in a course for the treatment of erectile problems and impotence.
The product is prescribed for the treatment of the following violations:
- inability to achieve a stable erection;
- prostatic hyperplasia;
- decreased sex drive;
- short-term erection.
The active component of the drug – tadalafil – belongs to the group of PDE-5 inhibitors. The substance inhibits the release of nitric oxide, which leads to the relaxation of the walls of blood vessels and an increased blood flow to the tissues of the genitals. As a result, the natural stimulation of the penis occurs and a man can achieve a lasting erection.
The drug works only when men experience sexual attraction. In the absence of stimulation, these tablets will be useless.
Instructions for use
The drug should be taken 50-60 minutes before sexual intercourse. The initial recommended dose is 10 mg of tadalafil. Take a tablet orally and wash it down with water.
The drug should not be combined with excessive doses of alcoholic beverages and high-calorie meals.
Side effects
Cialis Professional is safe for health but sometimes the drug causes the following side effects:
- muscle pain in the limbs;
- myalgia;
- stuffy nose;
- heaviness in the eyes, conjunctivitis;
- an increased rush of blood to the face;
- dizziness, headache.
Side effects are short-term and do not harm the health of men.
- High blood pressure;
- Heart, kidney disease;
- Malfunctions of the digestive tract;
- Eye disease;
- Personal intolerance to the components of a generic;
- Malignant tumors;
- Leukemia;
- Myeloma
- Use of drugs that contain organic nitrates;
- Parkinson's disease;
- Anatomical disorders in the structure of the penis.
Pregnancy and lactation
The drug is not intended for use by women, however, animal studies have not revealed any effect of tadalafil on the fetus. Human test data is limited.
Interaction with other drugs
Cialis Professional is able to interact with some drugs, as a result of which its own activity changes. So, antacids reduce the absorption of tadalafil, inhibiting its effect. The antibiotic erythromycin and the antifungal agent itraconazole, on the contrary, have an enhancing effect, increasing the level of tadalafil. In addition, you should remember that tadalafil can not be combined with nitrates since it enhances their hypotensive effect.
Special instructions
Sexual activity in patients with severe cardiovascular pathologies has a potential health risk, therefore, drug treatment of sexual dysfunctions in such patients is not indicated. It is also necessary to take into account that patients with stenosis of the left ventricle can experience individual adverse reactions.
Diabetes mellitus, decreased liver function, old age do not affect the pharmacological properties of the drug and does not require dose adjustment. With caution, treatment of erectile dysfunction should be in the presence of factors provoking priapism: sickle cell anemia, cavernous fibrosis, pathological curvature of the penis, etc.
Benefits of the drug
Despite the fact that Cialis Professional is a relatively new generic drug, it is gaining more and more popularity because it has a lot of very significant advantages:
- Compatible with a small amount of alcohol
- Minimum contraindications and rare side effects
- The quality of sperm does not deteriorate;
- Can be used even by older men – up to the age of 75 years!
- Long sex with bright orgasms
- The effect of the drug lasts for 36 hours! The absolute record!
- Affordable price;
- Positive customer reviews of our store. This is the most powerful argument, as it confirms the high quality of the drug based on the experience of customers!


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WASHINGTON (CNN) — Surrounded by middle-class Americans, President Barack Obama touted the successes of his signature health care law and how consumers are seeing tangible benefits.
"Because of the Affordable Care Act, insurance companies have to spend at least 80% of every dollar that you pay in premiums on your health care; not on overhead, not on profits, but on you," the president said during an event Thursday in the White House East Room..
The president highlighted a provision in the law that forces health care providers to refund money to consumers like Chicago resident Dan Hart, a father of two who got a check in the mail for $136.
"As any parent will tell you, those kids, they suck up a lot of money," the president joked. "So he used his rebate to pay some bills."
According to the White House, 8.5 million people got an average of a $100 in rebates last year.
The president chided House Republicans for trying to repeal the health care law nearly 40 times even though there are other big issues on the table, like immigration reform, to address.
"We're refighting these old battles," he said. "Sometimes I just try to figure out why. Maybe they think it's good politics."
But Republicans argue the problem is bad math.
"The picture that the president paints of his health care law looks nothing like the reality facing struggling American families," House Speaker John Boehner said in a statement.
Boehner and other Republicans have come to refer to Obamacare as a "train wreck."
Obama acknowledged the persistent political hurdles.
"I recognize that there are still a lot of folks — in this town, at least — who are rooting for this law to fail," the president said,"If the folks who have been trying to make political hay out of this thing, if they had some better ideas, I've already told them I'm happy to hear them. But I haven't heard any so far."


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de Sarthe Gallery and Art Agenda, S.E.A. are pleased to announce
Intersecting Modern Vietnamese Art with R. Streitmatter-Tran
Opening: 26 May 2017
Duration: 26 May – 8 July 2017
Address: 20/F Global Trade Square, 21 Wong Chuk Hang Road, Wong Chuk Hang, Hong Kong
Media preview: 26 May, 4 – 5pm (The artist will be present)
HONG KONG – de Sarthe Gallery and Art Agenda, S.E.A. are pleased to announce DEPARTURES: Intersecting Modern Vietnamese Art with R. Streitmatter-Tran an exhibition of contemporary and modern Vietnamese art that tracks the flow of artists and ideas between Vietnam and the West over the last century. In the show, major new work by the preeminent Ho Chi Minh City-based contemporary artist Richard Streitmatter-Tran intersects with a collection of forty modern masterpieces by artists central to the story of modern Vietnamese art from the pre and post-war era: Le Pho, Le Quang Tinh, Le Thi Luu, Luong Xuan Nhi, Mai Trung Thu, Nguyen Gia Tri, Nguyen Hong Linh, Nguyen Phan Chanh, Trinh Van, Vu Cao Dam, and their French teacher Victor Tardieu and Evariste Jonchère. Opening May 26th, the exhibition runs until July 8th, 2017.
The exhibition marks the first time that a number of significant modern masterpieces from Vietnam will be showcased together in Hong Kong, as well as Streitmatter-Tran's first major solo presentation in the city. Working across a range of mediums including watercolor on silk, unfired clay, sound, iron and cake, Streitmatter-Tran initiates dialogue that offers new perspectives on historically significant work from Vietnam's first generation of modern artists.
The site-specific installation Vital Matter (all work 2017) features three unfired clay sculptures standing within enclosed vitrines. The vitrines contain timed irrigation systems that spray the sculptures with water at regular intervals; over the course of the exhibition, the constant moisture melts and disfigures the figurines. When placed beside modern Vietnamese ink and silk figurative paintings, Vital Matter directly challenges society's perceptions of beauty over time, as well as commenting on the fundamental difficulties in capturing and preserving the beauty of form.
Also erected in the gallery are four towering beams with megaphones and aged phonographs attached to their peaks. Referencing the outdated wartime speakerphones that are still used for propaganda across Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, the work The Thin Black Line speak to the cultural, social, and political impact of the Vietnam War (also known as the American War) on art created before and after the conflict. Ambient music by the experimental musician Nhung Nguyen emanates from the speakers, reinventing––repurposing––its function from projecting political propaganda to playing sounds that imagines an alternate Vietnam.
The Gates of Hell (Cổng Địa Ngục) is an iron gate made in the French art deco style that was absorbed by Vietnam in the 1920s and 1930s. On the gate are the words "École Supérieure des Beaux Arts" and "Indo Chine," in homage to a colonial school which existed from 1925 to 1945 in Hanoi, and that produced many of Vietnam's early modern artists. As well as remarking on the schools's impact on creativity in Vietnam, the gate also powerfully highlights complications ushered in by colonialism, as the Vietnamese words "Cổng Địa Ngục," or "The Gates of Hell," are positioned at the top of the gate—a warning for all those who pass through.
The work Excavation/Elevation (After Champa) comprises three cakes in the shape of temples that are from the Champa Kingdom (2nd century to the 19th century) that existed in Vietnam. The buildings represent the distant past and recreating them as consumable cake is a statement on how the commodification of ancient Vietnam has become equivalent to baking a delicious cake to be visually appreciated and then devoured. In the context of this show, Excavation/Elevation (After Champa) asks if this will be the fate of all culture.
Alluding to the deep blacks and realist style in the works of modern artist Nguyen Phan Chanh, Streitmatter-Tran creates watercolor and silk paintings titled Configurations in Black (After Nguyễn Phan Chánh). This series is Streitmatter-Tran's first foray into the traditional medium; his self-taught, contemporary style and techniques provides radical contextualization and conversation to the masterpieces, framing them in a new light.
Born in Bien Hoa, Vietnam, Streitmatter-Tran was raised in the United States from an early age. In 2003 he chose to return to Vietnam to begin his art practice. His recent solo and collaborative work has been exhibited internationally including Mekong - New Mythologies, Hong Kong Arts Centre, Hong Kong (2017); Odyssey: Navigating Nameless Seas, Singapore Art Museum, Singapore (2016); The 2nd Jakarta Contemporary Ceramics Biennale, Indonesia (2016); Secret Archipelago, Palais de Tokyo, Paris, France (2015); Doubt and Believe: Exhibition of Nguyen Son and R. Streitmatter-Tran, Vietnamese Women's Museum, Hanoi, Vietnam (2013); Panorama: Recent Art from Contemporary Asia, Singapore Art Museum, Singapore (2012); Independent Art Project: Art Domain Migration, ASEAN and China, The Forth Guangzhou Triennial, Guangzhou, China (2011); Institution for the Future, Asia Triennial Manchester, United Kingdom (2011); FAX, Para Site Art Space, Hong Kong (2010); Transportasian: Photography from Southeast Asia, Singapore Art Museum, Singapore (2009); Wonder, 2nd Singapore Biennale, Singapore (2008); Migration Addicts, 52nd Venice Biennale, Collateral Events, Venice, Italy (2007) and Thermocline of Art: New Asian Waves, ZKM: Center for Art and Media, Karlsruhe, Germany (2007).
About Art Agenda, S.E.A.
Art Agenda, S.E.A. is an art agency founded in 2016 by former Christie's Southeast Asian art specialist, Wang Zineng with art advisory and curatorial arms.
As an art advisory, Art Agenda, S.E.A. brokers private sales and advises and manages the collection of a few key collecting clients. Since its inception in September 2016, it has moved numerous significant examples of modern and contemporary Southeast Asian art between private collections. The curatorial arm of Art Agenda, S.E.A. focuses on curating exhibitions centred around topics and areas in modern Southeast Asian art in 2017 and 2018. It will continue to work with galleries, dealers and other institutional partners to mount quality exhibitions centred around Southeast Asian art.
About de Sarthe Gallery
de Sarthe Gallery was founded in 1977 in Paris, later establishing galleries in America and most recently in Hong Kong and Beijing.
de Sarthe Gallery represents and exhibits a diverse spectrum of international artists, with a focus on presenting the highest quality contemporary art and historically significant programming. Since its move to Hong Kong in 2010, the gallery has continued to host groundbreaking shows for artists like Auguste Rodin, Hans Hartung, Chu Teh-Chun, Zao Wou-Ki, Robert Rauschenberg, Chen Zhen and Bernar Venet. The gallery has also exhibited pioneering group shows such as gutai and the Pioneers of Chinese Modern Paintings in Paris. In 2017 the gallery opened a 10,000 square foot space in Hong Kong's art district, Wong Chuk Hang, to properly honor masterpiece art works and expand its program of international contemporary artists.
In 2014, de Sarthe extended its influence by settling in Caochangdi, a renowned art district in Beijing. With an 8,000 square foot space, the gallery has taken an important role exhibiting a wide range of artists that lead the emerging art scene. A dedicated project space was inaugurated in 2016 to host experimental exhibitions, with the goal of break breaking down cultural boundaries and providing an alternative vision to the global art market.


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Marghoob Ali Rahat, penned down some 1,500 or so crime stories and novels in different periodicals and magazines, and passed away almost in obscurity. Despite having written several pieces of literature and devoting so much of their time to the advancement of Urdu literature; names like MA Rahat remain foreign in their own land.
Like many other writers and poets, one complaint that MA Rahat had from his land and its people, was the lack of national support for literary figures. The colonial mindset of having an anglicised system never left us. In an attempt to make English the official language and adopt it as a way of life, the generations that Pakistan is producing now do not understand or wholly grasp their own mother tongue.
While our television sets and social media are busy praising Bollywood; we are slowly forgetting the worth of literature produced by the likes of Mirza Ghalib, Mir Taqi Mir, Hasrat Mohani, and Pitras Bukhari, etc.
Pak Tea House in Lahore, an unofficial literary home to writers and thinkers in the past, has its visitors decreasing every day. It still has a place reserved for writers but in this day and age, being a writer is not a profitable profession, especially of Urdu or regional languages, so the space remains empty mostly. Major publishing houses and bookshops are also closing down in Pakistan, and writers increasing look to international publishers based in India to get their work published and sold. This is an economic and cultural failure.
Literature and the arts do not fit in with the government's development-security syndrome, nor does it impact the thought processes of our politicians and state officials. Our collective political socialisation is not conducive to the arts. Our political system and education institutes are more focused on training students on how to merely get jobs, without teaching them how to understand people and life. More artists and writers will be lost to history, unless the state makes room for debate. But the demand for this space has to come from civil society itself which, unfortunately, would much rather watch television than pick up a book to read.


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When you dey meet people wey you no know for di first time, e go beta say you meet them for public place. E dey important to meet for place wey dey LGBTIQ+ friendly, or wey no dey known to be "unfriendly".
First meet for Public Space Wey Dey Safe
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Water filled garden roller. When empty this can be easily handled and once filled is heavy enough to take the lumps and bumps out of your lawn.
We offer discounts for longer term hires and to long term customers, as well as account terms. For more information please ask in store.
Deliveries within Swindon are £7.50 (ex vat) each way.
For other areas please ask in store
Alternatively you can collect from our Cheney Manor Store


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The Nike Air Max 1 "Safari" stays true to Tinker's 1987 safari-inspired aesthetic, first introduced to the Air Max in 2003 in collaboration with Japanese retailer Atmos. Keeping with the tundra tones found on the original collaboration, the "Safari" icon features heavy, two-toned suede and a retextured toe box that calls to mind the highlight of any safari: beloved big cats. An animal print upper plays against the icy glow-in-the-dark outsole, and the toe swoosh, a special feature of the original "Safari," returns for the retro rendition.
The Nike Air Max 1 'Safari' will be available this Monday March 14th in limited quantities at NRML (184 Rideau).


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CPI (M) might become militaristic with new general secretary
It was reported that the Naxal leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathy, who has a Rs 2.5 crore bounty on his head, was suffering from liver problems and had to be carried around
Following the announcement of Nambala Keshava Rao alias Basavaraju, 61, as the new CPI (Maoist) general secretary, state intelligence officials feel the banned outfit might become more militaristic in the future with the change of guard.
Basavaraju took over from Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathy, 71, according to a statement dated November 10, and released on Wednesday. Sources said that for the past several months, there has been speculation in Bastar and Gadchiroli about Ganpathy's failing health. It was reported that the Naxal leader, who has a Rs 2.5 crore bounty on his head, was suffering from liver problems and had to be carried around.
According to sources from the intelligence department, Basavaraju has served as the chief of the outfit's Central Military Commission (CMC) for over 30 years. He is known for being an expert in explosives and military tactics. The new general secretary, however, has been underground for the last 28 years. Little is known about his past except that he graduated from the Regional Engineering College (REC) in Warangal, now renamed the National Institute of Technology (NIT). In his student days, he was often arrested in Srikakulam for participating in agitations and protests.
An officer said, "Last year, the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army faced a major loss. The Maoists needed a new thought process. Naxalism was under the threat of being wiped out; over 240 Naxals were gunned down in one year. There was huge collateral damage; Naxals have failed tactically too. Now, they've decided to have a neck and neck fight, for which military operations will take place."
Catch up on all the latest Crime, National, International and Hatke news here. Also download the new mid-day Android and iOS apps to get latest updates
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text: Home » Travel Packages Sunday Package at the Inn at Holiday Valley Starting at: $173.00 Sorry but the travel package Sunday Package at the Inn at Holiday Valley may no longer be available (04/23/2019 - 11/03/2019). Please check our other travel packages. Sunday Night lodging plus: • 18 holes of Golf with power cart Sunday Afternoon• 18 holes of golf with power cart Monday• Club Cleaning & Storage • Continental Buffet Breakfast Package Pricing StartingSunday Nights $173 per person double occupancy PRICES QUOTED BASED ON 1 NIGHT/1 DAY GOLF OPTION. Minimum occupancies apply. Single occupancy is available upon request. Add any of these options to customize your golf package just the way you want it:* Dinner at the John Harvards Brew House* Lunch at the John Harvards Brew House* Sky High Adventure Park tickets - Aerial Park, Mountain Coaster and Climbing Forest* Additional round of golf/cart* 1/2 or full day Mountain Bike or Village Cruiser bike rental* Wine and Cheese Platter* Spa treatments at Ellicottville Oasis Spa Categorized in Spring Summer Email this page Travel Guide It's a full 56-page comprehensive guide, highlighting the activities and attractions in our County and it's FREE!! View the visitor's guide online or request that the Enchanted Mountains guide be snail mailed to you for FREE!


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"Sneak" by D.A. Powell
Originally appearing in Flypaper Poetry Issue IX
(the bio below is from poets.org):
D. A. Powell was born in Albany, Georgia, on May 16, 1963. He attended Sonoma State University, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1991, and his master's in 1993. He received his MFA degree from the Iowa Writer's Workshop in 1996.
Powell is the author of the trilogy of books Tea (Wesleyan University Press, 1998), Lunch (Wesleyan University Press, 2000), and Cocktails (Graywolf Press, 2004)—which was nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award. His poetry collection Chronic (Graywolf Press, 2009) received the Kingsley Tufts Award and was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award. His most recent books are Repast: Tea, Lunch, Cocktails (Graywolf Press, 2014) and Useless Landscape, or a Guide for Boys: Poems (Graywolf Press, 2012).
when away he
would call every day
and when he didn't
he was knocking
on someone
else's back gate
oh, but he was hung
like a trojan horse
with no trojan
Leave a Reply.
Sam Herschel Wein- How To Cook Your Family
Marianne Chan- 2 poems
Jason Crawford- PReP
Geramee Hensley- Redundancy Limit
Dustin Pearson- My Brother Outside the House in Hell
DT McCrea- On occasion of my own death
Noor Hindi- Unkept
Linda Dove- Mid-Life with Teeth
Stephen Furlong- I Don't Know About You, but Mostly I Just Want to be Held
Dorothy Chan- Because You Fall Too Fast Too Hard
Kevin Latimer- MIRAGE
Taylor Byas- Rooftop Monologue
Matt Mitchell- FINE LINE TRIPTYCH
Todd Dillard- Will
Heidi Seaborn- Under The Bed
Heather Myers- A Rainbow, Just For A Minute
Donna Vorreyer- In The Encyclopedia of Human Gestures
Conor Bracken- THE WORST THING YOU CAN DO TO A MAN
Ben Purkert- 2 Poems
Emma Bolden- What Women's Work Is
Chelsea Dingman- Lockdown Drill
Raych Jackson- Pantoum for Derrion Albert from the Plank
Elliot Ping- in the eighth grade
Kwame Opoku-Duku-
ii. dance moves
D.A. Powell- Sneak


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Guide to Buying Books Online for the First Time
Buying books from the internet for the first time can both be a daunting and rewarding experience. Will I get the right books? Will they look good? When will they arrive? You will be asking yourself a lot of questions even before you have actually ordered the books. And when you actually get your hands on the books, the feeling can be a bit surreal: the thing that you saw on your computer is now in your hands!
Here are five steps that can make that first experience smoother and with less unpleasant surprises:
1. Search for the Book Title
Go to the websites of credible bookstores online and search for the title of the book that you want to purchase. Among the highly trusted online stores that sell books are Amazon, Barnes and Noble, and Book Depository. A lot of online booksellers also list their products on eBay. When you find the book that you want to buy, read its content summary, the number of pages, the publication date, and its cost. Do not buy the cheapest one right away or close the other browser windows just yet — you will be needing them for comparisons later.
2. Look for the Latest Edition
Make sure what you found is the latest edition of the book. Latest book editions typically have corrections, revisions, and additional content in them that are not to be found in previous editions. Look at the publication date and the author's name. If possible, right-click on the author's name and open it on a new window. The resulting page usually lists the books written by the same author. If the book has a newer edition, it will be listed on that page. You need to do this because there are rare cases when later book editions have different titles. This is especially true with non-fiction books.
3. Read the Book Reviews
If the online bookstore has a reviews section below each book, read the reviews for the book that you want to buy. You can learn a lot from book reviewers about the book. Specifically look for reviews about the print quality, book content, formatting, and font size. If the book is non-fiction, look for reviews about its table of contents and index. After reading the book, you never know when you will want to jump straight back into a specific topic and a good book should be able to provide you excellent navigation guides to review quickly what you have read.
4. Compare the Book Prices
Whether you found out that the book has a newer edition or not, decide which one to buy based on the content summary and the prices listed on the websites of the online bookstores. Newly released books are usually more expensive than the older ones. However, there have been situations where the price gap between older and newer editions is not that much or the latest editions are cheaper because the author or the publishing company really wants their readers and customers to purchase the latest edition of the book because of some important corrections or additional content. But there have also been circumstances where there have been insignificant changes between editions and the older editions are cheaper.
5. Study the Shipping Details
Do you plan to buy only one book or more than one book? The shipping cost will depend on your answer to that question. Online bookstores have different shipping systems put in place. If you want to buy more than one book, some online sellers will send you the books in one package yet there are others that will send them to you in separate shipping. The good news, is trusted online booksellers usually have a dedicated page that tells their customers what shipping options are available to them and how to calculate the total cost for their purchases. Look for that page so you will not be surprised why the online seller charged you beyond the listed book price and shipping (for example, check this page from Amazon). There are also booksellers that offer free shipping, but you will need to find out if they send books in one package or in separate shipping.
We hope you will enjoy your first book purchase online. By following the steps above, we are sure you will be able to keep unexpected surprises at the minimum when you buy your first book or books online and you will be able to order your succeeding books more smoothly. Happy reading!


text: You are here: Home > Cuisine > Indian Veg Recipes > South Indian > South Indian Rasam > Bala Saunf Rasam Bala Saunf Rasamby vsucharitha 17 Aug 2011 add to my cookbook add to shopping list You are not signed in. Please sign in to access your cookbooksExisting members click here to sign inNew visitors click here to sign up Please sign in to create shopping lists! Added to 3 cookbooks This recipe has been viewed 4326 times This rasam is good for body ache and digestion. . It also removes all the bad toxins from the body. Add your private note Bala Saunf Rasam recipe - How to make Bala Saunf Rasam Tags South Indian RasamStomach ache Indigestion Appetite Loss Preparation Time: 5 mins   Cooking Time: 15 mins   Total Time: 20 mins     Makes 2 servings Show me for servings Ingredients 1/4 cup tamarind water2 tsp ghee2 tsp fennel seeds (saunf)1 tsp coriander (dhania) seeds1 whole dry kashmiri red chilli5 to 6 peppercorns (kalimirch)2 pinches asafoetida (hing) a few curry leaves (kadi patta)1/2 tsp turmeric powder (haldi) salt to taste1 tsp mustard seeds ( rai / sarson) Method MethodHeat 1/2 tsp ghee in a kadhai, add the fennel seeds, coriander seeds, red chilli and peppercorns and roast till they turn pink.Cool and blend into a smooth watery paste. Keep aside.Add the turmeric powder and salt to the tamrind water and boil till the raw smell goes away.Add the prepared paste and add water if it is very sour and boil for 2 to 3 minutes.Heat the remaining ghee in a small pan, add the mustard seeds.When the seeds crackle, add the curry leaves and saute for few seconds.Add this tempering to the rasam and mix well.Serve hot. Other Related Recipes This recipe was contributed by vsucharitha on 17 Aug 2011Know more about this member, Click Here


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Could Visiting A Shaman Really Be As Good As 20 Years Of Therapy?
Read the article below or check out the full story here
A session with Gwyneth Paltrow's shaman (who happens to be dating a princess of Norway) is said to be as good as 20 years of therapy – could it be the thing my frazzled millennial brain had been missing?
It's the middle of the afternoon and I'm lying on a massage table in Notting Hill, holding hands with a total stranger. But this is no massage – I'm fully clothed and my eyes are wide open. My fingers and toes are tingling uncontrollably, my breathing has quickened and I can clearly see the face of my late grandmother in front of me. A stranger is giving my body instructions. "Rise, anger, rise," he repeats over and over again, louder and more forcefully. "Load to 10,000. Load to 20,000," he instructs. I feel tears pouring down my cheeks.
If this all sounds a little woo-woo, that's because it is. As a wellness writer, I've enthusiastically dabbled in everything from tarot to reiki but this is hands down one of the most surreal experiences of my life. My session is with Shaman Durek, a sixth-generation shaman who began his training when he was just 11. Today, he works with a roster of high-profile clients like CEOs, royals and Hollywood elite, including Gwyneth Paltrow (naturally). The 44-year-old claims to act as a bridge to the spirit world, communicating with the dead to impart advice and channel healing energy. Durek uses this energy to free his clients of 'blockages', which he says are preventing us from finding success, happiness or love.
Recent events have propelled Shaman Durek, and shamanism, into the mainstream. In May 2019, Princess Märtha Louise of Norway announced on Instagram that she and Durek had begun a relationship. After the social media reveal, the couple announced a tour, titled 'The Shaman and the Princess'. They jet-setted around Europe, charging £115 a ticket for talks on subjects like 'consciousness rising' and 'life tapping'.
What exactly is a shaman? According to shamanism.com, shamanism is an "ancient healing tradition" and "a way of life". Shamans claim to connect to spirits and energies to heal, releasing emotional and energy blocks and breaking down belief systems. For Shaman Durek, it's all about restoring your personal power through healing your ego. "Shamanism is spiritual and mental rejuvenation," he says. "Your physical body is only a small percentage in the big picture of you. Healing can't happen without your spirit, emotions and mind being on board. In shamanism, your ego holds narrative frequencies and this has an effect on your belief systems. Your ego is a spirit that's disembodied and can't find its way to the light; it's talking to you in your head, telling you its story. These are your belief systems, which can affect how you live your life."
During my session, it becomes clear my ego needs some work. Durek says I have some "crazy ridiculous" belief systems going on – something he ascertains by "downloading my files" via tapping the blood vessels in my left arm. I knew shamanism was a whole-body experience but I didn't expect it to be so anatomical. Durek instructs my lumbar, clavicle, sternum, stomach and vaginal canal to "open up" – apparently we all store energy in different places. He says my right hip has been holding pain and fear for years (bizarrely, I've always had problems with that hip, as my physio bills can attest). As Durek "opens my meridians", I feel my body physically buzzing. This is reiki on steroids.
Things really step up a gear when I become aware of a spiritual presence in the room. I was 10 when my maternal grandmother died but have always felt a strong connection to her, increasingly so over the last year. She has appeared to me twice in dreams and just a few days before my session, three lightbulbs randomly blew in my kitchen. Lying on the table mid-session, her face is suddenly etched into my skull and I become aware of Durek addressing "Grandma" in relation to a blocked meridian in my right foot. Afterwards, I ask him if I'd just imagined it and he laughs. "She's been trying to send you messages for a while now," he smiles. "But your ego has been pushing them under the carpet. She's here to help you."
Whether I think I need help or not, I do feel lighter, happier and more at peace after my session. But fast-forward seven days and I'm not so sure I feel any different. Durek claims that one session with him is equivalent to 20 years of therapy. He claims he can 'heal' depression, bipolar and schizophrenia in a matter of hours. But are shamans the life coach of the future, the wellness world's answer to therapy? Tamara Russell, a clinical psychologist and neuroscientist, says the jury's out. "Spiritual healing is notoriously difficult to study as it's not based in mainstream research. However, studies do show that people who have a higher spiritual consciousness have much higher wellbeing and a shamanic session can be extremely therapeutic, if anything," she says.
She does, however, advise caution. "Millennials are fascinated with escapism and exploring this next layer of consciousness, but getting to grips with what's here in this world first is hugely important. If you're into meditation and understand energy healing, you'll be able to meet your shaman emotionally, but if you're a total newbie to healing then you'll just default back afterwards. You can very rapidly alter your state of consciousness but an hour later you're back on the Tube fighting rush hour. Shamanism can also bring up a lot of emotions, which may bring up the need for further therapy," she says.
Russell also touches on price, a contentious issue in the world of energy healing; while Shaman Durek does offer sessions pro-bono and treats any terminally ill clients free of charge, an average session with him can cost anywhere between £700 and £1,000. "A shamanic session in London should cost between £70 to £250 and should always come from a recommendation," she says. "I would be wary of paying more than this. Spiritual teachings should be free to those who need them."
Do I think there's space for shamanism in today's world? I'm not sure. True, the hour I spent with Shaman Durek was hugely restorative and being able to connect with my spirit guides was eye-opening. I think it also took a session with a shaman to hear what I already knew but perhaps didn't want to address: that I need to stop being so competitive and hard on myself, and to nurture my feminine energy. But for £1,000? I think I'd rather treat myself to a year's worth of massages at my local spa. A back rub may not be enough to spark my journey towards spiritual healing, but I'll definitely float out the door with a calmer mind. And who doesn't need that these days?
Spirit Hacking by Shaman Durek will be released on 17th October, priced £14.99


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Chico State men's and women's track and field team has dominated the CCAA conference, and they're looking to do it again in 2016. "We always want to win our conference, that's always a goal of ours," said long distance coach Gary Towne. "Our women have won a number in a row, and our men lost a nail-...
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Review of General Psychology 2005, Vol. 9, No. 2, 103–110
Copyright 2005 by the Educational Publishing Foundation 1089-2680/05/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/1089-26184.108.40.206
What (and Why) Is Positive Psychology?
Shelly L. Gable
University of California, Los Angeles
Jonathan Haidt
University of Virginia
Positive psychology is the study of the conditions and processes that contribute to the flourishing or optimal functioning of people, groups, and institutions. In this brief introduction, the authors give examples of current work in positive psychology and try to explain why the positive psychology movement has grown so quickly in just 5 years. They suggest that it filled a need: It guided researchers to understudied phenomena. The authors close by addressing some criticisms and shortcomings of positive psychology, such as the relative lack of progress in studying positive institutions.
The gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education, or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages; the intel- ligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage; neither our wisdom nor our learning; neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country; it measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worthwhile. (Kennedy, 1968)
Robert F. Kennedy's lament about the gross national product is analogous to positive psy- chology's lament about what might be called the "gross academic product" of psychology. In January 2000, when Seligman and Csikszentmi- halyi edited a special issue of American Psy- chologist devoted to positive psychology, they claimed that psychology was not producing enough "knowledge of what makes life worth living" (p. 5). In the second half of the 20th century, psychology learned much about de- pression, racism, violence, self-esteem manage- ment, irrationality, and growing up under ad- versity but had much less to say about character strengths, virtues, and the conditions that lead to high levels of happiness or civic engagement. In one metaphor, psychology was said to be learn- ing how to bring people up from negative eight to zero but not as good at understanding how people rise from zero to positive eight.
Shelly L. Gable, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles; Jonathan Haidt, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia. Correspondence concerning this article should be ad- dressed to Shelly L. Gable, Psychology Department, Uni- versity of California, 4560 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563. E-mail: email@example.com
In just 5 years since that special issue, quite a bit has happened in what has become known as the positive psychology movement. Many ed- ited volumes and handbooks have been pub- lished (e.g., Aspinwall & Staudinger, 2003; Keyes & Haidt, 2003; Lopez & Snyder, 2003; Peterson & Seligman, 2004; Schmuck & Shel- don, 2001; Snyder & Lopez, 2002). Dozens of conferences have brought researchers together from all over the world. Numerous grants have facilitated the research of young investigators and created collaborations among researchers from many countries. Courses in positive psy- chology are springing up in scores of universi- ties and high schools. Those of us involved in positive psychology are often amazed at how fast the train has been moving. However, scholars who are not involved in positive psychology may be skeptical about both the cargo and the destination of the train. In this introduction, we would like to address those who are doubtful about positive psychol- ogy, or just unfamiliar with it. We relate our view of positive psychology, how we respond to some recent criticisms of the positive psychol- ogy movement, and where we think the field is going. Both of us are experimental social psy- chologists whose work happens to fall within the purview of positive psychology. We also co-run a yearly conference, the Positive Psy- chology Summer Institute, in which 20 graduate students, postdoctoral students, and assistant professors from all over the world and from all of the subfields of psychology are brought to- gether for 6 days to learn from each other and from a handful of more senior researchers. We are excited by the quality of the work we see each summer and by the caliber and diversity of
the scholars who attend the summer institute and participate in other positive psychology ac- tivities. We would like to invite you to consider getting involved too, because if all goes well, positive psychology may not be around for much longer. If the positive psychology move- ment is successful in rebalancing psychology and expanding its gross academic product, it will become obsolete.
What Is (and Was, and Is Not) Positive Psychology?
Positive psychology is the study of the con- ditions and processes that contribute to the flourishing or optimal functioning of people, groups, and institutions. Defined in this way, positive psychology has a long history, dating back to William James's writings on what he termed "healthy mindedness" in 1902, to All- port's interest in positive human characteristics in 1958, to Maslow's advocacy for the study of healthy people in lieu of sick people in 1968, and to Cowan's research on resilience in chil- dren and adolescents (e.g., Cowan, 2000). How- ever, for reasons discussed later, the past half century has seen the study of the psychological aspects of what makes life worth living recede to the background, whereas studies on disorder and damage have taken center stage. The recent positive psychology movement grew out of rec- ognition of this imbalance and a desire to en- courage research in neglected areas. What are some neglected areas? A sampling of the research topics covered by the 60 scholars who have taken part in the Positive Psychology Summer Institute in the past 3 years 1 provides a nice illustration of some of them. Many of the scholars are studying areas that were not truly neglected, such as attachment, optimism, love, emotional intelligence, and intrinsic motivation. But others are studying areas of human experi- ence about which there was very little published research before the year 2000, such as gratitude, forgiveness, awe, inspiration, hope, curiosity, and laughter (there are commonalities between tickle-induced vocalization in rat pups and youthful laughter in humans, highlighting the likely possibility of common underlying neuro- biological systems; Burgdorf, 2001). Some are studying well-being or flourishing in unusual or understudied populations, including Latinos in the United States, South Asians in arranged
marriages, elderly people with cognitive impair- ments, cancer patients, and people with schizo- phrenia (whose daily lives turn out to include about the same balance of positive and negative moments as those of nonschizophrenics; Gard, 2001). Others are studying the psychobiological underpinnings of happiness and morality. Some are studying techniques to improve well-being, such as mindfulness meditation, journal writing, well-being therapy, savoring, and exposure to green spaces. If these research programs seem worthwhile and interesting and you agree that our field is better off with an understanding of flourishing to complement our understanding of despair, then you too may be a positive psychologist. However, positive psychology does not im- ply that the rest of psychology is negative, al- though it is understandable that the name may imply that to some people. In fact, the large majority of the gross academic product of psy- chology is neutral, focusing on neither well- being nor distress. Positive psychology grew largely from the recognition of an imbalance in clinical psychology, in which most research does indeed focus on mental illness. Research- ers in cognitive, developmental, social, and per- sonality psychology may not believe that things are so out of balance. However, even in these fields, we believe that there are many topics that can be said to have two sides, and although a great flurry of research occurs on the negative side, the positive side is left to lie fallow. For example, in the two areas with which we are most familiar, this imbalance is evident. In the field of close relationships, many studies have examined how couples respond to each other's misfortune (e.g., social support) or bad relation- ship behavior (e.g., criticisms and infidelities), but little is known about how couples respond to each other's triumphs (e.g., savoring positive events) or good relationship behavior (e.g., compliments and displays of affection; see Reis & Gable, 2003). And there are volumes of work examining how couples and families resolve conflict but very few studies examining them having fun and laughing together. In the area of morality, there are thousands of published stud- ies on the negative moral emotions, the emo-
1 The first year of the summer institute was run by Dacher Keltner and Lisa Aspinwall.
tions we feel when others do bad things (anger, contempt, and disgust) or when we ourselves do bad things (shame, embarrassment, and guilt); however, there are only a few empirical studies of the positive moral emotions, the emotions we feel when others do good things (gratitude, ad- miration, and moral elevation; see Haidt, 2003). Despite these inequities, positive psycholo- gy's aim is not the denial of the distressing, unpleasant, or negative aspects of life, nor is it an effort to see them through rose-colored glasses. Those who study topics in positive psy- chology fully acknowledge the existence of hu- man suffering, selfishness, dysfunctional family systems, and ineffective institutions. But the aim of positive psychology is to study the other side of the coin—the ways that people feel joy, show altruism, and create healthy families and institutions—thereby addressing the full spec- trum of human experience. Moreover, positive psychology makes the argument that these pos- itive topics of inquiry are important to under- stand in their own right, not solely as buffers against the problems, stressors, and disorders of life (although we believe the evidence is clear that many positive processes shield us from negative outcomes, a point we return to later). Sheldon and King (2001) defined positive psychology as "nothing more than the scientific study of ordinary human strengths and virtues," one that "revisits the average person" (p. 216; italics added). In this definition is the acknowl- edgment that our field as a whole is relatively silent regarding what is typical, because what is typical is positive. Indeed, 9 of 10 Americans report being "very happy" or "pretty happy" (Myers, 2000). And, contrary to the notion that this is unique to American soil, studies have consistently revealed that most people across the globe score well above the neutral point on measures of life satisfaction (Diener & Diener, 1996), and even people who many might as- sume would be very unsatisfied with their lives, such as slum dwellers in Calcutta, are actually quite satisfied with their lives (Biswas-Diener & Diener, 2001). Thus, despite the very real im- pact of the negative aspects of life documented in the past few decades of psychological re- search, most people are doing well, and we, as psychologists, tend to overlook the greater part of human experience and the majority of peo- ple, families, groups, and institutions.
Why a Positive Psychology Movement, and Why Now?
Why do we need a movement in positive psychology? The answer is straightforward. The science of psychology has made great strides in understanding what goes wrong in individuals, families, groups, and institutions, but these ad- vances have come at the cost of understanding what is right with people. For example, clinical psychology has made excellent progress in di- agnosing and treating mental illnesses and per- sonality disorders (e.g., American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Researchers in social psy- chology have conducted groundbreaking stud- ies on the existence of implicit prejudice and negative outcomes associated with low self- esteem (e.g., Josephs, Bosson, & Jacobs, 2003; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997). Health psy- chology has shown us the detrimental effects that environmental stressors have on our phys- iological systems (e.g., Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004). And cognitive psychology has illumi- nated the many biases and errors involved in our judgments (e.g., Gilovich, Vallone, & Tversky, 1985). These are all important findings in our field, but it is harder to locate corresponding work on human strengths and virtues. 2 So why has our field been so much more interested in foibles than in strengths? We see three reasons. The first is compassion. Those who are suffering should be helped before those who are already doing well. We certainly agree with this notion; however, we also think that an understanding of human strengths can actually help prevent or lessen the damage of disease, stress, and disorder. For example, research on coping has demonstrated that appraisals of neg- ative life events that put them into perspective with one's own capabilities for meeting the challenge mediate the actual experience of dis- tress (e.g., Folkman & Lazarus, 1988). And Taylor and colleagues (Taylor, Kemeny, Reed, Bower, & Gruenwald, 2000) have provided per- suasive evidence that beliefs such as optimism and a sense of personal control are protective factors for psychological and physical health.
2 One can point to inspiring work such as the jigsaw classroom of Aronson, Blaney, Stephan, Sikes, and Snapp (1978), which brought out the best in students, but such cases are few and far between.
This evidence, as well as a plethora of findings from other research programs, leads us to be- lieve that a better understanding of the environ- mental conditions and personal strengths that buffer against illness will actually equip us to better help those who are suffering. Furthermore, there is the question of ratio. Even if everyone agrees that we should spend more money and research time on problems and suffering than on health and strength, the ques- tion is, how much more? Five, 10, or 50 times more? If our research "investment portfolio" gets too far out of balance, we are passing up opportunities to make rapid scientific progress with minimal investment. Many of the partici- pants in the Positive Psychology Summer Insti- tute are now leaders in their fields of study despite their young ages, because they have chosen fascinating and important topics that nobody had bothered to invest in before. A second reason for psychology's focus on distress and disease in the past 50 years is pragmatic and historical. After World War II, psychologists found that funding agencies were prioritizing research into mental illness and other problems, and much work could be found helping returning veterans (Seligman, 2002). Moreover, by this time, clinical psychology had come to focus on diagnosis and treatment of disorders, in the fashion of a medical disease model (Maddux, 2002). And, as Keyes and Lopez (2002) have argued, akin to the medical disease model, we have invested greatly in iden- tifying proximal causes of mental illnesses and creating effective therapies for those who are already suffering from disorders, but we have fallen short in identifying distal buffers to men- tal illness, such as personal strengths and social connections and prevention aimed at the larger population. Ironically, then, one cost of focus- ing resources solely on the treatment of those who are already ill may be the prevention of these very same illnesses in those who are not ill through research on the strengths and circum- stances that contribute to resilience and well- ness. And this analysis applies equally well to branches of psychology other than clinical. For example, a focus on prejudice overlooks the process of acceptance, a focus on conflict ig- nores how compromises are forged, and a focus on bias misses the many instances of accuracy and the circumstances that surround it.
The third reason for our field's focus on the negative may very well reside in our own nature and our theories about psychological processes. As Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer, and Vohs (2001) have documented, "Bad is stronger than good." In a review of the literature, they argued that negative events have more impact than positive events and that information about bad things is processed more thoroughly than information about good. For example, there is evidence that automatic vigilance tends to be greater to negative stimuli than to positive stim- uli (e.g., Pratto & John, 1991). There is also evidence that we see negative acts as more diagnostic about someone's inner qualities than positive acts by making internal attributions for the former and external attributions for the latter (e.g., Vonk, 1994). It may be evolutionarily adaptive to recog- nize potential threats more readily than poten- tial rewards. The former may have had imme- diate and irreversible consequences for survival and reproduction, whereas the latter's impact on survival and reproduction may have been more indirect and reversible. For example, Cosmides and Tooby (1992) have demonstrated that peo- ple have a mechanism for the detection of indi- viduals who violate social contracts by benefit- ing themselves without reciprocally contribut- ing to the group (i.e., cheaters), but thus far there is no evidence that we possess a mecha- nism for the detection of the reverse (i.e., altruists). Moreover, a key reason for the primacy of negative information may be that it violates our expectations (Olson, Roese, & Zanna, 1996). Positive events, information, processes, and in- teractions simply occur more frequently than negative ones. For example, one study showed that when asked how often a list of eight pos- itive (e.g., "A friend, romantic partner, or fam- ily member complimented me") and eight neg- ative (e.g., "A friend, family member, or roman- tic partner insulted me") social events had occurred in the past week, participants reported that the negative interactions occurred an aver- age of 5.9 times and the positive interactions occurred an average of 19.0 times. This yielded a ratio of 3.2 positive events for each negative event (Gable, 2000), and the pattern of experi- encing more positive than negative events has been replicated in daily experience studies in-
cluding both social and nonsocial events (e.g., school or work; Gable, Reis, & Elliot, 2000). Thus, negative information, events, and interac- tions become the figure to the positive ground because they are the exception and not the norm. Our bias as humans to more readily perceive and process negative information should not, however, be reflected in the subject matter of our science. Indeed, because positive processes occur more often, their impact on long-term outcomes may be even greater, despite the more subtle impact of any single positive process. As evidence for this claim, we draw your attention to two recent studies on positive emotions, which until recently (e.g., Fredrickson, 1998) have been undertheorized and understudied by emotion researchers. In the first, Harker and Keltner (2001) coded the emotional expressions of women in their college yearbook photos and correlated them with outcomes such as marital satisfaction and psychological well-being 30 years later. Women who expressed more posi- tive emotion in their photos at 22 years of age had significantly more favorable outcomes in their 50s. Similarly, Danner, Snowdon, and Friesen (2001) found that autobiographies of Catholic nuns written in their early 20s pre- dicted survival in old age. Specifically, nuns whose essays contained positive emotional content lived longer than nuns whose essays lacked such content. Astoundingly, there was a 2.5 risk-ratio difference between the lowest and highest quartiles of positive emotional expression! In summary, despite the philosophical, his- torical, and theoretical underpinnings that led to the current imbalance in psychology, we believe that there is little empirical justification for our predominantly negative view of human nature and the human condition. Therefore, it is not surprising to us that what has become known as the positive psychology movement grew so rap- idly from its beginnings (Seligman & Csik- szentmihalyi, 2000). Research on positive psy- chology topics is not new, but the time was right for a correction and an organized positive psy- chology movement. In the past 5 years, many investigators have been getting on the train and discovering that it is taking them to interesting places and new frontiers.
Challenges to Positive Psychology
The positive psychology movement is not without its challengers and critics. Many criti- cisms seem to arise from the assumption that if there is a positive psychology, then the rest of psychology must be negative psychology, and if we need a positive psychology it is because this so-called negative psychology has taught us lit- tle. This interpretation is unfortunate and, more important, untrue, as we hope what we have written here already demonstrates. In fact, it is because psychology (which is mostly neutral, but with more negative than positive topics) has been so extraordinarily successful that the im- balance, the lack of progress on positive topics, has become so glaring. A second criticism is that people who study positive psychology fail to recognize the very real negative sides of life, preferring a Polly- anna view of the world. However, here we echo those who have come before us in articulating the goals of positive psychology. The aim is not to erase or supplant work on pathology, distress, and dysfunction. Rather, the aim is to build up what we know about human resilience, strength, and growth to integrate and complement the existing knowledge base. A related concern is that the movement has cultlike qualities in which people get together to share their Polly- annaism. Here we invite the reader to peruse a list of researchers involved in positive psychol- ogy conferences, meetings, and publications (a comprehensive list can be found at http://www. positivepsychology.org/). This list contains the names of many of the top scholars in each field. Nearly all of us involved in positive psychology research are housed in traditional psychology departments, and we publish in mainstream journals. We do not think of ourselves as rebels, and many of us rarely if ever refer to ourselves as "positive psychologists." We merely find that the positive psychology movement helps us study our topics more effectively. Perhaps some of the most daunting chal- lenges to positive psychology stem from defin- ing what actually is positive and the ambiguous line between describing something as "good" and prescribing it as "good" (Held, 2004). An appropriate analogy can be drawn from medical research showing, for example, that exercise and leafy green vegetables are "good" for us. In the same way, we believe that findings from
positive psychology can and should encourage people to adopt behaviors and mental practices that are "good" for them. However, in medicine, what is good is rather straightforward: living longer, without illness. In psychology, labeling something as positive or good may not be as simple (Held, 2004). Diener and Suh (1997) suggested three bases for what is positive or what is valuable. First, the choices people make are one indication of value. That is, if something is chosen regularly, the chooser probably believes in its value or goodness. Second, people can judge whether or not something is satisfying: whether an object, event, process, or outcome is pleasant. Third, judgments of what is positive or good can be made with reference to some value system or set of cultural norms. Our shared beliefs regarding what is wrong or unacceptable and what is right or acceptable can guide decisions about what aims to pursue. These three criteria sometimes agree and sometimes do not. For example, sex outside the context of a committed relationship may be pleasant and enjoyable but may be un- acceptable in terms of one's religious value system, and one may not choose to engage in it often. Filling up one's gas tank may be chosen often, but it is neither experientially enjoyable nor valued by an environmentally conscious belief system. Reporting for jury duty may be good as defined by civic values, but it may not be pleasant and is rarely chosen freely. Con- versely, the three criteria may also converge, for instance, in playing with one's child. In short, the meaning of what is positive or good is complex and multidimensional, and the study of positive psychological topics requires recognition of this complexity in theories and empirical designs. An excellent example of this complexity unfolding in psychological research is Norem's (2001) work on defensive pessi- mism. There is a great deal of evidence that optimism is associated with good outcomes (e.g., health and well-being) and pessimism is associated with bad outcomes (e.g., Taylor et al., 2000). This may lead to the prescription "Think optimistically and you will do better." However, as suggested by Norem and Chang (2002), people are much more complex, and a "one size fits all" model does not work. Specif- ically, Norem's work shows that for a subgroup of people with a defensive pessimism personal- ity style, there are real costs associated with
positive thinking, and to insist that optimism would be good for them would be a disservice. There are likely to be many other circumstances in which the three criteria of goodness may not converge, or may not converge for everyone. To meet the challenge of complexity, positive psy- chology must move beyond the description of main effects (optimism, humor, forgiveness, and curiosity are good) and begin to look more closely at the complex interactions that are the hallmark of most of psychology, as well as of medicine.
The Future of Positive Psychology: Just Plain Psychology
The final question is, where does psychology go from here? We echo Ryff's (2003) call that positive psychology needs to properly map "the domain of human optimal functioning" (p. 158). The future task of positive psychology is to understand the factors that build strengths, out- line the contexts of resilience, ascertain the role of positive experiences, and delineate the func- tion of positive relationships with others. Posi- tive psychology needs to understand how all of these factors contribute to physical health, sub- jective well-being, functional groups, and flour- ishing institutions. Ultimately, positive psychol- ogy needs to develop effective interventions to increase and sustain these processes. In this way, we see a final criticism of, and direction for, positive psychology. The original "three pillars" of positive psychology (Selig- man, 2002) were positive subjective experience, positive individual characteristics (strengths and virtues), and positive institutions and com- munities. So far, positive psychology has pro- duced a great deal of new research into the first two areas but much less into the third. Early hopes for linking up with a "positive sociology" and a "positive anthropology" have gone largely unfulfilled. If such links cannot be forged in the future, then we hope that positive psychologists will become more daring in their theory and their interventions and will try, in the coming years, to actually improve the func- tioning of schools, workplaces, and even governments. We began this article with a quote from Rob- ert F. Kennedy, who nearly 40 years ago rec- ognized that the gross national product provides a woefully incomplete picture of the value of a
country. It is our contention that the gross aca- demic product of psychology as it exists today provides an incomplete picture of human life. The recent movement in positive psychology strives toward an understanding of the complete human condition, an understanding that recog- nizes human strengths as clearly as it does hu- man frailties and that specifies how the two are linked. Only a balanced, empirically grounded, and theoretically rich view of human experience can fulfill the mission of our field, as outlined in William James's (1890/1950) description of psychology as "the science of mental Life, both of its phenomena and their conditions" (p. 1).
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Received September 25, 2004 Accepted September 28, 2004