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Whether the recitals in an emergency preamble of a statute comply with the requirements of art. 48 of the Amendments of the Massachusetts Constitution, The Referendum, II, is a justiciable question. Per SPALDING, WHITTEMORE, CUTTER, & REARDON, JJ.; KIRK and SPIEGEL, JJ., being of the contrary opinion. [50]
Discussion of emergency preambles of laws in Massachusetts and elsewhere. [50-58]
A long continued legislative practice, although not conclusive, is entitled to be given weight by this court in interpreting relevant provisions of the Massachusetts Constitution. [54]
Reading as a whole St. 1963, c. 506, providing for increases in the salaries and allowances of members of the General Court effective upon its passage, the emergency preamble thereof, reciting that the "deferred operation of this act would tend to defeat its purpose, which is in part to provide forthwith for the payment of increased allowances . . . to members of the General Court, therefore it is hereby declared to be an emergency law, necessary for the immediate preservation of the public convenience," adequately ". . . [sets] forth the facts constituting the emergency" as required by art. 48 of the Amendments of the Massachusetts Constitution, The Referendum, II. Per SPALDING, CUTTER, & REARDON, JJ.; WHITTEMORE, J., dissenting. [58-59, 60-61]
PETITION for a writ of mandamus filed in the Supreme Judicial Court for the county of Suffolk on July 12, 1963.
The case was reserved and reported by Whittemore, J.
Irving Goodman for the petitioners.
Nelson I. Crowther, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, for the respondents.
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CUTTER, J. This is a petition for a writ of mandamus to compel the Secretary of the Commonwealth to provide blanks for subsequent signers on a petition for a referendum upon, and suspension of, St. 1963, c. 506. That statute provided for an increase in salary and expense allowances for members of the General Court. The petitioners also have asked that the Treasurer and Receiver General be restrained from making any payments under the act. The single justice ordered that the blanks be issued without prejudice, denied the prayer for a restraining order, and reserved and reported the case for the consideration of the full court. The question presented is whether the act is an "emergency" measure.
In 1918, the Massachusetts Constitution was amended to provide in art. 48 of the Amendments, The Referendum, I, "No law passed by the general court shall take effect earlier than ninety days after it has become a law, excepting laws declared to be emergency laws and laws which may not be made the subject of a referendum petition, as herein provided." Then follows II (as amended by art. 67), "A law declared to be an emergency law shall contain a preamble setting forth the facts constituting the emergency, and shall contain the statement that such law is necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, safety or convenience. A separate vote, which shall be recorded, shall be taken on the preamble, and unless the preamble is adopted by two-thirds of the members of each House voting thereon, the law shall not be an emergency law. Upon the request of two members of the Senate or of five members of the House of Representatives, the vote on the preamble in such branch shall be taken by call of the years and nays. . . ." (emphasis supplied). Next follows a provision, not now relevant, for a statement by the Governor in declaring an act an emergency measure. The amendment also provides, in III, Sections 3 and 4, for a referendum both on emergency laws and other laws not within the excluded matters. It permits the suspension of the statute pending the outcome of the referendum only if it is not an emergency law.
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Thus, the petitioners are entitled to blanks calling for the suspension of St. 1963, c. 506, if the statute is not an "emergency law."
Statute 1963, c. 506, provides for increased allowances (Sections 5 and 6) [Note 1] and for increased salaries (Section 4) for 1963. It also provides for increased annual compensation (Sections 1 and 3) and increased expense allowances (Section 2) beginning January 1, 1964.
The preamble to St. 1963, c. 506, refers only to the increased allowances (and not to the salary increases). It reads, "Whereas, The deferred operation of this act would tend to defeat its purpose, which is in part to provide forthwith for the payment of increased allowances for expenses, travel, lodging and meals to members of the General Court, therefore it is hereby declared to be an emergency law, necessary for the immediate preservation of the public convenience." The petitioners contend that the preamble is defective for failure to state facts constituting the emergency. The respondents maintain that the preamble is adequate and that the General Court's judgment as to its constitutional sufficiency is conclusive upon this court.
The case presents constitutional questions of importance and difficulty. Our deliberations have resulted in a diversity of views among the six Justices participating in the decision. The Chief Justice, because of illness, was unable to be present at the arguments and has not taken part in the decision.
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1. At the outset, we are met with the question whether there is judicial review of the adequacy of the preamble in c. 506 under art. 48. On this issue, the members of the court are divided.
Mr. Justice Kirk and Mr. Justice Spiegel are of opinion that the recitals in an emergency preamble are left by art. 48 wholly to the Legislature, and present no justiciable question. See Yont v. Secretary of the Commonwealth, 275 Mass. 365, 366; Davison v. Johonnot, 7 Met. 388, 395-396, quoted below, fn. 5.
Mr. Justice Spalding, Mr. Justice Whittemore, Mr. Justice Reardon, and the writer of this opinion hold that whether such a preamble complies with the requirements of art. 48 is a justiciable question and that it is our constitutional duty to pass upon that question, when and if properly raised in the course of litigation by one entitled to raise it. Horton v. Attorney Gen. 269 Mass. 503, 507. See Prescott v. Secretary of the Commonwealth, 299 Mass. 191, 196-197.
Although all the participating judges, except Mr. Justice Whittemore, concur in the result, the reasons hereinafter set forth are those expressed by Mr. Justice Spalding, Mr. Justice Reardon, and the writer of this opinion.
2. The vital question is whether the preamble to c. 506 adequately sets "forth the facts constituting the emergency." In deciding this issue we, of course, must presume that the Legislature intended a statement that would comply with the requirements of art. 48, The Referendum, II. This legislative action is entitled to the same presumption of regularity and validity that is given to the substance of statutes when they are attacked on constitutional grounds. Hall-Omar Baking Co. v. Commissioner of Labor & Indus. 344 Mass. 695, 700, and cases cited.
(a) The Massachusetts constitutional provisions with respect to so called emergency preambles, and the related referendum, differ from those in effect in certain other States. One principal difference is that, in Massachusetts, the justification for legislative action making a statute immediately
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effective may rest upon general aspects of "public convenience" as well as upon more serious situations affecting "the public peace, health [or] safety." [Note 2] The term "emergency," under the Massachusetts constitutional provision, thus has a somewhat artificial and unnatural meaning, for most members of the public probably would not regard the needs of mere "public convenience" as giving rise to a true "emergency." See Prescott v. Secretary of the Commonwealth, 299 Mass. 191, 200, where this general subject is discussed. Cf. e.g. Maine Const. (1955), art. IV, part Third, Sections 16, 17; Ark. Const. Amend. No. 7, Section 1.
In Massachusetts also, unlike the situation in some States, the adoption of an emergency preamble does not prevent the measure to which the preamble is attached from being subject to referendum at the next election. Cf. e.g. Morris v. Goss, 147 Maine, 89, 104, 110; Ohio Const. Art. II, Sections 1c, 1d; State ex rel. Schorr v. Kennedy, 132 Ohio St. 510, 511-512. The principal consequences in Massachusetts of adopting a so called "emergency" preamble are to make the measure effective upon its passage rather than ninety days thereafter, and to prevent the operation of the measure from being suspended until after the next biennial election. We must recognize, in considering our own Constitution, that the position taken by courts in some other States [Note 3]
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in reviewing emergency preambles in part may have been induced by the more rigid constitutional definitions of "emergency" there applicable and, to some extent, by the more significant practical consequences of the adoption of such a preamble.
(b) A determination that a statute should, for reasons of public convenience alone, take effect at once rather than after the lapse of ninety days is so obviously a matter of legislative policy that no court should disregard or question the determination unless, in the manner of its adoption or in substance, there has been plain violation of some constitutional mandate. The discretion involved in determining whether an immediate effective date is "necessary for the immediate preservation of the public . . . convenience" is so broad that any judicial review is inevitably extremely limited. "Public convenience" is a comprehensive term. It would be difficult for a court to say that the Legislature was plainly wrong in deciding to put a statute into effect at once, if reading the statute as a whole brings to mind any substantial basis for believing that the public convenience would be served by having the statute in effect during the ninety days immediately following its passage.
(c) There is no indication that the Constitutional Convention attached any special importance to the words "setting forth the facts constituting the emergency." Nothing in the debates (see fn. 2) suggests that these words were
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given any consideration whatsoever in the discussion of what is now art. 48. All that appears is that the words were in the most detailed original proposal for a very long amendment and were retained.
(d) In the absence of indication that special significance was attached by the Constitutional Convention to the provision for stating the facts, it is apparent that the provision must be construed with reference to the circumstance that "public convenience" will justify the adoption of an emergency preamble. Slight grounds will warrant the Legislature in concluding that public convenience will be served by making the act effective at once. Accordingly, little is needed to satisfy the requirement for a statement of facts.
(e) This view was taken by the first Legislature which had to deal with such preambles. Article 48 of the Amendments became effective shortly after the 1917-1918 Convention. In 1919 the Legislature began to employ, in stating the facts constituting the so called emergency, a recital that deferred operation of the particular act would tend to defeat its purpose. For convenience this general form of statement is hereafter referred to as the standard statement. Such a standard statement was used in that year in a number of statutes. [Note 4] This legislative practice, contemporaneous with the adoption of art. 48, is strong indication that legislators, familiar with what had gone on in the Constitutional Convention, regarded the words, "a preamble setting forth the facts constituting the emergency," as requiring nothing but the minimum standard statement. This
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view may have rested upon the realization that a very slight basis for legislative action is necessary where "public convenience" alone is involved.
Contemporary usage, of course, is not conclusive of correct constitutional interpretation, and even long continued disregard of a clear constitutional provision cannot change its meaning. See Ayer v. Commissioner of Admn. 340 Mass. 586, 595-596; Stockburger v. Jordan, 10 Cal. 2d 636, 648-649. Nevertheless, the long continued practice by another branch of our tripartite government is entitled to very great weight in interpreting what art. 48 requires. See Portland Bank v. Apthorp, 12 Mass. 252, 257; Opinion of the Justices, 126 Mass. 557, 594; Fitzgerald v. Selectmen of Braintree, 296 Mass. 362, 367. We should hesitate at this late date to say that art. 48 compels more. See the statement in 1844 by Dewey, J. in Davison v. Johonnot, 7 Met. 388, 395-396. [Note 5]
(f) The practice which began in 1919 has now become widely accepted. Today many preambles set forth no other basis, or little more basis, for the emergency than the standard statement, augmented frequently by a paraphrase or summary of the statutory purpose. See e.g. St. 1963, cc. 71, 128, 141, 161, 188, 219, 239, 247, 258, 259, 290. Accordingly, we must recognize (1) that a decision that this preamble is insufficient will run counter to at least a frequent legislative practice of over forty years, and (2) that we may create doubts [Note 6] as to the validity of many comparable emergency
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preambles adopted over the period since 1919. Possible practical consequences of a decision that the standard preamble is inadequate should not lead us to acquiesce in a substantive violation of art. 48, but we also should not overemphasize deficiencies of form if the substance of the reasons which led to making the statute effective at once are reasonably apparent from reading the preamble with the statute as a whole.
3. For over a decade after art. 48 became effective, no court decision dealt with the problem directly. The first case to discuss the matter was in 1931, when in Yont v. Secretary of the Commonwealth, 275 Mass. 365, 366, the court considered very briefly an emergency preamble, which contained the standard statement. Chief Justice Rugg, after quoting the standard statement language, said, "By virtue of this preamble, the act became effective forthwith." This sentence was not necessary to the decision, because the measure then under consideration was within the "excluded matters" described in The Referendum, III, Section 2, of art. 48. The case may have been taken, however, as giving sanction to the standard statement form of preamble. [Note 7]
In Opinion of the Justices, 286 Mass. 611, 614, 623, this court considered 1934 Senate Bill No. 317, entitled, "An Act further regulating the use of traps and other devices for the capture of fur-bearing animals and providing for local option thereon." A proposed emergency preamble contained little more than the standard statement. At page 623, the Justices said, "The emergency preamble of the proposed bill sets forth facts constituting the emergency to be that the deferred operation of the act would `in part defeat its purpose to terminate without further delay the uncertainty which has attended its subject matter' and declares that it is `necessary for the immediate preservation of the public convenience.'" This preamble says little, if anything,
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more than the preamble in the present case, although from it one may infer that there had been some troublesome uncertainty which would continue unless the measure should become effective immediately.
In three other cases, the court, without any discussion of the problem, assumed that acts with very brief emergency preambles took effect upon their enactment. See O'Donnell v. Registrar of Motor Vehicles, 283 Mass. 375, 378 ("deferred operation . . . would, in part, defeat its purpose," see St. 1928, c. 344), Pittsley v. David, 298 Mass. 552, 554 ("would cause substantial inconvenience," see St. 1936, c. 49), and McNear v. Director of the Div. of Employment Security, 327 Mass. 717, 721 ("Necessary readjustments . . . have been too long delayed and the deferred operation . . . would further delay," St. 1947, c. 440). The opinions do not set out the preambles and do not suggest that the problem, now under discussion, was considered.
Two cases deal directly with the sufficiency of emergency preambles or declarations. Prescott v. Secretary of the Commonwealth, 299 Mass. 191. Russell v. Treasurer & Recr. Gen. 331 Mass. 501, 503-504. In each case the emergency provision was held adequate.
The Prescott case discussed the effectiveness of the Governor's declaration [Note 8] that "delayed operation . . . will result in inconvenience to the public and to . . . officials . . . who in . . . framing . . . their annual budgets must be certain as to the financial requirements for each budget item involving public expenditures for governmental activities" (p. 195). Although it deemed the recital adequate to state
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an emergency, the court said (p. 202), as to the provision in art. 48 calling for a statement of facts, "It may well be that failure to comply with this requirement would render a statement ineffective . . .. No such case is presented. One purpose, at least, of this requirement is to place on record the grounds of the Governor's action for the information of the citizens to whom he is answerable. . . . It may . . . have some tendency to show an intention that his action shall be subject to judicial review . . . on the face of his statement. And, so far as judicial review may be had, the facts set forth exclude from consideration, as justifying the Governor's action, any emergency other than that upon which he relies as constituted by those facts." The court then (p. 203) assumed that the Governor's action was "subject to judicial review with respect to the sufficiency of the facts set forth by him," and said that his action in declaring the emergency "cannot be held invalid unless, giving effect to every presumption in its favor, it is wholly without support in the facts set forth." The court, in determining (pp. 203-204) whether the facts recited revealed an emergency of public convenience, looked beyond the recitals to the substance of the statute, and also took notice of other laws to see how municipal and town finances would be affected by the statutory changes for which the act provided.
In the Russell case, 331 Mass. 501, the court held adequate a recital (p. 503) that "deferred operation of this act would tend to defeat its purpose," which was "to alleviate the severe shortage of rental housing . . . which shortage has caued a serious emergency detrimental to the public peace, health, safety and convenience . . .." The court said (pp. 503-504): "Although, technically, it is the purpose of the act which is stated as a fact, the statement amounts to a declaration that there is a severe shortage of rental housing . . . which has caused a serious emergency and that the purpose of the act is to alleviate this shortage." Despite the statement in the preamble that there was a housing shortage, the court looked also (p. 504) to Section 1 of the statute, which recited facts concerning the shortage.
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There is thus no instance in which a Massachusetts emergency preamble or declaration has been declared inadequate. In several decisions very brief preambles of the type before us have been assumed to be adequate. In the Prescott case and in the Opinion of the Justices ( 286 Mass. 611, 614, 623) vague preambles were regarded as sufficient, although resort to other statutes was necessary to explain the conclusions of fact expressed in the preambles. Our decisions provide no clear standard for determining whether a preamble is inadequate. With recognition that there is little in our cases to guide us, we consider what is essentially the standard statement in St. 1963, c. 506, viz. that delayed operation will tend to defeat the statutory purpose, augmented by a summary of the relevant purpose, "which is in part to provide forthwith for . . . increased allowances for expenses, travel, lodging and meals to members of the General Court." We must determine whether that augmented standard statement is sufficient in itself as a reason for advancing the measure's effective date or sufficiently refers to, or incorporates by reference, any legislative determinations of fact apparent from examining the statute as a whole.
4. We consider the augmented standard statement to be a conclusion of fact, viz. that a ninety day delay in the measure's effective date would tend to defeat that part of its purpose which was to provide "forthwith" a new scale of allowances. This statement is true for obviously the new scale of allowances could be paid "forthwith" only if the measure should become effective at once. The statement also designated and referred to the particular portion of the measure which gave rise to the adoption of the preamble.
Implicit in the enactment of c. 506 was a legislative finding that the old scale of allowances was insufficient and that a higher scale was proper. The adoption of the emergency preamble and the enactment of Section 7 (making Sections 4, 5, and 6 effective upon the passage of the act, see fn. 1, supra) implied that the Legislature found it to be in the public interest and for the public convenience to have the new scale of
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allowances take effect at once. The substance of these implied findings might have been set out directly in the preamble in such form as, "The Legislature concludes that the present scale of allowances for expenses, travel, lodging, and meals to members of the General Court is inadequate and that a higher scale is proper now and should be paid forthwith." It would probably not be contended that such a sentence was insufficient under art. 48. Certainly, we could not say that such a statement had no conceivable foundation in fact, having in mind the rising trend in recent years of costs of board, lodging, and travel, nor could it be said that there was plainly no ground for the legislative conclusion that public convenience would be served by having the new scale go into effect at once. The matter would be within the area of policy judgment in which the Legislature is responsible not to the courts but to the people, who can express their judgment at the next election.
An express statement, such as has been outlined above, of course, would be an appropriate and literal compliance with art. 48. The augmented standard statement found in c. 506, however, says substantially the same thing by implication, by referring to the statutory purpose and to the act itself. When the preamble and the body of c. 506 are read together, it is apparent that the Legislature concluded that a new scale of allowances was required at once and that, if the objective of paying the new scale forthwith was to be achieved, the act must become effective at once.
The issue really comes down to a question of form as against substance. We are not prepared to hold that art. 48 requires a statement in the preamble, in precise verbiage, of what the preamble, read with the act and in the light of its purpose, necessarily imports. Such a construction of the language of art. 48 is not required by anything in its origin or history. It would not be in conformity with the reasonably consistent practice of a cordinate branch of State government for nearly half a century. It would place undue weight on form alone. For all the reasons discussed above, we hold that the augmented standard statement in the preamble satisfies art. 48.
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We have given consideration to the decisions in other States (see fn. 3, supra). Many of them relate to constitutional provisions somewhat different from art. 48, in one respect or another. They give a more rigid interpretation of the requirement to state the facts constituting the emergency than we think is proper in the light of the history of art. 48 and the legislative practice and court decisions since 1919.
As stated above, Mr. Justice Kirk and Mr. Justice Spiegel concur in the result.
The emergency preamble of St. 1963, c. 506, is sufficient, so that the statute was effective forthwith. An order is to enter directing the Secretary of the Commonwealth to take no further steps for the referendum on the statute as a non-emergency measure.
So ordered.
WHITTEMORE, J. (dissenting) I am unable to find in the preamble to St. 1963, c. 506, any statement "setting forth the facts constituting the emergency" as the Constitution requires. Nor, as I read it, is there any such statement in the body of the statute which provides, in part, for payments of increased allowances in the 1963 session. An implication that supporting facts underlie the statute does not appear to me to be enough.
The facts that probably constituted the emergency of public convenience and that led to the enactment of St. 1963, c. 506, with its emergency preamble, come to mind when the statute is read. They include the general increase in the cost of board, room, and travel and the burden of long legislative sessions. These facts are not stated, however, as of course they could have been. Indeed, if the preamble in c. 506 were to be held inadequate, such facts could be stated in legislation to be enacted, which, I think, could serve to confirm the payments made under c. 506, and those to be made in the period until the referendum.
I read the Prescott case, 299 Mass. 191, 202, as construing a statute with an express recital in the preamble, the Russell case, 331 Mass. 501, 503-504, as construing a statute
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with such a recital in the preamble and in the body of the statute, and the Yont case, 275 Mass. 365, 366, as speaking of a statute with an express recital of an emergency fact in the title adequately incorporated in the preamble by reference.
Long continued legislative practice certainly reinforces the solemn obligation that exists in every case in which an act of a cordinate branch of the government is put in issue, that is, to indulge every presumption in support of the validity of the act. Notwithstanding my recognition of this obligation and my regard for the views of my colleagues, I am unable to conclude that the preamble to St. 1963, c. 506, is constitutionally adequate.
[Note 1] Section 5 provides that, in addition to the expense allowance under G. L. c. 3, Section 9B, as inserted by St. 1953, c. 263, Section 1 ($400 per year, payable $50 on the first day of each session and $50 on the first day of each following month), each member of the General Court shall for 1963 receive for expenses $200, payable $25 on the first day of each month and the balance, if any, on the last day of the session. Section 6 provides for "the balance of" 1963, increases in the other allowances under c. 3, Section 9B, as follows: (1) for members living less than forty miles from the State House (a) for travel, an increase from seven cents a mile to eight cents a mile; (b) for attendance, an increase from $4.50 to $7 per day; (2) for those living forty miles or more from the State House who do not elect allowances at the increased rates already mentioned, an increase in the allowance for a weekly round trip from seven to eight cents a mile and in the allowances for room and board from $9.50 to $15. These allowances are payable on weekly vouchers. Section 7 provided that Sections 1, 2, and 3 should become effective on January 1, 1964, and that Sections 4, 5, and 6 should become effective on the passage of the act.
[Note 2] In Bulletin No. 6, The Initiative and Referendum, prepared by the Commission to Compile Information and Data for the Use of the Constitutional Convention, Bulletins, 1917-1918 Convention, vol. 1, 183, 203-205, there was discussion of "emergency" requirements in the referendum provisions of other States, and it was said, "The definition of `emergency measures' which has found widest acceptance is: `measures immediately necessary for the preservation of the public peace, health, or safety.'" This, of course, is a much more strict requirement than the "public convenience" standard of art. 48. The term "public convenience" was included in the "emergency" section of the first proposal for an initiative and referendum amendment submitted to the convention. See Convention Doc. No. 7, p. 5. That section was not altered in respects here material by the report of the committee on initiative and referendum. See Convention Doc. No. 335, dated July 23, 1917. There was only casual and uninformative discussion of the emergency section on the convention floor. See Debates, Const. Conv. 1917-1918, vol. 2, pp. 4, 497-498, 509-510, 783-784, 902-903, 948-949.
[Note 3] In two States, Arkansas and Maine, where the Constitution does not regard "public convenience" as a basis for an emergency preamble, it has been held necessary to state the facts constituting the emergency. See Jumper v. McCollum, 179 Ark. 837, 839-840; Gentry v. Harrison, 194 Ark. 916, 920-922; Fulkerson v. Refunding Bd. 201 Ark. 957, 961-962; Mann v. Lowry, 227 Ark. 1132, 1139-1140; Payne v. Graham, 118 Maine, 251, 256. A very brief statement suffices. Morris v. Goss, 147 Maine, 89. Opinion of the Justices, 153 Maine, 469, 474. See also Maine Employment Sec. Commn. v. Charest, 158 Maine, 43, 50. California seems also to reach a similar result. Stockburger v. Jordan, 10 Cal. 2d 636, 642-643. Davis v. County of Los Angeles, 12 Cal. 2d 412, 418-423. Hollister v. Kingsbury, 129 Cal. App. 420, 422-425. Behneman v. Alameda-Contra Costa Transit Dist. 182 Cal. App. 2d 687, 690-692. The latest case in Ohio, dealing with an ordinance, appears consistent with the Maine cases. Youngstown v. Aiello, 156 Ohio St. 32, 36-37, but see State ex rel. Schorr v. Kennedy, 132 Ohio St. 510, 512-514. See Graham v. Dye, 308 Ill. 283, 286-291. In Greenberg v. Lee, 196 Ore. 157, 161-162, 182-186, a somewhat meager emergency preamble in an ordinance was sustained under a statutory provision requiring that the municipal legislative body "specify with distinctness the facts and reasons constituting such emergency," but the court stated that a conclusion of fact was at least required. Cf. Hill v. Taylor, 264 Ky. 708, 716-718. Cases on the general subject are discussed in annotations, 7 A. L. R. 519; 110 A. L. R. 1435.
[Note 4] For statutes in which there was no amplification of the standard statement, see St. 1919, cc. 13, 55, 119, 125, 270, 273, 295, 322, 324, 332, 359; Sp. St. 1919, cc. 244, 245. For statutes repeating to some extent the purpose of the act in the preamble and indicating some urgency in accomplishing that purpose, see St. 1919, cc. 120, 138, 139, 151, 164, 190, 283, 316, 342. For preambles that also state an underlying fact, discernible in the body of the statute, see St. 1919, c. 61 ("There is need of a law authorizing . . . memorials . . . [to servicemen])"; c. 126 ("It is fitting that a day should be set apart to celebrate the home-coming of . . . [servicemen])." For preambles that recited a fact not readily apparent in the body of the act, see St. 1919, c. 257 ("present scarcity of houses and buildings"); Sp. St. 1919, c. 246 ("The quarters provided for by this act are needed at once"). For a statute strikingly similar in substance and form to St. 1963, c. 506, see St. 1919, c. 273, "An Act to regulate the mileage allowance of members and certain employees of the general court," where the standard statement was used.
[Note 5] ". . . [W]e have an uninterrupted course of legislation of a similar character, for the period of sixty four years that have elapsed since the adoption of the constitution which is supposed by the demandant to contain provisions controlling and restraining such exercise of legislative power. It has been again and again said by this court . . . that the construction of the constitution, given by the legislature by a long continued course of legislative acts, ought to have great weight in the consideration of a question like the present; and is not to be overruled unless manifestly erroneous. The vast amount of property, now held under titles derived from similar legislative acts, should lead us to proceed most cautiously in the investigation of this subject, and to deal with it in a liberal spirit, when called upon judicially to declare that this course of legislation conflicts with the constitution, and that all . . . acts of this character are of no validity."
[Note 6] In view of the result which we reach, we do not need to determine whether such doubts as may exist could be removed by ratifying legislation, nor need we consider whether it is open to litigants to question the sufficiency of an emergency preamble as to which no referendum under art. 48 has been sought within the ninety day period.
[Note 7] The title and the substance of St. 1931, c. 122, considered in the Yont case, showed that it was designed to accelerate highway construction "in order to alleviate the present unemployment emergency." Those who join in this statement of reasons think the Yont case decided no more than that the bill was within the excluded matters. See the Yont case, at p. 366.
[Note 8] Article 48, The Referendum, II, provides that the Governor may cause a law to "take effect without suspension, or if such law has been . . . suspended [cause] such suspension . . . [to] terminate" by filing with the Secretary of State a statement of the emergency and "setting forth the facts constituting the emergency." Such statements by the Governor (see e.g. St. 1956, cc. 556, 705, 718; St. 1958, cc. 557, 606; St. 1962, cc. 429, 598; St. 1963, cc. 62, 377, 395, 525, 564, 665, 749, 821) have on occasion set out with greater particularity (than in most legislative emergency preambles) the facts constituting the emergency which is being declared. It may be that this desirable practice has been based not upon any sense of constitutional necessity but in the belief that, where the Legislature has not attached an emergency preamble, the Governor should explain why he, acting alone, has declared an emergency.


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By DAVID GUNTER
Feature correspondent
SANDPOINT Well, its about time. After five years of making history, making a name for themselves and when schedules allowed making fine music, the Powell brothers finally got around to making a CD.
The siblings, Tony and Dave, perform under the name, The ToneDevil Brothers. Its both a nod to the line of harp guitars they build in Sandpoint, as well as a savvy bit of marketing for the instruments themselves.
Their timing could not be better.
In 2012, the brothers were first out of the gate to take a contemporary, production line approach to building the hybrid stringed affair, which merges the body of a 6-string guitar with the bass strings of a harp to create the closest thing to an orchestra that you can fit in a case. Having planted that standard, they went on to become active spokespeople for what now is a burgeoning community of builders worldwide.
In 2014, they hosted the annual Harp Guitar Gathering in Coeur dAlene, attracting the largest turnout of international players and builders in the events history.
This year promises even greater achievements, as the brothers roll out their new recording on the heels of major production contracts in both the U.S. and China. Their first visit to the latter nation, in fact, was the impetus for completing the CD.
We got the album done one week before we left for China, said Tony.
That was our deadline to get it finished, Dave said.
The China opportunity fell into place after the main player in a partnership there who, according to the Powells, also happens to be the largest guitar dealer in that country became interested in the ToneDevil harp guitars as a possible addition to his line. When the partners later traveled to the U.S. for a West Coast tour of potential builders, they kicked the trip off at the ToneDevil shop.
By the time the Chinese businessmen left Sandpoint, an agreement was taking shape that will, no doubt, completely alter the brothers timeline for achieving wider notoriety.
I never dreamed this kind of opportunity would come this fast, Dave said, adding that the Chinese market is stacked with the kind of musicians who are most likely to find the harp guitar a natural progression for their playing style a fingerpicking technique commonly known as finger style guitar.
Over here, finger style is sort of nerdy and geeky, he said. Over there, its huge. The market is amazing. Theres four times the population that we have in the U.S. and four times the number of finger style guitar players.
Fortunately for us, theyre taking the harp guitar seriously, as well.
When ToneDevil guitars were first coming off the workbench in Sandpoint, the instrument was still in the early stages of a players renaissance, despite getting a temporary bump in the mid-1980s by virtuoso instrumentalist Michael Hedges.
Eight years ago, if you wanted a harp guitar, youd have to find somebody crazy enough to build it for you, Tony said.
Within a few years, the Powells proved themselves both crazy and prescient, establishing ToneDevil as the first production line company to build harp guitars in the century that had passed since the instrument had its heyday. That would have been around the turn of the 20th Century, when builders such as Dyer, Knutsen and Gibson were hustling to keep up with demand.
Now its ToneDevils turn to fill that role, as the musician-builders ship off finished instruments almost as quickly as theyre polished, strung up and put in a box.
For Chinese players, the local company will offer two options an artist series of instruments made by the brothers in Sandpoint, and a lower-priced student model built under their direction by a factory in China. Initially, they questioned whether having a Chinese-made instrument was a good plan, wondering if quality would be up to their standards. Their recent trip to the factory there removed all misgivings.
We played a prototype and I said, Wow this sounds like one of our guitars, Tony shared.
Not long before the opportunity abroad happened, ToneDevil was selected by the biggest online and retail store guitar company in the U.S. to deliver harp guitars for sale on the Musicians Friend website and in the companys chain of Guitar Center stores. The original deal was for about one instrument a month a pace that already has doubled, based on consumer interest.
The same can be said for the companys overall output, which is twice what it was only a year ago.
We used to do about 25 harp guitars a year, Dave said, adding that ToneDevil hit a milestone this year with its hundredth guitar build. Now weve got this thing humming to the point where were stringing one up every week.
And with a total revamping of the shop floor and production area in process the Powell brothers do tend to pile big projects on all at once they expect to double production again by next year.
Just as the trip to China to finalize a production deal was the driver for wrapping up the recording process, being ready for customer reaction to that agreement has them rushing to conclude the remodel and put their improvements to the test.
The goal now is to finish this up and get back to manufacturing so we can keep up with demand, Tony said.
Future trips to China to monitor production there and promote higher-end artist series harp guitars already are in the planning stages. Domestically, the Powells will be hitting the road for a series of concerts and showcases at guitar dealers, where those attending can hear the harp guitar and try it out afterward. The new CD, too, will be available at those shows, placing the harp guitar bug a little deeper into the ear of those who take it home.
Its a company promotional tool as much as it is a new album for us, said Tony.
The recording, which puts harp guitar, mandolin and the brothers vocals at the front of the mix, also features the work of fiddlers Avery Anderson, Arvid Lundin and Andrew Wilson, as well as an epic, basso profundo turn by Sandpoints own Leon Atkinson on the song Sixteen Tons.
For more information on the local company, to hear clips from the new CD or watch videos of the harp guitar being played, visit online at: www.tonedevilguitars.com
Source link

subset: commoncrawl


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How to Do Things with Organs: Moving Parts in The Duchess of Malfi
This article analyzes the agency of mobile organs and parts in John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi. While criticism on the individuated part in the play has primarily focused on Ferdinand's blazonic renderings of the Duchess's body, I argue that the Duchess reappropriates her brother's language and develops what I refer to as a rhetoric of intercorporeal exchange. For the Duchess, the exchange of unruly parts — organs and spirits that leave one body to enter another — has desirable rather than disastrous effects, allowing her to merge metaphysically with Antonio. In its allusions to Neoplatonism and theories of hidden sympathies, the play, I argue, dramatizes a conception of humoral subjectivity that was inextricably linked to the exchange of itinerant and invasive parts.
Contributors to Early Theatre retain full copyright to their content. All published authors are required to grant a limited exclusive license to the journal. According to the terms of this license, authors agree that for one year following publication in Early Theatre, they will not publish their submission elsewhere in the same form, in any language, without the consent of the journal, and without acknowledgment of its initial publication in the journal thereafter.


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from Learning Zone Xpress
Getting children to eat can be a constant battle for some parents, while other parents may be restricting foods to thwart weight gain. In Kids and Family Food Issues, child feeding expert Dr. Katja Rowell presents six segments that address issues that families with young children may be facing and offers practical solutions to make meals a pleasant experience for both parents and children. Segment topics include:
DVD with closed captions. (29 min.) Downloadable teaching materials included.


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Currently, one of the most popular massage techniques, especially by the ladies, is the anti-cellulite massage. It acts primarily on the third layer of the skin - the hypodermis that lies beneath the epidermis and the dermis and consists of fat cells. With age, irrational nutrition, hormonal or genetic conditioning, the fat cells in the hypodermic layer can clump into "islets" and form cellulite.
The purpose of anti-cellulite massage is to act on cellulite by "crushing" it and helping to drain and remove it quickly.
The energetic and rapid techniques used in this type of massage help physiological sculpting of the treated area and restore the tone, elasticity, softness and smoothness of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue.
An important rule is that the cellulite should be processed in a timely and correct manner, otherwise it can spread to other body parts. The anti-cellulite massage is suitable for both soft and hard and swollen cellulite, where special techniques are applied.
{jcomments on}


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Spicy Asian Bourbon Chicken Dinner Recipe
Spicy Asian Bourbon Chicken Dinner Recipe | Throw away all your take out menus! This delicious saucy Spice Asian Bourbon Chicken Dinner Recipe is better then take out and less expensive. With big chunks of chicken and with sauce ingredients like brown sugar, apple cider vinegar, soy sauce and bourbon you know you have the beginnings of a great dinner recipe!
Every Asian Dinner needs a great rice dish. Better then take out this Quick and Easy Skillet Fried Rice is the perfect hearty side dish. Why go out when you can have the best fried rice at home! Click here for the recipe—->>>>QUICK AND EASY SKILLET FRIED RICE
If spice isn't your thing or you're severing kids, the solution is easy. Simply omit the chili paste. Your sauce will still be delicious! When going out to dinner my number one choice is always Asian Cuisine but by the end of the day the last thing I want to do is get ready to go somewhere. The solution? Make this Spicy Asian Bourbon Chicken Dinner Recipe on the weekend and freeze it for later in the week or month!
Spicy Asian Bourbon Chicken Dinner Recipe
For the Chicken
- 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
- 2 pounds boneless, skinless chicken breasts, cubed into 1-inch pieces
For the Spicy Bourbon Sauce
- 1 cup water
- 1 cup light brown sugar, packed
- 1/4 cup apple cider vinegar
- 2/3 cup soy sauce
- 1/4 cup bourbon
- 3 cloves, garlic, minced
- 1 tablespoon chopped ginger
- 1 teaspoon chili paste
For the Slurry
- 1/4 cup apple juice
- 2 tablespoons cornstarch
In a large skillet heat oil; add chicken and cook until brown. Remove chicken from skillet into a bowl. In the same skillet add the water, sugar, vinegar, soy sauce, bourbon, garlic, ginger and chili paste. Whisk together, scraping up the brown bits from the chicken. Add the chicken back into the skillet with the sauce. Bring the mixture to a boil, reduce heat and simmer for 20 to 25 minutes. In a small jar add the cornstarch and apple juice. shake to mix. Pour over chicken and sauce. Boil until thick. Serve with rice.
Nutrition Information
Amount Per Serving Calories 0Total Fat 0gSaturated Fat 0gCholesterol 0mgSodium 0mgFiber 0gSugar 0gProtein 0g
Sign up for my newsletter and receive my recipes in your inbox. Easy to see anytime and saved for safe keeping. Click Here and sign up today! —->>>>CURTAIN CALL NEWSLETTER


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Toraja Heritage Hotel
The Toraja Heritage Hotel was our home during our stay in Tana Toraja. Located somewhat outside of Rantepau, it was architectually well adapted to Toraja culture. Our suite made up an entire replica of a Tongkonan house with lovely attention to detail. The hotel was woefully underutilized due to the dearth of tourists visiting Tana Toraja these days (the number dropped from 35,000 per year before the Bali bombings to about 7,000 currently) - we never saw more than 10 parties at breakfast or dinner and the hotel could have accomodated at least a factor of 5 more guests.Read More


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Call us on +44(0) 191 490 4312
GB GERION® VTS 75W-90 FS is a premium synthetic axle oil, manufactured using the highest quality synthetic base oils and advanced additive systems, for use in axles with hypoid gears in heavy duty vehicles requiring an API GL-5 level of performance. This fuel-efficient lubricant has excellent extreme pressure properties imparting reliable gear protection, even during severe operating conditions. Suitable for use in the axles of off-highway equipment in construction, mining and agriculture, this product meets the requirements of Volvo Construction Equipment GO 101.
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© Goodall, Bates & Todd Limited 2020
Website by Clear


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NEW YORK – If North Korea abandons its nuclear weapons, credit belongs to President Donald Trump for his aggressive rhetoric and increased sanctions — and a similar policy would defang Iran, a senior Israeli minister said.
Intelligence Minister Yisrael Katz said Iran is even more vulnerable to such pressure than North Korea because it doesn't yet have nuclear weapons, while its people are less cowed by their leaders and wouldn't passively accept tighter economic sanctions.
"If it happens in North Korea, it's proof that this way works and will work with Iran," Katz said in an interview in New York. "Whether through fixing the nuclear agreement or nixing it, such a policy could even lead to the fall of the regime. Now is the time to be very tough against Iran."
Israel has been seeking support amid growing tensions with Iran that have raised concerns about a direct military conflict between the countries in Syria. Israeli leaders have lobbied against Trump's proposal to pull U.S. troops out of Syria, and sought to persuade Russia not to send state-of-the-art air defenses there. Iran has been backing President Bashar al-Assad and the Shiite group Hezbollah, a longtime Israeli enemy, in the Syrian civil war.
Katz, 62, a member of Israel's security cabinet who promotes himself as a potential successor to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, was critical of French President Emmanuel Macron for his attempt last week to persuade Trump to stay in the Iran nuclear deal.
"Macron made a big mistake. He should have gone to Iran to persuade Iran to change, not to Trump," he said.
Macron and other European leaders have been promising add-ons to the accord that will address U.S. concerns about issues including Iran's ballistic missile program and its regional interventions. Trump is threatening to pull out of the deal May 12 if those fixes can't be agreed.
While many analysts — including within Israel's own security establishment — say such a step will turn a spurned Iran into a dangerous foe, and send a message to North Korea that it can't count on the U.S. to keep its word, Katz sees things differently. He argued that Iran's government is weak and its economy deeply troubled, giving it few options if the U.S. were to ratchet up pressure.
"Iranians aren't willing to go hungry like North Koreans," he said.
Earlier this month Israel carried out a predawn airstrike said to have killed several Iranians at a military base in Syria. Katz described such action as "backing a red line," and said Israel will keep Iran and Hezbollah away from its borders. He said Russia, Iran's ally in Syria, is aware of Israeli concerns.
He called Russian President Vladimir Putin "very smart," and said he doubted Russia would follow through with delivery of S-300 missile-defense systems to Syria, which Israel has strongly opposed.


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Personal Injury Attorney Provides New Year's Safety TipsFiled under Car Accident
Personal injury attorneys, like Paul Padda, want Las Vegas locals and visitors to have a safe New Year's Eve. It's estimated that around 300,000 people descend on Las Vegas to celebrate the New Year annually. It's the party capital of the world, but with the wild, raging fun also comes a whole range of risks and dangers, from traffic accidents to crime and other dangers.
It's important to keep your wits about you and stay safe. If you're thinking about taking a Las Vegas vacation this year to ring in 2017, follow these important safety tips to ensure you have a rollicking good time, and get home safe and sound, and when a Las Vegas personal injury attorney can help.
Know the Plan
Certain streets on New Year's Eve, especially those along the Las Vegas Strip, close down for the celebration. These streets form relatively safe walking paths for pedestrians but can pose a pain for drivers. Knowing where you can walk and where you can drive is an important safety tip.
Use the Buddy System
It's a dangerous world we live in, and in times of joy and festivity, it can be easy to forget that not everyone out there has the best intentions. It only takes one bad decision to end up in a tragic situation. That being said, stay with other people at all times. Alcohol and hedonism lead to poor decisions and tragic outcomes. Don't walk around alone—stay in a group wherever you go.
Practice Defensive Driving
If you're going to be driving around Las Vegas, stay on the defensive. Make sure you leave plenty of room between you and the vehicles around you so that you can make snap decisions and have time to stop or maneuver around unexpected obstacles. If you can, avoid driving after dark and after the party starts. Keep your car at a reasonable speed and obey all posted signs and detours.
Avoid Distracted Driving
Did you know that distracted driving is every bit as dangerous, statistically speaking, as driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs? It's true, and we're seeing more and more accidents from distracted drivers every year.
For the most part, this means put your cell phone down. If you can, download an app that will put your phone into "driving mode," and stop you from texting or looking at your device. Otherwise, just put the cellphone away. Your calls and texts can wait a few minutes!
Don't Drive Under the Influence
Drunk driving is an epidemic, and few people set out to do it. If you find yourself saying "I'm fine!" while other people are asking you if you're sure you're okay, it might be a good idea to turn over the keys. Alcohol-related accidents reach unconscionably high levels at New Year's Eve, and you can help keep those numbers down by not getting behind the wheel if you've had a drink.
Las Vegas Personal Injury Attorney
Of course, no matter how safe you are, other people make bad decisions that lead to unfortunate consequences. If you get hurt in an accident caused by another person this year, consider calling the services of a Las Vegas personal injury attorney. Call the offices of Paul Padda Law for a case evaluation today.


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Bamboo Style
Mark Hutchison
08 9337 4000
08 9337 4500
0438 733 313
20 Hines Road
O'Connor WA 6163
There are over 600 different types of bamboo and its been used for centuries for everything from fans to furniture. The plant itself is actually a grass, but even though it's not a tree, Bamboo is fast becoming the world's most popular alternative to conventional hardwood.
Bamboo flooring has been used internationally for years, and although it's a relatively new product here in WA, it's quickly making a big impression in the marketplace.
It first hit our shores when local company, Bamboo Style, went in search of a more durable timber flooring for heavy-duty areas. What they came back with was a good-looking, hard wearing, durable alternative to timber - Bamboo.
It competes easily with a timber floor in the looks department, and because of its strength and durability it will stay looking beautiful longer, making it ideal for high traffic and even commercial areas.
The boards themselves are three-ply cross-laminated strips of bamboo that end up 15mm thick, which is thicker than your average timber board. That way, they'll won't bend or buckle like a timber board can. And because Bamboo doesn't react to water the same way as timber, it's far more resilient to changes in temperature and moisture.
But the very best feature of Bamboo flooring, I think, is that not only does it look absolutely fantastic, it arrives at your door completely pre-finished. Its already been sanded, given three coats of polyurethane and UV cured so, essentially, all the hard work is already done, which means that installation is extra quick and extra clean.
The floor uses a straightforward tongue and groove system, and it can be floated, nailed or glued on almost any surface. There's no dust and no nasty fumes and you can walk on the floor within 24 hours.
The flooring costs around $125 per square metre, fully installed and Bamboo Style's highly skilled installation team is made up of cabinet -makers and expert woodworkers, which means that you can have your floor installed by real timber craftsmen.
The cost of a Bamboo floor is pretty much on a par with solid timber flooring, but remember you won't have to fork out extra for sanding, sealing or any further installation costs. You can install bamboo flooring yourself and it will save you some money, but having it installed professionally means that not only will you get a more professional finish, you'll also have the job done more quickly. So, there'll be less disruption of your lifestyle, and just imagine the lifestyle you could have on a floor like this.
Bamboo flooring is available in as range of blonde and coffee tones, with a gloss or matt finish. You can make an appointment to see Bamboo flooring up close, by calling Bamboo Style on 9337 4000 or on 1800 Bamboo. Or for more information just follow the links from the Home in WA website.


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- Search for JobsSearch for Jobs
- Browse for JobsBrowse for Jobs
- Create a ResumeCreate a Resume
- Company DirectoryCompany Directory
1+ months
Cloud Infrastructure Performance Manager
Meridian, ID 83642
Description The Cloud Infrastructure Performance Manager is responsible for managing and tracking all performance metrics associated with the cloud infrastructure portfolio of products. Identify metrics, implement process to collect data points trend, and provide recommendations on opportunities for improvement.. Responsibilities + Develop and maintain a portfolio cloud infrastructure performance metrics tactical plan and revise quarterly + Implement and track multi-facetted performance measures and refine to drive business outcomes + Establish baselines measure and targets for performance. + Collect and gather the data manually or leveraging system automation capabilities. Drive towards automation. + Identify areas of improvement and coordinate with cloud infrastructure teams to drive change + Research and Identify industry trends and provide recommendations + Familiar with Balanced Scorecard, OKRs measures and outcomes + Demonstrates knowledge of ITSM/operational, financial, Agile, and/or quality standards + Educate and partner with stakeholders to continuously improve cloud infrastructure outcomes + Develop/maintain weekly activity plan and build monthly performance dashboard + Partner with broader Humana metrics/analytics teams on best practice development/adoption Required Qualifications + Bachelor's degree in Business, Information Technology or a related field + 4+ years of demonstrated experience in operational, project or enterprise performance management/monitoring + Demonstrated experience in technical product selection, technical design and practical implementation of IT solutions + Must be passionate about contributing to an organization focused on continuously improving consumer experiences Preferred Qualifications + Master's Degree in Business Administration + Six Sigma and/or Project Management Institute certification + Experience in the health solutions industry Additional Information #cloud Scheduled Weekly Hours 40 About Us Mission: At Humana, our cultural foundation is aligned to helping members achieve their best health by delivering personalized, simplified, whole-person healthcare experiences. Recognizing healthcare needs continue to evolve for each person, for each family and for each community, Humana continuously creates innovative solutions and resources that help people live their healthiest lives on their terms when and where they need it. Our employees are at the heart of making this happen and thats why we are dedicated to building an organization of dynamic talent whose experience and passion center on putting the customer first. Equal Opportunity Employer It is our policy to recruit, hire, train, and promote people without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, disability, or veteran status, except where age, sex, or physical status is a bona fide occupational qualification. View the EEO is the Law poster. If you are an individual with a disability and require a reasonable accommodation to complete any part of the application process, or are limited in the ability or unable to access or use this online application process and need an alternative method for applying, you may contact firstname.lastname@example.com for assistance. Humana Safety and Security Humana will never ask, nor require a candidate provide money for work equipment and network access during the application process. If you become aware of any instances where you as a candidate are asked to provide information and do not believe it is a legitimate request from Humana or affiliate, please contact email@example.com to validate the request. California Residents If you are a California resident and would like to review our California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Policy click here: CA Resident Privacy Policy <>
Posted: 2020-09-25 Expires: 2020-11-25
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73 New Broadway, London, W5 5AL.
Kavah is an internet café which serves food and drinks to customers using the computers. Kavah is based in New Broadway, London - see map for location of New Broadway.
Telephone: 020 88403131
Kavah are listed in the internet cafe section here:
There are no reviews for this listing yet. Why not be the first person to write a review?
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Kavah is in New Broadway, London. You can view a list of neighbouring businesses by going to the New Broadway page.
If you would like a list of other internet cafes office & administration listings throughout London, please visit the section of this website.
This map shows the approximate location of Kavah in New Broadway.
Note: the pin is positioned at the postcode centre, and may not correspond with the precise location of 73 New Broadway.


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Interdisciplinary Approaches to Product Design, Innovation, & Branding in International Marketing Vol: 23
List price $174.99 Add to basket Recommend to Library
Product Details
- Format:
- Hardback
- 9781781900161
- Published:
- 05 Sep 2012
- Publisher:
- Emerald Group Publishing Limited
- Dimensions:
- 350 pages - 156 x 234 x 25mm
- Series:
- Advances in International Marketing
Interdisciplinary approaches are critical to solve the interesting problems of the day. Branding, product design, and innovation are topics that have not been covered in the series so far but have been gaining attention. In all three cases, there is significant research and practitioner interest. This volume seeks to capture and synthesize the cutting-edge knowledge in the area of branding, product design, innovation, and strategic thought in international marketing. This volume was conceived from a conference held at The College of William & Mary where speakers from many fields - including business, arts, architecture, industrial design, and engineering - were invited to share their methods, findings and insights. The interdisciplinary nature of the conference and this subsequent volume serve to help us gain an appreciation for alternative perspectives while also facilitating cross-disciplinary research in these important areas.
List of Contributors. About the contributors. Introduction. Building Market-Based Assets in a Globally Competitive Market: A Longitudinal Study of Automotive Brands. Transferring Corporate Brand Image to Local Markets: Governance Decisions for Market Entry and Global Branding Strategy. The Impact of Luxury Brand-Retailer Co-Branding Strategy on Consumers' Evaluation of Luxury Brand Image: The Case of Taiwan. How Should a Global Brand Manager Respond to an Ambiguous Product Harm Crisis?. Design in the Experience Economy: Using Emotional Design for Service Innovation. Crowdsourcing for Goodness Sake: Impact of Incentive Preference on Contribution Behavior for Social Innovation. Reestablishing Styling as a Prime Interest for the Management of Design. Leadership Development by Design. Designing Empowerment – Design Thinking for Social Impact. Improving Collaborative Concept Evaluation Using Concept Aspect Profile. Patent Rights: When Patent Protection May Either Encourage or Discourage Innovation. Modeling the Impact of Commitment–Trust on Cooperation and Performance: The Specific Case of Exporter and Intermediaries Relationships. The Value Flame at the Base of the Pyramid (VFBOP): Identifying and Creating a Valuable Market. The Movement of Meaning Across Cultures: A Conceptual Model for Understanding Cross-Cultural Consumption. Born Globals: How are they Different?. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Product Design, Innovation, & Branding in International Marketing. Advances in international marketing. Advances in international marketing. Copyright page.
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Dante Cairoli, chartered accountant and auditor, practices in tax, accounting and company law advising to commercial and industrial companies, and he is also focused on extraordinary transactions for private equity.
He graduated in Business Administration, at the Università degli Studi - Bicocca, in Milan, and he is registered since 2014 with the Milan Association of Chartered Accountants and with the Register of Auditors.
In 2014 he attended an advanced course in tax law to Euroconference-Optime school.
He is fluent in Italian and English.


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- Post Type:
- When: 11/21/2018
- QIC: Medicine Woman
- FNG's:
- PAX: Montross, Yoda, Sunshine, Nature Boy, 4-Leaf, Bedpan, Hacksaw, Donut(FNG), Oompa Loompa, Medicine Woman
Oh crap…….cause ShortSale just called me out on missing back blasts. So here it is.
Prison Break had some out of town visitors this fine morning. Good to finally meet 4-Leaf. Montross has been hard at it in the EH department. We welcomed Donut. 4 ran and 6 toured the park ruck style.
Prayer requests lifted and YHC took us out.


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Xpeng Motors G3 Opens Intelligent Cruise Assist
The move marks the beginning of the L2-class era of smart driving for Xpeng G3.
Xpeng Motors announced the official release of the Xmart OS 1.4 OTA update to G3 users in batches on June 12. The upgraded G3 (smart sharing version and premium sharing version) will open the ICA intelligent cruise assist function, marking Xpeng G3 officially enters the L2 level era in the field of intelligent driving.
At the same time, the OTA upgrade added a new violation inquiry function, and optimized parking start prompt, AI voice assistant, intelligent navigation, novice guidance services. Xmart OS 1.3 and above can be directly upgraded to 1.4; Xmart OS 1.2.1 and above shall be upgraded to version 1.3 first; The Xmart OS 1.2.1 versions will be completed together with the free upgrade.
ICA system can be activated in ACC and when the vehicle speed is more than 60km/h. Based on such hardware as forwarding camera, millimetre wave radars, ultrasonic radar and body cameras, ICA continuously monitors the position of lane markers, and actively controls the steering wheel to assist the driver to keep the vehicle in the middle of the lane.
This function is suitable for closed and unobstructed expressway and other scenarios and supports unilateral lane line identification.
In addition, Xpeng Motors also announced a formal partnership with Huami technology on its second model P7. P7 is a smart electric coupe with Internet gene. Xpeng said that P7 has four bright spots in intelligence. Integration of perception ability, can predict the needs of users and conduct natural communication with them; The Internet of everything capability can provide intelligent life services of the whole scene; The ability to evolve continuously to achieve continuous upgrades in functionality and performance throughout the life cycle.
Xpeng official said that the P7 booking channel has been opened, and users can book and obtain a number of exclusive rights through the company official website, Tmall flagship store, official account and APP. The new car will go on sale in 2019 and start delivery in the second quarter of 2020.
Founded in 2014, Xpeng Motors is officially committed to creating a better travel life for its users through intelligent manufacturing and independent research and development. The company claims to be China's leading designer and manufacturer of smart electric vehicles and a technology company that combines cutting-edge Internet and artificial intelligence innovations.
Audi to Debut Three New EVs at the 2020 Beijing Auto Show
Ant Group's Crossroads: Opportunities and Threats for the Digital Giant [1/2]
Shanghai Gigafactory to Help Tesla Reach 500,000 Vehicles Target
Geely: Attractive Product Mix Captures New Trends – Initiate with Buy


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Marvel's The Avengers grossed $5.69 million on Monday to lead the daily box office for an 18th consecutive day. Disney's blockbuster superhero film fell 66 percent from Sunday and just 28 percent from last Monday. The marketplace in general received an added boost on Monday from the Victoria Day holiday in Canada. Yesterday saw The Avengers overtake the all-time unadjusted lifetime gross of 1977's Star Wars to move into fifth place on the all-time unadjusted domestic chart. The Avengers has grossed $463.35 million in 18 days and in the coming days is set to zoom past the unadjusted lifetime gross of 1999's The Phantom Menace to move into fourth place on the all-time chart.
Universal's Battleship placed in second with $2.36 million. On the heels of a disappointing start this past weekend, the expensive adaptation of the Hasbro board game was down 66 percent from Sunday. That represented one of the day's poorer daily holds among wide releases, as the film clearly didn't receive as much of a boost from Victoria Day as most other wide releases in the marketplace did yesterday. Battleship has grossed a very disappointing $27.896 million in four days of release. That places the film 18 percent ahead of the pace of 2006's Poseidon and 15 percent behind the pace of this year's John Carter.
The Dictator held up quite nicely as it fell just 57 percent from Sunday to remain in third place with $2.16 million. Paramount's R-rated comedy starring Sacha Baron Cohen started off slowly last Wednesday, but has continued to display solid holding power since Friday. However, whether or not the film can continue to stabilize going forward still remains to be seen. The Dictator has grossed $26.63 million in six days, placing it 34 percent behind the pace of 2008's Tropic Thunder.
Fellow new wide release What to Expect When You're Expecting rounded out the day's top five with $1.14 million. The ensemble romantic comedy featuring Cameron Diaz and Jennifer Lopez fell a very solid 56 percent from Sunday, but is still performing softer than expected on the heels of this past weekend's lackluster start. With a four-day take of $11.69 million, What to Expect When You're Expecting is running 10 percent behind the pace of 2010's The Back-up Plan.
Fox Searchlight's The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel experienced one of the day's stronger daily holds, as it was down just 48 percent from Sunday. Currently playing in a modest 354 locations, The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel placed in sixth among all films yesterday with a daily take of $0.522 million. The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel has grossed $8.75 million in 18 days of limited release and is set to expand into wide release on Friday.


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Often times in order to get approved for a high risk merchant account to accept credit cards, businesses are required to establish a reserve account. Discover what reserve account is and how to get the best possible rates and terms for your business. High risk payment processing doesn't have to be expensive and daunting – let Bankcard Brokers […]
Category Archives: Videos
Shopping cart abandonment was a $4 Trillion dollar problem for eCommerce business owners last year. Learn 3 simple fixes that will reduce your shopping cart abandonment by 54% or more! Need a dependable and affordable merchant account to accept credit cards online? Get a quote today!
Ever wonder how to securely accept credit cards online? Learn about what a secure gateway is and how it protects not only your customers but your business. Whether your business is considered to be a high risk merchant or low Bankcard Brokers has the dependable merchant account you need and the free secure gateway […]
Learn about how to sell gift cards to increase your sales and profits while streamlining your business. Gift cards can be the single most effective and affordable marketing tool in your business arsenal. Bankcard Brokers makes selling and accepting gift cards easy – give us a call today!
Learn how easy Bankcard Brokers can make it to accept credit cards online. Whether you are a high risk merchant or low we have the stable merchant account solution that your business has been looking for. GET STARTED TODAY! and get your free secure gateway!
Understanding what the true cost to accept credit card is can be a tricky game. Most merchant services sales people don't even understand it so how can you? Let Bankcard Brokers make it easy.
In Part 2 of our video series we look at the various billing methods that merchant account providers use to hide rates and fees, appear competitive, and maximize their profits. This will help you understand the cost of your credit card processing and help you to negotiate a good deal.
All too often Merchant Account rates are designed to confuse. Learn how to understand the true cost of your merchant services and how to make sure you are getting a good deal!
Understanding what the value of a Basis Point is will help you to understand the true cost of your merchant account. So, What is a Basis Point?
Tiered Pricing is the most common pricing model for merchant accounts but is it the most cost effective way to pay for your merchant account rates? Learn what is tiered pricing and whether or not there is a better way to reduce the cost of your credit card processing.
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Economic Commentary
The volatility we have been experiencing since mid-August is a result of the confluence of a market waiting for a reason to correct, substantial negative information coming out of China, and seasonal low trading volume. We have been in a strong bull market domestically, especially in the world of growth oriented companies. Although we have had some small corrections along the way, all bull markets require a periodic reprieve. This causes some short-term discomfort and low statement numbers, but ultimately we believe this will allow volatility to normalize and overall investor confidence to improve, creating a stable foundation on which to move forward.
The majority of the recent turbulence in the market has been a result of over China's growth (or lack thereof). As China continues to slow, there is uncertainty over what effect this will have on the global economy given its somewhat fragile state. We believe that this concern could be less of an issue than the markets are making it out to be, and that perhaps this is a scapegoat for a market that needs a reason to catch its breath and re-focus.
Domestically, we are showing signs of continued strength and moderate growth. The Commerce Department revised second quarter GDP from 3.7% to 3.9% on an improvement in retail sales1. Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 173,000 in August, trimming the unemployment rate to 5.1%2. We believe that that if we continue to see numbers like this, combined with the tailwinds of a fairly robust housing market and low energy costs, our domestic strength could be just what we need to offset the effects of a slowing China.
We have been enjoying a steady bull market (domestically) for some time now with very few disruptions along the way. As investors we understand that markets progress, and all progressions involve corrections. As long as we are sitting on an economically solid foundation, we haven't yet seen the stereotypical signs of a market peak, and there is no "Black Swan" in our midst, these temporary setbacks are healthy. This doesn't mean that they are easy by any stretch, just that they are a normal part of a healthy market.
We anticipate that this will give investors the needed opportunity to evaluate the situation, take a deep breath, and regain their confidence. We don't expect that this will happen overnight, and until then we will most likely experience a continuation of the recent volatility. As your investment managers we are using this time to critically examine all of our investment positions, take tax losses to offset existing gains, and take advantage of opportunity in undervalued, oversold securities so that we too have a better foundation on which to move forward.
1 Commerce Department
2 Bureau of Labor Statistics
Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network did not assist in the preparation of this report, and its accuracy and completeness are not guaranteed. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network or its affiliates. The material has been prepared or is distributed solely for information purposes and is not a solicitation or an offer to buy any security or instrument or to participate in any trading strategy. Additional information is available upon request.


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Chris Lovis our long-standing Head Professional. He offers first-class PGA tuition for beginners and experienced players of all ages and all standards.
Chris has been at Seaford for 18 years, the last ten as Head Professional.
Chris is enjoys teaching the game of golf and has built a reputation as one of the best coaches in Sussex.
Chris prides himself on offering the best possible deals through his shop. He also runs the driving range and academy holes on behalf of the club. Both facilities being open to non-members.
Contact Chris Lovis on 01323 894 160
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Coaster-lovers, you're next thrill is around the bend.
National Roller Coaster Day is Thursday, Aug. 16, and what better way to celebrate than with a visit to Six Flags Magic Mountain. With a record 19 coasters, it's no surprise the Valencia amusement park claims the title "thrill capital of the world."
Here is a list of some of its notables:
Gold Rusher, the runaway mine train, has been in operation since 1971. It hasn't changed much. Cars climb two hills and, as they drop, wind across the terrain to a 540-degree corkscrew finale before pulling into the station.
Newest (also the longest)
Twisted Colossus opened in 2015. A steel re-track of the old Colossus wooden coaster, the hybrid wood-steel coaster boasts dueling trains and adrenaline-pumping features such as a "Top Gun" stall (an inversion where the train slows while upside down), lots of airtime and a 116-foot 80-degree drop. As if that weren't enough, it's the longest coaster in the park with 5,000 feet of track.
Tallest and fastest
Superman: Escape from Krypton, formerly known as Superman: The Ride, launches backward-facing riders up the 415-foot 90-degree tower at speeds of more than 100 miles an hour. After a few seconds at the top, they plummet back down to the station.
Related: At 17 stories, CraZanity at Six Flags Magic Mountain is now world's tallest, fastest pendulum ride
The steel coaster Full Throttle currently holds the world record for the tallest loop at 160 feet. Viper, meanwhile, has the most upside-down moments with seven inversions.
Other notables?
Goliath has an opening drop of 255 feet. The New Revolution was the first coaster to incorporate virtual reality. At 156 feet and 67 miles an hour, Riddler's Revenge set the world record as the tallest and fastest stand-up coaster when it opened in 1998. Tatsu raised the bar as the tallest and fastest flying coaster when it opened in 2006. The structure stands 170 feet tall and moves at speeds of up to 62 miles per hour. X2 is the world's first fifth dimension coaster with 360-degree rotating seats, head-first face-down drops and extra-sensory effects, including fire, fog, and loud music. Scream is Southern California's first floorless coaster.


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The first edition of the Ibero-American Animation Quirino Awards now have a definitive date: April 6-8, 2018. The location, which has been previously announced, is the Spanish Canary island of Tenerife, which is itself a bustling spot of animation growth.
As we wrote a few months ago, the Quirinos are the first initiative to recognize the talent across the entire Ibero-American animation industry. (Ibero-America is the geographic description of Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries in Central and South America, as well as the countries of Spain, Portugal, and Andorra.)
The goals of the event are multifold, but one of its key aims is to develop stronger ties between the Ibero-American animation industries on both sides of the Atlantic. To that end, the Quirinos will be comprised of both an awards ceremony (taking place on April 7) as well as a professional multi-day forum starting on April 6 that will bring together artists and producers from all of the participating countries.