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Hard money lending is probably by favorite way to make passive income, if you do it right. Hard money lenders are also called private money lenders. As a real estate agent, I first heard about hard money through real estate investing classes about rehabbing properties. Since rehabber usually can't get loans to flip properties, they find private lenders to fund the costs of acquisition and repairs.
What is hard money (or private money) lending?
Hard money lending is basically private financing for a real estate asset. First, it is difficult for rehabbers to get a regular loan because flipping properties in a short time frame is a risky investment. Institutional lenders (e.g., your bank) does not want this type of risk, so they won't loan on these types of properties. Second, experienced rehabbers may already have several properties in their name. Typically, if you own more than 4 properties, the lender also views YOU as a risky investment since you may be over-leveraged with too many loans.
So in order to get financing to flip a property, rehabbers turn to private money. Often times, hard money lenders are actually former rehabbers who made a lot of money, and aren't doing the hard work of actually flipping properties anymore, but just providing the financing behind it. It's a great deal for them because they know the business and whether or not a deal is risky or not, and they can make a great return without all of the work.
What are the benefits of hard money?
The main benefit of hard money is the passive income and interest rate. In my area, hard money is typically 1-3 points and around a 10-13% interest rate. So for example, if a rehabber comes to ask you for a $100,000 loan, a hard money lender would charge them 1-3 points = $1000-3000 up front when they buy the property and then continually get a check for 10-13% annual interest every month until the property is sold or refinanced.
Another benefit is that you are still owed the interest until the property sells. While out investments are typically for a 6 month period, I once had a rehabber that couldn't get the property sold for another 4 months, so I got 4 extra months of interest!
You also aren't subject to the stock market or what is happening around the world. Even if the market tanked today, we would still be getting the 10-13% interest. I like it because it truly is a set it and forget it type of investment. The checks come in like clockwork every month.
What is the risk of being a hard money lender?
The biggest risk is that the rehabber makes a mistake in their numbers and the property doesn't sell and the rehabber can't pay you back. For example, let's say the rehabber buys a house at $150,000 anticipating about $30,000 in repairs and then selling it for $250,000. You fund the $150,000 for the acquisition of the property. The only way you get all of the money back is if he sells the property for $250,000. But there are things that can go wrong:
- Due to unforeseen repairs, the cost of repairs could go from $30,000 to $60,000.
- He made a mistake in the after repair value and the property is only work $200,000.
Suddenly, there isn't enough money to pay you back. Then, you are in the same position as the banks during the housing crisis. You either have to foreclose on the property or agree to a short sale.
This is why it is VERY important to look at all of the numbers. Often times, "great deals" really aren't that great. It takes an experienced person in real estate to understand when to say no, and they are probably saying no more often than yes!
Our Experience with Hard Money Lending
Even though I'm a real estate agent, I wanted to be as hands off as I could with hard money lending. I didn't want to be the one vetting the deals or looking up the after repair value. So instead, I partnered with a seasoned hard money lender. They basically vet all of the deals and use my money for the transaction. They get the upfront points (the 1-3 points at closing) and I get the 13% return.
My husband and I both interviewed the lender to make sure we were both comfortable with them. Once we vetted them, we also started off with a smaller amount to lend (around $20,000) first to see how they worked. Once we got more comfortable we increasing the funds that we were putting in.
To date, we've worked with 3 hard money lenders, but we have most our money with one lender that we've worked with for about 3 years now. He pays on-time, every month. What I really like about him though, is that he won't put our money into a deal if he doesn't feel the margins are good. We've actually had him turn down our money!


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I have only run a few times in this shoe to break them in and they have been great! I am very particular about buying shoes without trying them on but these were great and I can't wait to run more miles in them.
I run around 20-30 miles a week on multiple surfaces including road and trails. This product runs small so I recommend going a size up from your usual. This product has great cushioning! It feels like you're running on a cloud. There is very little impact on your feet. Great product would recommend to others!
Ive had these for a little while now and I like how light and comfortable they are. Im not crazy about the wear thats already showing on the sole. I feel like these are wearing out too fast. Im a bigger guy so that might be a factor but I have had other shoes that I have beaten harder than these and didnt start wearing as fast as these seem like they are. All and all these are comfortable and fit true to size. Not super expensive so you might do better with them than I do.
Great for track or long distance races
I need a shoe with more cushioning but is still lightweight. This is the perfect balance of both. It's really versatile -- I use it for track work or long distance races. This is my go-to shoe right now.
Shoes are great. I have a fairly narrow foot and this shoe fits well without having to be tied super tight.

subset: commoncrawl


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Keynote Spotlight - Anisha Raghavan
Anisha Raghavan is a data-driven Senior Marketing Executive at Rodan + Fields with a passion for disruptive media.
How do you unplug?
Very good question. I get frequent massages, take walks along the Embarcadero, and watch the Bachelor.
What hidden talents do you have?
I used to be a professional dancer. I can still (mostly) do the splits.
What is the biggest challenge facing marketers today?
Fragmentation of both the marketer's role and how skills sets are developed, as well as fragmentation of consumer buying behavior. Secondly, the juxtaposition between the advancement of digital marketing capability and the tightening of data privacy laws.
Who are your top rockstars in Digital?
1. Geoff Seeley, Global CMO at Afterplay
2. Musa Tariq, Head of Marketing at Airbnb
3. Deborah Yeh, CMO at Sephora
What do you wish you'd known 10 years ago? (If you could ask yourself)
I wish I had more insight into how dramatically the consumer tech industry would change marketing careers. Ten years ago I was just graduating business school and marketers were coached that CPG was the ultimate place to go for training, so that's where I went. I didn't even consider marketing for a startup, or tech, or anything else really. I wouldn't change my path as I loved my time in CPG and still believe it is an amazing training ground, but it's more important than ever to get a variety of industries, company life stages, and business models under your belt early in your career as marketers need to have built-in flexibility in their thinking to succeed.
Who else should we interview?
Bindu Shah in NYC (CMO of Tory Burch)


text: Photomat Posted June 11, 2019 When I shuffle all songs everything goes fine until I hit a song with the last search term in it. Then it starts shuffling the previous search term only not all songs. It's very annoying and I'm wondering if there is a fix Quote Mention Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Versatile organic cotton slip dress with contrasting straps. Well fitted scoop neckline. Basic piece for your capsule wardrobe. Style with t-shirt or roll-neck jumper in cold weather. Suitable as nightwear. Made from GOTS certified fabric.
Composition: 95% GOTS cotton 5% elastane
Made in Slovakia
Fits true to size
Mid-weight stretchy fabric
Model is 180cm wearing size S-M


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Tuesday, November 23, 2010
Happy birthday Boris Karloff
Happy birthday to horror icon and legend William Henry Pratt a/k/a Boris Karloff (1887-1969)!
What can be said about this man that hasn't already been said? Check out the official website or his work and say thanks for all the wonderful memories he gave us!
Posted by Johnny Thunder at 9:33 AM
Labels: Horror birthday
2 comments:
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The Moffitt Biomedical Library invites you to visit our library and meet our friendly staff and to explore our electronic resources and services.
Who we serve:
Open to the clinicians, researchers, nurses, staff, students, and faculty of the Moffitt Cancer Center, the Biomedical Library is open Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. and is online 24/7.
- provides 24/7 online & offsite access to library resources
- receives 20,000+ patron inquiries annually
What we do:
The Biomedical Library serves as a partner, collaborator, and advocate for their patrons, providing assistance and services like:
- 6,000+ article requests via Interlibrary Loan annually
- 100+ education training sessions each year (EndNote, CINAHL, PubMed, Literature Searching, & more!)
- Coordinates & assists with Literature Searches, Systematic Reviews, and research topics.
- Provides access to the latest research technology & electronic resources.
Where we are:
The Biomedical Library is located on the First Floor of the Moffitt Research Center:
- 4 Computer Workstations
- 4 round tables
- Network Copier/Fax/Printer
- Power Ports for laptops
- EndNote x8 & research software on every device
- Quiet Study Space
How to Contact Us:
Have a question? Need a librarian? Want to leave a comment?
- email library "at" moffitt.org
- Call us at 745-7295
- Use the Moffitt Service Portal


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The goal of this lab is to showcase the new management GUI for the Hitachi Vantara enterprise storage system.
- The first page features a dashboard that nicely shows the the status of the storage systems in the enterprise.
- A second page contains two modes of operation for provisioning: basic and advanced. Using basic mode, one can provision with very little skill required. The tool does all the heavy lifting and follows established best practices.
- Expert mode gives the storage admin additional options, allowing you to apply your own enterprise policies in provisioning.


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Our high quality bare board and components assembly prototyping services speed up development time of the customer. Our QTAT (Quick Turn-Around Time) Service for a variety of product lines, reduce the time between the receipt of manufacturing data and the product delivery.
We provide a wide range of reliability evaluations tailored to varied customer needs and requests.


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In this collection of lessons students will explore daily life in Cuzco while learning basic grammar structures and vocabulary. Other than provide survival tips and background information, these lessons will promote interculturality.
Interculturality is defined as, "the interaction of people from different cultures, and the understanding of another culture so that the language used is appropriate to the context and audience." Previous approaches to teaching culture involved the study of products, practices, and perspectives of a target group of people or target culture. Interculturality focuses not on the "what" but on the "how." Students need to know not only content but also be able to relate this content to how people feel, think, and react.


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Los Angeles and Orange County are very diverse, with large populations of Asian/Pacific Islander Americans. Though API communities and organizations may be hard to locate in the LA/Orange County area, they are treasured entities that organize and sponsor many well-received and much-anticipated events. The area itself has much to offer in the way of venues for such events, and the wide base of APIs in the area provides much potential for their success. The LA/Orange County API scene may not be as visible as that in the Bay area, but our goal here is to help change that and publicize these organizations and their events so they will garner more support and visibility.
Joy's side note:
For some reason, LA/Orange County doesn't seem to have API communities as vibrant or as visible as in the bay area, despite being every bit as diverse. Perhaps it's because, unlike the bay, SoCal was not a major point of entry for immigrants during the early part of the century. We didn't have an Angel Island, so the immigrants here often don't go as far back generation-wise. I could be completely off, but the general feeling I got growing up here was that we're still in the middle of exploring and establishing our identities. Plus, it's a lot more liberal in the bay, so expressing ethnic pride there is a lot more accepted than it is here. (Especially in Orange County!)
If you look deep enough, though, there are tons of organizations and events to get involved with, and there is a strong API community–you just have to dig for them sometimes. I wish I knew about them when I was growing up, but that's what this website is for!
(If you have any thoughts on any of this, I'd love to hear them! All of the things I said are completely based on my own thoughts and observations from having been born and raised in the LA/Orange County area, and I'm sure people have had differing experiences.)


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book details
books by LS Anders
Book: Vehn - Exotic Ink Series (Tattoo Series - Book One) by LS Anderscategories: Book, Romance, Tattoo, Work Place Romance, Millionaire Romance, HEA, Tattoo Romance Series, Steamy Romance, Erotic Romance
LS Andersabout this book: A chance encounter and an unlikely pair ignites the most erotic love story ever told...
When one of the most recognizable faces on the planet chooses to disguise his true identity in order to enjoy a night out, he never imagined stumbling upon the one woman who can set his blood on fire while consuming his very soul. How will this unique couple conquer the tremendous odds stacked against them to secure the extraordinary love they have discovered within each other?
Vehn Mathieu possesses one of the most recognizable faces on the planet. He has everything money can buy, but there's a huge piece missing from his exceptional life that can't be bought – a soulmate. He longs to find a woman who wants the man behind the persona, a woman who can see beyond the façade. When he finally finds the one, she is completely unaware of his true identity. Will she be able to come to grips with his celebrity and love the man behind the name?
Callie Mackenzie is well-known in her own little niche. Her beauty, talent, and radiant personality hide the dark, jagged scars of her past that threaten to extinguish the light of her future. Her seemingly iron-clad armor can barely protect the fractured soul of the woman beneath as she fights a daily battle to preserve the happiness she has strived so hard to achieve. Finished with abusive men, she prefers to daydream about the one she thinks she'll never meet. But when Callie's fantasy becomes her reality, how will she slay her own demons to be with him?
Vehn and Callie together.
When forces outside their control threaten to destroy their fragile new bond, Vehn and Callie come face to face with her deep-rooted insecurities. Their chemistry is unshakable, but is their untried relationship strong enough to endure the hardships of his fame and her past? Is the reward of being together worth the price each must pay to keep their one true love?
Tegan- Exotic Ink Series: Book Two coming in August 2017!
preview: read a sample from this book
what to read next: if you read and liked this book...
Other book by LS Anders
Tegan - Exotic Ink Series (Tattoo Series -...
More Reviews
• Book Review: Tegan - Exotic Ink Series (Tattoo Series - Book Two) by LS Anders
• Book Review: Absolute Resolve (The Coffee Cafe Series) by C.R. McBride
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Embracing Innovation in Healthcare
Few industries have as vital a need for innovation as healthcare. Spending on healthcare is more than one-sixth of the annual U.S. gross domestic product, and medical errors account for 400,000 deaths per year.
In order for patients to receive the best care possible, and to ensure the long-term viability of those who deliver it, we must continually search for ways to do better. Only 70 percent of Americans can say they received care from the best possible hospital, and up to 60 percent of healthcare workers are affected by burnout, according to Katie Owens, President of the Healthcare Experience Foundation, which works with organizations to shape their cultures through innovation.
Knocking Down Barriers to Innovation
Owens herself says she worked in child life therapy before suffering burnout. She switched to the financial and then the consulting side of healthcare, and has spent the past 10 years coaching hospitals and health systems to improve performance.
There are plenty of barriers to innovation in healthcare. Standards for accreditation and compliance are necessarily high, and profit margins are generally slim. And there is the ongoing political uncertainty about government's involvement. In other words, the healthcare model is constantly in flux.
Coupled with all of this is the massive and growing demand for healthcare talent. If workers who want to innovate feel like they're being held back by the organization, chances are they'll look to jump ship to somewhere they have more support.
This is why it's important to not just talk about innovation but to create a culture that embraces it, Owens says.
Creating an Innovative Culture
"Change is hard. People do not want to change; they want to be brought along to something greater. We have to refocus our paradigm on innovation and engagement. We need to create power with vs. power over. We hire incredible team members to work every day. Why not give them the opportunity to co-design and innovate?" Owens says.
Culture can be the most powerful lever to drive innovation and performance. It can't just be an initiative, which is seen as something fleeting with a starting and ending point. Creating an innovative culture has to be a daily habit. That starts at the top.
"Senior teams need to set aspirations for what a culture of innovation will look like in their organization, and set goals and metrics. Then communicate with leaders that vision and how leaders can be successful. Messages and innovation skills have to be developed and validated from the senior team to the front lines," Owens says.
Choosing the Right Tools and Tactics
It all starts with communication. When information flows freely and people feel like they're part of a culture where speaking out is encouraged, innovation can thrive. Daily huddles, even those lasting just a few minutes, are demonstrated to be effective in building that culture, according to Sarah McVanel, Chief Recognition Officer at Greatness Magnified, who speaks, writes and coaches on healthcare cultures.
It's also smart to extend the communication umbrella outside of employees. Hold open forums in which providers, patients, families and politicians can have an honest exchange that actually affects policy decisions. Give healthcare teams the time to get away from the daily grind, observe others conducting best practices and network with peers.
When it comes to recognition, shift the model from traditional benchmarks like time served to emphasizing people who come up with and execute great ideas. Reward experimentation. Encourage workers to lead projects and apply for grants to seed innovative applications of their concepts, McVanel says.
Forging Multiple Paths to Deliver Impact
"We just cannot afford to not progress. I think a lot of people believe that the more we innovate, the more expensive it is. But there are lots of cost efficiencies that can happen as well. Employers and individuals who are trying to afford healthcare themselves are struggling," McVanel says.
Innovation in healthcare doesn't just mean creating a life-saving drug or surgical technique. McVanel says reducing redundant processes and improving systems that keep caregiving systems functioning are just as vital.
"Sometimes innovation isn't creating the next drug revolution or pharmaceutical or the next big piece of equipment. It can be as simple but as complex as treating people in a way that they can provide the best possible care. They feel safe, physically, emotionally and psychologically."


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Classic Carrot Cake
Let's be real; carrot cake, like Red Velvet and the occasional smother over Zucchini bread, is all about perfecting the vessel for what we're all after: Cream Cheese Frosting. I like this earthy, tender and not-too-sweet carrot cake studded with pistachios and golden raisins (totally optional for purists) because it can hold up to a serious slathering of frosting while staying light and fluffy. We call out for White Whole Wheat flour in this recipe, but if you can get your hands on Grist & Toll's sweet & soft stone-milled Sonora whole grain flour (we just got a fresh shipment in at the school) it'll make the cake shine.Print Recipe Pin Recipe
Classic Carrot Cake
- 2 cups Vegetable oil
- 2-3/4 cups Sugar
- 4 Eggs
- 3 cups All purpose flour
- 1 cup White whole wheat or Sonora flour
- 1 Tbsp + 2 tsps Ground cinnamon
- 1/2 tsp Ground cardamom
- 1-1/2 tsps Baking soda
- 1/2 tsp Baking powder
- 1 Zested orange
- 1 tsp Kosher salt
- 1 cup Raisins golden or Thompson (optional)
- 1 cup Chopped lightly toasted pistachios (optional)
- 4 cups Grated carrots about 1 lb
Cream Cheese Frosting
- 1 lb. Cream cheese
- 6 ounces Butter at room temperature
- 1/2 tsp Kosher salt
- 5 cups Powdered sugar
Classic Carrot Cake
- Preheat your oven to 350F. Line just the bottoms of two 8″ cake pans with parchment paper.
- In a large bowl, whisk together your oil, sugar and eggs. Add the remaining ingredients and fold together until just combined.
- Divide the batter between the two cake pans. Bake for 45-50 minutes. Let the cakes cool in their pans for about 20 minutes. Release the edges of the cakes with an offset spatula or butter knife and invert cakes. Let them cool completely for at least 4 hours.
Cream Cheese Frosting
- Cream everything together until smooth.
- Once the cakes have cooled, you're ready to assemble! Divide the buttercream into two bowls, setting one aside for later. You're going to save half of it for frosting the outside of your cake- and you don't want it to get crumbs while you're filling the insides of the layers.
- Split each cake in half using a bread knife. Place one of the layers on an 8″ cardboard cake circle, or directly onto the platter or plate you will be serving the cake on.
- Spread 1/3 of the frosting from one of your bowls over the bottom layer of cake. Place the next layer on top and repeat until all the layers are stacked. I find it helpful at this stage to chill the cake for about 30 minutes.
- Spread the remaining frosting using an offset spatula or the back of a spoon on the sides of the cake, then the top. Be careful to not press against the cake, but try to spread the frosting by hovering over the frosting rather than scraping against the sides.


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Service Times
9.20 AM Sunday
We Pray – Open to the whole church prior to our 10.00 AM service.
10.00 AM Sunday
A warm & friendly service. There are times of refreshing under the preaching of the Word, and the contemporary style of worship.
We also operate a cafe with a selection of food and coffee available every Sunday 9.40-9.50am and post-service until 12.15pm.
Social Media
For full details of recent and upcoming events at C3 Melrose Park, follow us on social media:


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The United States of America is a country of immigrants, a fact which has not only been recognised in the Declaration of Independence and future goals set accordingly, but is also amply reflected in the phenomenon known as the 'American dream'. The American dream, elaborating on the ideals reflected in the Declaration of Independence espoused the cause of democracy, rights, liberty, opportunity and equality. James Truslow Adams defined the American dream in 1931 in these words, "Life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement regardless of social class or circumstances of birth." What made America great is the faithful pursuit of the ideals of the American dream, though over the years the meaning of the American dream has changed with the emergence of a global vision.
The ethos of the American dream today implies the opportunity to make individual choices without any restrictions that limit people to their class, caste, religions, race or ethnicity. It would not be an exaggeration to say that for millions belonging to working and middle class Americans, upward mobility has served as the heart and soul of the American dream. But now that seems to have been put into reverse gear by those Americans who voted for Trump on the basis of his highly controversial and bizarre ideas that he promised to implement to make the US a fortress for white Americans and the way he perceived to conduct and manage international relations.
Trump's rise to power actually signifies the beginning of the process to shatter the American dream. It has created unbridgeable fissures within American society itself as is evident from the continued protests throughout the country ever since his swearing in, particularly in the wake of his executive order of clamping a ban on the entry of citizens of seven Muslim countries. Reportedly, attorney generals of sixteen states have condemned the ban and three US courts have also suspended the executive order issued by Trump. Legislators belonging to Republican and Democratic parties and international groups have also condemned the move, while a US rights groups has filed a lawsuit against the orders of the President. He has also picked on the US media which surely is going to give him a tough time. It clearly indicates that the going would be tough for Trump on the internal front and the saner elements of American society will never tolerate and compromise with Trump's policies that promote xenophobia against the Muslims, create divisions within the American society and make America an undesirable destination for people needing help and asylum on humanitarian considerations. For many Americans, Trump is the bull in the China shop, who in his madness, is going to destroy what moral and material assets the US has accumulated since its independence.
On the external front also, his implemented and contemplated policies have not endeared him well to the world community. Iran has already announced to consider reciprocal retaliatory measures against the US. The likelihood of other affected countries and the Muslim world at large resorting to similar actions cannot be ruled out. Such a scenario is going to create new tensions and conflicts as well as aggravate the already existing human tragedies and confrontations in different regions of the world, especially Middle East. The UN, European leaders are also wary of how Trump perceives to change America and manage international affairs. They particularly do not agree with the part of his executive order not to let the refugees in. France, Canada and Germany have differed with Trump's approach on the issue. A signature campaign is in full swing in UK to block Trump's visit to the country and reportedly, millions have already signed it.
Trump's xenophobia against Muslims has already started demonstrating its ill-effects. A Muslim female employee of an airline was assaulted by a supporter of Trump saying "Trump will soon get rid of you". Reportedly, a French-Canadian university student in a terrorist attack on a mosque in Canada has killed 6 people while 17 were wounded. Similar attacks by whites within US and European countries are now a real possibility. It is surely going to create severe reaction in the Muslim countries and the Muslim diaspora living in the US and the European countries with the likelihood of retaliatory attacks on whites. Trump's executive order is the perfect recipe for fomenting more terrorism in the world rather than tackling it and making America safe as perceived by him. He indeed is treading a disastrous path that will endanger peace and security at the global level, besides destroying the gains of globalisation.
No doubt, the US is a superpower not matched by any other country in terms of economic and military prowess at the moment, but it is surely not in a position to change and refashion the world map according to its own wishes and dreams. It does not enjoy a free hand in managing international affairs. There are other players on the global chessboard to check any possible indiscretions that Trump may like to enact in different regions of the world. He particularly needs to exercise the utmost discretion and prudence while firming up his policies regarding Asia, particularly South Asia and Afghanistan. It is being speculated that President Trump might add some more countries to the already announced list and Pakistan could well be included in it. That, if it comes about coupled with increased pressure on Pakistan regarding terrorism and its nuclear programme to appease India, would perhaps be the biggest blunder ever committed by America. It will not only increase tensions between India and Pakistan but might also jeopardise US strategic interests in the region. Hostility towards Iran, Pakistan, China against whom US is propping up India as well as Russia, might eventually force these countries to collectively neutralise the indiscretions of the Trump administration.
Pakistan has suffered the most in the war against terrorism and has taken indiscriminate action against all the terrorist entities and there is a zero tolerance policy against the militant outfits. India is fomenting insurgencies and acts of terrorism in Pakistan about which dossiers have been handed over to UN and US administration. But it is engaged in a relentless propaganda against Pakistan, taking advantage of the US tilt towards her. Pakistan does not want arms race with India, however, it cannot jeopardise its security by remaining oblivious to arms build-up by her. Pakistan's nuclear programme is India specific only and it has always supported the cause of nuclear non-proliferation in spite of not being a signatory to the NPT. I think the Trump administration must look at the ground realities in this region with an open mind and try to resolve the causes of conflict between Pakistan and India including the core issue of Kashmir. He must also rescind his statement declaring terrorism specific to Islam to enlist the cooperation of the Muslim countries to fight it.
The writer is a freelance columnist.


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The Education Safeguarding Service have published a Template Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) for Remote Learning. During the current Covid-19 restrictions, many schools and settings are implementing remote learning, including live streaming, as well as other forms of online communication to provide formal education and to stay in touch with learners and/or parents carers. The AUP template will enable schools and settings to clearly state their online behaviour expectations for all involved.
Tagged with policy
There is no single effective method of dealing with parents and carers who raise issues on social networking sites. However, settings can take a proactive approach to minimise such incidents rather than having to be reactive and put together a quick response to stop the spread of rumours. This guidance gives several approaches educational settings can use to deal with any problems as well as preventative approaches to help ensure that parents and carers follow the appropriate complaints procedures.
The 2019 Keeping children safe in education
Statutory final draft guidance for schools and colleges on safeguarding children and safer recruitment.
This guidance applies to all schools and is for:
headteachers, teachers and staff
governing bodies, proprietors and management committees
It sets out the legal duties you must follow to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people under the age of 18 in schools and colleges.
This guide highlights a practical approach for online safety for schools. It defines each of the areas you need to think about, offers an overview of what schools are currently doing regarding online safety (based on recent research) and offers a set of reflective questions for schools to ask themselves when developing their approach.
Writing a photography policy statement
Schools, clubs and organisations should have a written photography policy statement that sets out your overall approach to images taken of children and young people during events and activities.
This document is to help managers of early years settings (including wrap around care for the early years age group) ensure their online safeguarding practice is in line with statutory requirements and best practice.


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Massage & Bodywork
Tacoma, Wa
Free yourself from pain, inflammation joint restriction, chronically tight muscles, and poor posture using the in-depth techniques of Trigger Point Therapy, Structural Integration and Thai Yoga Massage.
Take control of your health and step towards living a pain free, fully expressed life.
Patrick Good, LMP
Freedom, Well-Being, and Full Self-Expression


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How do you summon a demon?
To summon a demon can be as complex or simple as you wish, and as positive or negative as you wish. It depends on your magickal training, your beliefs on what demons are and what they can actually do, and your reason for wanting a evocation.
While I began demon evocation using ceremonial magick methods, I learned fast through trial and error, what worked, and then developed an easier system to get the desired results. (These exact methods are explained in full in the Working with demons course.) However, if you are new to demon summoning, you will need to know the difference between the methods.
Traditional Ceremonial Magick Demon Evocation
To demonstrate, let me show you a video of how practitioners of solomons magick perform a formal and traditional demon evocation. The first part of the video offers a history of Western Magick, illustrated with graphics and displays, setting forth the author's theory, based on his own research and experiments, that visions of spirits obtained by magicians in medieval times were subjective and hypnotic rather than hysterical hallucinations. Runyon holds that the practical technique for achieving this was the visual distortion which occurs when a person stares at his or her reflection in a dark mirror. This technique is demonstrated and visions are simulated.
The relationship of the "72 Rebellious Spirits" contained in King Solomon's legendary "Brass Vessel" to the Holy Angels who control them is explained and a hypnotic method for invoking these Angels into a Crystal Ball is demonstrated. According to the narrator, these two systems should be integrated for a proper spiritual balance.
The video climaxes with the presentation of a complete Goetia Evocation Operation, in full ceremonial regalia, summoning the spirit Astaroth (actually the Canaanite Goddess, Astarte) to visual appearance in the dark mirror on the Triangle of Art.
The Solo Witch/Occultist Version for Demon Evocation
Be somewhere safe, quite, & where you will not be disturbed for at least 1hr. Be relaxed and confident.
Setting Up:
- Ensure near darkness
- Get a Mirror that you do not use on a daily basis set up so that you can sit relaxed & can see your face in the mirror
- Get a Candle, light, & put on the same side as your ocular dominance, ensure that roughly half of your face is in shadow & half is lit
- Breath and relax then start when you feel calm & comfortable
1st) Set your intent 'Why are you doing this?' What do you want/desire?
Now analyze that and try and find the emotional Need underneath.
2nd) Once you can identify & feel the underlying drive open your eyes and look at the mirror, try and see that feeling in front of you, use your face as a framework for a new face, use the eye that is in the shadow as the point of observation
3rd) Relax your eyes, unfocus them slightly and let your face fuz in & out, maintain that relaxed observation of the underlying drive mixing with the image of a face, that frequency & focus, don't try and hurt your eyes you have time
4th) Whatever happens happens, don't get scared and loose your focus don't get excited and try to see a particular face clearer, you are an observer, perhaps it will take you several tries for anything to happen, maybe it will happen right away and be to much, what happens happens, you have the means to stop it at any time
5th) When a image stabilized or you 'know' it is the right time, say what you need to say, ask what you need to ask, Remember: "Like brings like" "As above so below" The Golden Rule, then listen inside yourself for the reply, it is hard to hear a whisper in a thunderstorm of thoughts
6th) When you are done, breath, write something, stretch, clean up the space, then ground your energy, or go about your life
Good Luck! Share your thoughts on which method you'll try!


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#faib Another interesting FAIB Survey: THE...
#faib Another interesting FAIB Survey: THE FINANCING OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Have you ever had to undergo a review of the contribution key on which members' fees is based ? Get inspiration from the results of our survey. See message below for details, soon also on our website: The FAIB, in partnership with its Associate member Deloitte, is conducting another survey on the financing of international associations. The results of this survey will be useful to the entire international associations' community, either as an example or as guidelines to reflect on their own methodology. Thank you in advance for your input at the latest by 15 November 2019. Replies are anonymous, and data received will be treated in the strictest confidentiality; individual responses will not be disclosed by our Partner Deloitte. It take less than 10 minutes of your time. The results of this survey will be shared with FAIB members and can be obtained by non-members giving their email address. You also have the opportunity of signing up for a free two-hour individual analysis offered by Deloitte.
Take the survey: https://nl.surveymonkey.com/r/LPW8KV5
Contact FAIB team for more https://lnkd.in/dJE3DsG For FAIB Privacy Policy, consult: https://lnkd.in/dVutSxa


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Last Updated 27 July 2019
In the green fields of southern England walked Alfred, king of Wessex. He was the first king of this name in Wessex. He was a member of the royal family and had four brothers who all perished in the war against the Vikings. Alfred lived from about 849 until 899, he became king at the age of 22 and reigned first over Wessex and later Mercia and Kent until his death.1
Life & Viking Times
Yet, the fields of southern England will not have always been as green as one would have liked, they were probably often coloured in red blood. By the time Alfred ascended the throne, he was a seasoned warrior. He had experienced his fair share of victories and losses fighting the Norsemen who continued to press southwards ever since they started raiding the British shores. As a king, Alfred proved to be a shrewd politician as well as an excellent tactician.
He created a defence line of burhs along the borders of Wessex. In order to defend the coast lines and waterways from the longships, he established the first navy. The crucial battle was that of Edington in 878. After his victory, Alfred tried to ensure that the Danes would keep to the peace treaty and among others, let the Danish leader Guthrum convert to Christianity.2
He was most likely aware the Danes would not stay away forever. Therefore, he strategically married his daughters to create alliances between Wessex, Mercia and Kent. Sure enough, a Danish raiding party tried to conquer London, but Alfred foiled their attempt. In recognition, the kings of Mercia and Kent accepted Alfred as their overlord. The whole of southern England was united for the first time. One could say that it was the first real English kingdom.3
But his political and strategical strengths were not the only reason he eventually gained the addition 'the Great'. Not unlike Charles the Great, Alfred recognised the importance of education. He improved and re-established monasteries as learning centres. Like the kings before him, he introduced his own legal code, albeit with apparent more general fairness and justice.4
It is not known where Alfred was buried, though it is assumed to be somewhere in Winchester where he resided most often. In 2013, archaeologists believed his remains were found in a graveyard there, and there was a press conference to herald the start of a long research project. Until date, however, it has not been confirmed that those bones actually belonged to the famous Alfred the Great.5
Learn More
|Bernard Cornwell – The Saxon Stories / The Last Kingdom (2009-…)
|A Clerk of Oxford – Alfred the Truly Great
- The Editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 'Anglo–Saxon Chronicle.' Last Updated 12 September 2011. ↩
- BBC History, 'Alfred the Great'. Last Accessed 18 November 2015. ↩
- The Royal Family, 'Alfred the Great (r. 871–899).' Last Updated 12 January 2016. ↩
- The Editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 'Anglo–Saxon Chronicle.' Last Updated 12 September 2011. ↩
- Maev Kennedy, 'Archaeologists may have found remains of Alfred the Great.' The Guardian. Last Updated 17 January 2014. ↩


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Many elderly people are unable to take strong painkillers because they are unable to function while taking them. For these older folks, natural, alternative forms of pain management are best. The same may also be true for your older loved one about medications prescribed for anxiety and depression. Learning more about the benefits of alternative nursing care in assisted living homes is a good idea.
Why Choose Assisted Living And Alternative Care
When you know it is too lonely for your elderly loved one to live alone, an assisted living home is perfect. For older people that have a hard time getting around and are prone to falling, an assisted facility is great because there are nursing professionals on call day and night. Your loved one can have help with meals, cleaning and more. Successful holistic care includes treatment and attention that focuses on your loved one's psychological, physiological and spiritual needs being in synchronization and as one. Some soothing alternative therapies include:
Relaxation massage therapy sessions: Massage therapy can ease pain and help to calm your loved one.
Acupressure: This therapy uses massage in areas of the body's pressure points for relieving pain and anxiety.
Guided imagery: Guided imagery includes having your loved one relax and imagine being in beautiful places. Many imagery therapists incorporate aromatherapy with guided imagery to get the most relaxing effects from it.
Animal-assisted therapy: Research has found that animals provide sick and elderly people with a special kind of comfort. Animal care attendants can visit your loved one, bring along a puppy or a kitten for spending time with him or her. You may be surprised to see a smile out of a loved one that has been deeply depressed or sad when a puppy is sitting in his or her lap.
Prayer: For some older folks, faith gets them through painful experiences and tough times. Your loved one will get to grow spiritually while living in an assisted living home. Many facilities have chapels and church services available for their residents.
Emotional and spiritual well-being means a lot in how your loved one feels physically. When an illness, whether mental or physical, is treated from every aspect of a person, it is easier to get to the root cause of it. Taking the time to learn more about holistic, alternative care for your elderly loved one is worthwhile and could be the best way to get your loved one back to being happy and content.
Contact a company like Alternative Nursing Services for more information.Share
25 May 2016
After I realized that my mom couldn't live on her own anymore, I started shopping for the right assisted living center. It was challenging and she was nervous about making the transition, but I knew that it would be in her best interest. After finding an incredible senior center, I moved her in and she actually started to enjoy the experience. This blog is all about helping your elderly loved ones to settle in, enjoy their time in senior living, and make the most of their new lives. You never know, by making the right decisions, your parents could enjoy a happier, healthier life.


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Charmza of the week
03 June 2018 - 10:45
Siya Kolisi.
New Springbok captain Siya Kolisi has earned his stripes, working hard on his rugby to reach new heights.
The Western Province's Stormers' flanker is our charmza after being appointed Bok captain this week.
His appointment by coach Rassie Erasmus to lead the team against England is a break from tradition. He has vowed to lead the national team to victory.
You've charmed us, Siya.


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Big Easy Bucha
Big Easy Bucha Love T-Shirt
Regular price $15.00
Because you heart Big Easy Bucha. This limited-edition love T-shirt shows off the fruits and florals that infuse our uniquely Southern drinks in white on a heather red background.
Fabric content: 53% combed & ring spun cotton, 48% polyester


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DetailsJRC Powerplay 3pc Carp Rod
This rod is build in a high modulus slim carbon blank, using very good quality components including SIC guides and a 20mm reel seat.Features Include:
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Home to one of the most desirable shopping strips in Melbourne (Chapel Street of course!), South Yarra is THE place to conquer if you are a serious fashionista. This bustling shopping strip comprises of seven different areas, each providing a different retail experience. It's impossible to cover the entirety of this precinct so as a start; we've selected a few boutiques offering men's and women's fashion to get you on your toes. After shopping in South Yarra, we suggest heading to one of the local cafes for a quick pick-me-up.
Image: Manning Cartell
A-ESQUE is obsessed with the artistry of creating leather goods for women and men. The result? A range of beautiful leather pieces including bags in every style imaginable, wallets and jewellery. A-ESQUE also features a collection of metallic bags if you're looking for statement pieces.
555b Chapel St, South Yarra VIC 3141
Your shopaholic friend would probably be green with envy once they find out you visited this store without them. Touted as "the Australian destination for fashion" Green with Envy is a result of a curated collection of established and up-and-coming brands. This includes brands like Alc, Bec and Bridge, Rag & Bone, Kitx to Alexander Wang, Celine and Dion Lee.
517 Chapel St, South Yarra VIC 3141
Manning Cartell is the brainchild of sisters Cheryl, Vanessa and Gabrielle Manning. The distinctive imprint of Manning Cartell is a visual richness framed by craftsmanship and attention to detail on their pieces. Innovative fabrics, unexpected details, colour and print are fundamental to the designs. Their latest Resort 17 Diaphanous collection includes bold graphic stripes, rich textures and vibrant colour clashes.
Shop 7, 542 Chapel St, The Colonnade VIC 3141
Providence Clothing Co. is an independent multi-brand men's clothing store that showcases a curated selection of sought-after brands from around the globe. These brands focus on well-made, classic items that offer great quality & value. Apart from business and dress shirts to grooming products, the brand also offers a small range of dog accessories for furry friends.
534 Chapel St, South Yarra, VIC 3141
Swish Clothing has formal dresses for the most exciting events in your calendar. Inspired by the newest designs right off the runways of Paris, New York and Milan, these looks range from classic to modern and demure to daring. You will find plenty of looks to suit your taste and the occasion. The hardest part is… to choose just one.
469 Chapel, St South Yarra VIC 3141
Featuring over 100 footwear brands under-one-roof, Zomp is the footwear boutique of every shoe collection's dreams. Zomp boasts a vast array of direct imports from Italy, Spain and Brazil thanks to their travels around the world. All of their stores are unique in their look and design and are filled with all the latest looks, brands and styles at affordable prices.
Shop 9, 546 Chapel St, South Yarra VIC 3141
Guide to Shopping in South Yarra
Travelshopa takes you on shopping trips in far off destinations directly from your inbox. Unforgettable shopping experiences start with our monthly destination edition full of wanderlust-inducing shopping inspiration.


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Warren L Jones Sportsmanship Award
"To live in the hearts we leave behind is not to die."
—Thomas Campbell
The working dog world lost a tremendous friend and advocate in 2012. The Warren L. Jones Sportsmanship Award is made in memory of Warren and in recognition of his generous service to the dog sport community.
2019 Christina Hansel
This year Christina Hansel was selected to receive the Warren Jones Sportsmanship Award. In the short time she has been involved in this sport she has successfully supported the 2019 FMBB team by videoing, discussing, and displaying what it takes to train for international competition with a fundraiser "The Road to the FMBB." It was a hit and she raised a substantial amount of money with all proceeds goingt the team. She also supported AWMA members on the FCI team with yet another fundraiser. She volunteered to produce AWMA's newsletter and holds an active position as a director at large on the AWMA executive board. If all of this isn't enough, Christina also laid tracks at the 2019 AWDF Championship and volunteered to help at the 2019 DVG Nationals. Christina has handled all of this while preparing to compete with her own dog. Christina is the first to step up and volunteer, all with a smile on her face.
2018 Anthony Hartelaub
Congratulations to Anthony Hartelaub for receiving the 2018 Warren L. Jones Sportsmanship Award.
With assistance from the AWMA, Anthony founded the Oxford IPO Working Dog Club in Canada; that organization operated under the AWMA while he and colleagues were forming the Canadian Working Belgian Shepherd Dog Club (CWBSDC) and the umbrella Canadian Working Dog Federation. The CWBSDC is now independent and carrying forward the mission of supporting the working Belgian Shepherd dog in Canada.
During the last two years, Anthony has stepped in to fill the role of FMBB team captain. In that capacity, he has excelled in helping our team succeed by arranging local accommodations, tracking and training, solving disputes, and representing the team at the FMBB meetings. He also arranged for sponsored uniforms, other clothing, and training items for the team. Throughout, he has been supportive, positive, and incredibly collegial.
It may seem unusual to make this award to someone in Canada, but in light of everything Anthony has done for the AWMA, it is highly appropriate that he be recognized for his contributions.
2017 Tim Karchnak
Congratulations to Tim Karchnak for receiving the 2017 Warren L. Jones Sportsmanship Award. Thank you, Tim, for all you do for the AWMA, and well deserved.
This award is given each year in memory of Warren, who represented the best in sportsmanship and the sport of IPO in the dog world. Tim is a shining example of the meaning of sportsmanship, from his demeanor in national and world events, win or lose, to the training of his club members in stressing the importance of sportsmanship and professional behavior within the trial experience. He has stepped up to become an AWMA judge - a task requiring tremendous commitment of personal time and finances. Tim demonstrates and projects the very qualities that we remember seeing in Warren Jones, and the AWMA is most fortunate for everything he contributes in making our organization better.
2016 Waine Singleton
Waine has been a member of AWMA since 2006. He is pro dog sport of any kind and gives back tot he dog sport committee on a regular basis. His club has hosted AWMA Nationals, AWDF Championships, multiple helper seminars, AWMA training day coookout get-togethers and always has 1-2 club trials per year. In 2013 when he hosted the AWMA Nationals, a special trophy and sponsorship was created for any youth who wished to enter to cover the cost of entry. Even after decoying countless championships, he attends at least one helper seminar per year in order to keep up his helper skills but also to help teach the new helpers and to take dogs anytime he can. In 2016 he completed the requirements to become and AWMA judge. He's been the North Regional Director for several years and has grown the region in numbers of trials and clubs. When he's not hosting, being the helper or competing, you can find him in the group, laying tracks or volunteering and sometimes simultaneously while hosting/decoying. At the 2015 AWDF championship where he was a helper he was seen walking onto the field to meet a fellow helper and carrying his sleeve off for him. His contributions to and love for the AWMA and the sport are great.
2015 Shari Lipski
Put simply, if we didn't have Shari, we may not have our FMBB teams. Shari has been the "glue" that has held our World Championship/National Events Committee together. For many years she has spearheaded all the efforts that go into getting our teams to the event, including the updating of qualification criteria, receiving entries and checking them for completeness, coordinating uniforms and the team captain, contacting the FMBB to ensure entries and payment are received, helping competitors with transportation and accomodations, troubleshooting issues at the event, and handling the myriad of details that go into making sure we are represented. She has coordinated with and reached out to potential agility competitors. Additionally, she was instrumental in setting up the processes by which we cooperate with the USMRA to send a Mondio team. Whenever the AWMA board has asked her to solicit input fromt he WC/NE Committee, she has done so in a timely manner, often spearheading important initiatives for the organization. A key point is that Shari is not presently competing in IPO, her love is agility, but her dedication to the Malinois extends to all aspects of their working ability. Her contributions to the AWMA are extensive and ongoing, and she is deserving of recongition.
2014 John Wiitanen
The recipient of the 2014 Warren L. Jones Sportsmanship Award is Mohawk John Wiitanen. Mohawk has been a staunch supporter of the AWMA for many years. A few years ago he volunteered for and was responsible for the creation and sales of t-shirts and other apparel for the AWMA. He and Paula hosted a fabulous National Championship in Michigan with the best judges' dinner ever that was home-made food at their home. He hosted the AWDF Championship with the largest entry ever. He helped set up the AWMA facebook page and makes routine contributions to it. He has also consistently had an AWMA member club that has held a trial every year. Whenever there has been something that needed to be done he's stepped forward, even though he has not been an officer or committee member. He's one of our most active and supportive club members and worthy of recognition. Congratulations, Mohawk!
2013 Anne Camper
Anne was chosen to receive the 2013 Warren Jones Sportsmanship Award because her commitment to the AWMA embodies so many of the same qualities that Warren demonstrated in all the years he dedicated to dogsport. It was only appropriate to all of us, and everyone on the AWMA board, that Anne should be the first recipient of this award given her dedication to the organization, her never-ending guidance, problem solving, effort and diligence to make the organization better serve its members and last but not least, serve our beloved Malinois.


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Started this discussion. Last reply by Melissa Grace Aug 4. 3 Replies 0 Likes
I was just wondering because I am autistic and am doing raw till 4 so I was just wondering if this could be helpful for my autism.
Started this discussion. Last reply by Staciee Jul 1, 2015. 5 Replies 0 Likes
Like seriously, all you have to do is do this lifestyle and it will cure your eating disorder if you have one. Is this really possible? Has anyone had experience?
Started this discussion. Last reply by Michael Glenning Jun 20, 2015. 21 Replies 0 Likes
Before lifestyle I would add butter salt and pepper. I odviously know butter is not allowed on this lifestyle. *hits head* Duhh! So what can I add to baked potatoes.
Started this discussion. Last reply by Malorey Adams Mar 31, 2015. 4 Replies 0 Likes
So I have been doing this lifestyle for 2 weeks,and yesterday I got my period again. And it's my first period I have gotten on this lifestyle. And holy crap, it is heavy and painful, now typically my…Continue
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School Library Survey
Please spread the word! Tell all your colleagues that UCD and the School Library Association are asking us to complete a survey in order to find out as much as they can about the provision of books and the funding for the purchase of books. It does not matter if your school has a library or not as they intend to use the resulting data to advocate for the reinstatement of the school library grant by the Department of Education. It should take between 10- 15 mins to complete.


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Police can now confirm the names of the two people who died in a crash between a car and a train in Pongakawa on Wednesday.
They are Chary Alonzo Sabalande, 34, and Roymark Solomon Bering, 32.
Both had arrived recently from the Phillippines and were living and working locally in the Western Bay of Plenty.
Three other people were taken to hospital following the crash.
Two remain in hospital in a critical condition, and one has been discharged.
Issued by Police Media Centre


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Impact of using lightweight eco-bricks as enclosures for individual houses of one story on zones of high seismicity
a) Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad Talca de Chile (Facultad de Ingeniería de Construcción), Curicó, (Maule, Chile)
b) Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, (Maule, Chile)
c) Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, (La Rioja, Spain)
Fired clay bricks are widely developed by focusing on the use of several wastes with the aim of obtaining lightweight materials. Despite research having provided positives experiences, most of these showed an important reduction of compression strength. This issue must be highlighted in particular, when seismic areas are considered. However, despite compression strength decreases in some cases the energy that can be absorbed by the brick might be increased. Hence, this paper tests and shows physical and mechanical properties of newly fired clays made by adding different percentages of sawdust. Results are used for calculating the response of an individual one-story house to medium intensity earthquakes. It is concluded that the use of bricks, with up to 5% sawdust added, is an ecological way for recycling these agro-wastes, while its behaviour against earthquakes performs better than other solutions, such as common perforated bricks.
Impacto de la utilización de eco-ladrillos, como envolventes para viviendas unifamiliares de una planta, en zonas de alta sismicidad. Los ladrillos de arcilla cocida, fabricados con ciertos residuos, a fin de aligerarlos, es una alternativa ampliamente desarrollada. A pesar de que han dado resultados positivos, la mayor parte han mostrado una importante reducción de la resistencia mecánica. Este problema, es especialmente relevante cuando se considera su uso en zonas sísmicas. Sin embargo, a pesar de que la resistencia a la compresión disminuye, en algunos casos, la energía que puede absorber aumenta. De este modo, el artículo ensaya y muestra las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de la arcilla cocida, fabricada añadiendo serrín de madera. Los resultados obtenidos han servido para calcular la respuesta ante un sismo de intensidad media para un modelo de edificio de una planta. Se ha concluido que el uso de ladrillos fabricados con hasta el 5% de serrín, es una alternativa válida para el reciclaje de residuo agrícola y su comportamiento mecánico ante sismos es satisfactorio.
Received 1 March 2016; Accepted 27 October 2016; Available on line 22 September 2017
Citation/Citar como: Domínguez, D.; Muñoz, V.P.; Muñoz, V.L. (2017) Impact of using lightweight eco-bricks as enclosures for individual houses of one story on zones of high seismicity. Mater. Construcc. 67 [328], e133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.03316
KEYWORDS: Fired Clay Brick; Organic Admixture; Mechanical properties; Earthquake; Modelization; Method of finite elements
PALABRAS CLAVE: Ladrillo; Aditivo orgánico; Propiedades mecánicas; Terremoto; Modelización; Análisis de elementos finitos
ORCID ID: D. Dominguez (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6664-9011); P. Muñoz (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7958-1271); L. Muñoz (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9970-6289)
Copyright: © 2017 CSIC. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) Spain 3.0.
Construction building materials were widely developed during the last decades, with the aim of both improving thermal or mechanical behaviour and reducing the equivalent CO2 foot print. These targets try to minimise the high-energy impact of buildings, which accounts for more than 39.6% of worldwide energy consumption and 40% of total greenhouses gas emissions (1) by reducing the embodied energy of raw materials while building structure is not compromised. Lately, one of the most explored areas for improving construction materials is the use of certain wastes within the raw materials to achieve the so-called lightweight products, which have clearly shown enhanced thermal properties as insulators. In particular such researches have focused on the fired clay brick industry due to the high temperatures involved in the firing stage of manufacture (2, 3). Despite worldwide fired clay bricks being the most used construction materials for dwellings, the development of high-performance concrete since the 1990's has contributed to a reduction in brick market share (4). Regardless of this, fired clay materials, such as tiles, roof tiles or bricks, are currently extensively used in the construction sector. These products typically show better thermal properties for insulation than others, however, the manufacturing process highly impacts the embodied energy, soils and greenhouse gas emissions for three main reasons: (i) the high energy intensity required for the firing process, (ii) the CO2 emissions produced by both the melting process of clay minerals and used fuel and (iii) due to the large amount of required raw matter, which is removed from quarries. Hence, with the aim of reducing these negatives impacts this paper investigates the replacement of certain amounts of clay with organic residue, such as sawdust.
In many countries located in seismic zones, fired clay bricks have replaced by others that have lower thermal insulation properties but show higher mechanical resistance. For example, in Japan after the Kanto earthquake (1923) fired clay brick masonry was almost all replaced by concrete or wood panels (5). However, in developing countries, such as Turkey (6), Nepal (7) or Peru (8) among others, brick masonry walls (infill walls) are still the most extended solution for enclosures. For example, in Chile, houses of one story represent 60% of the total building constructions and more than 43% of their wall-surface are still made using fired clay bricks, according to the National Statistic Institute (9) and the Chilean Construction Chamber (10).
On the other hand, previous researches showed that buildings with frames (beams and columns) of low height, behave better with the introduction of infill walls (11,12). This constructive solution does not require great expertise when is applied only in symmetrical placement plans and elevations, which implies lower economic and environmental impact than other more complex mounting systems.
With the aim of contributing to the use of the lightweight materials that can positively impact on bot; energy savings and wastes recycling policies (13), this paper reports on the mechanical behaviour of lightweight brick masonry (infill walls) for houses of one story. Bricks were made by adding agricultural wastes, in particular sawdust from vine shoots (SW), which are produced in large quantities each season by Chilean vineyards and are currently disposed of in landfills without any revalorisation. Such test specimens are tested following international standards and it is demonstrated that they might be used in seismic zones with better results than other fired clay bricks more commonly used.
2.1 Fired clay bricks used for enclosuresTOP
Fired clay samples were manufactured in partnership with a brick factory and were made by following the standard production procedures of the partner factory and the laboratories and workshops of the university. Clay was collected from the output of the homogenisation pit. Here, raw material from the quarry is crushed, mixed and left for weeks. Therefore a homogeneous mass, in terms of granulometry and moisture, is obtained. Raw material from the quarry was analysed for minerals by the chemical faculty of University of Seville using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and chemical composition was determined by the Carpi Laboratory. These characteristics are summarised in Table 1.
|Dry weight percentage
Samples were mineralogically analysed by XRD using a Bruker D8 Advance instrument with a scanning speed of 0.5º (2θ)/min, 0.15 step/size, and Cu-kα radiation (40 kV, 30 mA) in the General Facilities for Research of the University of Seville (CITIUS).
Mineral composition has been determined by following the Quantitative Interpretation of Mineralogical Composition from X-Ray and Chemical data for the Pierre Shale. Thus the used clay is composed by 29 % quartz, 12 % calcite, 57 % Phyllosilicates, 2 % feldspar and some traces of goethite (See in Figure 1).
Figure 1. Fired Clay XRD Q = Quartz, Ca = Calcite, I = Illite, K = Kaolinite, F = Feldespat, Cl = Chlorite, G = Goethite.
The new raw material (clay and SW) was mixed by dry method. Thus, no additional water was used for mixing excepting the moisture of raw materials. Three batches were then formed with 5% (ASa), 11% (ASb) and 17% (ASc) of SW. A single control batch without additive (AA) was also made. These percentages were chosen with the aim of comparing results with similar previous research but also investigating new percentages, as is stated in results section. All specimens, regardless of their percentage of additive, were manufactured by adding 20% of molding water and mixed by a 5-litre capacity laboratory mixer in order to form samples of 300 × 300 × 20 mm by pressing at 2.5 MPa. Since the focus of this research is to show material behaviours, without paying attention to the bricks geometry, the sample form was selected by taking into account the factory process requirements in order to not influence this variable. After samples were carefully demolded, the drying and firing processes were conducted. The drying stage consisted of exposing test samples to different atmospheres that range from 36°C and 90% relative humidity (RH) to 100°C with less than 5% of H.R. The fired samples were finally measured, weighed and tested by paying attention to its planimetry using tapered calibration wedges. After this quality control stage, test specimens were fired at 950°C following the standard thermal process set up in the tunnel kiln.
2.2 Building modelTOP
In this study, a building of one story and rectangular plant of 10 × 8 meters (Figure 2) was modelled. This type of was chosen because of it is the most extensive construction in Chile and other countries that experience seismicity. This detached house is commonly built using a reinforced concrete structure with frames of beams and columns. Its dimensions and characteristics are detailed in Table 2. It can be seen that the use of fired clay brick walls highly reduce the fundamental period of the building. This fundamental period (To) of a building represents the duration of a complete cycle of vibration (go and return). It could be defined as the inverse of the frequency (wo) as it follows [Eq. 1,2].
|Building type
|Dimension columns (X, Y) (cm)
|Dimension beams (X, Y) (cm)
|Type of brick
|Fundamental Period (s)
|30 × 30
|40 × 40
|30 × 30
|40 × 40
|30 × 30
|40 × 40
|30 × 30
|40 × 40
|30 × 30
|40 × 40
|30 × 30
|40 × 40
Figure 2. Structural design of buildings considered.
Where To is a function of the mass (m) and stiffness (k) of the building that depends on each axis (X, Y).
Where m and k are the mass and the modulus of elasticity, respectively.
The floor slab is also made of reinforced concrete with a thick depth of 15 cm. The resistances of the typically materials used in this structures are: fc = 30 MPa for concrete and steel A630-420H. The distances between columns are 5 m in the X-axis and 4 m in the Y-axis.
Two situations were analysed: without walls and with walls symmetrically placed (floor to floor) using the aforementioned series of added bricks and the typical perforated brick used in construction, which is made without any waste additives. The properties of perforated bricks were considered following the recommendations of the Standard CTE SE-F; brick strength is stated as 200 kg per cm2 with a mortar (M80) joint thickness of 1–1.5 cm. A thickness of 12 cm for bricks is considered in all analysis. For modelling the walls we used the Mostafaei and Kabeyasawa (14) method with the software SEISMOSTRUCT® (15), which is used for determining the shear and compression values of the walls. This method considers the dimensions of the masonry wall and the type of brick (geometry, strength, stiffness, Young's modulus, strain, etc…). In addition the mounting method of the brick, its bonding conditions must be defined as well as the type of mortar and the friction coefficient depending on the type of brick, in accordance with Eurocode 06 (EN1996) (16). The compression strength (CS) of mortar is considered to be 8 MPa. The analysis does not take into account the attachment of the walls with the building structure since this used to be done by applying Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPF). The detail union of the armed beam-column is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Detail union of the armed beam-column.
3.1 Testing brick samplesTOP
Firstly, fired samples were tested by using Archimedes method in accordance with EN 772-13:2000 (17) and EN 772-3:1998 (18). Thus, samples were immersed in water until constant weight was achieved (Ww), then taken out, wiped dry and weighed (Ws) in a saturated state. Finally samples were oven-dried until constant weight and re-weighed (Wd). Therefore, in accordance with (19), bulk density (BD) may be calculated as follows [Eq.3]:
Ww = Immersion on water weight
Ws = Saturated wet state weight
Wd = Dried weight
Compression tests were conducted on the test specimens using a SERVOSIS® series MES AV universal compression test machine. Before testing, moisture was removed from specimens by drying in an oven at 110°C until constant weight was achieved, in order to offset any rehydration. Then, at least 10 random cylinders were obtained from each fired sample using a diamond cutter head mounted on a column drill, which provides cylindrical specimens of approximately 19 mm diameter and 20 mm height. This test machine includes a load application rate control module, which prevents any error due to the load applying speed. In accordance with UNE 67-026:2002 assays took, at least, more than 60 seconds, otherwise ultimate breaking stress results might be higher than the real ones, as was demonstrated by (20).
3.2 Modelling the building simulationTOP
The analyses were performed using the program of structural analysis finite element SEISMOSTRUCT® 7.0.2. The modelling of these buildings was carried out with a processor finite bar element, which was implemented with the developed formulations demonstrated by (21–25). The cross sections of each structural element (columns and beams) and the characteristics of the construction materials were specified following models proposed by Bento et al (26).
The columns, beams and slab floors are represented by a nonlinear finite element bar (27); the non-linearities are concentrated in plastic hinges (28); 15 % of the overall length dimension of each element of these regions is considered to be in accordance with previous research (29–31); the joints between the columns and beams are considered as rigids; the hysteretic behaviour of joints are represented for the distribution of stress-strain of the material properties and of the shape and number of the structural element fibres (each section is discretised with 300 fibres).
The slab floors were determined as rigid diaphragms restricting the movement in the Z plane (X, Y). The forces are applied on the beams or horizontal linear elements.
The masonry walls model was carried out by elements "infill panel" that connect adjacent plants (avoiding the effect of plastic hinges); walls were treated as masonry elements defined by four nodes, developed and programmed by Smyrou et al (32) and implemented within the Seismostruct® software. Six struts represented each panel. The parameters used for discretising these struts at compression, were defined by their stress-strain curve response, which was obtained by testing the manufactured test specimens as described above. In addition, based on such curves, the secant elasticity or the so-called Young´s module (YM), was calculated. In the case of concrete, a standard CS equal to 8 MPa was considered since it is the minimum value stated by the Eurocode 08 (33). For vertical and horizontal joints a coefficient of friction of 0.66 was used, in accordance with Eurocode 06 (34).
Initial stiffness (elastic) walls were estimated as twice the final stiffness in accordance with (35). This formulation suggests that initial stiffness (elastic) walls is the ratio between the strength and the last displacement. The strength and stiffness of the walls are determined based on the aforementioned strut and tie model (35).
The seismic behaviour of the buildings and the adopted solutions were analysed by considering the capacity curves. These were carried out by nonlinear static analysis ("push-over") and nonlinear dynamic analysis of accelerograms according to high magnitude size. Dynamic analysis is performed based on the Chusmiza earthquake record. The Chusmiza earthquake took place on July 24th, 2001 at 5:00 pm in the north of Chile. The earthquake is shown in Figure 4 and shows horizontal accelerograms in two directions, which were used in the dynamic analyses (36, 37). This record was chosen because it has a typical average magnitude (Mw = 6.3) and was caused by the existence of a double seismic zone located at an intermediate depth and the existence of seismicity located in the Altiplano region. This earthquake caused a death from a falling wall and three people were injured in the village of High Chusmiza.
Figure 4. Earthquake accelerograms for Chusmiza (July 24, 2001) (RENADIC University of Chile, 2001).
Figure 4 shows that the ground motion records of Chusmiza do not clearly report impulsive character. Earthquakes components, from north to south (Figure 4a) and from east to west (Figure 4b) takes the value of ID = 18.37 and ID = 15.95, respectively, in accordance to the Manfredi index (37). This quantifies the speed pulse, which is commonly produced by the proximity to failure, defined as the ratio of the integral of the square of the acceleration along the total length and the product of the maximum values of acceleration and speed. Usually ID values below 10 correspond to impulsive records [Eq.4].
Regarding the intensity of Arias (38), values can be determined as 0.689 m/s for the north–south component and 0,789 m/s for the east–west component. These values represent the seismic risk in one area by relating seismic oscillations to the potential building infrastructure damage.
Figure 5 represents the response spectra (Sa Spectral acceleration) of the acceleration time in each of the components (Figure 4).
Figure 5. Response spectra for Chusmiza (July 24, 2001).
4.1 Fired samplesTOP
Organic waste burns into the clay matrix at the beginning of firing process, in most cases between 200ºC and 400ºC in the so called pre-heating stage, when moisture is removed from the clay matrix. Although, at this point the vitrification phase is not yet started, the surface becomes cratered and some of biggest pores will be remained after firing. Additive placed in the clay matrix, far from the surface, will generate gases, which are trapped into the clay matrix and may react with other minerals to form other structures. In this way it can be assured that the addition of SW to clay produces an increase in porosity. Furthermore this porosity has a great influence on the bulk density, which shows a linear trend against the SW percentage added, implying that all the waste is burned during the firing process. (See Fig. 6). Compression stress (CS) (See Fig. 7) and Young´s Module (YM) (See Fig. 8) are also great influenced by this porosity due the effective section lost.
Figure 6. BD against percentage of SW added.
Figure 7. Compression stress against percentage of SW added.
Figure 8. Young´s Module against percentage of SW added.
Compression stress (CS) and Young´s Module (YM) are also greatly influenced by this porosity due the effective loss.
CS decays exponentially with the amount of SW added, which limits the potential added percentage. Thus CS is highly reduced by up to 55% for only 5% of added SW. From this point, CS is below the minimum normative threshold value, which varies from 10 N/mm2 for negligible weathering to 20 N/mm2 in the case of severe weathering in accordance with ASTM C62-10 (39) (See Fig. 9). The CS values are similar to those shown in previous researches, with similar firing temperature and raw clay matter. Thus, (40–42) obtained 11.4, 27.0 and 16.9 N/mm2, respectively when 5% of sawdust was added, (43) obtained similar values for 4% of sawdust (approx. 20 N/mm2). However, (40,41) found higher values, than provided by the current research, of 10 N/mm2 and 9.9 N/mm2, respectively, when 10% of SW was added. In the case of (41) this difference may be explained by the higher shaping pressure applied when forming samples (approx. 54 MPa) than that used in this paper (2.5 MPa). In case of (40) the particle size was limited to 1 mm, which reduces the size of pores formed and subsequent decreasing of CS. These authors limited the amount of sawdust added to 10% but (44) shows 3 N/mm2 for 20%, which is similar to the 2.6 N/mm2 found in this research.
Figure 9. BD against Compressive Strength.
YM for fired clay samples without any additive reach a maximum of 2.200 N/mm2, which is lower than that expected according to other research (45). However, it must be noted that this reference does not show firing temperature and mineral composition of fired clay, which are parameters that have a great influence on the mechanical properties of bricks. As additive percentage is increased, YM decreases to an average value of 175 N/mm2 for the fired samples with 17 % of SW additive. Hence, it can be concluded that waste addition reduces the fragility of fired clay bricks. Table 3 summarises the carried out values for all tests.
|Percentage of Additive [%]
|CS [N/mm2]
|E [N/mm2]
|BD [Ton/m3]
|38.1 (4.5)
|1,812.2 (1,821.5)
|1.68 (0.05)
|17.15 (2.5)
|617.6 (223.0)
|1.48 (0.01)
|5.07 (0.9)
|211.4 (120.4)
|1.26 (0.03)
|2.63 (1.4)
|173.5 (129.5)
|1.08 (0.06)
4.2 Nonlinear static analysis "Push over"TOP
Nonlinear analysis, or the so-called "push over", was implemented for calculating the maximum base shear in the aforementioned building models using triangular distribution forces. This forces-pattern is increased proportionally by a factor (λ) to achieve the limit of structural instability (46). The considered options in response are the control results corresponding to displacements. Figure 10 shows the results of capacity curves in each axis (X, Y) for each type of building case. Here, the significant increase in the base shear of buildings with the introduction of walls should be highlighted, which is in accordance with previous research. The ductility (μ) of the buildings (Table 4) is similar in both axes. Only the building without walls shows an important increasing for both directions.
|μ (X)
|μ (Y)
Figure 10. Capacity curves "Push over" considered buildings.
4.3 Dynamic AnalysisTOP
Nonlinear dynamic analysis is performed in discrete time using the b-Newmark method. The period of time discretisation (Dt) is 0.025 s. A Rayleigh Model represents the damping of the structure (47) wherein, the damping factor is equal to 5%. Figure 11 shows the analysis response dynamic in each axis (X, Y) for each type of analysed building. Moreover, it shows that solid bricks without additive produce the best response. Specimens made by adding 5% of SW show better behaviour than the commercial perforated bricks. This can be explained by the energy that can be absorbed by each type of fired sample. Hence, those samples manufactured by adding 11% and 17% of SW show the worst response, which is similar to the one produced by the building without walls. The aforementioned analysis for the X and Y directions of the earthquake corresponds to X and Y direction of building, respectively.
Figure 11. Dynamic analysis of considered buildings.
New fired clay bricks specimens made by adding sawdust from vine shoots were made and tested. BD varies proportionally to the amount of additive and CS shows a non-linear variation. Hence, CS decreased 55% when 5 % of SW is added, approximately 87% when 11% is added and samples with 17% of SW display initial CS reduced by up to 95%. The same trend was observed in the YM variation. Hence BD is not the best index for estimating neither CS nor YM when fired clay bricks are used.
With this test data, an individual one-story house was modelled and simulated against a high earthquake intensity based on the spectra of the Chusmiza earthquake. It is shown that the best results were obtained using bricks without additive. However bricks made by adding 5% of vine-shoot sawdust (B3) were highlighted as optimal, even above the typically perforated brick.
Therefore the maximum base shear strength is achieved by those enclosure buildings made by bricks without additive (B2) and it is twice that achieved by both bricks with 5% of additive (B3) and perforated bricks (B6). Furthermore, this maximum base shear strength is around 10-times that of the building without walls.
The maximum shear strength, for building with bricks made by adding 17% of sawdust (B5) showed the least strength. However, this value is about twice that of buildings without walls (B1).
The ductility of the buildings is similar for all buildings with walls. However, in case of building, modelized without walls, ductility has been shown an important increasing.
Thus, it is demonstrated that lightweight materials may be an alternative for building the enclosures of individual one-story houses, even when such buildings are built in seismic zones.
We would like to specially acknowledge the participation in this research of the University of Seville, which has granted the use of their facilities as well as specialized staff, in particular Emilio Galán, Ph.D. and Isabel González, Ph.D. who have developed the XRD assays. In addition we must highlighted that this research is part of the Project DIP74-2016, funded by Universidad Autonoma de Chile.
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Once they have been cut and sorted in the vineyard, the grapes are selected again on a table. This extremely selective sorting ensures that we keep only very high quality grapes. Our grapes are 50 to 100% destemmed, depending on the vintage. We carry out a cold maceration which lasts approximately one week at 14 °C. After that, the natural fermentation begins, during which time we favour a gentle extraction by pumping over and very little pigeage. Once the fermentation has been finished, the wines are left to clarify for 48 hours, and put in casks for twelve to fourteen months' maturing, according to the nature of the vintage.
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