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Republic of Congo (Brazzaville): Information on the human rights situation and the Ninja militia
Republic of Congo
|Response to Information Request Number:
|14 November 2000
|Republic of Congo (Brazzaville): Information on the human rights situation and the Ninja militia
|INS Resource Information Center, Washington, DC
|Republic of Congo / Brazzaville / Armed conflicts / Armed resistance movements / Ethnic conflict / Internal strife / Law of War / Military alliances / Military occupation / Opposition leaders / Political opposition / Political violence / Security forces
Please provide information regarding the organization, alliances, and activities, including human rights violations, committed by Ninja militia in Congo-Brazzaville?
For a brief chronological overview of human rights violations attributed to the Ninja militia in Congo-Brazzaville please see the chronology on pages 7 through 10 of this response.
Summary: There are numerous credible reports of grave human rights violations committed by Ninja militia forces loyal to former Congolese Prime Minister Bernard Kolelas, including hostage-taking, torture, and extrajudicial executions. These violations have occurred in a conflict in which all the major armed groups-linked to the Congolese government, to Kolelas, and to former-President Pascal Lissouba-appear to have committed grave human rights abuses. Amnesty International has accused government and opposition leaders of ordering or condoning "human rights abuses to eliminate or intimidate known or suspected supporters of their opponents" (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 12). A Congolese government report accused Kolelas of major human rights violations and a court sentenced him to death in absentia. However, the objectivity of the report has been questioned since it excluded violations committed by government forces, while the capacity of a judiciary--"overburdened, underfinanced, and subject to corruption and political influence," according to the State Department (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1998, Apr. 1999, p. 102)-to ensure a fair trial to political opponents has also been called into question.
Background: For a large part of the period following its independence from France in 1960, the Republic of Congo was embroiled in political crises and violent conflict linked to ethnic divisions and power struggles among the country's political elite. From 1964 to 1991 the country was a one-party state ruled according to Marxist-Leninist principles. The current president, Dennis Sassou Nguesso, seized power in 1979 and governed the country until 1992.
From early 1990 the government began moving toward a multi-party political system, which culminated in presidential elections in which Pascal Lissouba defeated Bernard Kolelas and Sassou Nguesso and acceded to the presidency. Disputed legislative elections in 1993 led to violent conflict between militias, representing party political and ethnic interests and formed to support the three major political leaders. During the 1993-94 civil war, Sassou's Cobra militia and Kolelas's Ninjas were allied against Lissouba's Cocoyes in a conflict in which some 2,000 people were killed and tens of thousands displaced before an agreement was signed in December 1994 to end hostilities. However, agreements to disarm militias and integrate them into the security forces were only partially implemented; disputes concerning the elections continued and violence increased in the run-up to 1997 elections.
In June 1997, when President Lissouba, fearing a coup d'etat, sent Cocoyes to arrest Sassou and disarm his Cobras, fighting spread throughout the capital-Brazzaville was divided into three zones each controlled by one of the militias. According to Amnesty International, "Civilians and members of the security forces suspected, usually on the basis of their ethnic origin, of supporting rival leaders were killed, detained or driven from their homes. . . By August, fighting had spread to northern Congo" (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 8). In September 1997 President Lissouba appointed Bernard Kolelas as Prime Minister, while Sassou refused to take up five ministerial posts offered to his party. In October, supported by Angolan troops, Sassou's forces took control of Brazzaville and on 17 October 1997 Sassou declared himself president.
In January 1998 a forum for national unity and reconciliation was convened and approved a three-year transition period that would lead to presidential and legislative elections in 2001. The forum also concluded that leaders of the previous administration, including President Lissouba and Prime Minister Kolelas, had committed grave human rights violations, including acts of genocide, and should be brought to justice. In June 1998, the Sassou government published a report entitled "The Civil Wars of Congo-Brazzaville" that accused Lissouba, Kolelas, and other members of the ousted government of human rights violations. However, according to Amnesty International, "Serious human rights abuses . . . committed by government forces and militia of President Sassou did not feature in the report" (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 9).
In October 1998 a court "indicted 100 members of Congo's former government with a sweeping list of offenses including assassinations, tortures, rapes, fraud and theft" (CNN, 16 Oct. 1998). Former-President Lissouba was later sentenced to 20 years imprisonment and former-Prime Minister Kolelas was sentenced to death in absentia for their alleged crimes. The U.S. Department of State, however, has stated that the "judiciary continued to be overburdened, underfinanced, and subject to corruption and political influence" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1998, Apr. 1999, p. 102). Amnesty International concluded: "a number of judicial officials appeared to be partisan in their acknowledgement of human rights abuses which had occurred when former-President Lissouba was in power. The officials were reluctant to admit that forces loyal to President Sassou had also carried out grave abuses of human rights. In most cases they appeared to support the government line that forces loyal to former-President Lissouba and his Prime Minister, Kolelas, had almost exclusive responsibility for the crimes committed in late 1997" (AI, Mar. 1999, p.12).
Armed conflict between the contending forces continued throughout 1998 and into 1999, accompanied by grave human rights violations. Some 10,000 people were killed in the conflict and over 800,000 displaced from their homes by the fighting (UN IRIN, 31 Jan. 2000). Following military advances by government forces, a ceasefire was signed in December 1999 between the Sassou government and Ninja and Cocoye militia leaders and an amnesty was offered to "all men bearing arms and guilty of war crimes who renounce violence and agree to lay down their arms" (Mikangou, 16 Mar. 2000). National reconciliation talks were to be held before the end of 2000, but the Congolese government was opposed to the participation of Lissouba and Kolelas, "who they blame for the wars that had occurred in the country since 1993" (PANA, 23 Oct. 2000). Kolelas rejected the ceasefire agreement, calling it a "sham" and a "masquerade" (Gouala, 18 Nov. 1999).
The human rights situation: Human rights and news reports have documented grave rights violations committed by all three major contending parties in the Republic of Congo--the Cobras and regular security forces loyal to President Sassou Nguesso; the Cocoyes of former-President Lissouba; and the Ninjas of former-Prime Minister Bernard Kolelas. According to Amnesty International: The United Nations Commission on Human Rights cited the human rights violations brought to their attention by non-governmental organizations as including "summary or extrajudicial executions; arbitrary arrest and detention; torture and rape; forced or involuntary disappearances; and violations of the freedom of expression, opinion and assembly" and concluded that "these human rights violations are allegedly committed by all parties to the conflict and particularly by members of various armed militias" (UNCHR, 29 Dec. 1999, p. 6).
According to Freedom House, there are "numerous and persistent reports of atrocities against civilians committed by both sides in the conflict. Victims describe persecution by soldiers and their militia allies at army roadblocks and recount being used as human shields by rebel militia forces" (Freedom House, Freedom in the World, 1999-2000, p. 2).
Rights violations attributed to Ninja militia loyal to Bernard Kolelas: Within this context of human rights violations committed by all the major contending forces in Congo, there is overwhelming evidence that the Ninja militias associated with Bernard Kolelas have been linked to multiple, grave human rights violations. According to Amnesty International, "From June 1997, Ninja and Cocoye combatants reportedly killed hundreds and possibly thousands of unarmed civilians at roadblocks in their Bacongo and Makélékélé strongholds."
"During a temporary ceasefire in July 1997, Ninja and Cocoye combatants summarily executed members of the security forces and civil servants, as well as many other civilians, passing through their roadblocks."
"From late August 1998, after armed clashes resumed in the Pool region, armed groups described as Ninjas, but also reportedly including Cocoyes, attacked unarmed civilians, as well as government and security officials. In reaction to the extrajudicial execution of three of their colleagues, . . . Ninja combatants in Mindouli reportedly killed the local police commissioner and an unspecified number of civilians on 29 August 1998. On 15 September, Ninja combatants reportedly killed several unarmed civilians, including the Sous-préfet of Goma Tsé-Tsé sub-region" (AI, Mar. 1999, p.15-16)
The Amnesty report goes on to list a number of killings by Ninja combatants of unarmed civilians, including a journalist, a trader, a village chief, six employees of the World Food Program, and five employees of the state railway company. "Ninjas were reported to possess a list of suspected or known government supporters to kill in the Pool region. Among the victims were non-speakers of the Lari language, spoken by people from the region" (AI, Mar. 1999, p.15-16).
According to another report, "In June 1999 the Ninja militia reportedly carried out a series of ambushes on members of the armed forces and civilians, including an attack on a civilian bus carrying returning refugees, in which 60 people were killed" (Newafrica.com, no date, p.1). CNN reported on 1 January 1999 that Ninja fighters seized two villages and barred 2,000 townspeople from leaving their homes. They cited witnesses who "gave accounts of Ninja militiamen torturing their captives" (CNN.com, 1 Jan. 1999). In July 1999 the Vancouver Sun reported that "Ninja rebels loyal to ousted prime minister Bernard Kolelas attacked the village of Oka in the Plateaux region" and "abducted 53 people" (Vancouver Sun, 6 July 1999).
Reports from human rights organizations and news sources also document major violations of human rights by government forces (and by militia loyal to former-president Lissouba). According to Amnesty International, "Hundreds of unarmed civilians and captured combatants were extrajudicially executed by government forces and allied militia." Government forces, "together with allied Angolan and Chadian government forces, reportedly killed hundreds more civilians during an offensive against the "Ninja" armed opposition group in the Pool region. Despite widespread reports of violence, including the burning of hundreds of homes, the authorities failed to investigate the killings or take any action against the perpetrators" (AI, Amnesty International Report 1999, 1999, p.3). And, according to the 1998 U.S. Department of State report on human rights practices in the Congo, "The government's human rights record was characterized by numerous serious abuses. Security forces, which included many undisciplined and poorly trained former members of non-government militias, were responsible for extrajudicial killings including summary executions, disappearances, rapes, beatings and physical abuse of detainees and the civilian population, arbitrary arrests and detentions, and arbitrary searches and widespread looting of private homes" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1998, Apr. 1999, p. 99).
Alliances between the Ninja militias and other militia groups: During the 1993-94 armed conflict, Sassou Nguesso's Cobra forces and Ninjas loyal to Kolelas were allied against President Lissouba, and "Kolelas' Ninjas reportedly received weapons and other military assistance from Sassou" (AI, Mar. 1999, p.7). However, no reports of the two militias being merged have been found among the sources consulted. Attempts were made to incorporate militia members into the regular armed forces following the first civil war of 1993-94, but these efforts had only limited success. The separate militias maintained their identities and the Cobras, Cocoyes, and Ninjas have been active and responsible for serious human rights violations up to the present.
Following the first civil war in Congo-Brazzaville, the belligerents agreed to a ceasefire in January 1994. In December 1994 "the government and opposition formed a coordinating body to oversee the disarmament of militia and the restoration of judicial authority. . . President Lissouba and his opponents, Kolelas and Sassou, signed an agreement to end hostilities." In January 1995 the government of President Lissouba announced the integration of 2,000 disbanded militia into the army. In December 1995 political parties agreed to disarm their militia and integrate 1,200 of them into the security forces. According to Amnesty International, "integration of militia enabled all political parties to have an influence in the security forces, thus adversely affecting morale and discipline. Although as many as 4,000 former militia were reportedly integrated between 1994 and 1996, militia activities continued" (AI, Mar. 1999, p.7).
Only a small proportion of the non-government affiliated militia forces, however, were integrated into the regular army and it was an attempt by the government in May 1997 to disarm the militia group associated with Sassou-Nguesso, following inter-militia unrest, that led to "fierce conflict along ethnic and political lines involving militia groups and opposing factions within the regular armed forces" and to the second Congolese civil war (Newafrica.com, no date).
Following government military advances and the signing of a ceasefire agreement in December 1999 between the government and militia leaders, some 2,000 Ninjas and Cocoyes surrendered to authorities, turning in more than 1,600 weapons. However, according to a Ninja militia leader, "there are still almost 16,000 Ninjas in the Pool region around Brazzaville and several thousand Cocoyes" (Mikangou, 16 Mar. 2000).
The Congo government's accusations against Kolelas and Lissouba: In mid-1998, the government of President Sassou Nguesso published a report that accused former-president Lissouba and former-prime minister Kolelas of grave human rights violations, including genocide. According to the report, "The Civil Wars of Congo-Brazzaville: November 1993-January 1994, June 5-October 15, 1997," also known as the "White Book," "these indigenous leaders ruined the economy, destroyed civil peace, disorganized public authority, armed militiamen, destroyed the administration, subjugated justice and, finally, attempted to stay in power by force by terrorizing the civilian population." In contrast, according to the report, "General Denis Sassou-Nguesso, who had accepted the voters' verdict and given up power without protest, did not become involved in the tragedy at any time" (The Republic of Congo, June 1998).
However, the report, which comes from a government that has itself been credibly accused of grave human rights violations and which accuses its political opponents of bearing sole responsibility for the events of 1993-94 and 1997, appears to be something less than the independent and objective assessment of rights violations during this period called for by human rights groups. Responding to a question in the United Kingdom's House of Lords regarding the UK government's reaction to the "White Book," the government representative (Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean) responded that "We have read with interest the white book, handed to the Foreign Office on 30 June 1998 by Mr. Adada. This claims that former President Pascal Lissouba was guilty of genocide during the 1997 civil war in the Republic of Congo. We have seen no independent evidence to that effect" (UK, 3 Sept. 1998). Amnesty International in its 1999 annual report on the Republic of the Congo commented: "Serious human rights abuses, including many deliberate and arbitrary killings, 'disappearances' and torture, committed by government forces and allied militia under President Nguesso, did not feature in the [government's June 1998] report." The human rights organization went on to urge Congolese authorities to "set up an independent and impartial inquiry into human rights abuses that occurred in the recent past and to ensure that the perpetrators were brought to justice' (AI, Amnesty International Report 1999, 1999, p.1 & 4).
Finally, according to the State Department's 1999 human rights report, "Although the Cocoyes were formed from a nucleus of former President Lissouba's Presidential Guard and the Ninjas originally were founded by former Prime Minister Kolelas, it was unclear whether Lissouba and Kolelas continued to exercise any meaningful control over rebel military operations. The Ninjas were based largely in the Lari ethnic group" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1999, Apr. 2000, p. 137). This conclusion would seem to be borne out by the fact that leaders of the Ninja militia within the Republic of Congo signed a ceasefire agreement with the Sassou Nguesso government in late 1999 that was denounced by Kolelas.
Chronology of major human rights violations alleged to have been committed by Ninja militia from 1993 - 1999
1993: "Militias loyal to faction leaders held hostages from rival groups and engaged in numerous instances of looting, burning, rape, and physical assault. In the violence, at least 200 and perhaps many more persons died, many homes were destroyed, and tens of thousands of people had to flee their neighborhoods in which other ethnic groups dominated" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1993, Feb. 1994, p. 63).
1994: "The major political parties established private militias, which included police and army personnel who had temporarily deserted their units. These private militias were responsible for the bulk of human rights abuses, but government troops also committed extrajudicial killings, and the police continued to use torture and other brutal measures against detainees . . . Abuses perpetrated by the private militias included extrajudicial killing, kidnapping, torture, and looting, but their frequency decreased significantly after the January 30 signature of the peace accord. Members of groups at both ends of the political spectrum purged ethnic majority neighborhoods of minority ethnic groups through the use of arson, looting, and assassination" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1994, Feb. 1995, p. 54-55).
1995: "Members of the security forces and private militias continued to be implicated in increasing crime against civilians" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1995, Apr. 1996, p. 61).
1997: Once the civil war began, government soldiers and the militias that supported them, as well as the opposition militias against which they fought, engaged in widespread extortion and harassment of civilians. Opposition militias killed, beat, and detained persons because of their ethnicity. Both sides, particularly the Government, targeted densely populated areas with heavy shells and rockets. Soldiers and militias engaged in heavy looting throughout the capital, causing great property damage. As a result of the violence, thousands of persons, most of them civilians, were killed in Brazzaville, and hundreds of thousands were displaced (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1997, Mar. 1998, p. 78).
From June 1997: "Ninja and Cocoye combatants reportedly killed hundreds and possibly thousands of unarmed civilians at roadblocks in their Bacongo and Makélékélé strongholds" (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 15).
July 1997: During a temporary cease-fire, "Ninja and Cocoye combatants summarily executed members of the security forces and civil servants, as well as many other civilians, passing through their roadblocks" (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 15).
2 October 1997: Adrien Wayi, a journalist, was arrested, "blindfolded and taken to one of the houses forming part of Kolelas' headquarters in Bacongo, southern Brazzaville. When in custody, he was severely beaten and tortured in a variety of ways, including having "a hot flat iron placed on his abdomen, tearing the skin on his back using a pair of scissors and removing his nails with a pair of pliers." He was told that he would be killed and thrown into the river. He was released on 14 October 1997 and a year later still had severe headaches from his injuries and could not lie on his back (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 18-19).
1998: "Members of the 'Ninja' armed group killed unarmed civilians who refused to support them, particularly before and during clashes with government forces" (AI, Amnesty International Report 1999, 1999, p. 3-4).
From August 1998: "Members of armed opposition groups, thought to mainly consist of Ninjas, carried out a violent campaign in which they arrested and summarily executed a number of government and security officials, and their relatives. During this campaign, the armed combatants destroyed and looted government property" (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 17).
From late August 1998: "Armed groups described as Ninjas, but also reportedly including Cocoyes, attacked unarmed civilians, as well as government and security officials. In reaction to the extrajudicial execution of three of their colleagues, . . . Ninja combatants in Mindouli reportedly killed the local police commissioner and unspecified number of civilians on 29 August 1998" (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 15).
29 August 1998: Armed combatants thought to be Ninjas shot a journalist, Fabien Fortune Bioumbo, and several other people who were traveling from Brazzaville to Mindouli. The victims, including Bivoula, a village chief, and Victor Kimbembe, a trader, were arrested and then shot by the combatants (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 15).
15 September 1998: "Ninja combatants reportedly killed several unarmed civilians, including the Sous-préfet of Goma Tsé-Tsé sub-region" (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 15).
9 October 1998: Ninja combatants burned the police station and prefecture offices in Kinkala (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1998, Apr. 1999, p. 100).
16 October 1998: "A court indicted 100 members of Republic of Congo's former government with a sweeping list of offenses including assassinations, tortures, rapes, fraud, and theft" (CNN.com, 16 Oct. 1998).
26 October 1998: Ninjas in the Pool region killed six employees of the World Food Program who were on a working visit in the region. During October 1998 Ninjas killed five employees of the state-owned railway company (AI, Mar. 1999, p. 15).
14 November 1998: Ninja combatants killed six members of a church-led mediation committee [see above] and as many as 35 other civilians in an attack in Mindouli. (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1998, Apr. 1999, p. 100-101).
1999: "Rebel militiamen were responsible for serious abuses, including summary execution, rape and extortion. Rebel militias severed rail and power lines, thereby causing serious food and water shortages in southern towns. Militia commanders prevented displaced civilians from returning to their homes, prolonging their suffering under conditions of inadequate food and medical care" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1999, Apr. 2000, p. 129-130).
"Rebel militiamen, particularly the "Ninjas" and "Nsiloulou" based in the southern Pool region, also committed summary executions. These militiamen questioned young men among displaced civilians in the local dialect to ascertain their ethnicity and, if they were unable to answer, killed them as suspected government infiltrators. There were credible reports that rebels burned villages suspected of harboring infiltrators or whose inhabitants contemplated returning to government-controlled areas" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1999, Apr. 2000, p. 130).
1999: "There were credible reports that rebel militia groups from the Lari ethnic group and operating in the Pool region repeatedly raped women, looted homes, and killed persons, even among their own ethnic group, and that they also tortured suspected infiltrators from other groups" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1999, Apr. 2000, p. 131).
1999: "For much of the year, rebel 'Ninja' and 'Nsiloulou' militiamen prevented the return to Brazzaville of civilians who had fled the capital in December 1998. Rebels denied the displaced persons access to information about conditions in Brazzaville and punished families or villages of those who sought to return. Throughout the year, insecurity and rebel sabotage of the railway prevented train service between Brazzaville and Pointe Noire" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1999, Apr. 2000, p. 134).
1999: "Deliberate and arbitrary killings of unarmed civilians were also committed by armed opposition groups. In particular, cases of killings and abductions by the Ninjas were reported. As with the government, leaders of armed opposition groups were not known to have taken any measures to prevent further killings of civilians or to instruct those under their command to respect international humanitarian law" (AI, Amnesty International Report 2000, 2000, p. 82).
1 January 1999: Ninja fighters "seized two villages in the Republic of Congo, barring 2,000 townspeople from leaving their homes." Witnesses "gave accounts of Ninja militiamen torturing their captives" (CNN.com, 1 Jan. 1999).
June 1999: The Ninja militia reportedly carried out a series of ambushes on members of the armed forces and civilians, including an attack on a civilian bus carrying returning refugees, in which 60 people were killed (Newafrica.com, no date, p. 6; Gouala, 5 June 1999).
23 June 1999: "The International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH) has accused the Congo-Brazzaville government and rebel militias of killing between 5,000 and 6,000 people during the past six months" (Mikangou, 23 June 1999).
6 July 1999: "Ninja rebels loyal to ousted Prime Minister Bernard Kolelas attacked the village of Oka in the Plateaux region last week. Fifty-three villagers were rounded up and taken to Ninja rear bases in the Pool region adjoining Plateaux" (Vancouver Sun, 6 July 1999).
This response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RIC within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee or asylum status.
Amnesty International (AI), Amnesty International Report 2000, (London: Amnesty International, 2000).
Amnesty International (AI), "Republic of Congo: An Old Generation of Leaders in New Carnage," (London: Amnesty International, 25 March 1999). [Internet] URL: http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/1999/AFR/12200199.htm
Amnesty International (AI), Amnesty International Report 1999, (London: Amnesty International, 1999). [Internet] URL: http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/afr22.htm
CNN.com, "Republic of Congo villages overrun by 'Ninjas' in anti-government fight," 1 January 1999. [Internet] URL: http://europe.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9901/01/congo.01/
CNN.com, "100 former Republic of Congo officials indicted for war crimes." 16 October 1998. [Internet] URL: http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9810/16/republic.congo.01/
Freedom House, Freedom in the World, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1999-2000, (New York: Freedom House, 2000). [Internet] URL: http://freedomhouse.org/survey/2000/reports/country/congob.html
Gouala, Joseph. Agence France Presse, "Congolese people skeptical over peace deal," 18 November 1999. (NEXIS)
Mikangou, Lyne. Inter Press Service, "Politics-Congo: Militia members seek rehabilitation after the war," 16 March 2000. (NEXIS)
Newafrica.com, "Congo Post-Colonial History," no date. [Internet] URL: http://newafrica.com/history/congo/post_colonial.htm
Panafrican News Agency (PANA), "Congo to hold reconciliation talks before the end of year," 23 October 2000. [Internet] URL: http://allafrica.com/stories/200010230259.html
The Republic of Congo, "The Civil Wars of Congo-Brazzaville: November 1993-January 1994, June 5-October 15, 1997-Documents for History," June 1998. [Internet] URL: http://www.Brazzaville-report.com
United Kingdom (UK), House of Lords, Hansard text for 3 September 1998. [Internet] URL: http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/id199697/ldhansard/pdvn/lds98/text/80903w10.htm
United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR), "Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Congo," 29 December 1999. [Internet] URL: http://www.asyl.net/Magazin/docs/Docs11/1-17/L6322drc.html
United Nations Integrated Regional Information Network (UN-IRIN), "Congo-Kinshasa: Kolelas recognizes Sassou-Nguesso." 31 January 2000 [NEXIS].
United States Department of State (U.S. DOS), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999 - Volume I, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 2000).
United States, Department of State (U.S. DOS), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1998 - Volume I, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1999).
United States, Department of State (U.S. DOS), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1997, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1998).
United States, Department of State (U.S. DOS), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1995, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1996).
United States, Department of State (U.S. DOS), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1994, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1995).
United States, Department of State (U.S. DOS), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1994).
Vancouver Sun, "Congo Republic: Rebels loyal to ex-leader kidnap 53 people," 6 July 1999. (NEXIS)


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Fabulous southern cuisine with a modern twist offers lunch, dinner, and drinks. Hoppin' Johnz New South Cuisine welcomes you to dine indoors or enjoy an outdoor meal and the ambiance of Pailin's Alley. Their service is superb with perfect atmosphere and depending on the night, you may even catch some live music.
Cypress Creek Grill invites you to come and enjoy beautiful views of the Pasquotank River as you dine on fresh seafood, steaks and much more! They offer the highest quality seafood and local ingredients expertly prepared by Executive Chef Brad Chambers and served in a casual and comfortable environment.
For more great dining options, click here to see our full list.


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|Walking in
|Little Room Off to the Right
|Where the Dining room Will Be
|Room at the Top of the Stairs, where the TV will be
|Upstairs Bathroom
|Hanna's room
|My room
|My room view two
|Mom & Dad's room
|Mom and Dad's Bathroom
The room's are a lot smaller than My camera makes them look, as I had to use the wide lens.
Now we have a winter home in Arizona!
It's a great house, I've never lived in a house this new.
And I have my own Mirror!


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Hi guys, we're back and i hope everyone had a great holiday season! I have updated the gallery with event images of Row at the W Magazine It Girl Luncheon and some candid images while shopping out at the grove. Antonia has uploaded images from a recent photoshoot as well as images from the nintendo's winter wonderland which i added some images of Carmen Blanchard to the gallery, (Thats Rowan's little sister, who is also an actress) i will be uploading images of her and projects for now on!
Soon i will have HD Captures of Girl Meets Stem, keep checking back!
Hey Rowan Fans! We just wanted to wish all of you a Merry Christmas and a wonderful Holiday Season with your Friends and Family. We see us in 2016!! –Love and Joy from Row: Rowan Blanchard
Disney Channel's Girl Meets World has covered everything from first crushes to religion to autism, and star Rowan Blanchard says it's the show's wide-ranging topics that have left her most proud. After penning an essay about intersectional feminism, the reaction to which she says has been "humbling," Rowan has continued to speak out about women's issues, and she hopes to inspire other young people to find their voice and express their opinions as well.
Hi guys, i have uploaded HD captures from Girl Meets World Episode "Girl Meets The Forgiveness Project" plus i have added HQ images of Row at the Glamour Women of the Year Awards, and I have uploaded more episodes stills from tonights premiere of "Girl Meets Sludge" Make sure to check them out over in the gallery!
GIRL MEETS WORLD – "Girl Meets Sludge" – Riley is upset when the boys at school won't let her participate in a science experiment and attempts to become more involved. This episode of "Girl Meets World" airs Friday, November 13 (8:30 PM – 9:00 PM ET/PT), on Disney Channel.
So Rowan went to the "International Women's Media Foundation Courage Awards" which is so awesome. Also check out the new Stills from "Girl Meets th Forgiveness Project". It is airing on Friday, November 6th 2015 at 8:30 PM on Disney Channel. Check out our Gallery for all the Images.


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I was wiping vomit off my face when Serjeant Hunt clambered up from his hatch, wide-eyed, and blinking. The bloody snot smeared across his face was his. The gore splashed across his helmet, and the side of his truck, was not.
If you are looking for the home of House Morningwood, you've found it — welcome!
BLUF: This is where you go to help Breach-Bang-Clear keep doing what it's doing.
What would it be like if Meereen went the way of Mogadishu, with modern weaponry? It would be a shitshow, that's a certainty. This is a story about a PMC dealing with just such a shitshow (serialized in several parts). Some of them may or may not wear the sigil of House Morningwood.
episode 1
episode 2
Long streams of tracer licked out from the shoulders of the Great Pyramid, lethal and languid.
Answering streams lashed back in graceful coils in an orgy of color, some from the streets, more from the ruined dome of the Temple of Graces. Lilac tracers of Tyrosh contested with Braavosi blue, both dueling the angry green of Volantis.
Moments later came the distant chatter of machine-guns, echoing across the sluggish brown water of the Skahazadhan. With it came a stirring of breeze, heavy with the river stink, old mud and new sewage, and the filthy brine of Slaver's Bay.
This is just an explanation of our sigil and words. If you're looking for the full story of House Morningwood, visit the maester. He can also help you if it burns when you pee.
Coat of Arms: Cendrée, a spear, Gules brunâtre proper, bendwise sinister beneath a fiery sun Or, in the fourth quarter two roundels azure, a bordure sable.
Some folks have asked if those were blue balls, and the spear behind the sun a phallic reference. Well…the name of the house is morning wood, and our motto is, rise before dawn, so wtf do you think?
Words: Rise Before Dawn
Seat: Freedom, OK
Current Lord: Richard "Swingin' Dick" Kilgore
Region: 'Merica and the Frigid North of Frozen Canadia
Title: First Lord of Morningwood, Autarch of Nancy's Squat & Gobble, Protector of Pervert Row at All Three Stages, Self Proclaimed Arbiter of What Is Right and Just, etc. etc. etc.
Ancestral Weapon: Kindness 2
Overlord: None. Wait, George Washington.
Founder: Swingin' Dick Kilgore and Jake "Slim" Call
Founded: One night when they were drunk.
1Hat tip to Westeros.org for the template for writing up a noble house.
2Kindness is a gloriously well maintained, quite likely ensorcelled, 1917-built M1918 Winchester B.A.R. (Browning Automatic Rifle) with every possible high-end component. We'll be writing the full story of Kindness very soon.
Here shalt though find a reckoning of all who hath sworn to Great House Morningwood. Rise before dawn!
[Click the image w/ associated rank to access your member area.]
• Become one of our Smallfolk.
• Learn more about our Smallfolk.
• Learn more about our Bannermen.
Become a Hedge Knight.
Learn more about the House Morningwood Hedge Knights.
Stay abreast of news from across the realm. Sign up to receive our ravens.
⚠ Not always SFW (safe for work)!


text:
Heure H PM
- Color: Silver Tone
- Material: Stainless Steel
- Style: NS
- Size: 0
- Size, Inches (Width x Height X Depth): 0.83" x 0.83" x 0.24"
- Size, Centimeters (Width x Height X Depth): 2.1 cm x 2.1 cm x 0.6 cm
- Serial Number: 1198773
- Watch Movement: Quartz
- Watch Crystal: Sapphire
- Watch Dial: Black Guilloché
- Watch Markers: Arabic numerals
- Watch Features:
- Wrist Size: 16.5cm
- Watch Headstone:
- Side Stone:
- Accent Stone:
- Category:
- Included Items: Original box
- Missing Items:
- Condition: there are scratches on the front and back case.
Other details:
- LXRandCo guarantees the authenticity of this vintage Hermes Heure H PM watch. Crafted in stainless steel
- this elegant watch comes in beautiful silver tone.
* Please note this is a pre-owned vintage item that may display signs of wear consistent with the condition and grade listed above.
LXRandCo is not affiliated with Hermes. We guarantee this is an authentic Hermes item. Hermes is a registered trademark of Hermes.


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A comprehensive and brief overview of what Sharia law means, based on the book "Reliance of the traveller", marriage, wives, nogo's in islam, jihad, punishments and so on…
If you don't want to watch the video below these pics, here some screenshots for you;
Womens' rights
Acts that entail leaving islam
Acts causing the ending of dhimmie status
Here's the video (15 minutes)
- Sharia for Dummies
Next video is a result of Sharia ruling… just an example
- SHOCKING GRAPHIC VIDEO NON ISIS MUSLIM Mob Rips Apart Woman
Some more good info on islam by The Masked Arab;
- Seven main reasons why I left Islam – Proof Islam is false
- Paedophilia & child marriage in Islam
- Does terrorism have wider support than we think?
- Islam demands respect – exposing the double standards
- Scientific miracles in the Quran? Analysis of Zakir Naik's claims
- Islam & the whale that carries the Earth on its back
- The Quranic chapter that gave it all away…
- Islam & ISIS – Slavery in Islam
- Does the Quran really say the Sun sets in a muddy spring?
For more vids, go to youtube
Have a nice day, Zeepertje


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Rigor, Responsibility and Respect - Personalized Learning by Design
Children and their families gathered in the gymnasium at the John Paulding School on Monday night to learn more about Mindfulness and how its techniques can help them to better respond and not react to stress in their lives.
"Use yoga as a vehicle for social and emotional wellness to create healthy minds and bodies," said Youth Yoga and Mindfulness Instructor Leslie Seery. "We live in a crazy world, so much is going. We must take care of our brains."
Seery demonstrated some simple moves of Chair Yoga that spread an important message slow down and in order to make better decisions. Mindfulness is a component of the District's Social and Emotional Learning initiative already present at Sleepy Hollow Middle and High Schools.
Physical Education Department Chair Tawn Turnesa and Dr. Gail Duffy, Director of Curriculum and Instruction organized the evening with the assistance of a Federal Grant.
Both administrators practice Mindfulness at home. "Research shows that Mindfulness reduces stress, assists athletes, and helps with homework and concentration," said Dr. Duffy. "It also provides a time for families to put technology away and experience the present moment."
Families also spent time in classroom learning other techniques to become more in-tune with their minds and bodies. Then they made an eye pillow using soothing oils.


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2020 Dodge 3500 Dually Release Date, Changes, Price, Specs – The newest 2020 Dodge 3500 Dually Seize is really a best-rated business owner within the high-top quality pickup truck field on a bank account of the peaceful freeway vacation good quality, substantial-excellent interior, large interior accommodations, massive torque, also amazing moving and even towing capabilities.
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2020 Dodge 3500 Dually Interior
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Be a participant in the financial market to get a return for your commission
The investment management services and financial advisory is provided by the registered investment advisor in order to regulate the brokerage. The sale of stocks or purchase can be used to execute the transactions along with the other investments. If you want to get a return for a commission then you should be a participant in the financial market. The chartered financial accountants are permitted to sell the services when different types of investments are affected by company formation. The online tools are provided by the regulatory authority who belong to the financial industry. The professional designations in the united states can be understood with the help of online tools.
The average salary of any stockbroker:
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Alex Gurvich is one of the founders of Rockledge Group, which was founded in 2004. Before that, he worked at GE Capital, the investment division of General Electric, managing a technology venture-capital portfolio. The other founders of Rockledge developed and tested the basic strategy while at CIGNA before 2004.
Rockledge's first product was a traditional long-only sector allocation fund called Rockledge L2, and this has a track record going back to April 2005. This Rockledge L2 strategy has a total return of 87.1% from inception through January 2012. This is quite impressive against the S&P 500, which has returned 11.2%.
In 2008, Rockledge expanded its offering by developing a sector alpha product with a long-short strategy. This product uses the L2 strategy and adds a short component, selling the S&P 500, maintaining a dollar neutral position. Sector alpha has gained 20.2% since its inception in July 2008 through January 2012, versus the S&P which was up 2.5% in the same period.
By 2010, Rockledge wanted to expand and it started "looking out for a different mode of distribution." They started looking in the ETF space.
Jim Mitchell joined them in 2010, leaving Tremont Capital, where he had been a managing director, responsible among other matters, for developing an insurance dedicated product. There, he was also building a seeding program, which is how he was introduced to Gurvich's team.
Their new product for Rockledge Group (specifically for Rockledge Advisors) is an ETF that uses the Sector Scoring and Allocation Methodology (SectorSAM), an actively managed and sector selection and rotation analysis, and is accordingly known as the SectorSAM ETF (SSAM). The fund holds equal amounts long and short and is as a result dollar neutral.
AAA: Congratulations on the launch of your new product.
Rockledge: We were at a conference last week, and heard reactions to our launch. The new product is getting a good reception. It has been written up in several periodicals, including Barron's. We're bringing long/short equity as a strategy to those who aren't high net worth or accredited investors. Although today there are some long/short strategies available through mutual funds, there isn't much long-short available in ETF format. But that seems to be changing. For the most part the strategy we employ, a long-short equity fund, is still the domain of high net worth individuals and large institutions. There are few hedged strategies available for the many.
AAA: Is this exclusively a retail product, or do you anticipate institutions expressing an interest as well?
Rockledge: Though SectorSAM is at least initially aimed at the retail market, it follows precisely the strategy that institutions such as CalPERS or General Motors would seek out. SSAM brings this long-short absolute return alternative strategy to the public. It does what they now aren't able to do without dealing with limited partnerships or lock-ups.
AAA: One common line of argument in the asset-management world is that actively managed funds don't justify the fees involved, and that especially at the retail level most people are better off buying into a passively-managed index fund. How do you react to that?
Rockledge: A lot of times the traditional long-only manager has underperformed the broad market. Whether it is a retail investor or an institution you are seeing in recent years a swing away from active managers toward the passive indexes. This can mean, in practice, long-only passive index mutual funds, or passively managed index ETFs. But our approach is about active management through asset allocation specifically sector rotation. It isn't about stock picking. Research has shown that stock picking is the point where the investor can lose out. Asset allocation is where a manager can add value.
Rockledge's track record for sector allocation goes back to 2005 and has easily outperformed the S&P. We are comfortable with our process for identifying potential sector outperformance based on our past 7 years.
AAA: From your launch on January 12 until Friday, January 27, SSAM has lagged behind the S&P. Closing Friday, S&P was up 1.6 percent, SSAM by 1.2 percent. Why is that so?
Rockledge: For the month of January SSAM was up 1.3%, and that was only since the launch on January 12. You have to break down that figure into the results from our long holdings on the one hand, our shorts on the other, to make sense of it. When you look at our long positions, they are up 2.59 percent for half of January. Our shorts are down 1.10. Our beta long is 1.25. Our beta short is .87. It's all about consistent performance regardless of the type of market. This is not a tracking fund. We're not necessarily going to go as quickly as the market when it is headed up. But we will still be headed up even when the S&P is down.
AAA: Pimco, which is obviously a huge and very visible institution, is getting into the active ETF business in March. What do you think they're up to?
Rockledge: I think they're recognizing that the ETF has an operational advantage over the mutual fund, that it is the investment vehicle of choice going forward. There are several reasons why this so is. For example, when you sit down to buy into a mutual fund for yourself or your family, you have to go through a long document. For an ETF, you make a telephone call to your broker.
Second, ETFs are fully transparent and have instant liquidity.
Third, and also part of what I think Pimco sees, there's the value of cutting out intermediaries. There is no middle man between Pimco and the potential buyers of its new active ETF. They go from a BtoB distribution to a BtoC distribution and probably net the same fee at the end.
AAA: Do you have any further products in the pipeline?
Rockledge: The short answer is 'yes.' We're trying to understand the best product to put out there. Our sector scoring process would work on international sectors for example. We see ourselves in the vanguard of the market bringing alternative strategies to the market in the ETF wrapper and our next product will keep us there. There are lots of ways we could go but we are focusing out attention on a successful beginning for SSAM. Just as a list of possibilities: we could move into the mid-cap or small cap areas, and we could look at international equities; or we could rotate country by country rather than sector by sector. Our methodology can apply at different levels.


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Rabbi Gordon Tucker sent this tribute to members of his congregation on Sunday, May 6, 2018.
We share it today on behalf of Ruach Hiddush.
Ruach Hiddush Executive Committee
Rabbi Pam Frydman (Chair), Rabbi Mark Levin (Newsletter Editor), Rabbi Michael Chernick, Rabbi Elyse Wechterman, Rabbi Gordon Tucker, Rabbi Uri Regev (Hiddush President and CEO)
I write with the deepest of sadness at the tragic death of Rabbi Aaron Panken, of blessed memory. Rabbi Panken has been the President of Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion for the last 5 years. More than that, he was a model rabbi, scholar, and community leader. Rabbi Panken was a personal friend and professional colleague to me, as he was to several members of this community, both lay and professional. And he was a powerful spokesperson for Jewish pluralism and tolerance throughout the world – a true "Ohev Yisrael." The many students who were trained on his watch, and by him directly, will never forget the gifts that they received from him.
As I consider the horror of the accident that took him from us, I am reminded of a profound teaching that comes from the Talmudic rabbis. They said that when a righteous teacher is lost, he is lost to his entire generation. And that is true. Rabbi Panken's death is a blow not just to the Reform Movement, which he helped to lead, but to the entire Jewish world of our time. But our ancient sages went further. They said that what they meant was not only that the pain of the loss is felt by the entire generation, but that, in a real sense, it is only felt by that generation. "When a jewel is lost by its owner," they said, it has not disappeared, and "wherever it is, it is still a jewel." Future generations, unlike ours, will not feel the sting of this loss, just as we do not feel the sting of the loss of those teachers who died in generations previous to ours; instead, they will only have the benefit of the teachings and the legacies of this gem, who will surely remain a gem for all time.
Rabbi Gordon Tucker is Senior Rabbi of Temple Israel Center, a Conservative Egalitarian Synagogue in White Plains, New York.
Victory for LGBT Rights on Pride Month
Dear Friends,
Iris and Anna, citizens of Russia, met in 2006 and fell in love. As same-sex marriage is not an option in Russia, they tied the knot in Denmark in 2013 when it became legal for non-citizens to marry there. With one dream accomplished, Iris felt ready to fulfill her calling to live as a Jew in Israel. Anna, who is not Jewish, agreed and the couple decided to make aliyah in 2015.
In 2014, IRAC secured immigration rights [LINK] under the Law of Return for non-Jewish partners in same-sex marriages, equal to the rights of married heterosexual couples. So if Iris and Anna were Danish citizens, their immigration application would have been granted without a fuss. But because Russia does not recognize Iris' and Anna's Danish marriage license, the Interior Ministry claimed that the 2014 regulation IRAC fought for did not apply to them. Instead of recognizing the status of the immigrants who were legally married in another country, the Ministry preferred to side with the country that was denying them their rights.
IRAC's Legal Aid Center for Olim (LACO) appealed the decision, claiming that Anna had the right to new immigration status because she is Iris's wife. The Interior Ministry was willing to grant Anna a temporary, one-year working visa, but we were not satisfied and appealed the decision again. When the Interior Ministry didn't respond, we petitioned the Supreme Court in February 2016.
Last Thursday, the Interior Ministry informed the court that instead of opposing our petition, it would apply the 2014 policy to same-sex couples, like Iris and Anna, whose wedding is not recognized in their country of origin. **This means that now, **finally**,** ALL same-sex couples who marry overseas before making aliyah will be recognized by Israel as married under the Law of Return.*
Same-sex couples still cannot get married in Israel. But victories like these are welcome steps in the right direction. With this year's Jerusalem Pride less than a month away, we have good reason to celebrate.
If you will be in Jerusalem on July 21, mark your calendars to come march with IRAC at Jerusalem Pride. Details will follow in the coming weeks.
P.S. We welcome yesterday's court decision sentencing Yishai Schlissel to life in prison plus 31 years for stabbing marchers and killing Shira Banki at last year's Jerusalem Pride march.
Click HERE for the RRFEI bulletin:
'Reform and Conservative Movements write the Police Inspector General'
Click HERE for the original
Hebrew version of the letter below
14 Sivan 5776, 20 June 2016
Chief of Staff Ronnie Alshich
Israel Police Inspector General
National Headquarters
Via Bar Lev 1 Jerusalem
Honorable One:
Re : Insufficient police preparations for egalitarian mincha prayers at the Western Wall
We are writing to alert the Police regarding serious deficiencies that occurred last Thursday, 10 Sivan 5776, 16 June 2016) at the Western Wall while the Masorti (Conservative) and Reform Movements were holding an egalitarian mincha service in the public plaza.
We did not veil our intention to gather at the Western Wall nor did we veil our intention to exercise our right to pray there. In an attempt to prevent our worship, the Minister of Religious Affairs asked the office of the Legal Advisor to look into whether our worship could be prevented, but, as expected, the Legal Advisor informed him that there were no grounds for preventing the service from taking place in the main plaza. A petition was submitted to the Supreme Court in this matter on behalf of the Association of 'Justice' and that petition was also rejected. The police were aware of all of these realities, and to remove any doubt (about whether the police were aware of these realities), Masorti Movement Chair Attorney Yizhar Hess (undersigned) phoned Police David Commander Doron Turgeman to update him regarding the planned worship, and they had a substantive conversation.
Our worship included approximately 400 men and women from all over the country. The protesters included approximately 120 yeshiva students. The students rioted. They shouted, blew whistles, cursed, spat, and threw water bottles. At moments, the riot erupted into serious violence, including punching and throwing stones. There was also an obscene act (in which someone cupped the buttocks of a female worshipper who is part of the military preparatory program). The event videos and media reports in Israel and abroad depict an atmosphere of worsening violence.
It was certainly possible to anticipate that tempers would flare. We were, therefore, shocked at the lack of sufficient police presence and the lack of police capacity. The police forces dispatched a small number of border guards — deaf individuals not in uniform — tasked with separating the factions. They tried, without success, to prevent the Ultra-Orthodox students from harming the worshippers. There were many police officers in the vicinity, but they did not intervene; they did nothing. It was as if there was a message that if worshipers wish to exercise their legal right to pray in egalitarian fashion without a mehitza, they will be punished for doing so. Please note that this was one-sided violence. There could have been, God forbid, serious casualties, although there were, in fact, only light injuries. The Israeli police must prepare accordingly, and not stand idly by when emotions flare.
This constitutes a serious operational failure, and perhaps even a basic flaw in understanding the role of the police. It is the duty of the police to protect the beleaguered and maintain public order. In this instance, the police did neither. This is particularly noteworthy in view of the fact that just two days earlier, the police allowed Jerusalem Chief Rabbi Shlomo Amar to engage in a prayer of defiance by placing a mehitza in Ezrat Yisrael (the section designated for egalitarian worship) and conducting morning prayers there.
Honorable Police Commissioner, we ask you to please investigate the incident to ensure that deficits of this kind do not recur. We are law-abiding. In the coming months we plan to hold regular egalitarian worship in the public plaza at the Western Wall. We expect that the Israeli police will stand guard to avoid anything happening to worshipers who wish to enjoy the freedom of worship to which they are entitled to by law, and in accordance with case law and the spirit of the law.
|Yizhar Hess, Attorney at Law
Executive Director of the
Masorti (Conservative) Movement
|Rabbi Gilad Kariv, Attorney at Law
Executive Director of the
Reform Movement
cc: Avichai Mandelblit, Attorney at Law, State Attorney General


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Snoring during pregnancy is surprisingly common, although the physiological reason explaining why a woman would start snoring during pregnancy is unclear. The most commonly held theory is that the sleep disordered breathing is as a result of the weight gain which often accompanies pregnancy.
Regardless of the reason, the problem is that snoring during pregnancy may be a sign of sleep disordered breathing conditions which put women at risk for high blood pressure. According to a new study, this is a potentially serious complication for the mother and baby.
The study, done at the University of Michigan's Sleep Disorders Center, monitored more than 1,700 pregnant women who were at least 28 weeks pregnant. Among those whose snoring began during pregnancy, about 10 percent had pregnancy-related hypertension, compared with 4.5 percent of those who did not snore.
In addition, 13 percent of those whose snoring began during pregnancy had preeclampsia, compared with 8 percent of those who did not snore. High blood pressure in pregnancy is linked with an increased risk of premature birth and smaller babies.
Any pause or obstruction in breathing during sleep increases the activity of the nervous system, which in turn increases blood pressure, said Professor Julie O'Brien, the research leader.
The findings held even after the researchers took into account factors that could affect blood pressure, such as the mother's age, race, smoking habits and weight gain in pregnancy.
The researchers estimate that close to 19 percent of pregnancy-related high blood pressure cases, and 11 percent of preeclampsia cases, could be helped by treating any sleep disordered breathing.
A separate study published earlier this month found that babies born to women with sleep apnea were at increased risk for admission to the neonatal intensive care unit.
"If sleep apnea really is playing a role in these outcomes, then this is a clear opportunity that we can intervene and hopefully improve some of those pregnancy outcomes," O'Brien said.
Pregnancy, in fact any weight gain, is known to put people at risk for breathing problems during sleep, including snoring, the researchers said. Earlier studies have also linked breathing problems in sleep to an increased risk of high blood pressure in the general population.
O'Brien and colleagues are now conducting a study to see if treating breathing problems with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) reduces high blood pressure in pregnant women.
The new study was published online in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.


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Here at Luxurylaunches, we have mentioned about BillionaireXchange, the world's first international auction and exchange site for the affluent, almost ten months back. The latest from this eBay of the Biilionaires is that it will officially move to referral and invitation-only membership. At present, the site has boasts of more than 26,000 multi-millionaires as well as almost a dozen billionaires as members. And if you think any John can enroll as a member here then allow me to tell you that only folks with a verifiable liquid net worth of $2 million are eligible to become a member. We have already bought the 2071.48ct Diamond Backgammon Set and Diamond studded 16GB iPhone 3G from them to our reader's notice.
The official release also states that the Auction and sales listings start at $1,000 and have included items ranging from rare super cars and 12-passenger private jets to an $840 million development site on the Las Vegas strip, a €50 million resort in Puerto Vallarta and a $250,000, 186-carat diamond chess set. Without the threat of fraud or counterfeit merchandise, users can also gain exclusive access to order and personalize luxury goods directly though high-end manufacturers and couture brands.


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People who knows me, often were concern about my condition and advised me to do something about it.
But you see, its not like i don't want to, but i just don't know which facial clinic i can entrust my condition to,
It was early May 2014, i started my journey going through a series of customized facial treatments under Asian Skins Solution and to my least expected, the result were really obvious.
For the first visit, skin condition will be analyze by a professional consultant.
I probably don't understand the scanned images but i was told that my skin is pretty dry and had inflammation within :(
The very comfortable 2 hours Collage Skin Repairing Treatment includes:
1) Double cleansing
Cleansing and removing all the possible dirt and sebum from the skin surface!
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Hydrating the skin for healthier skin cells, and at the same time soften clogged and stubborn pores with the use of softening essence!
Unclogging pimples & pore on the skin, and surprisingly the pain is bearable!
4) Intense Collage Essence Treatment + Machine + Face Point Therapy
I personally enjoyed this the most, because it is really comfortable and cooling at the same time!
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Last but not least, here is something exclusive only for my readers!
Instagram @alanshiguohua


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I have more to do here on board Freedom of the Seas than just walk on Deck 12...
So, it's not all fun and games, but this sure is a great place to meet my CPE requirements. ;)
Have a great week,
Study, study and study more! like you said, it's a great place to study on board the ship, visiting exotic places...maybe some day....debbie
Wow - Lots of books - but a fun place to meet some of the requirements. Good for you! Have been enjoying your journey.
Well I couldn't think of a more pleasant place to study Lois! I think I would study in that hot tub! Sorry I haven't been by much. Still feeling a bit puny!
Love Di ♥
Good morning,
Yes, this is a wonderful place to study. I'm afraid I would fall asleep in the hot tub, though, and drop the books in the water. ;)
Diana, I hope you and your honey are feeling better. I visited your and everyone's blog on Sunday while we were in port and had my Verizon land cell line. It was good to get caught up; I really enjoy your blogs. Today we are running from the Bahamas to the Western Caribbean to avoid the hurricane. All is just fine here. ;)
Thank you, everyone, for stopping by.
Very best,


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Environmental review documents for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development-funded East Side Coastal Resiliency (ESCR) project are available below for download and review. The New York City Office of Management and Budget (NYC OMB) is the Responsible Entity for the grant funds, as well as the Lead Agency under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) overseeing the environmental review for the project. Additionally, the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation (NYC Parks) has assumed the responsibility of Lead Agency under the New York State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) and the New York City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR).
Positive Declaration (October 28, 2015)
Draft Scope of Work (October 30, 2015)
Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (November 6, 2015)
Early Floodplain/Wetlands Notice (February 22, 2019)
Notice of Availability (April 5, 2019)
Notice of Completion (April 5, 2019)
Final Scope of Work (April 5, 2019)
Notice of Availability (September 13, 2019)
Notice of Completion (September 13, 2019)
Technical Memorandum 001 (November 12, 2019)
Joint Record of Decision (ROD) and Findings Statement - December 6, 2019
Combined Notice of Joint Record of Decision (ROD) and Findings Statement and Notice of Intent to Request Release of Funds (NOI RROF) - December 6, 2019
Response to comments on the ROD and NOI RROF, and record of comments received
Other Referenced Documents
Coastal Hydraulics Report (2015)
Coastal Hydraulics Report (updated 2019)
Final Environmental Impact Statement (September 13, 2019)
The FEIS includes a detailed project description and an assessment of environmental impacts, including direct, indirect, and cumulative effects, associated with a No Action Alternative, Preferred Alternative, and three other With Action Alternatives, and a response to comments on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement.
Archived DEIS Chapters and Appendices
Chapter 0.0 - Executive Summary
Chapter 00 - Table of Contents
Chapter 1.0 - Purpose and Need
Chapter 2.0 - Project Alternatives
Chapter 3.0 - Process Coordination and Public Participation
Chapter 4.0 - Analysis Framework
Chapter 5.1 - Land Use, Zoning, and Public Policy
Chapter 5.10 - Neighborhood Character
Chapter 5.11 - Environmental Justice
Chapter 5.2 - Socioeconomic Conditions
Chapter 5.4 - Historic and Cultural Resources
Chapter 5.5 - Urban Design and Visual Resources
Chapter 5.6 - Natural Resources
Chapter 5.7 - Hazardous Materials
Chapter 5.8 - Water and Sewer Infrastructure
Chapter 6.0 - Construction Overview
Chapter 6.1 - Construction Socioeconomics Conditions
Chapter 6.10 - Construction Air Quality
Chapter 6.11 - Construction Greenhouse Gas
Chapter 6.12 - Construction Noise and Vibration
Chapter 6.13 - Construction Public Health
Chapter 6.2 - Construction Open Space
Chapter 6.3 - Construction Historic and Cultural Resources
Chapter 6.4 - Construction Urban Design
Chapter 6.5 - Construction Natural Resources
Chapter 6.6 - Construction Hazardous Materials
Chapter 6.7 - Construction Water and Sewer Infrastructure
Chapter 6.8 - Construction Energy
Chapter 6.9 - Construction Transportation
Chapter 7.0 - Indirect and Cumulative Effects
Chapter 8.0 - Unavoidable Adverse Effects
Chapter 9.0 - Irreversible and Irretreivable Commitment of Resources
Chapter 10.0 - Response to Comments on the DEIS
Chapter 11.0 - List of Preparers
Chapter 12.0 - Glossary of Terms
Chapter 13.0 - List of Acronyms
Chapter 14.0 - ESCR Project FEIS Referenced Documents
Appendix A1 - List of No Action Projects
Appendix A2 - Final Scope of Work
Appendix B - CEQR Screening Analyses
Appendix C1 - Preliminary Engineering Design Plans Cover Sheet
Appendix C1a - Preferred Alternative Title, Legend, and Key Map
Appendix C1b - Preferred Alternative Bridge Plans, Elevation, and Sections
Appendix C1c - Preferred Alternative Civil Plans
Appendix C1d - Preferred Alternative Floodwalls and Structural Plans
Appendix C1e - Preferred Alternative Esplanade Structural Plan and Cross Sections
Appendix C1f - Preferred Alternative Flood Protection and Cross Sections
Appendix C1g - Preferred Alternative Closure Structures
Appendix C1h - Preferred Alternative Shared Use Path Plan
Appendix C1i - Preferred Alternative Stuyvesant Cove Plan
Appendix C1j - Preferred Alternative Parallel Conveyance Civil Plan and Profile
Appendix C1k - Preferred Alternative Interceptor Gate Plans
Appendix C1l - Preferred Alternative Flyover Bridge Plan
Appendix C1m - Preferred Alternative Tree Removal and Protection Plan
Appendix C1n - Preferred Alternative Tree Mitigation Schedule
Appendix C1o - Preferred Alternative Landscaping Plan and Section
Appendix C2 - Alternative 2 Conceptual Plans
Appendix C3 - Alternative 3 Conceptual Plans
Appendix E - Historic and Cultural Resources Consultation
Appendix F1 - Natural Resources Survey
Appendix F2 - Jurisdictional Determination
Appendix H1 - NYNHP Consultation
Appendix H2 - USFWS Consultation
Appendix J - Transportation Study
Appendix K1 - Construction Air Quality
Appendix K2 - Construction Noise
Appendix L - Eight Step Planning Process for Floodplains and Wetlands
Appendix M - Comments Received on the DEIS