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Acta Universitatis Danubius. Communicatio, Vol 11, No 1 (2017)
Colour Revolutions Revisited: Relative Deprivation – the Reason for the Rose Revolution in Georgia
Nino Machurishvili1
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to review political and material deprivation as a basis for social protest during the pre – revolution period in Georgia, within the framework of Relative Deprivation theory. The linkage between relative deprivation and the Gini coefficient, as well type of existing political regime and Soviet past is considered. The originality of this paper is conditioned by the new approach to Colour Revolutions, as previous studies are considered a precondition for comprehending social protest against rigged elections, the lack of democracy. This research is based on a qualitative research methodology, the basic methodological approach being the method of the case study. Among with in – depth interviews and content analysis of academic materials, quantitative data of World Bank and Freedom House coefficients are also used. Empirical analysis proves the existence of political and material deprivation between social groups through the review of Gini coefficient data for the research period. This research shows the methodological value considering relative deprivation in conjunction with the Gini coefficient as a more quantifiable method than existing approaches to explain the reasons for the Rose Revolution in Georgia.
Keywords: Hybrid Regime; Gini coefficient; post – Soviet Transition
1. Introduction
This paper presents research about the Colour Revolutions in post – Soviet countries and is designed to evaluate the factors which influenced society's decisions during the pre – revolution period in Georgia.
Regime change may be influenced by internal or external factors. Many current studies on this topic review the institutional factors which contribute to regime change, while others focus on social factors, such as social transformation.
According to some researchers, the primary factor influencing Colour Revolutions in Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine was a fraudulent national election, not a war, an economic crisis, an external shock or international factor, or the death of a dictator (McFaul, 2005).
Other researchers add that, opposition's strength, built on the foundations of a free media, pluralistic civil society and open society, was sufficient to mobilize impressive crowds so as to show their outrage at the attempts to tamper with election results (Polese & Beachain, 2011).
From the abovementioned viewpoint, this paper reviews the case of Georgia's Rose Revolution, taking into account events and conditions in Georgia from 1991 to 2003. The Gini coefficient is used to measure material deprivation. Relative Deprivation theory provides a theoretical framework, which explains society's motivation to change the regime taking into consideration the existence of political and material deprivation as causes of social protest. Other contributing factors are the recollection in post-Soviet societies of past experience with a formally egalitarian regime, and an existing political regime type, which allows social protest to bring about the desired results.
The aim of this paper is to evaluate society's role in regime change during the Rose Revolution in Georgia. The innovativeness of the model of this research paper stems from the fact that it is an attempt to explain the issue differently from the existing approaches – by using quantifiable variables.
As for the methodology, research answers theoretically and empirically important assumption: did social protest as a result of political and material deprivation lead to regime change? It also aims to verify link between acting political regime type and social protest dynamics, describe the case of Georgia, evaluate influence of Soviet past on citizens' attitudes, to test the validity of the Relative Deprivation theory.
As the paper does not cover verification of alternative explanations, one methodological limitation of the research is the analysis of the only case through two coefficients, but the theory aims to pay attention to interpretation and not to confirm the existence of any theoretical model.
For data analysis the following techniques are used: analysis of primary sources – World Bank and Freedom House data, secondary sources analysis – content analysis of scientific literature, not only in the theoretical frame, but also in specific cases, in – depth interviews.
Relative Deprivation theory is formulated as testable hypotheses. This approach enables empirical verification of how well theory explains social protest caused by political and material deprivation and its influence on regime change. The level used for analysis is the macro level – society, as the most relevant level for this type of behavioral explanation.
This paper is divided into two parts: one theoretical and the other empirical.
In the theoretical part is reviewed the content of academic sources, the theoretical frame of the research (Relative Deprivation theory), poverty (material deprivation) and inequality (relative deprivation) are separated, the link between the existing regime type and regime change is shown.
The empirical part of the research is dedicated to the Georgia case study, considering the role of political elites (acting government and opposition), civil society, non – governmental institutions, taking into consideration the theoretical frame and measuring coefficients of the research.
In conclusion, the hypothesis are confirmed or rejected.
2. Relative Deprivation and Social Protest
Relative deprivation has been linked to definable and measurable social and psychological reactions, such as different types of alienation" (Durant & Christian, 1990) by social psychologists and to social protests, discrimination, feelings of injustice and subjective ill-being (Olson, 1986). It has also been used to interpret measures of inequality and income redistribution (Yitzhaki, 1979; Duclos, 2000) as cited in (Duclos & Gregoire, 2001).
Relative Deprivation measures material, political, or social deprivation that are relative rather than absolute. The term is linked to poverty and social exclusion. This concept is important for both behavior and attitudes, and participation in collective action. Some who suffer from status disequilibrium, in which their success in some areas is not matched by equal success in other areas, actually become withdrawn, alienated from the system they may silently blame, doubtful of their own personal abilities, and beset by feelings of hopelessness regarding theirs and the system's future. These are not, however, the persons who tend to join protests. What little empirical data are available point to the fact that persons who do join such protests have quite high hopes for the future, that compared to those of similar status who do not participate, those who do participate have a higher regard for their own personal capabilities and personal efficacy (Arora, 1971). If considering the politics of the country within the research period, political participation in Georgia was restricted by the corrupted state system.
For research purposes, personal income should be considered as a coefficient of the individual's ability to consume commodities, as each unit of income represents a different bundle of commodities that a person is able to consume (Yitzhaki, 1979).
Income is considered as the object of relative deprivation.
Relative Deprivation theory explains the motivation of society during the pre – revolutionary period in Georgia. According to the aforementioned theory, relative deprivation is defined as a perception of difference by the person between expectations (welfare, what a person believes he/she deserves) and reality when comparing themselves to others (Gurr, 2005).
Runciman broadened the relative deprivation construct by his invaluable distinction between egoistic (individual) and fraternal (group) relative derivation. People can believe that they are unfairly personally deprived (individual relative deprivation – IRD) or that a social group to which they belong and identify is unfairly deprived (group relative deprivation – GRD). Later he developed concept of relative deprivation experienced on behalf of others. Concept refers to the feeling of discontent one experiences when perceiving that members of another group are unfairly treated (Walker & Smith, 2002).
A person is relatively deprived of X when: he does not have X, he sees another person or other people, who may consider themselves as having X unexpectedly (whether or not this is or will be in fact the case), he wants X, he sees it feasible to have X (Yitzhaki, 1979).
Gurr posits that relative deprivation is the anger or distress that results from a discrepancy between "should" and "is". More formally, his central proposition is:
Where RD stands for "relative deprivation", VE stands for "value expectations" and VC stands for "value capabilities". Value expectations are the goods and opportunities, which people want and to which they feel entitled, value capabilities are the goods and opportunities which they have or think it feasible to attain. Gurr identifies three patterns of deprivation: aspirational [Figure 1], decremental [Figure 2], and progressive [Figure 3]. Aspirational deprivation occurs when value capabilities remain constant over time while value expectations increase. Decremental deprivation occurs when value capabilities decrease over time while value expectations remain constant. In progressive deprivation, value capabilities decrease while value expectations increase (Crosby, 1979).
Based on data of satisfaction of society in Georgia for the 1996 – 2003 period [Figure 4], we can conclude that the type of economic deprivation is progressive.
For research purposes, average income is used as data on society satisfaction. The area between the GDP Per Capita and average income lines is an area of collective relative deprivation. The average income coefficient is measured by the formula:
Where µ - is average income coefficient, G - is Gini coefficient.
Average income is a multiplication of GDP Per Capita and average income coefficient (µ).
The Gini Coefficient can be approached from either of two directions. First, it can be regarded as the salient summary statistic of the Lorenz Curve of the income distribution. The Lorenz Curve, to be denoted L(u), is the proportion of the total income of the economy that is received by the lowest l00u% of income receivers. From this point of view, the Gini Coefficient is the area between a given Lorenz Curve and the Lorenz Curve for an economy in which everyone receives the same income, expressed as a proportion of the area under the curve for the equal distribution of income. (Dorfman, 1979)
GDP Per capita and Gini coefficient data are taken from the World Bank database.2
In analyzing the underlying causes of the French Revolution, De Tocqueville noted that the greatest dissatisfaction manifested itself ironically in those areas and among those sectors which had seen a sharp economic improvement in the 1780s. More contemporarily, Olson advanced a thesis, which argued that, economic growth may paradoxically increase the number of those who become poor and/or dissatisfied. (Olsun, 1993)
While the country's average income is rising quickly, the median income may drop as a result of an unequal division of the expanding economic pie. Even if the majority of the public enjoys rising income many or even most may lose out in relative terms. This is especially true when rapid growth is accompanied by high inflation.
The phenomenon of rapid economic growth can cause economic class disruption as well as the breakdown of traditional institutions and behavior patterns – all leading to socio – political instability (As cited in S. Lehman – Wilzig, 1985).
The current model of explaining a society's protest foresees the existence of the three following prerequisites: conditions which are the reasons for society's dissatisfaction, conditions that assure the risk to society of political protest is justified, and conditions occurring when interdependence between the actions of a dissatisfied society and government abilities neutralize society's protest. It should be mentioned that the individual is indifferent to the income transfers among those who are poorer than he is and/or richer than he is.
According to the Freedom House Nation in Transit report, the democracy scores and regime ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 7 the lowest. The democracy scores and regime ratings are calculated according to the electoral process in country, civil society, independent media, national democratic governance, local democratic governance development, judicial framework and independence, and corruption levels. The following political regime types are considered: Consolidated Democracy, Semi – Consolidated Democracy, Transitional Government or Hybrid Regime, Semi – Consolidated Authoritarian Regime, Consolidated Authoritarian Regime.3
The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, while a coefficient of 100 implies perfect inequality.4
To simplify the model, the attitudes of the political elites and civil society are reviewed, while the question of how to evaluate the role of the third actor - the middle class - is be overridden, because when taking into consideration the country's development parameters (according to the research - Gini coefficient), the middle class did not exist and could not influence the political environment.
Taking into consideration the research interests and in order to be more precise, the term "deprivation" should be considered as both absolute deprivation (poverty) and relative deprivation.
Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the type of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or are at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong. Their resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family that they are, in effect, excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities. (Duclos, 2001)
Taking into consideration current research interests, it is not important to separate social groups under absolute and relative deprivation. Both groups had sufficient motivation to rebel against the existing government, but according to the Gini coefficient data, which reflects relative deprivation in numbers, the part of society with a higher income than the average is overlooked, as they could not influence political processes.
Once the basic theoretical assumptions and concepts have been defined and the main arguments discussed in advance, the principal task which has to be performed is to see whether the empirical work confirms the proposed hypothesis. The remaining part of this paper revolves around this task.
3. Political Situation in Georgia (1991 – 2003)
3.1. Review of Alternative Explanations
The research is based on scientific literature about the definition of political regimes and specificities of the post – Communist political systems, interviews with professors collected in Georgia and Ukraine and Romania during visits to Kyiv – Mohyla Academy, the University of Bucharest, and University Babes-Bolyai. Through primary sources which describe the ongoing situation in Georgia, considering the chronological frame, the theoretical frame and model are described, and World Bank and Freedom House primary sources are used which pertain to research coefficients and materials and describe calculation rules.
There exist several hypotheses about the requirements of a democratic transition. Seymour Martin Lipset mentions that economic development is essential, Samuel Huntington and Ronald Inglehart name common cultural characteristics, Fareed Zakaria and Russell Bova underline the liberal regime experience, even under colonial rule, Robert Putnam outlines social capital and trust, Adam Przeworski argues that the most important is the growth of income equality. Everyone agrees that amongst democracies, some level of shared political values and loyalties are needed, which is basic for political agreements on common rules. Without dialogue and negotiation within some recognized options, democracy will be temporary suspended, as Hobsbawm mentions (Jones, 2013).
In the case of Georgia, political segregation, long – term absence of statehood, and a civil society fragmented according to personal loyalty led to the weakening of national society.
By 2003, Georgia seemed to be headed for, if it had not already reached, the status of a "failed state". That year, the influential Corruption Perceptions Index maintained by Transparency International (TI) ranked Georgia among the world's most corrupt countries (124th out of 133 surveyed). The index is compiled using surveys of businesspeople and others, with the goal of naming what are thought to be the most corrupt places to carry on operations. The dim view of Georgia expressed in TI's index put that country in the same dismal vicinity as Angola, Azerbaijan, and Tajikistan – all notorious hotbeds of corruption (Kupatadze, 2016).
The two prerequisites required for a social rebellion are: firstly, political institutions are incapable of providing channels for the participation of new social forces in politics and of the new elites in government, and secondly, the desire of social forces, currently excluded from politics, to participate therein. Inclusion desire arises from the group's perception, that symbolic or material gains can achieve only by pressing its demands in the political sphere. Ascending or aspiring groups and rigid or inflexible institutions are the effects of which revolutions are made (Huntington, 2006).
The academic materials on which this research is based provide characterizations of hybrid regimes. The materials mentioned above are valuable for research, because they explain the specificity of transitional regime politics. "Third wave of democratization", by Samuel Huntington, defines the promoting and impeding of the factors of democratic transformation in post – Soviet countries. He argues that political elites are the main decision makers. Michael McFoul outlines the role of political elites and does not regard Colour Revolutions as a precondition of democratization.
For the data interpretation, it is important to analyze accompanying political and social factors in the countries in question. Some political scientists argue that countries with an authoritarian political regime give less opportunity for society's protests to bring about desired results.5
For this purpose, data of Freedom House Nation in Transit report is reviewed.
According to political scientists' opinions, social dissatisfaction was caused by the unequal distribution of economic welfare. The rigged election also contributed to society's dissatisfaction.6
Opposition and nongovernmental organizations managed to assure the society that political protest would bring about the desired result – a change of regime. In the case of Georgia and Ukraine, their existing regimes (Shevardnadze, Kuchma) enabled public protest to bring desired results, which was not allowed in Belarus by Lukashenko (Polese & Beachain, 2011).
The main factors leading to success were also acknowledged: the activity of the civil society, which with international support, managed to monitor the election process, the creation of a broad oppositional front, which used non-violent tactics, the emphasis on the issue of social justice helped to overcome anti-western stereotypes and the polarizing strategy of the regime, international condemnation of the falsifications and the West's demand to renounce the use of force, and the roundtable with the EU and OSCE's mediation (Haran, 2012).
A Professor at Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Haran Olexiy argues that absence of opposition strengthens civil society.7
3.2. Results of Gini Coefficient Data Review
Information about the Gini coefficient in Georgia as a measurement of economic deprivation in numbers has existed since 1996, but a short historical overview of the period between 1991 and 1995 is important to comprehend ongoing political processes in the country and the grounds for future political choices.
According to the World Bank database, the Gini coefficient varied between 37 – 42% during the research period. The highest index of inequality was reported in 1997 – 42%.8
As for the other post – Communist countries where social protest lead to regime change, in Ukraine, the Gini coefficient varied between 28 – 39%, and in the Kyrgyz Republic between 28 – 53%.
It is crucial to review accompanying political and social factors, while interpreting Gini coefficient data. As it was mentioned, countries with an authoritarian political regime give less opportunity to for society's protest to bring about desired results.
According to the Freedom House "Nations in Transit" report, during the pre-revolutionary period in Georgia and Ukraine existing regime type was transitional (hybrid), while in the Kyrgyz Republic it was semi-consolidated authoritarianism. None of those countries were rated as consolidated authoritarians.9
In other post-Soviet countries, Gini coefficient distribution was as follows (as calculated median, for the period 1991 – 2003): Azerbaijan – 18%, Belarus – 30%, Tajikistan – 33%, Kazakhstan – 33%, Uzbekistan – 36%, Armenia – 36%, Moldova – 36%, Turkmenistan – 38%, Russia – 40%. The political regime type in Azerbaijan, Belarus, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Russia is consolidated authoritarianism, in Armenia semi – consolidated authoritarianism, and in Moldova between transitional (hybrid) regime and semi – consolidated authoritarianism.
Corruption in Georgia for the pre – revolutionary period can be proven through the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of Transparency International (TI). Scores range from 0 (highly corrupt) to 10 (very clean). Data exists since 1999, according to which in 1999 Georgia occupied the 84th place among 99 countries (score 2.3), in 2002 85th place among 102 countries (score 2.4), and in 2003 124th place among 133 countries (score 1.8).10
3.3. Georgia for the Period 1991 – 2003
After the restoration of the independence of Georgia, the country's policy may be divided into several main phases. The first phase began when Zviad Gamsakhurdia came to power and the independence of the country was declared, and continued until 1992. The second phase matches the international recognition of the independence of Georgia and the return of Eduard Shevardnadze. It continued until 2003. However, during Shevardnadze's rule one may allocate two sub – periods: The first is 1992-1995, when the country lost the war in Abkhazia and joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in November 1993, the "Citizens Union of Georgia" was established as a new political party chaired by Shevardnadze, which propagated civil consent and the rule of law. The party aimed to unite communists and young post - communists, and quickly turned into a mechanism for distributing political and economic benefits among the supporters of the new regime, a political process served private satisfaction and responded to the pressure of interest groups. While the second sub – period begins with the adoption of the 1995 Constitution, ensuring stability in the country and continues until 2003. Membership of the Council of Europe (1999) commenced during the second period, and was regarded as an important recognition of Georgia's European orientation. In November 2002, at the NATO Prague summit, Shevardnadze declared his country's willingness to join the alliance. Political situation became more stable, and it was possible to receive international and financial aid and support, but the country was left in a poor economic condition. The lack of the rule of law allowed corrupt public service officials to receive financial benefits by using service status to solicit bribes. The discrepancies in distributing welfare among society's groups increased.
The country was evaluated as a "public order with limited access", where participation in political process was blocked by poverty, inequality and system hierarchy (Jones, 2013).
Georgia was characterized by political and economic polarization. Georgian citizens, especially those from poor neighbourhoods or living outside Tbilisi, were banished from national politics. The governments since 1991 failed to fill that gap which existed between society and elites.
Political sociology defines power as an ability of an individual or social group to pursue a course of action. In analysing political action, chiefly struggles for power, we need to look primarily at the activities of social groups, rather than at the actions of individuals. There is a link between political culture, economic development and the construction of successful democracy. Political values and norms, especially in a dynamic period of change, affect legitimacy, the party system, the degree of participation and political conflict.
The society's focus, on the one hand, is on economic issues, such as the fight against price increases, and on the other hand, on post materialistic values, self-expression, civil rights, protection and promotion of public participation in government decision-making. (Bottomore, 1993)
Georgia received the most support per capita from the USA of all ex – Soviet Republics. Despite the large amount of aid, most of the population was still living below the poverty level. Western states were defeated in Georgia, as they did not achieve their objectives. They were not able to create a stable economy and a democratic state. The IMF plan, created for former Soviet republics, was almost Bolshevik, one might say, taking into consideration its size and unbreakable conviction, which contributed to political instability and economic downturn, even though it had been developed to prevent the above. In addition, it exacerbated tensions between economic and political liberalization. (Jones, 2013)
Political inequality is almost an inherent aspect of political instability. (Huntington, 1993)
One must take into consideration the external support which complemented a network of NGOs and political activists ready to act in a non – traditional way – they challenged the authority of the regime and thought of the best way to adapt the imported theories of action to their situation. This political opportunity boosted civic activism and was the basis for national and international networks aiming to challenge the authorities through domestic and global channels and set up a network of trainers in civil disobedience, who are now operating worldwide in relative secrecy. During the pre-revolution period, the main mistake committed by the regime in Georgia was to have built a weak coercive apparatus. This went along with the opposition's success in finding a charismatic leader, mobilizing the electorate, its ability to learn from the Serbians and apply their experience to the Georgian context, as well as the coordination with security forces to avoid repression (Polese & Beachain, 2011).
It should be mentioned, that the majority of Georgians relied on the leader's personal courage, influence and financial resources, which are an obstacle to political stability and economic development.
To summarize research on this period, it should be mentioned, that from 1991 before 2003 was defined course for foreign policy, which shaped the country's priorities in the following period. However, it did not overcome political and material deprivation, corruption and the absence of the rule of law, which may become a precondition for public protests.
4. Conclusion
The aim of this paper was to evaluate society's role in the change of government during the Rose Revolution in Georgia in the framework of Relative Deprivation theory, relying on the Gini coefficient.
The summarizing task, divided into two parts, will reconnect the theoretical conclusions and generalize political processes.
In the empirical part of the paper, it has become clear that Relative Deprivation theory adequately explains the research hypothesis, according to which a high level of political and material deprivation became the reason for society's dissatisfaction, as Georgia was a post-Soviet country, with a more or less egalitarian society. The existing regime allowed social protest to bring about the desired result – regime change – considering the theoretical assumption that countries with authoritarian political regime give less opportunity for society's protest to bring about the desired result.
The calculation of the collective relative deprivation gap between average income and society satisfaction shows that the existing material deprivation was sufficient to trigger social protest.
Corruption and deprivation of political participation between the society groups contributed to the formation of the nongovernmental sector. Western-educated Georgian citizens, whose participation in decision making was restricted by the corrupted state system, managed to assure society, who experienced material deprivation and for whom, taking into consideration Soviet past, inequality was unacceptable, that political protest would cause regime change.
As a conclusion with regard to the empirical part, several considerations can be made: together with political and material deprivation, there were other factors that influenced the former, such as the lack of the rule of law, corruption and the rigged election. During the evaluation of foreign influence, it is important to mention the support for strengthening the capacity of non-state actors, which had an important role in mobilizing society. The acting authority let the social protest bring the desired result – the change of regime.
Furthermore, it should be mentioned that, over twelve years, Gamsakhurdia's and Shevardnadze's policies brought segregation to society and did not contribute to the reduction of the economic and ideological gap between social groups, nor could they ensure wider social participation in political decision-making, but if we take into account the number of elections held in Georgia since its independence, there were external signs of social engagement (Jones, 2013).
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Authors' Interviews
(2012). Authors' interview with Ivan Gomza, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Professor. Kyiv.
(2012). Authors' interview with Haran Olexiy, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Professor. Kyiv.
(2016). Authors' interview with Giorgi Zhgenti. Former Deputy Minister of IDPs of Georgia. Tbilisi.
(2016). Authors' interview with Archil Abashidze. Ilia State University Professor. Tbilisi.
1 Ilia State University, Georgia, Address: Tbilisi, Cholokashvili str., 3/5, Georgia, Tel.: +995322231026, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
AUDC, Vol. 11, no 1/2017, pp. 126-142
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http:// data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=GE.
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5 Authors' interview with Haran Olexiy, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Professor. Kyiv, 2012.
6 Authors' interview with Ivan Gomza, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Professor. Kyiv, 2012.
7 Authors' interview with Haran Olexiy, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Professor. Kyiv, 2012.
8 World Bank page, accessed: 15.12.2016.
9 Freedom House page, accessed: 15.12.2016.
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http://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/cpi_early/0/ 9.
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Ginzburg explores the role of traces in understanding the world, and usefully repeats the myth of the three sons of the King of Serendippo. The myth is originally found in several folk tales, and roughly goes like this, according to Ginzburg from a 1557 re-telling: the three princes of Serendippo meet a merchant and tells him that they think an animal has passed by. The Merchant, who is missing a camel, asks them to describe the animal and they go onto say that it is a lame camel, blind in one eye, missing a tooth, carrying a pregnant woman, and bearing honey on one side and butter on the other. The merchant then thinks that they, since they know the camel so well, must be the ones who have stolen it – so he charges them. They manage to be acquitted when they show how they by simple inferences together deduced their description.
The genealogical connection to Sherlock Holmes, and the detective story over all, is abundantly clear, and Ginzburg informs us that Horace Walpole later coined the term "serendipty" to refer to cases where "accident and sagacity" allow for knowledge discovery.
Now, in discussions about the web today some have called for more accident – thinking that the increasing focus on filters will create bubbles around us. That, in itself, is an interesting discussion – but not one that Ginzburg engages in. What he does, however, is to suggest that the etymological genealogy of the word presents anyone who wants to design a serendipty engine with two interesting problems.
First, the design of accidents is not trivial. Information follows contexts and simply randomizing information is hardly likely to give the experience of serendipity – it will rather feel like opening your spam email in the hopes of spending time there to become wiser (I just tried that out of curiousity, and did not feel wiser, but rather more misanthropic afterwards). So designing accidental information discovery is one part of the art of building a serendipty engine.
Second, the princes exhibited signficant sagacity. And this presents an even more interesting problem. What if the serendipty engine is not possible without users actively taking an interest in the knowledge and information that they consume? There is a deep problem here, facing those that argue that we need technological fixes to fight off possible filter bubbles. Maybe filters are – to a certain extent – self-imposed products of our own making?

subset: commoncrawl


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This article, written by Tom Marquardt and Patrick Darr, appear on Online Athens.
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text: Do you like your MARGARITA 🍸frozen or on the rocks? However you like it, you won't even need a sugar or salt rim cause this little pupper has everything you need on her own! Margartia arrived with her mama Brandy and 3 other littermates from an SC shelter over the weekend. This smart girl has been picking up all the good dog manners from her foster brother GSD Czar. When she's not snuggling up to her human foster brothers she's learning how to master the wee wee pad and enjoy spending time in her crate. Weighing in a tiny 8 pounds this 9 week old pup also knows she's got the cutest little face that can help her get away with pretty much anything 💁♀.


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Tonight, Monday, Dec. 5, the WCSU Percussion Ensemble will perform at 8 p.m. in Ives Concert Hall. The concert will be free and the public is invited. Donations to support the department of music will be accepted. For more information, call x78350.
For additiona events on campus check out the WestConn Report
Monday, December 5, 2011
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Taller options available for some trees. Please use the contact us page stating species, height range and postcode for more info.
A small, upright, spreading tree with many attractive features, Eastern Promise (Sorbus 'Eastern Promise') has delightful fern-like leaves producing excellent autumn colours. Furthermore, large bunches of spectacular deep rose-pink berries hang from its branches. .
A medium height tree, so expect a height of up to 6 metres (20 foot) after 10 years.
This tree is supplied at a height of between 1.5 and 2.4 metres in a 7-12 litre container for year round planting and better results than from either bare-root or rootballed stock. The size range is considerable as it depends on when in the year you purchase them and what the previous years weather has been like.
Message card included at no additional cost if required. Just add the information required on the card at checkout.
Multiple Order DiscountOrders over £300 can be discounted by contacting us on 0800 043 1057Ornamental Tree Roots In The Shade e.g. Behind A FenceIt is more important that that foliage (posh term for leaves) receives the sunlight than the roots. So if the canopy of your ornamental tree can sunbathe but the bottom of your tree thinks there has been a nuclear winter then that is ok. You might want to ensure you have good drainage as water and no sun is the start of algae and other such issues.Early Autumn Leaf FallHeat stress, being potted, lack of water, being boxed up for a few days etc can cause early Autumn leaf fall. Once planted, normal service will resume next season.
Do I Need To Stake My Ornamental Tree?9 out of 10 times the answer will be no, especially if under 200cm tall. However our article on Tree Staking should help guide you.
UK Grown Ornamental TreesAll our trees are banned from overseas travel so that we can state they are all UK grown. We have removed Internet access from the nursery so they cannot book any flights.


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Our poetry editor Stuart Barnes interviewed Tiggy Johnson for Issue Seven of Tincture Journal. Tiggy's poems "Douglas" and "Family Secret #7" can be found in Issue Seven. Additionally, her short story "Waiting" is in Issue Six and her poem "Waiting for Mary" is in Issue Three.
SB: For how long have you been writing poetry, and what or who inspired you to begin?
TJ: Excluding limericks about everyone in my class throughout high school, I've been writing poetry for about ten years. I used to take short stories to a fortnightly writing group, and one of the poets there pushed me into having a go at poetry. I resisted for a long time, but eventually had a go and asked him for feedback on half a dozen poems.
SB: When and where was your first poem published, and what was it about?
My first published poem is "Minutes". It was initially published in Tamba, in 2006, and later in Kipple. Rather than tell you what it's about, you can read it here.
SB: How and where do your poems take shape?
TJ: I'm not sure there's a set answer to this. Sometimes I schedule writing time and the poems "happen" soon after sitting at my desk (or at least one might). I try to trust in this process and usually it works, but I don't schedule the time in often enough. Poems sometimes come to me when I'm busy doing something else, like driving. Then, I try to repeat the words over until either I'm confident I'll remember them (which I sometimes don't), or I can write them down. My kids are used to me talking to myself in the car, and they think they're pretty cute when they do it themselves.
SB: Reading for a BBC Programme, Sylvia Plath explained: "['The Disquieting Muses'] borrows its title from the painting by Giorgio de Chirico—The Disquieting Muses. All through the poem I have in mind the enigmatic figures in this painting." (Sylvia Plath, Collected Poems, edited by Ted Hughes, Faber and Faber, 1981)
What art forms influence your poetry?
TJ: Actively, I don't think other art forms influence my poetry. I don't seek inspiration this way. But I do sometimes like having certain music playing when I write. Chris Isaak and Joe Cocker are a couple of faves. I did once try to use particular songs to inspire a story or poem, but I wasn't happy with anything I wrote, so considered that project a massive fail.
SB: Tell me about "Douglas" and "Family secret #7", your poems that appear in Issue Seven of Tincture Journal.
TJ: I caught the genealogy bug a few years ago and soon after, decided I wanted to write my family history in poetry. One of the first poems I wrote was a family story that I desperately wanted to share, but without divulging anyone's personal details. I came up with the idea of the "family secret" poems at that point, and wrote the first of them, #8, which you can read on my website. I liked the effect of keeping certain stories secret, and the interest this poem received, so kept at it. There are about a dozen (so far), and "Family secret #7" is one of them. I can't really tell you much more without ruining the whole "secret" aspect, though I do admit to some poetic license as far as details go. For instance, I don't know if the floor was carpeted when the incident happened.
I can tell you more about "Douglas". Douglas was my uncle, who died as the result of a car accident when I was nine. We'd been close and I still think about him. I've written about him before, and no doubt I will again. The poem speaks for itself in many ways, and after my grandmother's funeral, I knew I had to write this poem. It didn't happen straight away though. Rather, something Max Ryan said in the preamble to a poem at the Queensland Poetry Festival had me frantically scribbling in my notebook.
SB: How has your poetry been influenced by others'? By editing/publishing page seventeen, the literary magazine you co-founded in 2004?
TJ: There might be too many ways to answer this properly, including the poet who initially pushed me into trying poetry, and Max Ryan's preamble. Actually, the Max Ryan type of influence happens a lot, and is one of the main reasons I love attending poetry readings and festivals. I always have my notebook ready.
Editing and publishing page seventeen definitely helped too. I wasn't writing poetry when page seventeen was born, and at first it was a challenge to just select it. We (myself and Kathryn Duncan, who co-founded it with me) tended to choose poems that spoke to us, and after a couple of issues it occurred to me that we weren't necessarily publishing the more "technical" poems, and suddenly poetry didn't seem so hard, if that makes sense. So, editing and publishing poetry gave me confidence in my own work, though it took until I was accepted by Cordite (on two separate occasions) to include the word "poet" in my bio.
Tell me about Unlock the Past's 4th Genealogy Cruise and "Writing poetry: different ways to present your family history".
This comes back to that genealogy bug. And also that poetry isn't the way most people record their family history. As a member of the Genealogical Society of Queensland, I approached the convener of their Writing (interest) Group about whether I would "fit in". She responded by inviting me to present to the group about what I was doing, and in a moment of confidence, I approached Unlock the Past about taking it a step further. It seemed like the push I needed to book the cruise, even though I'd already decided to go. If Chris Paton, British genealogist (and the cruise's keynote speaker), is to be believed, it was a great presentation that offered people new ways to think about their own writing projects.
SB: What are your thoughts on print vs. digital poetry publication?
TJ: I think there are pros and cons to both. I do still love holding a book and generally tend to forget that I have a Kindle and should use it. When I have to catch public transport, for instance, I always think of taking an old-fashioned paper book. Having said that, I have purchased poetry e-books, and I have enjoyed reading them perhaps as much as reading print books. I think one of the reasons I tend toward paper copies is that when I first got my Kindle, there weren't many poetry e-books around and their reviews suggested the formatting was problematic, so I got it into my head that the type of writing I like to read isn't really available as e-books, and then I forgot about it. It's probably changed a lot since then. From a writing point of view, I think it's great that there are opportunities for writers to be represented in print and digital forms. When submitting my work, whether a publication is print or digital isn't part of my consideration of whether or not to send my work.
SB: What poets are you reading, what's your favourite poem at the moment?
TJ: Due to some research I've been doing, I've actually been reading poems written during World War 1.
One of my favourite poems, and it's been a favourite for some time, is "Missing" by Rosanna Licari. It's kind of haunting and memorable, which is one of the things I like about it, but it also helps bring my focus back to writing poems about history and family.
SB: You also write short fiction: Svetlana or otherwise, your first collection, was published by Ginninderra Press in 2008; "Waiting" appeared in Issue Six of Tincture Journal. Tell me about the relationship between writing poetry and writing short fiction?
TJ: Writing fiction came first and in many ways (especially using hindsight) it came fairly easily. As I've already said, I needed a push to start writing poetry, and it took a while to gain some confidence. I used to find it easy to flit back and forth from one form to the other, and seemed to "just know" whether a new idea was supposed to be a story or a poem. Usually my new ideas come already formed in words, in sentence, or stanza form, so I suppose this helps to explain that, though I haven't written a lot of fiction lately, and I doubt that's because no sentences appear.
I've always felt that my fiction came from my imagination, and my poetry was more personal, so I guess if I'm focusing on writing a family history, it makes sense that fiction has taken a back seat. (It may also explain why I used to think fiction was easy and poetry was hard.)
There are a lot more social opportunities for poets too, with readings, festivals and so on, and I'm sure this has meant I've been writing more poetry than fiction too. Being around others is an excellent motivator. But really, I'm not sure I know why I choose one form over the other at different times, though I do know it's no longer so easy to switch back and forth from one to the other, so when I have an idea for a story, I have to really convince myself to write it.
SB: Thanks, Tiggy, for your time and continued support of Tincture Journal.
Tiggy Johnson's poems have appeared in Cordite, Quadrant, Overland Audio II, Going Down Swinging, and Black Inc's Best Australian Poems 2012. Svetlana or otherwise, her short story collection, was published in 2008. First taste, a poetry collection, in 2010, and That zero year, a poetry collection co-written with Andrew Phillips, in 2012. She is currently writing her family history in poetry and can be found online at www.tiggyjohnson.com. She has had poetry and fiction published in Issues Three and Six of Tincture Journal.


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Tuesday, 4 September 2012
Stereo Boyz - RayBanz ft Shoua Kue & DJ Los
Stereo Boyz - RayBanz
feat.. Shoua Kue, Cuts by Dj Los, Produced by Nick Speed
"RayBanz" is the first single off the Stereo Boyz' upcoming album "Carz, Clubz & Theaterz" (to be released early 2013). The song showcases Shoua Kue on the hook, the first female vocalist of the Stereo Boyz Crew, as well as cuts from Detroits legendary Dj Los and production by Nick Speed (Libido Sounds, G-Unit).
Purchase the single here:
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Gwen's career has been devoted to heightening brand connections throughout the retail environment as consumers move closer to purchase.
For the past 15 years, Gwen has run The Store in the Americas. Gwen is responsible for extending WPP's leadership in retail innovation and supporting global resources for WPP group companies across the Americas and Australasia. The Store serves numerous WPP companies and their clients, including T.J. Maxx, Ford, Kroeger, IKEA, Target, and Walmart International, among others. Gwen is charged with identifying issues and trends most important to retailers and brands around the world.
In 2015, Gwen launched an iTunesU channel in partnership with the University of Arizona to promote leading thinking in Retail Brand Strategy and Innovation. She is a regular presenter of the National Retail Federation and has authored numerous retail articles for business publications such as Harvard Business Review,
Journal of Brand Strategy, and Brand Week.
Previously, Gwen worked on innovation and experience marketing for McDonald's, Disney, Nestlé, Sunkist Soda and Pizza Hut.


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Visit near Puerto Vallarta a variety of attractions
If you like to enjoy a short trip out of the ordinary and explore further into the mountains, near Puerto Vallarta you will find nearby villages that will complete your vacation experience.
San Sebastián
Located in the spectacular Sierra Madre, about an hour and 15 minutes from Puerto Vallarta, the colonial and historic village of San Sebastian del Oeste is located. This place retains the charm of colonial Mexico. The fresh air will make you come alive, and the sunsets over the mountains will you finish your day in a relaxing way.
Talpa de Allende
Surrounded by mountains and forests that perfectly combine natural beauty with culture and tradition, Talpa de Allende is a charming village that exudes the magic of an authentic Mexican town. The famous Church of the Virgin of Talpa dates back to 1782 and is an architectural marvel where the famous image of the Virgin of Talpa stands to welcome thousands of Catholics every year.
Experiece the past in this city of the nineteenth century made of adobe houses and estates, surrounded by forests and spectacular natural landscapes. Found two hours from Puerto Vallarta into the mountains, the town of Mascota, it also has an impressive historical and cultural heritage found in its architecture and archeology, some of which date back to pre-Hispanic times.
El Tuito
El Tuito is a small town nestled in the mountains about 45 minutes south of Puerto Vallarta, on the road to Barra de Navidad. Walk the cobblestone streets and adobe houses seen in yellow and orange made of clay in the region hues. Enjoy nature and simplicity of the Mexican people in its main square, which is surrounded by gardens, restaurants, cafes and craft shops. Explore the archaeological remains of Guásimas, Villa del Mar, and Jose Maria Morelos.
Nuevo Vallarta
Just a few minutes north of Puerto Vallarta, Nuevo Vallarta is a destination of the Riviera Nayarit with significant real estate development, in addition to beaches, it offers a wide range of hotels, sprawling golf courses, luxury condominiums, upscale restaurants and two of the largest marinas in the country.
It is one of the destinations of the tourist corridor of the Riviera Nayarit, it is a place that reflects the essence of a typical Mexican village with its main square and cobbled streets. Besides its beaches, the main attraction of this destination is art that can be found in its craft market, the largest in the region "Flea Market".
La Cruz de Huanacaxtle
Recognized as a fishing village, this quiet town has a modern marina which is the tourist corridor of the Riviera Nayarit's largest. Here you will find a corridor of beaches divided into five sections: The Tizate, Cruz de Huanacaxtle, chamomile, and Piedra Blanca Arena Blanca.
Punta Mita
Punta Mita is a beach destination recognized and sought after by those seeking privacy and relaxation on their vacation. Besides being relaxing and tranquil place, also it offers a wide variety of activities for all ages and tastes.
Sayulita is a small town located 40 minutes from Puerto Vallarta. It is well known as a surfing destination as it offers spectacular beaches with perfect waves for this sport. Each year local and international surfing events are held in this town.
San Pancho
San Francisco, better known as San Pancho is a village located along the Pacific coast belonging to the state of Nayarit, just 40 minutes from Puerto Vallarta. This charming village offers several restaurants, galleries, villas, hotels, a golf course and a polo club. Sayulita and San Pancho also offers beaches with strong waves, ideal for surfing. Horseback riding along the beach, canopy tours, snorkeling, ATV, hiking, bird watching, turtle release, whale watching (seasonal), fishing or boating sailing are some of the activities you can perform here.


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Hi friends! Reveal week has begun at My Little Shoebox! I just had my first look at Keepsake and am already in love. The colors and patterns are absolutely adorable, and a lot of the patterns are now on a smaller scale. Perfect! There are some fun new additions, too! I think this is the best release, yet.
Head over to the My Little Shoebox blog for closeups of this adorable new collection and a chance to win it before you can buy it!


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Best Lawyer T-Shirts
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Looking for the best Alien Abduction Day T-Shirts? Just so you don't take it in the rear, Funny Graphic T-Shirts has compiled a list of the best alien abduction t-shirts on the web. All things considered, at stellar prices too! Alien Abduction Day is March 20th Sorry for the late post on this but we just…Read More
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Looking for the best Velociraptor Awareness Day T-Shirts?! Funny Graphic T-Shirts has your back. What is Velociraptor Awareness Day? Velociraptor Awareness Day is an annual day dedicated to awareness of the dreaded velociraptor. You know, that prehistoric beast with the long tail and the large curved claw. The cunning reptilian killer that hunts it's prey by outsmarting…Read More
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Looking for the best St. Patrick's day T-Shirts for this Year's Holiday?! Funny Graphic T-Shirts has compiled a list of the best St. Patrick's Day T-Shirts for your viewing pleasure! St. Patrick's Day 2017 is on Friday March 17th. Order your T-Shirts now to make sure you have it in time for a night out…Read More
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Looking for the best Star Wars T-Shirts? Funny Graphic T-Shirts has used the Force to gather the best Star Wars T-Shirts in the Galaxy! In our opinion, Star Wars is pretty awesome! With the release of Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens coming out in December, 2015, there has been a resurgence of demand…Read More
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Looking for the best Honey Badger T-Shirts money can buy?! Funny Graphic T-Shirts Doesn't Care… Just Kidding. History of the Honey Badger Don't Care Phenomenon WARNING! – Offensive words in narration. Honey Badger Battles King Cobra! The Honey Badger phenomenon is huge on the internet right now and seems to have been started by an…Read More


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We have moved to GitHub Issues
You are viewing the read-only archive of Umbraco's issue tracker. To create new issues, please head over to GitHub Issues.
Make sure to read the blog posts announcing the move for more information.
Created by Adriano Buscema 13 May 2013, 15:30:50 Updated by Sebastiaan Janssen 28 May 2013, 17:24:11
I'm currently running version 6.0.5.
The error is in the file \umbraco_client\tinymce3\plugins\umbracoembed\langs\en.js
tinyMCE.addI18n('en.umbracoembed', { desc: 'Embed third party media', });
the problem is the "comma" at the end of the desc property. I solved changing the script like this:
tinyMCE.addI18n('en.umbracoembed', { desc: 'Embed third party media' });
Thanks for the fix Adriano! Fixed in changeset eab2fbc2f02c
Priority: Major
Type: Bug
State: Fixed
Difficulty: Normal
Backwards Compatible: True
Fix Submitted: Inline code
Affected versions:
Due in version: 6.0.6, 4.11.9
Story Points:


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Inside the tabletki na odchudzanie operating a blog entire world, nothing at all these days is really as common as Wp. It makes a direct impact across Website marketing today. Being familiar with Word press will look tough, although the appropriate details can make points simpler. Keep reading to find out some tips for Wp.Make sure you include an publisher biography to each and every blog post on panels where lots of blog writers are putting up. This way, each blog writer will get correct credit score in fact it is less difficult for visitors to learn who placed what at a glance. In addition, readers will usually remain on your site if they can get all the details they require in one place.If you are planning to begin a WordPress blogs weblog, ensure that you offer you readers more than just articles. Even if you say numerous helpful points, it may be very difficult to participate readers with textual content. It might be a great idea to put into action videos and pictures because this is a fantastic consideration grabber.Check out add-ons to find simple resources that will make your site or blog site better. As an example, you could add a calendar to your part food selection nightclub so that you can discuss activities which could be exciting to your followers. You can also find several wonderful accessories which provide management for advertising, turning your web site in a earnings manufacturer.Add site amounts in the bottom of your own feedback segment when you have a very active community. This is important as it will permit your consumers in order to go through the fabric and data less difficult. Make certain that the page numbers are simple to see for your audiences.Make your permalinks clean and simple to comprehend. This means you should think of the permalink package each and every time you set up a brand new submit. Does the label inside the Link seem sensible? Does it help from a search engine marketing standpoint? Or even, simply click it and adjust it until finally it is perfect.Constantly update WordPress at the earliest opportunity. Online hackers will target Wp due to the large amount of users. Upgrading Wp as soon as upgrades can be found may be on of the most useful security activities. The more time you wait to up-date, the greater potential for online hackers to get into your organization.Down load Akismet quickly by using a fresh WordPress put in. Akismet is a plugin for WordPress blogs that basically disables junk responses as these come in. Should you don't already have it installed, you may be bombarded with tons of junk e-mail. You'll need to get a totally free important through the Akismet website to complete the install.Maintain shut tabs on people to your website. This is basically the sole method it is possible to improve it to please your readers a lot more. 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You don't want to be caught with out a information back-up if somethings removed the incorrect way. Just copy and mixture your posts into Evernote or some other notes foundation.If you need WordPress weblog hosting, try choosing a host which includes some installment resources for setting up WordPress to suit your needs utilizing a switch. You can additional yourself a data source creation by doing this. The variety can create your blog's domain in addition to it's database using a individual simply click.The only method to discover WordPress blogs is simply by exercising it. You may sign up to a no cost accounts in WordPress blogs.com and begin tinkering with its plethora of characteristics. Alter images, backdrop color, font styles, etc. The greater you get your hands on it, the more comfortable you can expect to really feel about utilizing it.Give a variety of site publishing equipment an attempt. Are there any things about the WordPress dash panel that you don't like? 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Understanding particular features within WordPress blogs will allow you to use it for your very best capability.
inoqobse ha unido a hace 11 meses


text: As Memorial Day approaches America is seeing yet another record-breaking year in regards to over-the-road travel. This year (2018), our country is expected to see 41.5 million Americans traveling total, which is a solid 5% increase from our numbers in the past 13 years. That 5% increase translates to an additional 2 million people. That…Read more


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Many of you may be unaware that flood insurance is not provided within the typical HO-3 or HO-6 homeowner's or condo insurance policy. In fact, flood insurance is a program controlled entirely through the efforts of FEMA and the federal government—not state admitted insurance carriers.
While you can buy flood insurance through a number of companies, it all goes back to the Federal Flood Insurance Program.
Crunching the Numbers on Flood Insurance
At the current time, the Federal Flood Insurance program is over $30 billion in debt, considering the costs of Hurricane Sandy and the tremendous expense of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans back in 2005. Considering this number, the program only pulls in $1.5 billion in premium each year from insureds—at this rate, with no more subsequent major floods, it would take the program 20 years to break even.
The National Flood Insurance Program currently issues about 5.6 million flood insurance policies across the United States. These 5.6 million policies make up $1.5 trillion in risk exposure—an expense that would cripple the livelihood of ever having flood insurance if the program doesn't find a way to fix their over exposure. Hence the enactment of the Biggert Waters Flood Reform Act.
A typical flood insurance policy in a premium risk area of South Florida is under $500 per year. Keeping in mind that the program paid out $37 billion after Hurricane Sandy, an area of the US not considered "high risk," it's clearly in your best interest to hold a flood insurance policy. That $500 average policy price could be the difference between repairing your home after a flood or walking away with nothing.
Onward to the question at hand:
Is it necessary for you to carry flood insurance on your South Florida home?
Ask yourself these questions:
- Do I live within 100 feet of any water source (canal, lake, inlet, etc)?
- Is my home/condo located on a negative-elevation home site?
- Am I susceptible to my home or condo being moved from it's foundation from rising water?
In South Florida, you'd be overwhelmed at the yes answers to these questions. If you're worried about any of these, it's a great idea to have flood insurance coverage.
Take a look at the current flood map for Broward County here. Then, take a look at the proposed flood map for next year here.
As you can see, many high risk areas as of right now won't be considered high risk come next year. That doesn't mean you don't have to worry about coverage, it means that your premium will be lower or not susceptible to the premium increases proposed in the Biggert-Waters Flood Reform Act of 2012.
Be Safe, Not Sorry
It's in your best interest to carry flood insurance. Look what happened to the Northeast United States during Hurricane Sandy. While many individuals were covered on the program, many didn't get any support for their damage.
Check out this Sun Sentinel Article where I was quoted about my take on flood insurance in South Florida.
Call North Broward Insurance Solutions in Margate, Florida today at (954)368-0060 for more information on how to obtain Flood Insurance on your home or condo. While the map may not say you're in a high risk area, Florida IS a peninsula and we're all close to the shoreline here in South Florida. Don't take the risk not to be part of the National Flood Insurance Program.
Sources: http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/13/08/13/scientists-skewer-national-flood-insurance-program-citing-waste-massive-debt/


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You may have seen people walking big dogs on the street, but I bet you've never seen a woman walking a bear in the city (or anywhere else for that matter!)
Well, apparently this happened in Japan recently, although I don't blame you for thinking these images posted on Weibo might be photoshopped.
They show a Russian woman using a heavy chain to walk a white bear on a street in Shibuya, which is a popular part of Tokyo.
The post got a lot of comments from other netizens, with most saying the bear looked sad, and they hoped the images weren't real.


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Author(s): Marisa Berenson
fashion designers | fashion photography
Elsa Schiaparelli is regarded as one of the most important artist-couturiers and taste-makers of the 20th century. A genuine influence on the style of her times, she numbered among her collaborators and friends the artists Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Jean Cocteau, Christian Berard and Marcel Vertes. She was an early client of the important modernist decorator Jean- Michel Franck who decorated her salons for her using Giacometti lamps from him. Here, with a text on her memories of her beloved grandmother by the international film star Marisa Berenson, is Schiaparellis own album of photographs of her life starting in Italy when we see her as a very young girl in the early 20th Century. We meet the people she knew, we see round the houses she lived in, the parties she gave and we can read her witty writings, some translated from the original French or Italian, some in English, many in facsimile. Ninety per cent of the photographs in this book have never been seen in public before, nor published. They are original studio proof prints by giants of 20th-century photography such as Man Ray, Hoyningen-Huene, Horst, Andre Durst, Baron de Meyer and other notable photographers of the time. None of the writings have been previously published.
Marisa Berenson, granddaughter of Elsa Schiaparelli, is a renown actress, having starred in many films, including Stanley Kubrick's "Barry Lyndon."


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Since November 2002, High Quality Low Cost Industries has been contracted by Northlands to clean the grease traps and grease exhaust systems. We have been impressed with the outstanding service they have given us. We have always been able to rely on their flexibility and courteous service. Overall, High Quality Low Cost is a very reliable and knowledgeable company. We strongly recommend them for any work.
Grease Exhaust Cleaning
Access Port Installation
Line Flushing
Cal WaitNorthlands Park
Whether you are setting up a regularly scheduled maintenance package, or booking a one time grease cleaning, HQ-LC is here to meet your needs.
Regular and proper cleaning of kitchen's grease collection equipment is essential. If grease and sediment are allowed to enter the out-going plumbing lines, it could cause plumbing damage or even fire.
Contact us today for a free quote on how we can get your kitchen safe, and running like new.


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Financial advisor (FA) and monetary guide (FC) are contemporary job titles for what was called a stockbroker , dealer, account government or registered consultant. A variant spelling, monetary adviser , is also utilized by some firms in the industry, and by some monetary reporters and publications. But they have essential variations that would considerably impression your pocketbook. Here is how to decide on which one to use when that you must swipe the plastic. Company tax – Corporations pay tax in 2parts- in current year and at the end of the year. Unemployment hit a high between 12 and depending on who is counting, however each sources, Lebergott or Romer, agree that unemployment rose above in 1893 and didn't fall beneath until 1899.
This number represents the quantity of revenue earned by a enterprise previous to paying income taxes. This determine is arrived at by subtracting whole working bills from gross profit. SQA Highers: ABBB by end of S5 or ABBBB/AABB from S4-S6. BBB must be achieved in a single sitting by end of S5. Nationwide 5 Arithmetic at Grade B and English at Grade C. Students discover ways to conduct intensive research into monetary theories and best practices. They develop vital considering expertise necessary to delve deeply into a finance subject and analyze data. Graduates may also know easy methods to independently consider data in an effort to attain valid conclusions.
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About Weblog – FMG Suite is the main automated marketing platform for monetary professionals offering an all-in-one integrated suite of promoting instruments. Our group is a gaggle of experts who combine many years of financial marketing expertise to pioneer a singular advertising strategy for monetary advisors. Your money move assertion will help decide whether your online business has sufficient cash to cowl day-to-day activities and pay bills. It'll also inform whether you want extra brief-time period capital or if there is a development in sales for which you would possibly wish to buy extra stock or rent further staff.
Potential lenders will wish to understand how and once you intend to repay the loan or line of credit, so you should put collectively a proposed repayment schedule and phrases. They may not agree along with your suggestion, but offering proposed phrases reveals that you're considering the mortgage from the lender's perspective. Additionally describe what collateral is available to secure the loan, akin to inventory, accounts receivable, actual estate, vehicles or equipment. Bear in mind that lenders don't depend the complete value of your collateral, and every lender might count a unique percentage.


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Find Will Writing Services in Sheffield on the South Yorkshire Times directory. Get reviews and contact details for each business including phone number, postcode, opening hours and photos.
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text: Bass-baritone Adam Walton is a doctoral student studying with Costanza Cuccaro. He earned his bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University, where he was the 2009 male singer of the year, and his master's degree from the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music. He recently spent several summers with the Caramoor Young Artist Program. His stage credits include the four villains in The Tales of Hoffman, Superintendent Budd in Albert Herring, Leporello in Don Giovanni, Figaro in The Marriage of Figaro, and Su Cu in The Tale of Lady Thi Kinh. Walton won first prize at the 2014 NSAL Bloomington chapter vocal competition.


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Preacher and motivational speaker DeVon Franklin weighs in on guest Lori and Ron's conflict and discusses how parental fighting can affect a child.
Raising children in this modern world isn't easy. Get the latest on the top issues affecting parents and children today on The Doctor Oz Show.See All Dr. Oz


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According to an investigation carried out in 17 developed countries, 9 developing countries, 11 countries in transition, and 17 countries in Latin America and China, a developed economy and wealth have a strong relationship with prosperity.
In this regard, Seyed Mohsen Tabatabaei Mozdabadi, secretary of Iran Urban Economics Scientific Association (IUESA), explained that the relationship seems to be stronger and more intense in the less developed countries, but when it is studied longitudinally, this connection becomes more complex and dimmer.
He noted that if gross domestic product is considered an indicator of development and wealth, it has grown to a satisfactory pace, but unfortunately, during this time, life satisfaction and the sense of happiness did not grow much. However, in some studies, a significant relationship between these two variables may be observed.
According to the longitudinal studies on the relationship between GDP and people's happiness during 1956 to 1964 and then until 1967, the amount of GDP was associated with the sense of happiness of the people, but after 1970, this connection was dimmed, and to some extent it could be said that there was no significant relationship, he added.
Saying that data analysis of research in countries with different economies indicates that the relationship between wealth and GDP with happiness and satisfaction with life is not a requirement and there is no clear evidence that higher economic growth rates are associated with higher levels of happiness, he further said the doubling rate of economic growth does not mean doubling the amount of happiness and the sense of mental well-being and life satisfaction, although in the short term and during the transition period there may be a relationship between the two, and research also confirms this, but this relationship may even be declining in long-term.
Referring to china, he said over the past two decades, the country has had a very positive and upward economic growth, and its GDP has succeeded globally and in the automotive industry has become a progressive country, but the satisfaction of life and the sense of happiness perceived by its people did not have much growth.
In 2011, American Academy of Social Sciences concluded that economic growth cannot guarantee sense of happiness, as it was expected that, in the last two decades, the real annual income increased four times, the same or even slightly lower, the perceived happiness would increase, but during the surveys, no significant increases were reported, he further said.
According to a research done in 17 developed countries, 9 developing countries, 11 countries in transition, and 17 countries in Latin America and China, it was observed that the relationship between wealth and the developed economy is positively related to the level of prosperity, but as time passes, the relationship will be negative, Tabatabaei said.
Stating that a few scientific studies have been conducted on the relationship between bad economic situation, unemployment and the recession with a sense of frustration and lack of sense of happiness, he said the sense of happiness and mental well-being are complex structures that cannot be measured and explained by a variable, but they also have wide aspects like other human features that should be investigated generally.
Economy, wealth, and money may save the person from suffering and act as a very important, vital, and influential assumption of human satisfaction, but there is no scientific evidence to suggest that these factors can lead to human happiness, the vice-president of IUESA said.
The economy should be in a way that can create a general well-being that can calm the environment of the individual, and this security, tranquility and general well-being transferred to a person can create a sense of mental well-being and a sense of happiness, he concluded.


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Watcher's Council results for June 28, 2013
As happens every week, the last week in June yielded some pretty spectacular stuff, with a lot of completely-to-be-expected ties. There was also a forum, asking "Should Senators Who Voted For The Amnesty Bill Be Primaried?" I didn't participate, but if I had, my answer would have been one word: YES!
Without further ado, the winners:
Council Winners
- *First place with 4 votes! Joshuapundit –Fear And Loathing In DC – The Gang Of Eight's Amnesty Bill Is A Disaster
- Second place *t* with 2 votes – Simply Jews – PRISM and you: how endangered you are, my friend?
- Second place *t* with 2 votes – Bookworm Room-The Democrat's' attacks on free speech on their approach to the immigration bill demonstrate what good strategists they are.
- Third place with 1 1/3 votes – The Noisy Room-The Bracken Effect: An American Communist Putsch
- Fourth place *t* with 1 vote – The Razor- Was Michael Hastings' Car Hacked?
- Fourth place *t* with 1 vote – Rhymes With Right-Joe Biden's Bad Theology
- Fifth place *t* with 2/3 vote – The Mellow Jihadi-The New Yorker Blows Off the Navy
- Fifth place *t* with 2/3 vote – The Political Commentator –China and Russia bogarting the 'joint' in the Snowden espionage scandal!
- Fifth place *t* with 2/3 vote – VA Right! –New Video:Broken Children
- Sixth place *t* with 1/3 vote – The Right Planet –The Spirit of Defeat
- Sixth place *t* with 1/3 vote – The Glittering Eye – Cui Bono?
- Sixth place *t* with 1/3 vote – GrEaT sAtAn"S gIrLfRiEnD –President Obama's rush towards US unilateral disarmament
- Sixth place *t* with 1/3 vote – The Colossus of Rhodey –Hube's Favorite Conspiracy Movies of All Time
- Sixth place *t* with 1/3 vote – Liberty's Spirit – Modern Punditry, Bullying and the Channeling of Bitchy Adolescents: Shame on US
Non-Council Winners
- First place with 3 1/3 votes! – The Sad Red Earth-"It goes without saying": the Further Rhetoric of Terrorist Apologia submitted by Simply Jews
- Second place with 3 votes –Victor Davis Hanson –If Only Our Foreign Enemies Were Republicans submitted by Joshuapundit
- Third place *t* with 1 2/3 votes – Michael Totten –Hezbollah's Disneyland submitted by Bookworm Room
- Third place *t* with 1 2/3 votes –Neo-Neocon-Michael Hastings, Obama, and the swoon submitted by The Glittering Eye
- Third place *t* with 1 2/3 votes – Doug Ross @Journal –Crime Pays: And the Rubio-Schumer Amnesty Bill Proves It submitted by Rhymes With Right
- Fourth place with 1 1/3 vote – Small Wars Journal –The Future of Military Innovation submitted by GrEaT sAtAn"S gIrLfRiEnD
- Fifth place *t* with 1 vote – Gates Of Vienna –The Istanbul Process Continues submitted by The Watcher
- Sixth place *t* with 2/3 vote –N. A. Halkides/Frontpagemag.com –Inside the Progressive Mind submitted by The Right Planet
- Sixth place *t* with 2/3 vote –Family Security Matters/Jim Horn –The Deception Marathon of Benghazigate/Bostongate – a Conspiracy? submitted by The Political Commentator


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We all want beautiful and healthy skin. We buy lots of products for our skin, but there are harmful chemicals in the products that you buy from market. These harsh chemicals damage your skin both from inside and outside. So, it is always better to go for natural ways.
Today, we bring you 5 natural face packs & Home remedies to get healthy and radiant skin.
Turmeric Powder & Gram Flour Face Pack
We all know the health benefits of turmeric. It has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant qualities. Combine ¼ teaspoon turmeric powder and 1 spoon gram flour. Now add olive oil, milk and lemon juice to get a paste like consistency.
Apply this over your face or neck where you have pigmentation. After 5 minutes, wet your fingers and rub them on your face in circular motion. Wash off with lukewarm water after 5 minutes. You can repeat this process 2 times a week.
Aloe vera and rose-water face pack
Mix aloe Vera gel with few 4 teaspoon of rose-water. Then apply it on the face and neck. Rinse it off after 20 minutes using cold water.
You can also massage the face pack for 2 mins onto the face before rinsing it off. This remedy will help you fight against skin aging, pimples and dark skin.
Honey & Lemon Face Mask
Mix one spoon of honey with juice of half a lemon. Add 2 teaspoon nutmeg in it. Apply the mixture over your skin and rinse with lukewarm water after half an hour. You can repeat this process once or twice a week.
Multani Mitti & Coconut water face mask
Prepare an anti-tan face mask by mixing 1 teaspoon of multani mitti( fuller's earth) and little coconut water. It will cure tan, dark spots, blemishes, and discoloured skin.
You can also mix few drops of lemon to coconut water and apply all over your face. It will moisturize and lighten your skin.
Also Read: Top 6 Dates Benefits: From Improving Health to Promoting Beautiful Skin
Raw Papaya Face Pack
Applying plain raw papaya on your face removes dead skin cells, leaving it soft and smooth. Simply mash-up the flesh of the papaya and apply on your skin. Leave it on for 10 minutes, and then rinse off.
Also Read: Health Warning: 5 Foods You Should Never Eat Raw
Apply Neem Oil on belly button
This simple trick will definitely reduce all blemishes and visibly clarify your skin. It cures stubborn acne and pimples. It also Remove dark & white spots.
Watch Video: 5 Home Remedies For A Clear, Young & Glowing Skin
Do you have some other tips? Do share them in the comment section below! We would love to hear your thoughts.
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed within this article are the personal opinions of the author.