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These questions are about the short story "What We All Wished Had Happened", and definitely contains spoilers which, once seen, cannot be unseen. For the actual short story itself, please go here.
So this was yet another of the ten stories you wrote in ten days for the Swinburne Microfiction Challenge in 2017, wasn't it?
Yes, and before you ask, no, I didn't win. The prompt word for this one was "Home", and it got me thinking about what "home" can mean, and about people who've been born here being told to "go home" by other people who were born here, and about how horrible it is to feel unwelcome in your own country.
It's a piece of magical realism, isn't it.
I'm actually not sure what it is. Is that the genre, "magical realism"? I'm honestly not down with the microgenrefication of art, I'm very much a "what does it make me feel/think?" kinda person, more than a "where does this fit in terms of recognised labels?" kinda person. But I could call it "magical realism" if you like.
"Magical realism" is basically a realistic bit of art that also is a bit magical.
Well then, maybe this isn't that then. Because, the point of this story to me (and yes, I know that the author's point of view isn't necessarily the definitive point of view, but it's surely at least a relevant point of view) is that what is described in the story didn't actually happen.
What do you mean?
Well, in the story a group of three racist thugs (and I don't mean to suggest they're bad people - they're kids themselves, after all, and have been indoctrinated to think this way) harass this little kid with Indonesian heritage, tease her about her most obvious points of difference, her slanty eyes and her headscarf. In the story she then proceeds to grow dragon wings and blast them with her laser-eyes, and they run away, scared and crying, perhaps to re-think their racist ways and to at very least approach people with more caution. But the story is explicitly called "What We All Wish Had Happened", not "What Actually Happened" or "What Magically (and Realistically) Happened". This story is what we wish had happened instead of what actually happened.
What actually happened?
Well, I don't know. But I'm almost certain it didn't involve laser-eyes and dragon wings.
That's pretty depressing.
Yeah, I know. It's a depressing story, really. Because the whole situation is a depressing one. It's awful. I mean, what happens in these situations? In the very best case scenario, Syifa managed to run away and get home safe, and spent the rest of the evening shaking and crying and dealing with PTS. And that's the best case scenario. There's many worse case scenarios that come to mind, and they're all pretty fucking distressing.
I know, right? And you know, I actually intended for the racist kids to be eaten alive, or torn limb from limb, or sawed in half with her powerful heat-vision, or splattered all over the place. I wanted to harm them so very much. But in the end I opted for the G-rated 1980s-vibe of having them just be naked and scared (I even used the word "bums", which I don't think I've ever used before, for maximum primary-school G-rated connotation), rather than gorily eviscerated, just because, I don't know, I thought that Syifa probably wouldn't feel good about murdering them all, in the long run. I mean, she's just a kid, and is probably not actually interested in obliteration. She just wants to be left alone.
The little coda was nice: her dad asking her if "anything interesting" had happened, and her saying "nope".
Thanks. Yeah, that was a twofold thing, of her kinda keeping her superpowers secret from her old man (another 1980s G-rated movie kinda trope?), but also pointing out that being hassled by fuck-knuckle racists isn't even interesting – it's just the norm for a lot of people. It's the shitty background noise of life, especially if you look at all Muslim or foreign. Racist "Aussies" being racist is as uninteresting as it gets (and I put "Aussies" in quotes because, as mentioned in the story, Syifa was born here, just as much as I was, and so is as "Aussie" as I am, if such nationalistic happenstance actually means anything in the first place).
Sigh. You're totally right: without even knowing what did actually happen, whatever it was, I wish that this had happened instead.
Me too, anonymous asker of questions, me too.


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Enhances "Quick Draw" effect
"Leaden Salute"
Aftermath: Increases Rng. Acc./Rng. Atk.
Occasionally deals double damage
Enhances "Quick Draw" effect
Other Uses
- Trial 1087
- Trial 1088
- Trial 1882
- Trial 1883 (Rewards Death Penalty (80))
- Trial 2282 (Rewards Death Penalty (85))
- Trial 2693 (Rewards Death Penalty (90))
- Trial 3126 (Rewards Death Penalty (95))
- Trial 3589 (Rewards Death Penalty (99))
- Trial 3639 (Rewards Death Penalty (Afterglow))
Synthesis Recipes
Used in Recipes
- None
Desynthesis Recipes
Obtained from Desynthesis
- None
How to Obtain
|Cannot be auctioned, traded, bazaared, or delivered.
Special Event
- Nomad Mog Bonanza 2010 (Rank 1)
Historical InformationLuzaf the Blackheart. Still somewhat unbelievable stories abound of the pistol's sheer destructive force, said to be such that it once sank a great battleship by blowing a hole clean through the hull.
Death Penalty appeared in Final Fantasy VII, as one of the obtainable Ultimate Weapons equippable by the character Vincent Valentine. It also appeared in Final Fantasy VII: Dirge of Cerberus, as one of Vincent's equippable gun frames. It is considered the most powerful gun which Vincent can use.
See Also
Bard: Dancing Dagger • Carnwenhan /
Beastmaster: Double Axe • Aymur
Black Mage: Mage's Staff • Laevateinn / Blue Mage: Wightslayer • Tizona
Corsair: Quicksilver • Death Penalty / Dancer: Main Gauche • Terpsichore
Dark Knight: Death Sickle • Liberator / Dragoon: Radiant Lance • Ryunohige
Monk: Burning Fists • Glanzfaust / Ninja: Sasuke Katana • Nagi
Paladin: Brave Blade • Burtgang / Puppetmaster: Inferno Claws • Kenkonken
Ranger: Killer Bow • Gastraphetes / Red Mage: Vorpal Sword • Murgleis
Samurai: Windslicer • Kogarasumaru / Scholar: Elder Staff • Tupsimati
Summoner: Scepter Staff • Nirvana / Thief: Swordbreaker • Vajra
Warrior: Sturdy Axe • Conqueror / White Mage: Werebuster • Yagrush

subset: commoncrawl


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When it comes to bullying, harassing, and threatening on social media, where is the line between free speech and criminal behavior? In light of an unprecedented volume of school shootings, swatting, teen suicides, and other juvenile violence, local governments across the country are pulling out all of the stops to address the threats on social media that often lead to such disastrous consequences. Colorado has long had a harassment statute, and Denver has its own municipal code at play. In light of a recent challenge to Colorado's statute, the validity of Denver's code is also being questioned.
Disclaimer: The information in this blog is provided for general informational purposes only, and may not reflect the current law in your jurisdiction. No information contained in this blog should be construed as legal advice from The Eichner Law Firm or the individual author, nor is it intended to be a substitute for legal counsel on any subject matter. No reader of this blog should act or refrain from acting on the basis of any information included in, or accessible through, this blog without seeking the appropriate legal or other professional advice on the particular facts and circumstances at issue from a lawyer licensed in the recipient's state, country, or other appropriate licensing jurisdiction.


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The Best Hotels in Rome
Rome is one of the most romantic and picturesque cities in Italy. There is so much to see, so much to do and SO MUCH TO EAT. Where you stay can make or break your vacation. So to help you decide, I put together a list of some of the tops hotels in the city.
Palazzo Dama
I would have to rate this as my favorite hotel in Rome because of their gorgeous outdoor pool and prime location. If you are visiting Rome during the summer, then this is THE PLACE to stay! The rooms are newly renovated and spacious. It is in a great location, only a 2 minute walk to Piazza Del Poppo and a 10 minute walk to the Spanish Steps. I also really enjoyed the breakfast at this hotel – they serve super soft and fluffy scrambled eggs (just the way I like them)! It was incredibly hot during my visit, so the pool absolutely saved my trip.
JK Place Roma
JK Place is the sister hotel of the JK Capri which is a favorite. This little gem is so stylish and stunning! Everything from the lobby to the gorgeous rooms is absolutely incredible. Also in a perfect location, JK Place Roma is only a 5 minute walk from the Spanish Steps and is right in the middle of the best shopping you can find in Rome. If they had an outdoor pool and a spa, this hotel would be one of my top choices, but we can't have it all!
Hotel De Russie
This hotel is one of the oldest and most classic hotels in Rome. It is in a great location making it convenient to walk to the Trevi Fountain and Spanish Steps. It is also near all of the high end shops, my favorite being Fendi's gorgeous flagship store. The rooms are a bit outdated in my opinion, but they are still quite charming. The garden is what makes this hotel so special. It is stunning and excellent for lunch or pre-dinner drinks (they make strong Nedi Martinis). Also, the luxurious spa here is another bonus of which some of the other hotels don't have.
Rome Cavalieri
Rome Cavalieri is a Waldorf Astoria Resort that is a short drive from the center of Rome and all of the historic sights. A major bonus about this hotel for me is that they have a spacious outdoor pool and a gorgeous spa! If you have a few extra days in Rome, this is a great place to stay in where you can find a reprieve from all of the sightseeing and enjoy some downtime by the pool or in the spa. I also highly recommend dining at their restaurant La Pergola. It is the only 3 Michelin Star restaurant in all of Rome and the food is exquisite.
Nedi Travel Tip:
Take a walk through Trastevere. It is a bohemian area with lots of locals, super cute trattorias, craft beer pubs and gift shops.


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The Effect of the Payroll Tax on Earnings: A Test of Competing Models of Wage Determination
NBER Working Paper No. 9537
Under the standard competitive model, a tax change affecting workers with highly inelastic labor supply, will lower earnings by the entire nominal employer share of the tax increase. If wages play a motivational role but the market still clears, the range of possible outcomes is broader but wages should still not rise if the tax is nominally divided 50/50. In contrast, because there is excess labor (involuntary unemployment) in equilibrium, efficiency wage models resemble models in which labor supply is perfectly elastic, and thus earnings rise by more than the worker's nominal share. The 1968, 1974 and 1979 increases in the taxable earnings base for FICA provide good opportunities to test the models. This tax increase affected only those workers earning significantly more than the median earnings for male full-time/year-round workers. Such workers' labor force participation is likely to be highly inelastic. The results support models in which the motivational effects of wages are important but cannot clearly distinguish between the efficiency wage and market-clearing versions of those models.
Machine-readable bibliographic record - MARC, RIS, BibTeX
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w9537
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded* these:
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This topic explains how tracking and recommendations work in Episerver Product Recommendations (formerly Perform), the Episerver Commerce-specific part of the Episerver personalization suite.
User identification
Controlling tracking of user IP address
By default, tracking data sent to the Personalization service includes the user's IP address. The IP address is not stored in the personalization service—it is only used in the session for geolocation purposes, to improve recommendation accuracy.
You can exclude the IP address from tracking data by using episerver:personalization.SkipUserHostTracking. See Installing and configuring the native integration package.
Alternatively, you can include/exclude IP address by registering a custom implementation of the IRequestTrackingDataServiceinterface (namespace EPiServer.Tracking.Commerce). The default implementation of this interface uses the setting mentioned above, but a custom implementation could vary the setting based on user preference, cookies, and so on.
Controlling tracking of user's email address
By default, tracking data sent to the Personalization service includes the user's email address. You can exclude email address from tracking data by using episerver:personalization.UsePseudonymousUserId. See Installing and configuring the native integration package.
Alternatively, you can include/exclude user email address by registering a custom implementation of the IUserIdentityServiceinterface (namespace EPiServer.Personalization.Common). If you plan to switch from email to a pseudonymous user identifier (by config or customization), you must synchronize with the personalization service team for any site with existing tracking data. Otherwise, existing tracking data and the profiles built from it are lost when the user identifier changes. See Migrating Server-to-Server API version 1.3 to 1.4.
Product recommendation tracking
Tracking is used for different purposes, for example to provide personalized product recommendations on an e-commerce site. Tracking visitor activities and retrieving recommendations are performed simultaneously in a single round trip to the Episerver Product Recommendations environment. This round trip is made synchronously and adds a small processing overhead to all tracked requests.
The following diagram describes the flow for page requests that end up in a controller action decorated with a CommerceTrackingAttribute. The flow is identical for tracking requests not triggered by the CommerceTrackingAttribute except the custom tracking code replaces the OnActionExecuting step.
To provide good recommendations, Episerver Product Recommendations tracks a visitor's activities over time. Product Recommendations accomplishes this by assigning visitors a consolidated user ID (CUID), which is stored in a cookie. User activities that can be tracked are contained in the TrackingType enum. Track as many activities as possible - more tracked activities result in better recommendations.
Tracking here is sent to the Episerver product recommendation service, but tracking of Episerver Commerce data can be consumed by any source.
See Product tracking for details about tracking types and attributes for products, and how to install the core tracking.
Customizing tracking data
You can include custom tracking data in a tracking request by using the SetCustomAttribute extension method for CommerceTrackingData. Supported data types are limited to common numeric types, string, and DateTime.
A use case for custom tracking attributes is to configure recommendation widgets in the personalization service to filter recommendations based on a known customer preference or other data. For example, a website for browsing or preordering duty free goods for an airport/airline, where available products depend on flight type.
var trackingData = _trackingDataFactory.CreateCategoryTrackingData(category, httpContext);
trackingData.SetCustomAttribute("FlightType", "International");
var result = _trackingService.Track(trackingData, httpContext, currentContent);
Linking visitor actions with recommendations
Valuable business intelligence is based on knowing which recommended content a visitor acts upon.
As of version 2.1.0, TrackingMode is obsolete. Also, Js tracking APIs and server tracking APIs are independent and work in parallel.
Js tracking APIs support setting RecommendationId for ProductTrackingData, which is read from the TrackingProxy and sent to the Product Recommendations Engine. So, if you use JS API tracking, you do not need to use cookies or RecommendationContext. Further, Commerce reference sites have changed the way they store RecommendationId values. Now, they use a Query String by adding a new RecommendationId parameter in the data-url attribute of the Shares\_RecommendationsTemplates.cshtm template.
And, Commerce reference sites no longer use RecommendationContext. See also: Recommendations client side API integration.
<button type="button"
class="btn btn-block btn-sm quickview-button">
When a user clicks Recommendation products, the Commerce reference site redirects to the Product Detail page with the RecommendationId value passed in as a QueryString. Then, the JS TrackingDataFactory.createProductTrackingData API gets the RecommendationId value from QueryString and creates tracking data to send to the Tracking Proxy.
$(document).ready(function ()
var refCode = '@Model.Product.Code';
var productName = '@Model.Product.Name';
var productTrackingData = TrackingDataFactory.createProductTrackingData(refCode, productName);
productTrackingData["SkipRecommendations"] = true;
var recommendationId = parseInt(isNaN('@Request.QueryString["recommendationId"]')? '0': '@Request.QueryString["recommendationId"]');
if (recommendationId > 0)
productTrackingData["recommendationId"] = recommendationId;
productTrackingData["customAttributes"] = { 'marketId': Market.getSelectedMarketId() };
The image below describes this process.
Consuming recommendations
Depending on how the Episerver Product Recommendations environment is configured, different types of tracking events may or may not return recommendations. This section explains a general case where recommendations are returned and should be displayed to the visitor.
Using the CommerceTrackingAttribute
As the CommerceTrackingAttribute executes code in the OnActionExecuting method, the recommendations are available as soon as the controller action method is entered. To get recommendations, call the Controller extension method GetRecommendationGroups.
public ViewResult Index(StartPage currentPage)
var recommendations = this.GetRecommendationGroups();
The method returns a collection of Recommendation objects, where each object has an Area and a collection of ContentReferences referencing the recommended products. The Recommendation object can be used to create model data to display recommended products to a site visitor.
The number of Recommendation objects and the names of the areas depend on how the Episerver Product Recommendations environment is configured. The name for these recommendation groupings on the Episerver Product Recommendations side is widgets. A widget contains information about where recommendations should appear on a page (left, right, bottom, and so on) and which algorithms are used to generate recommendations, such as similar products and cross sells.
var productRefs = widgetService.UpdateWidget().Where(x => x.Area == "someWidget").SelectMany(x => x.RecommendedItems);
Without using the CommerceTrackingAttribute
Working with the recommendations returned from the ITrackingService.Track extension method is similar to working with the attribute. A GetRecommendationGroups extension method exists for the returned tracking response data and works the same way as with the controller.
Output caching
If you want to use output caching for pages that show recommendations, you must use the client side tracking API in version 2.1.0 (or later) of the EPiServer.Personalization.Commerce package.
Caching of content is controlled by the "httpCache"-prefixed settings of the applicationSettings element and usage of the ContentOutputCache attribute. Note that caching enabled by these settings does not apply to authenticated users. Output caching breaks the server-side tracking, because the request most often does not reach the page's controller - users will see the cached recommendations, and user behavior will not be tracked.
Related topics
Last updated: Jan 09, 2019


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Two of Penrith's top real estate agencies are becoming one, as Century 21 Mulgoa joins the Property Central family.
Property Central Managing Director Lee Waterhouse says the merger between the agencies will help better service the property needs of the area, while also growing the Property Central brand.
"Darrel and Nikkole have been established out there for a long time, and we thought it was a great opportunity to join forces with them, and help us get some traction out there," he said.
"We want to try and build some market share in that growing Silverdale, Mulgoa, Wallacia and Luddenham area."
From next week, the faces at Century 21 Mulgoa will be operating as Property Central Mulgoa after joining forces with the Rate My Agent 2017 Agency Of The Year winner for Penrith, Leonay, Kingswood and Cranebrook, Property Central Penrith.
That means the same local team at Mulgoa will continue to support the area's real estate needs, at an even better and bigger capacity.
"The signs will be changed on the first of August," Mr Waterhouse said.
"Next week century 21 Mulgoa will become Property Central Mulgoa.
"It's about doing more business. That area, we see as a great growth area, and having the opportunity to jump into it with these guys who have been established there for a long time makes sense to us.
"We're joining forces, they're going to be staying on board because they're the locals out there."
The team at Property Central believe this growth to opening a second Property Central office at Mulgoa shows their commitment to the region.
"We're always looking to grow. If the right opportunities present themselves, we're all over it and we'd love to do it again," Mr Waterhouse said.
Emily Newton is the Weekender's police and political reporter. Emily is also the Weekender's Senior Journalist.


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Wiki: TOC, VTOC, HomeForum: Home, General
You might see a Resource Id or LLS Code (e.g. LLS:1.0.71) quoted in the forums or you might be looking at files in your Resources folder and want to know what the book's title is:
You can use a Resource ID as above, but not a filename. You can try the filename as a Resource Id (e.g. LLS:400PRAYPREACHERS) but it won't work for resources like NASB95 or ESV. However, there is a utility program for Windows that will provide the Resource ID from the filename. This is not supported by Logos in any way, so use at your own risk.
Download http://www.rosieperera.com/bin/llscode.exe (right-click and choose "Save Target As...") and save it in your Logos Resources folder. Run it from the Windows Command prompt (enter CMD in the Windows Search bar and then navigate to your Resources folder using the "cd" command).
The syntax is as follows:
llscode <filename>
llscode godsword.logos4
NOTE:— this works for Logos files (.logos4) and not .lbxlls files.
Copyright 2009–2020 Faithlife
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We had the pleasure of chatting with Shayne Dante of Shayne Dante Dressage this week. Shayne is a USDF Bronze, Silver and Gold medalist, and runs her training business out of the Los Angeles area. In her program, Shayne specifically approaches each horse and rider as individuals. The training sessions are versatile to ensure eager participation from horses of all ages, bringing out their full potential. The same goes for Shayne's riders!
Shayne currently competes Perignon aka "Perry" at the Grand Prix level. She's had quite a unique background up to this point though! Shayne started riding when she was just three or four-years-old, competing in everything from hunters and eventing to western. When she was just 13, she landed a working student position at a Grand Prix Dressage trainer's sales/training facility and was hooked from then on. "I did everything from hand walking young horses, polo wrapping every riding horse, learning to braid, etc. It was the most fun I had and I worked there until I left for college!"
Her business has a unique background too! She said, "When I was working for my coach, I would take my horse to local shows on the weekends. A lady had approached me about teaching lessons in her area, so I started doing that the following weekend. Soon, I had people coming into full training. I knew it was time to expand and therefore go out on my own… somehow, Thomas Walker, Ryan Torkkeli, and I all connected… they were leaving for this amazing opportunity in Europe and they wanted the "right" person to take over their business in Orange County. It all sort of fell into place so perfectly. So, I have this incredible group of people just handed to me… I have to pinch myself daily. I am so grateful that they trusted me to take over… actually, I talk to them very frequently! I am very lucky to remain close to them and whenever I run into problems, they are right there to talk me through it. Pretty unusually cool!"
It's not easy balancing being a businesswoman, equestrian, and athlete. Shayne keeps everything running smoothly with help from her team. This allows her to trust that the business side is taken care of and she can focus on teaching and riding. She runs weekly or biweekly meetings to make sure everything is on the right track. Shayne also reminds us that "Business[woman] versus athlete is at many times clashing, so I think it's incredibly important to make time to ground yourself." She heads to the gym to start her day with "me" time to ensure a sense of balance before a long day of riding and teaching!
Her team of people is also a large factor in why Shayne loves the sport. We all know how difficult riding can be -- either as a rider or as a businessperson -- and we all have our reasons for continuing to stay involved. For Shayne, it is the "love of horses and people. We all love our horses… but that doesn't always keep people in this sport. You have to be picky about who you surround yourself with… and that team will always keep you on your feet, even when it's very easy to walk away."
And finally, her love of horses has given her this huge life lesson, that is so applicable for all of us:
You have to let go of the last movement and focus on what is ahead. I think that goes for anything in life. Move forward.
Thank you Shayne for giving us a little insight into your business! You can reach Shayne here and learn about her Full Training program!


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Recover deleted or formated data with PhotoRec
Last updated : 01/04/09
Accidents happen for example a Flash drive that might have been accidentally formatted or certain files erased from a hard drive. The good news is that as long as the data is not overwritten there is a high margin for a successful recovery. After all the recycle bin is not a secure way of destroying data by any standards. For this article I will be using PhotoRec by CG Security, Photorec has many advantages for example it's open source, cross platform, configurable and is relatively light while operating. The entire operation will take some time depending in size of the drive to be inspected. Do not expect the files to recovered with the original file name, instead Photorec will assign them a number. The output data should be stored on a second drive, don't even think about about using the same drive. The recovery technique I use is called Data Carving, I'll let the collective knowledge explain what it means. Data Carving is a data recovery technique that allows for data with no file system allocation information to be extracted by identifying sectors and clusters belonging to the file. Data Carving usually searches through raw sectors looking for specific desired file signatures. The fact that there is no allocation information means that the investigator must specify a block size of data to carve out upon finding a matching file signature. This presents the challenge that the beginning of the file is still present and that there is (depending on how common the file signature is) a risk of many false hits. Also, data carving requires that the files recovered be located in sequential sectors (rather than fragmented) as there is no allocation information to point to fragmented file portions. This method can be time and resource intensive. Excerpt from Wikipedia
Download PhotoRec from CGSecurtity
PhotoRec is part of the TestDisk Suite. http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec
Step 1
After PhotoRec starts you will be presented with all the drives PhotoRec was able to detect. For demonstration purposes I will be using a 2 GB flash drive.
Disk /dev/sdb - 2097 MB / 1999 MiB (RO) - OCZ ET1208AD
And press enter to proceed.
Step 2
Select the partition table in my case it's.
[ Intel ] intel/PC partition
Step 3
In this case I want to inspect the whole disk for data.
D No partition 0 0 1 254 245 54 4095999 [Whole disk]
Step 4
If you noticed in the bottom of the terminal you are also presented with the following options.
[Options] [File Opt]
You can select [Options] or [File Opt] to see the available file extensions that PhotoRec can recover, you can also unchecked the file extensions you don't want to recover. Or configure how persistent PhotoRec should be.
Step 5
Now specify the file system on which PhotoRec will attempt to recover the data from. My USB drive was formatted to FAT32.
[ Other ] FAT/NTFS/HFS+/ReiserFS/…
Step 6
PhotoRec is now presenting you with the option of choosing the default output directory /home/user or your own directory. You might want to create a directory just for the recovery which is usually spread across several directories.
Step 7
After selecting the output directory the recovery process will start, PhotoRec will let you know of the remaining time and number of files found. The recovery process is done. All recovered files are enumerated.
Example of the recovery, all data is spread across multiple directories. The recovered files are renamed. Not all is lost sometimes most of the data can be recovered. Keep in mind some media files may be beyond recovery. Always back up your data and there will be no need for a recovery, otherwise I hope this article helps. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_recovery


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Keep a robust collection of ready-made report card comments at your fingertips! Hundreds of thoughtful, constructive, and easily customizable messages are designed to strengthen parent-teacher communication and improve student performance.
Includes comments for:
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Antigen-independent memory CD8 T cells do not develop during chronic viral infection
Communicated by Philippa Marrack, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO, September 28, 2004 (received for review July 29, 2004)
Memory T cells can persist for extended periods in the absence of antigen, and long-term T cell immunity is often seen after acute infections. Paradoxically, there have been observations suggesting that T cell memory may be antigen-dependent during chronic infections. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms we have compared memory CD8 T cell differentiation during an acute versus chronic infection by using the mouse model of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. We found that during a chronic infection virus-specific CD8 T cells failed to acquire the cardinal memory T cell property of long-term antigen-independent persistence. These chronically stimulated CD8 T cells were unable to undergo homeostatic proliferation, responded poorly to IL-7 and IL-15, and expressed reduced levels of the IL-7 and IL-15 receptors, thus providing a possible mechanism for the inability of these cells to persist long term in the absence of antigen. In striking contrast, virus-specific memory CD8 T cells that developed after an acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection could persist without antigen, were capable of self-renewal because of homeostatic proliferation, responded efficiently to IL-7 and IL-15, and expressed high levels of receptors for these two cytokines. Thus, memory CD8 T cells generated after acute infections are likely to have a competitive advantage over CD8 T cells that develop during chronic infections. These findings raise concerns about using vaccines that may persist and also suggest that there may be limitations and challenges in designing effective immunological interventions for the treatment of chronic infections and tumors.
A hallmark of memory T cells is their ability to persist in the absence of antigen (1). Memory CD8 T cells are able to do this because they can survive for extended periods of time because of higher levels of antiapoptotic molecules such as Bcl-2 (2) and, more importantly, because unlike naïve T cells, they can undergo antigen-independent proliferation to maintain their numbers (3–5). The unique ability of memory CD8 T cells to undergo homeostatic proliferation in response to IL-15 and IL-7 allows for their self-renewal and the maintenance of a functional pool of memory T cells that can rapidly respond to reinfection and confer protective immunity. Despite numerous studies in both animal models and humans demonstrating antigen-independent memory T cell persistence, other studies suggest that antigen persistence may be necessary to maintain protective immunity in some chronic infections (6–10). For example, antibiotic treatment in a murine model of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (bacillus Calmette–Guérin) infection results in a decline in antigen-specific CD8 T cell numbers (11). Also, the elimination of Leishmania major parasite burden spontaneously or with drug treatment is associated with loss of protective immunity, whereas in persistently infected mice resistance to reinfection is maintained (9, 10).
Why do memory T cells and protective immunity appear antigen-independent in some settings, but antigen-dependent in others? One striking distinction is that data supporting antigen-independent immunological memory come from studies on acute infections, whereas observations suggesting a role for antigen in T cell maintenance come from models of chronic infections. These studies suggest that the normal memory CD8 T cell differentiation pathway that culminates in the generation of memory T cells that can persist without antigen (12–14) may not occur during chronic infections. To address this question we have examined memory CD8 T cell differentiation in the mouse model of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) where it is possible to track the same CD8 T cell response after an acute or chronic viral infection. This model allows one to analyze virus-specific CD8 T cell responses after an acute infection that is fully cleared within a week and during two types of chronic infections: (i) during a chronic infection with high viral load in multiple tissues for the life of the mouse; and (ii) during a chronic infection that is characterized by high virus levels in multiple tissues for 2–3 months followed by control of infection in most tissues, but not complete elimination of the virus (15–17). An important distinction between these two conditions of persistence is that in the former the virus-specific CD8 T cells encounter antigen constantly for the life of the mouse, whereas in the latter the CD8 T cells see antigen continuously for the first 2–3 months and then encounter antigen only periodically. For the purpose of this study we chose the latter condition as our model of chronic infection, because many human chronic infections show this pattern, i.e., initial high levels of infection followed by control and then low-grade persistence of the pathogen. Moreover, only this model of chronic infection allows one to analyze the properties of "resting" antigen-specific CD8 T cells because T cells taken several months after infection are not continuously seeing high levels of antigen. Our results demonstrate that T cells that experience prolonged exposure to antigen during chronic LCMV infection do not acquire the cardinal properties of memory CD8 T cells, including antigen-independent persistence via homeostatic proliferation in response to IL-7 and IL-15. Rather, virus-specific CD8 T cells generated during chronic LCMV infection fail to persist when removed from antigen. These results provide a potential explanation for the loss of immunity observed after control of some chronic infections and have implications for our understanding of protective immunity to persisting pathogens and tumors.
Materials and Methods
Animals and Virus. Four- to 6-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. Mice were infected with 2 × 105 plaque-forming units of LCMV Armstrong i.p. or 2 × 106 plaque-forming units of LCMV clone 13 i.v. as described (17). Viral titers were determined by plaque assay as described (15).
Lymphocyte Isolation. Lymphocytes were isolated from tissues as described (17). Liver and lung were perfused with ice-cold PBS before removal and lymphocyte isolation.
Flow Cytometry. MHC class I peptide tetramers were generated and used as described (17). All antibodies were purchased from BD Bioscience (San Diego) except for granzyme B (Caltag, Burlingame, CA), IL-15Rα (R & D Systems), CD127 (eBioscience, San Diego), and pSTAT5 (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA). All surface and intracellular cytokine staining was performed as described (17). Staining for the intracellular molecules Bcl-2 and pSTAT5 was performed by using the same procedure as for intracellular cytokine staining.
Adoptive Transfers and Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester (CFSE) Labeling. CFSE labeling was performed as described (13). For all adoptive transfer experiments CD8 T cells were purified from donor spleens by using MACS beads (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA) as described (ref. 13; ≈95–98% pure). Donor T cell populations were adoptively transferred by i.v. injection. Longitudinal monitoring of T cell persistence was performed by retroorbital bleeding into 4% sodium citrate under isofluorane anesthesia. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were purified by using Hystopaque (Sigma) and stained.
In Vitro Proliferation. Purified CD8 T cells were labeled with CFSE and mixed with unlabeled naïve spleen as antigen-presenting cells in 96-well flat-bottom plates. Cytokines (IL-7 or IL-15; each 5 ng/ml) or peptide (0.2 μg/ml) were added, and proliferation was assessed by MHC tetramer staining after ≈60 h.
Adult C57BL/6 mice were infected with either the LCMV Armstrong strain that causes an acute infection and is cleared from all tissues within a week or LCMV clone 13 that establishes a chronic infection with 2–3 months of viremia (Fig. 1A ) followed by persistence in selected tissues (15, 18). Virus-specific CD8 T cells recognizing the GP33-41 epitope were induced and maintained for >1.5 years after Armstrong (acute) or clone 13 (chronic) infection (Fig. 1 A and B ). It should be noted that the Armstrong and clone 13 strains of LCMV differ by only two amino acids and neither of these changes affects any of the defined CD8 T cell epitopes (19). For all experiments performed in this study, Db/GP33-specific CD8 T cell populations were isolated from clone 13-infected mice at time points after viremia had been controlled (after day 100; Fig. 1). At these time points virus-specific CD8 T cells from both acutely and chronically infected mice displayed the phenotype of "resting" memory T cells; they were CD44Hi and small in size, did not express markers of recent activation, such as CD25, CD69, or high levels of granzyme B, and were capable of producing IFN-γ upon peptide restimulation in vitro (Fig. 1 C and D ). Hereafter, we will use the terms acute memory and chronic memory to refer to Db/GP33-specific CD8 T cells generated after an acute LCMV Armstrong infection or a chronic infection with LCMV clone 13, respectively.
The first question we addressed was whether chronic memory CD8 T cells had acquired the memory T cell quality of antigen-independent persistence. To directly compare the ability of chronic memory CD8 T cells versus acute memory CD8 T cells to persist in the absence of antigen we adoptively transferred both acute memory and chronic memory CD8 T cells together into the same naïve uninfected recipients and used the congenic Thy1 marker (Thy1.1 vs. Thy1.2) to distinguish the two cell populations (Fig. 2A ). Care was taken in these experiments to ensure that antigen was not transferred with the chronic memory CD8 T cells. First, at the time of adoptive transfer no virus was detectable in the spleens of donor mice and, second, purified CD8 T cells (>95% pure) were used in all experiments to reduce the chance of antigen carryover because LCMV clone 13 does not infect CD8 T cells (20). As shown in Fig. 2B , the chronic memory CD8 T cells failed to persist in uninfected mice and their frequency declined over time. This finding was in striking contrast to the efficient maintenance of the acute memory CD8 T cells present in the same recipient mice. This decline in the blood (Fig. 2B ) was not caused by redistribution of the cells because ≈3- to 10-fold fewer chronic memory CD8 T cells were recovered from both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues compared with the cotransferred acute memory CD8 T cells (Fig. 2C ).
We next examined whether the loss of chronic memory CD8 T cells in naive recipients was caused by defects in homeostatic proliferation. Acute memory and chronic memory CD8 T cells were labeled with CFSE and cotransferred into naïve recipients. At 1 month posttransfer, the vast majority of the chronic memory CD8 T cells had failed to divide in any tissue examined (Fig. 2D ). In contrast, the acute memory CD8 T cells had undergone efficient homeostatic proliferation, and many of them had divided one, two, and even three times (Fig. 2D ). Thus, chronic memory CD8 T cells were dramatically impaired in their ability to persist long term when adoptively transferred to antigen-free mice, which correlated with a failure to undergo efficient homeostatic division.
Although the chronic memory CD8 T cells were maintained efficiently in the original clone 13-infected mice (Fig. 1 A ), they declined rapidly after adoptive transfer into naïve mice (Fig. 2B ). This observation suggested that transfer of the chronic memory CD8 T cells back into the clone 13-infected mice should result in better maintenance of these cells. This idea was formally tested, and we found that ≈5- to 10-fold more Db/GP33 and Db/GP276 (another LCMV epitope)-specific chronic memory CD8 T cells were recovered (56 days later) after adoptive transfer into clone 13-infected mice [greater than day 130 postinfection (p.i.)] compared with naïve mice (Fig. 2E ). Thus, these results show that chronic memory CD8 T cells declined rapidly in an antigen-free environment, but were maintained in the chronically infected mice.
The γ chain cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 are key signals for homeostatic proliferation (4, 5, 21–24), and responsiveness to these cytokines is crucial for the persistence of memory CD8 T cells in the absence of antigen. The failure of chronic memory CD8 T cells to undergo homeostatic proliferation, therefore, could reflect a lack of responsiveness to these cytokines. Indeed, we found that chronic memory CD8 T cells responded poorly to both IL-7 and IL-15 in vitro, whereas acute memory CD8 T cells proliferated efficiently to both cytokines (Fig. 3A ). IL-15 is "transpresented" to CD8 T cells in vivo through a yet unidentified cell type (25, 26), and it was possible that this cell type was defective in chronically infected mice. To control for this possibility we tested the responsiveness of acute memory and chronic memory CD8 T cells to IL-15 in the same environment in vivo after coadoptive transfer into naïve mice followed by IL-15 injections. Even when present in the same in vivo setting, chronic memory CD8 T cells responded poorly to IL-15 compared with the efficient proliferation of acute memory CD8 T cells after IL-15 injection (Fig. 3B ), indicating that the poor responsiveness to IL-15 was an inherent defect in the chronic memory CD8 T cells.
The IL-7 receptor is composed of the common γ chain, CD132, and a high-affinity α chain, CD127 (27). The IL-15 receptor also uses the common γ chain, CD132, as well as the IL-2/IL-15 β chain, CD122, and a unique IL-15R α chain (27). When the expression of these cytokine receptors was examined directly ex vivo, we found that the levels of CD127 (IL-7Rα) were dramatically reduced on virus-specific CD8 T cells from chronically infected mice (Fig. 3C and Fig. 6, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site). CD122 (IL-2/15Rβ) expression was also substantially reduced on chronic memory CD8 T cells compared with acute memory CD8 T cells, whereas there was a slight reduction in expression of IL-15Rα, but not CD132 (common γ chain) (Figs. 3C and 6). An important signaling molecule downstream of the IL-7 and IL-15 receptors, phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5) (27), was also reduced in the chronic memory CD8 T cells (Fig. 3D ). Bcl-2 expression can be up-regulated or maintained by IL-7 and IL-15 signaling (27). The expression of this antiapoptotic molecule was also lower in chronic memory CD8 T cells compared with acute memory cells (Fig. 3D ), suggesting that not only homeostatic turnover, but also survival of these cells may be compromised. Previous studies have shown that IL-15 is necessary for homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8 T cells, and in the absence of this self-renewal, memory T cell numbers gradually decline (4, 5, 24). It has also been shown that memory CD8 T cell numbers decrease in the absence of IL-7, although homeostatic proliferation is not as dramatically affected as in the absence of IL-15 (5). If both IL-7 and IL-15 signals are absent, loss of memory CD8 T cells is even more severe, suggesting an important role for IL-7 in survival, as well as homeostatic turnover, of memory CD8 T cells (5). Thus, based on the results presented in Figs. 2 and 3 it appears that the underlying defect in chronic memory CD8 T cells is the lack of responsiveness to both the proliferative and survival signals that normally allow acute memory CD8 T cells to persist long term in the absence of antigen.
Memory CD8 T cell differentiation after acute infection results in the progressive acquisition of memory T cell qualities (12, 13). These qualities include not only homeostatic proliferation and responsiveness to IL-15 and IL-7, but also high proliferative potential upon reexposure to antigen, IL-2 production, and several phenotypic changes, including reexpression of the lymph node homing receptors CD62L and CCR7 (12, 13). We next asked whether the development of these other memory CD8 T cell traits was also impaired during chronic infection. We first tested the recall of chronic memory cells CD8 T cells compared with acute memory CD8 T cells. Chronic memory CD8 T cells did proliferate to GP33 peptide stimulation, but had a reduced proliferative capacity compared with acute memory CD8 T cells (Fig. 4A ) in agreement with recent studies in HIV patients (28, 29). Chronic memory CD8 T cells also failed to progressively acquire the ability to produce IL-2 in response to antigen stimulation, whereas this property is characteristic of acute memory CD8 T cell differentiation (Fig. 4B and ref. 13). In addition, some of the phenotypic changes that accompany memory CD8 T cell differentiation showed a different pattern during chronic infection. As shown in Fig. 4C , chronic memory CD8 T cells failed to undergo substantial conversion to CD62LHi or CCR7Hi over ≈120–150 days, whereas acute memory CD8 T cells showed the typical pattern of phenotypic conversion from CD62LLoCCR7Lo to predominantly CD62LHiCCR7Hi over this time period (Fig. 4C and ref. 13). We next wanted to determine whether this phenotypic conversion could be restored if chronic memory CD8 T cells were removed from antigen. Acute memory CD8 T cells (≈50% CD62LHi) were transferred to naïve recipients, and the change in CD62L expression on these cells was monitored over time along with cell division. Many of the CD62LLo acute memory CD8 T cells converted to CD62LHi and underwent homeostatic proliferation; 1 month later, this acute memory CD8 T cell population was nearly 80% CD62LHi (Fig. 4 D and E ) in agreement with previous observations (13). In contrast, adoptive transfer of chronic memory CD8 T cells to an antigen-free environment did not restore this differentiation pattern, and no increase in CD62L expression on this population was observed after ≈1 month in naïve uninfected recipients (Fig. 4 D and E ). Similar results were also seen with CCR7 and CD127 (data not shown). Thus, our results indicate that not only is normal memory CD8 T cell differentiation altered during chronic infection, but also that the normal memory T cell differentiation program cannot be restored by simply removing the chronic memory CD8 T cells from antigen.
The normal memory CD8 T cell differentiation program that occurs after acute infection is linear and progressive and culminates in the formation of memory CD8 T cells that are capable of long-term antigen-independent persistence as a result of slow homeostatic proliferation in response to IL-7 and IL-15 (Fig. 5 Upper and refs. 12–14). The data presented in this study demonstrate that during chronic LCMV infection this normal memory CD8 T cell differentiation pathway does not proceed efficiently and virus-specific CD8 T cells fail to acquire the cardinal memory T cell property of antigen-independent persistence (Fig. 5 Lower). These cells also fail to acquire two antigen-driven memory T cell properties that gradually develop after acute infection: high proliferative potential and IL-2 production. T cell antigen receptor stimulation during acute infection occurs for a finite period and then, after antigen elimination, differentiation into memory T cells occurs in the absence of antigen. Our results suggest that prolonged exposure to antigen without rest results in CD8 T cells that have developed an antigen addiction and that cannot persist in an antigen-independent manner. Thus, our study raises concerns about vaccine strategies that use persisting antigen because antigen-independent memory T cells may not develop.
It will be important to determine whether the defect in IL-7 and IL-15 responsiveness by chronic memory CD8 T cells can be overcome by increasing the expression of IL-7 and IL-15 receptors alone or whether other downstream deficiencies also exist. Moreover, the failure to restore normal memory T cell differentiation of chronic memory CD8 T cells after ≈1 month in a naïve antigen-free recipient suggests that this differentiation state may not be readily reversible in the absence of antigen, perhaps because of permanent changes in gene expression or epigenetic silencing of memory T cell properties. The defect in antigen-driven proliferation demonstrated here and also observed during other chronic infections (28, 29) suggests that there may be global changes in the proliferative machinery of T cells that have experienced prolonged exposure to antigen. Memory CD8 T cells are normally poised for vigorous proliferation because of an altered G0/G1 state that favors rapid entry into cell cycle (30, 31). It will be of interest to compare the cell cycle regulation in antigen-specific T cells from chronic infection with memory T cells generated after acute infection.
During many chronic infections, including chronic LCMV (Fig. 4), virus-specific CD8 T cells often retain a CD62LLoCCR7Lo phenotype (32–34) that favors homing to nonlymphoid tissues. Therefore, it was striking that in our adoptive transfer experiments (Fig. 2C ) we found ≈3- to 10-fold fewer LCMV-specific chronic memory CD8 T cells in the liver and lung compared with acute memory CD8 T cells 1 month after adoptive transfer to naïve mice (Fig. 2C ). These results suggest that even in nonlymphoid organs maintenance of chronic memory T cells is inefficient compared with acute memory T cells.
The lymphoid compartment contains only a finite amount of "space" for any given lymphocyte subset, including memory CD8 T cells (35). This constraint results in a competition between memory CD8 T cells for the limiting resources involved in homeostatic maintenance of the memory T cell pool. Chief among these resources for memory CD8 T cells are IL-7 and IL-15 (4, 5, 21–24). The inefficient use of the IL-7 and IL-15 pathways by chronic memory CD8 T cells suggests that these cells will be at a competitive disadvantage with true memory T cells for antigen-independent homeostatic maintenance. Indeed, our analysis indicates that, when placed in such a competitive situation, chronic memory CD8 T cells are outcompeted by true memory CD8 T cells and the number of chronic memory CD8 T cells declines (see Fig. 2).
This study may provide a possible mechanism for the loss of T cell immunity observed in other chronic infections and cancer. A key aspect of concomitant immunity originally described for tumors was that protection from a secondary tumor challenge was maintained if the original tumor persisted, but not if it was removed (36). Similar protective immunity associated with persistent parasitic or bacterial infections has also been described. For example, the loss of protective immunity to L. major when persisting infection is eliminated (9, 10), or loss of specific T cells when antibiotics are given to bacillus Calmette–Guérin-infected mice (11), may indicate that T cells generated during these chronic infections do not acquire the memory T cell property of antigen-independent persistence. A similar situation may also occur during HIV infection. When viremia is controlled with effective antiretroviral therapy, or when antigen stimulation declines because of epitope mutation, the number of circulating HIV-specific CD8 T cells can substantially decline in chronically infected individuals (37–40). One prediction of our study is that if antigen exposure is terminated during the early stages of infection (the acute phase), T cells may experience the necessary rest from antigen stimulation to differentiate into long-lived antigen-independent memory T cells. Indeed, recent studies have shown that if antiretroviral therapy is initiated during the early phase of infection, HIV-specific CD8 T cells are more efficiently maintained (38, 39). Also, it has been reported that during latent gammaherpesvirus infection of mice virus-specific CD8 T cells appear to be maintained in an IL-15-independent manner (41). Together, these observations support the idea that prolonged antigen exposure in the context of chronic infections has a negative effect on the development of memory T cell properties, whereas a shorter duration of antigenic stimulation followed by antigen removal allows for more efficient formation of memory CD8 T cells. It remains possible, however, that aspects of chronic infections other than prolonged antigen exposure can also regulate CD8 T cell differentiation. For example, it is known that the two strains of LCMV have different tropism (19), which could impact the quality of CD8 T cell stimulation in vivo. Future studies are necessary to address these issues and will be important to evaluate how chronic antigen stimulation during different types of persisting infections and cancer can impact the acquisition of key antigen-independent memory T cell properties.
Augmenting T cell responses to persisting pathogens and tumors through cytokine therapy and therapeutic vaccination is an important goal, but the results of this study suggest that there may be limitations to these approaches. The poor responsiveness of T cells during chronic infection to γ chain cytokines, including IL-7 and IL-15, suggests that therapies based solely on these cytokines could be difficult. Similarly, therapeutic vaccination approaches that aim to provide antigen restimulation to T cells during persisting infections may have to overcome defects in proliferative potential. Adoptive immunotherapy is another approach that is proving useful for treatment of some tumors and persisting infections (42, 43). In this context, when T cells are highly stimulated and expanded in vitro it may be important to determine the capacity of the transferred cells to acquire antigen-independent memory T cell properties. Assessing the expression levels of IL-7 and/or IL-15 receptors or the responsiveness to IL-7 and IL-15 may be one approach to monitor formation of memory T cells in this setting. Rest from antigenic stimulation is a critical requirement for efficient completion of normal memory T cell differentiation. Antiviral therapy or chemotherapy for cancer may provide rest from T cell antigen receptor stimulation and allow partial recovery of some memory T cell functions. Perhaps by combining drug treatment with appropriate therapeutic vaccination or cytokine therapies loss of T cell memory can be prevented and more effective long-term protective immunity from reencounter or reemergence of a pathogen or tumor can be established.
We thank members of the Ahmed laboratory for technical support and scientific input. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (Grant AI30048 to R.A.), the Damon Runyon–Walter Winchell Cancer Research Fund and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (to S.M.K.), and the Cancer Research Institute (to E.J.W).
↵ * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wherry{at}microbio.emory.edu or ra{at}microbio.emory.edu.
↵ † Present address: Yale Medical School, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S641, P.O. Box 208011, New Haven, CT 06520-8011.
↵ ‡ Present address: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, P.O. Box 19024 D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024.
Author contributions: E.J.W. and R.A. designed research; E.J.W., D.L.B., S.M.K., and J.N.B. performed research; E.J.W. and R.A. analyzed data; and E.J.W. and R.A. wrote the paper.
Abbreviations: LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; p.i., postinfection.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
- Copyright © 2004, The National Academy of Sciences
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Course Dates
Evening Kitchen: Greek & Turkish Meze
£75 per person
Meze is this perfect food for sharing with friends and family consisting of several small dishes that, similar to tapas, are passed around for everyone to enjoy. This evening course is a selection of our favourite recipes. You will learn how to work with fragrant spices and get a great balance of flavours across the dishes. At the end we will help you package up all of your creations ready for enjoying at home.
If you would prefer to book over the phone or using a voucher as payment/part-payment please contact reservations on 01425 282212 or email your details to email@example.com.
- Pide (Turkish flatbread with sesame and nigella seeds)
- Butternut squash and tahini dip
- Turkey, carrot and coriander koftas
- Yoghurt and sumac sauce (demonstration and tasting)
Dishes may be subject to slight change to reflect the seasonal produce available.
Arrive – 6.30pm for refreshments, meet and greet with the Chef Tutor and a run through of the evening.
Finish – 8.30pm take home your creations and The Kitchen apron leaving the washing up for our cookery school team!


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ASN Morning Read: A Couple of Lopsided Wins
The Major League Soccer playoffs start with two teams scoring a lot of goals and their opponents scoring not a one; one MLSer calls out another one in epic fashion; beefs are the best.
BY Noah Davis Posted
October 26, 2017
October 26, 2017
- First the Red Bulls took apart Chicago:
- Then Vancouver did away with San Jose:
- I actually don't think this is true: "The expansion Atlanta United have set attendance records on their way to the MLS Cup playoffs in their debut season. From a glistening new stadium to a pedigreed staff and the exciting product they put on the field, the club is forging a new blueprint for Major League Soccer."
- Good news:
Welcome back Kenny Saief. The #USMNT midfielder is making progress in his return from a hernia surgery followed by an infection. He started yesterday for Gent's U-21s and played 45 minutes.— Brian Sciaretta (@BrianSciaretta) October 25, 2017
- If he runs, Sunil Gulati at 35 percent seems low.
- Damn. He's not wrong, but also: DAMN:
Wasted talent. Wish he cared as much about his soccer game as he did his hat game. Could have been an amazing player https://t.co/ioNvEErnIJ— Eddie Robinson (@eddie_robinson2) October 26, 2017


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We're celebrating the seventh year of the Guardian University Awards in 2019. The team are looking forward to reading about all the inspirational, groundbreaking projects that UK universities have worked on this year. We're excited to share the very best of these projects with the sector and prospective students at our awards ceremony next spring.
Winning a Guardian award highlights a university's achievements to the website's 8 million daily readers around the world. Of those readers, one in five describes themselves as a student – exactly the people who need to know which universities are doing an especially great job.
Universities across the UK are working hard to prepare their students for a radically changing world of work. They're embracing new educational technologies and inclusive curriculums, while ensuring their staff are representative of the increasingly diverse students they teach – especially at a leadership level. A Guardian award captures these achievements, and shows the rest of the sector how your university is leading the way.
Tell us how you're shaping the future
All you have to do is pick a category in which you believe you stand out. The categories honour excellence in everything from teaching practice to beautiful buildings, and the awards offer universities a seal of approval for their most outstanding work.
We invite entries from UK universities and university professionals across 14 categories, which are shortlisted and evaluated by an expert panel.
An ideas bank of all winning and shortlisted entries will be published on the Guardian website after the ceremony.
For the first time, the Guardian will honour a University of the Year. The new award will go to a university that combines academic excellence with an outstanding widening participation programme, drawing in a diverse intake and providing the tailored support students need to thrive.
Entry fees
Early bird from 21 November-31 January: One entry £200 + VAT.
Early bird multiple entries (after first entry): £100 + VAT.
Full rate after early bird offer expires: One entry £250 + VAT.
Multiple entries (after first entry): £150 + VAT.
There are also a number of offers for high entry numbers. Please email firstname.lastname@example.com for more details.
Please note that a booking fee will also apply.
21 November: Awards launch online.
21 November-31 January: Early bird period.
15 February: Applications close.
March: Shortlisted applicants will be notified after the judging lunch w/c 11 March.
10 April: Ceremony in central London.
For any entry questions, please email: firstname.lastname@example.com. Good luck!
Join Guardian Universities for more comment, analysis and job opportunities, direct to your inbox. Follow us on Twitter @GdnUniversities.


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Wells, Chase mortgage banking results miss analyst's expectations
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First-quarter mortgage banking results at Wells Fargo and JPMorgan Chase were weaker than Keefe, Bruyette & Woods forecast due to lower-than-expected gain-on-sale margins.
Those weaker results mean "we would see the read-through for the sector as negative," a report from KBW analysts Bose George, Thomas McJoynt-Griffith and Eric Hagen said.
Loan origination volumes were also weaker than forecast with JPMorgan Chase down 25% and Wells Fargo down 19% quarter-to-quarter from the Mortgage Bankers Association's expectation of a 16% decline for the industry, the analysts said. Mortgage servicing rights values increased by mid-to-high single digits, which was within the expected range.
"We think some of the weakness could have been driven by hedge losses, which was a trend we saw among mortgage lenders in 4Q16, reflecting the difficulty of hedging the mortgage origination pipeline when rates move up sharply," the analysts said.
Other banks also reported lower origination volume and income from one year ago but increased servicing income.
Wells Fargo
Wells Fargo's noninterest income from its mortgage banking business in the first quarter was $934 million, up slightly from the fourth quarter's $928 million but down 24% when compared with $1.23 billion earned in the first quarter of 2016. Servicing income for the quarter was $468 million, up 3% from one year prior, but origination income was down 40% to $466 million.
Wells Fargo originated $43 billion in the first quarter, down from $53 billion in the fourth quarter and $44 billion for the first quarter of 2016.
JPMorgan Chase
Net revenue for JPMorgan Chase's residential mortgage lending business was $1.51 billion, up 5% from $1.4 billion in the fourth quarter but down 1% from $1.53 billion a year ago. The year-over-year decline was driven by portfolio loan spread and margin compression that was predominantly offset by higher net mortgage servicing income.
Net production revenue was down 33% from the first quarter last year to $95 million, while net mortgage servicing revenue of $370 million was up 40% from the prior year.
Chase originated $18.2 billion, down 25% from the fourth quarter's $24.4 billion and 19% from the first quarter's $22.4 billion.
Citigroup reported its combined net servicing and gain-on-sale income dropped 47% from the first quarter in 2017. It reported $33.4 million of servicing and gain-on-sale income, down from $69.1 million in the fourth quarter and $63.1 million one year prior. In January 2017, it sold the bulk of its mortgage servicing rights to New Residential Investment Corp.
Citi originated $2.3 billion of mortgages in the first quarter, down from $3 billion in the fourth quarter and $3.8 billion in the first quarter of 2017. The company recently revamped the leadership in its mortgage business.
First Republic
First Republic Bank originated $2.3 billion of residential mortgages in the first quarter, compared with $3 billion in the fourth quarter and $2.5 billion in the first quarter of 2017.
During the quarter, it sold $161.4 million of loans and recorded a gain on sale of $689,000, compared to loan sales of $645.8 million and a gain of $3.4 million during the first quarter of last year.
PNC reported residential mortgage noninterest income of $97 million, up from $29 million in the fourth quarter. The company took a $71 million charge for the fair value assumption of its residential mortgage servicing rights in the fourth quarter. For the first quarter of 2017, mortgage noninterest income was $113 million, down 14%, because of lower loan sales revenue.
PNC originated $1.7 billion in the first quarter, down from $2.4 billion in the fourth quarter and $1.9 billion for the first quarter of 2017.
Servicing income for the quarter was $51 million, compared with $45 million in the fourth quarter and $52 million one year prior. Its loan sale margin of 2.83% was down from 2.96% in the first quarter last year.


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Greg Baker is originally from Michigan and moved to the Sarasota/Bradenton area in 1972. Greg received his aluminum/concrete license in 1979 and has been active in all phases of aluminum and wood construction for over 42 years right here in SW Florida.
Greg has been passionate about aviation since age 14. At age 16 he had his first solo flight. He holds a commercial certificate with single engine and instrument ratings. Greg has conducted many manatee and wildlife aerial survey flights over the years for Sea to Shore Alliance and Mote Marine.
Kerry Baker is a Florida native from Tallahassee and a graduate of Florida State University with a degree in Criminology. She worked at the State Crime Lab in Pensacola prior to moving to Bradenton in 1995. She worked as a State Inspector for DBPR Hotels and Restaurants for 6 years here in the Sarasota area before joining the family business in 2003. Kerry also worked for Sea to Shore Alliance for 5 years and flew numerous manatee aerial surveys with husband Greg as a manatee observer.
We pride ourselves on a successful business due to many satisfied customers and referrals. We look forward to working with you on your project and making you a part of our Baker Family. - Greg and Kerry
Doug has been a longtime friend of Greg's. He started working with Greg in the aluminum business in the early 90's. Doug has extensive experience in all phases of wood and aluminum construction and was a former residential contractor. Doug's wife Jackie retired from the US Postal Service after 36 years in 2017. Doug has been teaching her wood and aluminum construction and she is now working with him on job sites and doing a fantastic job! They are both actively involved in their local church.


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How to make a real time vehicle tracking App?
A real time vehicle tracking app system was basically devised to give you a real-time view into your vehicle right from where it is located to other security related information. Who do you believe will find the vehicle tracking app useful? The first thought would be fleet operators who would need to know where their cab is, who is driving it and to identify if the driver is on the right route or not. Today, the real time vehicle tracking app systems are being used by commercial and public transport systems that need to identify if the vehicles are observing the schedules drawn for them. These systems have largely improved the efficiency of the transport systems.
Earlier vehicle tracking systems were based on desktop interfaces but, with the world going mobile, these tracking systems too are opting for a mobile solution. To develop a real time vehicle tracking app, you need to plan your app. How you want the mobile interface to appear and how you want to integrate the different applications to your mobile app.
Tracking constitutes of active tracking and passive tracking. In the case of passive tracking, devices are connected to the vehicle which will log the GPS location, speed, direction and other related data. Once the vehicle reaches its position, this tracker device will be removed, and the data will be transferred. In the case of active tracking, the tracking devices will automatically transfer the data to the main center via cellular or satellite networks.
The modern vehicle tracking app is a combination of both active and passive tracking, ensuring storage of records when the cellular networks are offline.
Prerequisites to develop vehicle tracking app
Let's list down all that you will need to develop a real time vehicle tracking App solution for your needs
- GPS Tracking: You will need a tracker device that can perfectly capture the location information of the vehicle and update it to the central database. It should also log information such as engine temperature, speed limit, tire pressure, whether the door is open/close, headlights are on or not and other physical aspects of the vehicle. You will need to configure a complete tracking device for your vehicle.
- Configure a server: You will need a GPS server that will store information from the tracking device onto it, and offer it to the users whenever they need it. This real-time tracking can also enable real-time viewing through the server.
- User Interface: This would be the mobile app, which will be connected via the server to the tracking device, and would be enabled for viewing the information and taking action accordingly.
Other considerations
The data is going to be huge, and you will need to store it in an efficient way, such that it is available when you call for it. This is why you will need to use Big Data tools such as Hadoop for efficient management of data.
You will also need load balancers and tools for acquiring this huge amount of data. Finally, you will need tools that can help process the data that you have been storing and sending to the mobile interface.
You will need to opt for pub/sub mechanism for real-time viewing of the information.
To improve efficiency with real time vehicle tracking App, you need to have all the elements mentioned in prerequisites along with the apt tools for storing and deriving insights.
Sodio offers vehicle tracking solutions for mobile that will help improve decision-making capabilities of the transportation, travel and logistics industry.
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Heroin Rehab Center in Fort Jones, California for You If you're looking to locate the perfect Heroin treatment center for you, your spouse or your child, it makes sense to be choosy. Because this is one of the most important choices you can make and you have to know what your options are before committing to one.
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Drug Rehab: California: Fort Jones . Fort Jones Substance Abuse Statistics . Statistics have shown that their are approximately 31 marijuana users, 13 people abusing prescription drugs, and 5 cocaine addicts that live in Fort Jones, California.
Drug Rehab Burbank California Drug Rehab dublin california drug rehab meridian california find meridian Treatment Centers in California, For instance, opiate abusers may find it helpful to begin their abstinence with a brief but intensive outpatient opiate drug detox in California.Drug Rehab Dublin |Start Your rehabuss Today #[ Drug Rehab Dublin ]# Get Help | 24 Hour Placement Nationwide ! drug rehab dublin inpatient rehab of Burbank drug rehab and alcohol rehab facilities in Burbank, CA listed below is for the benefit of addicts whose years of cocaine, heroin or amphetamines abuse, as well as their behavioral addictions, have taken quite a toll on their lives.
Beach House Drug Rehab and Alcohol Treatment Center. A future free of addiction is yours, starting today. That's the promise you get at Beach House- and it's a promise backed by the three ingredients that make our drug rehab and alcohol treatment center so successful at helping clients find lasting freedom: people. Purpose.
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A substance abuse treatment center is a facility to help people overcome substance abuse, often taking the form of alcohol or drug addiction. If you or a loved one struggles with substance abuse, know that help is available.
Drug Rehab San Juan Bautista California Rehab Services Outpatient Rehab Centers CA Outpatient Rehab Centers in San Juan bautista 95045 outpatient rehab Centers in San Juan Bautista, CA Several outpatient addiction treatment centers near San Juan Bautista can accommodate clients with a range of underlying circumstances including adolescent rehab and pregnant women.
Addiction Treatment Services – Drug & Alcohol Rehab Centers – Sober Nation offers services for interventions, drug detox, addiction treatment, case management and sober living help. 866-317-7050 Contact Sober Nation's Confidential Hotline If you are seeking drug and alcohol related addiction rehab for yourself or a loved one, the SoberNation.com hotline is a confidential and convenient solution.
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Drug Treatment and Alcohol Rehab Centers in Fort Jones, California Expectations At An Alcohol and Drug Rehab Program in Fort Jones, California If you are just starting at a Fort Jones, CA alcohol and drug treatment program for the first time, you might not know what to expect.


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Conserving Colorado
Colorado's remarkable landscape includes local, state and federal lands, as well as those under private ownership. While it's tempting to associate Colorado's landscape with national parks, national forests, and other public land, it is easy to overlook that private lands account for 55% of the state. Palmer Land Trust works with private landowners to implement conservation solutions that ensure southern Colorado maintains its beautiful and inspiring landscape and its identity and natural heritage. By working with landowners dedicated to preserving and conserving the natural beauty and open space of their properties, we are able to keep Colorado Colorado for the benefit of current and future generations.
Collaborative Partnerships
Palmer Land Trust's work is never done alone. We rely on the commitment of our landowner partners to accomplish our mission of conserving southern Colorado. We also rely on help from fellow conservation and nonprofit organizations. By teaming up with ecological experts, agriculture groups, heritage tourism groups, economists, real estate experts, and others, we ensure we have the best team to accomplish our vision of a southern Colorado defined by scenic vistas, strong rural communities, and unparalleled outdoor recreation.
Conservation Easements
Conservation easements are voluntary land preservation agreements that Palmer Land Trust uses to conserve private lands. These legally binding agreements ensure the conservation values of a property remain intact in perpetuity. While Palmer Land Trust holds a conservation easement, the conserved private property remains under private ownership and management. Although Palmer Land Trust uses other conservation tools, the conservation easement is one of the most popular and widely applied conservation solutions.


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Full Article
A volunteer youth-football league coach was gunned down just moments after he had brought cookies and Gatorade to his team after a practice at a Fort Lauderdale park.
Dave Williams, 43, was taken to a hospital but did not survive, reports CBS Miami.
The shooting happened Thursday around 8:45 p.m. in the parking lot of Mills Pond Park. The park is popular with young kids and known for its pee-wee football games. Hundreds of athletes, parents, cheerleaders and coaches were at the park at the time of the fatal shooting Thursday night. No one else was injured.
Witnesses said they saw several males approach Williams. A short time later they heard gunfire and saw the males running away.
Williams' friends said he coached the Fort Lauderdale Hurricanes youth football club at the park. Known better as "Coach Dave," he had been a youth football coach for the last 12 years.
At the time of the shooting there was a football practice going on at the park but none of the kids were hurt.
Police are trying to figure out what led to the altercation.
Jamaal Gaines, president of the Hurricanes, said he doesn't know why Williams appeared to be targeted.
Fort Lauderdale police officers were asking for the public's help in identifying the gunman.
"It's a sad day," Gaines said. "I feel so bad that it happened around what we were trying to do for the children in our city.
"We're doing a great job for the community," Gaines added. "I pray this doesn't impact the program."
The Hurricanes are in the process of planning events to remember Williams, said Martin Maultsby, president of the Florida Youth Football League. The League canceled all the Hurricanes' games against the Miami Gardens Chiefs that were scheduled to be played this weekend.
"Everything just happened so rapidly, and it's not a norm or common. It's an anomaly," Maultsby said. "This is not the place for this kind of violence. I've been in (youth football) for over 20 years, and this is the first one."
Source: cbsnews.com
Date Posted: Monday, October 17th, 2016 , Total Page Views: 1358
Like what you're reading? Please help us continue providing you with informative and thought provoking stories by becoming a supporter of Moorenews.net


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Ellen Fanning
Travels from: New South Wales
Award Winning Current Affairs Journalist. Master of Ceremonies.
Categories: MCs & Hosts, Women in Business
Full Presenter Profile & Bio
Ellen Fanning is best known for her work as an award-winning current affairs journalist.
At 24, she broke new ground, becoming the first woman to host one of ABC Radio's national current affairs programs. Two years at the helm of PM were followed by several years anchoring AM on ABC Radio and serving as occasional host of ABC TV's 7.30 Report.
Ellen also served as the ABC's Washington correspondent and has reported from locations as diverse as Transylvania and the North Pole, under the Indian Ocean aboard an Australian Navy submarine and 30,000 feet over Serbia from a US Air Force refuelling jet.
Ellen Fanning has interviewed every current and former Australian Prime Minister from John Howard to John Gorton and has met and interviewed world leaders from France, Britain, Ireland, Israel and the United States.
Most recently, Ellen Fanning has been a reporter for the Nine Network's 60 Minutes and Sunday programs. She has also had extensive experience moderating political, business and community events in Australia. Ellen is currently the presenter of ABC TV's 'The Drum', a panle discussion program discussing the news of the day.
As a facilitator Ellen Fanning's strength lies in her ability to clarify goals, define roles and reach agreed outcomes across both cultural and language barriers.
With a wealth of experience in communications, politics, social, cultural and business issues, Ellen Fanning's informative and stimulating presentations make her an ideal moderator, facilitator and keynote speaker.


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Top 4 Key Benefits Of Having Web Application For Businesses
As internet usage across the globe rises among all the workplaces, the web application is considered to be an important tool for the business. The most common usage among them includes communication with customers, collaboration with employees, secure storage of data and providing legitimate data and information to the management.
Web Application: Definition
The web application can be designed for a wide variety of uses and can be used by anyone; from an organization to another specific user. You don't need to download web applications as they are accessed through the internet. Let's see which are the major benefits of the custom web applications.
Easily Accessible
Web applications are easily accessible anytime, anywhere unlike traditional applications. The only thing needed to access it is the internet. Hence they are easily accessible to almost on all devices and browsers. When the system undergoes functionality or security updates, it requires zero downtime giving the user instant access to the updated version of an app.
Easily Customizable
The web-based application is easy to customize than desktop applications. Based on different business criteria, the web application requirement and specification will be different. Based on the business needs, we are able to customize the application based on salient features and functions relevant to your business. Therefore, there is no longer any need for everyone to settle for anything less. You can expect the perfect look for each situation.
Increased Security
With the desktop-based applications, in case of computer or laptop damage, it is considered to be a costly and time-consuming situation. There are chances that the data can be at the risk, and then you will have to reinstall the software on the new device. The web-based application is deployed on the dedicated server which is monitored and maintained by the server administrator. This makes the security tighter and there are no chances for loss of data by human or programmer error.
Easy Installation and Maintenance
By using the web application, you are able to avoid the issue of memory usage of installation software on every device, the web application runs on all lower or old specification devices. Whenever the new feature is added into the application, there is no need to upgrade the PC. Once the new version or upgrade is installed on the host server, the users are available to access it straight away.
So, we have seen that web-based applications are:
- Easy to develop.
- More useful to all the users in an organization.
- Easier to maintain, install.
- Highly secured.
- Easier to grow as you grow.
At Xira, we have helped a number of our clients improve productivity and efficiency in business by using custom web applications. Get in touch with our expert team and call us on +91-9967118022 to discuss your individual requirements.
"Every time you post something online, you have a choice. You can either make it something that adds to the happiness levels in the world—or you can make it something that takes away.
"Once I got home, though, and saw several packages on my front porch, all the crap from the day disappeared. A few had smiley faces on them. Squealing, I grabbed the boxes. Books were inside-- new release books I'd preordered weeks ago."


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Price: $20.00
Quantity: 1 available
Book Condition: Good with No dust jacket as issued
Text is clean. Ex-library copy with repaired spine. Cover shows normal wear. Library marks on title page and rear endpaper. Call tag taped to spine. 1891 5th edition. ; Ex-Library
Title: The Revelation Of The Risen Lord
Categories: Theology,
Edition: Fifth Edition
Publisher: London, MacMillan and Company: 1891
Binding: Hardcover
Book Condition: Good with No dust jacket as issued
Item: 1.00 Item
Seller ID: 22474


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We have a good number of registered participants and the GGJ HK poster just came from print. Our team of volunteers is almost ready to welcome you to Hong Kong's first GGJ.
As there's only one week to go, I wish to cover some basic information of the event.
So: The goal is to come together and make a video game, or non-digital game like a board game or card game. Participants rapidly prototype game designs and hopefully inject new ideas to help grow the game industry. We share a common theme and constraints. We ask participants to create a game from beginning to end in a prescribed time (maximum of 48 hours). The brief time span is meant to help encourage creative thinking to result in small but innovative and experimental games.
1) All participants who want to participate and get credit for their game need to go to http://globalgamejam.org/, create a profile and join Hong Kong location (http://globalgamejam.org/user).
2) The game jam starts at 5PM on Friday January 25th. We recommend you arrive between
3) GGJ has a theme that everyone shares and is the basis for teams to start brainstorming. This will be released to the participants at
4) A Global Keynote video will be shown at the beginning of the game jam. It will also be made available on the Global Game Jam YouTube Channel.
5) Once the theme is announced, we will have a brainstorming session followed by pitches. Groups are formed based on whose group and which idea you wish to join. We wish to get students work with more experienced developers in order to encourage learning and exchange.
6) Bring your own technology. We have separate computer labs available, but the main area of the jam is reserved for participants' own computers. We wish most of the people gather in this one big studio, where we can have a more collaborative environment. (If there are any questions about this, contact us as soon as possible and we will try to figure out solutions.)
7) There is a number of restaurants at the campus and around TST/Hunghom area. We will print out lists of recommended restaurants.
8) You are welcome to stay late and arrive early, the venue is open 48 hours. However, we recommend that everyone gets a good nights' sleep.
9) The jamming ends at 3PM on Sunday afternoon. After this, jammers will get a chance to present their game to other participants. Presentations and sponsored prizes will be given between 4PM and 6PM. The entire jam ends at 6PM on Sunday January 27th.
10) Daytime, we welcome visitors and friends, too. But everyone should participate. If you are not one of the jammers, pelase give feedback and ideas to those who are working hard on their games.
11) There will be prizes, but this is not really a competition. We work in a spirit of sharing and collaboration across team boundaries. It is supposed to be fun and welcoming for everyone and for the best of us as a growing community in Hong Kong. This is a possibility to show to the world what we can achieve in Hong Kong!
12) We try to organise a follow-up event for showcasing all the games if there is interest among the participants.
Maybe I forgot something? For further information and help, contact email@example.com.
You can still register, but do it asap in order for us to plan the facilities.
See you next week!
hanna wirman


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Mahogany Crafter is the manufacturer and exporter of antique reproduction furniture, bar furniture, bedroom furniture, and many more. This furniture manufacturer is located in Jepara, Central Java. It is reliable and growing company with various choices of wooden furniture products, which have exported to many countries in the world.
Mahogany Crafter has supply many customers and supply for furniture wholesalers, furniture retailers, interior designers, hotel and restaurant contractors, and bespoke furniture dealers from Europe and USA. It produces antique reproduction furniture products and also custom made item using mahogany wood with kiln dried proceed.
Meanwhile, Mahogany Crafter uses mahogany wood as its primarily furnishings, but also enable to work with many other selected woods such as; teak, fruit wood, mindi, damar and any other local wood. Its products are including bar, bed, bedroom set, bedside, bench, bookcase, cabinet, chair, chest, etc.
View web www.mahoganycrafter.com