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Psoriasis is known as a long-term autoimmune illness during which irritation inside your body will cause signs or symptoms identified as plaques to cultivate within the pores and skin. Plaques are parts of skin that can be pink, thickened and included using a layer of silvery scale.
A lot of people with skin psoriasis possess a moderate kind of the illness, with indications that impact a lot less than 3% in their figures. Delicate psoriasis can generally be dealt with correctly with OTC topical oils medicines that happen to be utilized instantly to your afflicted skin. Men and women with much more extreme kinds of psoriasis may well use fdrugs, or medicine which might be received with no a prescription. Over the counter include things like a variety of topical treatments that happen to be accustomed to assistance soothe signs additionally to much better systemic medicines that have an impact on the best way the the immune system technique works to take care of the fundamental affliction.
Several varieties of topical treatments are available over the counter inside of a drugstore, local pharmacy, or grocery store. Much better topical medications may possibly require a prescribed from the health care supplier.
Some Over the counter topical treatment plans that could be accustomed to deal with skin psoriasis plaques contain:
Lotions and emollients
Salicylic acid
coal black
itch aid merchandise
Non-medicated topical creams are commonly used as an adjunct remedy and could be utilized to assistance soften areas of plaque that will help minimize discomfort, damage and bleeding warning signs
What's Salicylic acid and the way will it http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/psoriasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355845 deliver the results to deal with plaque psoriasis?
Salicylic acid is definitely an Over the counter topical procedure that is approved via the US Food stuff and Drug Administration (Food and drug administration) for dealing with psoriasis. It's been used by consumers with skin psoriasis for numerous years. Its a sort of cure identified as a keratolytic, which sometimes called a shedding agent or scale lifter.
Salicylic acid works by helping the scaly outer layer of plaques to be lose through the skin. It could actually also have the effect of softening skin psoriasis scales, and several people learn that it could possibly also help to lessen itch. It really is offered in lots of distinct types, including:
shampoos (that can assist with scalp itchiness)
A huge number of services that contains salicylic acid can be found inside the U.s.. For several patients, salicylic acid is a lot more successful when its utilized in mixture with other kinds of skin psoriasis treatment plans, just like external corticosteroids and also the doctor prescribed external remedy tacrolimus. Researchers think that mixture treatment method is successful simply because the salicylic acid will help one other kinds of topical oil medications to penetrate additional significantly in to the skin
When the salicylic acid planning used to take care of psoriasis indications is strong, it may well inflame the pores and skin whether it is remaining on too long. Patients are generally suggested not use salicylic acid on large parts of the pores and skin (a lot more than 20%) mainly because it might be absorbed into the physique and cause facet effects. Salicylic acid may also make ultra violet (UVB) phototherapy considerably less effective, so it is suggested never to utilize it well before UVB photo-therapy treatment options.
Just what is coal tar and the way does it deliver the results to deal with plaque psoriasis?
Coal tar is really an OTC topical cure that is certainly comprised of coal. It has been useful for treating psoriasis for additional than a hundred a long time, although it is now considerably less normally employed in the usa than it truly is in other international locations. Coal tar operates by helping to reduce a number of the manufacture of new skin cells that trigger plaques to form. It could actually also support to scale back itching, swelling, plus the size of plaques.
Coal tar items are available in a variety of advantages and sorts, like lotions, shampoos, and lotions. These products and solutions are accepted by the US Food and drug administration at strengths of between 0.5% and 5% coal tar. Some clients possess a considerably better response of their signs or symptoms with decreased strengths within the product2. Model names for coal tar services contain Neutrogena T/Gel (shampoo) and Psoriasin.
Using coal tar may cause aspect results over the skin such as irritation, reddening, and dryness. Making use of it along with a layer of moisturizer may also help to lower individuals results.
Coal tar could also make your skin additional very likely to sunburn, so it is very important to employ sunscreen and avoid the sunlight if at all possible unless of course directed otherwise by a doctor. Some people dislike coal tar products given that they may have a robust odor and they can stain outfits, towels, sheets, and also light-colored hair3.
One can find also mix topical solutions accessible that mix coal tar with salicylic acid, just like X-Seb T Plus, Pazol XS, and SLT.
What are the categories of topical itch reduction solutions and the way do they work to treat plaque psoriasis?
Itching is amongst the commonest signs of psoriasis. The US Food other info and drug administration has accepted several numerous varieties of Non-prescription topical medications for managing itchiness, like:
hydrocortisone lotions, ointments, alternatives, gels, and lotions
calamine lotions
benzocaine gels and answers
camphor lotions and ointments
menthol shampoos, creams, lotions, and gels
One more anti-itch item is constructed from capsaicin, and marketed beneath the model identify Zostrix2. Capsaicin is definitely the substance that makes chili peppers style spicy, and when it truly is made right into a drugs it could actually guide to lessen itch within the pores and skin. It might sometimes cause a brief burning emotion when utilized, but this often goes away following a few days of treatment method. Other kinds of anti-itch topical oils remedies could cause side consequences of pores and skin discomfort and lack of moisture.
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August 2018


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Filing of the income tax return is important because it is the documented proof of your income. However, you cannot file your return without some documents.
The Income Tax filing season for Assessment Year 2018-19 and Financial Year 2017-18 has started and taxpayers' tensions have started rising! Income tax is a direct tax and is paid by a taxpayer directly to the Government of India. It is mandatory to pay income tax for those who have taxable income. Your tax liability varies depending on your tax slab and the source/sources of income. Filing of the income tax return (ITR) is also important because it is the documented proof of your income. However, you cannot file your IT return without some documents.
Listed below are 10 important documents which you will need while filing your income tax return:
1. PAN Card
Permanent Account Number or PAN Card is issued by the Income Tax Department. It contains your basic details like Your Name, Father's Name, Date of Birth and PAN Number. PAN Card is mandatory for the filing of Income Tax Return.
2. Aadhaar Card
Aadhaar is a unique identification document issued by the Government of India. This document consists of your Name, Date of Birth, Address and a unique 12-digit number called the Aadhaar Number. Aadhaar Card details are required for filing of ITR.
3. Salary Slips
Salary Slip is a document on which a taxpayer can find his/her basic salary, TDS amount, Deductions, Dearness Allowance, House Rent Allowance, Travel Allowance, other allowances etc, which are important to file Income Tax Return.
4. Form 16
Form 16, also known as TDS Certificate, is a document that is provided to an employee by their employer. It contains all the details related to an employee's salary break-up and the TDS deducted on it. It is an important document for salaried individuals to file Income Tax Return. Form 16 also contains the TAN and the PAN number of the employer.
5. Form 26AS
Form 26AS is an auto-generated annual tax statement. It contains the details of tax deducted against the income credited for a relevant financial year against your PAN. You can view and download your Form 26AS from the TRACES website.
6. Interest certificate from Banks and Post office
Interest received from any savings bank account, post office savings account, fixed deposits or recurring deposits are taxable. Thus, you must get the interest certificates from the banks or post office to know what is the total interest amount earned, in case no TDS (tax deducted at source) has been deducted from your salary.
7. Tax-saving proofs
Tax saving investments and expenditures incurred under Section 80C, 80CCC, 80CCD (1) of the I-T Act during the Financial Year 2017-18 can lower your tax liability. Following are some of the investments that can save taxes for you:
# Employees Provident Fund (EPF)
# Public Provident Fund (PPF)
# Investments in ELSS schemes of mutual funds
# Life insurance premium paid
# National Pension System (NPS) etc.
8. Deductions under Section 80D to 80U
Other than investments and expenditures under Section 80C, you can claim deduction under Section 80D to 80U for the various investments and expenditures you have made during a relevant Financial Year. For instance, health insurance premium paid in the FY 2017-18 is eligible for deduction under Section 80D.
9. Home Loan statement
If you have taken a home loan from an authentic financial institution, then in that case you can claim deduction under Section 24 and Section 80C of the Income Tax Act, 1961. But you must provide the home loan statement for the same.
10. Capital Gains
Any capital gains earned from the sale of property or mutual funds have to be documented and reported in your income tax return.
(By Vikas Dahiya, Director, All India ITR)
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subset: commoncrawl


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Please take a few minutes to learn about potentially hazardous objects and how you can prevent illness or injury to your pets.
The festive season for most of us means the Christmas decorations come out of the loft and are delicately placed throughout our homes to provide that festive environment we all love. Those same shiny, pretty, fragile objects that we enjoy looking at also catch the attention of our pets. Cats love to climb up the Christmas tree and start batting at the tree ornaments. While some dogs may think all their Christmas' and birthday have come at once with all those baubles!
The Christmas Tree
The best place to put a Christmas tree is in a room that is off limits to your pets. The entire Christmas tree can be knocked over by a dog running through the room or tugging at the pretty strings of lights. A cat climbing up the Christmas tree can cause the entire tree to come crashing down.
Decorations, like tinsel, light and ornaments, are often too much for a cat or dog to resist. Wooden plastic and glass decorations can easily be ingested or smashed, either way potentially very dangerous to your pet.
Some pets find the flashing lights of great interest and chewing on these presents a danger of electrical shock, cutting their mouths and ingesting glass.
Whether it is used to hang cards, decorations or wrapped around your turkey, String is a serious hazard to pets. We have removed several lengths from the intestines of dogs and cats over the years. Cats love to play with string and dogs particularly love the meaty flavoured variety taken from your turkey.
Ensure you dispose of all string especially those from your meat or turkey immediately after removal and keep out of reach of pets.
Whilst lean turkey may cause nothing more than a tummy upset in some pets the carcass can cause serious problems. Bones from your choice of poultry or indeed meat can become lodged in the mouth throat or tummy. Cooked bones often shatter leaving sharp edges to penetrate through stomach and gut walls. Do not feed bones and if your pet happens to eat a bone contact your local vet.
Christmas Dining
An abundance of food on our dining tables presents a danger not only to our waist lines but to the health of our pets. Fat-ladened scraps of food fed to dogs and cats can cause vomiting and diarrhoea but more importantly pancreatitis.
Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas, causing leakage of digestive enzymes and the pancreas to "digest itself". Pancreatitis is a very painful disease which is difficult to treat and can prove to be fatal. Please avoid feeding your pet scraps of food they are not used to eating.
Chocolate contains Theobromine a chemical very toxic to pets. Milk and white chocolate tend to contact less Theobromine whereas a very small amount of dark chocolate can be fatal. One small bar (50g) of milk chocolate can be poisonous to a small dog but less than half a bar of dark chocolate could cause serious problems. Cats are even more sensitive to Theobromine poisoning than dogs!
If your dog happens to steal one or two milk buttons don't panic but please be aware than even a small bar of chocolate can be toxic. If you pet ingests chocolate you must contact your vet as soon as possible. Speedy treatment can be the difference between life and death.
The sweet taste of antifreeze attracts dogs and cats to drinking it. Unfortunately it is very toxic and ingestion is often fatal. If you suspect your pet may have swallowed antifreeze please contact your vet immediately. Clean up any spillages and keep out of reach of your pet.
Grapes and Raisins
A common toxicity in dogs, grapes and raisins cause severe kidney disease and may even result in death if eaten. There is much individual variation to the sensitivity, so consult the vet even if a very small number have been consumed.
Sweets and Liquorice
Sweets and liquorice tend to have a laxative effect, especially in dogs. Keep your sweet treats away from your pets.
Fireworks and busy homes
Firework displays are becoming increasingly common around Christmas and New Year. Most homes transform at Christmas time with extra guests or visitors, excited children and new objects making their way into the home, some pets can find this really stressful. Try and keep your pet calm, there are lots of helpful tips and treatments, ask your vet for more information.
Gift wrap & bows
Remember what we said about string? Bows and gift wrapping can be ingested and cause a blockage requiring surgery. Keep out of reach of pets.
Keep your half empty tins or glasses out of reach as some pets love the taste. Alcohol in pets can result in tragedy, as heart arrhythmias, seizures, tremors and death are a very real possibility in a pet that is untreated after consuming alcohol.
Festive plants such as Poinsettia, Mistletoe and Holly all look very pretty and bring the festive feel to any home. However, all of these plants are toxic to pets and although small amounts are not usually fatal they tend to cause hypersalivation, vomiting and diarrhoea.
From everybody at Fitzcharles Traning, we wish you and all your lovely pets a wonderful, but safe Christmas.
Why not treat yourself to a Pet First Aid course next year, and learn more, how to prevent, but also how to do first aid on our pets. Fitzcharles Training are very proud to offer Pet and for the first time Canine Pet First courses.
Merry Christmas


text: Back Philadelphia, PA, August 15, 2014 – At the August 2 meeting of its directors, the leadership of the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) agreed that the current language used for reporting whether or not ABIM Board Certified physicians are meeting requirements in ABIM's new Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program is causing legitimate confusion because many physicians hold some certificates which are grandfathered, or "lifetime" certificates. These physicians are encouraged but not required to participate in MOC for those certifications. Currently, all ABIM physicians are reported as either Meeting or Not Meeting MOC Requirements. ABIM adopted the "Meeting MOC Requirements" language as part of the framework developed for all certifying Boards by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). ABIM is committed to maintaining common standards across the Board community and is exploring what changes to the reporting language can be made, working closely with ABMS. ABIM fully supports ABMS efforts to ensure that Web reporting of certification status is clear and consistent across the community of specialty Boards, and helps patients understand physician participation in the MOC program. The ABIM directors also reiterated their commitment to working with specialty societies and listening to constructive suggestions to improve the MOC program. The group discussed reaction to ABIM's July MOC Summit of medical specialty society leaders, as well as a July 28 and July 10 letter to internal medicine colleagues in which ABIM responded to concerns voiced about the new MOC program. ABIM leadership said that much of the feedback with respect to the series of changes to the program outlined by ABIM in both letters was positive. ABIM officials reaffirmed ABIM's role as a standard setting organization committed to ongoing summative and formative assessment of physicians over the course of their career. For media inquiries, contact Lorie Slass at email@example.com. ABIM Board Certified Doctors Make a Difference Internists and subspecialists who earn and maintain board certification from the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) differentiate themselves every day through their specialized knowledge and commitment to continual learning in service of their patients. Established as an independent nonprofit more than 80 years ago, ABIM continues to be driven by doctors who want to achieve higher standards for better care in a rapidly changing world. Visit ABIM's blog to learn more and follow ABIM on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. ABIM is a member of the American Board of Medical Specialties.


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Tourism in Bonao - Dominican Republic
Travel guide and tourist information to visit Bonao and around: what to see, what to do, what to visit, which excursions... in Bonao.
Bonao - Dominican Republic
Bonao is
a city located in center of Dominican Republic, in Monseñor
Nouel Province, at the north of Santo
Domingo. The name of the city dates back to the Indians. Bonao
was the chief who ruled this part of the island of Hispaniola with
the arrival of the Spaniards.
The city is surrounded by mountains easily accessible and has lush vegetation and different balnearios. Bonao and its region has many ecotourism attractions with rivers, mountains, valleys, fabulous scenery, this is one of the most attractive region of the Dominican Republic for mountain tourism and ecotourism.
The economy relies mainly on local businesses, small agricultural production and the production of nickel mining. Agricultural production is composed of 80% of rice and the rest is divided between the cocoa and coffee.
Bonao was important in the early years of Spanish colonization, it is in the city that Francisco Roldan fled with 70 rebels in what was the first revolution of the social demands of the New World.
A celebration that annually conducts many people in Bonao is the Carnival, where hundreds of people dress in different costumes and organize a parade through downtown.
One of the most attractive places is the Place of Culture, with a modern museum with decorations by artists Dominicans.
Despite good potential for mountain tourism, Bonao has few hotels.
Tourist attractions and places to visit in Bonao
The Carnival is held every Sunday in February, it is one of the most creative of Dominican Republic.
City Festival
In June in honor of the patron saint San Antonio de Padua.
The house museum Tiburcio
House of the artist Cristhian Tiburcio where each furniture, each piece is a work of art. The entire house is a monument of art in Bonao.
Museum Candido Bido
Museum to exhibit works of the artist Candido Bido and has paintings Taino, African, latin america and dominican.
What to see, what to do, what to visit near Bonao
Ecotourism Complex Rio Blanco
Located 17 kms from Bonao, the Rio Blanco ecotourism complex was created by local organizations to promote, protect and rehabilitate the environment by offering rural tourism activities, cultural and adventure.
Cordillera Central
For lovers of walks and ecotourism.
Salto de Jima
The Salto de Jima are impressive waterfalls, hidden in lush vegetation.
Balneario Masipedro
Popular tourist center with a cafeteria that is very popular with locals.
Share your experience, give your opinion on.
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text:
Over deze norm
|Aantal pagina's
|Gepubliceerd op
1.1 This specification covers the materials, properties, and packaging of dry, combined materials for use as surface bonding mortar with concrete masonry units that have not been prefaced, coated, or painted.
1.2 This specification does not cover design or application. Consult the manufacturer for specific recommendations.
1.3 Appendix X1 of this specification contains the recommended tests for evaluation of surface bonded masonry assemblages used to establish design loads for the composite wall.
1.4 Appendix X2 through Appendix X5 of this specification contain additional tests that may be performed on surface bonding mortar.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This hazard statement applies only to Section 9 of this specification.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
|Engelse titel
|Standard Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Surface Bonding Mortar
|Vervangen door


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The initiative will begin this month with an "empowered brunch," a forum with more than 100 influential women in media, music, and fashion including actresses Priyanka Chopra and Sophia Bush.
The brand has also partnered with nonprofit Dress for Success to work on its Suiting program by donating 100 professional garments. The initiative helps women gain confidence to reenter the workplace.
The vodka line has created the #CIROCSummerSquad, made up of Colombian singer and songwriter Karol G and entertainers Teyana Taylor and Cassie, to celebrate female empowerment.
Ciroc will also host a series of local events in selected cities to "celebrate the liquid, the lifestyle, and the best of the season."
The brand will also promote the return of its Summer Colada variety.
This story first appeared on campaignlive.co.uk.


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Almafi Coast, Italy 2011 Picture was featured in Kenosha News travel section Aug 2011
My passion is teaching and I love to travel. I teach High School Social Studies including History, Psychology and Advanced Placement. I also advise a Travel Club with the hope of spreading my love of travel and learning to the students I teach.
Cusco, Peru
July 2013


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Laptop broken; maybe someone will get me another one as a gift! Out of focus photo taken on my phone. … More
Tag: sheep
Inktober 2018 Day 27 Thunder
Two little sheep sheltering from the thunderstorm. Used my Edding 1800 Profipen which I'm sure I bought in the 1990s … More


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Diane Blue — Sun., Jan. 19th, 4–7p.m.
Every time Diane Blue performs at the Ganny, so many folks come up and say: "WOW—When is she coming back?" Well—Ask, and ye shall receive! We know you LOVE her — high-energy, heartfelt, and simply wonderful!
Diane Blue (Featuring Her New CD!)
DIANE BLUE is Boston's soul-stirring vocalist, skillful harmonica player, and a crowd-pleasing entertainer. Voted "Outstanding Female Singer" in The Blues Audience 2011 Readers' Poll, Ms. Blue is a soulful and sassy performer with a strong and energetic delivery, serving up her spin on soul, blues, and R&B.
She won the 2010 Massachusetts Blues Challenge, earning the honor of competing at the 2011 International Blues Challenge in Memphis, Tennessee. She was nominated "Best Blues/R&B Act" and "Best Female Vocalist" in 2007 by the Providence Phoenix, and also nominated "Best Local Blues Act" by Motif Magazine in 2007.
Diane has played harmonica and sung with guitarist extraordinaire Ronnie Earl, as well as international performers Luther Guitar Jr. Johnson (former sideman for Muddy Waters), Big Jack Johnson (of Clarksdale, Mississippi) and Irma Thomas (the Soul Queen of New Orleans), among others. Ms. Blue tours in the U.S. and abroad as a featured performer.
This lady has heart AND soul! Last time she was here, there was a line out the door!
Check out her website: www.dianebluemusic.com


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Premier Kathleen Wynne will join Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in throwing out the welcome mat for Syrian refugees.
"Tonight I will be going to Pearson Airport help welcome the first plane carrying Syrian refugees who will settle in Ontario over the coming months," Wynne told reporters at Queen's Park on Thursday.
"Arriving in a new country will no doubt be an exciting but an overwhelming experience for these new Canadians, but I'm very confident that people across the province will welcome them and will demonstrate the same kind of compassion that we have historically showed to each other," she said.
"Ontario has been actively preparing for a smooth and welcoming settlement," the premier said, noting Citizenship and Immigration Minister Michael Chan and Health Minister Eric Hoskins have been hard at work with municipalities, refugee agencies, and volunteer groups.
"I want to just thank all of the people who have stepped up."
More from thestar.com
What you need to know about refugees arriving in Toronto
Ontario sponsors greet Syrian refugees with cheers at Pearson
'See you in school!': Canadian children welcome refugees
With 25,000 Syrian refugees coming to Canada by the end of February, some 10,000 are expected to settle in Ontario, which has earmarked $10.5 million for the effort.
"There's a huge outpouring of support and we may even find that there are more supports than there are people in the first instance," she said.
Wynne was also asked about the anti-Muslim comments from billionaire Donald Trump, the front-runner for the Republican presidential nomination in next November's U.S. election.
Trump announced earlier this week proposed "a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States until our country's representatives can figure out what is going on."
That has provoked an outcry from leaders around the world.
"The rhetoric that has come out of Donald Trump … is despicable," Wynne said.
"Everything he has said in this vein is antithetical to what I believe. I think it's antithetical to a harmonious, pluralistic society, and it is antithetical to the compassion and the outpouring of support … that will manifest itself tonight when the first wave of Syrian refugees arrive here in Ontario," she said.
"It's up to the United States to deal with Donald Trump, but I can tell you that the kind of divisive, hostile rhetoric that he has been espousing I think does damage. It divides people and I think it is generally dangerous in terms of a democratic society."


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Why Choose Thermophore Professional Heating Pad?
Thermophore Professional Heating Pad enhances comfort, enhancing treatment, enhancing lives. Designed for use by Physical, Occupational & Massage Therapists and Chiropractors, Large multi-purpose size 14" x 27"
Therapeutic Moist Heat Therapy Pack
- Designed for use by Physical, Occupational & Massage Therapists and Chiropractors
- Provides penetrating deep Moist Heat Therapy
- Wipe-able nylon construction
- Large multi-purpose size 14" x 27"
- 4.5lbs / 2.1kg weight for super drape over patient/client
- No need to add water
- 25 minute auto shut-off switch
- Three temperature settings
- High – accelerated ramp up to full 160⁰ F (71⁰ C) Heat ( 5-7 minutes)
- Medium –normal ramp up in approx.. 10 minutes
- LOW – slow heat up for pre-heating
- Modular design enables easy servicing
- One year professional use warranty
- Latex free
The Thermophore Professional comes complete with the following
- 32" X 16" Flannel (washable) Jacket
- 26" x 12" (3.4lbs) Polyurethane Drape Unit (Cleans with disinfectant)
- 28" x 14" Thermophore Heating Pad with a 3 temperature control switch
- The Thermpohore Professional is designed for comfort, durability and flexibility.
- The superior performance of this product is the result of having a tuned system that consists of three components: the heating pad, the drape unit, and the flannel cover.
For maximum performance, arrange the components of the Thermophore Professional as follows
- Lay the flannel cover on a hard, flat surface with the label side down
- Insert the weighted drape unit into the flannel cover
- Insert the heating pad (label side down) into the flannel cover on top of the weighted drape.
When the Thermophore Professional is assembled, place the non-label side of the flannel cover in contact with the patient for penetrating moist heat therapy.
Cleaning Instructions
- The Thermophore "Professional" is designed for clean ability.
Flannel Cover
- Machine wash, do not use bleach, hang dry or machine dry using delicate cycle.
Drape Unit
- Clean with standard disinfectant, Do not soak or machine wash
Heating Pad
- Clean with standard disinfectant, Do not soak or machine wash.
Tested by ETL and are approved to the same equivalence to CSA standards.


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President's Bio & CV
Jill Tiefenthaler became Colorado College's 13th president on July 1, 2011.
During her first two years, President Tiefenthaler began the extensive process that led to the college's strategic plan "The Colorado College Plan: Building on the Block." Over the course of her first 12 months, which she referred to as "The Year of Listening," President Tiefenthaler met with students, faculty, staff, and community members, and heard from thousands of alumni and parents nationwide about their aspirations for the college. In year two, President Tiefenthaler worked with the campus community and Board of Trustees to craft a strategic plan that focuses on providing additional support to realize the potential of the college's innovative Block Plan, enhancing the college's distinctive place of learning in the Rocky Mountain West, leveraging the college's innovative and creative spirit to enhance opportunities for students, and fostering a workplace of inclusion and excellence.
In the years since the strategic plan was developed, Tiefenthaler has overseen the implementation of its many initiatives. Tiefenthaler led planning and design of the new Charles L. Tutt Library, centered around immersive learning and engaged teaching, which became the largest academic library to achieve net-zero energy construction and has received several national awards since reopening in Fall 2017. She also oversaw the construction of a new 154-bed residential complex and community center. While Colorado College's campus is projected to attain carbon-neutrality by 2020, Tiefenthaler is developing new sustainability programs to further reduce the campus' environmental impact. Tiefenthaler envisioned an innovation space and supported the development of programming that will support students as they put the liberal arts into action, and revamped Half Block and summer programs to help students develop professional skills and experiences. Tiefenthaler worked with the campus community to develop a Campus Master Plan and a Communications Master Plan. In 2017, she executed an alliance to make the world-class Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center part of the college. The FAC serves as a rich academic and cultural resource for Colorado College and the wider Colorado Springs community.
In 2017-2018, Tiefenthaler worked with the faculty to reorganize the academic administrative structure and led a search for Colorado College's first provost. During the 2019-2020 academic year, she helped to lead the college in an external review of racism at CC that resulted in a commitment and implementation plan to become an antiracist institution. This foundational step built upon her ongoing efforts to diversify the increasingly selective student body, faculty, and staff and to bring distinguished visiting scholars, artists and innovators to campus. Tiefenthaler led planning for the construction of a new competition hockey rink, and executed a public/private partnership for its construction to ensure that Colorado College's resources continue to engage and benefit the wider community.
During President Tiefenthaler's nine-year leadership, fundraising has reached new heights. In Fall 2018, the college launched the $435 million Building on Originality: The Campaign for Colorado College, the most ambitious fundraising initiative in the college's history. To date, more than $360 million has been raised toward the goal with over two years remaining in the campaign. In Fall 2019, President Tiefenthaler announced the Colorado Pledge, a commitment to Colorado students from low- and middle-income families to make Colorado College as accessible as the state's flagship public institution. The Colorado Pledge has a $20 million fundraising goal and is part of a $100 million scholarship priority for the campaign.
Tiefenthaler is a leading scholar in the field of the economics of higher education, and is also regularly called on to speak about the value of the liberal arts. Her essay on the economic challenges for liberal arts colleges appears in "Remaking College: Innovation and the Liberal Arts" (Johns Hopkins University Press), and she has offered her expertise on this issue in numerous presentations across the country. Tiefenthaler's talks on the importance of the liberal arts includes her speech, "Innovation and Collaboration: A Liberal Arts Education as a Catalyst for New Ideas," which she has delivered to several universities throughout China. As professor of economics at the college, she regularly teaches a class on the economics of higher education.
After receiving her M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from Duke University, Tiefenthaler joined the faculty of Colgate University in 1991, where she served as department chair, associate dean of the faculty, and senior adviser to the president. She then served as provost and professor of economics at Wake Forest University, where she led the implementation of the university's strategic plan and key initiatives, including diversity in admission, establishing new models for enhanced interdisciplinary research and collaboration, and integrating the university's undergraduate and graduate business schools.
President Tiefenthaler is originally from Iowa, where she grew up on a farm and worked for her family's popcorn business before attending Saint Mary's College in South Bend, Indiana. She is married to Kevin Rask, a research professor in economics at Colorado College. They have two children, Olivia '21 and Owen '24.
Contact Kim Waldron in the President's Office:
14 E. Cache La Poudre St.
Colorado Springs, CO 80903


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by Alexa Schmidt, Features Editor
Brother Patrick Horner, Ph.D., celebrates his 50th year at Manhattan College. An English professor with a specialty in medieval literature, Horner teaches a variety classes at MC, including Roots, Chaucer, British Literature and Classical Origins of Western Culture.
Br. Horner is quick to point out that being a Christian Brother offered him the opportunity to pursue an education in the first place. He attended high school at Manhattan Prep, which amounted to six classrooms in what is now De La Salle Hall.
"In my day, you sort of had to make a decision. When you got to be a junior, you were either going the physics math route, or the language route. In our situation, it was difficult to do both. Most of us made a choice, and I made the choice to do languages," said Br. Horner.
However, Br. Horner originally wanted to go down a slightly different path: to major in Latin. He was deterred by a Brother who told him, "We don't need any more Latin teachers." So Br. Horner chose English and received his doctorate at SUNY Albany.
While he was immersed in his studies, he visited MC's campus to speak to the chair of the English department, and ask what the department needed. One of the Brothers was retiring within the next two years, and the college needed a professor specializing in medieval literature.
Br. Horner went back to Albany and wound up becoming acquainted with and working for a professor who was a highly prominent medieval scholar.
"I mean I was headed that way and then with his presence and influence, I eventually became a graduate assistant for him, so I was working for him for most of the the time I was getting the degree, and that's where I wound up in my niche," Br. Horner said.
After he received his Ph.D., he applied to work for MC, which at the time, was the only Lasallian college in New York. He received the job. Since then, he's loved teaching and engaging with students.
"I particularly enjoy teaching students who are interested in learning, and who are willing to do the work involved, Br. horner said. "When that happens, I have had a good day. That's literally true. They don't necessarily have to be the smartest students. But they have to be interested in the subject and willing to do work. If they are, it's a pleasure for me and I hope it's worthwhile to them."
In addition to teaching, Br. Horner has noticed a couple changes at the college. One of the most major ones was when he arrived to the college, and it had really just begun to go co-ed, which heavily impacted the campus in a positive way.
"The women deserve a huge amount of credit, because at least initially, that was, rightly or wrongly, an all-male world," Br. Horner said. "If you ventured into it, you had to be really good to hold your own and it seems to me that the young women that have over the years, graduated with engineering degrees, have made the place proud."
He continued.
"They had to be good in order to, initially, 'survive' because it was such a different experience. Over the years, not only have they survived, but they've shown themselves to be outstanding. Co-ed is probably the most prominent difference, and now it's as if it never happened because it's so obviously a co-ed campus. But there was a lot that had to be done in order to make it a campus that would be comfortable and hospitable for women," Br. Horner said.
Another significant change has been the way people dress. He brought up how people used to dress up every day to go to school. But, now he knows that whenever his students come to class, with suit and ties or business suits, he knows that's because they have to go on a job interview. Otherwise, ordinary dress is much more casual.
Br. Horner applies the change in dress to his personal life.
He jokingly said, "In one sense, you could say, 'Well he don't look like a Brother.' I mean, Brother Robert Berger and some of the other Brothers wear the black shirt and collar. I've never really done that. And why? Because when I first began teaching, I perspired so much that the plastic collar would drive me nuts. So I said I can't stand this and I took the collar off and went to shirt. But, shirt with tie. In "the old days," students were dressed as if this were a serious matter."
He continued.
"It does change. Perceptions and whatever. I continue to dress the way I have all the time because for me at least, this is a reminder that this is a serious enterprise," Br. Horner said. "It's not just passing the time. That may be a limitation. Maybe I need to realize I can be just as serious without putting this garb on, but it's just been part of my training and nature, so I do it."
Over the years, Br. Horner noticed the lack of Brothers almost immediately.
"I am concerned about how we figure out how to maintain the identity of the place, and the values that it had, and which the brothers were important in creating and preserving tradition," Br. Horner said.
"When I first came here, and I joined the faculty, there were more than 50 brothers in the community of the college. And a couple of us who came the same year, said, 'the fountain of youth!' because we were the youngest, and it was clear, even then that there weren't going to be that many behind us."
At that point, the presence of the brothers on campus was very evident, not only by dress, but also because they were faculty members and part of the administration.
Presently, President O'Donnell is, for the first time in the college's history, not a Brother. While Br. Horner notices this change, he hopes the character of the school can remain without the Brothers.
When looking back at the past 50 years, Br. Horner admits that they have really flown by.
"I tend to live in the present and the moment, although it is true. It's easy and it can be enjoyable to go down memory lane, but you don't live there," Horner said.
Categories: Features


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Last week, I shared my beauty guilty pleasure - though the commenters with their Scouse brow confessions took the limelight. This week, I'm on about my cosmetic equivalent to a little black dress. Something I throw on when looking my best is essential, that makes me feel like the dolled up Lovely Girls of Craggy island.
My quick fix is a slick of red lipstick. Even the some of the men-folk, usually oblivious to what I look like, squint and tilt their heads - "you look ... nice" they say, with all the eloquence and charm that an Irish bloke can muster. I call cac tarbh on the notion that it's feminist sacrilege to get ready with the intention of impressing a few fine things. A girl has needs, dammit, and those needs take far longer to be met if you're going the woo-with-personality route.
My holy grail lipstick is Roulette Red, £14STG, by Rockalily London, an indie English outfit that do nowt but a small selection of lippies - but boy, do they do 'em well. The formulation is flawless; long-lasting, opaque and extremely comfortable. My shade, Roulette Red, is deep and blue based, making it super glamorous as well as flattering to my less than Simon Cowell-esque gnashers.
I do have a few more in my collection and, though I'm enamoured with Roulette Red, I'm still coveting others – particularly Besame's Cherry Red. Admittedly, it's mostly the packaging that I'm lusting after but I've heard it's very nice to work with too. This, like Roulette Red, is a deep blue based red, the kind of colour that flatters my Celtic colouring. They also have warmer tones, like Carmine or Red Hot Red, to suit more sallow or yellow based complexions.
I've got a few tricks to keep my lipstick looking well throughout the day too. Here's the dish:
- Before I start, I scrub away any dryness with a Lush lip scrub
- Then I rub in whatever lipbalm I have to hand
- I line and fill my lips in with red liner - Catrice's 010 Ruby Red is what I've used here. This just prevents the lipstick from bleeding, helps get a precise line and increases longevity
- Conveniently, this lip-liner has a brush on the end so I just paint the lipstick on
- After one application, I blot, apply more, then blot again to make sure I get the best wear-time possible
I hope that this has redeemed me from the shame of my tacky-talon habit. Am I alone in conjuring up a game face? What do you pull out of your make-up bag to get heads turning?


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Everyone loves a good meme, but in my opinion the Willy Wonka musings and the quips from The Most Interesting Man in the World have reached a plateau.
And the fist pumping baby may or may not have grown up to be the kid from Two and a Half Men.
Isn't it time Mainers got a meme image to call their own?
Well readers, allow me to introduce Mr. Benedict Lobster:
The winner of the caption contest will have their winning meme featured in Fighting the Tides next week!
Enter via Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram under #BenedictLobster.
Good luck!


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Busy Philipps Had A Breakdown On Instagram Over Lost Toys
Busy Philipps has never shied away from a good public ugly cry. The last time Busy got to boo-hooing on Instagram, her fans started sending her money to make up for her TV pilot not getting picked up. This time Busy has the sads because she feels like a bad mommy. According to UsWeekly, her most recent public snot fest came on the heels of her Hawaiian vacation when she realized she left some of her daughter's stuffed animals back at the hotel. Busy bravely pushed through her tears to post an IG story all about it.
Behold, the face of despair!
UsWeekly reports:
In a series of Instagram stories on Sunday, April 1, the Dawson's Creek alum revealed that she had just returned from a "wonderful" Hawaiian vacation with her husband, Marc Silverstein, and their two girls Birdie and Cricket, 4. But Radar and Flat Bear didn't make the flight back to California. And Philipps, 38, was overcome with guilt.
Of course Busy's girls are named Birdie and Cricket! Busy also posted a picture of her artfully tousled luggage proving she looked really hard but Radar and Flat Bear were nowhere to be found. I wonder if she checked Radar and Flat Bear's Instagram accounts. Those bitches are probably sipping Mai Tais and kickin' it aloha style.
Busy took it really hard, though. She says it was a "parenting fail" and that she felt like an "asshole". She called the hotel but housekeeping didn't find them. Busy hopes they may still turn up in the wash. In the meantime Busy should stay hydrated and hopeful. Cricket was sad too but thankfully mommy didn't make her cry on camera.
"She was just so heartbroken, and I was, like, I knew it as soon as I opened up the suitcase to get Cricket's stuff for bed. "I was like, I didn't see Radar and Flat Bear," the Freaks and Geeks alum continued. "I was like, f—k, f—k, f—k.'"
Busy concluded the episode on a positive note proving she still has some perspective on the tragic end to her vacation.
"We're all healthy, made it back in one piece," said the emotional mom of two. "They're just stuffed animals. She'll recover. She's resilient. I don't know if I will."
Apparently one of the bears was hers from childhood. One thing that may help her recover would be to find some angle with which to monetize the event. We already know she's raking it in over there in the IG with sponsored posts. At the very least, maybe this tale of woe will end up in her upcoming book of "humorous autobiographical essays that will touch on everything from her childhood to her life as a mom" that she announced last August. The chapter could be called "Cashing Tears".
Pics: Instagram


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Secure Document Portal
The security of your personal and financial information is of utmost importance. To protect your sensitive data and to comply with recent laws and regulations, we are implementing a secure online portal service for electronically sharing and storing tax documents. In addition to being secure, we believe you will find this method to be extremely convenient and time-saving.


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Opfikon, Switzerland, 2018-Dec-18 — /Travel PR News/ — SalamAir of Oman has signed a five-year contract with Swissport for hub handling at Muscat International Airport. As of 1 January 2019, the Swiss Aviation Services company, global market leader of airport ground services and cargo handling, will provide the Omani carrier with a full range of services,… Read the full press release
Tag Archives: Nils Knudsen
Swissport Cargo Services Montreal earns CEIV certification for pharmaceutical logistics from IATA
Opfikon, Switzerland, 2018-Dec-10 — /Travel PR News/ — Swissport International AG is adding Montreal to its network of CEIV Pharma certified cargo warehouses. The global leader of airport ground services and cargo handling for the aviation industry has received the certification as the first air cargo handler in Canada. The International Air Transport Association (IATA)… Read the full press release


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Cougar predation on livestock in New Mexico, January 1983 through June 1984
Contributor(s):: Gary A. Littauer, Ronald J. White
A telephone survey was conducted in which the objective was to obtain information from the entire population of livestock producers in New Mexico who had losses to cougars (Felis concolor) in 1983 and the first six months of 1984. A total of 103 ranchers reported losses in 1983 and 60 reported...
Attitudes of Nebraska sheep producers toward predators
Contributor(s):: Dale J. Hafer, Scott E. Hygnstrom
The economy of the State of Nebraska is highly dependent on the agricultural industry. When factors arise that complicate and threaten facets of the industry, those involved, particularly producers, often express a high degree of concern toward those threatening factors.The sheep producers of...


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DMS design, llc of Beverly designs supportive housing project for women and children in Dorchester, MA
On Tuesday, June 16, 2015, Lt. Gov. Karyn Polito, Mayor Martin J. Walsh and Cardinal Sean O'Malley attended the groundbreaking of a supportive housing project in Dorchester, MA. The center, located on the campus of St. Mary's Center for Women and Children, will create twelve units of transitional housing. DMS design, llc of Beverly is the architect and NEI General Contracting of Randolph is the general contractor. Funding was provided by the Massachusetts Maternity and Foundling Hospital, the City of Boston's Department of Neighborhood Development and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts's Department of Housing and Community Development.


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Utilizing an iPhone/Android App known as "Talking Tom Cat", the tool has been transformed into a new media mouthpiece, addressing very specific particulars of the conflict that are glossed over by international media: alliances between MNLA and Ansar Dine, critiques of hypocrisy of the MUJAO factions, and ousting of corrupt politicians.
(tags: apps wtf politics talking-tom-cat bizarre tuareg africa via:neilmajor)
Links for 2013-02-10
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Did you ever go there?
Express your EcoOpinion about this place and become a GreenWatcher, the trend setter of Sustainability.
The EcoOpinion is based on the algorithm of The GreenWatcher which is used to express the value of ecosustainability that you see with a score from 0 to 5.
- 02 July 2015markFISCHERKøbenhavn , Copenhagen
Wagamama serves authentic Japanese dishes that you can enjoy in the restaurant or as takeaway.2.9
Is this your company?
Whit just a few clicks you can... EcoAssess it and certify your level of Eco sustainability!


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Calgary Market Continues to Outperform
Posted by Jim Sparrow on Wednesday, January 30th, 2013 at 11:52am.
With 2 days remaining in the month, Calgary's real estate market continues to outperfom. Sales of Calgary MLS® listed homes & condos yesterday eclipsed last January's numbers, and marks the 12th consecutive month the number of sales has increased year over year. This is in stark contrast to the majority of other major Canadian cities, many of which have seen their Y/Y sales tumble since midway through 2012.
At time of writing, metro Calgary sales stand at 1,119 (vs a total of 1,069 last January.
- SF home sales @ 804 (vs 763 last January)
- Median SF sale price @ $435,500, a 10% increase over last January's $395,000 *Median SF sale price sets a new January record, 6% higher than the next highest January (2008)*
- Average SF sale price @ $496,176, a 13% increase over last January's $440,478 *Average SF sale price sets a new January record, 9% higher than the next highest January (2008)*
- Condo sales @315 (vs 306 last January)
- Median condo sale price @ $254,900, a 4% increase over last January's $245,000 *Median condo sale price is still 12% lower than record recorded for January (2008)*
- Average condo sale price @ $288,851, a 7% increase over last January's $269,723 *Average condo sale price is still 7% lower than record recorded for January (2008)*
A Respected Name in Calgary Real Estate: JimSparrow.com
If you're looking to sell or buy, do not hesitate to contact us.
We are prepared to work hard ensuring that your needs are met and that the result is more than you were hoping for. Nothing gives us more pleasure than your success and being with you through major life changes.


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The organisations behind World Cerebral Palsy Day 2017 have awarded us a Major Award for Public Awareness.
Our film drama keeps on going from success to success and it is wonderful to know that all our hard work and collaboration with partners in Kenya, the UK and other countries is paying off.
This is great news for us as a small volunteer-led charity and we hope this will lead to more interest in distribution across other countries in Africa.
To find out more about the film and the award click on the image below.
Our local distribution team, Salome and Lennox, have now completed a month long tour screening our latest drama production, 'Lisilojulikana (The Unknown)', across the Samburu region of Kenya carrying out 15 screenings to various community groups and reaching over 1700 people. Lisilojulikana is a drama which challenges the stigma and myths surrounding the children who suffer from cerebral palsy.
Salome, who works for the Association for the Physically Disabled of Kenya (APDK), reported that the trip was extremely positive with lots of people coming forward after the screening to talk to her about support and help for their disabled relative. On one occassion, an elderly lady got very emotional during one of the screenings. Salome discovered that she was caring for her disabled grandson after the mother had run away. Salome took the grandmother to the National Council and insisted that they register the grandson. A few days later the man from the National Council called Salome to say that he had been registered for school along with several other children and adults. Salome believes the film is helping in many ways as it informs people that children with disability can also learn, it challenges peoples' idea of disability as a curse, it helps people with disability to gain acceptance and it informs people about the therapy and support available to them. Salome says there is still a long, long way to go however already she feels she has accomplished a lot and is very keen to conduct further screening tours across the country.


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As you have probably figured out by now, one of my favorite Blogs to follow is "Genealogy Tip of the Day" by Michael John Neill.
Recently he posted a tip about what it means if you see a minor amount in a deed or will...like $1.
Check out his tip at http://genealogytipoftheday.blogspot.com/2011/04/all-consideration-i-need-is-your-love.html


text: On Monday, we talked about some financial steps women can take to begin to prepare for their divorce and custody cases. Though there aren't perfect answers to these questions in many cases, there are things you can do (make sure you've read the article!) to help as you begin to think about your case strategy and other choices you could or should be making. But preparing financially (though it's a big part of the process) is really only ONE part of the process. You should also be preparing … [Read more...]


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Dog and Beth film episode in Guthrie
For Duane "Dog" Chapman and Beth Chapman they could not wait until they caught their person in downtown Guthrie on Saturday afternoon so they can head back home after working for 16 straight days.
Both Chapmans, along with their son Leland and a film production crew, spent several hours in Guthrie trying to capture a criminal who forfeited on his bail bond with Bc Bail Bonds.
Story continues past the video interview with Dog Chapman, including the video of Dog and Beth escorting their man to the sheriff's office.
The fugitive that they were searching for willingly turned himself in at the bail bond office where he was handcuffed and escorted to the Logan County Sheriff's Office by the Chapmans and the video crew.
The entire process was filmed for the Chapman's show "Dog and Beth: On the Hunt" which is set to premiere Sunday, April 14 (8 p.m.) on Country Music Television (CMT). The new show features Dog and Beth stepping out of their headquarters in Hawaii to unite with bail bondsmen from around the country as they hunt down some of America's most dangerous criminals.
Bryce and Rebecca Culbert, with the bail bond company, were in the process of having their webpage design when their publisher took a job with the Chapmans and suggested that they come to Oklahoma.
"We are extremely blessed in that manner. They came in here and got things done just because who they are," Bryce Culbert said from his office.
"They probably invested roughly four hours. We worked on other cases as well," Culbert said.
Catch up with Dog and Beth before the new series premieres in "Dog and Beth: The Preview Special" premiering Sunday, April 14 at 7 p.m. Central. Find out what has happened in the time since the Chapmans left television. The Chapmans found themselves deeply divided over the future of their family business.
September 5, 2013 at 3:57 am
That was so crazy. What wrong Dog was pretty far behind . Jeans to tight & boots hurt his feet. Jr ur a good man keep ur head up
June 13, 2013 at 3:16 pm


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Top Sellers
Product Reviews
If you wonder just what that old book, gaming equipment catalog, postcard, gambling movie poster, even certain punchboards and playing cards are worth, youll find a guide to them in general worth (since condition of the item and scarcity affects value.) But it is the tremendous color reproductions of the books, posters, equipment, in balance with their descriptions, that make this book a potential collectible by itself. 160 pgs, 1993


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Nigeria's number Street ambassador, Small Doctor is quick to jump on the trending street "Japa" slang based on popular demand.
Buy Brand New Cheap Phones - Click HERE
"Japa" became a trending slang few days ago with many videos circulating on social media.
Download More Music - CLICK HERE
Here is "Omo Iya Teacher", Small Doctor's freestyle version of it.
[New Music] Small Doctor – JAPA (Freestyle) Reviewed by InoutNaija Staff on 13:46:00 Rating:


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$200 Million Barriers May Not Keep Silver Carp out of Lake Michigan
The silver carp was deliberately brought to the United States during the 1970s to help clean up pollution in fish farms. They weren't expected to escape, and at the time it was believed that the fish couldn't successfully reproduce in American waters. As it happened, silver carp can make it just fine in the wild.
The Army Corps of Engineers constructed a set of electronic barriers to keep carp from migrating up a canal and into Lake Michigan. An electric current zaps and kills any fish that try to swim through it. Close to $200 million has already been spent on this system of barriers.
The problem with the barriers is that they may stop fish, but they cannot prevent human intervention. Fishermen catch live bait constantly using nets and minnow traps. Very small silver carp look like many other baitfish to the untrained eye. All it will take is one uninformed fisherman putting a bait bucket containing some silver carp in the back of his truck or bass boat and moving from one fishing spot on the Des Plaines River to another spot on Lake Michigan.
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Curlyleaf Continues to Cause Summer Woes
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25 Jan 2018 11:19
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Three was one of the sole survivors of Virinat, a Romulan colony, which was attacked by the Tal Shiar and Elachi. She swore to defend people from the corrupt Empress Sela, who didn't care for her people. She and her close friend and first officer, Tovan Khev during their battles against Hakeev and the Elachi and the search for his sister, Rinna Khev she promised to keep looking.
History Edit
She used to have a love triangle with Tovan Khev and a ½ Human, ½ Orion woman, Sera Ivey. She once became a pleaser client of Ivey's, but she decided to marry Tovan Khev on New Romulus to start a new life. Even though she had feelings for Sera Ivey about her tragic life But Three Wanted a new life To Move on From Her path of sex and violence after Virinat, for 5 her marriage With Tovan Khev She decided to ignore the war and become a citizen. She gave birth to two children, a boy named Bico and a girl named Sukala.
It became the happy days of her life with her husband Tovan and Her Children Bico and Sukala but The Tal Shiar Had Gave an Opportunity to Strike They Sent and forced Slamek into killing Bico while he was out there playing in the farming the fields and Three found her son she started screaming in rage and crying that her son who was murdered by a Reman traitor Slamek, and Slamek, however, was hunted down and killed by Veril after learning he killed her father, captain, and first officer's son. Three realized She return back to her Scimitar The Black Butterfly along with her Crual to Murder Every Single Member of the Tal Shiar and the Romulan Star Empire and the Iconians, who caused it all.
Years after Bloodshed during the Iconian War she cross paths with Sela again after the events of the Adromada Sphere she learn Sela Ordered Slamek to Kill her Son to get her back into the War and Three said You Will Pay for Murdering My Son and the Suffering of our People along with Hakeev and the Iconians Three and Sela Fought for 5 Others till one of them was Killed and Three was killed after Almost Killing Sela with a plasma grenade which burned her face and Sela Beamed Herself out Before the Romulan Republic forces enter the room Tovan Found his Wife Three on the Floor Coughing Blood Tovan Hold her Hand and Three Said in her dying Breath look after our Daughter Sukala She pleaded She is is her only Child left and Pleased bring justice for our Son when the time is right and Tovan Said i Promised my Love . months after the Iconian War the 3 Alliance was formed However Tovan Khev Sworn that Sela will pay for her wrong doings against her People and Three Was Remember Today as one of the Brave Romulan Admirals who fought against the Iconians and their followers but Even though she was a war hero she was Loving and Dearing Wife and Mother who wanted a brighter future for her family, her crew and her people.
Appearances Edit
- Star Trek: The Second Little Wolf – "The Mountain Goat and the Ice Demon" (First mentioned)
- Star Trek: The Second Little Wolf – "The Rangers of the Prime Directive" (First appearance)
- Star Trek: The Second Little Wolf – "Descendants of the Ban Tribe"


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I've had a few requests lately to change a few things around here, one of which was to add the podcast eps to the Patreon. Apparently, there is a player attached to the site. I didn't know that, so I'm working on adding the past years worth to the Patreon. This is both a warning... Continue Reading →
ArchyFantasies' 2017 in Review
I've been told these are a hot item on the blogosphere. But it's been a slow year here on the blog. We've focused a lot of effort on the Podcast over on the APN, and in August I went to Grad School for a masters in CRM. Things got busy. Yet, I owe you all... Continue Reading →
Debunking, Blogging, and Public Outreach: Blogging Archaeology Carnival 2014!
Sadly, I won't be making the SAA's in Texas next year. Neither will my friend Doug over at Doug's Archaeology, but he came up with a great idea for those of us who can't make, something called a blogging carnival and he's hosting the first round of questions for November (Which is also Movember, so get to growing... Continue Reading →
Obligatory Happy Post-Apocalyptic Greetings!
I'm pleased to see so many of us survived the Mayan Doom Day known far and wide as the day the Mayan Calender ended, and then nothing of note happened. I hope despite that disappointing climax we all managed to have a happy holiday and new year. I saw the New Year in with an excellent Roller Derby match, but our team rocks... Continue Reading →


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Exciting news. Our app has a new name – Healthily. Learn more
Congenital heart disease is a general term for a range of birth defects that affect the normal workings of the heart.
The term congenital means the condition is present at birth.
Congenital heart disease is one of the most common types of birth defect, affecting up to 9 in every 1,000 babies born in the UK.
In most cases, no obvious cause of congenital heart disease is identified. However, there are some things known to increase the risk of the condition, including:
Find out more about the causes of congenital heart disease and preventing congenital heart disease.
More and more cases of congenital heart disease are diagnosed before a baby is born during a routine ultrasound scan, although it's not always possible to detect more complicated heart defects in this way.
The condition can have a number of symptoms, including:
These problems are sometimes noticeable soon after birth, although mild defects may not cause any problems until later in life.
Read more about the symptoms of congenital heart disease and diagnosing congenital heart disease.
There are many types of congenital heart disease. Some of the more common defects include:
Read more about the types of congenital heart disease.
The treatment for congenital heart disease usually depends on the defect you or your child has.
Mild defects, such as holes in the heart, often don't need to be treated, as they may improve on their own and may not cause any further problems
If the defect is significant and is causing problems, surgery is usually required. Modern surgical techniques can often restore most or all of the heart's normal function and nowadays about 80% of children with congenital heart disease will survive into adulthood.
However, people with congenital heart disease often do need treatment over their life and therefore require specialist review during childhood and adulthood. This is because people with complex heart problems can develop further problems with their heart rhythm or valves over time.
Read more about treating congenital heart disease and the complications of congenital heart disease.
Congenital heart disease can have a range of symptoms, as the condition refers to several different types of heart defect.
General signs of congenital heart disease can include:
In more severe cases, these problems may develop shortly after birth. However, symptoms sometimes don't develop until the teenage years or early adulthood.
Read more about the types of congenital heart disease.
Children and adults with congenital heart disease can also develop a range of further problems, such as:
Read more about the complications of congenital heart disease.
Congenital heart disease is caused when something disrupts the normal development of the heart.
It's thought most cases of congenital heart disease occur when something affects the heart's development during about week five of pregnancy. This is when the heart is developing from a simple tube-like structure into a shape more like a fully-developed heart.
While some things are known to increase the risk of congenital heart disease (see below), no obvious cause is identified in most cases.
There are a number of things that can increase the chances of a child having congenital heart disease. Some of these are described below.
See types of congenital heart disease for more information about the different heart defects mentioned below.
Several genetic health conditions, which a baby inherits from one or both parents, can cause congenital heart disease.
Down syndrome is the most widely known genetic condition that can cause congenital heart disease. Children with Down syndrome are born with a range of disabilities as the result of a genetic abnormality.
About half of all children with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease. In 90% of cases, this is a type of septal defect.
Other genetic conditions associated with congenital heart disease include:
Women with diabetes are five times more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than women who do not have diabetes. It is estimated that 3 to 6% of women with diabetes who become pregnant will give birth to a baby with a heart defect, most commonly transposition of the great arteries.
This increased risk only applies to type 1 diabetes](/condition/diabetes-type1/introduction) and type 2 diabetes. It does not apply to [gestational diabetes, which can develop during pregnancy and usually goes away once the baby is born.
The increased risk is thought to be caused by the high levels of the hormone insulin in the blood, which may interfere with the normal development of a foetus.
If a pregnant woman drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy it can have a poisonous effect on the tissue of the foetus, this is known as foetal alcohol syndrome.
It is estimated that as many as half of all children with foetal alcohol syndrome will have congenital heart disease, most commonly an atrial septal defect.
The Department of Health recommends pregnant women should not drink alcohol. If you choose to drink, you should not drink more than one or two units of alcohol once or twice a week, to minimise the risk to your unborn baby.
Rubella (German measles) is an infectious condition caused by a virus. Rubella is not usually a serious infection for adults or children. However, it can have a devastating effect on an unborn baby if a mother develops a rubella infection during the first 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy.
A rubella infection can cause multiple birth defects, including congenital heart disease. All women of child-bearing age should be vaccinated against rubella. The vaccine is now given as part of the routine childhood vaccination schedule. Contact your doctor for advice if you're not sure whether you have been vaccinated for rubella.
Women who get flu during the first trimester (three months) of pregnancy are twice as likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. The reasons for this are unclear.
The flu vaccine is recommended for all pregnant women.
There are several medications linked to an increased risk of a baby being born with congenital heart disease. These include:
Women who take the painkiller ibuprofen during the first trimester of their pregnancy are twice as likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population.
Paracetamol is a safer alternative, although ideally you should avoid taking any medicines while you are pregnant, particularly during the first three months of pregnancy.
Speak to your doctor or pharmacist if your are unsure which medications should be avoided during pregnancy.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic condition present from birth. In PKU, the body cannot break down a chemical called phenylalanine which builds up in the blood and brain. This can cause symptoms such as learning and behavioural difficulties.
PKU can usually be controlled by sticking to a low protein diet. Pregnant mothers with PKU who do not do this are six times more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population.
Women who are exposed to organic solvents are three times more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population.
Organic solvents are chemicals found in a wide range of products and substances such as paint, nail polish and glue.
In most cases, congenital heart disease is diagnosed during pregnancy. However, a diagnosis may sometimes only be confirmed after the birth.
Congenital heart disease can be diagnosed during pregnancy with a procedure called foetal echocardiography.
Foetal echocardiography uses an ultrasound scanner to build up a picture an unborn baby's heart. The procedure should be carried out during routine antenatal examinations, usually some time between week 18 and week 20 of pregnancy.
However, it is not always possible to detect heart defects, particularly mild ones, using foetal echocardiography.
Read more about [ultrasound scans during pregnancy].
It is sometimes possible to diagnose a baby shortly after birth if it has some of the characteristic symptoms of congenital heart disease, such as a blue tinge to the skin (cyanosis).
However, some defects don't cause any noticeable symptoms for several months or even years.
See symptoms of congenital heart disease for more information about things to look out for in yourself or your child.
See your doctor if you or your child shows signs of congenital heart disease. Further testing can usually help confirm or disprove a diagnosis of congenital heart disease.
Further tests that may be used to diagnose congenital heart disease are described below.
Echocardiography is a type of ultrasound scan, which means it uses high frequency sound waves to create an image of the heart.
It may be used to check the inside of the heart. Sometimes, problems with the heart that were missed during foetal echocardiography can be detected as a child develops.
An electrocardiogram is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. Electrodes are placed on the skin around the heart and are connected to a computer. The computer analyses the electrical signals that are produced by the heart to assess how well it is beating.
A chest X-ray of the heart and lungs can be used to check whether there is an excess amount of blood in the lungs or whether the heart is larger than normal. Both may be signs of heart disease.
Pulse oximetry is a test that measures the amount of oxygen present in the blood.
The test involves placing a special sensor on the fingertip, ear or toe which sends out light waves. A computer is connected to the sensor and measures how the light waves are absorbed.
Oxygen can affect how the light waves are absorbed, so by analysing the results the computer can quickly determine how much oxygen is present in the blood.
Cardiac catheterisation is a useful way of obtaining more information about exactly how the blood is being pumped through the heart.
During this procedure, a small flexible tube, called a catheter, is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or arm. The tube is moved up into the heart, guided by X-rays or MRI scanners.
The end of the tube contains a tiny blood pressure monitor, which can be used to take blood pressure readings in different parts of the heart. A coloured dye that shows up on X-rays can also be injected into the tube. The dye can be studied as it moves through the heart, enabling medical staff to see how well each chamber of the heart is working.
The procedure is painless as it is performed under a local anaesthetic.
Being told that you or your child has a complex and life-long condition, such as congenital heart disease, can be a confusing and frightening experience, even if your child's condition is relatively mild.
It's natural to want to find out as much as possible about congenital heart disease, including the available treatments, and how congenital heart disease can affect your life.
Below is a list of charities and support groups you may find useful:
You may also want to find out what help is available for parents who care for children with complex conditions. Find out more about parent caring.
The treatment for congenital heart disease depends on the specific defect your child has.
Mild defects don't usually need to be treated, although it is likely that you will have regular check-ups to monitor your health. More severe defects usually require surgery and long term surveillance of the heart afterwards throughout adult life by a congenital heart disease specialist.
In some cases, medications may be used to temporarily relieve symptoms or stabilise the condition before surgery.
These may include diuretics, to remove fluid from the body and make breathing easier, and digoxin, to slow your child's heartbeat and increase the strength at which the heart pumps.
Treatment plans for the following types of congenital heart defect are described below:
See types of congenital heart disease for descriptions of these defects.
The urgency for treatment depends on how narrow the valve. Treatment may be needed immediately, or delayed until your child develops symptoms. If treatment is required, a procedure called a balloon valvuloplasty is often the recommended treatment option.
During this procedure a small tube (catheter) is passed through the blood vessels to the site of the narrowed valve. A balloon attached to the catheter is inflated, which helps to widen the valve and relieve any blockage in blood flow.
If balloon valvuloplasty is ineffective or unsuitable, it is usually necessary to remove and replace the valve using open heart surgery. This is where the surgeon makes a cut in the chest to access the heart.
Replacement valves are usually made from animal or human tissue if used in children, Metal valves are used in adulthood.
If your child has the more serious form of coarctation of the aorta that develops shortly after birth, surgery to restore the flow of blood through the aorta is usually recommended.
Several surgical techniques can be used, including:
If your child develops the less serious form of coarctation of the aorta in later life, the main goal of treatment will be to control their high blood pressure. This will usually involve using a combination of diet, exercise and, in some cases, medication. Read more about treating high blood pressure.
In many cases, Ebstein's anomaly is mild and does not require treatment. However, surgery to repair the abnormal tricuspid valve is usually recommended if the valve is very leaky.
If valve repair surgery is ineffective or unsuitable, a replacement valve may be implanted. If Ebstein's anomaly occurs along with an atrial septal defect (see below), the hole will be closed at the same time.
Many cases of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) can be treated with medication shortly after birth.
Two types of medication have been shown to effectively stimulate the closure of the duct that is responsible for PDA. These are indomethacin and a special form of ibuprofen.
If PDA does not close with medication, the duct may be sealed with a coil or plug, which is implanted using a catheter.
Mild pulmonary valve stenosis does not require treatment as it does not cause any symptoms or problems.
More severe cases of pulmonary valve stenosis usually require treatment, even if they cause few or no symptoms. This is because there is a high risk of heart failure in later life if it's not treated.
As with aortic valve stenosis (see above), the main treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis is a balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. However, if this is ineffective or the valve is not suitable for this treatment surgery may be needed to open the valve (valvotomy).
The treatment of ventricular and atrial septal defects depends very much on the size of the hole. No treatment will be required if your child has a small septal defect that does not cause any symptoms or stretch on the heart. These types of septal defects have an excellent outcome and do not pose a threat to your child's health.
If your child has a larger ventricular septal defect, surgery is usually recommended to close the hole.
If there is a large atrial septal defect, this can be closed with an umbrella device inserted with a catheter. If the defect is too big or not suitable for the umbrella, surgery may be needed to close the hole. Unlike open heart surgery, the catheter procedure does not cause any scarring and is associated with just a small bruise in the groin. Recovery is very quick. This procedure is undertaken in specialist units which treat congenital heart problems in children and adults.
Tricuspid atresia and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are treated in much the same way.
Shortly after birth, your baby will be given an injection of medication called prostaglandin. This will encourage the mixing of oxygen-rich blood with oxygen-poor blood. The condition will then need to be treated using a three-stage procedure.
The first stage is usually performed during the first few days of life. An artificial passage, known as a shunt, is created between the heart and lungs so blood can enter the lungs. However, not all babies will need a shunt.
The second stage will be performed when your child is four to six months old. The surgeon will connect veins from the upper part of the body, which carry oxygen-poor blood, directly to your child's pulmonary valve. This will allow blood to be pumped into the lungs, where it can be filled with oxygen.
The final stage is usually performed when your child is 18 to 36 months old. It involves connecting the remaining veins to the pulmonary valve.
An effective alternative to this three-stage procedure would be to carry out a heart transplant, where a healthy heart is taken from a donor and surgically implanted into your baby. However, heart transplant surgery is rarely carried out in these circumstances because of a shortage of donated hearts that are suitable for a young baby.
Tetralogy of Fallot is treated using surgery. If your baby is born with severe symptoms, surgery may be recommended soon after birth. If the symptoms are less severe, surgery will usually be carried out when your child is three to six months old.
During the operation , the surgeon will close the hole in the heart and open up the narrowing in the pulmonary valve.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is treated with surgery. During the procedure, the surgeon will reconnect the abnormally positioned veins into the right place (the left atrium).
The timing of surgery will usually depend on whether your child's pulmonary vein (the vein that connects the lungs and heart) is also obstructed. If the pulmonary vein is obstructed, surgery will be performed after birth. If the vein is not obstructed, surgery can often be postponed until your child is a few weeks or months old.
As with treatment for single ventricle defects, your baby will be given an injection of medication called prostaglandin shortly after birth. This will prevent the passage between the aortic and pulmonary valve (the ductus arteriosus) closing after birth.
Keeping the ductus arteriosus open means that oxygen-rich blood is able to mix with oxygen-poor blood, which should help relieve your baby's symptoms. In some cases, it may also be necessary to use a catheter to create a temporary hole in the atrial septum (the wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart) to further encourage the mixing of blood.
Once your baby's health has stabilised, it is likely surgery will be recommended. This should ideally be carried out during the first month of the baby's life. A surgical technique called arterial switch is used. This involves detaching the arteries and reattaching them in the correct position.
Once your baby is in a stable condition, surgery is used to treat truncus arteroisus. This is usually carried out within a few weeks after birth.
The abnormal blood vessel will be split in two to create two new bloodvessels, and each one will be reconnected in the correct position.
Congenital heart disease refers to a range of possible heart defects.
The following defects are described below:
Aortic valve stenosis is an uncommon and serious type of congenital heart defect. It accounts for around 5% of cases of congenital heart disease.
In aortic valve stenosis, the aortic valve that controls the flow of blood out of the main pumping chamber of the heart (the left ventricle) to the body's main artery (the aorta) is narrowed. This affects the flow of oxygen-rich blood away from the heart towards the rest of the body and means the muscle thickens as the pump has to work harder.
Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is where the main artery (the aorta) has a narrowing, meaning less blood can flow through it.
CoA accounts for around 10% of cases of congenital heart disease. It can occur by itself or in combination with other types of heart defects, most commonly a ventricular septal defect or a type of defect known as a patent ductus arteriosus (see below).
In around half of all cases, the narrowing can be severe and will require treatment shortly after birth.
Ebstein's anomaly is where the valve on the right side of the heart (the tricuspid valve) which separates the chambers called the right atrium and right ventricle does not develop properly. Therefore, blood can flow the wrong way within the heart.
Ebstein's anomaly can occur on its own, but it often occurs along with an atrial septal defect (see below).
It's estimated that Ebstein's anomaly accounts for less than 1% of congenital heart disease cases.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a rare type of congenital heart disease, affecting around 5 in every 100,000 babies. It is where a connection between the main body artery and lung artery (the ductus arteriosus) doesn't completely close after birth as it's supposed to.
This means extra blood is pumped into the arteries of the lungs, forcing the heart and lungs to work harder.
Pulmonary valve stenosis is a defect where the pulmonary valve, which controls the flow of blood out of the right heart pumping chamber (the right ventricle) to the lungs, is narrower than normal. This means the right heart pump has to work harder to push blood through the narrowed valve to get to the lungs.
Pulmonary valve stenosis accounts for around 10% of cases of congenital heart disease.
A septal defect is where there is an abnormality in the wall (septum) between the main chambers of the heart. The two main types of septal defect are outlined below.
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is where there is a hole between the 2 filling chambers of the heart (the atria). It's a common type of congenital heart defect, affecting about 200 in every 100,000 babies.
When there is an ASD extra blood flows into the right side of the heart causing it to stretch and enlarge.
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is also a common form of congenital heart disease, affecting around 200 in every 100,000 babies. It occurs when there is a hole between the two pumping chambers of the heart (the left and right ventricles).
This means extra blood flow goes to the lungs and the left side of the heart causing a high pressure in the lungs and a stretch on the left sided pumping chamber. Small holes often close by themselves eventually but larger holes need to be closed by surgery.
A single ventricle defect is where only one of the pumping chambers (ventricles) develops properly. Some of the more common single ventricle defects are described below.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare type of congenital heart disease where the left side of the heart doesn't develop properly and is too small. This means not enough oxygenated blood can get through to the body.
Without treatment, HLHS can be fatal within a few weeks of birth but nowadays complex heart operations can be performed to try and change this.
Tricuspid atresia is where the tricuspid heart valve has not formed properly. The tricuspid valve separates the filling chamber (atrium) and pumping chamber (ventricle) on the right side of the heart. As there is no blood flow into the right pumping chamber, the pump does not develop and is too small.
It is estimated that 10 babies in every 100,000 are affected by tricuspid atresia.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of several defects, affecting about 30 in every 100,000 babies.
The defects making up tetralogy of Fallot are:
Due to this combination of defects, oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood mixes causing the oxygen in the blood overall to be lower than normal.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) occurs when veins taking oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart are connected in the wrong place. They connect to the right side of the heart when they should be connected to the left side.Sometimes veins are also narrowed and the condition can be fatal within a month after birth.
TAPVC is an uncommon type of congenital heart disease, affecting around 7 in every 100,000 babies.
Transposition of the great arteries is relatively common, accounting for around 5% of cases of congenital heart disease.
It is where the pulmonary (lung artery) and main body artery (the aorta) are connected to the wrong pumping chamber. This leads to blood low in oxygen being pumped around the body.
Truncus arteriosus is an uncommon type of congenital heart disease, affecting around 5 in every 100,000 babies.
It is where the development of the 2 main arteries (the pulmonary and aorta) does not happen properly and it remains a single vessel. This results in too much blood being sent to the lungs which, over time, can cause breathing difficulties and damage blood vessels inside the lungs. The condition is usually fatal within a year of birth if not treated.
As so little is known the causes of congenital heart disease, there is no guaranteed way of avoiding having a baby with the condition.
However, if you are pregnant, the following advice can help to reduce the risk:
See [vitamins and nutrition in pregnancy], [infections in pregnancy] and [your antenatal care] for more information and advice.
Children and adults with congenital heart disease are at an increased risk of developing further problems.
Many children with congenital heart disease experience delays in their development. For example, they may take longer to start walking or talking. They may also have lifelong problems with physical co-ordination.
Some children with congenital heart disease also have learning difficulties. These are thought to be caused by a poor oxygen supply during early life, which affects the development of the brain.
Natural intelligence is usually unaffected, but some children often perform well below the academic level they would be expected to reach.
This is due to problems such as:
Recent research has found that children who have had surgery for transposition of the great arteries have significant problems understanding a concept known as theory of mind (TOM)
TOM is the ability to understand other people's mental state and recognise that they may differ from your own. In other words, to recognise that everyone has their own set of desires, intentions, beliefs, emotions, perspective, likes and dislikes. In simple terms, TOM is the ability to see the world through another person's eyes.
An inability to recognise other people's mental states can lead to problems with social interaction and behaviour in later life.
The risk of developing respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is higher in people with congenital heart disease. RTIs are infections of the lungs and airways, such as pneumonia.
Symptoms of an RTI can include:
Treatment for an RTI depends on the cause. For example, infections caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics.
People with congenital heart disease also have an increased risk of developing endocarditis. This is an infection of the lining of the heart and/or valves. If it's not treated, it can cause life-threatening damage to the heart.
Symptoms of endocarditis can include:
Endocarditis will need to be treated in hospital with injections of antibiotics.
The condition usually develops when an infection in another part of the body, such as on the skin or the gums, spreads through the blood into the heart.
As gum disease can potentially lead to endocarditis, if you have congenital heart disease, it is very important to maintain excellent oral hygiene.
It is also usually recommended not to have any cosmetic procedure involving piercing the skin, such tattoos or body piercings.
Some types of congenital heart disease can cause the blood pressure inside the arteries that connect the heart and lungs to be much higher than it should be. This is known as pulmonary hypertension.
Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension can include:
A range of medications can be used to treat pulmonary hypertension. Read more about treating pulmonary hypertension.
It's relatively common for adults with a history of some types of congenital heart disease to develop an abnormal heartbeat. This is often a type of heart rhythm problem called atrial fibrillation or flutter.
With both of these heart rhythm problems, the heart may beat at over 140 beats a minute. (At rest, a normal heart rate is between 60 and 100 beats a minute).
Several treatment options are available for atrial fibrillation, including medications, surgery and an implanted device called a pacemaker.
Read more about treating atrial fibrillation.
Heart failure is where the heart cannot pump enough blood around the body to meet the body's needs. It can occur shortly after a baby with a severe congenital heart defect is born, or when a previously mild and untreated type of congenital heart disease gets worse in later life.
Symptoms of heart failure can include:
Treatments for heart failure can include medication and the use of an implanted device, such as a pacemaker.
Read more about treating heart failure.
Having a history of congenital heart disease can also increase the risk of a blood clot forming inside the heart and travelling up to the lungs or the brain. This can lead to a:
Medications are often used to prevent, dissolve or remove blood clots.
There is a small but significant risk of people with a history of congenital heart disease experiencing a sudden cardiac death (SCD).
It's estimated that 1 in every 1,000 adults with congenital heart disease will die suddenly in this way every year.
Identifying people at risk of a sudden death is difficult. Some heart rhythm problems are known to be high risk of this event and a device called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) will be inserted in such cases. This device is similar to a pacemaker and can deliver a pulse of electricity when required, which should stop your heart going into spasm.
However many people have a SCD without a rhythm problem being identified, so it remains a concern for most people with congenital heart disease.
Important: Our website provides useful information but is not a substitute for medical advice. You should always seek the advice of your doctor when making decisions about your health.