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I'm writing this to the white noise of the Atlantic Ocean surf crashing against the beach. Down the bar from me a couple is giggling their way through drinks heavy on the Caribbean rum and thick-sliced pineapple, but mostly I've tuned them out. It's the water I came outside to hear, the roar and rhythm I can't find anywhere near my home town in southeast Michigan.
Small carnival lights wink overhead while a venturesome gecko has made his way across my table to look for traces leftover from dinner. Someone has planted decorative palm trees, the kind that grow the bland, tasteless local coconuts, and across the patio the Caribbean Sea has begun to take on a faint aquamarine shimmer. It's my third night at the Condado Marriott in San Juan, my last because tomorrow the hotel is full.
I can't quite believe that just a few months ago this part of town was under four feet of water.
In October 2017, the islands of Puerto Rico were battered with two category five hurricanes in short order. Irma and Maria left little in their wake, overrunning water supplies and electricity so completely that more than half a year later line crews from across the United States are still working to turn the lights back on in villages across the interior. And in ways both big and small, life on Puerto Rico still bears the scars. Travelers in Luis Munoz Marin International Airport still occasionally hold their cell phones up in frustration, searching for a signal on the frequently overloaded network. Tarps dot the neighborhoods outside of San Juan where roofs still have not been reinstalled, and on the city streets many traffic signs are bent double, a reminder - among the music and Medalla beer - of what happened here.
Lingering damage from the storm is evident almost everywhere, but if it takes a highway sign ripped from the ground or a blue tarpaulin to remember the storms' damage, that's in part because the tourism industry here has worked so hard to repair and rebuild. As my guides from the island's tourism agency emphasized during my stay, Puerto Rico wants the world to see that it is open for business, and to a nearly comprehensive degree, that is very true.
The island has begun receiving visitors and tourists in astonishingly large numbers considering that many hotels and resorts only reopened to the public this March. Several have already hit capacity, and on my third attempt to rent a car, the clerk simply smiled and shook his head.
"Conference," he told me, and suggested I try the airport.
Most of Condado, one of San Juan's most popular neighborhoods, has reopened. What ongoing repair work remains is largely invisible, hidden behind screens and optimistic "opening soon" signs. Meanwhile Old San Juan, the city's tourist heart, appears almost unscathed. An incurious tourist might never know there was a hurricane in the stone heart of old Puerto Rico.
During an afternoon there I wandered the old town's trademark ash blue bricks, a legacy of utilitarianism. Spanish sugar ships used furnace slag from iron foundries as ballast, and when it was unloaded to replace with cargo they melted the slag back down to make bricks. This section of the city was built ringed by fortresses intended to protect a holding so lush that the island was literally named "Rich Port." Spanish colonial architecture gives the town that transplanted European look common to port cities from Hoi An to Quebec.
Most of the buildings here, too, have reopened, tripping their diners and salsa music out into the street. Jewelry stores offered free trinkets for disembarked cruise goers, eager to attract the temporary tourists. The storefronts and apartments that still have not reopened have signs up advertising rent in both cash and bitcoin (the latter to attract the burgeoning cryptocurrency scene in San Juan).
During the time it took me to have lunch in the old town at least two cruise ships docked, disgorging lanyard-clad passengers in numbers that made me instinctively look for a passing Visigoth. Immediately, again, it was easy to forget that anything had happened here at all.
Even where the world works, the damage remains. At the Hacienda Carabali I rode horseback up toward the El Yunque Rainforest. Our guide stopped to let us get water from the river, and pointed to a large bend up ahead.
"The river used to flow differently," he said. "There, it used to be a pool for swimming. Now, the hurricane has changed the river's course."
Our tour group marveled over the raw power of a storm that could change the course of a riverbed, then turned our attention to flecks of gold in the sand and watched as an iguana made its lazy way across the sun drenched rocks. As they say in Bangkok, 10,000 miles away, same same but different. The river is still here, and it's still lovely.
Some people here worry that the recovery is illusory. Government workers and contractors still flood the island, occupying hotel rooms and filling the restaurants. At the Taberna Lupulo beer bar, I searched in vain for someone to speak with who wasn't from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. I met Ryan, a contractor here to help the island rebuild its air traffic control system, who introduced me to his friends, all workers who have suspended their lives back home to spend months helping the island rebuild critical infrastructure. They fill the service industry and keep servers busy, but aid workers are not tourists.
What Puerto Rico's travel industry wants back are the tourists.
The question I came to Puerto Rico to answer was a simple one, is this island ready for tourists to come back? Until this trip I had never been here, nor even to anywhere in the Caribbean. As a travel writer, it's my job to look past the superficial and see the bones of a place, kind of like an architect seeing past ugly wallpaper if architects were marginally employed and called "taking a long walk" part of the work day.
On Puerto Rico that wasn't easy. It's too marvelous here. I haven't fallen in love with a place as quickly or completely since the first time I missed a ferry in Greece. While Old San Juan works hard to bludgeon you with fun, the island saves its best moments for the swaying dancers in La Placita and the supernaturally calm shores outside Fajardo town. Rum is fine but I'll take a powerfully spiced plate of mofogu, the island's trademark dish of fried plantains, every time.
Past the lights and the alcohol and an industry eager for fresh faces, the truth is that Puerto Rico is still wounded. You can see it in the ecology and the infrastructure and the way people still talk about the hurricane almost reflexively. "It was like a nuclear bomb had hit," was the way one resident described waking up during the morning after Hurricane Maria.
That doesn't go away fast. It will probably take years before Puerto Rico finishes completely cleaning up and rebuilding from the storms of 2017, and longer still before those hurricanes fade from living memory.
But that doesn't mean you shouldn't go. If anything, it should drive tourists in even greater numbers. Our fellow Americans on this island still need us. They need our footsteps and attention and, yes, our spending money.
That money would be very well spent. Puerto Rico is still beautiful, ferocious and lively.
Tourism makes up 7% of Puerto Rico's economy. (A distant follow up to manufacturing, which over the past several decades has almost entirely supplanted agriculture as the island's chief economic base.) It relies on sandy beaches and aquamarine waters to bring in that income. So if tourists are picking their enthusiasm back up, the local workers are more than ready for them.
"I just started work here a month ago after losing my job in the hurricane," a bartender told me as she cut limes, preparing for the hoped-for evening rush. It's a similar story to many. At bars and restaurants across the island I met staff who have been employed for little more than a few weeks. All of them say that they're eager to see vacationers come back to the island.
On Calle Loiza, often described as the Williamsburg of San Juan, the cafe Tresbe runs an outdoor bar in the greatest spirit of Jimmy Buffet (for good and ill). Picnic tables dot a small patio where diners sip on beer from plastic cups and harried waitresses served me empanadas with sweet and spicy tamarind sauce and a Coke.
The food was excellent, even if I could happily never hear another reggae beat in my life, but I was clearly the only tourist in the place. Servers eager for more like me showed up almost presciently each time sauce or soda ran low.
Even after coming for just a short work trip I found myself idly looking up spare apartments, wondering what it would cost to move here for a summer if I could talk my wife into island living, spicy food and green waters.
Puerto Rico has adopted the slogan that it is open for business, and it's entirely true. People may still be sweeping restocking the shelves and opening the shutters, but this island is back. And it is well worth a trip.


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27 Oct 2017 in Newsletter
New EU Practice Regarding Summons to Attend Oral Proceedings as First Action in Examination
Whenever objections are raised in the search opinion accompanying the European search report, the applicant of a European patent application must respond to the search opinion by filing amendments to the description, claims or drawings, and/or filing observations on the objections.
In the absence of objections in the search opinion, amendments to the description, claims or drawings, and/or observations may be voluntarily filed in response to the search opinion.
A similar procedure also applies to Euro-PCT applications for which the European Patent Office (EPO) prepares a supplementary European search report and a search opinion, e.g., PCT applications entered in the European phase for which the International Searching Authority (ISA) was an office other than the EPO.
If the EPO performed a search for a PCT application in its capacity as ISA, the EPO does not carry out a supplementary European search upon entry into the European phase. In this case, the EPO issues a Rule 161/162 communication, setting a six-month deadline for filing either a mandatory response or a voluntary response, depending on the content of the written opinion issued by the ISA.
The applicant's response to the search opinion or to the Rule 161/162 communication serves as the basis for examination, be it filed in response to search opinions requiring a response, or be it voluntarily filed in response to search opinions not requiring a response. The examining division takes these factors into account when drafting the first office action.
Under the current practice, the examining division always issues at least one office action setting a typical 4-month deadline for responding to any remaining objections and/or to any newly raised objections.
However, according to a new practice presented in the new Guidelines for Examination, which will enter into force on November 1, 2017, the examining division may decide to issue summons to oral proceedings as the first action in examination proceedings. Although this should be an exceptional case, applicants should be aware that the examining division may now decide to issue summons to oral proceedings without first issuing an office action whenever the two following conditions are applicable:
- when the content of the claims on file is not substantially different to the content of the claims which served as a basis for the search, and
- when one or more of the objections raised in the search opinion which are crucial to the outcome of the examination procedure still apply.
A decision to refuse the application cannot be issued without a first office action in examination having been sent, or oral proceedings having been held. This means that the examining division may not refuse the application directly after the response to the search opinion, even if the objections raised in the search opinion remain the same and there is no pending request for oral proceedings. However, in order to avoid the issue of summons to oral proceedings directly after the response to the search opinion, applicants should carefully consider a way to substantially improve their position when responding to the search opinion.
When an applicant is summoned to oral proceedings, arguments and amendments may be filed within the deadline for making written submissions in preparation for the oral proceedings indicated in the summons. If the written submissions contain a genuine effort to overcome all examining division's objections, the oral proceedings may be cancelled. Otherwise, a decision on the substance of the application is taken during the oral proceedings, even if the applicant does not attend them.

subset: commoncrawl


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I joined myspace
Yeah, apparently everyone already has an account. I'm myspace.com/eclectech which wasn't the first choice, but I'm happy. I kinda like it already, not as much as tabula rasa as with your own website, but you CAN enter html in every text box, which ups the techo ante, which I like.
I don't know who this Tom guy is, but he gets around. I think he's either a computer virus or the bird flu that is just going around. In either case, he can keep his distance.
I'll keep you posted on what happens at OSU.


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After 10 years and nearly 10,000 rushing yards, Chris Johnson has decided to call it a career.
The former Titans, Jets and Cardinals running back issued the statement through his agents.
"After a great deal of thought and consideration, I have decided to close this chapter of my life and look forward to the new possibilities that have been afforded to me," he wrote.
Johnson had one of the most brilliant individual seasons in league history for the Titans in 2009, rushing for 2,006 yards and finishing with 2,509 yards from scrimmage. He was also the fastest man in the league for some time, as he set a record for the combine 40-yard dash at 4.24 seconds in 2008.
All news
Week 5 at Philadelphia Eagles
Chris Johnson keeps getting touches, but he hasn't been particularly effective with them. He had 13 carries last week for only 32 yards, and he's averaging a paltry 2.6 yards on 36 attempts so far this season.
The Eagles have given up 3 rushing touchdowns so far this year, but only Denver has allowed less rushing yards per game so far this season, and they've been far more effective stopping the run than the pass this season. Johnson always has potential because of his workload, but he's a desperation starter at best.
Past Scouting Reports
4for4 Fantasy Football. Copyright © Intense Industries, LLC. All rights reserved.


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Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Publication Date: October 14, 2015
Binding: Kobo eBook
Availability: eBook
Essay from the year 2009 in the subject Communications - Journalism, Journalism Professions, grade: 5,0 => 1,0 (s. Anm.), University of Helsinki (Communications), course: Current Issues in Journalism, language: English, abstract: The Mohammed cartoons, torture photos from Abu Ghraib, videos from school shooting, and pictures from dead bodies in the London terrorist attacks taken by other victims are visual contents that we all had to deal with in the last years. The discussions on the changes for journalists caused by digitalization are ubiquitous. But mostly they focus on decreasing readership numbers, how to reconnect with the public, and on grassroots journalism. Ethical questions usually are concerned with issues such as tabloidization, sensationalism, and emotionalization- in short, quality loss in journalism. Journalistic codes are updated and adapted to the new demands. Other societal debates concentrate on possible negative influences of pictures in news media, video games, music videos, and such- usually containing violence and/or sex. But there is a lack of discourse on ethical challenges concerning photojournalism. During or after a tragedy like school shootings there is lots of talk but the ferocity of those arguments is neither reflected in professional debates of journalists on ethics in photojournalism nor in journalistic codes. However, those issues are gaining importance proportional to the rising significance cameras, picture taking, and visual media in people's lives. This essay therefore is summarizing current debates about journalism ethics, focusing on visual media. Those issues are illustrated with two examples: the Mohammed cartoon-incident and school shootings at the Virginia Tech University, USA and in Jokela, Finland. The question to be answered is what problems exist concerning ethical issues in photojournalism and how they possibly could be improved.


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Nubby Wool Baseball Jersey
$298.00 $425.00
Taking risks is good, for your self and for your style, so go out on a limb with the bold message on these solid gold studs. The gold-obsessed team at our jewelry store, No. 3, made these for us, letting us bring our favorite phrases to life in the coolest way possible. The obvious asymmetry and flowing script helps these studs—and you—stand out from the crowd, while still keeping things subtle.


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Benchtops should be made of a solid and durable material such as stone, as they are often the most used irrespective of the place of installation. Stone benchtops are perpetual in most part of a home, such as a kitchen, bathroom, and even in an outdoor kitchen. They are hard wearing and give dazzling look after installation, and hence are so popular. When it comes to price, a stone is definitely at the upper end, so it is important to get an idea about it before considering stone countertops. You need to be aware that there are two types of stone countertops; natural and engineered stone. Granite and marble are the two most commonly used natural stone kitchen benchtops. They tend to be slightly more expensive than engineered stones.
Properties Of Natural Stone Benchtops
Marble is a natural stone that has been in use for construction or building structures throughout history. The main reason for this is its unique look, robustness, and longevity. Marble stone benchtops have a peculiar virtue of collaborating durability and strength. Its tenuous color variation also enhances the visual appeal of your kitchen. Granite is a tough and hard surfaced igneous rock. In fact, this is cut using diamond. A polished form of granite is used in benchtops. This stone is scratch resistant and can stand up to mold and mildew build up. Overall, add a little luxury to your kitchen or bathroom with stone benchtops. These benchtops offer functionality along with aesthetics. These benchtops are ideal for cooking, washing, or simply sit while enjoying a glass of wine. The following are some of the advantages of stone countertops.
Reasons For Choosing Stone Benchtops:
As mentioned above, stone kitchen benchtops are possibly the most used surface in the kitchen. These come in different styles and patterns. Adding a stone benchtop to your kitchen will give a unique and elegant look. There are several benefits that can be obtained by installing a kitchen stone benchtop; below are some of the top benefits:
#1 Durability:
Natural stones such as granite are one of the sturdy and robust materials and are highly durable. Even though stone benchtops are little more expensive than other benchtop materials, they are worth the investment as they are heat-resistant and long-lasting. So, if you want your benchtop to last lifelong, then the stone is an ideal choice of material.
#2 Quality:
This is one of the obvious benefits of the stone benchtop. Stones such as granite and marble comes with high quality, delivering a classy look and long life. So, it is not only a good countertop for your kitchen or bathroom but also a good investment for your home, elevating its overall value.
#3 Aesthetics:
Stone benchtops increase aesthetic value of the kitchen, adding a unique appeal and luxury. Stone is a popular material choice for benchtops as it comes in a wide range of colors and styles; marble, granite, Caesarstone, limestone, and more. Stone countertops offer a beautiful investment in any part of the home and can compliment any home decor.
#4 Easy to keep clean:
Unlike other materials such as tiles, stone countertops don't have fissures, so it is incredibly easy to clean and you need not worry about permanent tough stains as it can be cleaned just by using soap water.
#5 Scratch resistant:
There's always a chance of accidentally dropping sharp objects such as a knife on the kitchen benchtop. Installing stone benchtops ensures that your kitchen benchtop will be left with no scratch even if you drop knives a thousand times. As they are made from one of the toughest materials, they're scratch resistant. Considering all these benefits, we can conclude that stone is a great choice of material if you want to increase the value of your home by investing a little more on a quality benchtop.


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Consolidated chooses ERI for Red Gate replacement
Consolidated Water Co Ltd has chosen Energy Recovery Inc's PX devices to replace the existing DWEER energy-recovery technology in a refit for the Red Gate desalination plant on Grand Cayman Island.Following the refit, the plant, built in 1989 by Consolidated, will deliver more than 4,900 m³/d.
The decision to replace the DWEER devices with PX units was based on reliability and overall lifecycle cost, says ERI.
"SWRO desalination has been an integral part of Grand Cayman's water supply for years but in order to sustain the process long-term it is important that the cost of producing potable water be kept to a minimum," said Borja Blanco, senior vice president of ERI. "Downtime due to equipment failure is a dual problem in a desalination facility, as you have to spend time and money to resolve issues, while your revenue stream is interrupted by the lack of production."
© Faversham House Group Ltd 2010. Water. desalination + reuse news articles may be copied or forwarded for individual use only. No other reproduction or distribution is permitted without prior written consent.


text: This study combines econometrics and agent-based modelling to evaluate the impacts of a range of pesticide use reduction strategies in the context of Thai highland agriculture. Pesticide productivity and pesticide overuse are quantified, while determinants of the adoption of innovations in pesticide use reduction are estimated. On that basis, the Mathematical Programming-based Multi Agent System (MPMAS), a bio-economic simulation model, is used to ex-ante assess the adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in combination with a series of market-based instruments that boost the transition to more sustainable pest control practices. The MPMAS simulation results demonstrate that, over five years, it is possible to bring down levels of pesticide use significantly without income trade-offs for farm agents. A proportional tax, increasing the price of synthetic pesticides by 50% on average, together with bio-pesticide subsidies for IPM proves to be the most cost-effective and practicable policy package. IPM practices are adopted by up to 75% of farm agents and pesticide use reductions reach up to 34%.


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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Harvey, William
HARVEY, WILLIAM (1578–1657), English physician, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, was the eldest son of Thomas Harvey, a prosperous Kentish yeoman, and was born at Folkestone on the 1st of April 1578. After passing through the grammar school of Canterbury, on the 31st of May 1593, having just entered his sixteenth year, he became a pensioner of Caius College, Cambridge, at nineteen he took his B.A. degree, and soon after, having chosen the profession of medicine, he went to study at Padua under H. Fabricius and Julius Casserius. At the age of twenty-four Harvey became doctor of medicine, in April 1602. Returning to England in the first year of James I., he settled in London; and two years later he married the daughter of Dr Lancelot Browne, who had been physician to Queen Elizabeth. In the same year he became a candidate of the Royal College of Physicians, and was duly admitted a fellow (June 1607). In 1609 he obtained the reversion of the post of physician to St Bartholomew's hospital. His application was supported by the king himself and by Dr Henry Atkins (1558–1635), the president of the college, and on the death of Dr Wilkinson in the course of the same year he succeeded to the post. He was thrice censor of the college, and in 1615 was appointed Lumleian lecturer.
In 1616 he began his course of lectures, and first brought forward his views upon the movements of the heart and blood. Meantime his practice increased, and he had the lord chancellor, Francis Bacon, and the earl of Arundel among his patients. In 1618 he was appointed physician extraordinary to James I., and on the next vacancy physician in ordinary to his successor. In 1628, the year of the publication of the Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis, he was elected treasurer of the College of Physicians, but at the end of the following year he resigned the office, in order, by command of Charles I., to accompany the young duke of Lennox (James Stuart, afterwards duke of Richmond) on his travels. He appears to have visited Italy, and returned in 1632. Four years later he accompanied the earl of Arundel on his embassy to the emperor Ferdinand II. He was eager in collecting objects of natural history, sometimes causing the earl anxiety for his safety by his excursions in a country infested by robbers in consequence of the Thirty Years' War. In a letter written on this journey, he says: "By the way we could scarce see a dogg, crow, kite, raven, or any bird, or anything to anatomise; only sum few miserable people, the reliques of the war and the plague, whom famine had made anatomies before I came." Having returned to his practice in London at the close of the year 1636, he accompanied Charles I. in one of his journeys to Scotland (1639 or 1641). While at Edinburgh he visited the Bass Rock; he minutely describes its abundant population of sea-fowl in his treatise De generatione, and incidentally speaks of the account then credited of the solan goose growing on trees as a fable. He was in attendance on the king at the battle of Edgehill (October 1642), where he withdrew under a hedge with the prince of Wales and the duke of York (then boys of twelve and ten years old), "and took out of his pocket a book and read. But he had not read very long before a bullet of a great gun grazed on the ground near him, which made him remove his station," as he afterwards told John Aubrey. After the indecisive battle, Harvey followed Charles I. to Oxford, "where," writes the same gossiping narrator, "I first saw him, but was then too young to be acquainted with so great a doctor. I remember he came several times to our college (Trinity) to George Bathurst, B.D. who had a hen to hatch eggs in his chamber, which they opened daily to see the progress and way of generation." In Oxford he remained three years, and there was some chance of his being superseded in his office at St Bartholomew's hospital, "because he hath withdrawn himself from his charge, and is retired to the party in arms against the Parliament." It was no doubt at this time that his lodgings at Whitehall were searched, and not only the furniture seized but also invaluable manuscripts and anatomical preparations.[1]
While with the king at Oxford he was made warden of Merton College, but a year later, in 1646, that city surrendered to Fairfax, and Harvey returned to London. He was now sixty-eight years old, and, having resigned his appointments and relinquished the cares of practice, lived in learned retirement with one or other of his brothers. It was in his brother Daniel's house at Combe that Dr (afterwards Sir George) Ent, a faithful friend and disciple (1604–1689), visited him in 1650. "I found him," he says, "with a cheerful and sprightly countenance investigating, like Democritus, the nature of things. Asking if all were well with him—'How can that be,' he replied, 'when the state is so agitated with storms and I myself am yet in the open sea? And indeed, were not my mind solaced by my studies and the recollection of the observations I have formerly made, there is nothing which should make me desirous of a longer continuance. But thus employed, this obscure life and vacation from public cares which would disgust other minds is the medicine of mine.'" The work on which he had been chiefly engaged at Oxford, and indeed since the publication of his treatise on the circulation in 1628, was an investigation into the recondite but deeply interesting subject of generation. Charles I. had been an enlightened patron of Harvey's studies, had put the royal deer parks at Windsor and Hampton Court at his disposal, and had watched his demonstration of the growth of the chick with no less interest than the movements of the living heart. Harvey had now collected a large number of observations, though he would probably have delayed their publication. But Ent succeeded in obtaining the manuscripts, with authority to print them or not as he should find them. "I went from him," he says, "like another Jason in possession of the golden fleece, and when I came home and perused the pieces singly, I was amazed that so vast a treasure should have been so long hidden." The result was the publication of the Exercitationes de generatione (1651).
This was the last of Harvey's labours. He had now reached his seventy-third year. His theory of the circulation had been opposed and defended, and was now generally accepted by the most eminent anatomists both in his own country and abroad. He was known and honoured throughout Europe, and his own college (Caius) voted a statue in his honour (1652) viro monumentis suis immortali. In 1654 he was elected to the highest post in his profession, that of president of the college; but the following day he met the assembled fellows, and, declining the honour for himself on account of the infirmities of age, recommended the re-election of the late president Dr Francis Prujean (1593–1666). He accepted, however, the office of consiliarius, which he again held in the two following years. He had already enriched the college with other gifts besides the honour of his name. He had raised for them "a noble building of Roman architecture (rustic work with Corinthian pilasters), comprising a great parlour or conversation room below and a library above"; he had furnished the library with books, and filled the museum with "simples and rarities," as well as with specimens of instruments used in the surgical and obstetric branches of medicine. At last he determined to give to his beloved college his paternal estate at Burmarsh in Kent. His wife had died some years before, his brothers were wealthy men, and he was childless, so that he was defrauding no heir when, in July 1656, he made the transfer of this property, then valued at £56 per annum, with provision for a salary to the college librarian and for the endowment of an annual oration, which is still given on the anniversary of the day. The orator, so Harvey orders in his deed of gift, is to exhort the fellows of the college "to search out and study the secrets of nature by way of experiment, and also for the honour of the profession to continue mutual love and affection among themselves."
Harvey, like his contemporary and great successor Thomas Sydenham, was long afflicted with gout, but he preserved his activity of mind to an advanced age. In his eightieth year, on the 3rd of June 1657, he was attacked by paralysis, and though deprived of speech was able to send for his nephews and distribute his watch, ring, and other personal trinkets among them. He died the same evening, "the palsy giving him an easy passport," and was buried with great honour in his brother Eliab's vault at Hempstead in Essex, annorum et famae satur. In 1883 the lead coffin containing his remains was enclosed in a marble sarcophagus and moved to the Harvey chapel within the church.
John Aubrey, to whom we owe most of the minor particulars about Harvey which have been preserved, says: "In person he was not tall, but of the lowest stature, round faced, olivaster complexion, little eyes, round, very black, full of spirits; his hair black as a raven, but quite white twenty years before he died." The best portrait of him extant is by Cornelius Jansen in the library of the College of Physicians, one of those rescued from the great fire, which destroyed their original hall in 1666. It has been often engraved, and is prefixed to the fine edition of his works published in 1766.
Harvey's Work on the Circulation.—In estimating the character and value of the discovery announced in the Exercitatio de motu cordis et sanguinis, it is necessary to bear in mind the previous state of knowledge on the subject. Aristotle taught that in man and the higher animals the blood was elaborated from the food in the liver, thence carried to the heart, and sent by it through the veins over the body. His successors of the Alexandrian school of medicine, Erasistratus and Herophilus, further elaborated his system, and taught that, while the veins carried blood from the heart to the members, the arteries carried a subtle kind of air or spirit. For the practical physician only two changes had been made in this theory of the circulation between the Christian era and the 16th century. Galen had discovered that the arteries were not, as their name implies, merely air-pipes, but that they contained blood as well as vital air or spirit. And it had been gradually ascertained that the nerves (νεῦρα) which arose from the brain and conveyed "animal spirits" to the body were different from the tendons or sinews (νεῦρα) which attach muscles to bones. First, then, the physicians of the time of Thomas Linacre knew that the blood is not stagnant in the body. So did Shakespeare and Homer, and every augur who inspected the entrails of a victim, and every village barber who breathed a vein. Plato even uses the expression to τὸ αἷμα κατὰ πάντα τὰ μέλη σφοδρῶς περιφέρεσθαι. But no one had a conception of a continuous stream returning to its source (a circulation in the true sense of the word) either in the system or in the lungs. If they used the word circulatio, as did Caesalpinus,[2] it was as vaguely as the French policeman cries "Circulez." The movements of the blood were in fact thought to be slow and irregular in direction as well as in speed, like the "circulation" of air in a house, or the circulation of a crowd in the streets of a city. Secondly, they supposed that one kind of blood flowed from the liver to the right ventricle of the heart, and thence to the lungs and the general system by the veins, and that another kind flowed from the left ventricle to the lungs and general system by the arteries. Thirdly, they supposed that the septum of the heart was pervious and allowed blood to pass directly from the right to the left side. Fourthly, they had no conception of the functions of the heart as the motor power of the movement of the blood. They doubted whether its substance was muscular; they supposed its pulsation to be due to expansion of the spirits it contained; they believed the only dynamic effect which it had on the blood to be sucking it in during its active diastole, and they supposed the chief use of its constant movements to be the due mixture of blood and spirits.
Of the great anatomists of the 16th century, Sylvius (In Hipp. et Gal. phys. partem anatom. isagoge) described the valves of the veins; Vesalius (De humani corporis fabrica, 1542) ascertained that the septum between the right and left ventricles is complete, though he could not bring himself to deny the invisible pores which Galen's system demanded. Servetus, in his Christianismi restitutio (1553), goes somewhat farther than his fellow-student Vesalius, and says: "Paries ille medius non est aptus ad communicationem et elaborationem illam; licet aliquid resudare possit"; and, from this anatomical fact and the large size of the pulmonary arteries he concludes that there is a communication in the lungs by which blood passes from the pulmonary artery to the pulmonary vein: "Eodem artificio quo in hepate fit transfusio a vena porta ad venam cavam propter sanguinem, fit etiam in pulmone transfusio a vena arteriosa ad arteriam venosam propter spiritum." The natural spirit of the left side and the vital spirit of the right side of the heart were therefore, he concluded, practically the same, and hence two instead of three distinct spiritus should be admitted. It seems doubtful whether even Servetus rightly conceived of the entire mass of the blood passing through the pulmonary artery and the lungs. The transference of the spiritus naturalis to the lungs, and its return to the left ventricle as spiritus vitalis, was the function which he regarded as important. Indeed a true conception of the lesser circulation as a transference of the whole blood of the right side to the left was impossible until the corresponding transference in the greater or systematic circulation was discovered. Servetus, however, was the true predecessor of Harvey in physiology, and his claims to that honour are perfectly authentic and universally admitted.[3] The way then to Harvey's great work had been paved by the discovery of the valves in the veins, and by that of the lesser circulation—the former due to Sylvius and Fabricius, the latter to Servetus—but the significance of the valves was unsuspected and the fact of even the pulmonary circulation was not generally admitted in its full meaning.
In his treatise Harvey proves (1) that it is the contraction, not the dilatation, of the heart which coincides with the pulse, and that the ventricles as true muscular sacs squeeze the blood which they contain into the aorta and pulmonary artery; (2) that the pulse is not produced by the arteries enlarging and so filling, but by the arteries being filled with blood and so enlarging; (3) that there are no pores in the septum of the heart, so that the whole blood in the right ventricle is sent to the lungs and round by the pulmonary veins to the left ventricle, and also that the whole blood in the left ventricle is again sent into the arteries, round by the smaller veins into the venae cavae, and by them to the right ventricle again—thus making a complete "circulation"; (4) that the blood in the arteries and that in the veins is the same blood; (5) that the action of the right and left sides of the heart, auricles, ventricles and valves, is the same, the mechanism in both being for reception and propulsion of liquid and not of air, since the blood on the right side, though mixed with air, is still blood; (6) that the blood sent through the arteries to the tissues is not all used, but that most of it runs through into the veins; (7) that there is no to and fro undulation in the veins, but a constant stream from the distant parts towards the heart; (8) that the dynamical starting-point of the blood is the heart and not the liver.
The method by which Harvey arrived at his complete and almost faultless solution of the most fundamental and difficult problem in physiology has been often discussed, and is well worthy of attention. He begins his treatise by pointing out the many inconsistencies and defects in the Galenical theory, quoting the writings of Galen himself, of Fabricius, Columbus and others, with great respect, but with unflinching criticism. For, in his own noble language, wise men must learn anatomy, not from the decrees of philosophers, but from the fabric of nature herself, "nec ita in verba jurare antiquitatis magistrae, ut veritatem amicam in apertis relinquant, et in conspectu omnium deserant." He had, as we know, not only furnished himself with all the knowledge that books and the instructions of the best anatomists of Italy could give, but, by a long series of dissections, had gained a far more complete knowledge of the comparative anatomy of the heart and vessels than any contemporary—we may almost say than any successor—until the times of John Hunter and J. F. Meckel. Thus equipped, he tells us that he began his investigations into the movements of the heart and blood by looking at them—i.e. by seeing their action in living animals. After a modest preface, he heads his first chapter "Ex vivorum dissectione, qualis sit cordis motus." He minutely describes what he saw and handled in dogs, pigs, serpents, frogs and fishes, and even in slugs, oysters, lobsters and insects, in the transparent minima squilla, "quae Anglice dicitur a shrimp," and lastly in the chick while still in the shell. In these investigations he used a perspicillum or simple lens. He particularly describes his observations and experiments on the ventricles, the auricles, the arteries and the veins. He shows how the arrangement of the vessels in the foetus supports his theory. He adduces facts observed in disease as well as in health to prove the rapidity of the circulation. He explains how the mechanism of the valves in the veins is adapted, not, as Fabricius believed, to moderate the flow of blood from the heart, but to favour its flow to the heart. He estimates the capacity of each ventricle, and reckons the rate at which the whole mass of blood passes through it. He elaborately and clearly demonstrates the effect of obstruction of the blood-stream in arteries or in veins, by the forceps in the case of a snake, by a ligature on the arm of a man, and illustrates his argument by figures. He then sums up his conclusion thus: "Circulari quodam motu, in circuitu, agitari in animalibus sanguinem, et esse in perpetuo motu; et hanc esse actionem sive functionem cordis quam pulsu peragit; et omnino motus et pulsus cordis causam unam esse." Lastly, in the 15th, 16th and 17th chapters, he adds certain confirmatory evidence, as the effect of position on the circulation, the absorption of animal poisons and of medicines applied externally, the muscular structure of the heart and the necessary working of its valves. The whole treatise, which occupies only 67 pages of large print in the quarto edition of 1766, is a model of accurate observation, patient accumulation of facts, ingenious experimentation, bold yet cautious hypothesis and logical deduction.
In one point only was the demonstration of the circulation incomplete. Harvey could not discover the capillary channels by which the blood passes from the arteries to the veins. This gap in the circulation was supplied several years later by the great anatomist Marcello Malpighi, who in 1661 saw in the lungs of a frog, by the newly invented microscope, how the blood passes from the one set of vessels to the other. Harvey saw all that could be seen by the unaided eye in his observations on living animals; Malpighi, four years after Harvey's death, by another observation on a living animal, completed the splendid chain of evidence. If this detracts from Harvey's merit it leaves Servetus no merit at all. But in fact the existence of the channels first seen by Malpighi was as clearly pointed to by Harvey's reasoning as the existence of Neptune by the calculations of Leverrier and of Adams.
Harvey himself and all his contemporaries were well aware of the novelty and importance of his theory. He says in the admirable letter to Dr Argent, president of the College of Physicians, which follows the dedication of his treatise to Charles I., that he should not have ventured to publish "a book which alone asserts that the blood pursues its course and flows back again by a new path, contrary to the received doctrine taught so many ages by innumerable learned and illustrious men," if he had not set forth his theory for more than nine years in his college lectures, gradually brought it to perfection, and convinced his colleagues by actual demonstrations of the truth of what he advanced. He anticipates opposition, and even obloquy or loss, from the novelty of his views. These anticipations, however, the event proved to have been groundless. If we are to credit Aubrey indeed, he found that after the publication of the De motu "he fell mightily in his practice; 'twas believed by the vulgar that he was crackbrained, and all the physicians were against him." But the last assertion is demonstrably untrue; and if apothecaries and patients ever forsook him, they must soon have returned, for Harvey left a handsome fortune. By his own profession the book was received as it deserved. So novel a doctrine was not to be accepted without due inquiry, but his colleagues had heard his lectures and seen his demonstrations for years; they were already convinced of the truth of his theory, urged its publication, continued him in his lectureship, and paid him every honour in their power. In other countries the book was widely read and much canvassed. Few accepted the new theory; but no one dreamt of claiming the honour of it for himself, nor for several years did any one pretend that it could be found in the works of previous authors. The first attack on it was a feeble tract by one James Primerose, a pupil of Jean Riolan (Exerc. et animadv. in libr. Harvei de motu cord. et sang., 1630). Five years later Parisanus, an Italian physician, published his Lapis Lydius de motu cord. et sang. (Venice, 1635), a still more bulky and futile performance. Primerose's attacks were "imbellia pleraque" and "sine ictu"; that of Parisanus "in quamplurimis turpius," according to the contemporary judgment of Johann Vessling. Their dulness has protected them from further censure. Caspar Hoffmann, professor at Nuremberg, while admitting the truth of the lesser circulation in the full Harveian sense, denied the rest of the new doctrine. To him the English anatomist replied in a short letter, still extant, with great consideration yet with modest dignity, beseeching him to convince himself by actual inspection of the truth of the facts in question. He concludes: "I accept your censure in the candid and friendly spirit in which you say you wrote it; do you also the same to me, now that I have answered you in the same spirit." This letter is dated May 1636, and in that year Harvey passed through Nuremberg with the earl of Arundel, and visited Hoffmann. But he failed to convince him; "nec tamen valuit Harveius vel coram," writes P. M. Schlegel, who, however, afterwards succeeded in persuading the obstinate old Galenist to soften his opposition to the new doctrine, and thinks that his complete conversion might have been effected if he had but lived a little longer—"nec dubito quin concessisset tandem in nostra castra." While in Italy the following year Harvey visited his old university of Padua, and demonstrated his views to Professor Vessling. A few months later this excellent anatomist wrote him a courteous and sensible letter, with certain objections to the new theory. The answer to this has not been preserved, but it convinced his candid opponent, who admitted the truth of the circulation in a second letter (both were published in 1640), and afterwards told a friend, "Harveium nostrum si audis, agnosces coelestem sanguinis et spiritus ingressum ex arteriis per venas in dextrum cordis sinum." Meanwhile a greater convert, R. Descartes, in his Discours sur la méthode (1637) had announced his adhesion to the new doctrine, and refers to "the English physician to whom belongs the honour of having first shown that the course of the blood in the body is nothing less than a kind of perpetual movement in a circle." J. Walaeus of Leyden, H. Regius of Utrecht and Schlegel of Hamburg successively adopted the new physiology. Of these professors, Regius was mauled by the pertinacious Primerose and mauled him in return (Spongia qua eluuntur sordes quae Jac. Primirosius, &c., and Antidotum adv. Spongiam venenatam Henr. Regii). Descartes afterwards repeated Harvey's vivisections, and, more convinced than ever, demolished Professor V. F. Plempius of Louvain, who had written on the other side. George Ent also published an Apologia pro circulatione sanguinis in answer to Parisanus.
At last Jean Riolan ventured to publish his Enchiridium anatomicum (1648), in which he attacks Harvey's theory, and proposes one of his own. Riolan had accompanied the queen dowager of France (Maria de' Medici) on a visit to her daughter at Whitehall, and had there met Harvey and discussed his theory. He was, in the opinion of the judicious Haller, "vir asper et in nuperos suosque coaevos immitis ac nemini parcens, nimis avidus suarum laudum praeco, et se ipso fatente anatomicorum princeps." Harvey replied to the Enchiridium with perfectly courteous language and perfectly conclusive arguments, in two letters De circulatione sanguinis, which were published at Cambridge in 1649, and are still well worth reading. He speaks here of the "circuitus sanguinis a me inventus." Riolan was unconvinced, but lived to see another professor of anatomy appointed in his own university who taught Harvey's doctrines. Even in Italy, Trullius, professor of anatomy at Rome, expounded the new doctrine in 1651. But the most illustrious converts were Jean Pecquet of Dieppe, the discoverer of the thoracic duct, and of the true course of the lacteal vessels, and Thomas Bartholinus of Copenhagen, in his Anatome ex omnium veterum recentiorumque observationibus, imprimis institutionibus beati mei parentis Caspari Bartholini, ad circulationem Harveianam et vasa lymphatica renovata (Leiden, 1651). At last Plempius also retracted all his objections; for, as he candidly stated, "having opened the bodies of a few living dogs, I find that all Harvey's statements are perfectly true." Hobbes of Malmesbury could thus say in the preface to his Elementa philosophiae that his friend Harvey, "solus quod sciam, doctrinam novam superata invidia vivens stabilivit."
It has been made a reproach to Harvey that he failed to appreciate the importance of the discoveries of the lacteal and lymphatic vessels by G. Aselli, J. Pecquet and C. Bartholinus. In three letters on the subject, one to Dr R. Morison of Paris (1652) and two to Dr Horst of Darmstadt (1655), a correspondent of Bartholin's, he discusses these observations, and shows himself unconvinced of their accuracy. He writes, however, with great moderation and reasonableness, and excuses himself from investigating the subject further on the score of the infirmities of age; he was then above seventy-four. The following quotation shows the spirit of these letters: "Laudo equidem summopere Pecqueti aliorumque in indaganda veritate industriam singularem, nec dubito quin multa adhuc in Democriti puteo abscondita sint, a venturi saeculi indefatigabili diligentia expromenda." Bartholin, though reasonably disappointed in not having Harvey's concurrence, speaks of him with the utmost respect, and generously says that the glory of discovering the movements of the heart and of the blood was enough for one man.
his friend to publish this book in 1651. It is between five and six times as long as the Exerc. de motu cord. et sang., and is followed by excursus De partu, De uteri membranis, De conceptione; but, though the fruit of as patient and extensive observations, its value is far inferior. The subject was far more abstruse, and in fact inaccessible to proper investigation without the aid of the microscope. And the field was almost untrodden since the days of Aristotle. Fabricius, Harvey's master, in his work De formatione ovi et pulli (1621), had alone preceded him in modern times. Moreover, the seventy-two chapters which form the book lack the co-ordination so conspicuous in the earlier treatise, and some of them seem almost like detached chapters of a system which was never completed or finally revised.
Aristotle had believed that the male parent furnished the body of the future embryo, while the female only nourished and formed the seed; this is in fact the theory on which, in the Eumenides of Aeschylus, Apollo obtains the acquittal of Orestes. Galen taught almost as erroneously that each parent contributes seeds, the union of which produced the young animal. Harvey, after speaking with due honour of Aristotle and Fabricius, begins rightly "ab ovo"; for, as he remarks, "eggs cost little and are always and everywhere to be had," and moreover "almost all animals, even those which bring forth their young alive, and man himself, are produced from eggs" ("omnia omnino animalia, etiam vivipara, atque hominem adeo ipsum, ex ovo progigni"). This dictum, usually quoted as "omne vivurn ex ovo," would alone stamp this work as worthy of the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, but it was a prevision of genius, and was not proved to be a fact until K. E. von Baer discovered the mammalian ovum in 1827. Harvey proceeds with a careful anatomical description of the ovary and oviduct of the hen, describes the new-laid egg, and then gives an account of the appearance seen on the successive days of incubation, from the 1st to the 6th, the 10th and the 14th, and lastly describes the process of hatching. He then comments upon and corrects the opinions of Aristotle and Fabricius, declares against spontaneous generation (though in one passage he seems to admit the current doctrine of production of worms by putrefaction as an exception), proves that there is no semen foemineum, that the chalazae of the hen's eggs are not the semen galli, and that both parents contribute to the formation of the egg. He describes accurately the first appearance of the ovarian ova as mere specks, their assumption of yelk and afterwards of albumen. In chapter xlv. he describes two methods of production of the embryo from the ovum: one is metamorphosis, or the direct transformation of pre-existing material, as a worm from an egg, or a butterfly from an aurelia (chrysalis); the other is epigenesis, or development with addition of parts, the true generation observed in all higher animals. Chapters xlvi.-l. are devoted to the abstruse question of the efficient cause of generation, which, after much discussion of the opinions of Aristotle and of Sennertius, Harvey refers to the action of both parents as the efficient instruments of the first great cause.[4] He then goes on to describe the order in which the several parts appear in the chick. He states that the punctum saliens or foetal heart is the first organ to be seen, and explains that the nutrition of the chick is not only effected by yelk conveyed directly into the midgut, as Aristotle taught, but also by absorption from yelk and white by the umbilical (omphalomeseraic) veins; on the fourth day of incubation appear two masses (which he oddly names vermiculus), one of which develops into three vesicles, to form the cerebrum, cerebellum and eyes, the other into the breastbone and thorax; on the sixth or seventh day come the viscera, and lastly, the feathers and other external parts. Harvey points out how nearly this order of development in the chick agrees with what he had observed in mammalian and particularly in human embryos. He notes the bifid apex of the foetal heart in man and the equal thickness of the ventricles, the soft cartilages which represent the future bones, the large amount of liquor amnii and absence of placenta which characterize the foetus in the third month; in the fourth the position of the testes in the abdomen, and the uterus with its Fallopian tubes resembling the uterus bicornis of the sheep; the large thymus; the caecum, small as in the adult, not forming a second stomach as in the pig, the horse and the hare; the lobulated kidneys, like those of the seal ("vitulo," sc. marino) and porpoise, and the large suprarenal veins, not much smaller than those of the kidneys (li.-lvi). He failed, however, to trace the connexion of the urachus with the bladder. In the following chapters (lxiii.-lxxii.) he describes the process of generation in the fallow deer or the roe. After again insisting that all animals arise from ova, that a "conception" is an internal egg and an egg an extruded conception, he goes on to describe the uterus of the doe, the process of impregnation, and the subsequent development of the foetus and its membranes, the punctum saliens, the cotyledons of the placenta, and the "uterine milk," to which Sir William Turner recalled attention in later years. The treatise concludes with detached notes on the placenta, parturition and allied subjects.
Harvey's other Writings and Medical Practice.—The remaining writings of Harvey which are extant are unimportant. A complete list of them will be found below, together with the titles of those which we know to be lost. Of these the most important were probably that on respiration, and the records of post-mortem examinations. From the following passage (De partu, p. 550) it seems that he had a notion of respiration being connected rather with the production of animal heat than, as then generally supposed, with the cooling of the blood. "Haec qui diligenter perpenderit, naturamque aeris diligenter introspexerit, facile opinor fatebitur eundem nec refrigerationis gratia nec in pabulum animalibus concedi. Haec autem obiter duntaxat de respiratione diximus, proprio loco de eadem forsitan copiosius disceptaturi."
Of Harvey as a practising physician we know very little. Aubrey tells us that "he paid his visits on horseback with a foot-cloth, his man following on foot, as the fashion then was." He adds—"Though all of his profession would allow him to be an excellent anatomist, I never heard any that admired his therapeutic way. I knew several practitioners that would not have given threepence for one of his bills" (the apothecaries used to collect physicians' prescriptions and sell or publish them to their own profit), "and that a man could hardly tell by his bill what he did aim at." However this may have been,—and rational therapeutics was impossible when the foundation stone of physiology had only just been laid,—we know that Harvey was an active practitioner, performing such important surgical operations as the removal of a breast, and he turned his obstetric experience to account in his book on generation. Some good practical precepts as to the conduct of labour are quoted by Percivall Willughby (1596–1685). He also took notes of the anatomy of disease; these unfortunately perished with his other manuscripts. Otherwise we might regard him as a forerunner of G. B. Morgagni; for Harvey saw that pathology is but a branch of physiology, and like it must depend first on accurate anatomy. He speaks strongly to this purpose in his first epistle to Riolan: "Sicut enim sanorum et boni habitus corporum dissectio plurimum ad philosophiam et rectam physiologiam facit, ita corporum morbosorum et cachecticorum inspectio potissimum ad pathologiam philosophicam." The only specimen we have of his observations in morbid anatomy is his account of the post-mortem examination made by order of the king on the body of the famous Thomas Parr, who died in 1635, at the reputed age of 152. Harvey insists on the value of physiological truths for their own sake, independently of their immediate utility; but he himself gives us an interesting example of the practical application of his theory of the circulation in the cure of a large tumour by tying the arteries which supplied it with blood (De generat. Exerc. xix.).
The following is believed to be a complete list of all the known writings of Harvey, published and unpublished:—
Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis, 4to (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1628); Exercitationes duae anatomicae de circulatione sanguinis, ad Johannem Riolanum, filium, Parisiensem (Cambridge, 1649); Exercitationes de generatione animalium, quibus accedunt quaedam de partu, de membranis ac humoribus uteri, et de conceptione, 4to (London, 1651); Anatomia Thomae Parr, first published in the treatise of Dr John Betts, De ortu et natura sanguinis, 8vo (London, 1669). Letters: (1) to Caspar Hoffmann of Nuremberg, May 1636; (2) to Schlegel of Hamburg, April 1651; (3) three to Giovanni Nardi of Florence, July 1651, Dec. 1653 and Nov. 1655; (4) two to Dr Morison of Paris, May 1652; (5) two to Dr Horst of Darmstadt, Feb. 1654–1655 and July 1655; (6) to Dr Vlackveld of Haarlem, May 1657. His letters to Hoffmann and Schlegel are on the circulation; those to Morison, Horst and Vlackveld refer to the discovery of the lacteals; the two to Nardi are short letters of friendship. All these letters were published by Sir George Ent in his collected works (Leiden, 1687). Of two MS. letters, one on official business to the secretary Dorchester was printed by Dr Aveling, with a facsimile of the crabbed handwriting (Memorials of Harvey, 1875), and the other, about a patient, appears in Dr Robert Willis's Life of Harvey (1878). Praelectiones anatomiae universalis per me Gul. Harveium medicum Londinensem, anat. et chir. professorem, an. dom. (1616), aetat. 37,—MS. notes of his Lumleian lectures in Latin,—are in the British Museum library; an autotype reproduction was issued by the College of Physicians in 1886. An account of a second MS. in the British Museum, entitled Gulielmus Harveius de musculis, motu locali, &c., was published by Sir G. E. Paget (Notice of an unpublished MS. of Harvey, London, 1850). The following treatises, or notes towards them, were lost either in the pillaging of Harvey's house, or perhaps in the fire of London, which destroyed the old College of Physicians: A Treatise on Respiration, promised and probably at least in part completed (pp. 82, 550, ed. 1766); Observationes de usu Lienis; Observationes de motu locali, perhaps identical with the above-mentioned manuscript; Tractatum physiologicum; Anatomia medicalis (apparently notes of morbid anatomy); De generatione insectorum. The fine 4to edition of Harvey's Works, published by the Royal College of Physicians in 1766, was superintended by Dr Mark Akenside; it contains the two treatises, the account of the post-mortem examination of old Parr, and the six letters enumerated above. A translation of this volume by Dr Willis, with Harvey's will, was published by the Sydenham Society, 8vo (London, 1849).
The following are the principal biographies of Harvey: in Aubrey's Letters of Eminent Persons, &c., vol. ii. (London, 1813), first published in 1685, the only contemporary account; in Bayle's Dictionnaire historique et critique (1698 and 1720; Eng. ed., 1738); in the Biographia Britannica, and in Aitken's Biographical Memoirs; the Latin Life by Dr Thomas Lawrence, prefixed to the college edition of Harvey's Works in 1766; memoir in Lives of British Physicians (London, 1830); a Life by Dr Robert Willis, founded on that by Lawrence, and prefixed to his English edition of Harvey in 1847; the much enlarged Life by the same author, published in 1878; the biography by Dr William Munk in the Roll of the College of Physicians, vol. i. (2nd ed., 1879).
The literature which has arisen on the great discovery of Harvey, on his methods and his merits, would fill a library. The most important contemporary writings have been mentioned above. The following list gives some of the most remarkable in modern times: the article in Bayle's dictionary quoted above; Anatomical Lectures, by Wm. Hunter, M.D. (1784); Sprengell, Geschichte der Arzneikunde (Halle, 1800), vol. iv.; Flourens, Histoire de la circulation (1854); Lewes, Physiology of Common Life (1859), vol. i. pp. 291–345; Ceradini, La Scoperta della circolazione del sangue (Milan, 1876); Tollin, Die Entdeckung des Blutkreislaufs durch Michael Servet (Jena, 1876); Kirchner, Die Entdeckung des Blutkreislaufs (Berlin, 1878); Willis, in his Life of Harvey; Wharton Jones, "Lecture on the Circulation of the Blood," Lancet for Oct. 25 and Nov. 1, 1879; and the various Harveian Orations, especially those by Sir E. Sieveking, Dr Guy and Professor George Rolleston. (P. H. P.-S.)
- ↑
"Ignoscant mihi niveae animae, si, summarum injuriarum memor,
levem gemitum effudero. Doloris mihi haec causa est: cum, inter
nuperos nostros tumultus et bella plusquam civilia, serenissimum
regem (idque non solum senatus permissione sed et jussu) sequor,
rapaces quaedam manus non modo aedium mearum supellectilem
omnem expilarunt, sed etiam, quae mihi causa gravior querimoniae,
adversaria mea, multorum annorum laboribus parta, e museo meo
summoverunt. Quo factum est ut observationes plurimae, praesertim
de generatione insectorum, cum republicae literariae (ausim
dicere) detrimento, perierint."—De gen., Ex. lxviii. To this loss
Cowley refers—
"O cursed war! who can forgive thee this?
Houses and towns may rise again,
And ten times easier 'tis
To rebuild Paul's than any work of his."
- ↑ Indeed the same word, περίοδος αἵματος, occurs in the Hippocratic writings, and was held by Van der Linden to prove that to the father of medicine himself, and not to Columbus or Caesalpinus, belonged the laurels of Harvey.
- ↑ Realdo Columbus (De re anatomica, 1559) formally denies the muscularity of the heart, yet correctly teaches that blood and spirits pass from the right to the left ventricle, not through the septum but through the lungs, "quod nemo hactenus aut animadvertit aut scriptum reliquit." The fact that Harvey quotes Columbus and not Servetus is explained by the almost entire destruction of the writings of the latter, which are now among the rarest curiosities. The great anatomist Fabricius, Harvey's teacher at Padua, described the valves of the veins more perfectly than had Sylvius. Carlo Ruini, in his treatise on the Anatomy and Diseases of the Horse (1590), taught that the left ventricle sends blood and vital spirits to all parts of the body except the lungs—the ordinary Galenical doctrine. Yet on the strength of this phrase Professor J. B. Ercolani actually put up a tablet in the veterinary school at Bologna to Ruini as the discoverer of the circulation of the blood! The claims of Caesalpinus, a more plausible claimant to Harvey's laurels, are scarcely better founded. In his Quaestiones peripateticae (1571) he followed Servetus and Columbus in describing what we now know as the pulmonary "circulation" under that name, and this is the only foundation for the assertion (first made in Bayle's dictionary) that Caesalpinus knew "the circulation of the blood." He is even behind Servetus, for he only allows part of the blood of the right ventricle to go round by this "circuit"; some, he conceives, passes through the hypothetical pores in the septum, and the rest by the superior cava to the head and arms, by the inferior to the rest of the body: "Hanc esse venarum utilitatem ut omnes partes corporis sanguinem pro nutrimento deferant. Ex dextro ventr° cordis vena cava sanguinem crassiorem, in quo calor intensus est magis, ex altero autern ventr°, sanguinem temperatissimum ac sincerissimum habente, egreditur aorta." Caesalpinus seems to have had no original views on the subject; all that he writes is copied from Galen or from Servetus except some erroneous observations of his own. His greatest merit was as a botanist; and no claim to the "discovery of the circulation" was made by him or by his contemporaries. When it was made, Haller decided conclusively against it. The fact that an inscription has been placed on the bust of Caesalpinus at Rome, which states that he preceded others in recognizing and demonstrating "the general circulation of the blood," is only a proof of the blindness of misplaced national vanity.
- ↑ So in Exerc. liv.: "Superior itaque et divinior opifex, quam est homo, videtur hominem fabricare et conservare, et nobilior artifex, quam gallus, pullum ex ovo producere. Nempe agnoscimus Deum, creatorem summum atque omnipotentem, in cunctorum animalium fabrica ubique praesentem esse, et in operibus suis quasi digito monstrari: cujus in procreatione pulli instrumenta sint gallus et gallina.... Nec cuiquam sane haec attributa conveniunt nisi omnipotenti rerum Principio, quocunque demum nomine idipsum appellare libuerit: sive Mentem divinam cum Aristotele, sive cum Platone Animam Mundi, aut cum aliis Naturam naturantem, vel cum ethnicis Saturnum aut Iovem; vel potius (ut nos decet) Creatorem ac Patrem omnium quae in coelis et terris, a quo animalia eorumque origines dependent, cujusque nutu sive effatu fiunt et generantur omnia."


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Trooper seizes largest amount black tar heroin in DPS historyPosted on January 15, 1999
A Department of Public Safety trooper who pulled over a vehicle during a routine traffic stop recovered 201 pounds of marijuana and 3.1 pounds of black tar heroin - the largest amount of black tar heroin that a DPS trooper has seized during a routine traffic stop.
A trooper stopped the pickup truck last Monday at 9:55 p.m. northbound on Interstate 35 near the 221 mile-marker just south of Austin. The truck's license plate light was burned out.
The driver consented to a vehicle search, which revealed the marijuana and the black tar heroin. Both had been concealed in a propane tank on the back of the truck.
Value of the black tar heroin is estimated to be a minimum of $250,000.
Source: Texas Department of Public Safety


text: "I think you have to find reasons for [writing fiction] that are not external, that have to do with you and your life and your relationship to the world and other people. Part of my relationship to the world is through language and my evolving relationship with language. If I make the right kind of contact with language then I make meaningful contact with the world." Continue reading


text:
Health & Fitness
Electric toothbrush and dentistry kit from Rachael Creisher Family Dentistry
- Item Number
- 210
- Estimated Value
- Sold
- $105 USD to at0d43d69
- Number of Bids
- 13 - Bid History
Item Description
Looking for a new electric toothbrush? Want to whiten your teeth? All this and more can be found in the generous oral care gift bag donated by Rachael Creisher Family Dentistry:
Oral-B Genius Professional Series:
- Position detection
- Personalizable multicolor Smartring
- Bluetooth smart
Also included:
- Mouthwash
- waterbottle
- toothpaste
- Brush head
Dr. Rachael Creisher, DMD, is a graduate of The University of New England's College of Dental Medicine and board certified general dentist. In order to preserve oral health, Dr. Creisher aims to treat disease preventatively whenever possible. As an Associate Fellow with Biolase, Dr. Creisheris happy to offer laser dentistry to her patients. Laser dentistry is very conservative and known to reduce discomfort during dental procedures.
Skilled in all aspects of general dentistry, she especially enjoys cosmetic and prosthetic cases. Patients agree that she successfully creates a comfortable, pleasant atmosphere that puts even the most anxious patients at ease.
Special Instructions
Winning bidders are responsible for picking up their items at the Chamber after Tuesday, Nov. 13. If you need your item shipped, please contact the Chamber after Nov. 13 and we will calculate shipping costs for you.
Kennebunk-Kennebunkport-Arundel Chamber of Commerce stores data...
Your support matters, so Kennebunk-Kennebunkport-Arundel Chamber of Commerce would like to use your information to keep in touch about things that may matter to you. If you choose to hear from Kennebunk-Kennebunkport-Arundel Chamber of Commerce, we may contact you in the future about our ongoing efforts.
Your privacy is important to us, so Kennebunk-Kennebunkport-Arundel Chamber of Commerce will keep your personal data secure and Kennebunk-Kennebunkport-Arundel Chamber of Commerce will not use it for marketing communications which you have not agreed to receive. At any time, you may withdraw consent by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com or by contacting our Privacy Officer. Please see our Privacy Policy found here PrivacyPolicy.


text:
This conical helmet is especially interesting for archers.
He has deliberately no nasal, in order to ensure the shooter a maximum field of vision.
The helmet is made of approximately 1.6 mm thick steel and has a height-adjustable leather inks. At the edge of a 2.5 cm wide leather stiffeners riveted.
The helmet is suitable for re-enactment and light show combat as well as for LARP, film, theater and costuming.
- Suitable for a head circumference up to 61 cm.
- Long inside distance (back of the head forehead): approx. 21 cm.
- Short inside distance (ear-ear): approx. 18.5 cm.
- Made of 1.6 mm thick steel.
- Finish: polished (slightly oiled).
- Weight: approx. 1.3 kg.
Shipping time: 7 to 14 Days.


text:
The ICSM model is intended to help trainees involved in the technology of oil transport along trunk pipelines acquire theoretical knowledge and develop practical skills. It helps master practical skills to carry out switching operations in the oil trunk pipeline sections. The ICSM provides a visual presentation of non-standard fast hydrodynamic processes and training specialists in the automated oil trunk pipeline technology.
The ICSM model consists of the scaled models of the technological equipment for oil pump station and the linear pipeline section, i.e. the models of:
The ICSM, accurately and exactly representing the technological site, should have necessary and obligatory elements, i.e. dynamically changing illumination of the technological process components as well as moving fluids and devices launched into the pipeline which imitate the process flow dynamics.
The process flow mathematical model is used to control the operation of the entire dynamic part of the ICSM model. The hydrodynamic model makes real-time calculations for the pressure, flow rate and temperature values throughout the whole length of the pipeline system.
In its turn, the technological process is controlled from the touch-screen control panel. Such a design of the ICSM complete with the control panel guarantees that trainees are sure to take interest in the on-going process and it also allows them to join in controlling the process and to change parameters in the process operating conditions. In general terms, the control panel screen is the operator's simplified workstation that works according to this principle - "press the button and get the result". The panel allows to view and send to a large screen (via a projection unit) the 3D process model, PowerPoint presentations and the process flow control panel itself (with the options to switch on and off the process flow equipment and to change parameters in the operating conditions).
|© 2004-2015 ATP Research & Consulting Group
|( firstname.lastname@example.com )


text:
|06 - 21 - 2013
|Drowning death at Raystown Lake when man fell out of boat
|A Blair County man drowned in Raystown Lake in Huntingdon County on Thursday, after he fell off his boat while fishing. John Walker Walls, 74, of Duncansville, was fishing at 6:40 pm with an unidentified 85-year-old man, when he lost his balance and fell over the side of the boat in which they were fishing, according to state police in Huntingdon. Walls was unable to get back to the boat and subsequently went under water and did not reemerge, police said. Area dive teams found the victim at 11:40 pm, police said. An autopsy will be performed to verify the cause of death, according to the police report.


text:
*Shipping is FREE for all orders in the 48 contiguous states, except for a handling charge.
America's #1 Direct Source for Pool Supplies!
1.800.288.7946 Experts Available 24/7
Your ZIP Code: 20149 Ashburn Change LocationTo Ashburn Change
Save a bundle on this bundle!
To make pool cleaning even more easy, we've combined our best-selling pool maintenance items into one money-saving Pool Cleaning Bundle! Our bundle includes an 18" aluminum handled, nylon brush, aluminum handled leaf net with plastic guard, and curved vacuum head. All three tools are interchangeable and attach to our standard telescoping poles. Spring locks included on all three items.


text:
CloudLinux OS
CloudLinux OS is the super-platform for stability and efficiency in shared hosting, developed to address the unique needs of web hosts.
Learn more
CloudLinux OS+
Next-generation of our standard OS, includes new tools and priority support that make shared hosting even easier and more profitable.
ELS for CentOS® 6
Extended lifecycle support for CentOS® 6 provided by CloudLinux Inc. Provides bug fixes and package updates that go past its end-of-life, through 2024.
Become a Partner
If you are a dedicated hosting provider or run a Data Center, join us to deliver security and stability to your customers.
Partner Resources
We offer marketing support for our partners to ensure they get started easily and keep up-to-date on everything important.
Find a Partner
Explore our Partner Directory to find distributors or strategic partners and see the list of supported control panels.
Getting Started
We've compiled a collection of videos to help you get started quickly.
Contact Support
Contact CloudLinux Helpdesk with any technical and billing questions.
CLN Login
The CloudLinux Network portal gives faster access to purchasing, documentation, and more.
The latest news and press releases covering all CloudLinux products.
We are Hiring!
And, we telecommute! Do what you do best from anywhere in the world.
Contact Us
Call Sales at +1 (800) 231-7307 or email [email protected]
We are happy to announce that mod_lsapi after long preparations moved to production. mod_lsapi stable version was increased up to 1.0-1.
What is mod_lsapi?
mod_lsapi is the Apache module based on LiteSpeed Technologies API for PHP, Ruby and Python. It is a drop-in replacement for SuPHP, FCGID, RUID2, and ITK, has a low memory footprint and understands PHP directives from .htaccess files. It also supports PHP accelerators. It is fully compatible with PHP Selector, which allows end users to select the specific version of PHP they need. It has suPHP like mechanism using of couple PHP versions without PHP Selector and many other useful things.
More detailed information about "How it works" can be found in our documentation on the link:
Also you can register for the webinar "Supercharging your PHP pages with mod_lsapi in CloudLinux OS" on May 05, 2016 11:00 AM EDT on the link:
where our CloudLinux OS expert Bogdan Shyshka will go over this new production-ready feature and explain how it works and why it is so powerful.
How to install/update module?
To update previously installed module just run:
cPanel & RPM Based:
$ yum update liblsapi liblsapi-devel
$ yum update mod_lsapi
$ service httpd restart
$ cd /usr/local/directadmin/custombuild
$ ./build update
$ ./build mod_lsapi
For installation follow the instructions:
NOTE. If you are updating from ancient versions (for example 0.1-100) on cPanel server, please make sure that AddHandler and AddHandler are uncommented in lsapi.con file, or simply run enable-global:
switch_mod_lsapi --enable-global
Nikolay (Mykola) Naugolnyi is a Technical Writer at CloudLinux. He joined the company in 2014 and since then has been developing and maintaining technical product documentation for CloudLinux OS, KernelCare, and KuberDock products. He is also responsible for providing customers with release notes, information on all updates and functionality changes. He is one of the main contributors of the CloudLinux blog and a frequent participant in CloudLinux forums.
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text:
NovaBackup® is the highly rated backup software and data protection solution from NovaStor®. Whatever business you're in, its simple, fast and reliable. SOHO users, small businesses, big businesses, internet service providers, and enterprise professionals alike all understand the importance of data protection and security. NovaBackup® delivers to meet these needs for everyone.
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All NovaStor® products also support both full and incremental backups. When you schedule incremental and differential backups between your full backups, you can be sure that your data is safe without having to constantly run full backups. Image-based backups ensure the data on your PC, Windows® Server®, or SQL Server® can be recovered in the event of a hard drive failure or other disaster. With Disaster Recovery, you'll always have an exact copy of your entire system.
NovaBackup® PC: data protection and recovery software specifically designed with PC users in mind; providing simple, fast and reliable protection for personal information including photos, MP3-Files, e-Mails, business files and other important documents.
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Backup for business-critical applications and virtual machines


text:
4th GEO Blue Planet Symposium was held from July 4 – 6, 2018 in Toulouse, France. The symposium was hosted by Mercator Ocean, member of the GEO Blue Planet Initiative and entrusted by the European Commission to operate the EU Copernicus Marine Service.
The symposium was the first GEO Blue Planet symposium in Toulouse and served as a forum for discussion of ocean and coastal information needs for sustainable development, Blue Growth and societal awareness. A total of 300 delegates attended the symposium from international organisations and networks, research scientists, government agencies, various industries, ocean science communicators and graduate students.
Symposium Report
Symposium Pictures
Agenda and Presentations
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
|08:00 – 09:00
|Main Entrance
Session 0: Welcome and Introductory Keynotes
|09:00 – 09:10
|1st Welcome and Opening Comments
|Jean-Claude Dardelet (Toulouse City)
|09:10 – 09:20
|2nd Welcome and Opening Comments
|Pierre Bahurel (Mercator Ocean)
|09:20 – 09:35
|An Introduction to the Copernicus Programme
|Philippe Brunet (EC-DG GROW)
|09:35 – 09:50
|The Group on Earth Observations (GEO)
|Douglas Cripe (GEO Secretariat)
|09:50 – 10:05
|The European Union's Role in GEO
|Gilles Ollier (EC-DG RTD)
|10:05 – 10:25
|The GEO "Oceans and Society: Blue Planet" Initiative
|Sophie Seeyave (GEO Blue Planet)
|10:25 – 10:30
|Opening address by Peter Thomson, UN Special Envoy for the Ocean
|Peter Thomson (Permanent Representative/Ambassador at Permanent Mission of Fiji to the UN)
|10:30 – 10:50
|Coffee Break
|Foyer St Exupéry & Foyer Airbus
Session 1: Understanding and Managing Environmental and Economic Pressures
|10:50 – 11:00
|Speaker introduction and overview of session
|Douglas Cripe (GEO) & Pierre-Yves Le Traon (Mercator Ocean)
|11:00 – 11:20
|Understanding and managing environmental and economic pressures
|Margaret Leinen (Scripps Institution of Oceanography)
|11:20 – 11:40
|Economic drivers and pressures on the ocean environment: innovation as a game changer
|Claire Jolly (OECD)
|11:40 – 12:00
|United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
|Emily Smail (NOAA/UMD) on behalf of Vladimir Ryabinin (IOC-UNESCO)
|12:00 – 12:20
|Ocean, climate change and the conference of parties
|Valerie Masson Delmote (IPCC)
|12:20 – 12:40
|Key global ocean drivers, impacts, and solutions
|Jean Pierre Gattuso (CNRS/SU/IDDRI)
|12:40 – 13:00
|International ocean governance for better management of the marine environment
|Stefaan Depypere (EC DG MAre)
|13:00 – 14:00
|Chapiteau (outside)
|14:00 – 15:00
|Panel Discussion: How to ensure that policies effectively drive the development of sustainable management of our oceans and seas?
Session 2: Producing and Deriving Coastal and Ocean Information
|15:00 – 15:10
|Speaker introduction and overview of session
|Pierre-Yves Le Traon (Mercator Ocean) & Francisco Chavez (MBARI)
|15:10 – 15:30
|The global ocean observing system and its evolution
|Glenn Nolan (EuroGOOS)
|15:30 – 15:50
|Towards an European Ocean Observing System (EOOS)
|Kate Larkin (European Marine Board)
|15:50 – 16:10
|The role of satellite observations and perspectives for the next decade
|Juliette Lambin (CNES)
|16:10 – 16:30
|Development of information services: example from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS)
|Pierre-Yves Le Traon (Mercator Ocean)
|16:30 – 16:50
|Ocean forecasting information and its social benefits in China
|Liying Wan (NMEFC)
|16:50 – 17:50
|Panel Discussion: The role of coastal and ocean information for the sustainable management of our oceans and seas: status, gaps and perspectives.
|17:50 – 18:00
|Kostas Nittis Medal Award Ceremony
|Organised by EuroGOOS
|18:00 – 19:00
|Poster Session
|Foyer St Exupéry & Foyer Airbus
|19:00 – 20:30


text:
My husband, a lot of things could be said about him but I am going just brag a little and say he is a great cook and baker. When he reads recipes he sticks to it to the last detail but there is days where he creates his own dishes, like this one. He spoils… Continue reading Zach's Breakfast Club
Category: Lunch
Chicken and Zucchini Kefta
One of my my favorite recipes of the past few months. It's from a book I mentioned in one of my previous posts "The Clean Plate" by Gwyneth Paltrow. I love all the recipes in the book, they are healthy, clean very easy and extremely delicious. This one is loved by the whole family.… Continue reading Chicken and Zucchini Kefta
Tarte with Apple and Goat Cheese
For some reason this post was long in the making ... but I finally completed it and here it is. It's one of the recipes I picked up in France (of course). I simply love it, it's delicious, a crowd pleaser and something very very French.... can be served as an appetizer or main.… Continue reading Tarte with Apple and Goat Cheese
Pasta with Garlic, Parsley and Olives
"Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication" Leonardo da Vinci This is one of my favorite quotes and for me it applies to food as much as it does to other things in life. The recipe for this Pasta, from the Bon Appéttit Magazine is exactly this, simple and very delicious and done within minutes. Enjoy … Continue reading Pasta with Garlic, Parsley and Olives
Minestrone With Gremolata
Since a few months I have established meatless Monday in our home, not everyone is happy since it's sometimes expends to meatless Wednesday and Friday. There is a lot of delicious dishes out there that are vegetarian or even vegan and are satisfying and most important healthy. This Minestrone is one of those dishes. If you… Continue reading Minestrone With Gremolata
Vegetable Curry
Ingredients 100 g brown rice 1 shallot (or small onion) 1oz (25 g) ginger 2 cloves of garlic 2-3 tbsp curry paste (green or mild tikka masala paste) 9oz (150 g) broccoli florets 10oz (300g) red kuri squash (or butternut squash) 5 oz (150 g) chickpeas (canned) 1 1/4 cups (300 ml) coconut milk 1/2… Continue reading Vegetable Curry


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I hate multilevel marketing. I think many good products have earned the right to be boycotted simply because of shit like, "I've just been working this business, and I make six figures now, and every one I know is making six figures, and we're all rich and you can be too if you just spend lots of money on this wonderful product… blah blah fucking blah."
Steve wanted to join Amway when we first got married, so we did. I hated it. I don't sell stuff, and I can't justify selling products to my friends and family for retail if I can get a discount. Seems wrong to me [which is why I'll never own my own store, either].
So I hear about this supplement company from an acquaintance [who I actually like] and it's MLM, but the supplements sound like they might actually help with some of my health issues, so I want to try them.
One month's worth [two cans] of the basic stuff is $65 a month per person. I can't [no, I won't] pay $45 for a can of anything unless it's freaking gold plated.
So I go to eBay thinking I can get the stuff cheaper, try the products, and see if it helps my health stuff. I accidentally let it slip today when I was talking to my acquaintance [who might have become a friend at some point, but now I think she won't speak to me again, and I feel like an asshole and a bigmouth].
She was shocked that they sell the stuff on eBay, and called her upline person and we had a three-way call about it. During that call, the upline person informed me that selling the stuff on eBay was illegal, and that the product was probably fake, and that people who sell the product for cheaper than you can buy it from a distributor are unethical, and that I should be loyal to the person who introduced the product to me and buy from her even though I would have to pay over $20 more per can.
Oh yeah, this business is all about helping people get their proper nutrition so they can feel better.
During the call, I mentioned that the real average earnings of a distributor is about $1200 per year, and not the six figures everybody is always talking about [and I found that info on the company's website. The lady tried to tell me that wasn't true, but there it was, so, um, who's lying?]
Yeah, so I think I pissed upline girl off. And I may have pissed off my acquaintance, which makes me sad, but the thing about MLM is that the 'company' brainwashes its distributors.
I kept hearing the same crap over and over that we used to hear at the freaking Amway meetings. "This business has been such a blessing to us, our friends and family, and we just love helping people. That's our main concern, helping others to build their business and change their lives."
Well, after upline girl leaves the call, my friend says that her main concern was that I might not get the real product, and that when it comes, we'd get together and figure out dosages and whatnot, because she still wanted to help me, and once I saw what the products could do, I'd be a convert for life, etc. Very friendly and helpful, although she did share that she doesn't give her family a discount [after I'd said I wouldn't be able to charge retail to my family because they're poor, too].
She gave me the rationalization that [I'm sure] her upline gave her, which is, "Well, if you give the product away, they won't appreciate what they're getting."
How is that even close to being a valid argument for overcharging someone for a product?
We hung up, and I sent her an e-mail with the link to the truth about what distributors earn, and I also mentioned that upline girl kind of hurt my feelings because she basically said that I have no ethics [word of advice, if you're trying to sell something, don't try this tactic. It generally pisses off potential customers].
I also told her that I had a really hard time with people justifying a really high price for a good product when it could be helping so many more people if the prices were cheaper. I also said that it wasn't true that getting something free or cheap means that they won't appreciate what they've got, and that I would appreciate anything that helped me feel better whether I'd paid money for it or not.
Looking back, I'm thinking that might have been what upset her [if indeed she's mad… the written word is hard to inflect properly, but you tell me what you think].
So later, I get an e-mail from my friend saying, "We are part of a company with great integrity and ethics. One of the guidelines of the business is whoever sold the products does follow up. Because of your choice to buy our products off eBay, I will not be able to do follow up with you."
Does that sound, um, pissed off to you? Steve says I over-reacted and that she probably didn't mean anything by it, but I was hurt by the cold tone. I imagine upline girl told her to do it, and not everyone can write in a way that 'sounds' kind.
So anyway, I wrote back saying that the e-mail 'sounded' like she was upset, and I apologized [and I was being honest, I don't bullshit about stuff like that] for offending her, if indeed I did.
I don't want to have hard feelings with this person because I genuinely like her. Multilevel marketing, [and that 'company'] however, is a completely different story. I can't believe that the exact script I heard ten years ago from Amway is still the same bullshit they try to pull, and the 'company' and product they're selling doesn't matter, it's all the same spiel.
They all use "God talk" [Oh, this business was such a blessing, answer to prayer, way to do God's work and help others.] Yeah, they'll help you only as long as you're padding their paychecks.
I understand the reasoning/rationalization, but I still think it's wrong, wrong, wrong.
Dammit, this whole episode has made me sick. Blech. And I'm disappointed because I let myself start to believe that there might be something to help my fibromyalgia and all the bullshit pain, fatigue, foggy brain, and other crap that goes along with it.
That's what hurts me most, because I really do want desperately to feel better, and yet every time I think I've made some headway, I get kicked in the face.
Damn stupid assholes.


text:
1. Scott Thornbury (2004) Natural Grammar: The key words of English and how they work. Oxford: OUP.
This book claims to look at grammar in a fresh new way. The book selects 100 key words and examines the structures and collocates commonly found with them. The alphabetical list starts with a, includes back, can, did, for, get, if, and through, and finishes with you. Scott uses the results of concordances done on big corpora to identify high-frequency words in English and their collocates, and offers explanations and practice exercises for each one. He argues that "by learning these high-frequency words and their high-frequency patterns, the learner is getting traditional grammar 'for free' as it were."
There is nothing new in this "lexical approach", as Scott acknowledges; Michael Lewis made a dog's dinner of it, and the more reasonable Willis team both tried it and failed miserably. But I fear that Scott's book is the worst of them all. It manages to combine boring, unhelpful detail with more boring, unhelpful detail, with nothing to relieve the boredom whatsoever.
I opened the book at random and I got the page dealing with the key word or. Five "Grammar patterns" are listed, one of which is:
"verb I + whether [ … ] I + I or + [ … ]", as in Do you know whether the plane has arrived or not?. We learn that the verbs which most frequently precede whether are know, decide, see, and wonder, and that "set phrases" include an hour or so, two or three, and Is she coming or not? Wow!
Why do we need a grammar of the word or? In fact, why do we need any information about the word or? There's an argument for substituting an explanation of the comparative for an explanation of more, which is the point that Biber, Johns, and others made 20 years ago, but there's no justification for this terrible mixture of boring words like or and words like have, has and had, Scott's treatment of which can hardly be said to provide an explanation of the English perfect tenses.
Most words at the top of frequency lists depend on their collocates for interest, i.e., they themselves are boring. To use them to get some "free" grammar seems totally perverse to me. I'd rather read Murphy's dead prose than read this stuff. Scott's treatment of back doesn't include the "set phrase" back to the drawing board. He should have gone there and thought of something else to boost his publishing tally.
Actually, what Scott should have done is pointed people to the enormous fun and knowledge to be got from concordancing, which he fails to do. Why didn't he suggest that you can use a concordancer to search a corpus for the phoneme, word or phrase you might be interested in? If you do a concordance on any you'll see that it's most frequently used in the affirmative; if you do one on set you'll see that it's got over 200 uses, and so on. Go to the British National Corpus site http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.html and try it out, but stay away from this book, unless you have trouble sleeping.


text:
QT8: The First Eight
Documentary on filmmaker Quentin Tarantino and the impact of his first eight films prior to the release of his ninth, Once Upon A Time in Hollywood.
2019125 minsUSA
- Director:
- Tara Wood ('21 Years: Richard Linklater')
- Cast:
- Christoph WaltzJennifer Jason LeighRobert ForsterEli RothLucy LiuKurt RussellMichael MadsenDiane KrugerBruce DernJamie FoxxTim RothSamuel L. JacksonZoë Bell
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