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Casual Shoes
Keep it casual, cool and comfortable with a great pair of men's casual shoes, from number one shoes. Whatever your style, we've got shoes to suit every style. Shop our classic canvas shoes, update a laid-back look with a pair of boat shoes, get ready for the weekend with a pair of casual suede shoes, or style up your street look with a pair of skate shoes - we have everyday footwear for every taste.


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See Our Recent Work
Wick Lane, Christchurch
Two storey side elevation extension with new kitchen, bathrooms and reconfiguration of internal space, finished with K-Render and cement board cladding.
Customer Comment
"All works carried out as specified in the architects plans, additional items were required as work progressed, but all accomplished at agreed and reasonable cost.
Work carried out to agreed timetable to enable us to move back in mid-July 2016. A very friendly and helpful team, nothing was too much trouble."

subset: commoncrawl


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Community discussions
We have had the same problems with the CRS226: http://forum.mikrotik.com/viewtopic.php ... 73#p485373
We even tried a different CRS226, but after 5 days and 16 hours, the same problems: all ports go down for a second, then come back up. Another 20 minutes later, they all go down for a few seconds, then back up, then back down for a second, then back up.
We have been advised by MikroTik to try 6.30rc22 as well. I will post here in about 6 days when we know more!
6.30rc29: kernel crash and switch reboot after under 10 hours. I can't keep on testing firmware that is this unreliable, so am downgrading to v6.29.1 which at least will run for five days before all the ports flap.Trying 6.30rc29 now... hasn't flapped in a whole 1 hour so far!
Funnily enough, our 125 arrives tomorrow morning. We'll swap out the 226 for the 125 (there are two other 125s on our network, been running fine for 60 days). And then make the 226 available for MikroTik support.As I've still got a several days left to return the 226 for a full refund, I ordered a 125-RM
Interesting to hear your problems continue with no traffic. That suggests it is not CPU load, but maybe some other resource exhaustion.
Good luck, MikroTik!
Thank you, 105547111
I hadn't even tweaked L2 MTU yet Its nice it being stable.....Glad to hear your 125 is working ok. Similarly our third 125 has replaced the 226 (for now). The only change we had to make was to MTU: with our 226 we used a L2MTU of 9216 (MTU 9000). Now we have to set the L2MTU to 4064 (MTU 4000) instead, because the 125 does not support the largest jumbo packets.I'd compare resources both and play around. Ive got to pack up mine now, but Ive got two more sipouts for support showing link downs with nothing connected!
That's exactly what I experienced also. I found that basically everything downstream from the 226 connections all go away. It's like physical Ethernet disconnection and reconnection within a second. I had not only downstream routers that got kicked, every MT I'm monitoring gets winbox kicked off, most wireless devices, servers, etc. anything that's directly connected that's capable shows Ethernet drops.Weird actually that routers even at the other end of a wireless link are at times brought down (ethernet port stopped passing traffic) were other wired routers to the same board stayed up without issues.
Like its a virus spreading and affecting every unit not resistant enough (but configs all sort of the same..)
Thank you for information,We replaced our CRS226 with a CRS125, and it has been stable for a few weeks.Any news regarding described problem?
We have not yet tried 6.31 on CRS226, so please do not interpret my silence as "problem fixed" — I do not yet know.
No joke, customer kick us out with this solution, we replaced them with CRS125 models, works after replacement ok.Are you joking?! The CRS226 will still flap all its ports and reset randomly, and MikroTik haven't found a solution yet?problems with CRS226 still presist
We have same behavior on previous routeros 6.32 in our lab, that problem appears in real trafic one client on switch and uplink to customer segment, we monitor client, he goes down and uplinks flap. on our table looks ok. But not much mac there, if you can put device on your production edge, from there i make support files.Thanks for your information, madmucho.I spend very long time to debug that with Mikrotik support. Is something wierd in on low level on this model.
We've been testing a CRS226 running v6.33 in our lab for five days now (only a few MAC addresses, only ~70Mbit/sec of traffic). No resets yet... but we only started to see problems after maybe two weeks of uptime before.
I will report back soon with our findings.
I will report back soon, madmucho. The plan is to move the switches on Friday night this week...Please let us know


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Tham Pha Tup Forest Park is in Pha Sing sub-district, 12 kilometres from the province on Highway No. 1080, Nan – Pua – Thung Chang route, at Km. 9-10. It is accessible in every season.
Interesting Attractions within Tham Pha Tup Forest Park are as follows:
Nature Study Route There are various kinds of plants that should be studied and rarely seen such as Chan Pha - Dracaena spp. - and Ueang Phueng - Dendrobium lindleyi Steud., which are usually in bloom during the end of the rainy season. There are overall many routes starting from the walking trail to Tham Bo Namthip, the route from the Office of the Forest Park to the viewpoint spot, and the route around the Office.
Tham Phra is a large cave, covering an area of 50 square wa. There is a chimney letting in the breeze and the sunshine passing through and beautiful stalactites in the cave. It is located 200 metres from the Office of the Forest Park.
Tham Bo Namthip has a large room with a width of approximately 30 square wa and a chimney letting the sunshine penetrate the cave. At a side of the cave wall are stalactites and a deep tunnel where an oval basin containing water throughout the year is located. The water is considered as sacred and the symbol of this cave. Visitors have to climb up the rocky cliff all the way to the cave which is 1,200 metres from the Office of the Forest Park. During the rainy season, there is water in the cave making it not accessible.
Tham Khon is a cave with a long shape similar to a log. The cave houses a splendour of stalagmites and stalactites. At the front of the cave entrance stands a cliff. It is suitable for relaxation and admiring the view of the Nan Swamp.
Tham Chedi Kaeo is a small cave whose front houses a rock similar to a chedi.
The Viewpoint Spot is in a bamboo forest, next to Khao Bo Namthip in the southern side. At this spot the surrounding scenery and Mueang Nan district can be clearly seen. It is 1 kilometre from the Office of the Forest Park or takes 2 hours for a round trip on foot.
Activities: On the full moon day of the fifth lunar month (of the North) the Ban Pha Tup people usually organise a ceremony of gilding the Buddha image of Khao Tham Phra, called "Tham Pha Tup Fair". In the morning, there is a ceremony of giving alms to the monks, while during the day are music and performances of students from Ban Pha Tup School. The fair takes place annually at the cave.
To get there: From Mueang Nan district, take Highway No. 1080 for 10 kilometres until reaching the crossroad to the entrance of the Pha Tup Forest Park for 200 metres. Otherwise, take a Nan – Pua Bus or Nan – Thung Chang Bus passing the Tham Pha Tup Forest Park.


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Monday, February 6, 2012
Creamy Potato Soup
I made this recipe in our slow cooker yesterday because I've been craving potato soup, and it was delicious. Very simple to put together also. I made it vegan by using unsweetented soy milk, but if you don't have that on hand, you could use something else.
Creamy Potato Soup
Adapted from Healthy Slow Cooking
4 medium russet potatoes, peeled & diced
2 cups vegetable broth
1 tsp minced garlic
1 tsp dried rosemary
1 cup unsweetened soy milk
In slow cooker, combine all ingredients except soy milk. Cook on low for 6-8 hours. Stir in milk and puree with an immersion blender or mash potatoes with a potato masher before serving.
I topped the bowl in the photo with McCormick Bac'n Bits* and chopped scallions (no-count). You could also add fat free cheddar cheese or vegan cheddar cheese*.
Posted by Kari at 1:26 PM No comments:
Labels: potatoes, soup, vegan, vegetarian
Sunday, January 1, 2012
Tempeh Bell Pepper Chili
I found this recipe using one of my favorite iPad apps -- the Whole Foods app. It's free and is great for finding recipes that use ingredients you have on hand, or figuring out what to do with something you haven't tried before. I have a few blocks of tempeh I need to use up, so I bought some bell peppers this week so we could try it. It turned out delicious and is very easy! (And it only cost $1.16 per serving. I bought the peppers at Aldi. Wouldn't buy them anywhere else this time of year! Tempeh is cheapest at Trader Joe's.)
Tempeh Bell Pepper Chili
From Whole Foods
2 tbsp extra virgin olive oil
8 oz package tempeh, crumbled
1 red bell pepper, chopped
1 yellow bell pepper, chopped
1 green bell pepper, chopped
2 tbsp finely chopped garlic
1/2 tsp salt
Ground black pepper to taste
2 15-oz cans kidney beans, rinsed & drained
2 15-oz cans diced tomatoes, with liquid
1 cup water
2 tbsp chili powder
1/2 tsp ground cumin
1 bay leaf
Crushed red pepper flakes (optional)
Heat oil in a large pot over medium heat. Saute peppers, garlic, and tempeh in oil 5 minutes, stirring frequently. Add remaining ingredients, bring to a boil, reduce heat to med-low and simmer, covered, for 30 minutes to allow flavors to meld. Uncover and let stand at least 5-10 minutes to thicken and cool before serving.
Makes 6 servings, 1 heaping cup each.
Posted by Kari at 6:50 PM No comments:
Labels: beans, budget, tempeh, vegan, vegetarian
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This project aims to develop innovative and dynamically networked virtual environments called "corporation modelling platforms." These "Merchant Corporations" will draw their revenue by obtaining memberships and interfacing with existent web affiliate programmes. The created system will provide interested parties with the platforms, technological resources, business guidance, and real-world environments necessary for the building, business development, maintenance and growth of their own on-line merchant corporations. These real-world market business development environments will lead to unique business-led consensus e-Commerce model building between all the participants
The ECAMP project may be understood according to the following: Business, Technical, and Dissemination objectives.
ECAMP's business objectives are:
1) To transfer to parties the knowledge necessary to compete within the electronic marketplace;
2) To facilitate the development of e-Commerce applications and models for European organisations within real-world market environs;
3) To offer innovative virtual networking mediation systems for business inter-operation.
ECAMP's technical objectives are:
1) To create dynamic virtual environments, aiding the development of business models;
2) To develop an innovative system infrastructure supporting the system's co- & inter-operation of business processes.
ECAMP's dissemination objectives are:
1) To teach users effective e-Commerce strategies;
2) To develop dynamic teaching environments leading to business-led consensus model building.
Work description:
In the area of e-Commerce, trial and error prototyping and testing is essential. This is why the pilot approach will be used. A "Financial Pilot" and a "Cyber-Entrepreneurship Pilot" will be created for the project.
The ECAMP project will involve the following operational steps:
WP1: Positioning & Market Requirements;
WP2: Pilot Specifications;
WP3: Pilot Development;
WP4: Pilot Launch;
WP5: Evaluation and Assessment;
WP6: Dissemination and Implementation;
WP7: Project Management.
The project will commence with a requirement analysis phase.
In Work Package 1, detailed analyses of the market requirements will be performed.
Work Package 2 identifies system specifications (including the Corporation Generator, Independent Company Modules, Profile Resource Language, User Information DB, Audience Control Proxy, and the Contract Repository).
Work Package 3 addresses pilot development (including infrastructure and user interface design) and the finalising of contractual agreements.
In Work Package 4 the pilots will be launched within the respective host servers.
Work Package 5 is responsible for all Pilot evaluation and assessment activities. This will be performed upon technical and business action lines.
Work Package 6 consists of dissemination actions that seek to develop the further awareness of electronic commerce potential and involves the planning of exploitation activities, both preliminary and final. Initially a Dissemination Use Plan will be written. Upon the attainment of pilot results, the Technological Implementation Plan will be adapted and fine-tuned.
And finally, Work Package 7 addresses project management responsibilities.
Funding SchemeCSC - Cost-sharing contracts
Participants (4)
SE1 8XP London
08034 Barcelona
77305 Fontainebleau Cedex
5612 AZ Eindhoven


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Free Mind Auto Parts Supplier, exporter and Manufacturer in Gujarat
Free Mind Auto Parts
Freemind offers only air filters. These air filters are uniquely manufactured for used to Removes dust particulates effectively and provides better protection to the engine. They are suitable in every extreme condition. They have low fuel consumption, Durability and Removes dust particulates effectively. These air filters are completely smooth and safe air filters for the vehicle. These air filters are made by advanced technology and using high-grade raw material suitable in extreme conditions and improve the capacity of the engine with anti-dust protection. Freemind is the Air Filter Distributors. Air Filter Price, Air Filter Types, Filters Manufacturers, Air Filter Manufacturer


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Help clients be less emotional about investing
In the battle between our emotional selves and our rational selves, there is no contest: Plunging share prices almost always unleash an all-too-human sense of terror in many clients.
That leaves advisers with the unenviable task of trying to calm them and thereby save them from costly self-inflicted investment wounds.
How do advisers train investors to be less skittish about market declines and instead see them as an opportunity? The key is to get clients to view stocks as having two prices: the price at which they can be bought and sold, as well as the underlying fundamental value.
In his 1949 classic, The Intelligent Investor, Benjamin Graham tells the parable of the manic-depressive Mr. Market.
"You may be happy to sell out to him when he quotes you a ridiculously high price and equally happy to buy from him when his price is low," he writes. "But the rest of the time, you will be wiser to form your own ideas of the value of your holdings."
How can advisers help clients avoid being seduced and bullied by rising and falling share prices and instead have their own idea of the market's value?
Consider these three strategies:
1. Think like a shopper. Start by encouraging clients to think like department store shoppers, who buy with gusto whenever there is a sale. Many investors, of course, do just the opposite, rushing to sell when the stock market cuts its prices.
To be sure, the analogy isn't perfect.
When shares tumble, it is usually because the quality of the "merchandise" has been called into question, perhaps because of political upheaval or slower economic growth. These problems are often temporary and tend to unnerve professional investors, who account for most of the market's trading volume and whose paychecks depend on their performance in the next 12 months or so.
Advisory clients, by contrast, probably plan to hold their stocks for at least a decade and often far longer. Today's worries will be long forgotten by the time they need to sell, and any short-term market decline should be viewed not as a cause for worry but rather as a chance to buy at cheaper prices.
2. Focus on yield. Behaving like a department store shopper is easier when one has a grip on what stocks are worth. So get clients to think about how much in dividends and earnings they can buy with each dollar invested.
The S&P 500's dividend yield is readily available. Lately, it has been a tad above 2%.
The S&P 500's earnings yield is less frequently discussed, but it is easy enough to calculate.
Suppose the S&P 500's price-earnings ratio is 20. To find the earnings yield, divide 100 by 20, which would provide the answer: 5%. That shows that for every $100 invested, an investor buys $5 of annual earnings.
Now, suppose stocks drop 30%, so the market's P/E falls to 14 from 20. Due to that plunge in prices, every $100 invested buys $7 of earnings, rather than $5.
If bond yields rose to 7% from 5%, clients would immediately grasp that bonds are now a better value. By talking about the S&P 500's earnings yield, advisers can frame the conversation with clients in the same way.
As with the shopping analogy, there is a potential glitch. If the S&P 500 did indeed fall 30%, it is probably because the economy is slowing sharply, and this would probably depress corporate earnings in the short term.
What to do when that happens? To sidestep the problem caused by weaker earnings, calculate the market's earnings yield using peak earnings.
Alternatively, figure out the S&P 500's earnings yield using the Shiller P/E, named after Yale economics professor Robert Shiller.
The Shiller P/E is based on average inflation-adjusted earnings for the past 10 years. Due to that averaging, the Shiller P/E is less sensitive to short-term dips in earnings.
To find the current Shiller P/E, run an Internet search for "Robert Shiller's home page," click on the online data tab and open the third link listed, the one with data on U.S. stock markets since 1871.
3. Walk the line. Not sure clients are ready for a discussion about earnings yields? Instead, ask them to imagine a line rising steadily at 6% a year.
That 6% is a best guess for the long-run total return on stocks, estimated by combining the S&P 500's 2% dividend yield with 4% annual growth in earnings per share. Meanwhile, inflation will likely run at about 2% a year.
If the S&P 500's earnings per share do indeed climb 4% a year, share prices would also climb at 4%, provided that the market's P/E ratio stays the same. But the P/E almost certainly won't stay the same. Instead, it will climb whenever investors grow ebullient and tumble when there is panic in the air.
Whatever happens, encourage clients to focus on that 6%-a-year growth line, and tell them to view short-term movements as deviations from that trend.
Just had a gangbuster year for stocks? Share prices will be above the 6%-a-year growth path, and advisers might caution clients that they are likely to suffer somewhat lower future returns as a consequence.
Conversely, when share prices tumble, they will fall below the 6%-a-year growth path, and advisers can explain to clients that it is reasonable to expect the market to do some catching up.
When will the catching up occur? That, alas, is a question that an adviser won't be able to credibly answer for clients.
Still, advisers will have them engaged in a far more productive conversation. Instead of simply telling clients "don't panic," advisers will have them focused on the market's fundamental value and viewing plunging share prices as an opportunity, rather than as a ticket to the poorhouse.
This story is part of a 30-30 series on ways to build a better portfolio. It was originally published on May 2.


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John "John" Tsipuras
October 8, 1914 - February 21, 2003
Tsipuras - John D.- Peacefully with his family beside him, at Quinte Health Care Belleville General, on Friday, February 21st, 2003, of Wellington-On-The-Lake, formerly of Montreal. Beloved husband of Marjorie. Loved father of Dennis and his wife Janine of Vaudreuil, P.Q., Risti and her husband Kanud Jensen, Joanna and her husband Alec Stewart all of Toronto and the late Christopher. Dear brother of the late Christo and Mary. Cherished Papou of Erik, Peter, Danielle, Francis, Alexandra, Elizabeth and Alexander. Funeral Service in the Chapel, on Monday, February 24th at 2P.M. Reverend Jeff deJonge Officiating. Cremation. Donations to the Multiple Sclerosis Sociey would be appreciated by the family. Friends may call on Monday from 1 P.M. until the time of the service at 2 P.M.


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Barry Bennell Sentenced to 31 Years for Sexually Abusing Underage BoysFebruary 19, 2018
Former football coach Barry Bennell has been sentenced to 31 years on sexual abuse charges involving underage boys.
Per the Guardian's Daniel Taylor, Judge Clement Goldstone described Bennell as ''sheer evil'' as he announced the verdict.
Per the report, 86 more people have come forward during the trial against the former football coach, who worked with Manchester City and Crewe Alexandra during his career.
Now 64 years old, Bennell has already served two prison sentences in the United Kingdom and one in the United States. He was found guilty of 50 offences last week, with the crimes involving a total of 12 players taking place between 1979 and 1990. Those players ranged from eight to 14 years old.
Per Taylor, Goldstone did not hold back as he read the verdict: ''To those boys you appeared as a god...in reality you were the devil incarnate. You stole their childhood and their innocence to satisfy your own perversions.''
Monday's court proceedings marked the first time Bennell faced his victims. The coach spent seven years at Manchester City and was with Crewe from 1984 until 1992.


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Ice cores in Antarctica and Greenland reveal ice-crystal fabrics that can be softer under simple shear compared with isotropic ice. Owing to the sparseness of ice cores in regions away from the ice divide, we currently lack information about the spatial distribution of ice fabrics and its association with ice flow. Radio-wave reflections are influenced by ice-crystal alignments, allowing them to be tracked provided reflections are recorded simultaneously in orthogonal orientations (polarimetric measurements). Here, we image spatial variations in the thickness and extent of ice fabric across Dome A in East Antarctica, by interpreting polarimetric radar data. We identify four prominent fabric units, each several hundred metres thick, extending over hundreds of square kilometres. By tracing internal ice-sheet layering to the Vostok ice core, we are able to determine the approximate depth–age profile at Dome A. The fabric units correlate with glacial–interglacial cycles, most noticeably revealing crystal alignment contrasts between the Eemian and the glacial episodes before and after. The anisotropy within these fabric layers has a spatial pattern determined by ice flow over subglacial topography.
Ice sheets contain several types of single ice crystals, such as a perfect single pole, an elongated single pole and a vertical girdle crystal (Fig. 1). Ice crystals experience an anisotropic response to stress, whereby their principal axes, termed C-axes, rotate during deformation towards the direction of compression and away from the tensional direction (Fig. 2; Alley 1988; Azuma et al. 1999; Durand et al. 2009; Montagnat et al. 2014). Collectively, ice-crystal alignment leads to macro-crystallographic orientations, or ice-sheet fabric, which is the product of both ice rheology and stress. As the strain rate in anisotropic ice under simple shear (Azuma 1994; Durand et al. 2007; Kennedy et al. 2013) can be up to an order of magnitude greater than in isotropic ice (Azuma 1994), a feedback is possible whereby ice fabrics lead to preferential deformation and, in turn, further anisotropy (Alley 1988; Azuma 1994). The spatial variation of ice rheology is fundamental to ice-sheet flow modelling, yet it is normally averaged through depth as an isotropic medium, as in Glen's flow 'law' (Glen 1954). Differences in the velocity of cold-based ice between observations (Thorsteinsson et al. 1999) and modelling (Gillet-Chaulet et al. 2006; Martin & Gudmundsson 2012), in which respective ice-surface elevations can vary by hundreds of metres, and ice velocities by tens of metres per year, may be attributable to the rheological impacts of ice fabric development. Crystal alignment in ice cores is analysed routinely, revealing marked and step-wise changes in the fabric of ice deposited across glacial–interglacial periods (Durand et al. 2007; Montagnat et al. 2014). Additionally, sonic logging (Gusmeroli et al. 2012) shows how variations in ice-sheet fabric is correlated highly with oxygen isotope ratios, implying a link with atmospheric parameters (Paterson 1991; Kennedy et al. 2013). The spatial distribution of ice-sheet fabric is largely unknown, however, as ice cores are heavily restricted in number and distribution across Antarctica and Greenland. As a consequence, the crystallographic structure of ice in large ice sheets, including its development through time and space, and its potential rheological consequences, remains uncertain.
Dome A is the highest ice divide on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Jouzel & Masson-Delmotte 2010), with surface elevations reaching over 4100 m above sea-level. During the 2007–09 period of the International Polar Year the Dome A summit region was surveyed by an ice-penetrating polarimetric radar (Sun et al. 2009; Fig. 3). Initial inspection of the non-polarized radar data revealed the first detailed images of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, which were found to contain well-preserved upland glacial geomorphological features and a clearly defined water drainage pattern originating from fluvial activity in preglacial times (Sun et al. 2009). Numerical ice-flow modelling suggests these mountains were the nucleation site of the East Antarctic ice sheet, and are likely therefore to have been continuously glaciated for at least 14 Ma (DeConto & Pollard 2003).
Because radio-waves reflect off ice fabrics as a function of orientation, polarimetric radars, which measure radio-wave reflections simultaneously in orthogonal axes, are able to detect gross levels of ice-crystal orientations. Here, we analyse polarimetric data from the Dome A radar survey, revealing insights into the deep-ice crystal structure at and around the ice divide, and its relation with subglacial topography. By linking the data stratigraphically to the Vostok ice core, using airborne radar data, we also provide an assessment of the temporal evolution of ice fabric.
Typical fabrics in ice sheets
Deep ice cores, and some laboratory measurements confirm a direct association between ice-fabric changes and their permittivity (Matsuoka et al. 1997; Fujita et al. 2000, 2006; Drews et al. 2012). Figure 1 and Table 1 show the usual fabric types and their permittivity tensors. Electric permittivity is a measure of how an electric field affects, and is affected by, a dielectric medium. In tri-dimensional anisotropic media, the permittivity is a tensor relating the three components of the electric displacement with those of the electric field. The permittivity tensor can be expressed as a diagonal tensor, as follows: (1) We assume here that ϵ1 ≤ ϵ2 ≤ ϵ3.
In the case of a random ice-crystal fabric, the response of the electric field within the medium is independent of its orientation and ϵ1 = ϵ2 = ϵ3. If ϵ1 = ϵ2 = ϵ⊥ and ϵ3 = ϵ//, an idealized perfect single-pole behaviour occurs (Fig. 1b). For a single-pole ice-fabric distribution, as the ice crystals are aligned in planes, distinct electrical properties will exist along and across those planes. If we denote ϵ⊥ and ϵ// the permittivity perpendicular and parallel to the normal vector of the crystal planes, respectively, the permittivity tensor can be expressed as ϵ1 = ϵ2 = ϵ⊥ and ϵ3 = ϵ// (Fig. 1b).
In the case of a vertical girdle fabric, the crystal planes are randomly oriented in a vertical plane. In this situation, the two permittivities are (1) the average between ϵ⊥ and ϵ// in the vertical plane where fabric is random, and (2) equal to ϵ// in the normal direction, as follows: ϵ2 = ϵ3 = (ϵ// + ϵ⊥)/2 and ϵ1 = ϵ// (Fig. 1d).
If the ice crystals have elongated single poles then ϵ1 < ϵ2 < ϵ3 (Fig. 1c). The ellipse ratio in this fabric corresponds to the anisotropy of permittivity in the horizontal direction. The larger this ratio is, the higher the level of anisotropic permittivity.
Polarimetric radio waves and Stokes parameters
Polarimetric radars have orthogonal transmitting and receiving antennas, receiving four series of polarized echo (noted as HH, HV, VH and VV). Relative echo powers from these configurations vary through anisotropic media. The classic Stokes vector parameters (referred to below as S0, S1, S2 and S3) can be used to evaluate and quantify the polarization of such radio-waves as follows.
The Stokes vector parameters, defined by George Gabriel Stokes in 1852, are widely used in electromagnetics and optics for describing the polarization state of electromagnetic radiation, such as its total intensity and degree of polarization and the shape parameters of the polarization ellipse (Stokes 1852; Chandrasekhar 1960; Doake 1981; Mott 2006). As H and V are orthogonal, we can regard them as axes to build the corresponding Stokes parameters, which can be represented as a vector as follows: (2)
Here (3) (4) (5) (6) where EH and EV are the components of electrical field from the orthogonal receiver antennae; ϕ is the phase difference between EH and EV; and Re and Im are the real and imaginary parts of an electrical field E. The normalized Stokes vector parameters can effectively eliminate the influence of transmitting power, antenna interval and so on, and is represented as follows: (7)
While an electromagnetic wave propagates in an anisotropic media, it can induce both ordinary waves and extraordinary waves in orthogonal directions, each with different propagating velocities. Therefore the incident wave in the H or V direction can induce reflections both in the same direction and orthogonally. We can describe the relationship of reflection and incident waves as: (8)
Here, represent the electrical field vector. Its superscript 'i' means that it is the incident wave and 'r' indicates the reflection wave. is a 2 × 2 reflection coefficient matrix describing the relationship between the incident and reflecting waves.
For induced reflections recorded in the H antenna, we can obtain: (9)
Substituting equation (9) into equation (2), we get the following four relations: (10) (11) (12) (13)
For inducing reflections measured in the V antenna we obtain similar expressions.
S0 refers to the total echo-power from the orthogonal antennae, and resembles the reflected power using in the conventional sole-channel radar system. S1, S2 and S3 provide the difference in reflected power between the orthogonal electric fields in the standard Cartesian arrangement, a Cartesian system rotated by 45° and in a circular coordinate arrangement, respectively, thus providing measures of the anisotropy in ice permittivity.
Several authors have confirmed the relationship between the echo difference in orthogonal directions and the permittivity tensor of ice (Hargreaves 1977; Fujita et al. 2006; Matsuoka et al. 2012), which is linked to the second-order tensor of ice fabric (Matsuoka et al. 2009). Hence, in the absence of plausible alternative explanations, it can be assumed that the Stokes vector parameter description of the polarimetric radar reflections S1, S2 and S3 expresses ice-sheet anisotropy caused by ice crystal fabric.
Radar survey
The polarimetric radar used a frequency of 179 MHz and recorded radio waves in orthogonal orientations over a square grid of fourteen 30 km-long transects with along-track sample acquisition every c. 17 m (Fig. 3). The radar employed dual receivers in orthogonal orientations (H and V) with a time-sharing sole transmitter (H or V). It comprised four assembly antenna pairs: HH, HV, VH and VV. An in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) demodulator can measure the amplitude, phase and instantaneous frequency of radar signals, so it is widely used in polarimetric radar systems. Normally each antenna pair records both I and Q components for detecting phase. Therefore there are eight data records in the polarimetric radar files necessary to measure information of both the amplitude and phase of reflected waves. Further details of the radar are provided in Sun et al. (2009).
The I and Q components of the four antenna pairs were imported from raw data files, from which the Stokes vectors of both H and V transmitters were calculated. The four parameters in the Stokes vector each have an explicit physical meaning. S0 represents the average power of the EM waves. S1 provides the echo difference between H and V components. Its value can be positive, zero or negative depending on whether linear polarization of H or V is dominating. S2 provides the echo difference of orthogonal components between 45 and −45°. S3 represents the echo difference of orthogonal components within a circular coordinate system. After normalization, S1, S2 and S3 all range between −1 and +1.
S0 has similar results to traditional (non-polarimetric) radar reflections. It can display clear isochrones and subglacial topography. In contrast S1, S2 and S3 display obvious bands within the normal isochrone arrangements (e.g. red (positive) and blue (negative) layers in Fig. 4). The units in S1 and S2 are more distinct than in S3 and show little difference between the H and V transmitters. By adding S0, S1 and the average power from H and V together, the positive layers link to reflections recorded in the V component, and the negative layers link to the H component. If the coordinates are fixed (i.e. as in a straight survey line), variation of the Stokes vectors in the H and V components within different layers of ice must be attributed to differences in the ice crystal fabric (i.e. different layers have different fabric and orientation tensors).
The Stokes vectors were calculated in each of the transects (Fig. 4), revealing four obvious englacial layered units in which discrete variations in S1 were noticed, named T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively (T0 designates the bed). Beneath T4, further units of alternating S1 occur, but they are less obvious and not as easy to trace owing to the lack of returned power from deeper englacial reflectors. Broadly, positive S1 units (red–yellow zones in Fig. 4) correspond to high levels of anisotropy in the horizontal plane (as the radar is insensitive to the anisotropy in the direction of transmission), and negative S1 units (blue zones) are derived from either isotropic ice or low levels of anisotropy in the horizontal plane. As expected, the deeper S1 ice fabric units thin gradually with depth owing to vertical compression (Fig. 4). Unit T1 is the thickest of those measured, from the surface to ice depths of c. 800–1000 m. Based on crystallographic information from deep ice cores, this upper unit will have a nearly random (isotropic) fabric (Azuma 1994; Azuma et al. 1999; Fujita et al. 2006; Durand et al. 2009; Montagnat et al. 2014). Unit T2 (positive S1) is up to c. 400 m thick and contains an abundance of highly anisotropic ice related to a vertical girdle fabric distribution. T3 (negative S1) is a product of low levels of horizontal anisotropy, as the fabric clusters towards a broad single-pole distribution (Hargreaves 1977; Eisen et al. 2007; Matsuoka et al. 2009). T4 (highly positive S1) is similar in crystal arrangement to T2. While both the thickness and depth of the units fluctuate horizontally substantially, we estimate that c. 20% of the ice column beneath Dome A, and up to c. 50% of the ice column at depths >1 km around this ice dome, are characterized by high levels of anisotropy (primarily from T2, T4 and T6; Fig. 4).
Dating fabric units
Link to Vostok ice core
We are able to link radar isochrones from Kunlun Station to the Vostok ice core, allowing us to estimate a depth–age relationship at Dome A (Figs 5 & 6). The depth of the ice fabric units at Kunlun is then used to assign estimated ages to the fabric units (Table 2). We also used the stratigraphic connection to Vostok to translate the ice core dust and ΔT records to Dome A (Fig. 7).
Isochrone layers were picked along two airborne radar transects, collected by the Alfred Wegener Institute. The radar used operates at 150 MHz, alternating between 600 and 60 ns bursts, with internal stacking of shots prior to storage and a pulse repetition frequency of 20 Hz. The effective distance between 60 ns shots is c. 8 m, and for interpretation the shots are stacked two-fold (so that c. 8 m becomes c. 16 m). The two-way travel times of the layers were converted into ice depth using the Kovacs formula (Kovacs et al. 1995) and ice density information (Barkov 1970; Ekaykin et al. 2010), with an accuracy of c. 5%. The radar data were differentiated and amplitude balanced to aid the extraction of the layers. The age–depth relationship at Vostok Station was taken from Parrenin et al. (2004). The layers were traced using a commercial software package from Landmark, which displays picked horizons at cross-over points and thus allows an evaluation the quality of the data to ensure the correct isochrone is identified along the transect. Importantly, layers were traced along both transects from Dome A and compared at their intersection at Vostok Station. Agreement between the layers at Vostok Station provides confidence that the correct layers were followed to Dome A, and that the depth–age relationship there is reliable. The error for picking both the ice-surface reflection and an isochrone is about five sample points, which corresponds to 66.65 ns or c. 5.6 m in ice thickness.
Ages of fabric layers
From the stratigraphic correlation between Vostok and Dome A, we estimate that the base of T2 is c. 105 kyr, which roughly corresponds with the end of the Eemian interglacial period. T3 is aged between c. 105 and c. 136 kyr, and there is a good correspondence between the peak of S1 within T3 and the peak of the Eemian. T4 is between c. 136 and c. 190 kyr, similar to MIS 6. Two faint units below T4, named T5 and T6, are possibly consistent with previous glacial/interglacial periods.
Broadly, positive S1 units (T2, T4) correspond well to glacial periods and negative S1 units (T3, T5) are associated with interglacials (Fig. 7). This suggests that gross crystal fabric across Dome A is influenced by past environmental change at the glacial–interglacial transition.
Crystal fabrics at Dome A: distribution and significance
In a vertical column of ice near the ice divide, the orientation of ice crystals will gradually tend to a predominant (vertical) orientation under compression. In doing so, the ice fabric develops from 'random' to 'single pole'. Horizontally, perfect single pole and 'vertical girdle' crystal alignments represent the two end-member extreme fabrics (Figs 1 & 2a) that could be expected in idealized ice-divide and ice-sheet margin regions, respectively. The resulting development of ice fabric in layers T1–T5 is illustrated in Figure 8. An alternative, theoretical, explanation is that under shear the crystal axis experiences rotation in line with the stress field (Fig. 2b). Both explanations, summarized in Table 3, would yield similar polarimetric radar measurements.
It is known that soft layers (glacial ice) are more easily deformed under stress than hard layers (interglacial ice) and isotropic ice (e.g. Paterson 1991; Thorsteinsson et al. 1999; Durand et al. 2007; Matsuoka et al. 2012; Kennedy et al. 2013). The deformation leads to the glacial ice layers more easily experiencing crystal realignment (Fig. 2a), which is what is recorded by the Stokes vectors measurements (Fujita et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2008; Matsuoka et al. 2012). Hence, the polarimetric radar measures the thickness and distribution of layers with discrete ice fabrics.
The S1 units align well among the individual transverses and cross profiles. We picked the top and bottom surfaces of all the S1 units in each line (where S1 became 0) to make three-dimensional wall and surface diagrams (Fig. 9), which display the extent and thickness of each fabric horizon revealing two obvious features. The first is significant S1 variations in both ice depth and unit thickness. The second is changes to ice fabric caused by flow over macro-scale bed topography (Robin & Millar 1982). The fabric units are dominant across the left side of a major subglacial valley. On the right side of the subglacial valley, a cluster of relatively small peaks exists. Unit T2 pinches out immediately above these peaks (Fig. 9). In this area, an arcuate belt with no S1 signal covers the cluster of peaks. We infer that, above these smaller peaks, a pure compressive stress state (uniaxial or pure shear) dominates, causing the fabric to be characterized by a single-pole arrangement (Azuma 1994; Matsuoka et al. 2012). This induces isotropy in the horizontal direction, causing the S1 to be near zero (c. 25 km mark in Fig. 4d), leading to local disappearance of the fabric units. Away from the peaks, simple shear will increase gradually, leading to the redevelopment of fabric units that can be seen on both sides (Fig. 9d).
Our polarimetric radar data reveal widespread ice-sheet anisotropy at Dome A. However, polarimetric radar only captures relative contrasts in electric permittivity between two orthogonal directions in the horizontal plane rather than the actual values. Interpretation of our radar data has been guided by typical ice-fabric distributions sampled in ice cores sites (e.g. Durand et al. 2007 at Dome C; Drews et al. 2012 at EPICA DML; and Montagnat et al. 2014 at NEEM). Ice-core data only show subtle changes in fabric during climatic transitions, however, in contrast with the marked transitions we image in radar data. This suggests that widespread but locally subtle transitions in ice fabric are likely to have a large effect on the permittivity of the ice sheet. Hence subtle transitions in ice fabric could potentially have a larger effect on ice flow dynamics than currently considered.
Our observations at Dome A are likely to hold for other ice divides, including central Greenland, as noted above. At Dome F in East Antarctica, using a dual frequency radar, simple-shear-dominated ice flow over large subglacial obstacles has been shown to lead to preferential recrystallization along bands of relatively soft ice (Fujita et al. 1999), meaning that the rheological consequences of initial anisotropy will evolve downstream. At Dome C, Siegert & Fujita (2001) analysed 60 MHz radar, and discovered that the form of the depth-to-power relationship of the returned radar signal could be used as a proxy for the along-track development of ice-crystal fabric. A similar investigation revealed how ice fabric may evolve between Ridge B and Lake Vostok (Siegert & Kwok 2000).
One situation where the downstream modification to ice crystal fabric and rheology may be highly relevant is in the preservation of major blocks of basal ice, interpreted to be caused by widespread and thick basal accretion (Bell et al. 2011). Stress-induced anisotropy-may lead to preferential englacial flow along bands, leading to smooth englacial flow over rough topography and, potentially, a partial flow 'decoupling' of the bulk of the ice sheet from basal ice units frozen to the bed. This new and alternative explanation for the so-called 'accretion ice' identified atop the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains (and other 'fuzzy' lower-englacial features seen in both Greenland and Antarctica) is consistent with the lack of significant surface uplift and velocity anomalies that a high rate of basal freezing (of the order of the surface rate of ice accumulation) should lead to, and is consistent with meteoric radar layering above the basal ice that drapes smoothly over it (see Wrona et al. 2017). Such flow may preserve the basal ice units as ancient ice blocks, which means that the rate of ice accumulation by freezing will be lower, and the age of ice considerably older (possibly by millions of years), than first thought.
Conclusions and further work
Polarimetric radar measurements, linked stratigraphically to the Vostok ice core, demonstrate that ice-sheet crystal alignment at the centre of large ice sheets is a function of both climate-induced impurities acting to 'soften' the ice during periods of glaciation and internal stresses within the ice sheet, acting to preferentially deform the soft ice, yielding ice-sheet anisotropy. These observations at and around Dome A are likely to hold for other ice divides, including central Greenland, where soft anisotropic ice has been measured in the lower portion of the NEEM ice core (NEEM Community Members 2013).
The next steps to this area of research are two-fold: first, to study ice crystal fabric developments using polarimetric radar around other ice divides, to understand the similarities to, and differences from, the situation at Dome A; and second, to investigate the degree to which the ice fabric uncovered at Dome A relates to modification in ice rheology. Ice-sheet modelling is capable of such analysis, through assimilation of three-dimensional internal layer structures into the ice flow parameter. This coupling between data and modelling is possible, but requires high-resolution radar data acquisition across study regions.
This paper is based on the work supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40874060, 41176167, 41276200 and 41676181), the 973 projects of China (2012CB957702), the 863 projects of China (2011AA040202) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/D003733/1). This work was carried out while Bangbing Wang was a visiting research fellow at the British Antarctic Survey. We thank Richard Hindmarsh, Hugh Corr and Ed King for help and advice in developing the work for this paper. We also thank Neil Ross and Adam Booth for offering constructive and helpful reviews.
- © 2018 The Author(s). Published by The Geological Society of London
Gold Open Access: This article is published under the terms of the CC-BY 3.0 license.


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Hardcover with brown boards and pictorial dust jacket, First Edition, 1,350gms, 384 pages plus index, illustrated endpapers. The Home Artist is a step-by-step instructions and illustrations show how the projects are built up and the works of both established and amateur artists provide examples and guides, translating theoretical ideas into tangible form. Book is in good condition with mild general wear and tear and light page discolouration throughout. Dust Jacket is in good condition with mild shelf wear, otherwise no other pre-loved markings. Book weighs over 1kg and may incur additional postage.
Title: Home Artist, The: A Complete Teach-Yourself Guide to Drawing, Watercolours and Oils
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Publisher: London, England, Marshall Cavendish Books Limited: 1979
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Every time it seems that summer has us in its throes, a front comes through and cools things down. Okay, maybe it doesn't get "cool," but when low temperatures for the week average in the upper 60s, that's cool for Houston in June. This week, no such luck.
Over the weekend, temperatures moderated under overcast skies and rain. Most of the area got one to two inches of precipitation, leaving the majority of Harris County in good condition drought-wise. There are still a couple pockets where the drought is an issue, and this isn't exactly the anti-2011, but it's substantially better.
The rain continued a bit on Monday and we should see a shower or thunderstorm again today before high pressure finally settles in. Rain chances Tuesday are better the closer you get to the coast, with showers pushing in off the Gulf, but just as a couple of thunderstorms moved through the area Monday afternoon, today could be similar.
Beyond that, our weather is setting up to be the hottest we've had this year thus far. Temperatures begin to climb on Wednesday and Thursday, but by Friday highs could be in the mid-90s. Some forecasts are calling for a slight chance they could be higher, but it doesn't appear we'll hit triple digits for the moment. If you like hot and sunny, this week is going to be your favorite of the year.
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As high pressure settles in, don't expect much in the way of rain chances either. Most forecasts are calling for the high to remain in place through the middle of next week, which means lots of hot, dry weather for the next 7-10 days.
A Look at the Tropics
Since Andrea went onshore in Florida, it's been fairly quiet in the Atlantic, which is normal for June. Andrea was early for a named storm. On average, we see a named storm in June about once every two years. For those of you old enough to remember Hurricane Alicia, that first storm of the year was in August. Of course, that was during the most recent down period for hurricanes. We're still in the middle of a busy spell.
For now, things are quiet and I wouldn't expect them to seriously heat up for about six weeks, but it's always good to pay attention this time of year.


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Home tools Buyer's Guides from tech enthusiast who loves technology and clever solutions for better living.
Best led shop lights 2018 – [Buyer's Guide]Last Updated September 1, 2020
Hi! My name is Charlie Oliver. After 30 hours of research including speaking with consultants and experts, and plenty of parents and 21 hours spent testing 10 led shop lights, I believe that I found the best led shop lights of 2018.
In fact, it was the first time I had been in this situation and what I thought was going to be a very quick and easy task turned out to be a good many weeks of research. You see I'm an average member of the public just like you and the main reason I decided to publish a review website on led shop lights is because I was looking for one not so long ago.
Best led shop lights of 2018
If you're reading this, it is very likely that you're scouting for the best led shop lights. Before you spend your money on led shop lights, start by familiarizing yourself with the various types.
I am going to specify each good-to-buy feature as much as possible for your references. Below you can find 3 reviews of the best led shop lights to buy in 2018, which I have picked after the deep market research.
Test Results and Ratings
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You must visit the page of sales. Here is the link. If you don't care about which brand is better, then you can choose the led shop lights by the price and buy from the one who will offer the greatest discount.
№1 – AntLux 4FT LED Wraparound Flushmount LED Garage Shop Lights – 40W 4800LM – 4000K Neutral White – Integrated Low Profile Commercial Linear Ceiling Lighting Fixture
Why did this led shop lights win the first place?
I am very happy with the purchase. It is definitely worth its money. The product is top-notch! I don't know anything about other models from this brand, but I am fully satisfied with this product. I really enjoy the design. It is compact, comfortable and reliable. And it looks amazing! The material is stylish, but it smells for the first couple of days.
№2 – HyperSelect Utility LED Shop Light
Why did this led shop lights come in second place?
This is a pretty decent product that perfectly fitted the interior of our office. The material is pretty strong and easy to wash if needed. Managers explained me all the details about the product range, price, and delivery. I recommend you to consider buying this model, it definitely worth its money.
№3 – Linkable LED Utility Shop Light 4ft 4800 Lumens Super Bright 40W 5000K Daylight ETL Certified LED Garage Lights Fixture Durable LED Fixture with Pull Chain Mounting and Daisy Chain Hardware Included
Why did this led shop lights take third place?
I liked the design. We've been using it for 2 months and it still looks like brand new. It doesn't squeaks nor bents. Looks great in my apartment. I hope that the good reputation of the manufacturer will guarantee a long-term work. This price is appropriate since the product is very well built.
led shop lights Buyer's Guide
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CNET's LED Buying Guide makes sense of the light bulb…
It's been more than years since Congress passed the Energy Independence and Security Act of 200(EISA). In doing so, they put the age of inefficient incandescent lighting on notice. The law mandated strict new energy standards designed to kick-start a new era of greener, longer-lasting, more cost-efficient light bulbs — and that meant kicking outdated, inefficient bulbs to the curb.
The rising standards have already long rendered 100W and 75W incandescents obsolete, and in 2014, their 60W and 40W cousins met the same fate. Congressional budget waffling briefly seemed to put the new standards on hold, but it was largely too late — the industry had already moved on, and wasn't interested in reversing course.
Color temperature
After lumens, the next concept you'll want to understand is color temperature. Measured on the Kelvin scale, color temperature isn't really a measure of heat. Instead, it's a measure of the color that a light source produces, ranging from yellow on the low end of the scale to bluish on the high end, with whitish light in the middle.
An easy way to keep track of color temperature is to think of a flame: it starts out yellow and orange, but when it gets really hot, it turns blue. You could also think of color temperature in terms of the sun — low, yellowy color temperatures mimic the tone of light at sunrise or sunset, while hotter, more bluish-white color temperatures are more akin to daylight (sure enough, bulbs with color temperatures like these are commonly called "daylight" bulbs). This is also why a lot of people prefer high color temperatures during the day and lower color temperatures in the morning and evening. Some smart bulbs can even shift back and forth throughout the day.
Generally speaking, incandescents sit at the bottom of the scale with their yellow light, while CFLs and LEDs have long been thought to tend toward the high, bluish end of the spectrum. This has been a steady complaint about new lighting alternatives, as many people prefer the warm, familiar, low color temperature of incandescents. Manufacturers are listening, though, and in this case they heard consumers loud and clear, with more and more low-color-temperature CFL and LED options hitting the shelves. Don't believe me? Take another look at those two paper lamps in the picture above, because they're both CFL bulbs — from the same manufacturer, no less.
Sylvania often color codes its packaging. Blue indicates a hot, bluish color temperature, while the lighter shade indicates a white, more neutral light.
Bulb shape
As you're probably aware, light bulbs come in a fairly wide variety of shapes. Sure, it's easy enough to tell a hardware store clerk that you want "one of those flamey-looking lights," or "just a normal ol' bulby light bulb," but knowing the actual nomenclature might save you some time.
Your automated-lighting options
It used to be that if you wanted your lights to turn on and off automatically, then you had to rely on a cheap wall socket timer, the kind you might use to control a Christmas tree. These days, it's easier than ever to dive into the sort of advanced automation controls that can make any home feel modern and futuristic. Use the right devices, and you'll be able to control your lights in all sorts of creative ways, and make your life a little bit easier in the process.
The most obvious way to get started with smart lighting is with the bulbs themselves. You've got plenty of intelligent options from brands both big and small, and to find the one that's best for you, you're going to need to understand what sets them apart.
The first thing to look at is how the bulbs communicate with you. Some offer direct connections with your smart phone via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, which makes setup as simple as screwing the thing in and following the in-app pairing instructions.
Cree Connected LED and the
GE Link LED, cost a lot less up front, but don't come with their own gateways — that means you'll need a compatible third-party hub in order to control them.
Hubs like those are your best bet at building your own, elaborate smart home setup with different kinds of products from different brands all working together. However, if that sounds like too much of a headache, or if all you want are lights that come on automatically at sunset, then one of those starter kits that comes with its own gateway is probably worth the cash.
Color control
If you're looking for a little more color in your life, then be sure and take a look at a product like the Philips Hue Starter Kit. Aside from being fully automatable via a mobile app and control hub, the Hue LED bulbs are capable of on-demand color changes. Just pull out your phone, select one of millions of possible shades, and the light will match it. And if you're into voice control, Hue bulbs hit the compatibility trifecta — they'll work with Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant.
Because Philips opened its lighting controls to third-party developers, you'll also find lots of fun novelty uses for Hue bulbs, like changing the color of your lights in rhythm with whatever music you're playing. There's even an app that'll sync your Hue lights up with certain TV programming. Philips plans to double down on the idea in a big way this year.
Hue lights are also directly compatible with the popular web service IFTTT, with recipes already available that will change the color of your lights to match the weather, or to signal a touchdown from your favorite football team or even to indicate when your stocks are doing well.
LED vs. CFL vs. Halogen
Now that most incandescent lightbulbs are pretty much a thing of the past, consumers now must choose between LED (light-emitting diode), CFL (compact fluorescent), and halogen bulbs to light their homes. But which is the best option? It all depends on your needs. We'll take you through the various kinds of lighting, and the benefits that each offers.
LEDs vs. Incandescent Bulbs
Traditional incandescent bulbs measured their brightness in watts; if you wanted a brighter bulb, you bought one with a higher wattage. However, with the advent of LEDs and other types of lighting, that yardstick has become meaningless, and as a result, a bulb's brightness is now listed as lumens, which is a more accurate measurement of how bright it is, rather than how much energy it consumes. Below is a conversion table which shows how much energy, in watts, an incandescent bulb and an LED typically require to produce the same amount of light.
Other Lightbulb Alternatives
EISA will also stop the manufacturing of candle-and globe-shaped 60-watt incandescent bulbs (the types used in chandeliers and bathroom vanity light fixtures). However, the law doesn't affect 40-watt versions of those bulbs, nor three-way (50 to 100 to 150-watt) incandescent A1bulbs. So, those will continue to be an option for you, as well, in fixtures that will accommodate them.
LED Lightbulb Options
Traditional bulbs for table and floor lamps are known by their lighting industry style name "A19,"while floodlight bulbs made for track lights and in-ceiling fixtures are dubbed "BR30." Your best long-term alternative to either style is extremely energy-efficient LED technology.
The LED equivalent of a 60-watt A1bulb consumes only between and 1watts, and provides about the same light output, measured in lumens. A 40-watt equivalent LED bulb consumes only to 8.watts. And a 65-watt BR30 (floodlight) replacement LED bulb consumes only to 1watts.
Moreover, an LED bulb's lifespan is practically infinite. Manufacturers typically estimate a bulb's lifespan based on three hours of use per day. By that measurement, an LED bulb will be as good as new for at least a decade, manufacturers say. Under the same conditions, an old-fashioned lightbulb may work for only about a year before burning out.
For example, GE's equivalent LED bulb has a rated lifetime of 15,000 hours or 13.years. Philips' equivalent LED bulb has a rated lifetime of 10,000 hours or 9.1years.
LED bulbs will continue to light up even after their rated lifetimes expire; however, brightness may drop or the color cast of the light may change.
GE, Philips, Sylvania, Cree and other brands (including IKEA) all offer LED bulbs that output the most popular "soft white" light, at retailers including Home Depot, Target and Walmart. In addition, GE 's Reveal lineup of color-enhancing lightbulbs (a coating filters out yellow tones to enhance colors lit by the bulb) with LED replacements equivalent to 40-watt and 60-watt A1bulbs and to a 65-watt BR30 bulb.
Pros & Cons of LED Light
CFL stands for compact fluorescent lighting, which is simply a smaller version of a fluorescent tube. CFL bulbs contain a mercury vapor that lights when it is energized. Because CFLs contain mercury, they must be disposed of carefully, at designated drop-off site (Home Depot, Lowes, recycling centers, etc). An average CFL bulb should last 7,000 hours.
Pros & Cons of Incandescent Light
Incandescent light is an electric process that produces light with a wire filament that is heated to a high temperature by an electric current which runs through it. This is the type of lighting which was the standard in homes up until the 1990's. Due to its poor energy efficiency, it is being replaced with the newer technology of LED and CFL bulbs. Incandescent bulbs last roughly 1,000 hours.
Pros & Cons of Halogen Light
Similar to incandescent light bulbs, halogen bulbs use a similar electric-filament technology with one important difference; with incandescents the filament degrades via evaporation over time whereas, with halogens, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, thereby extending its life. Halogen bulbs have a lifespan of roughly 3,000 hours.
Color Temperature & Lighting Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light. The temperature of light refers to its warmness or coolness, or hue. This temperature is measured using the Kelvin scale, which for most use ranges from 2,700°-7,500°K. Incandescent and halogen lighting are the most limited in the temperature range at 2,700°-3,000°K. LED and CFL have each expanded their color range to now offering warmer options. Most task lighting, however, benefits from cooler lighting options which include LED, full spectrum, and CFL.
The distribution of light on a flat surface is called its illumination and is measured in footcandles. A footcandle of illumination is a lumen of light spread over a one square foot area.
The illumination needed varies according to the difficulty of a visual task. Ideal illumination is the minimum footcandles necessary to allow you to perform a task comfortably and efficiently without eyestrain or fatigue. According to the Illuminating Engineering Society, illumination of 30 to 50 footcandles is needed for most home and office work. Intricate and lengthy visual tasks — like sewing — require 200 to 500 footcandles.
1,000-1,400 Lumens is a commonly accepted range for most applications of task lighting. An average of 50 Lumens per square foot is a common measure. efficacy. Efficacy is the ratio of light output from a lamp to the electric power it uses and is measured in lumens per watt.
Demystifying LED Light
The reading area should have a bright task lamp. A bright desk lamp can prevent eye strain which is helpful in preventing eye damage in the long run. With bright task lamps in the reading area, you can keep headaches away. Thus, you will surely enjoy reading as well as other activities like writing letters or completing puzzles.
Your kitchen is another part of the home that requires task lighting. The dangerous nature of the activities you do in your kitchen is reason enough to get additional task lighting. More importantly, you need enough light to read recipes and to see the ingredients as they cook as well as other practical things. For kitchens, common task lighting fixtures are under cabinet lights that provide extra illumination to supplement the ambient light.
Voltage Choices
If you are using AC or line voltage, the voltage choice would not be an issue, since you will either use 1V or 220 V depending on your country/region. However, things will be more complicated if your house is wired for a D.C. current, for example, if you are using a home battery. (link please).
In the past two decades or so, 1V used to be the absolute standard for low-voltage DC appliances and lighting. However, in the more recent years, people are moving towards 2V or even 4V options. Many people in the off-grid community nowadays also opt for standard line-voltage wiring for their off-grid houses, paired with inverters. Understandable, because inverters are a lot more efficient and a lot more affordable nowadays. Confusing? Might be, but it shouldn't be overwhelming.
In the end, your voltage choice should depend on your (intended) total energy consumption. Let us review the basic relationship between power, current, and voltage.
Bike lights for commuting and urban use
Safety lights will usually have at least one constant lighting mode, in addition to multiple flashing modes. They also offer higher levels of side visibility; so you can be seen at junctions by pedestrians and other road users.
Lezyne Strip Drive Pair 300/150 is the perfect bike light set, for when you want to be seen on the road.
Adding the
On the rear, a bright safety light will allow other road users to see you from a good distance. Similar to commuting lights, using the flashing mode, and doubling up on these lights, will make you even more visible.
Exposure Trace Pack – Trace & TraceR with Handlebar and Pos features the TraceR – one of our brightest rear lights.
Bicycle lights for off-road riding
Riding a bike off-road, at night, offers a whole new dimension to your experience! Those familiar trails will feel like adrenaline-inspiring new routes, as they look a whole lot different under the cover of darkness.
As a bare minimum, you want a powerful bar mounted front light, ideally with an output upwards of 1000 lumens. These off-road specific lights will have a wider beam pattern too, so they can illuminate the whole of the trail in front of you.
High powered off-road lights feature the ability to "toggle" down the light level; so you can light up the world on those technical descents, but reign back the power, and conserve battery life, on those long uphill drags.
Exposure Maxx-D Mkis one of the most powerful, and most popular off-road specific front bicycle lights.
In addition to a bar mounted light, a helmet mounted light with a narrower beam will help you to see round corners, and spot any additional hazards that might be lost in the shadow of your main light. is the standard to which all helmet lights are compared, and offers outstanding performance.
TP-Link LB130
Best of all, the TP-Link bulbs don't require any sort of smart hub to function, so there's no need to buy a starter kit or pay extra for a hub – once you buy a bulb, that's it, making these an especially good choice for anyone who only wants one or two smart lights, and not a whole house worth.
All of the bulbs other than the cheapest LB100 model also come with energy monitoring, so you can see how much energy you've used and plan your usage accordingly.
Connectivity is reliable, with only one brief network drop in our testing time, and our biggest complaint is that at just 800 lumens these aren't the brightest bulbs around – but they should be enough to suit most uses.
Lightwave is a smart lighting solution that's a bit different to the others in this round-up, since it requires you to replace your light switches rather than the light bulbs themselves. It is ideal for homes with multiple spotlights that would otherwise be incredibly expensive to individually replace, and also means that when one bulb blows you can just buy a regular replacement. Sadly, it's UK-only for now.
The Web Link will also manage other smart home devices from the company – you can set up devices that control your hot water and individual room heating, motion detection, and the opening and closing of blinds or curtains. You can also install smart switches on your plug sockets that allow you to turn on and off power when required.
Lightwave has a companion app through which you can turn on and off the switches from your phone or tablet, and through which you can set up schedules or timers that are ideal if you are going on holiday.
Elgato Avea Flare
You create 'rules' for the lamps to work and these can be for them to turn on and off at sunset and sunrise, or at times you choose. They can be individually named and controlled, and you can even set a dimming period so the lamp fades in to your set brightness over a few minutes (or even up to 30 minutes). You can also define a sleep period, so the bulb will turn off after a set time, just like a TV or radio.
Bike lights explained
Lights that make you seen can greatly improve your visibility to road users when riding at night. They ensure that car drivers can see you from a distance and be alerted to your presence. Almost all bicycle lights use LED bulbs as they are more reliable and use much less battery power, whilst also offering much higher levels of brightness. Used in flashing mode, they are very good at attracting attention from other road users.
Multi-Shade with Bar
You can have multi-shade lights with 2, 3, 4, or even shades on it. They often hang from a chain or a rod, which is adjustable to the desired length. Since these lights typically hang from more than one chain / rod, they offer better weight distribution from its hanging point.
How to save up to 86%? Here is little trick.
You must visit the page of sales. Here is the link. If you don't care about which brand is better, then you can choose the led shop lights by the price and buy from the one who will offer the greatest discount.
Final Word
First of all thanks for reading my article to the end! I hope you find my reviews listed here useful and that it allows you to make a proper comparison of what is best to fit your needs and budget. Don't be afraid to try more than one product if your first pick doesn't do the trick.
Most important, have fun and choose your led shop lights wisely! Good luck!
So, TOP3 of led shop lights
- №1 — AntLux 4FT LED Wraparound Flushmount LED Garage Shop Lights – 40W 4800LM – 4000K Neutral White – Integrated Low Profile Commercial Linear Ceiling Lighting Fixture
- №2 — HyperSelect Utility LED Shop Light
- №3 — Linkable LED Utility Shop Light 4ft 4800 Lumens Super Bright 40W 5000K Daylight ETL Certified LED Garage Lights Fixture Durable LED Fixture with Pull Chain Mounting and Daisy Chain Hardware Included
Questions? Leave a comment below!
Chatting about led shop lights is my passion! Leave me a question in the comments, I answer each and every one and would love to get to know you better!


text:
Closed Doors. Free Flight.
The door is worn.
Paint flakes on each panel.
There is rust on the hinges.
It is still strong despite the wearing of age.
There is no bowing in the wood.
There is no rot.
It is locked.
And well it should be.
Some doors need to be closed.
Let the demons on the other side rage.
Whisper, as you turn the key,
"There is nothing for me there."
Whisper, as you turn the key,
"This is not where I wish to live."
Ignore the siren song of false promises,
of beautiful lies, both the ones told
and the ones you tell yourself,
all behind the door
as you walk away.
Shout, as you reach back and throw the key far
into the fast running river currents. Shout
your declaration of freedom,
the promise of your rising, all
by the closing of a door.
About this poem
A lot of times we are loath to let things go, to close doors, to take a chance (although it is not a chance, but a certainty) that new doors will open.
But at times, closing the door and walking away is the most amazing and wonderful thing we can do. The power in it can be surprising.
But it shouldn't be.
PS – the picture was taken at an abandoned factory in Athol, Mass.


text:
Chick-Fil-A, which has more outlets in Texas than any other state, has come under attack for allegedly partnering with an organization Advocate.com calls "Pennsylvania's largest antigay, anti-marriage equality group."
According to an Advocate report, Chick-Fil-A is sponsoring two Pennsylvania Family Institute events advertised as workshops to help "couples apply what the Bible teaches about marriage in a powerful way." While no claims have been made regarding the content of the seminars, activists in the LGBT community say the chicken chain -- famous for weekly shuttering its stores in observance of a Sunday sabbath -- shouldn't support a group fighting gay marriage.
Chick-Fil-A yesterday afternoon addressed the allegations on Twitter, writing "For those seeing reports of a CFA sponsorship w/ the Penn Family Inst, we are looking into the issue and will provide a response ASAP." The restaurant's feed has not been updated since.
Four Chick-Fil-A spokespeople did not return calls and e-mails seeking comment.
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Frustration with Chick-Fil-A's failure to respond quickly to questions is starting to simmer on Twitter and other social networks: "A day later and no report?," @hrstump asked. "I can't support a company that won't support all people."


text:
Donate To A Fund
Nonprofit Directory
Alpha Listing
9 Energies Inc
ACAM Education Foundation
Access Unlimited
Adopt A Sox
Agape Ministries Global
Age of Montessori
AIDS Outreach
Alcohol & Drug Services of Gallatin County
Alive Again Life Recovery Mission
Allie's Friends Foundation
American Civil Liberties Union of Montana Foundation (ACLU-MT)
American Computer & Robotics Museum
American Indian Institute
American Legion Baseball Post 14 Bozeman Bucks
American Rivers
Area IV Agency on Aging
Arts Centered Education Society
Arts Council of Big Sky
Bear Canyon Farm
Belgrade Community Coalition
Belgrade Community Library Foundation
Belgrade Education Foundation
Belgrade Parents and Teachers for Kids-PTK
Belgrade Senior Center.
Big Brothers Big Sisters of Gallatin County
Big Sky Bird Rescue
Big Sky Bravery
Big Sky Community Organization
Big Sky Discovery Academy
Big Sky Ski Education Foundation
Big Sky Youth Empowerment
Blitzz FC
Blood On Ground Outdoors Inc
Boy Scouts of America
Bozeman Actors Theatre
Bozeman Amateur Hockey Association
Bozeman Area SEPTA
Bozeman Art Museum
Bozeman Bike Kitchen
Bozeman Chapter Montana Association for the Blind
Bozeman Curling Club
Bozeman Dharma Center
Bozeman Field School
Bozeman Film Society
Bozeman Friends of Music
Bozeman Health Foundation
Bozeman High School Outdoor Classroom & Creek Restoration
Bozeman Makerspace
Bozeman Police Foundation
Bozeman Public Library Foundation
Bozeman Rotary Foundation
Bozeman Schools Foundation
Bozeman Sports Parks Foundation
Bozeman Summit School
Bozeman Symphony
Bozeman Track Club
Bridger Ski Foundation
Burton K. Wheeler Center
Cancer Support Community Montana
Career Transitions Inc.
CASA/GAL of Gallatin County
Casting For Recovery
Center for Large Landscape Conservation
Central Asia Institute
Chay Ya USA
Chief Joseph Middle School Parent Advisory Council
Child Bridge
Child Care Connections
Christian Media Ministries KCMM 99.1 FM
Cody Dieruf Benefit Foundation
Community Health Partners, Inc.
Community Mediation Center
Compassion Project
Congregation Beth Shalom
Construction Zone Youth Center
Cottonwood Day School
Cottonwood Environmental Law Center
Craighead Institute
Crosscut Mountain Sports Center
Eagle Mount Bozeman
Ellen Theatre
Emerson Center for the Arts and Culture
Emily Dickinson PAC builds the fort!
Family Promise of Gallatin Valley
Fellowship Hall, Inc.
Forward Montana Foundation
Free Voice Media
Friends of Hyalite
Friends of MSU Library
Friends of the Bozeman Library
Friends of the Gallatin National Forest Avalanche Center
Future West
Galla10 Alliance for Pathways
Gallatin Breastfeeding Coalition
Gallatin County 4-H Foundation
Gallatin County Love INC
Gallatin County Public Safety Foundation
Gallatin County Rest Home Auxiliary
Gallatin Gateway School Foundation
Gallatin Historical Society/Gallatin History Museum
Gallatin Ice Foundation
Gallatin Invasive Species Alliance
Gallatin Mental Health Center
Gallatin River Task Force
Gallatin Valley BMX
Gallatin Valley Community Radio (KGVM)
Gallatin Valley Farm to School
Gallatin Valley Lacrosse dba Bozeman Lacrosse
Gallatin Valley Land Trust
Gallatin Valley YMCA
Gallatin Wildlife Association
Gateway Youth Group
Girl Scouts of Montana and Wyoming
Great Beginnings Montessori School
Greater Gallatin United Way kidsLINK After School Program
Greater Gallatin Watershed Council
Greater Impact Inc.
Greater Yellowstone Coalition
Habitat for Humanity of Gallatin Valley
Harry Bertoia Foundation
Headwaters Academy
Headwaters Trail System
Heart of the Valley Animal Shelter
Help Center Inc
Heroes and Horses
Hopa Mountain
Hope & The Holidays
HRDC Council IX
IndepenDANCE Community Dance Project
Intermountain Opera Bozeman
Iqra Fund
Jack Creek Preserve Foundation
Kaleidoscope Youth Theater
LaMotte Foundation
Leadership Montana
Liberty Place, Inc.
Living History Farm at Museum of the Rockies
Longfellow Parent Association
Lutheran Campus Ministry-MSU
MARS (Montana Aquatic Resources Services)
MDA Montana
Middle Creek Montessori
Monforton School Foundation
Montana 4-H Foundation
Montana Aquatic Resources Services
Montana Ballet Company
Montana Conservation Corps
Montana Council on Economic Education
Montana Independent Living Project
Montana Land Reliance
Montana M.O.V.E.
Montana Outdoor Science School
Montana PBS
Montana Raptor Conservation Center
Montana Science Center
Montana Shakespeare in the Parks
Montana Wilderness Association- Gallatin Valley
Montana Wilderness School
Morningstar Learning Center
Mountain Air Dance
Mountain Journal
Mountain Time Arts
Museum of the Rockies
Ocean Media Institute
One Montana
One Valley Community Foundation
Open Door Theatre
Operation Never Forgotten
Optimist Club of Bozeman
Panther Cub Raffle
Parents of Irving Children
Prospera Business Network & MT Women's Business Center Program
Quail Hollow Cooperative School
Reach Higher Montana - Bozeman
Reach Inc.
Realize Hope
Resurrection University Parish
Rocky Mountain Respite
ROC Wheels Inc
Roots Family Collaborative
Royal Family Kids Camp
Run Dog Run
Run Dog Run.
Sacajawea Audubon Society
Sage Gardeners
Sigma Beta Scholarship Fund
SLAM (Support Local Artists and Musicians
Southwest Montana Mountain Bike Association
Southwest Montana Mountain Bike Association (SWMMBA)
Special Olympics Montana
Special Olympics Montana - Big Sky Area
Suffer Out Loud
Support Local Artists and Musicians
Sweet Pea Festival
Task Force Heroes
The Bozeman 3
The Bridger Bowl Foundation
The Extreme History Project
The Help Center
The Montana Racial Equity Project
The Nature Conservancy in Montana
The Orchid Club
The Rock Youth Center
The Rock Youth Center.
The Sacred Portion Children's Outreach
The Salvation Army
The Traveling School
The Trust for Public Land
The Wild Sheep Foundation
The Wolverine Foundation
The World Language Initiative-MT
Three Forks Education Foundation
Thrive- Big Sky
Touch The Sky
Touch the Sky Climbing
Uganda Orphans Fund
United In Light, Inc.
Upper Missouri Waterkeeper
Verge Theater
Vietnam Veterans of America Chapter 788
Voices of Montana Tourism
Warriors and Quiet Waters Foundation
Whitetail Ranch Center
Windhorse Equine Learning
Women In Action
Women In Action (WIA)
Working Dogs For Conservation
Working Dogs for Conservation Foundation
World Family School
Yellow Dog Community and Conservation Foundation
Yellowstone Alliance Adventures, Inc.
Yellowstone Forever
Young Life
Youth Services of the Rockies, Inc.
Category Listing
Animal Welfare
Arts & Culture
Community Advocacy
Disaster Relief
Emergency Response
Give Big
Health & Wellness
Homelessness & Housing
Poverty & Hunger
Social Justice
Women's Issues


text:
I might be able to help
I can't really guide you towards a good invoicing software but I can tell you about an invoicing app I made.
My cousin works as a whole sale distributor and I made an app on excel using vba so that he can:
-make invoices
-make purchase orders
-have the stock automatically updated after each transaction
-have a database that updates frequently, easily and automatically.
It really helped him a lot because I've focused on two things; fast methods of data entry and reliable updating of databases. I've improved it since so its pretty solid in functionality.
I can give it to you for free with explanations on how to use it (there isn't much to learn because it's excel and so, it's quite intuitive). All I would need in return is your feedback.