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Site Admin
Joined: 20 Aug 2004
Posts: 2990
Location: Portland, Maine, USA
Posted: Mon Jul 17, 2006 8:23 pm
Post subject: Glazing Points (with Video).
(updates: 6/21/14 diamond point source & hand tool; 5/14/13 spade availability; 8/29/12 point driver details; 7/25/2012 point driver sources; 7/19/2012 spade-type sources)
Glazing points are small metal fasteners that hold glass panes in the window sash.
Video: Setting glazing points by hand and with a point driver.
Glazing Point Types
-- Tab Type:
cut and stamp-formed out of flat sheet metal, such as Hyde Tools #45760 (flat and rectilinear, which seats well into the corner between the glass and the wood of the glazing dado), and Fletcher 08-711 #7 (flat and rectilinear), and Lakeshore Easy Points (curly-form, which take more putty to cover over) Tab types are common and readily available at your local hardware stores. If you have a very narrow line of glazing you may have to trim this type of point with a pair of pliers and tin snips, or use a smaller glazing point such as the spade type.
Supplier, galvi. steel: CR Laurence for T-type in one-pound bulk
Supplier, solid zinc: Bostwick
-- Triangle Type:
the old-time traditional, cut from flat sheet metal, made
of zinc or steel, such as Fletcher Glazier's Points 08-511 #2, probably a special order at your hardware store. Or, make your own by cutting them with tin snips from a piece of sheet metal, just like the old-timers did.
-- Pin Type:
A wire rod is crimped about every 5/8". You bend over a 5/8" segment at a right angle and then drive the segment into the glazing rabbet with a small hammer, which does not break the glass because you gently slide the hammer along the surface of the glass. This method is common in Europe. Learn more at this discussion:
-- Diamond Type:
Diamond points come in a "stack" that is loaded into a point driver. When the driver is operated an individual diamond point is shot out into the neck of the glazing rabbet. Diamond points are made in two common sizes; No. 1, which is about 3/8" long (such as Fletcher Terry 08-111 Glazier Points Diamond Shaped approximate 5000 per box) and No. 2, which is about 1/2" long (such as Fletcher Terry 08-211 Glazier Points Diamond Shaped approximate 4000 per box)
Diamond Type Points, Fletcher Terry Diamond Point 08-111, No. 1, 3/8" long
Source: Amazon.com
Tool for setting diamond (and other style) points by hand:
CRLaurence/Fletcher Push Mate Point Setting Tool
Source: Amazon.com
Sources for point drivers:
The old standard Fletcher No. 5 point driver.
Shoots No. 1 (3/8") and No. 2 (1/2") diamond points, and No. 5 (11 mm) Stacked Triangle points.
Sets the points about 1/32" up off of the pane. Panes must be at least 6 7/8" across to set this point driver flat on the pane.
Supplier: The No. 5 point driver is no longer made by Fletcher. It frequently comes up on eBay, (this is an eBay search link, be sure the read the search results carefully to assure you are looking at the old Fletcher #5 point driver):
CRL Universal Point Driver, Catalog Number: PD9
All Metal Design, Drives 3/8" Diamond Points only. The metal frame has rubber pads that set on the glass. Adjustable strike force allows the user to drive the points deeply enough in hard or softwood frames to hold with 1/8" over the glass. Only accepts CRL 1P, 1B, and NW1P points. The bottom of the PD9 Point Driver must be held in perfectly flat contact with the glass surface when fired. Failure to do so will result in Points dropping through the bottom of the driver when the trigger is activated, possibly cracking the glass. Panes must be at least 6 1/8" across to set this point driver flat on the pane.
I now have a PD9 and am testing it.
-- the form factor is similar to the old No. 5, but there are significant differences
-- all metal construction, assembled with screws, nuts & bolts & E-rings. so it could be taken apart for servicing & cleaning (no word from CRL if replacement parts are available)
-- shoots points flat against the glass, this means that the "sole" of the "shoe" also slides on the glass during operation. (possibly more likely to crack the glass than with the old No. 5)
-- shoots ONLY 3/8" (#1) diamond points (compared to my old No. 5, which shoots 3/8"diamond points, 1/2" diamonds and triangle points)
-- the shoe is made of bent and hardened steel (compared to the old No. 5, which has a fabricated and welded shoe)
-- while the force of the drive can be adjusted, the range of adjustment seems quite limited, and really seems to act more as an adjustment to get the lever-release mechanism to release consistently
-- the details of construction suggest to me that this unit could be modified to drive the point further, or not so far, into the glazing rabbet. If I decide to do this I'll report on it here.
The PD9 has done a good job on ten 6-lite sash. Of course, no word yet on long-term durability and performance. The general character of the PD9 suggests to me that it will not be as durable as the old No. 5.
Manufacturer & Wholesale Supplier: CRL
(about $120 +shipping)
Retail Supplier: Amazon
(about $158 +shiping)
Even though I now have a PD9, I will now shop for another old No. 5, so I will have two drivers in case one conks out. I prefer the No. 5 because it places the points slightly off the glass. In the past few years I have seen two window projects done ten and fifteen years ago where more than a third of the windows have have cracks in the original 200 year old glass panes that relate directly to, and appear to have been caused by, points set directly on the glass. The cracks developed a few or several years after the glazing. The reason I'm getting some of the newer point drivers is to test them out to see if they break glass. I've never had broken glass using the No. 5.
Pointix Point Driver
Shoots triangle and diamond points. Made in Germany. (Suggested by window specialist David Hoggard)
Supplier: Bohle
CRL Framemaster Point Driver, catalog #FM075
This point driver does not shoot traditional diamond or triangle points. It shoots picture framing points. The magazine holds 100 points and is reversible with a short nose for 3/8" points. Uses only FT895 5/8" points and FT898 3/8" points. Plastic frame with tension adjustment screw for soft or hard woods. Sets points directly flat on the glass.
Source: Blick Art Materials
Fletcher-Terry GlazierMaster Point Driver
This point driver does not shoot traditional diamond or triangle points. It shoots picture framing points.
I am not counting on the quality Fletcher-Terry hand tools have had for over a century. Between 1999-2009 Fletcher-Terry was reorganized to dramatically reduce the cost of producing their tools, which are now made by iSun in China. Part of their strategy to make cheap products was to combine several separate products into one so they could interest the mass-production factories in China. Here,
you can see how all of their point drivers look the same. One thing many of us tool users know is that munti-purpose tools seldom do as good work as specific purpose tools. Let me know if you get one of these and what you think of it.
-- Spade Type:
Has a spade-shape with a long sharp point and a right-angle bracket formed on one side. The long strong point goes easily into the wood. The bracket that goes against the neck of the glazing rabbet and the stub that goes against the glass are small. Small parts are important when the shoulder of the glazing rabbet is particularly narrow, say less than 1/4", because the line of putty must be narrow to match the width of the shoulder and still cover over the glazing point with putty. Best for single-lite sash because the long point holds the heave pane well. On some multi-lite sash the long point could go through a thin muntin rib and crack the edge of the pane on the other side.
Spade type product names and descriptors:
M15 Glazier Points
2 1/2 Push Type
#2 1/2" Push Type
(5/2013: Hillman is now apparently packaging the regular tab points under this part number.)
Name Small Glazier Points
Size Small
Packaging Snap-Pak�
Finish Zinc Plated
Quantity 1.00 oz
Master Pack 6
Hillman Item # 122632
made by Hillman Group:
(not a supplier, do not try to buy from them. Hillman is apparently packaging the regular tab points under the spade point part number.)
Sources for Spade-Push Type:
Spades are now becoming more difficult to get. Several of the common sources no longer have them.
--Bostwick-Braun Co.:
I think you may have to set up a commercial account to use Bostwick-Braun. Your hardware store may be able to order here. Let me know if you order from here and how it goes. Make a small test order first to assure you are getting the true spade-type points.
Glazing Point Materials
Modern glazing points are made out of zinc plated steel. The zinc helps protect the steel from rusting. Fletcher brand points are made of C-1010 Steel with electro-Zinc coating. Before the mid-20th century points were often made of solid zinc, which is more resistant to corrosion than steel. Zinc points are not available today unless you make your own. For points in wood sashes on ocean going vessels in the 18th and 19th centuries the use of marine bronze was a standard of the Royal British Navy--only the best for the King's (or Queen's) navy.
Making Your Own Points
In the old days glaziers made their own points and I have done it myself on occasion. All it takes is a scrap of sheet metal and tin snips. To make triangular points, first cut strips that are 5/16" to 3/8" wide. Then snip off the points with angled cuts, flipping the strip over after each cut. If your snips leave the points curled a bit, you might have to tap them flat with a hammer on a piece of flat steel.
I recall making 30 points per minute without pushing it.
If you look carefully at some of the old points you pull out you may see they have the variability of hand-made goods. If you've been to one of my training sessions you've seen some of these hand-made points from the early 19th century.
Point Driver Notes
The Fletcher Framemaster point driver sets the points right down on the glass, which is great for artwork. Some window specialists swear by it too.
The Fletcher No. 5 sets the points about 1/64" up off the glass. I like this space because putty fills it and protects the glass from stress and breakage. When George Hubbard invented the point driver he spaced the point up off the glass for just this reason.
George Hubbard was a wide ranging inventor and entrepreneur based in Windsor, Vermont. Hubbard invented the diamond-shaped glazier�s point and the tool to set it about 1880. Next time you're in Windsor stop in at the American Precision Museum and see George's patent models and several early production point drivers. They are exactly like the Fletcher No. 5 we all know and love.
To get your point driver to set the points a little deeper hold a big block of iron or steel against the other side of the muntin, stile or rail. A block about 2" diameter by 5" long works fine. An ordinary 20oz. framing hammer is too light. A little 5lb. sledge hammer with a short handle works, but you have to grind off the face so there is a crisp right angle or you may end up with split muntin ribs. This keeps the thin muntin from bouncing away from the point, which absorbs some of the energy of the driver. Be careful though on thin muntins; if you drive the tip of the point all the way through a muntin it may strike the edge of the glass on the other side and break it. Vary how deep the point goes by the size of the steel block, the smaller block has less mass and the point goes in less.
Fletcher stopped making the No. 5 point driver in 2009, so new ones are no longer available. eBay is a potential source, that's where I got mine.
Some window specialists use the Fletcher FrameMaster point driver, which is still available. It drives arrow-shaped points that are made for picture framing.
Tower M15 Glazier Point
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by hammer and hand great works do stand
by pen and thought best words are wrought
Last edited by johnleeke on Fri Aug 14, 2020 3:40 pm; edited 75 times in total
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Joined: 23 May 2006
Posts: 73
Location: Western Pennsylvania
Posted: Tue Jul 18, 2006 7:31 am
Post subject: benefits?
Are there benefits to the spade type over what we can find at the box stores? For those of us working on our own homes, are the box store points OK to use, or is it worth the effort to find the others?
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Site Admin
Joined: 20 Aug 2004
Posts: 2990
Location: Portland, Maine, USA
Posted: Tue Jul 18, 2006 9:20 am
Post subject:
The characteristics of the spade-push type that makes them particularly useful on some sash is that they have a long strong point that goes into the wood, and the parts that hold the glass and go against the neck of the glazing rabbet are small. Small parts are important when the shoulder of the glazing rabbet is particularly narrow, say less than 3/16", because the line of putty must be narrow to match the width of the shoulder and still cover over the glazing point with putty.
Glazol has good handling characteristics, and a rather long skin-over time. It is of the Modified Oil Type, Nonhardening.
The demonstration was the first time I have actually used the Sarco Type M putty. It handled very nicely, was quite soft, did not stick to my hands much (with use of whiting powder), tooled into place very well, stuck to the glass and primed wood well, plus it has a reputation in the window industry for good performance and a long service life. It is my current top choice for the Traditional Linseed Oil Type, Hardening.
I'll set up a little comparative demonstration of several putties to show skin-over time, for next week's conference.
For much more on putties, click on "Windows & Doors" above to see other discussions here at the Forum, particularly "Putty Analysis."
by hammer and hand great works do stand
by pen and thought best words are wrought
Last edited by johnleeke on Sat Jun 25, 2011 10:16 am; edited 1 time in total
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Joined: 15 Jul 2006
Posts: 2
Location: Washington, NC
Posted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 10:39 am
Post subject: Tower glazing points
I found Tower glazing points on the Aubuchon Hdwe site. It is not Mac friendly and I couldn't place an order. Check out
Roger and Denise
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Site Admin
Joined: 20 Aug 2004
Posts: 2990
Location: Portland, Maine, USA
Posted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 1:10 pm
Post subject:
Good product sourcing research!
I have not seen these #11 size, I'll try to get some at my local Aubuchon's.
They also carry the Fletcher #5 Point Driver and diamond points in two sizes:
We have to let Ralph know about this.
by hammer and hand great works do stand
by pen and thought best words are wrought
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Ms. Chips
Joined: 01 Sep 2006
Posts: 9
Location: Northeast Kingdom, VT
Posted: Thu Sep 14, 2006 9:06 pm
Post subject: contact info for spade push-type glazing points
I wrote a note to Aubachon Hardware inquiring about obtaining the Tower spade push-type glazing points. Got a reply this morning:
We can special order them they are $6.60 for a 1lb box. If you are
looking for bulk, I would have to get you different pricing.
If you need help with your order or have any other questions, please
feel free to contact me directly at
or by
calling 800-431-2712.
Have a great day!
Brenda Keating
Customer Service
Aubuchon Hardware -- Since 1908
Conveniently located online at
-----Original Message-----
From: Amy Pfeiffer [mailto:email@example.com]
Sent: Wednesday, September 13, 2006 6:54 PM
To: Aubuchon Hardware
Subject: Looking for Tower M15 glazier points
We are a group of window restorers who are looking to obtain a
quantity of the spade push-type glazing points, made by Tower Mfg.
They are no longer available on your website, is it possible to place a
special order?
Amy Pfeiffer
Barton, VT
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Joined: 10 Sep 2007
Posts: 24
Location: Wilmington, DE
Posted: Tue Sep 18, 2007 9:43 pm
Post subject: pointless point search
I've contacted the good people at Aubachon about getting a pound or two of the Tower M15 points but haven't heard back. I called a week ago and they were going to check with Tower about availability and then e-mailed but still no reply.
Has the well run dry on points? Do I need to resort to buying 1/2 an ounce at a time? Please no...somebody help me.
~ John
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Joined: 10 Sep 2007
Posts: 24
Location: Wilmington, DE
Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 6:46 pm
Post subject: Tower has stopped making points!
I got a call from the good people at Aubuchon Hardware. They have informed me that Tower is no longer making glazing points. They only have 7 pounds left after I placed my order this afternoon. Get them while they last.
~ John
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Site Admin
Joined: 20 Aug 2004
Posts: 2990
Location: Portland, Maine, USA
Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 8:55 pm
Post subject:
Glazing Point Gazette
>>>> All the latest glazing point news that is fit to print <<<<
It is always a sad day when we loose a good friend we have gotten to know over these past years and decades.
Tower Manufacturing is canceling their production of the famous M15 Spade-type glazing point. Tower is the last known manufacturer of this fine point. These tiny bits of metal were known far and wide for their ability to fasten the panes in many an old window sash. A long-time holdout and remnant from the old days when glazers were glazers and their points could be counted upon when the going got tough, these were the points that saved mens' souls as they worked late into the night finishing up that last stack of sash to be delivered first thing in the morning; that won womens' hearts when the line of glazing got so narrow there was no hope left; and that saved the lives of playing children when the putty had finally weathered away and the trusty Spade point staid the loose pane preventing sharp shards of splintered glass from raining down upon their innocent heads.
If each of us stops now for a moment of silence we will recall how good old Spade save the day at least once in our lives. How can we forget--not easily, not without a heartfelt tug, not without a tear in the eye. Every time we pick up a putty knife we will recall good old Spade, no longer with us. Such a tragic loss.
Yet, there IS hope. Even after the coldest darkest night, the gray light of dawn and warm sunlight surly follow. Spade lives on, in many old and new sash, doing his best, as only he knows how, locking hundreds, nay, thousands, perhaps millions of panes of glass firmly and solidly into their sashes. Who else could perform such a feat, even after his demise? I tell you, only good old Spade could do such a thing from the other side.
Spade is survived by T-type, Triangle and Diamond point, all still in production, but none so fine as the one and only spade.
Thanks to the tireless research efforts of John Lindtner, restoration contractor in Delaware, we learned the tragic news just today.
your erstwhile Glazing Point Gazette editor,
John Leeke
(wearing his best black suit, only a little linseed putty on the cuff of the left sleeve)
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Joined: 08 Nov 2009
Posts: 188
Location: Ontario Canada
Posted: Fri Feb 19, 2010 10:23 am
Post subject:
Updating the link:
Drew Skuce
PSC Heritage Restoration
5-48 Woodslee Ave. Paris, Ont. Canada
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Joined: 29 Sep 2010
Posts: 2
Posted: Wed Sep 29, 2010 1:18 am
Post subject:
Just came up with an old Fletcher framing and glazing point driver and
need a source for the glazing points that would fit this device. Points
are four sided, diamond shaped, about 3/8 inches long and 3/16 inches
wide. This tool is quite old but appears to work great -- just need to
find a source for the glazing points.
My company offers & erp software systems
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Joined: 11 Feb 2005
Posts: 786
Location: Hawley MA
Posted: Wed Sep 29, 2010 8:10 am
Post subject:
fletcher makes a framemaster that uses 3/8" or 5/8" points and a #5 sash point gun that uses diamond or triangle shaped points....
i just called my usual supplier (sunshine glass in buffalo) and they don't carry the #5 points...just do a search under 'fletcher #5 diamond points' and you'll find plenty of online and local suppliers...
hope that helps...
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Site Admin
Joined: 20 Aug 2004
Posts: 2990
Location: Portland, Maine, USA
Posted: Wed Sep 29, 2010 9:22 am
Post subject:
Welcome to the Forum.
See the message at the top of this discussion.
I have just added more information about diamond points including a link to an online source.
by hammer and hand great works do stand
by pen and thought best words are wrought
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Joined: 14 Dec 2010
Posts: 6
Location: NW Indiana
Posted: Tue Dec 14, 2010 12:28 pm
Post subject:
I found the spade points at a local Do-It_Best hardware; they are very nice. Rather than mess with my putty knife, i use a heavy flat screwdriver; gives good leverage, and this might be useful; the blade on this particular screw driver is magnetized, allowing me to hold the point, and also, easily pickup excess points to put back in the box. I just used one of the small magnetizer-demagnetizer blocks that should be available where tools are sold.
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Site Admin
Joined: 20 Aug 2004
Posts: 2990
Location: Portland, Maine, USA
Posted: Tue Dec 14, 2010 1:25 pm
Post subject:
>>Rather than mess with my putty knife, ...<<
I think the reason I use a putty knife to set the points is that I already have it at hand, as I get ready to tool the putty. Using a putty knife that is a little flexible can help beginners prevent glass breakage. Professionals usually prefer rigid putty knifes because a flexible one wastes effort.
That's a good tip on using a magnetized tool, I'll give that a try, perhaps magnetizing my putty knife.
by hammer and hand great works do stand
by pen and thought best words are wrought
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Modifiable causes of premature death in middle-age in Western Europe: Results from the EPIC cohort study
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Background
 Life expectancy is increasing in Europe, yet a substantial proportion of adults still die prematurely before the age of 70 years. We sought to estimate the joint and relative contributions of tobacco smoking, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol and poor diet towards risk of premature death.
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International Study Reinforces Pig's Importance to Human Health Research
November 14th, 2012
AMES, Iowa -- The first complete sequence of the pig genome by a team of researchers including Iowa State University animal scientists has provided a genetic comparison of the domesticated pig and its wild cousins and offers clues to how the animal evolved, according to an article in the journal Nature.
The study includes comparisons of the human, mouse, dog, horse, cow and pig genomes, which promises to expand the ways pigs are used in human health and medical research. The project found variants in 112 genes in the pig genome that were identical to variants implicated in human diseases, including aberrations associated with obesity, diabetes, dyslexia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, the researchers reported.
The article in Nature appears as the cover story of the Nov. 15 issue. Iowa State animal science professors Max Rothschild, James Reecy and Chris Tuggle contributed to the project conducted by the International Swine Genome Sequencing Consortium.
"This effort represents a truly international effort involving several American universities and many universities and research centers worldwide," said Rothschild, who serves as the U.S. Pig Genome Coordinator and is a member of the International Swine Genome Sequencing Consortium's steering committee. He and his team studied duplicated segments within the genome and their role in controlling traits.
"The sequencing of the pig genome is a milestone in a long process that started with man's domestication of the pig to produce food and offers new opportunities for animal geneticists to understand what genes do and what traits of economic importance they control to improve food production," he said.
The genome of the common farm pig was compared to the genetic makeup of 10 wild boars from locations in Europe and Asia. The genetic evidence found that the pig emerged in Southeast Asia, expanded into Europe and began being domesticated about 10,000 years ago.
The comparison with other mammals' genomes found a rapid evolution of genes in the pig associated with immune response and the sense of smell. Pigs, along with rats, have the greatest number of functional olfactory receptor genes possessed by any species reflecting the importance of smell in a scavenging animal.
Tuggle led the analysis of the genes involved in immune response, using the new pig genome sequence to locate and describe approximately 1,400 such genes. It was the largest effort of the project, and involved more than 40 scientists in six countries, including several undergraduates in his lab.
"The pig genome sequence provided us the tools to demonstrate that genes in the pig immune system are more similar to those in the human, in comparison with the genes found in the cow or mouse genomes," Tuggle said.
Reecy was part of the project's data analysis group that developed resources and mechanisms to easily share and move data between consortium members.
"With access to the pig genome sequence, researchers now have a scaffold with which to integrate information on nutrition, reproduction, meat science, growth and development, and basic biology, which will tremendously benefit production agriculture, as well as biomedical research," Reecy said.
In addition to the findings about the pig's genome that have impact for human medicine the results presented from the study could impact how we improve the pig as an important food animal species, Rothschild said.
Rothschild credited financial support from several sources, including the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Iowa State, the Iowa Pork Producers Association, the National Pork Board and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, for making the research possible.
More than 100 authors helped in this milestone event and included Lawrence Schook, University of Illinois vice president for research; Martien Groenen, a professor at Wageningen University in The Netherlands; and Alan Archibald, a professor of The Roslin Institute at the University of Edinburgh.
Max Rothschild, Animal Science, (515) 294-6202, firstname.lastname@example.com
James Reecy, Animal Science, (515) 294-9269, email@example.com
Chris Tuggle, Animal Science, (515) 294-4252, email@example.com
Ed Adcock, Agriculture and Life Sciences Communication Service, (515) 294-2314, email@example.com
(Editor's note: Photos of Rothschild, Reecy and Tuggle are available from Ed Adcock.)


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General rule of thumb for summer planting is to start your seeds 6 weeks before the last frost date – eggplant, limas, melons, okra, peppers, pumpkins and tomatoes! Start another round later for succession planting!
When you start them, for your sanity, label your seedlings with their name and date! Additionally, the # of days to germinate helps a lot to track their progress.
Hmph. How hard could it be, soaking seeds?! It isn't, but it turns out there are lots of options and some specifics for better results!
Whether you only soak your seeds, or go on to presprouting, is your choice. For me, I found once they started sprouting, growth was rapid! At that stage, they can't dry out or be too wet and rot, so you have to be ready to plant! Also, it is more difficult to very carefully plant sprouted seeds. They are delicate! So if you are at all bull-in-the-China-shop like I am, it may pay to only presoak!
The main arguments for seed soaking are not only for a speedier garden, but also for more complete germination of all seeds planted. You can get germination results in 3 to 4 days, while without pre-soaking it may take 2 weeks of unfavorable germinating conditions, and you may get none. Plus, sprouted seed will grow in soils too cool for germination. YES! Whether you plant directly in the ground, or for those of you at Pilgrim Terrace planning on using the greenhouse, here is some very useful info on seed soaking!
From The Harrowsmith Country Life Book of Garden Secrets, by Dorothy Hinshaw Patent & Diane E. Bilberback, April 1 1991:
The seed coat that surrounds the living seed sometimes does more than just protect it. The seed coats of many plants contain chemicals that inhibit germination of the seeds. This keeps them from germinating too early or when only briefly exposed to moisture. Some gardeners who are interested in rapid germination soak and wash their seeds to get around these germination inhibitors.
Some types of peppers, such as jalapenos, may germinate more rapidly if soaked in a couple of changes of lukewarm water before planting.
Beet and chard seeds also have a germination inhibitor; these strange-looking lumpy "seeds" are not really seeds at all but dried-up fruits of the plant, each of which contains several seeds. (That's why beets and chard always need to be thinned.) The hard fruit covering contains a germination inhibitor, but if you soak the seed (fruit) overnight, it will absorb too much water, and you will still have poor germination. Seed coats play other important roles in the lives of plants. They regulate how much oxygen, water, and light the seeds receive.
You may have planted beans or corn in soil that was very moist but cool and were dismayed by subsequent poor germination. The seed coats of these crops can allow water to rush into the seeds too quickly, as with beets. This rapid water uptake can damage the tender cell membranes, permanently harming a young seedling so it grows slowly or preventing germination altogether. This process has been termed imbibitional shock, or soaking injury. Soaking injury can occur at any time with some crops, but cold temperatures make it worse. To avoid soaking injury, you can allow the seeds of sensitive crops such as beans, beets, and corn to soak up water gradually before planting them in the garden. This method is called seed moisturization.
One way to do this is to place them in moist vermiculite for eight to sixteen hours before planting. An easier method for most home gardeners is to place damp paper towels on a sheet of wax paper, sprinkle on the seeds you want to hydrate, and roll up the towels with the wax paper on the outside. Leave the seeds inside the paper for eight to sixteen hours at room temperature. Don't let them sit for more than nineteen hours, or the delicate seedling root may begin to penetrate the seed coat, and you could damage it during planting.
Things to know plucked from the web….
Start with viable seed. Check the date on the seed pack to see when it was packaged for.
TEMPERATURES! It won't do you a bit of good, for example, to presoak lettuce seeds and expect them to germinate in a soil temp of 87 degrees, as they prefer a cooler-temperature. So start your pre-soaked seeds at the temperature and time you generally plant. Pre-soaking just gives you faster performance under normal conditions.
There are huge variations in the length of time people soak their seeds!
- Tomato and Pepper seeds are soaked 6 hours, no more that because they can suffocate from lack of air.
- …overnight in tepid water. That is water that is warm, but not hot. I make sure that the seeds are covered at least twice their size with water. I don't add anything to the water, but when planting them, I do water them in with manure tea.
- Soak them for 12 hours in compost tea, then rinse & drain. Rinse & drain each day, keeps the seeds moist until you have roots. With beans, the roots emerge from the scar. Plant the seed endwise, the root pointing down. Plant roots and shoots at the soil surface, the bulk of the seed below the soil mix surface. Keep moist.
- Soaked in tepid well water for six hours. The water was then poured off and the seeds were rinsed a couple times a day with some misting in between. The seeds were planted once they had visible roots.
- 12 hours in water, then drain and leave for 12 hours, then keep repeating the process until they split their skins and start showing a root. It normally only takes 2 or 3 days and then I plant out.
- Bean seeds may split if soaked for more than an hour or two. However, even this short soak will speed up germination
- When legume (peas/beans) seed coats split, the seeds may lose vital nutrients and fall prey to disease fungi when planted. Drain them after they have been submerged for an hour.
- I do think I've oversoaked bean and pea seeds in the past, almost to the point where they are falling apart, and that it has weakened them. The soak time would depend on the size of the seed I would think, but never more than a few hours.
- I let them soak 'til they are big and full, or 'til they start to sprout a small root. Corn, beans, peas, squash (some) and pumpkins. Then I gently place them in the ground. [Tweezers, please?!]
- OKRA !!!! (48 hours) Or… I presoak my okra seed in 1 pint of warm water containing 1 tablespoon of household bleach to pre-soften the seed for 24 hours before planting.
- Cucurbita (cucs, luffas, melons, squash) seeds only needs to be soaked to loosen up the shell. Gourd seeds in particular are very tough and some people even scratch the sides of tips (scarify) to make it easier to germinate. I soaked them a little and also wrap them in wet toilet tissue before planting. This will help to keep them moist.
The soaking solution varies…see compost tea, manure tea above. And what about worm tea?!
- Last year I soaked my bean seeds in a kelp solution before planting and they sprouted in about 2 days.
- I would never use bleach in the soaking solution. If you are worried about contamination, try soaking in chamomile tea or 3% hydrogen peroxide instead. If the seed is purchased, I wouldn't bother.
- Hydrogen peroxide, both in soak and rinse solutions:1 oz. of 3% H²O² to 1 pint of water. Sprouts come up faster. Some people have reported 3/4″ sprouts in 24 hours.
When you plant the seedlings dig the hole and spray it with peroxide. Wet it good and then wet the roots of the seedlings or small plant.
The vegetable that gave me a problem was the cabbage. I was determined to conquer the cabbageworm. Years ago I sprayed the cabbage plants with peroxide to no avail. This year I soaked the cabbage seeds before planting them. There were no signs of the bug until the cabbage plants were almost full grown, then I poured about a quarter of cup of 8% peroxide over the cabbage, letting it flow down into the layers of the leaves. That stopped the cabbage bugs.
Please see more tips… Part 2! Scarifying your seed, how to plant wet seed, better hot weather germination, water tricks! See also Cold Stratification for Some of Your Seeds
Here's to speedy harvests and healthy eating!
Updated annually
The Green Bean Connection newsletter started as correspondence for the Santa Barbara CA USA, Pilgrim Terrace Community Garden. All three of Santa Barbara city community gardens are very coastal. During late spring/summer we are in a fog belt/marine layer area most years, locally referred to as the May grays, June glooms and August fogusts. Keep that in mind compared to the microclimate niche where your veggie garden is.
Love your Mother! Plant bird & pollinator food! Think grey water! Grow organic! Bless you for being such a wonderful Earth Steward!


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Students will read excerpts from Christopher Sauer's letter to his family and friends describing his journey to America in 1724. Sauer left Germany with his wife and young son for a better life in Pennsylvania. In the letter, he describes the journey across the ocean and his arrival in Philadelphia. Students should immediately be able to detect a difference in tone and content between Sauer's letter and Mittelberger's account. Even though the two documents are describing the same journey and mapping the same path, Sauer and Mittelberger were distinctly different in their attitude and how they described the people and the experience. Students will encounter the same problems historians deal with when analyzing different points of view and will be asked to assess Mittelberger's and Sauer's credibility.
German Immigration: Praise for a New Life in a New World
German Immigration: Praise for a New Life in a New World
Essential Questions
- Students will be able to distinguish different points of view of historical events and understand biases and motivations of the people creating historical records.
- Students will learn to interpret primary source materials and tables.
- Students will learn about the hardships faced by immigrants traveling to the New World during the eighteenth century.
- Student will understand how immigration patterns changed over time and why patterns changed.
- Students will understand the different reasons why people immigrated to the Colonies and the types of people who made the journey. Consider the ethnic tensions between different groups in the Colonies.
Other Materials
Suggested Instructional Procedures
1. Assign reading, "Christopher Sauer's Letter and Mittelberger's Journey to Pennsylvania with Worksheet 2 (Chart Activity).
2. Review answers to Chart from Worksheet 2 (Chart Activity).
3. Lead class discussion of Critical Thinking Questions on Worksheet 2 (Chart Activity).
- Ask students whose account they would find more credible if they were living in Germany in 1754, debating whether they should immigrate to Philadelphia.
*In regards to Question 4 of the Critical Thinking Questions, Gottlieb Mittelberger did describe the richness of Pennsylvania's farmland and the fair system of government. However, he was harshly critical of the lack of religiosity caused by religious plurality, the fact that German immigrants were immediately forced to renounce allegiance to their native country when they arrived in North America, and the "Britishness" of the colonists.
- Artisan: A skilled laborer or craftsman.
- Custom-house: Government building or office where customs (taxes) were collected and ships were cleared for entering or leaving a country.
- Dysentery: An inflammation of the intestines. Symptoms included extreme diarrhea, high fever, and severe pain and was usually caused by poor sanitation.
- Florin: A gold coin and form of currency.
- Forty-Eighters: Germans who immigrated to the United States after the failure of the Revolutions of 1848. They tended to be educated, middle class, and anti-slavery.
- French and Indian War: A conflict between France and Great Britain in their North American colonies. The war began in 1754 but later spread to Europe where it was known as the Seven Years War (1756-1763).
- Indenturing: A process of contracting labor for a set number of years in exchange for passage across the ocean.
- Lutheran: The largest Protestant denomination in Germany. They followed teachings of Martin Luther and stressed education and justification through faith alone.
- Mennonites: A religious sect who followed the teachings of Menno Simon (1492-1559). They believed in simplicity of food and life, separation of church and state, and refused to bear arms or serve in the military. They were closely related to the Amish.
- Newlander: An agent commissioned by shipping companies to convince people to settle in America.
- Principality: A sovereign state ruled by a prince or princess.
- Redemptioner: A person who agreed to serve usually three to seven years in the colonies in exchange for transportation. At the end of the term, the person was released from his or her obligations and awarded all the rights of a free citizen. Redemptioner was sometimes called indentured servant.
- Scurvy: A disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. The symptoms included spongy and bleeding gums and general weakness and was usually caused by lack of fresh fruit and vegetables.
- Thirty Years' War (1618-1648): A war mostly fought in Germany between Protestants and Catholics but involved many European nations including the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Sweden. The war was started by German Protestant princes who resisted the authority of the Holy Roman Empire and ended with the Peace of Westphalia.
- Traffickers: People who dealt in buying and selling humans and/or their labor.
Related Resources for Students
Plans in this Unit
Grade Level
Standards/Eligible Content
About the Author
This lesson was created by Hannah Kim. Updated for SAS by Clara McGrath, Education Intern, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
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Let us know how you used this plan and be featured on our site! Submit your story here.


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Item Description
Certificate of Agency, James Abbott as Agent of the Kansas Herald of Freedom
Author: Brown, George W (George Washington), 1820-1915
Date: July 10, 1855
This certificate granted James Abbott, now of Blanton, Kansas Territory, agency to sell subscriptions to the Kansas Herald of Freedom newspaper. The document was signed and sealed by George W. Brown, publisher and editor of the free state paper.
Location of Original: KSHS Call Number: James Abbott Collection, #252, Box 2 Folder 8
Item Number: 102426 Number of images: 1
Keywords: Abbott, James Burnett; Blanton, Kansas Territory; Brown, George W. (George Washington), 1820-1915; Business enterprises; Certificates; Douglas County, Kansas Territory; Free state perspective; Herald of Freedom; Newspapers
pg. 1


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firstname.lastname@example.com wrote:WRT kits: what kind of circuit do you want? I've been kicking around the idea of making a "my first SMT" kit and would love to know what people are looking for. . .That last one is where I could use input from other people. What's on everyone's wish list?
stinkbutt wrote:I'm not really of the opinion that you should have circuits that do anything too terribly useful for a learning kit. It's for learning. While it'd be great to make youself something useful, that kind of goes against the grain of feeling free to break stuff, no?
stinkbutt wrote:Anyway, if you ask me, I'd ask for a bunch of stupid-cheap stuff. Gimme a trio (monostable, bistable, and astable) of 555 circuits. The former two would probably need a few momentary switches to activate them. Then give me a couple of sinusoidal astable oscillators.
Yet another SMT project published
stinkbutt wrote:Wow. It looks like this post developed a life of it's own and went upriver to see Colonel Kurtz.


text: For safety, look to text-only messaging. The Conversation, via picascii.com, publicdomainpictures.net and kelvinsong September 11, 2017 The only safe email is text-only email Sergey Bratus, Dartmouth College and Anna Shubina, Dartmouth College It's impossible to be certain of safety while using Gmail, Yahoo mail and other web-based email systems. The best solution is a radical one: It's time to return to plain, text-only email.


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Singer-guitarist Paul Collins may have wanted the title of his 2010 CD King Of Power Pop to be taken in a humorous vein but there's no denying he's among the genre's royalty. Starting with his work as a member of The Nerves and then as the leader of The Paul Collins Beat, he has influenced several power pop artists. His latest effort, Feel The Noise, finds him once again embracing his impressive heritage.
Collins also enjoys giving an occasional jab to the music industry. On the title track of King Of Power Pop, he looked back at the early days of his career, and on "Feel The Noise," he scolds the uninformed people who insist rock and roll is dead. "I Need My Rock And Roll," the first single and video from the new CD, strikes a similar chord, and Collins backs it up with a catchy guitar-driven arrangement.
Otherwise, the songs on Feel The Noise deal with the ups and downs of romantic entanglements. The energetic "Only Girl" celebrates the power of love, but on the Ramones-flavored "Little Suzy," a guy's attempts to impress a woman are met with a cold shoulder. "With A Girl Like You" harks back to the original British Invasion, and the Buddy Holly influence is unmistakable on the galloping "Baby I'm In Love With You." Collins puts his own stamp on "Reach Out I'll Be There" while maintaining the soul of The Four Tops' original, and he also taps into Motown on "Don't Know How To Treat A Lady." "Walk Away" ends the CD on an ironic note, as Collins imitates one of those weepy 1950s ballads while expressing ambivalence toward a girlfriend who's leaving him.
Feel The Noise will be released tomorrow in CD and digital format, as well as on colored vinyl from Alive Naturalsound Records. Collins kicks off his next tour in Chicago at the Cobra Lounge on September 23rd. Other cities he'll be visiting include Louisville, New Orleans, San Antonio, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, New York, and Atlanta.


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Common side effects include heavy breathing, panting, hyperventilation, lack of peripheral vision, excessive screaming, painful hearing and nasal discharge that may look like rice pudding. Sorry, but it happens.
You should probably enjoy flatulence if you want to take this drug, unless you live at an even-numbered address, in which case, expect projectile vomiting on an hourly basis. Married men can expect long periods of impotence, though we have not conclusively proved this is because of the drug.
Single men in the company of nuns should be ready for painful, humiliating bouts of extreme priapism. Women will want to have a razor handy. (For the excessive hair growth, not for dealing with priapism.)
If you're thinking about taking this drug while driving, just stop right there. Also, most people taking this drug find themselves incapable of walking, crawling or singing the works of Cole Porter. Gershwin is ok.
Rare side effects include basket weaving, syncopated urination, frequent urination, explosive urination and occasionally, urination. We recommend you set up an IV of saline solution BEFORE you take your first dose.
Speaking of your first dose, when you begin taking Lucidiva™, you will experience a clarity of thought and eloquence of speech that makes President Obama look like Donald Trump. We apologize to everyone trying to take an MBA, but clearly Lucidiva™ is not for you.
Very rarely, patients experience visions of aliens, talking monkeys and sometimes, angels. If the latter, it is acceptable to consult a priest. If your skin begins to strobe, consult your physician. If you fingernails burst into flame, put them out, but not with water. That will not work. Trust us on this. Use baking powder, or some kind of halon system. Just hold your breath. If you happen to inhale halon while taking Lucidiva™ we cannot be held responsible. Just make sure your will is up to date.
Finally, if you see the bird, don't try to talk to it. Don't even look —
Now, spark up some satirical fiction …
Amazon Barnes & Noble ChaptersIndigo Smashwords


text: Although many musicians have joined the band's rotating lineup, Bright Eyes is primarily the songwriting vehicle of Conor Oberst, a quivery-voiced Nebraska native who first attracted attention in 1994 -- when he was only 14 years old -- as the singer and guitarist for Commander Venus. Oberst proved to be a prolific musician, joining multiple bands (including Commander Venus, the Magentas, Park Ave., and Desaparecidos) while also co-founding Saddle Creek, an influential label that helped broadcast "the Omaha Sound" to a national audience. Nonetheless, he devoted most of his time to Bright Eyes, whose albums encompassed everything from folk to indie rock to electronica. Oberst eventually shifted his focus to the Mystic Valley Band in 2008, fueling rumors that he'd shelved the Bright Eyes project after ten years of activity. Oberst had barely entered high school when he formed Commander Venus. Nonetheless, the teenager was a quick songwriter, and he soon amassed a number of songs that didn't gel with the rest of Commander Venus' catalog, 20 of which were compiled and released in 1998 as A Collection of Songs Written and Recorded 1995-1997, a solo record that doubled as Oberst's first release under the Bright Eyes moniker. Letting Off the Happiness followed several months later, featuring contributions from members of Neutral Milk Hotel, Of Montreal, and Tilly and the Wall. The album also marked the first collaboration between Oberst and producer/instrumentalist Mike Mogis, who would play an integral role in Bright Eyes' success going forward. As Conor Oberst graduated from teenaged life to adulthood, his productivity increased. Bright Eyes' third release, Every Day and Every Night, appeared in 1999, followed by Fevers and Mirrors in 2000 and Oh Holy Fools in 2001. The Bright Eyes sound had expanded by this point, with Oberst finding room for flute, piano, and accordion in the band's music. The frontman also found room to pursue alternate projects, and he dedicated some time to Desaparecidos before returning to the studio with Mike Mogis in 2002. Lifted or the Story Is in the Soil, Keep Your Ear to the Ground was released that summer and proved to be Bright Eyes' breakthrough album, with Rolling Stone deeming it one of the year's best. Bright Eyes released several EPs in 2004 -- including Home, Vol. 4, a collaboration with Spoon's Britt Daniel -- and rang in the following year with a pair of albums released on the same day: I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning (whose accompanying tour produced the Motion Sickness: Live Recordings disc) and the electronic-slanted Digital Ash in a Digital Urn, both of which cracked the Top 20 in America. Hailed by some critics as the next Dylan, Oberst supported the releases with a round of festival appearances and international shows before returning to the studio once more. Recorded in L.A., Chicago, New York, Omaha, and Portland, the follow-up effort Cassadaga was released in the spring of 2007, preceded by the Four Winds EP earlier that spring. Both releases featured full instrumentation -- including pedal steel, Dobro, xylophone, and orchestral swells -- making them some of Bright Eyes' most developed works to date. Cassadaga debuted at number four in America and number 13 in the U.K., marking Bright Eyes' highest peak on either chart. Even so, Oberst followed such success by decamping to rural Mexico to work on his first solo effort in years. Recorded in a makeshift studio with a cast of musicians dubbed the Mystic Valley Band, Conor Oberst arrived in 2008. The project soon evolved from a solo effort into a full-band affair, and the Mystic Valley Band returned in 2009 with Outer South, an album that included songs written and sung by several of Oberst's bandmates. Bright Eyes returned in 2011 with People's Key, which was recorded in Omaha and produced by Mogis and Andy LeMaster. In 2013, A Christmas Album, which had originally been quietly issued in 2002 as a Saddle Creek online store exclusive, was finally scheduled for its first full commercial release. This unique holiday album featured a selection of Christmas standards performed in Bright Eyes' trademark bittersweet style, with help from a plethora of other Saddle Creek artists including members of Cursive, Desaparecidos, Neva Dinova, and Azure Ray. In October 2016, Bright Eyes received the box set treatment via the aptly named Studio Albums 2000-2011, which featured remastered versions of all of the group's LPs up to 2011's The People's Key. ~ Andrew Leahey


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I just finished watching the documentary "Blind Spot" which illustrates clearly the current oil and energy crisis we are facing within our world. This stuff, it should be broadcast over and over on every television station until we freakin get it because seriously, we're in deep shit trouble. The documentary is very educational and it sums up the unbelievable amount of ignorance and greed that we as a humanity exist as as we continue to burn fossil fuels – which are sucking the life out of our planet earth – while we continue to consume our way to oblivion.
I mean, I get it. I get how we become so consumed in our race to survive that we actually tell ourselves that everything is going to be okay when clearly it isn't. I see now how absurd the things I believed in were according to the ideas and opinions I've existed as according to my mind, and it's downright disgraceful how I've taken the gifts given for Everyone from our Physical Reality for granted.
We are going to have to begin to understand who we are as our mind. Like how and why we think and feel and react in repeating patterns over and over so we can stop who we've become and see who we can be through self-forgiveness and self-honesty.
I've lived in America my entire life. I come from a middle class family where electricity comes with the convenience of flipping a switch and a seemingly clean glass of water to drink, is a given – well, that is if one has money to pay for them.
I never questioned how the things I always 'believed' was 'my right' to have – such as water and heat and lights – I never questioned what would I do if that which I've taken for granted were suddenly no longer here to be had? I never questioned the amount of work/money that was involved in order for me to have water and heat/electricity, nor did I ever question how much money my parents paid every month to huge corporations just so we could have them.
I certainly never questioned or considered the thousands, no millions of people who don't have either electricity, heat or clean water simply because they aren't able to pay for it.
I never had a clue as to how our world/money system currently, actually function.
It doesn't make sense how the every day things that we each one require to survive – like food and water and heat and electricity/energy – how these life essentials are not even talked about amongst parents and children. And children certainly aren't educated or given a solution that will ensure that Life itself will always be able to sustain itself. Why is that not a top priority?
I've lived my life as an energetic fiend. Always taking from what is here instead of giving and assisting in maintaining and supporting life here according to what's best for all. The first time I actually began to seriously question my reality, my world, was just over 5 years ago when I first began to hear and read the massive amounts of material offered through Desteni.
It was their message that encouraged me to educate myself as to how our world/money system functions and to investigate the part that self plays within it all and to stand up and take self-responsibility for our world.
I admit that it has not been easy to look in the mirror, to investigate what I've accepted and allowed to exist within our world, but I can also say for a fact that it was way harder to remain stuck in my mind of make beLIEf than it's been to face, forgive and begin to assist myself to be able to assist in bringing about a world that is best for all.
I seriously challenge anyone reading this to do the same.
See The Blind Spot and Investigate Equal Money
Suggested blogs to follow:
Creation Journey to Life
Heaven Journey to Life
Earth Journey to Life
Economist Journey to Life
Join the forum:
The FREE online course where you learn Essential Life Skills!
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Battling Big Blue
The release of IBM's (IBM's) new e-business server, eServer, earlier this week has Technauts crying foul.
The Cary, North-Carolina-based server vendor has a two-year-old flagship product of the same name.North Carolina firm claims the eServer name.
"If IBM moves ahead with its eServer line, it will create confusion for our customers and the market worldwide," says Larry Deaton, Technauts president and chief executive officer. "We've invested nearly three years in building the eServer brand name globally. It's a huge part of who we are and everything we do."
Technauts was founded in 1997 when several patents related to Internet protocols and scalability were approved. Founder Ravi Periasamy's vision at the time was to develop an open software architecture that could easily integrate with emerging technologies. The resulting technology has been marketed under the name eServer.
Technauts' current eServer product is software that features a dynamic, scalable, and portable platform to enable enterprises to quickly develop, deploy, and manage next-generation Internet-based services.
IBM's e-Server product, on the other hand, is designed for enterprises handling e-business. It claims mainframe-class reliability and scalability, support of open standards for the development of new applications, and capacity-on-demand for managing e-business.
Technauts said it is considering all alternatives to protect its brand name.Related Stories:
IBM Unveils Next-Generation E-Business Server
eServer Suite Features Linux-Based Failover and Redundancy


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Many want to avoid a government shutdown.
If Senate Republican leaders have devised a strategy for how to launch their latest assault on the Affordable Care Act, it does not appear to have been communicated to the rank and file, who have yet to coalesce around a clear plan of attack.
Many Republican senators Thursday agreed the goal was to maximize Republican leverage but seemed undecided on whether the current battle over funding the government, the upcoming fight over raising the debt ceiling, or some other vehicle -- like the energy-efficiency bill on the floor -- was the best way to exert that power.
"We are all in favor of all the above," said Sen. Ron Johnson, R-Wis. "Anything we can do to prevent it from being implemented."
Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell offered an Obamacare amendment to the energy bill under Senate consideration this week. The measure would delay implementation of the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate and codify the administration's one-year delay on employer insurance requirements. The House passed a one-year individual-mandate delay earlier in the summer, but is still wrestling with defunding Obamacare.
"Let's delay Obamacare mandates for families right now, just like the White House did for businesses, while there's still time to do it, and then let's work together, Democrats and Republicans, to repeal the law for good," McConnell said on the Senate floor Thursday.
But on Thursday, few rank-and-file Republican senators were even talking about what was happening on the Senate floor. Rather, many were focused on what the House might send over, whether the continuing resolution to fund the government was the most appropriate vehicle to address the health care law, and whether efforts to defund the law should give way to growing momentum to delay it instead.
"All of the different deadlines for budgeting, spending, or raising the debt ceiling, should all be used to try to reform the main problem that we have up here, which is: We spend more money than we have," said Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky.
Sen. Roy Blunt, R-Mo., argued that Republicans need to think strategically about how to attract Democratic support, such as delaying the individual mandate. But he was unconvinced that tying a delay measure to a CR was the best route.
"I think we need to look for a strategy that actually could work, that would actually have enough Democrats that would vote for it that it could happen," he said.
Many Republican senators who made their opposition to Obamacare explicit cautioned against a government shutdown, arguing it would not stop the health law and could have dire politcal ramifcations.
"It is a suicide note," said Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz. "I was here the last time we saw this movie."
Adding to the convoluted message, Senate Finance Committee ranking member Orrin Hatch, R-Utah, said he is skeptical about the shutdown being advocated by some Republicans. "I want to do things that are doable," he said. But he said he does "empathize and I may very well vote with them because I believe we ought to get rid of Obamacare. It's going to be, and it is, a catastrophe for the country."
Other Republicans are aiming to attach a delay of Obamacare to the upcoming debt-ceiling debate. "What you can do is try to delay and fix it. That's what I believe our strategy ought to be," said Sen. Tom Coburn, R-Okla.
Despite a growing interest in delay, the Heritage Action Network is still lobbying forcefully for adoption of the measure from Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, and Rep. Tom Graves, R-Ga., to defund Obamacare, arguing it is the only provision being considered that will defang the law.
Among the 14 Senate Republicans who are clinging to this approach is Sen. James Inhofe of Oklahoma, who admits he's fighting a losing battle.
"It's mostly symbolic," he said. "We want to have something out there so people continue to talk about it.... That's a way of keeping the issue alive.... It is something you have to keep doing because you have strong beliefs and even if logically it isn't going to work out the way you want it, you still try."
Indeed, neither a delay nor a defunding stands much chance of becoming law. Senate Democrats have said they won't allow a delay, and White House press secretary Jay Carney said Wednesday that the administration won't "accept anything that delays or defunds" the health care law.


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KTM's Coma Leads in Sealine Rally Qatar After First Desert Stage
OutdoorHub 04.18.12
KTM's 3 times Dakar winner Marc Coma of Spain rode his KTM 450 Rally bike to first place in the opening desert stage of the inaugural Sealine Rally in Qatar on Wednesday and takes a narrow overall lead.
The Spanish factory rider finished just eight seconds ahead of Spanish compatriot Joan Barreda and has a six second advantage going into stage two tomorrow. Four more KTM riders soaked up places 4-7 in Wednesday's stage, led by Coma's KTM factory teammate Ruben Faria of Portugal in fourth place. He trailed the leader by just 5 minutes 48 and was followed by Spain's Jordi Villadoms at fifth, Jakub 'Kuba' Przygoński of Poland in sixth and Italy's Alessandro Botturi in seventh making it a good start to the rally for riders of the KTM 450 rally bike.
The rally, the second of the World Cross Country Rally World Championships and new to the calendar in 2012 is entirely new territory making it a real level playing field for all riders. It was launched with a ceremonial start on Monday followed by a short and very fast 'super special' on Tuesday of just 4.2 km where riders averaged speeds of around 90 kmh. Coma finished third behind what will probably be his two toughest rivals, Barreda and Helder Rodrigues of Portugal who is the current World Champion.
Then on Wednesday riders got down to some serious fast racing as they tackled the first 330.51 km loop stage through the most southern part of Qatar. They had to traverse dry lakes, gravel tracks, sandy terrain and small dunes before passing close to the sea and confronting a series of difficult dunes to finish the day's ride.
The Sealine Rally is proving to be quite different terrain that that of the Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge in round one just two weeks ago. Competition starts early to avoid the extreme heat of the desert but the trails are fast and stony. Wind, fog and dust also throw in some more contingencies that will make it extremely competitive. Riders will have to be constantly on their guard and as Coma predicted at the beginning of the rally, there will be absolutely no margin for error and no possibility of recovering lost time in such a short, compact race.


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People who know me personally know that I'm currently trying to lose weight. After losing about 40 pounds in a year's time, I now find it hard to shed the rest of the weight that I need to lose, especially; my metabolism is sort of slow. The fight against the bulge is a constant battle, and one needs to come up with different ways of fight the bulge because our body get used to what we eat and do and sort of creates a certain 'relax' mode that makes the fight a little slower.
In my new quest to lose weight, I found out that there is such a thing as a negative calorie food; basically, these are foods that have a low calorie index and will take out more calories for us to digest them. Scientists are divided with regards to this belief, some say it's impossible and say its true. However, if you look at the arguments of both sides, regardless whether 'negative calorie' theory is true or not, one thing is certain, these are foods that has low calorie index. Meaning, you may eat a lot and there's a low chance that you'll get fat from a 'negative calorie' food. Furthermore, most of these foods included in the list of 'negative calorie foods' are high in fiber and will tend to make us feel full longer. A lot of them are also high in nutrients.
Allow me to share the top fifteen 'negative calorie' foods.
Also add in the list are most green leafy vegetables, however, it should be noted that some say for them to be truly negative calorie they should be eaten raw. It's not a problem with the fruits, but with some of the vegetables, eating them raw tends to make it bland, so be careful with the dressing if you're making a salad out of it. Nevertheless, some say they're negative calorie regardless whether they are raw or cooked, but you have to be careful with the other ingredients if you decided to cook them, because they will add calorie to the negative calorie food.


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- According to the South Florida Sun-Sentinal, the Marlins were willing to part with Scott Olsen and some lesser prospects for Rocco Baldelli. It had originally been thought that the Rays were seeking Olsen and had been offered Ricky Nolasco. Now it appears that the Rays may actually have been asking been asking for both Olsen and Nolasco. The article states that talks fell apart when the Rays asked for two members of the Marlins starting rotation. This comes after news that the Rays rejected an offer of Ricky Nolasco for B. J. Upton. Now, Peter Gammons is reporting that the Marlins and the Red Sox may be close to a deal that would send center fielder David Murphy to Miami for a pitcher.
- After talks with the Marlins fell apart, the Rays then turned their attention to the Atlanta Braves. It had been rumored that the Rays were holding out for lefty Chuck James but that the Braves were only willing to part with Kyle Davies. Now the Atlanta Journal-Constitution is reporting that the Braves may in fact have offered Kyle Davies and shortstop Yunel Escobar, whom the Rays apparently covet as possibly their future starting shortstop (what about Reid Brignac?). The Braves may also be trying to sweeten the deal with catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia, who was considered untouchable last off-season. The Rays who already have a young talented catcher, may be willing to take Salty in hopes of turning around and trading him for more pitching. Still, it appears that this trade is at an impasse as the Rays continue to insist on Chuck James.
- Nothing new in this St. Pete Times article about Akinori Iwamura. The Rays and Iwamura's agent still appear to be far apart in dollars and length of contract. The deadline is midnight, Friday to strike a deal. Iwamura's agent is saying that his client is willing to return to Japan, which is the only leverage that the player has. It still seems likely that a deal will get done. These sort of deals never get done before the deadline. The only leverage the player has is time and it is in the agent's best interest to wait as long as possible. In addition, the Rays failure to land any other significant free agents so far this off-season, means the team may be willing to offer a little more to Iwamura.
- Today is the deadline to offer new contracts to players that are arbitration eligible. Any players that are not offered new contracts will become non-tendered free agents at midnight. Last season the Rays picked up Ty Wiggington as a non-tendered free agent. The St. Pete Times offers a list of players that may become free agents. The list includes former Rays Mark Henderickson and Toby Hall.


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Dreaming of new countertops to refresh and restyle your bathroom or kitchen design?
Looking for detailed information to learn about all the options, features, pros and cons of the many different types of countertops for your bathroom or kitchen remodeling project?
How about floor tile... a kitchen backsplash... or outdoor kitchen? Or how about countertop care & cleaning advice?
Well, you're at the right place... It's all here!
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We've used many marble & granite countertop care products (Stone Tech, Miracle, SCI, Marble Life)... but 3 brands have proven better than the rest... quality & value!
Choosing the best countertop for your project is a big deal. It's fun and exciting! The right choice will update your style, enhance entertaining, improve the function of your
kitchen or bath, provide years of enjoyment, and add significant value to
your home.
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Our goal is...
To help you cut through all the clutter, the myths, misinformation and marketing hype by providing the most in-depth, unbiased and accurate information you'll need for your counter top project to succeed.
We'll give you expert advice, tips and insider secrets on:
Designed with YOU in mind this website is a comprehensive "consumer resource" providing over 1000 pages of the most current and relevant countertop information for you to explore and discover to help create the design of your dreams.
So, keep reading and click around!
Home décor tells a story and naturally becomes an extension of you, a reflection of your personality, point-of-view, individuality and style. You probably already have some ideas about what you want and you'll get many more and learn a ton on this website. So, have fun with it... make a statement... however, it's important to remember there's more to consider than that which meets the eye!
Certainly any surface you choose must appeal to your taste and harmonize with your design theme, but it must also suit your lifestyle... that is, how you and your family use the surface... which depends on where it's installed... and of course, your budget... which will affect not only your choice of countertop material, but possibly color & finish choices (for some materials different colors/finishes are more or less expensive) and design details.
Major Countertop Considerations:
Luckily, when choosing a material for your wet bar, outdoor kitchen, laundry room, bathroom vanity or kitchen remodeling project you have numerous (almost overwhelming) options and combinations of color, pattern, edge detail, finish, performance, maintenance and cost to satisfy all of your particular needs: style, lifestyle and budget.
However, in our experience people tend to focus far more time and attention on the look and feel when deciding which countertop or tile material to purchase and neglect to consider the performance & durability needed for the particular use of that surface, which can have a dramatic impact on your overall satisfaction... and sanity!
CountertopSpecialty.com is here with expert advice to help you figure it all out and understand the pros and cons of the key considerations to determine the best counter top surface for you.
In fact, the most common reason for any disappointment and frustration (when it occurs) after installation isn't because the color doesn't match the cabinets or any such design or style issue...
No... It's because of unexpected stains, etch marks, scratches or other performance and durability issues that weren't fully investigated.
Sometimes shoppers feel they already know these things or think all cleaning is the same, so they don't spend much time learning about correct cleaning methods and maintenance requirements.
Or they "just love" a certain material, color or pattern and "have to have it" devil may care.
All too often designers, installers and sales reps do not properly educate the buyer (meaning limited or no information provided or even worse... incorrect information) regarding the characteristics, durability, maintenance requirements and appropriate use of available materials for counter tops or flooring.
This is common when picking out natural stone counter tops or floor tile. Many think natural stone is all the same... "Stone is stone... what can you do to a rock?"
Well, turns out that there can be a big difference between various types of stone counter tops, which leads to considerable shock and panic and learning the hard way when confronted by mysterious cleaning or repair issues.
On this point it's helpful to recognize that a lot of available information regarding various counter top materials comes from companies trying to market their particular brand over others. So, the information is distorted. And unfortunately some information is just plain wrong.
Quartz vs. granite countertops is a prime example.
Quartz countertops are excellent and essentially perform as well as granite, so we highly recommend them.
However, quartz manufacturers consistently stretch the truth regarding both the benefits of quartz and the detriments of granite to make it seem as if the two are night and day when in fact the two materials perform almost identically except for making repairs (which favors granite).
For instance, you'll often read that...
"quartz counter tops do not need sealing" (true) and...
"quartz does not stain" (not true) or that....
"all granite counter tops stain easily" (not true) and...
"sealing granite countertops must be done annually" (not true).
Solid surface and laminate countertop manufacturers are no different, so just keep this in mind when you read something online about durability and maintenance... especially when just given bullet-point "facts" without any explanation.
Granite or marble counter tops or any natural stone is not manufactured by any one company.
Anyone can market and install granite, so there is never an incentive to "market" or "sell" stone over other materials especially when price and profit can be similar. Still many myths and misconceptions abound.
On CountertopSpecialty.com we will always do our best to provide an unbiased explanation of any issue, so you get the complete picture and can understand the what, when, where, why and how of it all.
So, to avoid a mystery surprise and possible disappointment with the ultimate results, be sure to honestly assess how the counter tops will be used in any particular location (bathroom vanity, wet bar, kitchen counter tops, etc.) along with who will be using them!
For example, young kids, party guests or maybe Uncle Harry will be more prone to producing stains, etch marks, scratches, burns, etc. Consider yourself too... are you a neat-nick or..... not?
Not all countertops are created equal.
Performance characteristics vary considerably across surface materials. Even surfaces in the same "family" such as natural stone, laminate or quartz can show a marked difference in stain-resistance, or scratch-resistance based on the color or type of finish. And as previously noted, you can't always bank on the marketing message being entirely accurate.
Understanding the true performance / durability (etch, scratch, heat, burn, stain-resistance) and maintenance needs of any material you are considering will help you get the most for your money.
You'll certainly learn all about these issues after it's installed, but nothing you can do about it then except learn to live within the limits of the surface and deal with the maintenance demands.
So then...
Are you willing to take precautions, perform extra maintenance, care & cleaning to maintain your kitchen counter tops in pristine condition? ...or...
Do you want a near bullet-proof counter top surface that only needs standard cleaning? ...or...
Are you willing to compromise on durability to reduce costs?
Accurately assessing how your counter tops will be used can be just as important as picking that perfect color when matching your needs to the right countertop material. Of course, the installation location will affect the type, frequency and intensity of use.
Now it's certainly possible to install any type of countertop material in any room of your home, but some types of counter tops will perform better than others for a given location and lifestyle. And of course, cost is always a consideration.
The most obvious example is kitchen counter tops, which receive far more use than any other surface in the home.
The constant abuse along with exposure to a large volume and variety of foods, drinks and other stuff can take its toll... So choose wisely.
Granite and quartz countertops are by far the best choice for a kitchen. Soapstone is very good too.
Marble is not such a good choice for kitchen counter tops. Cleaning marble is not difficult, but can require a more vigilant approach especially in the kitchen where "etching" and marble polishing is an issue. However, marble is just fine for most bathrooms and flooring.
Concrete counter tops can be okay if maintained well, but scratching and etching can be problems.
Granite tile is the top choice for a lower-cost option. Solid surfaces like a Corian countertop are also good budget considerations and you'll get the most for your money with laminate counters although performance cannot match the much more expensive granite or quartz.
Bathrooms tend to have the widest variety of use patterns (frequency and intensity) depending on the type of bathroom: Master bath vs. the powder or guest bathroom vs. the kids bathroom, etc. So, choose your counter top surface accordingly.
However, since bathroom countertops receive far less abuse than kitchen counter tops care & cleaning is typically not an issue provided you learn the right way to protect and care for the type of surface installed.
Even though marble counter tops can etch from some personal products, it's fairly rare if you learn and follow our advice on marble cleaning.
For a kid's bathroom you may want to stick with granite, quartz or Corian and a laminate countertop can be an excellent choice for the kid's bath too since it's comparatively inexpensive and doesn't have to deal with heat, or the intensity of use leading chips, scratches, stains like in a kitchen. Plus, many stylish designs are available
Think of these areas like a kitchen. They don't get nearly as much abuse as kitchen counter tops, however, they are exposed to a lot of acids (alcohol, sodas, fruit juice) and harsh detergents, cleaners and such, so marble, travertine and limestone should be excluded.
Quartz is fine for a wet bar, but could be a problem in a utility room where exposure to common chemicals (bleach) could permanently damage the surface. Soapstone counter tops will actually be the most chemically resistant, but granite, solid-surface and laminate will perform well too.
Your plan for an outdoor kitchen will certainly focus on installing the best countertop for outdoors. Outdoor kitchens have the same concerns as indoors, so marble is not the best choice due to etching. Dyed concrete and quartz counter tops can yellow with prolonged sun exposure. Ceramic or porcelain tile is a good option, but again granite slab or granite tile countertops will be the best choice for long-term durability and low maintenance.
Project budgets and cost is always an important consideration. Of course, if money is no object, then you'll just choose the countertop material that suits your style and lifestyle. But no worries... even if you have a tight budget you still have plenty of options to satisfy your design dreams.
Basically the cost of a counter top installation is the sum of material cost plus fabrication (custom cutting) cost plus installation labor cost. The percentage of each is different depending mostly on the chosen material.
Marble & Granite Countertops Price: $40-$200 sq/ft. The price variation is almost exclusively due to the color/variety of material you choose. Some stones are just more rare than others. But countertop edges, slab thickness, number of cut-outs, unique installation issues, etc. can all influence final cost.
Quartz Countertop Prices: $45-$120 sq ft. Difference is mainly attributed to different brands, colors and finishes. Silestone prices can be a bit different than Cambria, etc. The average installation cost is very similar to average cost of granite countertops installed ($50-$60 sq/ft.).
Concrete Countertop: $75-$150 sq ft. For this surface most of the cost is in the installation, which is almost an art to do well.
Solid-Surface Corian Countertop: $30-$90 sq ft. At one time Corian was priced similarly to granite, but prices have come down some.
Soapstone Countertops: $70-$100 sq. ft., but can run up to $150 for premium slabs. Slab quality varies a lot. The harder (lower % talc) the better. However, soapstone is soft enough that DIY installation is possible saving a bundle.
Glass Countertops: $80-$120 sq. ft. Price range of recycled glass counter tops is mainly in the brand and material color choice.
Granite Tile Countertops: $20-$60 sq ft. You save a lot on both material (tile is thinner) and installation, which can be done by a competent handyman (maybe you!) vs. a slab install that must be done by experienced pros.
Laminate Countertops: $5-$30 sq ft. Some laminates are better than others and certain colors and finishes are more expensive, but you can really save on installation by a handyman or yourself!
Well, you probably get it by now that choosing the "best" countertop has a lot to do with your needs for any particular room or location and requires a bit more thought and effort than simply buying your favorite color or what your friends and neighbors have.
True, granite countertops will provide superior performance in nearly every type of installation with quartz countertops a close second. A couple consumer magazines rate quartz above granite, however, they never account for the fact that damage to quartz is almost always permanent, while damage to granite is almost never permanent.
So, take your time and give thoughtful consideration to all factors: color, pattern, finish, installation location, frequency and intensity of use, cleaning, maintenance and cost.
It's a bit of a juggling act, but hopefully you found enough useful information here on CountertopSpecialty.com to get you started on the right foot... with enthusiasm and confidence in the success of your countertop project.
Good Luck & thanks again for stopping by!
| Click Here For Our Recommended Cleaning Products
We've used many marble & granite countertop care products (Stone Tech, Miracle, SCI, Marble Life)... but 3 brands have proven better than the rest... quality & value!
3824 Cedar Springs Rd.
Dallas, TX
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READ Kerry Newth's full biography HERE
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Megan Haserodt, a Hope College sophomore from North Olmsted, Ohio, has received a highly competitive, two-year Ernest F. Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
NOAA is presenting the awards to approximately 100 college undergraduates to further academic studies related to NOAA science, research, technology, policy, management and education activities. Haserodt is double-majoring in geology and chemistry with a minor in environmental science, and as a career is interested in hydrogeology or some sort of water quality work.
"Meg is certainly deserving of this honor, given her performance in the geological and environmental sciences department and the natural and applied sciences division," said Dr. Jon Peterson, professor of geology and environmental science, with whom Haserodt has been conducting research during the spring 2009 semester. "It is particularly exciting for us because this is the first NOAA scholarship of this type awarded to a Hope student."
"This selection underscores Meg's potential to become a prominent earth scientist, and is consistent with her broad interdisciplinary interests and abilities," he said. "Meg certainly will be exposed to some unique, career-shaping opportunities through this scholarship program."
The awards total up to $29,050, and include up to $8,000 of academic assistance per year for full-time study during the recipients' junior and senior years; a paid, 10-week internship position during the summer at a NOAA facility; a housing subsidy for scholars who do not reside at home during the summer internship; and travel expenses to attend and participate in a mandatory orientation and conference.
Haserodt will be attending the orientation and conference in Maryland in May. Her internship has not yet been determined, but will take place during the summer of 2010, with the planning to be finalized during the 2009-10 school year.
She has pursued a variety of research experiences during her time at Hope. Her work with Peterson has focused on antibiotic contamination in groundwater. Last summer, she was an environmental intern at the Mohonk Preserve in New York, where her activities included exploring how a recent forest fire affected nesting-bird biodiversity; a peregrine falcon monitoring project; taking daily water samples from a nearby lake; and helping maintain the preserve's ongoing natural history of the region, including flowering dates for various local species, population counts on invasive species and bird records. This coming summer, she will be working in Alaska with the Kenai Watershed Forum to do research on salmon and the water in the watershed.
Haserodt is the daughter of Ben and Jody Haserodt of North Olmsted. She is a 2007 graduate of Lake Ridge Academy.
The Ernest F. Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship Program was established in 2005 to honor retiring Senator Ernest F. Hollings-D of South Carolina. Hollings scholars are selected from applicants majoring in a broad range of disciplines including biological, physical and social sciences; mathematics; engineering; computer and information sciences; and teacher education.
The program expands and supports NOAA's 35-year commitment to enhance economic security and national safety through the prediction and research of weather and climate-related events and provide environmental stewardship of the nation's coastal and marine resources. The program is part of a larger effort to enhance NOAA's strategic efforts to promote environmental literacy and ensure a future, world-class workforce to assist the agency in fulfilling its mission.


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Today we would like to discuss, how harmful it can be for children to share inappropriate images of themselves, with others when using their devices. Incredibly we have found that children in Irish Primary Schools in 5th and 6th class, are very aware of this behaviour. What some children can believe is a just a funny image or photo of themselves, can have really serious long negative effects if shared with others.
Tag: Internet Safety for Professionals
A Kerry National School has banned 6th class students access to digital devices. All parents should now follow their lead.
This week, it was revealed that Blennerville National School, near Tralee in Co Kerry, agreed with parents in the school, that it was time to put a ban on digital device access for students. There had been a number of incidents revolving around the access and sharing of inappropriate content and Cyberbullying. The ban on devices at home, is an 11-week pilot programme. What we would describe as a Digital Detox, only for the children in sixth class.


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Made to last and easy to display, this outdoor flag is made of sturdy polyester fabric reinforced with metal grommets. The officially licensed Rutgers Scarlet Knights yard decoration showcases the bold team colors and logo to create a vibrant display of team pride in your yard. Use this spirited yard flag in your garden, or as a wall banner in a man cave or office. Wave your colors high!
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Sorry again for my stupid questions, I got to go to a library of B&N and get some reference material.
But untill then I have a question about castle layout (again directed to our "historians" )
Ok here is the dilema. I'm in the process of creating a city or village (3Cs style). Presently I'm in the planing stages for the main keep. I just would like to know this, would the keep be outside the city? would it be attached to the walls? would the town buildings go inside the castle walls? And a kind of off topic question, which noble would watch over the city (a baron? a count?)? And also were the Tudor style buildings common in a walled town?
This will help me in my layout. I'm trying to make a somewhat realistic (yet scaled down) British Town from about the 15th century.
If you have layout pics, or just some info, it would be largely apperciated.
Sincere Regards,
Dragon Master


text: The Staggers 19 February 2013 Osborne's new dividing line: a 0% tax rate against a 10p tax rate The Chancellor appears to rule out a 10p tax rate for the Budget and says raising the personal allowance is "a better policy". Sign UpGet the New Statesman's Morning Call email. Sign-up Ed Miliband's pledge to reintroduce the 10p tax rate has left the Tories with a dilemma. Having previously hinted that they might adopt the measure, which was first proposed by a Conservative MP, Robert Halfon, do they seek to match Miliband's offer or do they reject it? It now looks as if George Osborne has settled on the latter option. In his interview on ITV's The Agenda last night, the Chancellor declared that the coalition had "a better policy" - "a zero per cent tax rate". He pointed out that the increase in the tax-free personal allowance from £6,475 in 2010 to £9,440 (from this April) had already compensated all of those who lost out from Gordon Brown's abolition of the 10p tax rate, adding: "We've taken a million people out of tax altogether so I would say a zero per cent tax rate is going to be a little bit more attractive at an election than a 10% tax rate and that's certainly been our priority." Coming from the man who remains the Conservatives' chief election strategist, it was a significant statement. The Lib Dems have long made it clear that they will go into the next election promising to raise the personal allowance to £12,500, so that no one on the minimum wage pays any income tax. Osborne's words suggest that the Tories are now more likely to match this offer than are they to cut the starting rate. It's not an approach that will please all Tory MPs. Halfon is fond of quoting former Conservative chancellor Nigel Lawson, who began his time at the Treasury by raising personal allowances but later reversed direction. He later explained: "I wished to create a large constituency in favour of income-tax reductions. The last thing I wanted to do was to reduce the size of that constituency by taking people out of tax altogether." But the imperative for the Tories to differentiate themselves from Labour now trumps this concern. With two years of the parliament remaining, the tax threshold is just £560 from the coalition's target of £10,000 after a larger-than-expected increase in the Autumn Statement. If Osborne chooses to pull a rabbit out of the hat on Budget day (as he usually does), one wonders if it will be to meet this pledge ahead of schedule. Having unambiguously rejected a mansion tax and now cast scorn on the 10p tax rate, the Chancellor has shown that he has no intention of dancing to Labour's tune. › Hilary Mantel's precise, unkind words have been twisted into a "venomous" attack on Kate Chancellor George Osborne leaves 11 Downing Street on January 7, 2013 in London. Photograph: Getty Images. George Eaton is senior online editor of the New Statesman. Subscribe For daily analysis & more political coverage from Westminster and beyond subscribe for just £1 per month!