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Chemotherapy for Leukemia
]]>Main Page]]> | ]]>Risk Factors]]> | ]]>Symptoms]]> | ]]>Diagnosis]]> | ]]>Treatment]]> | ]]>Screening]]> | ]]>Reducing Your Risk]]> | ]]>Talking to Your Doctor]]> | ]]>Living With Leukemia]]> | ]]>Resource Guide]]>
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. The drugs enter the bloodstream and travel through the body in order to kill cancer cells. The side effects from the chemotherapy come from the fact that it destroys normal cells as well as cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be given either alone or along with radiation therapy. When given alone, it is given in a higher dose designed to kill off cancer cells. When given along with radiation therapy, it is delivered at a lower dose and is designed to make the cancer more sensitive to the radiation.
The type and combinations of drugs that are used to treat leukemia will vary depending on the type of leukemia, as well as the age and condition of the patient. In general, there are several equally effective combinations available for each of the major types of leukemia, giving physicians the ability to tailor treatment to patient needs and tolerance.
Chemotherapy is usually given by vein, but some forms can be given by mouth. Your medical oncologist will tell you how many cycles or courses of chemotherapy are best for you. He or she will also be able to tell you what side effects to expect from your particular type of treatment, as side effects differ depending on the drugs given and the doses involved.
The side effects and amount of time required in the doctor's office depend on the type of chemotherapy you receive, as well as how many cycles you receive and how often. The most common chemotherapy-associated side effects are:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue or tiredness
- Hair loss
- Esophagitis (irritation of the swallowing tube)
Note: Infertility and premature menopause may occur as a result of chemotherapy. If fertility is a concern, talk to your doctor about storing sperm or eggs before starting therapy.
When chemotherapy is given at a lower dose, as when it is given along with radiation, these side effects are less common. However, most people still feel very fatigued.
Long term side effects can include damage to the heart and peripheral nerves, some decrease in mentation, and, very rarely, development of other cancers, including other leukemias.
Chemotherapy is given in two phases for acute leukemia:
- Induction—to bring about a remission
- Consolidation—to kill any leukemia cells still in the body and reduce the chances of the cancer coming back
Chemotherapy may not be given for chronic leukemias until the patient begins to develop rapidly increasing cell counts, more immature cells in the blood, or significant symptoms from the leukemia.
American Cancer Society website. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/home/index.asp .
American Lung Association website. Available at: http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=22542 .
National Cancer Institute website. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/ .
Last reviewed June 2008 by ]]>Igor Puzanov, MD]]>
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2007 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.


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Pig will be unleashing a new line of kick ass decks this winter with a team of secret rippers that will be equally as superior to the boards. Be on the lookout! It will blow your mind.
Pig ripper Ryan Wilburn will be touring all this month with the Consolidated team and will be throwing out tons of free Pig gear thrown out so go see them Destroy!

subset: commoncrawl


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We don't yet know to where Wes Lunt will transfer, but we do know where it won't be. Reportedly.
According to Jeremy Fowler of CBSSports.com, Oklahoma State is restricting the quarterback from transferring to Southern Miss as well as any SEC school. Such restrictions would severely limit desirable destinations for Lunt as he had been considering five schools; three of them — Southern Miss, Tennessee and Vanderbilt — are now off-limits because of his former school in general and his ex-coach specifically.
Still on Lunt's radar are Illinois and Louisville. Lunt either has or will in very short order visit the Illini, who are currently considered the front-runners by default.
A school spokesperson confirmed the head-scratching restrictions to Fowler, and stated it was between OSU head coach Mike Gundy and Lunt when asked why the player would not be released to that set of schools. It's unclear why Gundy — ya know, the "I'm a man, I'm 40" rant guy when it came to defending one his players from the sharp barbs of the mean ol' media — placed such restrictions on Lunt.
The Southern Miss football program is now headed by Todd Monken, who served as Gundy's offensive coordinator in 2011 and 2012; the Cowboys and Golden Eagles are not slated to face each other during the regular season at any point over the next nine years. After sitting out the 2013 season to satisfy NCAA transfer rules, Lunt will have three years of eligibility remaining; the only SEC school Oklahoma State will face in the regular season during that four-year timeframe is Mississippi State in 2013.
Ironically, Gundy spoke to at least two different schools this offseason about their head coaching vacancies, and would've been free to move to those programs without restriction. The two schools he's known to have spoken with about their openings? Arkansas and Tennessee, both members of the SEC.
Excellent work, Coach Gundy. You and your university and T. Boone should be very proud of the pettiness and double-standards on full display. Stay classy, Stillwater.
UPDATED 6:26 p.m. ET: According to Zach Kerker, sports director at 1450 in Springfield, Ill., Lunt's high school coach stated that his former player is also restricted from transferring to Pac-12 schools as well as Central Michigan (on OSU's non-conference schedule in 2015 & 2016). The reason behind the restrictions? "They could play in bowl games," the coach said.
Pitiful. Absolutely pitiful situation.


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Depending on who you ask, HTML 5 is either the next important step toward creating a more semantic web or a disaster that's going to trap the web in yet another set of incomplete tags and markup soup.
The problem with both sides of the argument is that very few sites are using HTML 5 in the wild, so the theoretical solutions to its perceived problems remain largely untested.
That said, it isn't hard to see both the benefits and potential hang-ups with the next generation of web markup tools.
What's different about HTML 5?
First off, what do we mean by HTML 5? Ideally, we mean the whole thing — new semantic structural tags, API specs like canvas or offline storage and even some new inline semantic tags. However, for practical reasons (read: browser support issues) we're going to limit this intro to just the structural tags. As cool as Canvas, offline storage, native video or the geolocation APIs are, they aren't supported consistently across all the browsers yet.
The one thing to keep in mind when you're applying styles to the new tags is that unknown tags have no default style in most browsers. They're also treated as inline elements. However, because most of the new HTML 5 tags are structural, we'll want them be behave like block elements. The solution is make sure that you include
display:block; in your CSS styles.
To help make some sense of what's new in HTML 5 today, we're going to dive right in and start using some of the new structural elements.
Finally, a doctype anyone can remember
The first thing we need to do to create an HTML 5 document is use the new doctype. Now, if you've actually memorized the HTML 4 or XHTML 1.x doctypes, you're better monkeys than us. Whenever we start a new page we have to bring up an old one and cut and paste the doctype definition over.
It's a pain, which is why we love the new HTML 5 doctype. Are you ready? Here it is:
<!DOCTYPE html>
Shouldn't be too hard to commit that to memory. Simple and obvious. Case insensitive.
The idea is to stop versioning HTML so that backwards compatibility is easier. Whether or not that pans out in the long run is a whole other story, but at least it saves you some typing in the mean time.
Semantic structure at last
OK, we have our page defined as an HTML 5 document. So far so good. Now what are these new tags we've been hearing about?
Before we dive into the new tags, consider the structure of your average web page, which (generally) looks something like this:
  ...stuff...

My Site

Home

About

Contact

My Article

...

...

That's fine for display purposes, but what if we want to know something about what the page elements contain?
In the above example, we've added IDs to all our structural divs. This is a fairly common practice among savvy designers. The purpose is two-fold — first, the IDs provide hooks which can be used to apply styles to specific sections of the page and, second, the IDs serve as a primitive, pseudo-semantic structure. Smart parsers will look at the ID attributes on a tag and try to guess what they mean, but it's hard when ID names are different on every site.
And that's where the new structural tags come in.
Recognizing that these IDs were common practice, the authors of HTML 5 have gone a step further and made some of these elements into their own tags. Here's a quick overview of the new structural tags available in HTML 5:
The header tag is intended as a container for introductory information about a section or an entire webpage. The
 tag can include anything from your typical logo/slogan that sits atop most pages, to a headline and lede that introduces a section. If you've been using

 in your pages, that would be the tag to replace with
The nav element is pretty self-explanatory — your navigation elements go here. Of course what constitutes navigation is somewhat debatable — there's primary site navigation, but in some cases there may also be page navigation elements as well. The WHATWG, creators of HTML 5, recently amended the explanation of
 to show how it could be used twice on the same page.
For more on nav and a lively debate about HTML 5, see Jeffrey Zeldman's article on the nav element.
The short story is that if you've been using a

 tag to hold your page navigation, you can replace it with a simple
 tag.
Section is probably the most nebulous of the new tags. According the HTML 5 spec, a section is a thematic grouping of content, typically preceded by a header tag, and followed by a footer tag. But sections can also be nested inside of each other, if needed.
In our example above, the div labeled "content" would be a good candidate to become a section. Then within that section, depending on the content, we might have additional sections.
According the WHATWG notes, the article element should wrap "a section of content that forms an independent part of a document or site; for example, a magazine or newspaper article, or a blog entry."
Keep in mind that you can have more than one article tag on the page; for example a blog homepage might have the last ten articles, each wrapped in an article tag. Articles can also be broken into sections using the section tag, though you'll want to be somewhat careful when planning your structure otherwise you're liable to end up with some ugly tag soup.
Another fairly nebulous tag, the aside element is for content that is "tangentially related to the content that forms the main textual flow of a document." [1]That means a parenthetical remark, inline footnotes, pull quotes, annotations or the more typical sidebar content like you see to the right of this article.
According to the WHATWG's notes it seems like
 would work in all those cases, despite the fact that there's considerable difference between a pull quote and tag cloud in your sidebar.
Hey, no one said HTML 5 was perfect!
Footer should also be self-explanatory, except perhaps that you can have more than one. In other words, sections can have footers in addition to the main footer generally found at the bottom of most pages.
Putting it all together
OK, let's rewrite our original example using the new tags:
<!DOCTYPE html>   ...stuff...
My Site

Home

About

Contact

My Article

...

...

Much cleaner and easier to understand, right? A couple of notes: we could have wrapped our

My Article
 headline in header tags. I opted not to since the h1 element already conveys the heading, but if you also had a pub date, byline or other data atop your post, the collective group of tags would be a good candidate for adding a header container tag. If you'd like to see this technique in action, check out this page on my site about snorkeling in Bali.
Also note that we could add a second footer element below the article element to contain things like next/prev navigation, related posts or other content.
Styling the new tags
In most browsers, all you need to do is simply define your styles as you normally would in order to apply styles to these new elements. But make sure to add the
display:block; rule to every element — for now anyway. In time, as browsers begin standardizing support for the new elements, that won't be necessary.
For example let's apply some styles to our header:
header { display: block; font-size: 36px; font-weight: bold; }
Keep in mind that you can still add class and ID attributes to these tags. So, if you wanted to style one navigation section separately, you'd simply add a class or ID to the tag like so:

Then you can apply a style:
nav.main-menu { font-size: 18px; }
Compatibility with older browsers
All we need to do to get IE to style our HTML 5 tags is use the
createElement method so IE 6 becomes aware of the new tags. Add this bit to the head of your HTML 5 file. Or alternatively, you can save it in a separate file and include it that way.

I know what you're thinking: "Hey, you didn't specify a MIME type for that script tag."
You don't need to do that in HTML 5. In HTML 5, all scripts are assumed to be
type="text/javascript" so there's no need it clutter up your script tags with attributes anymore (unless your script is something other than JavaScript).
That fixes the IE problems, but we're not out of the woods just yet. It turns out that there's a bug in the Gecko rendering engine that causes Firefox 2 and some versions of Camino to choke on these tags as well.
There are two ways to work around this bug, neither of which are ideal. For more details check out this article on HTML5doctor. The same article also has a handy script with all the HTML 5 elements already to go.
Bear in mind though that Firefox 2 usage stats are quickly falling below 10 percent of all web traffic, so simply ignoring this bug might be a possibility depending on your site's audience.
OK, now you can use HTML 5, but should you?
The short answer is yes.
The longer answer is that it depends on the site. If you're charged with recreating the CNN homepage, well, you might want to hold off for a bit until browser support improves. But if you're revamping your blog, we say go ahead. There are even some WordPress plugins that can help if you're using that particular publishing system. Here's an HTML 5 theme by Jeff Starr.
Also, check out the sites featured on HTML 5 Gallery and view source to see what they're doing.
However, if IE's shortcoming are holding you back, consider this: even Google is using the HTML 5 doctype on their main search page. Even if you don't use all the new structural tags you can at least take advantage of things like shorter script declarations, and some of the non-structural semantic tags that we'll cover next time around.
Go on to Lesson 2!
Lesson 1: Building Web Pages With HTML 5
Lesson 2: Add Semantic Value to Your Pages With HTML 5


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Western Mediterranean Cruise
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- Departs
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- Returns
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- Departure Date
- 5 Sep 2021
- Duration
- 7 nights
Departure Date: 5 Sep 2021
Duration: 7 nights
Ship: Norwegian Epic
Star rating:
Departs: Barcelona
Returns: Barcelona
Ports of call: 6
Layby from only $43 per week after the initial deposit is paid - learn more.
Itinerary and Ports Show / Hide Port Details
|Sun 5 Sep 2021
|Barcelona, Spain
|Barcelona, located in Catalonia Spain, is Europe's largest metropolis on the Mediterranean coast, and one of the world's major global cities. Today, Barcelona balances itself on the cutting edge of architecture, intellectual life, and style. Indeed Barcelona won the 1999 RIBA Royal Gold Medal for its architecture, the first time that the winner has been a city, and not an individual architect. The 'Gothic Quarter' is the centre of the old city of Barcelona, where many of the buildings date as far back as the Roman settlement. The Art Nouveau architectural style has a great number of buildings listed as World Heritage Sites. more info
|Mon 6 Sep 2021
|At Sea
|Tue 7 Sep 2021
|Naples, Italy
|Naples is an historic city over 2,500 years old, sitting on the west coast of southern Italy by the Gulf of Naples. Located halfway between two volcanic areas, Mount Vesuvius and Camp Flegrei and with numerous tours and cruise excursions available at the port, one may be inclined to miss out on what Naples itself has to offer. It has some of the world's best opera houses and theatres, and is often called an open-air museum because of its many historic statues and monuments. View finds from Pompeii and Herculaneum, destroyed by Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79, at the famous National Archaeological Museum. more info
|Wed 8 Sep 2021
|Rome (Civitavecchia), Italy
|Rome, the capital, and largest city of Italy, is full of unending possibilities. It can be reached from the port of Civitavecchia in approximately ninety minutes either by train or coach. Rome greets visitors with a multitude of faces, such as the Ancient City with ruins like: the Colosseum; the seven hills; the Roman Forum; and the Sacred Way, the path used for triumphal processions. There is Renaissance Rome, full of winding streets and sun-dappled piazzas, and the Vatican, home to the Pope. Also popular are the Sistine Chapel with Michaelangelo's famous Creation of Adam fresco, and his masterpiece, La Pieta, at St. Peter's Cathedral. more info
|Thu 9 Sep 2021
|Livorno, Italy
|Livorno is the third largest port on the west coast of Italy, and is well known for supporting cruise ship tourism to Florence, the Tower of Pisa, the hill towns of Tuscany, Cinque Terre with its enchanting villages, and the Chianti wine region, generally with time allowed for visiting some famous outlet stores of famous fashion houses. However the port of Livorno itself has a lot to offer visitors. Criss-crossed by Medicean canals that are still navigable, and with its port overlooked by towers and fortresses, this well-planned city is most appealing. In or out of town, you are sure to have a wonderful time. more info
|Fri 10 Sep 2021
|Cannes, France
|The picturesque and elegant French city of Cannes, situated on the French Riviera, is possibly best known for its famous annual Film Festival, though it is also known for some beautiful beaches, glamorous yachts, a variety of luxury shops, and restaurants. Cannes is a most cosmopolitan town, and visitors are hard pressed to find a genuine native, as many attracted to the Côte d'Azur have chosen to make it their home. Not surprisingly, restaurants have international cuisines, including the traditional gastronomic delights. Relax at the waterfront - known for its beaches, restaurants, cafes and boutiques. more info
|Sat 11 Sep 2021
|Palma de Mallorca, Spain
|Palma de Mallorca is the major city and port on the Mediterranean island of Majorca, and capital city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain. It is situated on the south coast of the island on the Bay of Palma, and almost half of the total population of Majorca live there. Visitors are spellbound by its blue waters, white beaches, lush foliage (almost 40 percent of the island is protected countryside), and 300 days of sunshine each year. Palma is a city of modern hotel chains and flashy shops, yet is dated and still retains much of its old architecture. more info
|Sun 12 Sep 2021
|Barcelona, Spain
|Barcelona, located in Catalonia Spain, is Europe's largest metropolis on the Mediterranean coast, and one of the world's major global cities. Today, Barcelona balances itself on the cutting edge of architecture, intellectual life, and style. Indeed Barcelona won the 1999 RIBA Royal Gold Medal for its architecture, the first time that the winner has been a city, and not an individual architect. The 'Gothic Quarter' is the centre of the old city of Barcelona, where many of the buildings date as far back as the Roman settlement. The Art Nouveau architectural style has a great number of buildings listed as World Heritage Sites. more info
Take a break onboard the Norwegian Epic experiencing 7 exciting nights on the Western Mediterranean Cruise exploring Europe - Mediterranean. This cruise sails from Barcelona and calls into 6 ports in 3 countries before returning to Barcelona. This particular 4 star cruise from Norwegian Cruise Line has 27 forward departures. Our exclusive specials start as low as $267 per person/day, twin share. Don't miss out - reserve your cabin today!
Norwegian Epic Overview
Each year, from around May to November, Norwegian Epic sails the sunny Mediterranean. She offers a 7-night circle of the Western Mediterranean, embarking from Civitavecchia (near Rome) and Barcelona. With just one sea day there are plenty of opportunities to see tourist sights in Spain, France and Italy. For the other months Norwegian Epic is in the Caribbean, running 7- to 11-night itineraries mostly out of the US territory of Puerto Rico. These cruises visit five ports along the east and south of the Caribbean islands. Around April and November annually Norwegian Epic crosses the Atlantic between the Mediterranean and the Caribbean Seas. Crossings are at a very low price, bridge two continents, provide restful sea days, and of course offer many on–board activities. For many Norwegian Epic is the destination.
Choose from 38 accommodation price levels in 13 grades: all very contemporary and innovation in design (read curved walls), with various grades having exclusive access to private courtyards and club – effectively a ship within a ship. Accommodations range across Spa Staterooms, Courtyard Villas, Studios for single travellers that link to a common Studio Lounge, The Haven Staterooms, and Family Accommodations. The Haven Suites, which are a class within the ship and have access to the private Haven courtyard, include Owner's (for four), Family (up to six guests), and (for just two guests) Penthouse and Spa. The Haven Owner's Suites have separate living and dine-in areas, and luxurious bathroom. Features and exclusivity of your accommodation choice determines to the cost. The 128 studio cabins require no singles supplement.
Food and Dining
There is no 'main' dining room: guests 'go out to eat', and there are 20 venues from which to choose. Sample cuisines from Japan, USA, France, Brazil, Italy, Britain and Ireland. While there is no Lido self-service buffet, there are other buffets and grills. So choose between formal and casual. Interestingly, mix dining with music and big-top Cirque Dreams acrobatics. NCL's traditional cover-charge restaurants are there – Cagney's Steakhouse (with seafood also), the French Le Bistro, La Cucina Italian, and Teppanyaki. Reservations are strongly recommended for extra-charge venues.
The two-deck 685-seat Epic Theatre presents major production shows and cabaret acts, such as the renowned Blue Man Group, and Legends in Concert. Other centres include the blues-and-jazz Fat Cats, audience-involving Headliners Comedy Club, a casino, the adults-only Bliss Ultra Lounge and Nightclub, and the top-deck Spice H2O beach-club with dance floor and aerialists. Villa guests have access to the exclusive Epic Club Lounge.
Other Ships
What's included?
- All main meals on-board
- Coffee, pastries, tea, juices 24 hrs
- Open/anytime seating & multi-venue dining
- Use of ship facilities - indoor & outdoor
- Entertainment - live music and/or shows, movies
- Activities - organised & individual
- Bridge director on select cruises
- Kids clubs & teen programs (2-17 yrs)
- Cruise Director & all English speaking staff
- Butler, valet & concierge services (Suites, Penthouses, Haven)
- Special needs requests & service animals allowed
- Ship-shore-ship transfers
- Internet access & Wi-Fi (cafe, & cabins in someships; pay)
What's excluded?
- Airfares, accommodation & transfers not specified
- Shore & land excursions and meals not specified
- Alternate specialty dining venues (unless specified)
- Alcoholic beverages, specialty coffees, soft drinks
- Casino gaming
- Video Arcade, Pizza delivery
- Items & services of a personal nature
- Medical services, vaccination costs
- Laundry and/or valet charges
- Wi-Fi, Internet, satellite/mobile phone & fax charges
- Childcare services
- Passport & visa fees
- Insurances of all kinds
- Increases in third party charges or taxes
- Service charge: USD 13.50 pp/night (suites $15.50)
- Service charge: beverages 15%
- Service charge for spa & salon 18% charged
What's onboard?
- Family ship
- Atrium social centre
- Shopping arcade
- The Haven Suites (dining, lounge, butler etc.)
- Solo Studios (no supplement)
- Wedding packages (NthAmer., Europe)
- Main dining venues (2)
- Open seating, anytime
- In-cabin Continental b'fast, coffee
- Buffet dining
- Asian Fusion
- O'Sheehan's Neighbourhood Bar & Grill
- Garden Café (buffet, all meals)
- Noodle bar
- Grill at pool
- Kids menu u.13y. (not dinner)
- Dietary needs, order pre-cruise
- In-cabin menu (service charge non-suite guests; 20% drinks charge)
- Dine with a Cirque show
- Cagney's Steakhouse
- La Cucina (Italian)
- Le Bistro (French, formal)
- Moderno Churrascaria (Brazilian steakhouse)
- Teppanyaki (Japanese)
- Wasabi (Japanese)
- Pizza Delivery (pay)
- Coffee Bar & patisserie
- The Bake Shop
- Internet café
- Beverages packages
- Dining packages
- Show theatre, shows, cabaret
- Cirque dining, acrobats (pay)
- Bars & Lounges (13)
- Live music, dancing
- Nightclub, DJ
- Duel pianos sing-along
- Giant screen (sports, movies)
- Library, Card Room
- Photo package
- Casino
- Conference rooms
- Swimming pools (5)
- Whirlpools (9)
- Spice H2O adults outdoor lounge, screen
- Aqua Park 3 slides
- Epic water slide
- Theme parties
- Spa & beauty treatments
- Fitness centre & rooms
- Sun decks
- Sports courts, jogging track
- Climbing walls
- Bowling alleys (pay)
- Wii Wall with giant screen
- Cruise Norwegian app (for complete planning)
- Internet packages (4 levels, slow satellite, pay)
- Wi-Fi ship-wide
- Youth Program welcome social, booklet
- Children's Aqua Park
- Children's pool
- Entourage (13-17y)
- Splash Academy (3-5, 6-9, 10-12y)
- Video games
- Family Activities
- Mealtime kids' menu
- Port-day, late night supervision, kids 3-12y
- Group baby-sitting
- Nursery (6m-2y)
- Elevators (16)
- Wash & press, dry cleaning services (pay)
- Wheelchair access good
- Cabin current 110/220 V
- Medical centre
You will then have the option to send us an enquiry or you can call us for FREE and speak to one of our Cruise Specialists who will check availability and find you the best possible price.
Select Cabin Category
|5 Sep 2021 (Sun)
$267 per day
$333 per day
$363 per day
Prices are twin share per person in AUD, include all taxes and are subject to change.
View the current location for Norwegian Epic here!


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Arrigo Dodge Chrysler Jeep Sawgrass is top destination when it comes to buying a high-quality used car in Tamarac, FL. Whether you have been searching for a new car, truck, or SUV you will find the vehicle of your dreams at our dealership. Use our regularly updated online vehicle inventory to browse for a pre-owned Dodge Durango, Jeep Cherokee, Grand Cherokee, Wrangler Unlimited, or Ram 1500 from the comfort of your own home. Prior to any used car being added to our current inventory it must first pass a comprehensive inspection. You can rest assured knowing that each and every vehicle that we sell has been given a clean bill of health. Please feel free to contact us at (855) 412-7744 or visit us in person at our Tamarac, Florida Chrysler, Jeep, Ram, and Dodge dealership to speak with and automotive sales representative. Sawgrass, Fort Lauderdale, Davie, Pembroke Pines, and all across Florida, we are ready to assist you in finding your perfect used car!
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Chrysler, Ram, Jeep & Dodge Service Center in Tamarac, FL | near Davie, Fort Lauderdale & Pembroke Pines
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Price includes all costs except for taxes, registration, title, 159.95 electronic reg. filling fee and $ 799.95 dealer fee. The Arrigo price includes ALL factory incentives. Rebates are subject to change without notice. Prior sales excluded. Dealer installed accessories may increase actual cost. You must finance thru Chrysler Capital for bonus cash. All buyers may not qualify. Dealer not responsible for typographical errors or omissions. See Dealer for details.


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Interpratation of zero-inflated models
Mplus Discussion
Categorical Data Modeling
Matthew McBee
posted on Friday, October 24, 2008 - 9:35 am
Can you clarify: when fitting a zero-inflated binomial or poisson model, how is the outcome coded for the categorical part of the model? Does a "1" indicate that the outcome is zero or non-zero? In other words, if the same covariate is included in both parts of the model and has the same direction of effect in both, is the coefficient in both parts of the model positive or is it negative in the categorical model?
Matthew McBee
posted on Friday, October 24, 2008 - 10:02 am
Sorry, by "categorical" I meant "binary" since both parts are categorical!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Friday, October 24, 2008 - 6:21 pm
In the binary part Mplus does logistic regression for Prob(u#=1), where u# is a binary latent inflation variable and u#=1 indicates that the individual is unable to assume any value except 0. This is called the zero class.
For the non-zero class, any count value can be assumed and is modeled via regular Poisson.
So I guess one can say that the direction is not the same in the two parts.
Matthew McBee
posted on Saturday, October 25, 2008 - 1:08 pm
Thank you for answering my question.
Why is the MLR estimator the default for these models? Is it common to get biased standard errors using the ML estimator?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Sunday, October 26, 2008 - 8:56 am
The idea is that MLR may be more robust to model misspecification. You can do simulations to see what seems best in your setting.
Kevin M. King
posted on Tuesday, June 09, 2009 - 3:58 pm
I have a question about interpreting coefficients from zero-inflated negative binomial models.
We are predicting count variables that fit a zero-inflated negative binomial distribution from latent growth factors (intercept and linear slope, whose indicators are continuous).
Specifically, how do we interpret the significance of an effect of a growth factor on either the binary portion or the count portion?
In several cases, the unstandardized effect will not be significant, but the standardized effect will be (or vice versa). Is there an explanation for this, and which is the more reliable estimate?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, June 10, 2009 - 7:59 am
Usually the two parts are not separately interpreted. See the following references for further information:
Hilbe, J. M. (2007). Negative binomial regression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
Agresti, A. (2002). Categorical data analysis. Second edition. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Agresti, A. (1996). An introduction to categorical data analysis. New York:
In ZIP regression, the unstandardized is most common. If the differences between raw and standardized are large, please send the output to
Arina Gertseva
posted on Thursday, June 25, 2009 - 8:31 am
Dear Linda,
I am trying to run growth models for two parallel processes allowing each of the processes to have zero inflated distributions, probably negative binomial. Each process (offending and victimization) is measured annually during 5 years. Can Mplus do this type of analysis?
If yes, could you please direct me to where I can find examples of syntax, etc.
Thanks, Arina.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, June 25, 2009 - 9:38 am
Yes, Mplus can do this - combine UG ex6.7 and 6.13. Also, see (hear) the web talk on count regression modeling on our web site. And for count growth (mixture) modeling, look for instance at
Kreuter, F. & Muthen, B. (2008). Analyzing criminal trajectory profiles: Bridging multilevel and group-based approaches using growth mixture modeling. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 24, 1-31.
which you find on our web site too.
Dustin Pardini
posted on Friday, May 06, 2011 - 12:41 pm
When running a negative binomial model with a single predictor I continually get a stdyx estimate of 1. In these models the p-value for the undstandardized coefficient is highly significant, while the standardize p is not. This problem does not seem to occur when multiple predictors are entered into the model. I am having a hard time understanding why this is occurring.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Saturday, May 07, 2011 - 11:07 am
It probably does not make sense to use StdYX with a count outcome. I would use the raw coefficient or at most StdX which you would have to compute yourself.
Daniel Lee
posted on Thursday, March 26, 2020 - 9:13 am
Hi Dr. Muthen,
I am reading the Regression and Mediation Analysis Using Mplus, and I wonder if there is any way to get predicted counts for a zero-truncated negative binomial model. That is, if the mean of all covariates are set at their respective mean, a unit increase in X would predict Y expected counts.
I'm guessing that Model Constraint is involved. If so, can you point me to syntax or provide maybe a simple example (2 covariates) to get me started.
Thank you so much!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, March 26, 2020 - 11:30 am
Don't have the syntax but check the Hilbe and Long refs I give on page 262.
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New York's Basilica ... and Its Saints
St. Patrick's Old Cathedral illustrates the history of U.S. Catholicism.
Fittingly, on March 17, 2010, St. Patrick's Old Cathedral in Manhattan was officially named the first basilica in the Archdiocese of New York.
This is not the new St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue in Midtown that receives about 20,000 visitors and worshippers every day — but the 200-year-old church that was the city's original cathedral. Its cornerstone was laid in 1809, and it was officially dedicated on the feast of the Ascension in 1815.
But until it was named a basilica, most visitors were unaware of this church in Lower Manhattan.
This St. Patrick's, America's second cathedral, was a beacon of Catholicism in the early 19th century. It became a parish church on May 25, 1879, the day its renowned replacement was dedicated.
In the heart of "old" Manhattan, where the neighborhoods of Little Italy, Chinatown and Soho meld, St. Patrick's has existed at the corner of Mott and Prince Streets for more than 200 years, as things have changed all around it.
Many streets in this part of the city are 19th-century narrow. Those lanes once teeming with immigrants are now full of older buildings filled with boutiques, small shops, eateries and apartments. The area is quite trendy and a focal point for the arts.
Msgr. Donald Sakano, the pastor, describes it as "a melting pot of ideas" that's "in an environment that endorses the value of change."
"Part of our mission here is to understand that culture and interact with it" while upholding Catholic teaching, he told us. "We see ourselves with this unique opportunity for the Church to evangelize fearlessly to the world around us."
Except for its readiness to meet these modern challenges, the Basilica of St. Patrick's maintains a venerable 19th-century presence, both inside and out. In fact, the tall, stately brick wall surrounding the basilica grounds goes back to before the mid-19th century when there was organized anti-Catholic sentiment here as elsewhere. One group marching on the cathedral turned away when they got wind that Archbishop John Hughes had organized men parishioners to protect it.
By 1817, our first native-born American saint, Elizabeth Ann Seton, had started the first Catholic orphanage across the street. Then, in 1822, her Sisters of Charity turned their building into the cathedral school of St. Patrick's, the first and oldest parochial school in New York. That building was replaced by today's Federal-style brick building that remained the cathedral school until it closed last year.
St. Elizabeth isn't the only saintly connection here. St. John Neumann, America's first male saint, was ordained here on June 28, 1836, later becoming a bishop. Before Venerable Pierre Toussaint was reinterred in St. Patrick's Uptown, the former black slave whose cause for canonization is open was buried in 1853 in the churchyard right outside Old St. Patrick's.
From the outside, Old St. Patrick's, with its simple facade of smooth brown stucco, doesn't look like a cathedral. But it's hardy. In 1866 a fire ripped through the neighborhood, reached the cathedral, and destroyed everything but the outer walls.
The ceiling might look a little familiar to some. That's because it was done by James Renwick, using the design he was working on for the new Fifth Avenue St. Patrick's.
By 1868, on the patron saint's feast day, Archbishop John McCloskey rededicated the rebuilt cathedral. Then, in March 1875, four years before the seat was moved uptown to the new St. Patrick's, thousands jammed the nave and the surrounding streets to witness Archbishop McCloskey, in this same cathedral where he was ordained a priest in 1830, become the first American elevated to the honor of cardinal.
Countless worshippers have admired the original ornately carved wood reredos, highlighted with gold leaf, behind the large marble altar. Ten large carved statues in niches line both sides. At the head of the lines are Sts. Peter and Paul.
In the center of the reredos, visitors are drawn to the splendid painting of the "Resurrection of Christ" as Jesus triumphantly leaves the tomb. This painting has a Renaissance quality but actually dates to 1970, when the church commissioned one of its parishioners to paint it.
Directly above it, we were in awe of the huge crucifix topping the center of the reredos. Behind it, the large stained-glass window presents liturgical symbols, including the victorious Lamb of God and the Holy Spirit.
Beautifully detailed stained-glass windows in Gothic framework line the nave to focus minds and hearts on the Sacred Heart, the Good Shepherd, Jesus teaching the children, a fatherly St. Joseph holding his foster son, and Mary glorious as Our Lady of Grace and resplendent in her assumption that's reminiscent of a Renaissance work.
Beneath them, life-sized statues line nave aisles, their votive candles ready for petitioners. While they just might be of plaster, they all appear like monochromatic carved wood. They call us to a mini-pilgrimage around the basilica, praying by the Sacred Heart, the Infant of Prague, St. Joseph with the Child Jesus, Our Lady of Lourdes, St. Anne with her daughter Mary, St. Elizabeth Seton, St. Anthony and others.
On weekends, the Erben organ, built in 1852, a rare and magnificent instrument, is used for Masses.
The basilica has planned renovations in the near future, which will restore the Blessed Sacrament to the center and place a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary in a traditional side shrine.
"We treasure our heritage," Msgr. Sakano said.
The Basilica of St. Patrick's Old Cathedral is surely continuing that vibrant presence of the Catholic faith in New York City.
Register staff writer Joseph Pronechen is based in Trumbull, Connecticut.
The Basilica of St. Patrick's Old Cathedral
263 Mulberry St.
New York, NY 10012
(212) 226-8075
Planning Your Visit
The basilica is open daily from 8am to 6pm; sometimes closed Wednesdays. Sunday Masses are in English, Spanish and Chinese.
Getting There
Take the M103 bus from Midtown to Bowery and East Houston; walk two blocks west to Mott. St. Patrick's is one block south on Mott. If you venture there on the subway, from Midtown take No. 6 train downtown to the Spring Street Station, one block from the church. Parking is rarely possible.


text:
COVER- Unsolved: Murder on the Constitution route
Eight fatherless children. Two widows. One widower. Three grieving mothers– and three killers, presumably still walking around, never brought to justice for the three lives they took.
Albemarle County enjoys a low murder rate– two to three a year– and most of those are solved. Yet since the Albemarle Police Department was formed in 1984, three open cases linger: one as recent as last year, one in 1997, one stretching back to 1988.
(Charlottesville counts six unsolved murders since 1983 and one missing person case that was never classified as a murder.)
All three Albemarle slayings took place along Route 20– the Constitution Route– that stretches through Albemarle County from Scottsville to Stony Point.
These killings shook the community. Family members still grieve, denied the courtroom rituals and judgments society uses to respond to the deliberate taking of life.
"My life was never right after that," says Earl Shifflett, whose brother Roger was shot in 1988.
Worse, in at least two cases, the families– and police– believe they have a pretty good idea of who did the killing.
Anthony Lorenzo Johnson
His large extended family in Columbia called Johnson "Bunny." Like his nickname, "He was a kind-hearted person, a decent guy who never started any trouble," says his cousin, Nancy Johnson, 19. They grew up like brother and sister, and the two sisters who are their mothers live in the same neighborhood– and married two Scott brothers.
Johnson, 23, came to see his mother in Columbia "once in a blue moon," she says– but one of those visits was February 18, 2005– the Friday night before his death. He brought his girlfriend, Shaquita Ross, with whom he had lived in Charlottesville.
Annette Scott remembers him sitting around joking and laughing with her and her sister and nieces, all of whom live in the same trailer court on Ampthill Road.
"He kept getting up and going out and coming back in," recalls Scott. "He didn't seem like himself."
And perhaps Bunny did have a few things on his mind. He was living in his car, no longer in the apartment he'd shared with Shaquita and another roommate. Shaquita's 16-year-old sister, Tiara Ross, was seven months pregnant with twins, and some family members believe Bunny was the father. He had three other children with two different women.
The next night, Bunny was back in Columbia. Tiara Ross, who also would be dead two weeks later, was staying with Nancy Johnson, and he spent the night at his cousin's. "They stayed at my sister's house," rather than at his mother's, says Annette Scott. "Everyone said that seemed unusual."
Scott noticed bags of clothes in the trunk and backseat of his car, and she believes he'd been kicked out of the apartment he shared with Shaquita in Charlottesville. "He didn't have to stay in a car," she says. "I had a house. If it was about money, he could have come to me."
Scott thought Bunny was going to go to church with her that Sunday morning, but instead he left to go back to Charlottesville, says Nancy Johnson.
Bunny worked for Piedmont Concrete and was getting ready to go out of town on a job. Before Piedmont, he'd worked with his father with a construction company in Richmond.
Early Monday morning, February 21, 2005, a woman walking a dog on Free Bridge Lane near Darden Towe Park found a man's body on the ground beside a 1981 Buick Regal. Bunny had been shot once in the head.
Police say he was last seen at the nearby Pantops Amoco station around 9:30pm February 20. A videotape shows him in the parking lot, talking on a pay phone.
A year after the shooting, Albemarle police Lieutenant Greg Jenkins, expresses hope for an arrest and conviction to offer closure for the family.
"We still have leads we're following," says Jenkins. "We still believe there's a person or persons who can help us solve this. I feel confident at some point we're going to."
"Why did they do this to him?" asks Nancy Johnson. Her cousin largely avoided trouble– except for one time December 29, 2003. "He was in Charlottesville with his girlfriend, parked illegally on the side of the road," she says.
He was found guilty of carrying a concealed weapon, a misdemeanor, and received a 30-day suspended sentence.
At his funeral, "He looked like he'd been in a fight– scratches on his face, a deep cut on top of his lip," she remembers.
Family members wonder if Tiara's pregnancy caused a problem between the two sisters. Shaquita and Tiara's mother, Sharon Ross, isn't so sure that Bunny was the father of Tiara's twins.
"He said he didn't know," she says. "He said it was a possibility. I really do believe he was, but there's no way I could prove it."
They may never know. On March 3, 2005, ten days after Bunny was shot, Tiara died at home. Her mother says the cause of death was preeclampsia, a pregnancy-related form of high blood-pressure.
Shaquita Ross, 19, who lost a boyfriend and a sister, is now working to get her high school diploma in the Job Corps in West Virginia so she can study nursing, and "is still suffering," according to Sharon Ross.
"Me losing Bunny was like me losing a son I never had," she says. "They dated two years. He was always around before that. Whatever needed doing he'd do because I had no sons."
Admits Ross, "It's hard just trying to make it every day. I would feel better if they knew who did this to Bunny. He wasn't the type to bother anyone."
Annette Scott drives by Little Fork Baptist Church where her son is buried almost every morning and evening. "I always thought he'd be putting me away, not me putting him away," she says.
On Christmas, he always came sometime during the day to see his mother, but this past one, "The car never did pull up," she says. "That was the hurtin' part."
And a year later, six-year-old Tylee Johnson is still haunted by his father's death. "He had a nightmare last night," says his mother, Latoya Cooke. "He said he'd seen his daddy. 'He waved, and he said he was coming to see me,'" she quotes the youngster as saying.
Janice Garrison
Janice Fincham was in Lane High School when she met her future husband. Her mother babysat Hugh Garrison's baby sister. Garrison, five years older and in the service, "thought she was real sweet and a pretty girl," he says. "I asked her out, and she finally accepted." Their first date was a spaghetti dinner.
The two dated two years before they married. Janice worked as a secretary at State Farm for 30 years. She liked to collect antiques and to knit and crotchet. "She was happy, outgoing, and sincere," says Hugh Garrison. "I don't know anyone who knew her who didn't like her."
They'd been married 30 years, and Janice was 50 when she died. Her husband didn't care for the well-meaning remarks of people who said "at least she'd lived her life."
"All the women in her family," he say, "lived a long time."
It was Thanksgiving weekend. He had been out of town and had just returned to their Stony Point-area home around 4pm on November 29, 1997. From inside the cabin on their five-acre property on Lonesome Mountain Road, the couple heard gunshots in the woods.
"All this land," Garrison points out, "is posted no hunting."
He walked out towards the woods and yelled at the unseen hunters to stop shooting. "I told them I had a gun and could fire back," he says.
At that time, Garrison was a private investigator and carried a handgun. "I fired up in the air and turned around, and she was on the ground," he says. "I didn't know she was out there with me."
Lieutenant John Teixeira was the shift commander on duty that Saturday when the 4:35pm call came in. "I can see it like it was yesterday," he says. "It was a pretty sad scene– and it was pretty violent."
Janice Garrison had been shot in the head, and the shot did not come from Hugh Garrison's firearm, Teixeira says.
He's hesitant to talk about a case that's still pending, but he wants the person who shot Garrison to be brought to justice. "We're just missing that one small piece of the puzzle," he says.
Police believe they know who shot Janice Garrison, and while they decline to identify the suspect, the court records of Glen Scott Snow, 41, detail his alleged connection to the shooting.
Snow and several others were hunting in the woods near the Garrison property that day, according to court papers. Snow, who had a prior conviction for felony possession of a controlled substance, wasn't supposed to possess any firearms.
In July of the following year, Snow was indicted by a federal grand jury for being a felon in possession of a firearm the day Janice Garrison was killed. In a plea bargain, Snow produced the weapon in exchange for probation rather than incarceration. But at sentencing in June 1999, the government declined to follow through with the deal, maintaining that Snow "had failed to comply with his obligation under the plea agreement to truthfully and thoroughly cooperate."
While Snow denied any involvement in the shooting, Special Agent John Healey of the federal bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms offered testimony that alleged inconsistencies in Snow's account.
For example, one of Snow's friends informed police that when Snow returned from that day's hunting excursion, he told the friend that "rounds were whizzing by his head," according to the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals' opinion. Snow disavowed that statement.
Also, Snow's hunting partner said he'd been separated from Snow for about an hour that day, and he heard shots and saw Snow emerge from the woods in the general area where Garrison was shot.
The Hook was unable to locate Snow for comment. But his appeals attorney, Andrew Lyman Wilder, contends that his client complied with the plea agreement in "good faith," including taking multiple polygraph tests and turning over his hunting rifle.
"Short of him saying he shot the woman," says Wilder, "there was nothing he could do or say that would make the government honor the plea agreement."
Snow was sentenced June 11, 1999, to 37 months that he served at the Federal Medical Center in Lexington, Kentucky. He was released April 3, 2002.
Garrison, 63, admits that talking about the case brings up a lot of feelings he's tried to bury. "It's one of those things you can never forget about," he says. "It was devastating. I never had any closure."
He's given up days and nights sitting by the side of the road as a P.I. doing stakeouts, he says. "I had to change my lifestyle."
He now works in facilities at UVA Medical Center. And two years ago, he married Terry, who's fixing dinner as he speaks to a reporter eight and a half years after Janice's death.
"I know there are people out there who know him and know what he done," Garrison says. "They need to come forward and say something."
And while he doubts police are actively investigating the case, 'I hope someday they'll solve it, and he'll get what he deserves," Garrison says.
"The way I look at it," says Lieutenant Teixeira, "an innocent woman was killed. Someone needs to be brought to justice for it. Most cops never give up."
Roger Lee Shifflett
Shifflett, 38, was known as a hard-working man. He'd gone in to the store shortly after 5:30am June 20, 1988, as he usually did, to open up before going to his day job as a relief foreman with Norfolk and Southern Railroad.
A passerby later said a car like a Chevy Impala, circa the late 1960s or 1970, with a dark bottom and light top, had been parked in the lot around the time of the murder.
An employee arriving just before 6am found Shifflett bleeding on the floor. Police initially said robbery was the motive, because $135 was missing from the cash register, but as the investigation progressed, that theory changed in what is now Albemarle police's coldest case.
"We do not believe it was a random robbery and shooting," says Lieutenant Teixeira. "It was probably someone who knew or was acquainted with Mr. Shifflett."
There was no physical evidence at the scene, according to Teixeira. "We interviewed a suspect," he says. "We feel he is the person who killed Mr. Shifflett, but we didn't have enough evidence."
His family agrees that Roger Shifflett knew his killer.
His brother, Earl, was at the store that morning at 6:15am to pick up Roger to go to work at the railroad. The two brothers– two years apart in age– rode in together and worked together, and they shared similar looks.
"Albemarle County detectives told me they know who done it, but they didn't have enough evidence to prosecute," says Earl Shifflett. He says his brother was killed with his own gun that he kept in the store, and the gun was never found.
"My brother was a black belt in karate," says Shifflett, who doesn't think Roger would have been easily surprised by a stranger.
He was shot five times– in the chin, in the face, in the hip and back, says Earl Shifflett. "The last shot was execution style behind the ear," he says. "Five times– you don't shoot someone five times if you're robbing them."
Earl Shifflett believes jealousy was a motive. Roger and his wife, Barbara, were getting ready to go on vacation, a rarity for the family. Roger had confided to his brother that there had been some marital problems, but they'd been worked out.
Flowers from a flower shop on Cherry Avenue were delivered to Roger four times at the depot the week before he died, according to his brother. Earl Shifflett kept the cards and says one was signed, "Down the road, this will bring back fond memories of you."
Shifflett's family and friends offered a reward of up to $3,000 and hired a private investigator. "They told us what we already knew and charged us $10,000," says Earl Shifflett.
Jody Shifflett was 15 years old when his dad died. "It's still hard," he says. "Dad and I were close. It was not just a father-son relationship. We were getting to be friends."
Now a grown man with two sons of his own, Jody gets emotional talking about his father. "Like any other male teenager, I had my ups and downs," he says. "Dad was a major role model for me."
Jody lived with his mother during the week, and most of the weekends he spent with his dad were helping him out at the store. "I remember thinking, 'Why does Daddy work so hard?'" he says.
Roger Shifflett's oldest child, Crystal, was in college at James Madison University, and is now a teacher in Stuarts Draft. Jody works for United Parcel Service.
Roger, whom his family called "Rabbit," had remarried, and with his second wife, Barbara, he had three more boys. Twins Randy and Rodney were almost seven when he died, and the youngest, Roger Lee Jr., called Lee, was three.
Jody says he sees his stepbrothers once or twice a year. "That's one thing I do regret," he says. "It was hard for me to go back to the house. They're all good boys."
Roger Shifflett grew up in Crozet, the youngest boy in a family of 11. "We played together all the time," recalls his sister, Juanita Garrison, who was four years older than Roger, with Earl in between. "We roamed the mountains. I was a tomboy who had two boys to play with."
Her brother "worked all the time," she remembers. With 13 years in on the railroad, he'd hoped to retire early.
When Garrison learned of Roger's death, "I just remember being so upset and having a fit," she says. "We all had to go tell Mama.
"My mom always said she hoped she could live long enough to see who did it punished," adds Garrison. But Cora Frazier Shifflett died in 1997 without seeing her son's murderer brought to justice.
"He was easy going and good natured," says sister Joyce Wood. "I don't know who would want to do him that way."
Wood calls her brother's death devastating. "He was so young"– and whoever did it "is walking around scot free."
"Dad was the sort of person who never went looking for trouble," says Jody Shifflett. "But he didn't run from it. I do believe my dad knew whoever did it. The amount taken out of the store was only about $100."
Jody is incensed that no one was ever arrested. And as a UPS driver, he wonders if he's encountered his father's murderer in the course of making his deliveries.
"When does a person feel they have a right to take a person's life?" he asks. "They're taking something from everyone associated with him."
Jody's two sons, Dylan, 6, and Ryan, 3, talk about their grandfather "like they know him," says Shifflett. "That's what hurts, too."
His wish is that renewed interest in his father's death may stir someone's conscience or cause him to come forward. "There's always hope," he says. "It's good to get it out in the open. I still miss him."
Anthony Lorenzo Johnson, called Bunny by his family, died beside the Rivanna River February 21, 2005.
Scene of the crime: family members think Johnson knew who killed him on the isolated Free Bridge Lane near Darden Towe Park.
Albemarle police want convictions to close these cases.
Janice Garrison on her honeymoon in 1967. "She just loved life," remembers her husband.
Hugh Garrison didn't know Janice had followed him into the yard until he turned and saw her on the ground.
Roger Shifflett, 38, worked hard to support his five children and he'd hoped to retire early from the railroad.
Roger Shifflett's family, including his son Jody, find it hard to understand why the surveillance camera at the Southwind Gas and Grocery on Route 20 wasn't turned on the morning a murderer came to the store.
SIDEBAR- Sheriff's tally: Albemarle's oldest and coldest
The Albemarle Police Department counts three unsolved murders since it was formed in 1984. But when it took over the responsibilities of the Albemarle Sheriff's Department, a couple of cases still lingered on the books.
The most grisly dates back to 1963, a hit-and-run in which a popular student may have been dragged nearly 12 miles under a sports car.
It happened in the early morning hours of March 19. Pat Akins, a 19-year-old gridiron star who had graduated from Rock Hill Academy and attended Clemson on a football scholarship, was on his way to a 3am breakfast near Mechum's River in western Albemarle County.
On rain-slicked Route 250, Akins lost control of the '62 Chevy convertible near his destination, the Tidbit Restaurant, today the site of Blue Ridge Builders Supply. His passenger was not seriously injured, but Akins was ejected from the vehicle.
A witness reported that a speeding, eastbound Triumph sports car struck Akins and sped away. The witness gave chase but the red roadster got away.
Near the intersection of Alderman and McCormick Roads in the heart of UVA, the low-slung Triumph was found around 4:30am with Akins underneath.
Police questioned the vehicle's owner, a UVA nuclear engineering graduate student named William C. Wolkenhauer. The 22-year-old Wolkenhauer claimed the car had been stolen– stolen and then returned to the UVA area. According to news reports at the time, police believed the death car had contained two passengers.
As police searched for the culprit, questions arose over the specifics of the accident. Akins' body had cuts and abrasions– but the initial autopsy suggested that Akins may have been slumped into the car's grille or over its hood. And friends wondered how Akins could fit under the car's six-inch clearance. But a later autopsy did not rule out the dragging theory.
"I'm not sure he was dead when he was struck– nor that he was dragged from Mechum's River," says former Sheriff George Bailey 43 years later. "He'd be chewed up."
What wasn't in dispute was that a popular young man was struck and killed two days after his 19th birthday. Bailey suspected the owner of the car, but says the Commonwealth's Attorney advised him against pressing charges. "There was enough to indict him," Bailey quotes the prosecutor, "but not to convict."
Efforts to reach Wolkenhauer were unsuccessful.
Another case with many questions and no conviction is the 1977 shooting death of Keswick Country Club golf pro Belden G. McMillen.
It happened in the parking lot of what today is Keswick Hall, a luxurious, internationally known inn and country club. The earlier Keswick incarnation was a spot with plenty of trouble, none more prominent than what happened to McMillen one fall evening.
On September 24, the club hosted a golf tournament and banquet. McMillen's wife, Mary, worked in the snack bar and pro shop. After closing the snack bar that night, McMillen, 49, walked his wife to her car, and then went to his truck, carrying a bank bag with the day's receipts.
As he sat waiting for Mary's car to warm up, someone opened the passenger door of the truck, grappled with McMillen for the bag of money, and fired a .38-caliber revolver into the golf pro's chest, according to his brother, Francis McMillen.
The parking brake to McMillen's vehicle was off, and it had rolled and hit a tree. Police found the deposit bag with $1,000 in the truck– but no weapon.
Two months later, police were still baffled. Bailey recalls that Mrs. McMillen called her son on the CB radio and said, "Daddy's been shot," before leaving the scene in search of help.
The case took a bizarre turn a few weeks later when, despite the absence of a weapon at the scene, UVA pathologist Christopher P. Crum said he could not rule out the possibility of suicide, according to a 1978 article in the now-defunct Washington Star.
Mary McMillen took two polygraphs, according to a Daily Progress account, and the following March, police arrested a 36-year-old laborer for the crime– but the charges were quickly dropped.
As in the Pat Akins case, Bailey did not have enough evidence for a conviction. "We had a lot of questions we couldn't answer," he says– questions that have remained unanswered for 29 years.
The mystery is still unsolved of how Pat Akins ended up underneath the dented red Triumph 12 miles from where it struck him.
SIDEBAR- 20 years ago: UVA's lost student never found
UVA police once had a possible murder case, but they didn't treat it as one, and it has never been solved.
It started when friends and professors noticed that they had last seen 27-year-old physiology graduate student Pat Collins on Friday, March 21, 1986.
When a UVA police officer began rifling through Collins' backpack– instead of treating his study room in Jordan Hall as a crime scene– the case took on particularly tragic aspects, according to Hook contributor Barbara Nordin.
Best known for her Fearless Consumer column, Nordin has written several major stories on the Collins case for Charlottesville publications. One of her 1997 stories took first place for investigative reporting in the Virginia Press Association contest. The story examined some of the mistakes made by the UVA P.D., which had never before dealt with a possible homicide.
For instance, university police failed to interview many of Collins' classmates and any of his Belmont neighbors, failed to send Collins' answering-machine tape to the FBI, failed to test a Kool cigarette butt and other evidence for fingerprints, and somehow lost Collins' calendar (whose current month had been ripped out, but which might have contained impressions of lost text).
For the first five years of its investigation, the UVA police department, citing never-named missing "items," insisted to Collins' grieving family and the world that the studious Eagle Scout was a walk-away.
By 1991, however, UVA Police Chief Michael Sheffield had begun calling the case an "open criminal investigation," and Nordin suspects that Sheffield changed his approach only after Collins' stepfather, a retired California police officer, filed a request under the Virginia Freedom of Information Act to see the police file.
Sheffield responded by citing Section 2.1-342 of the Code of Virginia, which shields open criminal cases from public scrutiny. Now retired, Sheffield has long insisted that the case remains open and that all leads are being pursued. As with his no-comment approach to Nordin's stories, messages left at his home answering machine earlier this week were not returned.
Nordin has a theory about the alleged crime. She believes Collins was probably killed by a scorned lover who could have planted the dead man's personal effects back at Jordan Hall.
"I suspect he was just coming out of the closet and met Mr. Goodbar," says Nordin, noting that Collins had begun frequenting Mem Gym, which was, she says, "a no-holds-barred pick-up site in the men's locker room in the '80s."
When then-Congressman Norman Mineta succeeded in prompting a state investigation of UVA's handling of the case, the San Jose Mercury News faulted the official line supporting UVA's work as "circular reasoning."
No body was ever found.
With his canoe on top of his '75 Plymouth and his two bikes inside, Pat Collins set out from San Jose for Charlottesville in December, 1985. Three months later, he was gone.


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Red White, the owner of the only family farm in the Hamptons on the ocean, is now 89 years old. His four children are now in their 50s and 60s. And Red hopes, still hopes, to hand down the farm to them when he passes from the scene, just as his father handed the farm to him and his father did before going back to Ebenezer White in 1695.
Why he still hopes to do this, rather than just do this, is largely because of the rising burden of real estate taxes that need to be paid on farmland that now can be sold for over a $1 million an acre, and because of the inheritance taxes that are in place. Unlike in earlier generations of the local farming families, accomplishing this is a dodgy dance. But there are tools to make it happen. Farmland can have taxes reduced if the development rights are sold. Farmhouses can be gotten through an inheritance situation if they are put in some sort of trust. Another tool involves selling a small part of a farm to a developer. With that essentially staggering sum of money in hand (from the farmer's perspective), the taxes can be paid and the inheritance gone straight through. [expand]
Unfortunately, back in the mid-90s, Red White, who was then about 75, chose a rich Texas oil man to negotiate with in this regard. And he did so without the help of a lawyer. The oil man, Anthony Petrello, was introduced to White by a friend and, it is certainly possible to say, presented himself initially as a friend to Red White. He would help White save the farm, and at the same time provide himself and his wife and family a summer home on two acres on the ocean with a nine-acre residential development in the back. The money offered—and this was a parcel at the very corner of this 57-acre farm—was a fair sum at the time, a bit over $2 million. And it would have been a win-win for both of them.
It's a long story about what happened after these two shook hands in 1995 on the porch of one of the little cottages. But the bottom line is that because Petrello had a lawyer and White had no lawyer—he's a Scotsman who believes a man's word is his bond—the whole thing devolved into a bitter legal struggle that lasted until 2010 over who said what, who signed what and what what was signed meant. At one point, in 2000, the Whites refused to show up at a closing. It had been agreed that the closing would not take place until Petrello got his subdivision permits though. And who knew prices would rise so? And who knew the Town would make such a delay? Now the Whites wanted to renegotiate.
In 2010, an incredible 15 years and much bitterness later, the legal war ended. Petrello got the 9.56 acres for the $2.1 million he originally agreed to pay, which in today's market is about one tenth of its current value.
What is happening now is, in my opinion, what appears to be nothing less than an almost irrational attempt by Petrello to use the courts to punish Red White and his family. He is suing the Whites for the rest of their farm. And he is doing so because of a clause he has found in the old 1995 agreement.
It will do no good for Petrello to do this financially, other than that if he succeeds he will own a few White family farmhouses, on a few acres and collect farming rents. The fact is, nearly all the vacant 57 acres of farmland has had its development rights sold off to the town. The land will be farmed forever and ever. But, apparently, if Petrello gets his way, not by the Whites.
A nine-page article about all this appears in this month's issue of Vanity Fair and I urge you to read it if you want to know the whole story about how these two sides fought back and forth with one another about what was handshake and what was written.
Petrello's new lawsuit highlights this now- important clause in the 1995 agreement. At the time, Petrello was viewed by White as a pal. And the feeling seems to have been mutual. And so, when the issue came up about how the rest of the 57-acre farm might be saved from developers if things took a wrong turn, Petrello volunteered to, if that happened, as a friend, step in and buy the remaining acreage by matching any bid by anybody else. It would be he who would "save" it.
The wording Petrello has found says Petrello has the "right of first refusal" for any other offer made to the Whites. Of course, the Whites never did sell any more of the family farm. Or did they?
Last year, prior to this new lawsuit, Petrello and friends did a little digging. Turns out that during these past 16 years, White HAS made a sale for various parts of the farm. Why hadn't White told Petrello about this?
There was no subterfuge. The Whites were making internal sales amongst themselves. The sales involved the making of trusts, which lawyers told them, would by legal means soften the blow of estate taxes and ease the passing of the farm from father to son when the time came.
It is those new trusts, or the sale to them, that, according to Petrello, triggers his "right of first refusal." And he is sounding the alarm. If a judge rules in his favor, all the sales to all these trusts will be undone and then redone at the same ridiculously low prices—as is normal in this sort of thing—but with Petrello the buyer, not the children and grandchildren.
Petrello is also suing, now that the earlier legal fight is over, for all his costs relating to that fight and to what he spent in anticipation of winning that fight which in the end he did. Specifically, he wants the money that he paid for trees brought to the property, for architectural fees, for plans made for a 16,000- square foot mansion he intended to build which now has to be re-designed because the land has, in this interim, been declared a flood zone, for legal work for the lawsuit and for the development that needed to get town approval, and even for monies paid to the Whites for the little cottages that the Whites, while still owning, rented out to others during these 16 years. All together, he is suing for more than $4 million in expenses, plus, of course, the farm.
In the Vanity Fair article, the author of it, Michael Shnayerson, took the trouble to fly down to Texas to visit the Petrellos in Houston. The Petrellos showed him around the gracious 18,000 square foot mansion they had bought in the well-to-do suburb of Shadyside near that city where they live. Also, while he was there, Shnayerson visited with the man who had renovated the old mansion for Petrello, a fellow named Chandler Robinson.
Robinson had built homes for Michael Dell and for George H. W. Bush in that community. He was, and still is, very well thought of as a builder.
But Robinson, according to Vanity Fair, did not have very nice things to say about Anthony Petrello. The house got built and it took years. But toward the end, when it was nearly completed and Robinson asked for a $350,000 payment, Petrello not only refused to pay him, but sued him for not getting the building done on time. A clause in the original contract said that the renovation had to be completed by a certain time. That had not happened. Now there were the penalties. The amounts not being paid, including what Petrello now called a "retainage," totaled $600,000.
It wasn't until five years after Petrello had purchased the old house in 1996 that the matter got settled privately.
"If there is a modern-day Satan, it's Tony," Robinson told Shnayerson. "If you're around him you see it; he's mean, he's self-centered, he's very aggressive… On top of everything, he wants to hurt you. He really wants to hurt you. It isn't just business with Tony, it's personal."
The reporter was so struck by this statement, that he felt, in fairness, he should ask for a response to this claim from Petrello's lawyer. The lawyer produced a document, signed by Robinson, made at the time of the conclusion of the legal actions between Robinson and Petrello. Written in a lawyerly way, it reads "our review has shown that the Petrellos are indeed honorable people who abide by their commitments."
The dispute may have lasted five years with Robinson in Houston. But this was just a moment compared to the 16 years it took to resolve the dispute between Petrello and the Whites—except that now it has flared up again with the lawsuit by Petrello after discovering the clause "right of first refusal."
At this point, the Whites have few cards to play other than to defend against this lawsuit and hope for the best.
But there are cards to play by the Village of Sagaponack, which now has jurisdiction over the land where all this is taking place and which now is about to make a judgment about what Petrello can or cannot build on the land he now owns, for which the development rights have not been bought.
Unlike in the private sector, there are no contracts with municipalities. Though a municipality must abide by their laws, there is leeway in how they interpret these laws. Also, there is no fine print that says they have to make a decision within any precise period of time on any application.
The leaders of the Village of Sagaponack are reputable people either from old farm families or from wealthy New York families who now have homes in that community and treasure the traditions of this ancient place. These people are not unaware of this situation.
I truly hope Tony Petrello removes the chokehold he is now trying to get a judge to allow him to put on Red White, his children and his grandchild. Withdraw the lawsuit. Bury the hatchet. From his perspective, it's nickels and dimes.
Get on with it. [/expand]


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The Crisper Whisperer: Sweet and Savory -- 5 Summer Foods That Swing Both Ways Recipe
Cook through your crisper surplus with ease.
You may know Carolyn Cope as Umami Girl. She stops by on Tuesdays with ideas on preparing the abundance of fruits and vegetables you might get from your CSA or the market. —The Mgmt.
More Whispers
10 Ways to Eat Joyfully »
Lettuce Escapes the Salad Bowl »
All Crisper Whisperer posts »
Now that summer is here, we've officially lived through spring vegetable fever and made it out alive. With more and more fruits and veggies piled high at the farmers' markets, and CSA boxes bulking up, gone are the days of lustily caressing petite bunches of delicate greens and whispering sweet nothings to one or two fragile pints of supple, yielding strawberries. Been there, eaten that.
But with a few possible exceptions (anyone screening Swiss chard's calls yet?) we're still squarely situated in the honeymoon phase of the growing season, not yet jaded by the constant presence of our increasingly significant other. Our eyes still light up despite ourselves to see a table full of lush greens at the market. We coo a little over blueberries. In the kitchen, we make an effort, choosing recipes that highlight summer squash and leafy greens rather than hiding them in pasta sauce.
Still, in any relationship worth keeping, it pays to be mentally prepared for the long haul. It helps to have a few ground rules, like "For better, for worse, but never for lunch," although something tells me that's not the strongest example given the context. You want to have a few tricks up your sleeve for when the mood inevitably shifts toward familiarity and even a touch of complacency.
Back in March, when this all began, you may have felt more threatened than you would have cared to admit by a rumor you'd heard about a few of your new friends. If you noticed people talking about vegetables playing equally well with savory types as with sweet, you might have willfully maintained your innocence of such complicated matters. Back then, no one would have blamed you. But now is the time to embrace the charming versatility of these five foods, which will serve you well in the months to come.
1. Rhubarb
I love a good strawberry-rhubarb something-or-other as much as the next guy. But with strawberries headed out of season and rhubarb re-upping its lease month to month, don't forget that rhubarb has tremendous potential in savory dishes. It's a vegetable, after all, and when not doused with sugar, it lends a bright acidity to any number of quickly or not-so-quickly cooked meals. Try it with pork or duck, or sautéed with other vegetables in a grain salad. Find lots of inspiration here.
2. Summer Squash
Zucchini is the butt of many a gardener's joke, but CSA members know that it isn't the only summer squash that can't take a hint. Long-time readers of this column may remember the infamous (but quite delicious) Hairy Gourd Bread, which is nothing more than a stellar zucchini bread recipe with the moisture content tweaked. If you run out of savory uses for summer squash and neighbors to ding-dong-ditch, don't forget that just about any type of summer squash makes a tasty quickbread.
3. Avocado
After all your amazing suggestions, I can't get enough of avocados in sweets and desserts. Try an avocado-coconut milkshake and take it from there.
4. Carrots
Carrots are remarkably versatile in both sweet and savory preparations. For sweet uses, think beyond carrot cake and muffins. Like butter, carrots are such a kitchen workhorse that they're almost more of a tool than an ingredient. Got a sauce or soup that's a little too sharp or acidic? Want to add a little natural sweetness to, or smooth out the flavor of, just about anything? Yup, a carrot can handle that.
5. Mint
There aren't too many ingredients that work equally well in ice cream and salad, but mint can honestly claim that virtue. It's a good thing, too, because there's no such thing as growing just a little mint. If you're chopping other summer herbs for a flexible savory dish like pasta or veggies, consider tossing in a small sprig of mint as well. It will help your palate register a remarkable variety of other flavors in the dish.
And what about you? Do you have any hot tips on savory/sweet switch-ups? We'd love it if you shared them in the comments!
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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Available in capacities of between 1TB and 2TB, this drive is about twice the price of most rivals, but then it does include two hard drives rather than one.
The big advantage is that you can use RAID options for mirroring (automatically duplicating) your data across both drives, so it's a good choice for small business use.
The lack of printer server functions is a bit disappointing.


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Industrial network security has become a hot topic, and rightfully so, in the wake of the Stuxnet virus and concerns about attacks on all types of Internet sites that could create major damage for industrial networks and machinery. Concerns about the security of machine control networks specifically are a key issue in the convergence of industrial automation technology with information technology.
A new whitepaper co-authored by Rockwell Automation and Cisco provides some good in-depth reading on this topic, along with suggestions on how to manage this difficult problem. The two companies have collaborated to develop converged plantwide Ethernet (CPwE) reference architectures "to help design and deploy a holistic defense-in-depth industrial security policies to help secure networked IACS assets," according to the whitepaper. "This comes in the form of design considerations, guidance, recommendations, best practices, solutions and services."
Two concepts jump out as very important for developing an industrial security strategy. The first is an industrial security policy, which includes risk assessment and "a roadmap for applying security technologies and best practices to protect IACS assets, while avoiding unnecessary expenses and excessive restrictive access." The second is development of a perimeter network, which the paper calls an "Industrial Demilitarized Zone" (IDMZ). It adds a buffer layer of security when a trusted network is exposed to an untrusted one.
This buffer zone provides a barrier between the Industrial and Enterprise Zones, but allows for data and services to be shared securely," the paper says. "All network traffic from either side of the IDMZ terminates in the IDMZ. No traffic directly traverses the IDMZ," which provides "the only path between Industrial and Enterprise Zones." Another key design aspect from a security standpoint: "EtherNet/IP traffic does not enter the IDMZ, it remains in the Industrial Zone."
Even though very few of us understand the details of network security, it's interesting to see how reference network architectures like this can provide a conceptual approach to implementing sound security practices. The other obvious conclusion is that this problem demands a holistic view and a series of "defense-in-depth layers," including these.
Policies, Procedures, and Awareness - Plan of action around procedures and education to protect company assets (risk management) and provide rules for controlling human interactions in IACS systems. Physical Security - Operational and procedural controls to manage physical access to cells/areas, control panels, devices, cabling, the control room, and other locations... Network Security - Industrial network security framework... is made up of network infrastructure hardware and software designed to block communication paths and services that are not explicitly authorized... Computer Hardening - Patch management policy,... Anti-X (e.g. virus, spyware, malware) detection software,[etc.]... Application Security - Implement change management and accounting... as well as authentication and authorization... to track both access and changes by users. Device Hardening - Restrict physical access to authorized personnel only, disable remote programming capabilities, encrypt communications,... restrict network connectivity through authentication, restrict access to internal resources... using authentication and authorization.
The whitepaper concludes:
No single product, technology or methodology can fully secure Industrial Automation and Control System (IACS) applications. Securing an IACS


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Saturday, October 3, 2009
World Cardmaking Day
5 comments:
- Carla said...
wow Heather!! Way to work those store bought cards!! Great idea to put your own touch on them!
I adore the butterfly cards too...love the kraft scalloped circle!!
- October 4, 2009 at 1:27 AM
- Krys72599 said...
Thanks, Heather.
Do you know how many times I've looked at sets like that in Michael's or in AC Moore or in the local dollar store and thought, "I HAVE to be able to do something with them!"
But I don't buy them 'cause I think I'll never match the colors...
I'm going to use this idea for holiday presents for my cubicle mates here in the office!
- October 5, 2009 at 12:03 PM
- Lydia said...
what a great idea to revamp the stor bought, love it, great job!
- October 6, 2009 at 11:55 PM
- Sara said...
What a great idea to step-up those store bought cards!! You make me want to make more cards
- October 8, 2009 at 10:11 AM
- laura vegas said...
LOVE the butterfly cards! i never think to make more than one card at a time ... why is that? lol!
- October 14, 2009 at 1:15 AM


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Sears (SHLD) is amazingly still one of the hottest stocks of 2012. Shares are up nearly 55% year-to-date. But the retailer's stock plunged more than 20% Friday after the Kmart owner reported another massive loss and a decline in sales.
The company has been in turnaround mode for years. But it has two things in its favor that has kept the company from becoming as much of a mess as fellow retailer JC Penney (JCP): big investments in valuable real estate and hedge fund manager Eddie Lampert.
Some short sellers have been wary of ganging up on Sears too much -- despite poor fundamentals -- because Lampert has often squeezed them by increasing his stake in the company through his various holding companies.
That's why some investors on StockTwits still think Sears might be a decent bet.
vcutrader: I would own $SHLD over $JCP anyday
Convertbond: Thank god for that real estate. That makes 23 straight quarters of negative sales growth at Sears Holdings $SHLD
At least one trader was surprised by the big sell-off in Sears Friday because the company's results, as bad as they were, still topped analysts' forecasts.
MomentumPartnersLLC: $SHLD weird it was a good repoort but selling off into it anyway dont know what folks expected
A fair point. And I realize that stocks often move more on relative expectations than absolute performance ... at least in the short-term. But I do think that investors can't ignore the continued declines in same-store sales, overall revenue and mounting losses. And considering that Sears is up as much as it is this year, the company has to eventually prove to Wall Street that the turnaround is for real.
That's why some other traders are still skeptical. Fundamentals do matter. And they're not very good.
douglas_blake: I think $JCP and $SHLD need to understand that consumers don't want Arizona Jeans and Bugle Boy Sweaters anymore.
PearlsToPigs: $SHLD - I told you to short this dog - Sears - no one shops there anymore - remember you must be a Contrarian to make the $$$ -
It's a bit of perverse logic that the Sears contrarian play is to bet against a company that has been doing poorly for years. But that's Wall Street for you.
And now for my Reader Comments (yes plural!) of the week. Who's hungry? Douglas Blake, who already was mentioned in this piece for his Sears/JCP comment, wins one of the awards for an amusing culinary stock mash-up. He noted how shares of Apple (AAPL) and nut maker Diamond Foods (DMND) were both down on Thursday. Hence this gem.
Ha! Now that we've eaten healthy with some fruits and veggies, let's have some dessert.
I decided to give out another Reader Comment of the Week so this story wasn't all about Doug Blake. The big business news story of Friday is the closing of Twinkies manufacturer Hostess Brands. I speculated on Twitter this morning about whether Mexico's Grupo Bimbo, one of the largest bakery companies in the world, might want to buy some of the Hostess assets. This response was very funny.
Brilliant! It's good to be the king ... of bread and crumb cake donuts!
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How Do I Get Started?
Coming to this site is a great start.
And if you follow a few simple tips you'll soon have a head start.
- First, ask yourself: "Is this the right career for me?" As with any career goal, you're not just planning how you'll make a living—you're setting the stage for how you'll live your life. So you'll want to be sure you have the skills you'll need to be successful—as well as an interest in some high-level math to live happy.
- Second, find out what you can do right now. Once you're confident that a career as an actuary is something you can pretty much own, why wait? There are lots of things you could be doing while still in high school to develop your talents.
- Third, start making big plans. Plan your college education by picking the right school, charting the right course, and dominating the curriculum! And don't forget to explore the scholarships that are available to help you achieve your goals.
- And last, never stop challenging yourself. Keep your actuarial muscles in peak condition by taking some actuarial exams. We can help you train with sample problems.
- In order to work as an actuary, you must pass a series of actuarial exams. If you are able to pass the first exam, you'll know you have what it takes—and so will employers.


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HRPP Document: POL022Effective Date: 3/30/07Revision Date: 3/1/2010, 4/23/2010Review Date: 9/5/19Subject: UAB Policy on IRB Review of Human Subjects Research by Convened IRB
It is UAB policy that all human subjects research (including clinical investigations) under the UAB IRB jurisdiction be reviewed in a convened meeting of the IRB in accordance with applicable federal regulations unless the research qualifies for review under expedited or exempt categories.1 (See PRO122 Procedure for Initial Review of Proposed Research at the Convened IRB Meetings.) The IRB may utilize a primary review system during the conduct of its convened meetings to perform initial review, continuing review, and review of modifications or amendments to research. If a primary review system is utilized, primary reviewers must be identified for each protocol (see PRO144 Procedure for Formation and Assignment of IRB Member Primary Review Teams). The IRB has authority to approve, require modifications in, or disapprove all research activities within its jurisdiction. The IRB may only conduct business when a quorum is present (see PRO101 Procedure to Maintain IRB Member Roster and Quorum). IRB meetings will take place with all participating members physically present unless circumstances warrant use of teleconferencing or videoconferencing techniques. If such conferencing techniques are used for a convened meeting, the following conditions must be met:
No IRB member with a conflicting interest may participate in the initial or continuing review of a protocol. When a conflicting interest exists, and IRB member may provide information as requested by the IRB, but must be absent from the meeting during IRB deliberations and voting on matters which the conflict may potentially affect.
The IRB will perform substantive review of research in convened meetings; a majority of members must agree that the materials under review contain sufficient information for the protocol to receive approval by the IRB in accordance with the criteria in 45 CFR 46.111 and, if applicable, 21 CFR 56.111, 38 CFR 16.111, and E6 Good Clinical Practice Consolidated Guidance. In addition, when appropriate, the IRB will determine if the need for ancillary care, additional monitoring, counseling, and social support should be provided and if the informed consent document should include the additional elements of informed consent. When indicated, the IRB will perform review under 45 CFR 46 Subparts B, C, and D.
The convened IRB will assign a review interval at the time of initial and continuing review of research according to the degree of risk involved, but not a date later than 1 year from the date of the last approval. No provision for any grace period for conducting research past the expiration date of IRB approval will apply. In determining the appropriate review interval, the IRB will take into account the following factors without limitation:
By using the following criteria, the IRB will determine which projects need verification from sources other than the investigators that no material changes have occurred since previous IRB review.
Federal regulatory requirements for waiver or alteration of informed consent will apply to all protocols approved by the IRB. All research approved by the IRB will be conducted in accordance with any applicable UAB policy. All decisions and actions of the IRB relating to initial review, continuing review, or review of modifications or amendments of research will be transmitted promptly to the Principal Investigator in writing. Notification of deferral or disapproval of a protocol will contain the reasons for the decision and an invitation to the investigator to respond in writing or in person.
Approved on December 30, 2019 by:
Christopher S. Brown, PhDVice President for Research
Ferdinand Urthaler, MDIRB Chair
Adam J. McClintock, MBA, CIPOIRB Director1 The definitions of terms supplied in UAB Policy on Protection of Human Subjects in Research (see POL001) apply to this policy.