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Thursday, December 29, 2016
Important Links
Important Links
- Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) - http://www.upsc.gov.in/
- Press Information Bureau (PIB) - http://pib.nic.in/
- Indian government's web portal - http://india.gov.in/
- Download NCERT books- http://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/textbook/textbook.htm
- The Hindu (Newspaper) - http://www.thehindu.com/
- Indian express (Newspaper) - http://indianexpress.com/
- Yojna (Magazine) - http://yojana.gov.in/
- Economic and Political weekly (Magazine) - http://www.epw.in/
Wednesday, December 28, 2016
List of Services in UPSC
- Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
- Indian Foreign Service (IFS)
- Indian Police Service (IPS)
- Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group 'A'
- Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group 'A'
- Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), Group 'A'
- Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group 'A'
- Indian Revenue Service (I.T.), Group 'A'
- Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group 'A' (Assistant Works Manager, Administration)
- Indian Postal Service, Group 'A'
- Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group 'A'
- Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group 'A'
- Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group 'A'
- Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group 'A'
- Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force, Grp 'A'
- Indian Defence Estates Service, Group 'A'
- Indian Information Service (Junior Grade), Group 'A'
- Indian Trade Service, Group 'A' (Gr. III)
- Indian Corporate Law Service, Group "A"
- Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service, Group 'B' (Section Officer's Grade)
- Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Civil Service, Group 'B'
- Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Police Service, Group 'B'
- Pondicherry Civil Service, Group 'B'
- Pondicherry Police Service, Group 'B'
(Reservation will be made for candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes. Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Physically Disabled Categories in respect of vacancies as may be fixed by the Government.)
Administrative Theory
|1. Introduction
Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration; Wilson's vision of Public Administration; Evolution of the discipline and its present status; New Public Administration; Public Choice approach; Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance: concept and application; New Public Management.
|2. Administrative Thought
Scientific Management and Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory; Weber's bureaucratic model - its critique and post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett); Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive (C.I. Barnard); Simon's decision-making theory; Participative Management (R. Likert, C.Argyris, D.McGregor).
|3. Administrative Behaviour
Process and techniques of decision-making; Communication; Morale; Motivation Theories - content, process and contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern.
|4. Organisations
Theories - systems, contingency; Structure and forms: Ministries and Departments, Corporations, Companies, Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public - Private Partnerships.
5. Accountability and control
Concepts of accountability and control; Legislative, Executive and Judicial control over administration; Citizen and Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations; Civil society; Citizen's Charters; Right to Information; Social audit.
6. Administrative Law
Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.
7. Comparative Public AdministrationHistorical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and their critique.
8. Development Dynamics
Concept of development; Changing profile of development administration; 'Anti-development thesis'; Bureaucracy and development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation on administration in developing countries; Women and development - the self-help group movement.
9. Personnel Administration
Importance of human resource development; Recruitment, training, career advancement, position classification, discipline, performance appraisal, promotion, pay and service conditions; employer-employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism; Code of conduct; Administrative ethics.
10. Public Policy
Models of policy-making and their critique; Processes of conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review and their limitations; State theories and public policy formulation.
11. Techniques of Administrative Improvement
Organisation and methods, Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology; Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM.
|12. Financial Administration
Monetary and fiscal policies; Public borrowings and public debt Budgets - types and forms; Budgetary process; Financial accountability; Accounts and audit.
|Indian Administration
|1. Evolution of Indian Administration
Kautilya's Arthashastra; Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule in politics and administration - Indianization of public services, revenue administration, district administration, local self-government.
|2. Philosophical and Constitutional framework of government
Salient features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.
|3. Public Sector Undertakings
Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy, accountability and control; Impact of liberalization and privatization.
|4. Union Government and Administration
Executive, Parliament, Judiciary - structure, functions, work processes; Recent trends; Intra-governmental relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister's Office; Central Secretariat; Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field organizations.
|5. Plans and Priorities
Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council; 'Indicative' planning; Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels; Constitutional Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice.
6. State Government and Administration
Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations; Role of the Finance Commission; Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat; Directorates.
7. District Administration since Independence
Changing role of the Collector; Union-state-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law and order administration; District administration and democratic decentralization.
8. Civil Services
Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and capacity-building; Good governance initiatives; Code of conduct and discipline; Staff associations; Political rights; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civil service activism.
9. Financial Management
Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary control of public expenditure; Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area; Accounting techniques; Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
10. Administrative Reforms since Independence
Major concerns; Important Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financial management and human resource development; Problems of implementation.
11. Rural Development
Institutions and agencies since independence; Rural development programmes: foci and strategies; Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment.
12. Urban Local Government
Municipal governance: main features, structures, finance and problem areas; 74th Constitutional Amendment; Global-local debate; New localism; Development dynamics, politics and administration with special reference to city management.
13. Law and Order Administration
British legacy; National Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role of central and state agencies including paramilitary forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism; Criminalisation of politics and administration; Police-public relations; Reforms in Police.
14. Significant issues in Indian Administration
Values in public service; Regulatory Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; Problems of administration in coalition regimes; Citizen-administration interface; Corruption and administration; Disaster management.
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|Physical Geography
1. Geomorphology
Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth's crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth's interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development ; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development ; Applied Geomorphology: Geohydrology, economic geology and environment.
2. Climatology
Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and fronto genesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen's, Thornthwaite's and Trewartha's classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate.
3. Oceanography
Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sea-level changes; law of the sea and marine pollution.
4. Biogeography
Genesis of soils; Classification and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degradation and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry; agro-forestry; Wild life; Major gene pool centres.
5. Environmental Geography
Principle of ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of man on ecology and environment; Global and regional ecological changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their management and conservation; Environmental degradation, management and conservation; Biodiversity and sustainable development; Environmental policy; Environmental hazards and remedial measures; Environmental education and legislation.
Human Geography
1. Perspectives in Human Geography
Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural regions of the world; Human development index.
2. Economic Geography
World economic development: measurement and problems; World resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems; Food security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries: locational patterns and problems; patterns of world trade.
3. Population and Settlement Geography
Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of urban settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural - urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.
4. Regional Planning
Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation; Growth centres and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies; environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.
5. Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography
Systems analysis in Human geography; Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch;Perroux and Boudeville; Von Thunen's model of agricultural location; Weber's model of industrial location; Ostov's model of stages of growth. Heartland and Rimland theories; Laws of international boundaries and frontiers.
1. Physical Setting
Space relationship of India with neighboring countries; Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns, Tropical cyclones and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic regions; Natural vegetation; Soil types and their distributions.
2. Resources
Land, surface and ground water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources; Forest and wild life resources and their conservation; Energy crisis.
3. Agriculture
Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors: land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; Agro and social-forestry; Green revolution and its socio- economic and ecological implications; Significance of dry farming; Livestock resources and white revolution; aqua - culture; sericulture, apiculture and poultry; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones; agro- ecological regions.
4. Industry
Evolution of industries; Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilizer, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile, cottage and agro - based industries; Industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertakings; Industrial regionalisation; New industrial policies; Multinationals and liberalization; Special Economic Zones; Tourism including eco -tourism.
5. Transport, Communication and Trade
Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing zones; Developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian space programme.
6. Cultural Setting
Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial, linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious minorities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; cultural regions; Growth, distribution and density of population; Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity; migration (inter-regional, intra- regional and international) and associated problems; Population problems and policies; Health indicators.
7. Settlements
Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; Urban developments; Morphology of Indian cities; Functional classification of Indian cities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; Slums and associated problems; town planning; Problems of urbanization and remedies.
8. Regional Development and Planning
Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integrated rural development programmes; Panchayati Raj and decentralised planning; Command area development; Watershed management; Planning for backward area, desert, drought prone, hill, tribal area development; multi-level planning; Regional planning and development of island territories.
9. Political Aspects
Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganisation; Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and inter state issues; international boundary of India and related issues; Cross border
terrorism; India's role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm.
10. Contemporary Issues
Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics; Issues relating to environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management; Population explosion and food security; Environmental degradation; Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic development; Concept of sustainable growth and development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of rivers; Globalisation and Indian economy.
Note : Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.
|Fundamentals of Sociology
1. Sociology - The Discipline
(a) Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology.
(b) Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.
(c) Sociology and common sense.
2. Sociology as Science
(a) Science, scientific method and critique.
(b) Major theoretical strands of research methodology.
(c) Positivism and its critique.
(d) Fact value and objectivity.
(e) Non- positivist methodologies.
3. Research Methods and Analysis
(a) Qualitative and quantitative methods.
(b) Techniques of data collection.
(c) Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.
4. Sociological Thinkers
(a) Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.
(b) Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.
(c) Max Weber- Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
(d) Talcolt Parsons- Social system, pattern variables.
(e) Robert K. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups
(f) Mead - Self and identity.
5. Stratification and Mobility
(a) Concepts- equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation
(b) Theories of social stratification- Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.
(c) Dimensions - Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity and race.
(d) Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility.
6. Works and Economic Life
(a) Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society.
(b) Formal and informal organization of work
(c) Labour and society.
7. Politics and Society
(a) Sociological theories of power
(b) Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
(c) Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
(d) Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
8. Religion and Society
(a) Sociological theories of religion.
(b) Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
(c) Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
9. Systems of Kinship
(a) Family, household, marriage.
(b) Types and forms of family.
(c) Lineage and descent
(d) Patriarchy and sexual division of labour
(e) Contemporary trends.
10. Social Change in Modern Society
(a) Sociological theories of social change.
(b) Development and dependency.
(c) Agents of social change.
(d) Education and social change.
(e) Science, technology and social change.
|Indian Society: Structure and Change
|A. Introducing Indian Society
(i) Perspectives on the study of Indian society
(a) Indology (GS. Ghurye).
(b) Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
(c) Marxist sociology ( A R Desai).
(ii) Impact of colonial rule on Indian society
(a) Social background of Indian nationalism.
(b) Modernization of Indian tradition.
(c) Protests and movements during the colonial period.
(d) Social reforms
B. Social Structure
(i) Rural and Agrarian Social Structure
(a) The idea of Indian village and village studies-
(b) Agrarian social structure - evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
(ii) Caste System
(a) Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
(b) Features of caste system.
(c) Untouchability - forms and perspectives
(iii) Tribal communities in India
(a) Definitional problems.
(b) Geographical spread.
(c) Colonial policies and tribes.
(d) Issues of integration and autonomy.
(iv) Social Classes in India
(a) Agrarian class structure.
(b) Industrial class structure.
(c) Middle classes in India.
(v) Systems of Kinship in India
(a) Lineage and descent in India.
(b) Types of kinship systems.
(c) Family and marriage in India.
(d) Household dimensions of the family.
(e) Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour.
(vi) Religion and Society
(a) Religious communities in India.
(b) Problems of religious minorities.
C. Social Changes in India
(i) Visions of Social Change in India
(a) Idea of development planning and mixed economy.
(b) Constitution, law and social change.
(c) Education and social change.
(ii) Rural and Agrarian transformation in India
(a) Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives, poverty alleviation schemes.
(b) Green revolution and social change.
(c) Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture .
(d) Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.
(iii) Industrialization and Urbanisation in India
(a) Evolution of modern industry in India.
(b) Growth of urban settlements in India.
(c) Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
(d) Informal sector, child labour
(e) Slums and deprivation in urban areas.
(iv) Politics and Society
(a) Nation, democracy and citizenship.
(b) Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite.
(c) Regionalism and decentralization of power.
(d) Secularization
(v) Social Movements in Modern India
(a) Peasants and farmers movements.
(b) Women's movement.
(c) Backward classes & Dalit movement.
(d) Environmental movements.
(e) Ethnicity and Identity movements.
(vi) Population Dynamics
(a) Population size, growth, composition and distribution.
(b) Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
(c) Population policy and family planning.
(d) Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.
(vii) Challenges of Social Transformation
(a) Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability.
(b) Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
(c) Violence against women.
(d) Caste conflicts.
(e) Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
(f) Illiteracy and disparities in education
1. Sources
Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments
Literary sources
Indigenous: Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature, literature, literature in regional languages, religious literature.
Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers.
2. Pre-history and Proto-history
Geographical factors; hunting and gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic); Beginning of agriculture (neolithic and chalcolithic).
3. Indus Valley Civilization
Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture.
4. Megalithic Cultures
Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, Development of community life, Settlements, Development of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and Iron industry.
5. Aryans and Vedic Period
Expansions of Aryans in India.
Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period; Political, social and economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.
6. Period of Mahajanapadas
Formation of States (Mahajanapada): Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban centres; Trade routes; Economic growth; Introduction of coinage; Spread of Jainism and Buddhism; Rise of Magadha and Nandas. Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.
7. Mauryan Empire
Foundation of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts; Polity, Administration; Economy; Art, architecture and sculpture; External contacts; Religion; Spread of religion; Literature.
Disintegration of the empire; Sungas and Kanvas.
8. Post Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas):
Contact with outside world; growth of urban centres, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana, social conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature and science.
9. Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan and South India
Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States of the Sangam Age; Administration, economy, land grants, coinage, trade guilds and urban centres; Buddhist centres; Sangam literature and culture; Art and architecture.
10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas
Polity and administration, Economic conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urban centres, Indian feudalism, Caste system, Position of women, Education and educational institutions; Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art and architecture.
11. Regional States during Gupta Era
The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature; growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta; Institutions of temple and temple architecture; Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Polity and administration; Cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sind; Alberuni, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas; Polity and Administration; local Government; Growth of art and architecture, religious sects, Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature, economy and
12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural History:
Languages and texts, major stages in the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas in Science and Mathematics.
13. Early Medieval India, 750-1200
* Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the Peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs
* The Cholas: administration, village economy and society
* Indian Feudalism
* Agrarian economy and urban settlements
* Trade and commerce
* Society: the status of the Brahman and the new social order
* Condition of women
* Indian science and technology
14. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200
* Philosophy: Skankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma-Mimansa
* Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism
* Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages, Kalhan's Rajtarangini, Alberuni's India
* Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting
15. The Thirteenth Century
* Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions - factors behind Ghurian success
* Economic, social and cultural consequences
* Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans
* Consolidation: The rule of Iltutmish and Balban
16. The Fourteenth Century
* The Khalji Revolution
* Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic measures
* Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq
* Firuz Tughluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works, decline of the Sultanate, foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta's account
17. Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
* Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement
* Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture
* Economy: Agricultural production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce
18. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century - Political Developments and Economy
* Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids
* The Vijayanagra Empire
* Lodis
* Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur and Humayun
* The Sur Empire: Sher Shah's administration
* Portuguese Colonial enterprise
* Bhakti and Sufi Movements
19. The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century - Society and Culture
* Regional cultural specificities
* Literary traditions
* Provincial architecture
* Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.
20. Akbar
* Conquests and consolidation of the Empire
* Establishment of Jagir and Mansab systems
* Rajput policy
* Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy
* Court patronage of art and technology
21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century
* Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
* The Empire and the Zamindars
* Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
* Nature of the Mughal State
* Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts
* The Ahom Kingdom
* Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.
22. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
* Population, agricultural production, craft production
* Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies : a trade revolution
* Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and credit systems
* Condition of peasants, condition of women
* Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth
23. Culture in the Mughal Empire
* Persian histories and other literature
* Hindi and other religious literature
* Mughal architecture
* Mughal painting
* Provincial architecture and painting
* Classical music
* Science and technology
24. The Eighteenth Century
* Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire
* The regional principalities: Nizam's Deccan, Bengal, Awadh
* Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas
* The Maratha fiscal and financial system
* Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of Panipat:1761
* State of politics, culture and economy on the eve of the British conquest
1. European Penetration into India
The Early European Settlements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French East India Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal -The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.
2. British Expansion in India
Bengal - Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The three Anglo-Maratha Wars; The Punjab.
3. Early Structure of the British Raj
The early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act (1773); The Pitt's India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule; The English utilitarian and India.
4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule
(a) Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement; Economic impact of the revenue arrangements; Commercialization of agriculture; Rise of landless agrarian labourers; Impoverishment of the rural society.
(b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic transformation of India; Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services; Famine and poverty in the rural interior; European business enterprise and its limitations.
5. Social and Cultural Developments
The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist controversy, The introduction of western education in India; The rise of press, literature and public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress of science; Christian missionary activities in India.
6. Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and Other Areas
Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement; Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage etc.; The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism - the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.
7. Indian Response to British Rule
Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin, character, causes of failure, the consequences; The shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post-1857 period; the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s.
8. Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism; Politics of Association; The Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; the Moderates and Extremists; The Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.
9. Rise of Gandhi; Character of Gandhian nationalism; Gandhi's popular appeal; Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat Movement; the Non-cooperation Movement; National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement; the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; Simon Commission; The Nehru Report; the Round Table Conferences; Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and Working class movements; Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries; Cripps Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet
10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935
11. Other strands in the National Movement
The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P, the Madras Presidency, Outside India. The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party; the Communist Party of India, other left parties.
12. Politics of Separatism; the Muslim League; the Hindu Mahasabha; Communalism and the politics of partition; Transfer of power; Independence.
13. Consolidation as a Nation; Nehru's Foreign Policy; India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic reorganisation of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely States; Princes in electoral politics; the Question of National Language.
14. Caste and Ethnicity after 1947; Backward castes and tribes in post-colonial electoral politics; Dalit movements.
15. Economic development and political change; Land reforms; the politics of planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology and environmental policy in post - colonial India; Progress of science.
16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas
(i) Major ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau
(ii) Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies
(iii) Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian Socialism.
17. Origins of Modern Politics
(i) European States System.
(ii) American Revolution and the Constitution.
(iii) French revolution and aftermath, 1789-1815.
(iv) American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery.
(v) British Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.
18. Industrialization
(i) English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society
(ii) Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan
(iii) Industrialization and Globalization.
19. Nation-State System
(i) Rise of Nationalism in 19th century
(ii) Nationalism: state-building in Germany and Italy
(iii) Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of nationalities across the world.
20. Imperialism and Colonialism
(i) South and South-East Asia
(ii) Latin America and South Africa
(iii) Australia
(iv) Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism.
21. Revolution and Counter-Revolution
(i) 19th Century European revolutions
(ii) The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921
(iii) Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany.
(iv)The Chinese Revolution of 1949
22. World Wars
(i) 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications
(ii) World War I: Causes and consequences
(iii) World War II: Causes and consequence
23. The World after World War II
(i) Emergence of two power blocs
(ii) Emergence of Third World and non-alignment
(iii) UNO and the global disputes.
24. Liberation from Colonial Rule
(i) Latin America-Bolivar
(ii) Arab World-Egypt
(iii) Africa-Apartheid to Democracy
(iv) South-East Asia-Vietnam
25. Decolonization and Underdevelopment
(i) Factors constraining development: Latin America, Africa
26. Unification of Europe
(i) Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community
(ii) Consolidation and Expansion of European Community
(iii) European Union.
27. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World
(i) Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991
(ii) Political Changes in Eastern Europe 1989-2001.
(iii) End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.
Posted by SHANMUGAM IAS ACADEMY at 1:03 AM 1 comment:
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TWO HARBORS — Two people on a sailboat suffered minor injuries, and a third escaped injury, as their vessel ran aground today at Catalina Island.
The sailboat ran into rocks off Isthmus Cove, near the settlement of Two Harbors, about 12 miles northwest of Avalon and 27 miles south of Long Beach.
A distress call was received at 4:50 a.m., said Los Angeles County Fire Department Dispatch Supervisor Ed Pickett. Two people aboard the boat were found with minor injuries, Pickett said.
The third person was able to leave the sailboat and was walking, seeking help. It was not immediately known if that person suffered any injuries, according to a county fire dispatcher.
County firefighters cleared the scene at 6:30 a.m., he said.

subset: commoncrawl


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How about a picturesque stroll in your wheelchair or joëlette? A guided tour focusing on senses? A chat with a terroir producer on his farm? Come along: there are over a hundred activities and attractions accessible to travellers with specific needs in Wallonia.
There are two types of offers, both adapted to your needs, to help you choose:
- Access-i: activities and attractions certified by the Access-I non-profit association
- PBS (auto declared) accessibility: accessible (but not certified) activities and attractions
Activities and attractions certified by Access-i
This official certification makes it easy to know how easily a museum, brewery, trail is in Wallonia. From there, the only thing left to do is choose the one that makes you happiest: tasting beer and cheese in Chimay, enjoying a journey through time in the Villers-la-Ville Abbey, exploring the Musée de la Boverie in Liège or reconnecting with nature at the Parc Chlorophylle.
Click here to discover our selection of activities certified by Access-i.
Auto declared activities and attractions
Many sites and attractions, although not certified yet, do have some equipment to help visitors with reduced mobility (lifts, ramps, toilets adapted for wheelchair users…). Others make sure they do not have to pay an entry fee or organise bespoke animations for those blind or visually impaired or needing specific attention.
These initiatives, non-certified, are in that case auto declared by the site or operator. Please contact them directly to get more details on how easily accessible of the location or event is.
There is much fun to be had: a stroll on a rail car in the Molignée valley, a guided tour in sign language at the Hergé Museum in Louvain-la-Neuve…
Happy memories guaranteed!


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I got a macbook pro 7.1 wich is running OSX, i'm looking for the most compatible distribution to dual boot.
Here's my criteria :
- I don't want to reinstall my system every 6 month, so I'll prefer a rolling release
- I need fresh multimedia packets.
- I would like to have full functionality of my touchpad
- Sleep when lid close, as the default with OS X
I know there is plenty distribution around, i know this kind of question can turn into a troll really fast, so please just explain how compatible it is, what's the feature included and why you prefer one or another!
After a lot of investigations all around i decided to use Arch Linux.


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Editorial: A key primary
Registered Republicans in much of Lee and Collier counties have a decision ahead.
Early voting for the special primary for the congressional seat vacated by former House Rep Trey Radel opens Saturday with election day less than two weeks away.
Republicans residing in Congressional District 19, which encompasses much of Lee County and parts of Collier, have their choice among four candidates. State Sen. Lizbeth Benacquisto; businessman and former basketball star Curt Clawson; aviation, space and defense industry expert Michael Dreikorn and former state representative and physician Paige Kreegel will face off in a closed primary to conclude on election day, April 22.
As we stated earlier, it's a solid slate in terms of experience and expertise — despite, perhaps, the muck splashed hither and yon by some in negative campaign ads that likely caused a voter retch or two.
Still, if you're a Republican, it's a key primary.
The primary victor will advance to the June 24 general election to face April Freeman, a Democrat, and Ray Netherwood, Libertarian Party of Florida candidate as well as Timothy Rossano, a write-in candidate.
Given the county's voter geographic and historical pattern, this primary also means the victor has a good chance of running as the incumbent later this year.
There are simply too many urgent issues at the federal level — the sure-to-come back problem of escalating flood insurance premiums, water quality discharge woes, and on-going health care reform as the Affordable Care Act makes its way into implementation — to let this one-race primary and special election just slide by the wayside.
District 19, includes the communities of Cape Coral, Fort Myers, Pine Island, Fort Myers Beach, Sanibel, Captiva, Bonita Springs, parts of North Fort Myers and Lehigh Acres, Estero, Boca Grande, Naples and Marco Island.
Early voting for the primary will be April 12-19 from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. in 11 locations in Lee and Collier counties.
Here in Lee, the locations are:
* Cape Coral Public Library, 921 Sw 39th Ter., Cape Coral
* Cape Coral-Elections Office, 1031 Se 9th Pl., #3, Cape Coral
* Terry Park, 3406 Palm Beach Blvd., Fort Myers
* Lee County Elections Center, 13180 S. Cleveland Ave., Fort Myers
* Rutenberg Parks & Rec Facility, 6490 South Pointe Blvd., Fort Myers
* East County Regional Library, 881 Gunnery Rd., Lehigh Acres
* Bonita Springs-Elections Office, 25987 S. Tamiami Trl., #105, Bonita Springs
Early voting, then, for the special election — which, of course will be open to all registered voters — will run from June 14-21.
– Breeze editorial


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Plumber Missouri City
When we talk about residential we are talking about your home a place where families are sheltered and spend most of their time. Katy Plumbing considers residential as meaning your number one investment, an investment we want to help keep in great shape by maintaining your plumbing system. We are there when you need us, ready to take care of any problem that you may have with your plumbing systems. We know your time is valuable. That is why when you call, we will arrive when you need us with a skilled service technician.
Our affordable and high quality plumbing service, that is Katy Plumbers, is looking for the areas best plumbers and customer service people. At our Plumbing company, our goal is to take care of our customers and to offer you a wonderful experience. You can be assured when you call us that a professional, polite and intelligent plumber will be there to help you with all your plumbing needs. We love this motto: "To protect the health and safety of the nation", because we believe that the plumber is the most important profession there is. It takes many years of working in the field and rigorous testing to become a plumber and we are very proud to be part of such a noble field.
We work to meet your expectations and your schedule. If you are in need of immediate help, we also offer one-hour emergency service appointments. To schedule an appointment, contact our company by filling out our online form for more information and a free estimate! We have equipped our service trucks with the parts and supplies necessary to fix every common issue on the first visit. The next time you are faced with a minor repair or major issue, let the professionals at Katy Plumbing Heating & Drain Cleaning prove our worth to you. Contact us today!
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Whole house inspections save money by preventing serious problems from occurring. During a Whole House Inspection, we go through your house to inspect all plumbing fixtures (toilets, sinks, tubs, showers, faucets, and water heaters) and all visible gas connections and cut off valves, water lines, supply lines and emergency water cut off valves. It is important to make sure these items are functioning properly in order to have no leaks or unexpected surprises that may damage your home. You may want to look into having one of our trained technicians inspect your house for your benefit. Don't wait.
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Whole house re-piping may be needed when your home has multiple leaks or has had multiple costly repairs on the water lines. When this is necessary, we use state of the art materials to re-pipe your home. Your whole system will be new. When we re-pipe the potable water system in the home it includes emergency cut off valves and supply lines to all fixtures. We also specialize in: Residential Plumbing, Commercial Plumbing, Water Heater repair and replacement, Drain Cleaning and Faucet Repair and sales. Whatever you need, we can handle the job for you.
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We are the best choice in Texas for plumbing repair. That, we can prove to you. Maintaining a working plumbing system is important for your comfort as well as your utility bills. Properly functioning plumbing fixtures can conserve both water and energy. That's why it's so important to choose the right plumber when you have a repair issue. On top of all the excellent services we offer, our team is also available to you 24 hours a day, even on weekends and holidays, for emergencies. We don't believe in making you wait when your house is flooding. Don't wait; call us today!


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Posted by Editoress on 08/22/13
Canadian-based multinational Dorel has added to its holdings in the bicycle division by purchasing a majority stake in Brazilian manufacturer Caloi. Dorel says that this now pushes their bicycle division to a billion dollar business.
Established in 1898 in Brazil, Caloi is one of the oldest and most established bicycle brands in the world. It is the largest bicycle brand in Latin America and is the leader in the Brazilian market. The purchase price was a high single digit multiple of Caloi's EBITDA. Sales in 2012 were close to R$273.5 million, a 22% increase over the previous year. The Company has an estimated market share in Brazil of more than 40%. The transaction is expected to be immediately accretive to Dorel's earnings.
Caloi's portfolio encompasses a full range of bicycles, from high-performance to children's models, including mountain bikes, urban, recreational and road bikes. Caloi's products are distributed across the country through a variety of channels, from mass market to independent bicycle dealers.
Caloi employs 900 people at its various locations, including its head office in São Paulo, the Technology and Logistics Center in Atibaia and its manufacturing facility in Manaus, which is the largest bicycle manufacturing plant outside Southeast Asia, producing more than 700,000 units per year.
Brazil will become a production hub for Dorel. Caloi's factory in Manaus will assemble bikes for the company's brands, such as Cannondale, Schwinn, Mongoose and GT to serve the Brazilian and export markets.
"This new partnership with Caloi positions Dorel as one of the largest bicycle companies in the world, as well as a leader of the Americas," commented Dorel President & CEO, Martin Schwartz. "We have built this segment into a billion dollar business in just nine years and see tremendous growth ahead. We remain focused on maximizing this sector so that we may continue to enhance shareholder value. We are delighted to welcome the Caloi team to Dorel. Eduardo Musa, current Caloi CEO will become the bicycle segment's Brazil President and will join its global management team."
Mr. Schwartz added that Dorel has been doing business in Brazil since 2009 when it established a new juvenile products division there. "We have developed a strong juvenile product operation in Brazil and the business has been growing this year. Despite current economic challenges in the country which we are well aware of, we believe the consumer market is good and is headed in the right direction. We see this transaction as a solid opportunity."
"Dorel has been steadily growing its global reach over the past four years in key growth markets such as China, Eastern Europe and now Brazil," said Robert Baird, CEO and Group President, Cannondale Sports Unlimited. "The addition of Caloi to our already strong portfolio of brands and global presence will help us achieve our goal of seeing our brands in every household, creating inspired experiences and improving the health and wellness for consumers around the world.
"Caloi's strong management team, its large distribution base and local production capabilities will accelerate the development of Dorel's bicycle brands in Brazil and benefit Brazilian consumers who will be able to access Dorel's strong international brands. The Caloi brand will also benefit from our technologies and expertise in building high performance cycling products," added Baird.
Caloi's Eduardo Musa celebrates the new partnership as "the conclusion of several years of work to transform Brazil as a real player in the worldwide bicycle industry. The Caloi/Dorel partnership will strongly benefit the Brazilian bicycle market. The expansion of Dorel's bicycle brands in our market will help meet the increasing demands of the Brazilian consumer for high quality, matched with innovation and style."
Caloi is supporting the leading Brazilian athletes in their preparation for the Olympic Games to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2016. Its mountain bike team - the Caloi Elite Team - is the only UCI registered mountain bike team in Brazil.
|Return to Canadian Cyclist homepage | Back to Top


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Discussion Starter • #1 •
I'm a big fan of AC/DC so I thought I'd add a little something to my truck. What do you think? I had it shipped to my address where I live during the off season, so it will be a month or so before I can get it on my truck, but thought I would share anyways.
54.3 KB Views: 76


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Kara DioGuardi -- Fired From 'American Idol'
FOX is finally telling people what TMZ told you five weeks ago -- Kara DioGuardi has been fired from "American Idol" ... actually, FOX isn't using the word "fired," but that's exactly what happened.
In a statement released by FOX, DioGuardi said, "I felt like I won the lottery when I joined 'American Idol' two years ago, but I feel like now is the best time to leave 'Idol.'"
As we first reported, FOX decided long ago to 86 DioGuardi but kept her in the dark until recently.
As we reported yesterday, the last touches are being put on the Jennifer Lopez deal ... it should be finalized next week.
Waiting for your permission to load the comments.


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|Glossary of Film / Video Terms (N-S)
Nanometer: The unit of measure for a wavelength of light. One billionth of a meter.
Naturalism: A type of lighting that follows natural (realistic) patterns and angles.
Negative: The term "negative" is used to designate any of the following (in either black-and-white or color): (1) The raw stock specifically designed for negative images. (2) the negative image. (3) Negative raw stock that has been exposed but has not been processed. (4) Processed film bearing a negative image.
Negative Cutting: Process of cutting and splicing the original negative to match the final edited film.
Negative Film: Produces a negative image (black is white, white is black, and colors appear as complementaries).
Negative Image: A photographic image in which the values of light and shade of the original photographed subject are represented in inverse order. Note: In a negative image, light objects of the original subject are represented by high densities and dark objects are represented by low densities. In a color negative, colors are represented by their complementary color.
Negative-Positive Process: Photographic process in which a positive image is obtained by development of a latent image made by printing a negative.
Negative Timing (Negative Grading): The selection of the appropriate color correction(timing lights) for the printing process.
Negative Perforations: A generic term for the Bell and Howell perforation.
Network: An interconnected system of computers and storage devices. Computers in a network are able to work together to perform processes and share data.
Neutral-Density Filters: Used over the camera lens to reduce the intensity of light reaching the film without affecting the scene's color balance.
Newton 's Rings: Fuzzy, faintly colored lines in the projected image caused by high or uneven printer gate pressure.
Nitrate Film: A highly flammable motion picture film that has not been domestically manufactured since around 1950. It is still present in large quantities in storage vaults and archives and must be very carefully stored to prevent explosions.
Noise: Random errors and fluctuations in an image. Noise can be distracting across a sequence of frames.
Non-Linear editing : (1) Flexible form of editing where shots can be edited in a manner that do not conform to, or affect, the planned story order. (2) Editing of video and audio on a computer.
NTSC: National Television Standards Committee. The television broadcast system used in North America. Not compatible with PAL.
OMNIMAX: a widescreen format, shot on 65 mm film and projected onto specialized large, dome-shaped screens. A trademark of IMAX Corporation (see IMAX).
One-To-One Printing: Optical printing of the images which are reproduced to the same size.
Optical Effects: Trick shots prepared by the use of an optical printer in the laboratory, especially fades and dissolves.
Optical Printer: Used when image size of the print film is different from the image size of the pre-print film. Also used when titles or effects (such as skip frames, blow-ups, zooms, and mattes) are included.
Original: An initial photographic image, or sound recording-whether photographic or magnetic-as opposed to some stage of duplication thereof.
Original Camera Negative: The negative originally exposed in a camera.
Orthochromatic (Ortho) Film: Film that is sensitive to only blue and green light.
Out-Take: A take of a scene, which is not used for printing or final assembly in editing.
Output Stage: The last stage of the digital intermediate process. Typically the files in the digital intermediate are used to render a digital master. The digital master is recorded out to film and to create a variety of electronic formats.
Overcoat: A thin layer of clear or dyed gelatin sometimes applied on top of the emulsion surface of a film to act as a filter layer or to protect the emulsion from abrasion during exposure, processing and projection.
Overexposure: A condition in which too much light reaches the film, producing a dense negative or a washed-out reversal.
PAL: Phase Alternating Line. The television broadcast system used in Europe, Asia, and much of Africa. Not compatible with NTSC.
Pan and Scan: Technique used when transferring wide screen films to the standard 1.33:1 television aspect ratio. After the height of the film frame is maximized, the telecine operator pans back and forth selecting the best part of the film frame for each scene.
PANAVISION 35: A 35 mm process using 35 mm negative film and photographed through a Panavision anamorphic lens with a compression of 2X. Contact 35 mm prints are compatible with anamorphic systems such as CINEMASCOPE.
Panchromatic (Pan) Film: Black-and-white film that is sensitive to all colors in tones of about the same relative brightness as the human sees in the original scene. Film sensitive to all visible wavelengths.
Peak Density: Wavelength of maximum absorption.
Perforation Damage: On inspection the perforations through a magnifying glass you will find damage progressing from cracked, chipped or elongated holes to torn holes.
Perforations: Regularly spaced and accurately shaped holed which are punched throughout the length of a motion picture film. These holes engage the teeth of various sprockets and pins by which the film is advanced and positioned as it travels through cameras, processing machines, and projectors.
Pictorialism: A lighting method that violates natural angles for artistic effect.
Pitch: (1) That property of sound which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. (2) Distance from the center of one perforation on a film to the next; or from one thread of a screw to the next; or from one curve of a spiral to the next.
Pixel ( picture element): A pixel is the smallest unit of a bitmap image. Digital images are made up of square pixels arranged in a fixed grid. Each pixel is assigned a specific color value.
Polyester: A name for polyethylene terephthalate developed by E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.). A film base material exhibiting superior strength and tear characteristics. CRONAR is the trademark name used by DUPONT; ESTAR Base is the trademark name used by Eastman Kodak Company.
Positive Film: Motion picture film designed and used primarily for the making of master positives or release prints.
Positive Image: A photographic replica in which the values of light and shade of the original photographed subject are represented in their natural order. The light objects of the original subject are represented by low densities and the dark objects are represented by high densities.
Post-Production: The work done on a film once photography has been completed, such as editing, developing and printing, looping, etc.
Primary Color: One of the light colors, e.g., blue, red, or green, that can be mixed to form almost any color.
Primary Color Correction: Primary color correction is completed first and sets the overall color balance and look of the image. It ensures that all scenes have a consistent color tone, with no sudden shifts in hue or brightness.
Print Film: Film designed to carry positive images and sound tracks for projection.
Processing: Procedure during which exposed film is developed, fixed, and washed to produce either a negative or a positive image.
Product Code: See film code.
Production: The general term used to describe the process involved in making all the original material that is the basis for the finished motion picture. Loosely, the completed film.
Projection: Presenting a film by optical means and transmitting light for either visual or aural review, or both.
Projection Speed: The rate at which the film moves through the projector; twenty-four frames per second is the standard for all sound films.
Protection Master: A master positive (MP) from which a dupe negative can be made if the original is damaged.
Pull-Down Claw: The metallic finger, which advances the film one frame between exposure cycles.
Pull Process: Using a reduced development time to compensate for overexposure, either intentional for effect or accidental.
Push Process: Using an extended development time to compensate for underexposure, either intentional for effect or accidental.
Raw Stock: Unexposed and unprocessed motion picture film; includes camera original, laboratory intermediate, duplicating, and release-print stocks.
Reciprocity Law: Expressed by (H)=Et, where E is the light intensity, and T is time. When E or T are varied to the extreme, an unsatisfactory exposure can result.
Reduction Printing: See blowdown. Making a copy of a film original on smaller format raw stock by optical printing; for example, printing a 35 mm original onto 16 mm stock.
Refraction: The change of direction (deflection) of a light ray or energy wave from a straight line as it passes obliquely from one medium (such as air) to another (such as glass) in which its velocity is different.
Release Negative: Duplicate negative or color reversal intermediate from which release prints are made.
Release Print: In a motion picture processing laboratory, any of numerous duplicate prints of a subject made for general theatre distribution.
Remjet Backing: Antihalation backing used on certain films. Remjet is softened and removed at the start of processing.
Resolution: The spatial detail of an image. For digital images, the number of pixels the image contains defines its resolution. Higher resolution images are sharper, smoother, and contain more image detail, but are also larger in file size.
Resolving Power: Ability of a photographic emulsion or an optical system to reproduce fine detail in the film image and on the screen.
Reversal Film: Film that processes to a positive image after exposure in a camera, or in a printer to produce another positive film.
Reversal Process: Any photographic process in which an image is produced by secondary development of the silver halide grains that remain after the latent image has been changed to silver by primary development and destroyed by a chemical bleach. In the case of film exposed in a camera, the first developer changes the latent image to a negative silver image. This is destroyed by a bleach and the remaining silver halides are converted to a positive image by a second developer. The bleached silver and any traces of halides may now be removed with hypo.
Rewind: An automatic console or set of bench-mounted spindles used to wind film from reel-to-reel.
Rewinding: The process of winding the film from the take-up reel to the supply reel so that the head end, or start of the reel, is on the outside. If there are no identifying leaders on the film, upside-down images will signify the head end.
RGB: A color model that combines red, green, and blue light in various intensities. Digital intermediate work is typically done in the RGB color space. It is the most common way of viewing and working with digital images on a computer screen.
RMS: Root-Mean-Square. This mathematical term is used to characterize deviations from a mean value. The term "standard deviation", which is synonymous, is also used.
RMS Granularity: Standard deviation of random-density fluctuations for a particular film.
Roll Number: This is the two-digit number that is assigned by the film manufacturer to each 6,000 ft roll.
Rough Cut: Preliminary stage in film editing, in which shots, scenes, and sequences are laid out in an approximate relationship, without detailed attention to the individual cutting points.
Safety Film: A photographic film whose base is fire resistant or slow burning as defined by ANSI and various fire codes. At the present time, the terms "safety base film," "acetate base film" and "polyester base film" are synonymous with "safety film."
Sampling Rate: The frequency at which an analog signal is measured and converted to a digital data.
Saturation: Term used to describe color brilliance or purity. When color film images are projected at the proper brightness and without interference from stray light, colors that appear bright, deep, rich, and undiluted are said to be "saturated."
Scan Resolution: The number of pixels acquired from the original camera negative. Film scanning has three popular resolutions: Full (4K), Half (2K), and Quarter (1K).
Scanner (Film Scanner): A device used to digitize film images. Each film frames yields a separate digital image file.
Scene: A segment of a film that depicts a single situation or incident.
SD: Standard definition video.
Secondary Color Correction: Selection and manipulation of specific portions of the color spectrum or objects without affecting the overall color balance of the scene.
Sensitivity: Degree of responsiveness of a film to light.
Sensitometer: An instrument with which a photographic emulsion is given a graduated series of exposures to light of controlled spectral quality, intensity, and duration. Depending upon whether the exposures vary in brightness or duration, the instrument may be called an intensity scale or a time scale sensitometer.
Sensitometric Curve: See "Characteristic Curve."
Sensitometry: Study of the response of photographic emulsions to light.
Separation Masters: Three separate black and white master positives made from one color negative; one contains the red record, another the green record, and the third the blue record.
Shadow Detail: A combination of three other image attributes, toe speed, black-level speed, and low toe contrast. An improvement in any of the attributes should lead to an improvement in shadow detail; though it can be difficult to describe shadow detail when a film has an advantage in one of the categories but a disadvantage in others.
Sharpness: Visual sensation of the abruptness of an edge. Clarity.
Short Pitch (see Perforation Pitch): The perforation pitch of a negative stock, which is somewhat shorter than the pitch of positive stock to avoid slippage in contact printing.
Shoulder: High-density portion of a characteristic curve in which the slope changes with constant changes in exposure. For negative films, slope decreases and further changes in exposure (log H) finally produce no increase in density because maximum density has been reached. For reversal films, slope increases.
Shutter: In theatrical projection, a two-bladed rotating device used to interrupt the light source while the film is being pulled down into the projector gate. One blade masks the pulldown while the other blade causes an additional light interruption increasing the flicker frequency to 48 cycles per second-a level that is not objectionable to the viewer at the recommended screen brightness of 16 footlamberts (55 candelas per square meter). In a camera, a rotating disk with a section removed.
Silver Halides: Light-sensitive compound used in film emulsions.
Single-Perforation Film: Film with perforations along one edge only.
Slow Motion: The process of photographing a subject at a faster frame rate than used in projection to expand the time element.
SMPTE: Acronym for the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers.
Soft: (1) As applied to a photographic emulsion or developer, having a low contrast. (2) As applied to the lighting of a set, diffuse, giving a flat scene in which the brightness difference between highlights and shadows is small.
Sound Negative: The negative record of photographic sound recording.
Sound Positive: A positive print of the photographic sound recording film.
Sourcey: The tendency for a light source to be perceived as being artificial. This artificiality is a function of the light appearing too bright or too extreme on the subject and then dropping off in intensity very quickly.
Special-Dye-Density Curve: A graph 1) of the total density of the three dye layers measured as a function of wavelengths, and 2) of the visual neutral densities of the combined layers similarly measured.
Spectral Sensitivity: The relative sensitivity of a particular emulsion to specific bands of the spectrum within the films sensitivity range. Sometimes confused with Color Sensitivity.
Spectrum: Range of radiant energy within which the visible spectrum-with wavelengths from 400 to 700 mm-exists.
Speed: Can be characterized in terms of absolute film sensitivity or in terms of reproduced image blacks. Absolute sensitivity is simply a measure of what level of light (exposure) begins to produce the first density signal in the film - this is known as toe speed. The toe speed of a film can also be interpreted by a cinematographer as underexposure latitude or shadow detail.
The blackness of a positive image D-max can also be used to define speed. Most cinematographers would describe a film with smokier blacks as slower than a film with blacker blacks given both were exposed similarly. Black level also relates to a cinematographer's perception of shadow detail.
Speed Point: A point that corresponds to the exposure required to produce a specific optical density, usually 0.1 above base + fog.
Splice: Any type of cement or mechanical fastening by which two separate lengths of film are united end to end so they function as a single piece of film when passing through a camera, film processing machine, or projector.
Spot meter: A light meter designed to measure light reflected from the subject.
Sprocket: A toothed wheel used to transport perforated motion picture film.
Static Electricity: Electric field that is present primarily due to the presence of electrical charges on materials.
Step: An exposure increase or decrease, usually by a factor of 2. The same as "Stop", except stop specifically refers to lens aperture. A patch of a step tablet used for sensitometer exposures, as in "21 -step tablet."
Step-Contact Printer: Contact printer in which the film being copied and the raw stock are advanced intermittently by frame. Exposure occurs only when both are stationary.
Stock: General term for motion picture film, particularly before exposure.
Stop Down: To decrease the diameter of the light-admitting orifice of a lens by adjustment of an iris diaphragm.
Stop Motion: An animation method whereby apparent motion of objects is obtained on the film by exposing single frames and moving the object to simulate continuous motion.
Storage Area Network (SAN): A high-speed network that connects computer storage devices, such as hard drives and tape libraries, to servers. A SAN allows multiple computers to access a centralized pool of storage. Files can be shared, copied, or moved quickly and efficiently on a SAN.
Straight-Line Region: Portion of characteristic curve where slope does not change because the rate of density for a given log exposure change is constant or linear.
Subbing Layer: Adhesive layer that binds film emulsion to the base.
Subtractive Color: Cyan, magenta and yellow, the subtractive primaries used by film to reproduce color.
Subtractive Lighting: This technique is typically used when shooting exteriors in available light. By using large flags, butterflies, or overheads, light is removed from the subject in order to increase the lighting ratio. It is sometimes referred to as "Negative Fill."
Subtractive Process: Photographic process that uses one or more subtractive primary colors, e.g. cyan, magenta, and yellow, to control red, green, and blue light.
Sunlight: Light reaching the observer directly from the sun. To be distinguished from daylight and skylight, which include indirect light from clouds and refract the atmosphere.
Super 16: This format offers a much greater picture area than that of standard 16mm and provides a wider 1.66:1 aspect as compared to the 1.33:1 television aspect ratio.
Super 8 mm: Formerly an amateur format, now a popular choice for special effects and teaching.
Super 35: 35 mm camera format that utilizes entire frame area on film.
Supercoat: Protective coating on film.
SUPER PANAVISION: Similar to Panavision 35, but photographed flat in 65 mm. The 70 mm prints produce and aspect ratio of 2.25:1 with 4-channel sound and a ratio of 2:1 with 6-channel sound.
Sweetening: Audio post-production, at which time minor audio problems are corrected. Music, narration and sound effects are mixed with original sound elements.
Swell: The increase in motion picture film dimensions caused by the absorption of moisture during storage and use under high humidity conditions. Extreme humidity conditions and subsequent swelling of the film aggravates the abrasion susceptibility of the film surfaces.
Synchronization: A picture record and a sound record are said to be 'in sync' when they are placed relative to each other on a release print so that when they are projected, the action will coincide precisely with the accompanying sound.
Synchronize: Align sound and image precisely for editing, projection, and printing.
Synchronizer: A mechanism employing a common rotary shaft that has sprockets which, by engaging perforations in the film, pass corresponding lengths of picture and sound film simultaneously, thus effectively keeping the two (or more) films in synchronism during the editing process.


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Mergerama: Provident grabs Southern Financial
Crestar became SunTrust. Guaranty got gobbled by Union Bank & Trust. Sovran briefly became NationsBank before conquering the nation as Bank of America. With all the moniker morphing, it's easy to get confused about just where you put your money (and why there isn't more of it. But that's another story...)
Now, one more bank is switching its signs. Southern Financial, the Warrenton-based bank that showed up in Charlottesville back in 2002, merged with Baltimore-based Provident Bank on May 1.
Both of Southern Financial's two Charlottesville branches– on East Market Street and Ivy Road– will operate as usual.
"We're retaining 95 percent of Southern employees and didn't close one branch," boasts the Provident president Kevin Byrnes. "From the customer's point of view," he says, "the faces are going to be the same."
While Southern's 30 central and northern Virginia branches, will remain open, Provident is closing two Tidewater branches because they fall outside its planned expansion area, Byrnes explains.
One big change locally: whereas Southern focused primarily on commercial accounts and loans, Provident will expand its options for individuals.
With more than 150 branches in Maryland, D.C., and now Virginia, Byrnes says Provident is a perfect blend of big and small. Customers will have the "sophistication of a strong regional bank," says Byrnes, but the familiar faces and customer service will be "very much a community bank."
Provident Bank changed, but not much?


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This excerpt from Make The Most Of Your Time On Earth sees one intrepid Rough Guides writer experience a night to remember...
My Bedouin guide settled forward over his ribaba, a simple traditional stringed instrument. As he drew the bow to and fro, the mournful, reedy music seemed to fill the cool night air, echoing back off the cliff soaring above us. The fire threw dancing shadows across the sand. A billion stars looked down.
"Bedouin" means desert-dweller. It's a cultural term: Bedouin today, whether they live in the desert or not (many are settled urban professionals), retain a strong sense of identity with their ancestral tribe. You'll find this desert culture across the Middle East, but to get a feel for its origins you need to travel into its homeland – which is why I'd come to southern Jordan, specifically Wadi Rum.
Here, the dunes and desert vistas form one of the classic landscapes of the Middle East – the backdrop for the movie Lawrence of Arabia. Granite and sandstone mountains rise up to 800m sheer from the desert floor. The heat during the day is intense: with no shade, temperatures down on the shimmering sand soar. Views stretch for tens of kilometres; the silence and sense of limitless space are awe-inspiring.
I'd come to spend a night camping. Camels were available as transport, but I'd opted instead for a jeep ride. Bumping out into the deep desert, we headed for camp: a distinctive Bedouin "house of hair" – a long, low tent hand-woven from dark goats' hair and pitched in the sands – would serve as quarters for the night.
As blissful evening coolness descended, the sun set over the desert in a spectacular show of light and colour, and the clarity of the unpolluted air produced a starry sky of stunning beauty.
Wadi Rum lies 300km south of Amman. The best online resource is www.jordanjubilee.com.
Top image: Wadi Rum, Jordan © kasakphoto/Shutterstock
For hundreds more ultimate travel experiences, get Rough Guides' Make The Most Of Your Time On Earth


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The Central Connecticut men's track and field team participated in two competitions this weekend including the Larry Ellis Invitational hosted by Princeton University and the Mark Young Invitational hosted by Yale.
Five Blue Devils represented CCSU at the Larry Ellis Invitational on Saturday including sophomore Kendall Walker and juniors Jamal Fruster and Jordan Watkins. Junior Brian Biekert and senior Craig Hunt ran for CCSU on Friday.
Fruster sprinted both the 200m dash and the 400m dash Saturday, tying his career-best mark of 22.35 in the 200m for 16th place overall in a field of 54. With his impressive time, the junior also finished first in his heat.
Fruster crossed the finish line 11th overall out of 52 sprinters in the 400m dash with his time of 48.79.
Walker followed Fruster in the 200m, crossing the line in 22.78 seconds. He placed 34th overall out of 54 and finished fifth in his heat.
Walker also competed in the 100m dash, racing a time of 11.13 for 22nd out of 43 sprinters.
Watkins raced the 400m hurdles, finishing second in his section, 25th of 36 overall, with his time of 56.39.
Central also competed at Yale on Saturday where CCSU placed seventh out of 11 teams. Several Blue Devils earned career-best marks in their respective events.
In the hammer throw, junior Michael Ficorilli recorded a career-best distance of 45.60m for 12th place, followed by sophomore Therin Scott in 20th with his own personal record of 38.95m.
Also in the field events, freshman Zach Torro registered a career-best distance of 13.01 in the shot put. He finished 14th behind Ficorilli, who earned 10th with his throw of 13.61m.
Junior Jamie Tobias also performed well for Central, tying for third place in the high jump with his height of 1.89m.
In the sprint events, junior Chris Savvidou broke his own personal record with his time of 11.11 in the 100m dash. Savvidou finished eighth overall and was followed by freshmen Zach Andrews (12th, 11.33) and Garrett Shaw (15th, 11.47).
Andrews and Savvidou also raced the 200m, finishing back-to-back with times of 22.85 and 22.89, respectively. The duo placed fifth and sixth and was followed by Tobias in seventh (22.91).
The Blue Devils' one gold medal on the day came in the 4x400m relay event. Savvidou, Andrews, sophomore Malcolm Connor and freshman Tommy Pytel completed the race in a time of 3:20.84.
Dartmouth came out on top at the competition, registering 175.70 points followed by Northeastern (109). Brown finished third with 99.50 while Manhattan (77.20) and Sacred Heart (53.20) rounded out the top five. The Blue Devils tallied 39.20 points for seventh.
Central is set to return to the track this Saturday, April 16, when they travel to New Hampshire and Jacksonville, FL.


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A Resource Kit for New and Returning Students
Another school year has begun! The skirt and shorts season is coming to a close, switched for the coats and course packs of another knowledge-packed semester.
As a recent graduate, walking by the downtown campus, captivated by its newfound novelty, reminded me of my first impressions of McGill.


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Spain's 10-year bond yield drops below 6%September 7, 2012: 11:56 AM ET
Investors drove up prices for Spanish bonds Friday, forcing yields to their lowest level since May, on hopes the European Central Bank will soon intervene in the market.
The yield on Spain's 10-year bond fell to a low of 5.68%, dropping below the key 6% threshold for the first time in over three months. Italian bond yields also fell sharply, hitting a low near 5%.
The spike in demand for Spanish and Italian debt comes after ECB president Mario Draghi unveiled details of a new bond-buying program, known as Outright Monetary Transactions, or OMTs.
Related: ECB outlines bond-buying plan
Spain is widely seen as the most likely candidate to apply for the program, but prime minister Mariano Rajoy has said he wants to know more about the conditions before making a formal request.
Draghi stressed that "conditionality" is the main difference between the new program and past interventions in the secondary market for government bonds.
To benefit from OMT, a government must ask one of the eurozone bailout funds, most likely the European Stability Mechanism, to buy its bonds in the primary market. This means any government that wants ECB support must commit to a "macro economic adjustment program," which could involve strict deficit-reduction targets, structural reforms and outside oversight.>
The leaders of Spain and Italy had already been wary of what conditions might be attached to the ECB's program even before it was announced, said Nicholas Spiro, director of London-based consultancy Spiro Sovereign Strategy.
"In the eyes of Madrid and Rome, the costs of complying with the conditions attached to bond-buying are becoming more onerous while the benefits of requesting the aid are becoming less and less obvious - particularly as far as Italy is concerned," Spiro wrote in a note to clients.
While the OMT program is certainly one of the boldest steps the ECB has taken to date, Sprio notes that there are several politically fraught decisions that must be made before any bond buying can occur.
"Right now, the markets continue to rally mostly on Mr Draghi's verbal intervention," he said. "Yet in order for Madrid's hand to be forced, sentiment will almost certainly have to deteriorate dramatically."


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WASHINGTON — The Food and Drug Administration is restricting use of a medical device made by Stryker that props open clogged brain arteries, after reviewing studies suggesting the implant can actually increase stroke and death in some patients.
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Rates of women who are opting for preventive mastectomies, such as Angeline Jolie, have increased by an estimated 50 percent in recent years, experts say. But many doctors are puzzled because the operation doesn't carry a 100 percent guarantee, it's major surgery -- and women have other options, from a once-a-day pill to careful monitoring.
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The FDA approved the Wingspan stent in 2005 for patients with plaque-filled arteries in the brain, which can lead to stroke. The agency now says the device should be used only for a small segment of patients who have experienced multiple strokes but have not had any stroke symptoms in the last seven days.
The agency's announcement comes after Public Citizen, a public safety advocacy group, called on the agency to take the device off the market entirely. A petition filed by the group last year pointed to a recent study that found a 2.5-fold increase in stroke or death among patients with the Wingspan stent system, compared with patients taking blood-thinning medication alone.
In its announcement Wednesday, the FDA acknowledged those risks but said the device may still be beneficial to patients who have not responded to other therapies.
"After careful consideration of available safety information, the FDA believes this device should remain available for this specific subgroup of patients who have exhausted other options," said Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, director of the FDA's center for devices.
Wingspan consists of a small, mesh metal tube that is braced into place via inflatable tube, promoting blood flow through the arteries to the brain. The stent was approved under a special program that grants speedy approval to devices for rare diseases and conditions that affect less than 4,000 people in the U.S. each year. The device was first developed by Boston Scientific Corp. and later sold to Kalamazoo, Mich.-based Stryker Corporation.
Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Aperture Remix
On the occasion of Aperture's sixtieth anniversary in 2012, a select group of contemporary photographers each respond to an Aperture publication that has been influential in forming their work, paying it artistic homage. Each commissioned artist in Aperture Remix has created a new work, inspired by the ideas that they have found most influential or of greatest concern in the earlier work.
The range of participating artists, and the diversity of their approaches, reflect the multifaceted and elastic nature of contemporary photography. The works that each artist has created for Aperture Remix—incorporating new images made in response or interventions with the original publication itself—comprise a way of mapping the enduring influence of Aperture's publication history as it relates to contemporary practice.
In 1952, one of Aperture's founders and the first editor of the magazine, Minor White, wrote, "Growth can be slow and hard when you are groping alone. It quickens when you meet other photographers who have worked and thought intensively about their medium. You listen, and ask, and a phrase sticks in your memory like a barb. You see a photograph that blazes with significance. Suddenly a way of working, dim till then, comes clear before you." Frequently, this meeting of minds takes place via the pages of a book or a magazine; we encounter photographers and artists via the publication of their work. And once published and released into the public sphere, a body of work takes on a life of its own, crossing geographic and generational boundaries, becoming open to new readings. Aperture Remix traces this network of influence; an extended community of shared interests and critical precedents.
Rinko Kawauchi in response to Sally Mann's Immediate Family (1992)
Vik Muniz in response to Edward Weston's The Daybooks, Vol. 1 Mexico (1973)
Taiyo Onorato and Nico Krebs in response to a selection of Aperture's essay titles
Martin Parr in response to Issue 103 of Aperture magazine (1986)
Doug Rickard in response to Stephen Shore's Uncommon Places (1982/2004)
Viviane Sassen in response to Edward Weston's Nudes (1977)
Alec Soth in response to Robert Adams's Summer Nights (1985)
Penelope Umbrico in response to The Masters of Photography (1977–1999)
James Welling in response to Paul Strand's Time in New England (1980)
Curated by Lesley A. Martin
Production of Aperture Remix editions by Maxwell Anderson with support from Francisco Correa-Cordero. Additional production support by Nina Poppe. The Aperture Reading Room was assembled by Paul Colarusso. Exhibition design by Emily Lessard and Sarah Duell. Exhibition preparation by Annette Booth and Emma Abrahamian. Special thanks to Markus Schaden and Marks of Honor. Each of the commissioned works has been created in an edition of five and is available through Aperture.
This exhibition has been generously supported, in part, by the National Endowment for the Arts.
Read More:
CNN, "Artists 'reimagine' iconic photography"
Hyperallergic, "Contemporary Photographers Remix Modern Masters"
Aperture Remix combines vintage prints with the newly created works, including photographs, books, video, installation pieces, and sculpture. There are approximately 120 pieces in the exhibition requiring roughly 200 feet of running wall space.
Participation Fee:
Please call Annette Booth at (212) 946-7128.
$12,000 for an 8-week showing. The host venue is responsible for pro-rated shipping and insurance.
The show will open at the Aperture Gallery in October 2012 as part of Aperture's official Sixtieth Anniversary celebrations. The exhibition is available for tour through 2015.
Each of the new works are being created in an edition of five, and are available for purchase as a set or individually. For more information, please contact Kellie McLaughlin at (212) 946-9130 or [email protected]
Current Venue List:
- David Owsley Museum of Art
2021 W. Riverside Ave.
Ball State University
Muncie, IN
Thursday, January 16 – Sunday, March 30, 2014
- Museum of Photographic Arts
1649 El Prado
San Diego, CA
Saturday, May 24 – Sunday, October 5, 2014
- Aperture Gallery
547 West 27th Street, 4th floor
New York, NY
Wednesday, October 17 – Saturday, November 17, 2012