text:
All the luminaires on our web site have been specifically designed fit for purpose and assigned a relevant IP rating which
denotes the amount of protection that is required from water and dust. More information on IP ratings can be found in
the design ideas section on this web site.
Light levels are measured in something called LUX. Put simply LUX is a measurement of light falling on a given surface area.
For example an average LUX of 200 would be needed for an outdoor tennis court for recreational purposes and a side street
walkway would have an average of 5 LUX. To calculate lux levels you need a very good calculator or computer as
there is a number of factors that need to be taken in to account.
|Full size, Half size


text:
Sign up today for Ready4K on our Learning & Workshops pageReceive texts with tips, fun facts, and activities to support your child's development.
Self-Care for Healthcare WorkersOur mini-webinar series
"Running on Empty: The Cost of Caring in the Time of COVID-19"
is AVAILABLE NOW!
The Collaboration for Early Childhood is your local resource for COVID-19 information for early childhood providers and families.
Parent Information & Support
You are your child's first and most important teacher. The Collaboration provides you with tools and resources for the first 5 years of your child's life. If you have questions, we have answers.Learn More
Providers / Educators
Do you work with children from birth to age 5? The Collaboration offers you resources to provide families with the services they need and professional development to continue your training.Learn More
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Developmental screenings can improve a child's health and well-being by identifying their strengths as well as any challenges which may exist. We offer details on referrals and next steps.Learn More
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Early Childhood Resource Directory
Find Child Care, Preschools or Family Child Care
- Please select a category then search by keyword.
No results.
- View a map of all the center-based child care centers in the Directory.(Family child care centers are not shown for privacy purposes.)
- Download the complete 2016-2017 Early Childhood Directory in PDF format here.
Why Early Childhood?
As a result of the differences in early childhood environments and experiences, approximately two-thirds of the achievement gap challenging Oak Park's schools is in place when children walk through the kindergarten door. Furthermore, research shows that one of the best investments of public funds is in programs and services that support our very youngest children and their families.
The world doesn't change one person at a time.
It changes as networks of relationships form among people who discover they share a common cause and vision of what's possible.
This is good news for those of us intent on changing the world and creating a positive future.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Tokyo Game Show organizers released a map of the show floor—helpful for all those who like comparing sizes.
Capcom, Sony, Gree, Level-5, Sega, and Konami all have large booths. The booths for Namco Bandai and Tecmo Koei seem smaller—Square Enix's booth is even smaller-looking than theirs!
Not sure how important all this is as Namco Bandai, small booth and all, is bringing a ton of games to this year's Tokyo Game Show.
The smallest booths belong to folks like Arc System Works and D3 Publisher. Have a look.
This year's Tokyo Game Show kicks off next week. Be sure to check out Kotaku's coverage.
Kotaku East is your slice of Asian internet culture, bringing you the latest talking points from Japan, Korea, China and beyond. Tune in every morning from 4am to 8am.


text:
Today, tube amps are associated with every genre of music and most are voiced with a particular sound in mind. Jazz, Blues, Rock, Heavy Metal, Shredding all have fans of particular brands, sizes and capabilities. For the most part they are the desired sound of guitar players. These have all tube preamps and power amps delivering a warm, rich sound and, when wanted, great distortion. However, watt for watt all tube amplifiers are very heavy, fairly large, and more expensive than solid state models. In the 70's and the 80's these almost became extinct due to tube manufacturers going out of business and the improvement of solid state technology. Now tube amplifiers are more popular than ever. Brands like Fender and Marshall lead the pack and new comers like Blackstar are well worth a look. You can get Tube Amps from 3 watts to 300 watts (try lifting one of those, I dare you).
Tubes are the major problem with tube amps. They are made of glass and if not handled right can easily break. That is why most big groups go one tour with several backup amplifiers. They also get hot so you have to change them every once in a while. Depending on usage tubes can last from 6 months to 60 years (we have seen some very old vintage amps with the original tubes still in them), but we recommend changing your tubes every couple of years. When you re-tube an amp you bring back the old sound and volume, you can also try a different brand of tubes and get a very different sound if so desired. Types of tubes will produce different voicings as well. The most popular for preamps is the combination of 12AX7's and 12AT7's. The most popular power amp tubes are 6L6's by far but some manufacturers use KT88's, EL84's or something else depending on the type of sound they are trying to produce. Sam Ash carries a wide variety of tube styles and brands including Sovtek, Groove Tubes, and JJ (formerly Tesla). These brands are all durable and cost effective and come in singles, and in factory matched duets and quartets.


text:
Cautioning that lack of political consensus on many issues was impeding rapid economic growth, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Wednesday said time has come to view development processes as matters of national security.
Addressing the nation from the ramparts of the Red Fort on the occasion of 66th Independence Day, he hoped that all political parties will help the government in passing the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Bill in Parliament.
"We will continue our efforts to bring more transparency and accountability in the work of public servants and to reduce corruption," Singh said.
While doing so, steps will be taken to see that the morale of public functionaries taking decisions in public interest is not affected because of baseless allegations and unnecessary litigation, he said.
On economic growth, the Prime Minister said that lack of political consensus was coming in its way.
"As far as creating an environment within the country for rapid economic growth is concerned, I believe that we are not being able to achieve this because of a lack of political consensus on many issues," Singh said.
He said time has now come to view the issues which affect the development processes as matters of national security.
Observing that India has been affected by "adverse" external conditions, he said, "Also there have been domestic developments which are hindering our economic growth. Last year, our GDP grew by 6.5 per cent. This year, we hope to do a little better."
Singh said his government would make every possible effort to secure the livelihood of "our poor brothers and sisters, our workers and our farmers."
He said the government will leave no stone unturned to encourage investment in the country so that entrepreneurs can make a substantial contribution to the economy.
"I believe that this period of difficulties will not last long. Even as we face these problems, we should be encouraged by the fact that we have achieved extraordinary successes in many areas in the last 8 years. We now need to replicate these successes in newer areas," Singh said.
During his 35-minute speech in Hindi, the Prime Minister spoke about the government's efforts to deal with corruption, inflation and a number of developmental programmes.
"Our commitment to make the work of the government and administration transparent and accountable stands. On the last Independence Day, I promised you that we would take many steps for this purpose," he said.
Singh said in the last one year, the government had achieved good progress in this area.
"The Lok Sabha has cleared the Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill. We hope that all political parties will help us in passing this Bill in the Rajya Sabha," he said.
Singh said a number of other Bills have also been presented before Parliament and the Cabinet has cleared a Public Procurement Bill.
"We will continue our efforts to bring more transparency and accountability in the work of public servants and to reduce corruption.
"But we will also take care that these measures do not result in a situation in which the morale of public functionaries taking decisions in public interest gets affected because of baseless allegations and unnecessary litigation," he said.
PM promises relief to Assam victims
Describing the recent incidents of violence in Assam as unfortunate, Singh said the government would do everything possible to provide relief to those affected.
"I also promise to you that our government will make every effort to understand the reasons behind the violence and work hard with the state governments to ensure that such incidents are not repeated in any part of the country," he said.
The Prime Minister said success has been achieved in many areas of internal security.
"In Jammu and Kashmir, people participated in large numbers in the Panchayat elections. There has been a reduction in violence in the northeastern states and we are engaged in dialogue with many groups there so that they can join the mainstream of development," he said.
Singh said the government had initiated new schemes of development in areas affected by Naxal violence to ensure that the grievances of the people residing there, especially those belonging to Scheduled Tribes, can be removed.
"However, we need to be constantly vigilant as far as internal security is concerned. Communal harmony has to be maintained at all costs. Naxalism is still a serious problem," Singh said.
He said the incidents which occurred in Pune in the beginning of this month point to the need for much more work to be done in the area of national security.
"We will continue to do this work with sincerity in the future also," he said.
On the preparedness of the armed forces, the Prime Minister said that the soldiers have made biggest sacrifices whenever needed and defended the security of the country during war and peace with valour and honour.
"Today I would like to reassure our countrymen that our armed forces and paramilitary forces are prepared to face any challenge," Singh said, adding that the government will continue to work for modernising these forces.
He said the government had also set up a committee to examine issues related to pay and pensions of the armed forces personnel and promised prompt action on its recommendations.
New housing loan scheme for poor
Singh announced that a new housing loan scheme will be launched for the poor residing in urban areas.
Under the Rajiv Housing Loan Scheme, people belonging to economically weaker sections would be given relief on interest on housing loans of less than Rs 5 lakh, he said.
Singh said a scheme was being formulated for distribution of free medicines through government hospitals and health centres.
He said after the success of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), the government wanted to expand the scope of health services in towns also.
The NRHM will now be converted into National Health Mission which would cover all villages and towns in the country, he said.
The Prime Minister said when the UPA government came to power in 2004, it had promised to provide electricity to all villages.
He said under the Rajiv Gandhi Rural Electrification Scheme, more than one lakh villages have been provided with electricity connections.
"Our next target is to provide electricity to each and every household in our country in the next five years and to also improve the supply of electricity," Singh said.
He said the establishment of a National Skill Development Authority was under consideration to train the youth for new job opportunities in the coming years.
Singh said the government was formulating a scheme to ensure that people belonging to Scheduled Tribes can get fair and remunerative prices for the forest produce they collect.
Courtesy : ZEE


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Getting your TEFL certification in Jessup MD can also be achieved by attending TESOL training classes and certification in Jessup.
Learning to teach a forign lanugaue can be done at various local training classes and academy classes, BY attending a tefl accamadmy in Jessup MD you get the international certification you require to get and maintain a TEFL Job in the USA or Abroad.
TEFL and TESOL are acronyms for teaching English as a foreign language and teaching English to speakers of other languages.
When planning to take up a carrer teaching English overseas then getting a TEFL or TESOL Certificate is an essential requirement.
Obtaining a worldwide recognized TEFL certificate from with Jessup MD can increase your chances inside the marketplace. Pursuing a comprehensive course in your Jessup MD for TEFL enables you to certainly learn:
* Methods to capture the attention of students and them engaged.
* Class management and activities, for instance, group discussions, debates together with other group work.
* Grammar
Most TEFL certification courses run in Jessup MD are roughly 4 weeks in duration. The course is created to offer you presenting teaching English, additionally to some foundation teaching practice with actual students. Teaching capabilities, understanding and experience are enhanced when you really begin your teaching efforts abroad in places for instance Italia, London, China, etc.
An advantage of pursuing your TEFL certification on the web rather than in Jessup MDis the cost from the course as well as the versatility from places for instance, ICAL. The course might be acquired from around the globe while using a computer and might be learned along at the own pace regarding time available for you. Not requiring going to an in-class course makes this type of course a considerably cheaper option.
Online programs offered in Jessup MD offer many perks, for instance:
* You can learn in any location using your personal computer.
* Learn at your own pace
* They are less pricey than onsite TEFL courses.
* You can work a full-time job while finishing the course.
* Online the aid of experienced tutors.
* Easily available study material available 24 hours / 7 days a week.
Another choice in pursuing your TEFL certification can be a combined TEFL course. This is often a combination of in-class an online-based techniques.
Teaching English abroad has taken the folks of Jessup to all corners of the world to reside and work. It does not matter if you're straight from college in Jessup MD or searching for a mid-life change of career.
Nowadays there is huge demand for TEFL and TESOL certified teachers around the world owing to vast usage of English as a second language. The TEFL qualification obtained in Jessup MD can get you an English teaching job in non-native English-speaking countries like China, Japan, Mexico and United Arab Emirates.
The TEFL certification gained in Jessup MD is the easiest way to start a new life overseas; TEFL is also a great option for travelers looking forward to earning money on their trips abroad.
You can be certified for TEFL or TESOL in Jessup, Maryland. Many websites offer resources to find a comprehensive course to train students for teaching English in non-native English-speaking countries. The online courses can be completed in one to six months depending upon the student and the sites also boast placing its students abroad.
Acquiring an online TEFL or TESOL Certification from a college in Jessup MD will be an added value to a person's profile as compared to the non-certified teacher courses.
There are a few websites that can be accessed from Jessup that offer online certification for $295.00 that have excellent material quality consisting of 140+ pages, these online sites keep in regular touch with TELF students in Jessup.
There is a general misconception among the students that TESOL and TEFL certification courses are really tough to master. These two certifications can be easily achieved anyone in Maryland who is willing to speak English and can be confident in delivering their knowledge in front of thirty eager to learn individuals.


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I wanted to share some feedback from the classes, in case any of you are considering attending an upcoming edition. Currently I'm scheduled to teach at Black Hat Seattle on 9-10 December. I plan to continue offering my class through Black Hat as they expand their training location offerings.
Student feedback from NSM101 included:
- Great tools, fun labs, very prepared -- a lot of experience from interesting real world scenarios.
- This course was everything I hoped for and more. Very impressive considering the course is new.
- One of the best training classes I have ever taken.
- Richard hosted an exemplary class.
- I thought the class was excellent, and the content was relevant and informative.
- The instructor was there when help was needed. I can easily take what I learned here and apply it to my work.
- Excellent instructor and class. It is nice to learn from true pros who are humble and willing to help.
- Richard is an excellent speaker. His use of real world examples added value to each lab. The material was easy to understand and very well thought out.
- The stories behind the scenes and the practical notes (i.e., how to create a team) really helped.
- Great balance of hands-on and theory.
- Easy to follow and inspiring, even for an NSM beginner like me.
- Great companion to the new NSM book.
- This class was fantastic. I wish I could send my whole department.
- I look forward to using your book and teaching some of your techniques to my students.
In the "constructive criticism" category, several students recommended that I modify the class description to better suit the class structure. For example, some students didn't realize they would be using Security Onion in the class. A few students told me they would have sent more people from their team if they had a better sense of what the class was going to include. I will fix that for the Seattle edition and future events.
Overall I very much enjoyed teaching the new class. I will make a few tweaks to fix typos but otherwise I am ready to teach again in December. Once the registration form is active I will post it via Twitter.
If you have any questions, please post them as comments here or via Twitter to @taosecurity. Thank you.


text:
Bath & Body Works - We Make Fragrance Fun!™
From head-to-toe & throughout your home, Bath & Body Works brings you the best indulgences with exclusive Signature Collection scents, the world's best Home Fragrances, Anti-Bacterial Hand Soaps & Sanitizers, perfect gifts & so much more!
To find the store nearest you, just call 1-800-395-1001.
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text:
The courtroom bailiff for Michigan state judge Wade McCree claims that the judge sent her a shirtless picture of himself by text message. Sound wildly inappropriate? The woman's husband thought so when he found the photos, and he filed a complaint with the state's Judicial Tenure Commission.
A local Fox reporter in Detroit went to Judge McCree and showed him the photo. "Hot dog, yep that's me," said the judge. "I've got no shame in my game. I ain't talked to nobody else's wife."
When the reporter asks the judge (watch the crazy video) whether he sent the photo to other women as well, the judge added, "Oh yeah, I've sent that out to other women, sure."
"And that's alright with your wife?"
"Uh... you know, I mean... There's nothing nude about it. I am in no more clothes than I'll be at the Y this afternoon when I swim my mile."
McCree—also married—comes from a famous legal family. His father, Wade McCree Jr. served as the first African-American judge on the federal Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals and in 1977 became the US solicitor general under President Jimmy Carter. At McCree Jr.'s death, a colleague on the Sixth Circuit remembered the judge (PDF) as a towering intellect with a "remarkable memory" whose "ability to recite poetry and song lyrics, both familiar and obscure, was legendary." McCree Jr. even relieved tension among his colleagues with "bits of doggerel" or a "hastily written limerick."
Sexy texting also played a key role in the scandal that brought down Detroit mayor Kwame Kilpatrick back in 2008. In both cases, the use of digital devices meant that the texts and images left the texter's control. While simple communications tech makes affairs, indiscretions, and harassment easier than ever, it also makes them harder to hide in the end.


text:
Engineered Hardwood
Engineered Hardwood, is one of the most popular flooring types. It is resistant to temperature and humidity change. It can be re-finished in years if needed. Engineered hardwood construction has durable, high-performance qualities. A hardwood veneer gives the natural beauty and look to the engineered floor just as a solid hardwood floor does.
Showing the single result
8 More Colors Available
By Mohawk Industries


text:
Commander uncertain about Air National Guard future
Future missions may be on ground
Budget crunching in the post-war era could clip the wings of Wisconsin's Air National Guard.
The 128th Air Refueling Wing keeps flying forces fueled and ready for missions, but future budget crunching could mean big changes.
"It could be we end up with a non-flying mission," Maj. Gen. Donald Dunbar said.
Dunbar heads Wisconsin's National Guard. He said the ongoing Air Force budget battle will have a direct impact on flying operations in the Badger State.
"Where I have concerns on the Air Guard side is our F-16s have maybe six or seven years of life left in Madison," Dunbar said.
Dunbar said Madison was recently graded high on a list regarding its strategic future, but it may have to take on phased-out F-16s from other bases to supplement until the newer F-35s arrive.
"If the Air Force buys the right number, which you never know how it's going to go due to the fiscal situation," Dunbar said.
What's unclear is the future of the KC-135s flown by the 128th based at Mitchell International Airport.
Introduced in 1956, they're supposed to be replaced by the KC-46A, a plane not even built yet and only seen in recently released animation.
With concerns about the aging KC-135s, Dunbar said time is critical for the Air Force to make a decision or it could mean major changes in Wisconsin.
"If there's no airplane to fly, sometimes in the Pentagon they'll say, 'Hey, we'll give you an airplane in five years when we build a new one,' but you can't take a five-year break from flying, and if you lose an Air National Guard wing, it's gone," Dunbar said.
Dunbar said there are no early indications the 128th is going anywhere, and nothing will be certain until a final budget is submitted and approved.


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Accessibility provides one of the most interesting and rewarding software development careers. This statement is biased to be sure, but consider these examples of problems in web browser accessibility:
- Exposing JavaScript driven web applications to screen readers.
- Making new HTML accessible, for example: canvas and video.
- Gathering information from the layout engine asynchronously but supporting desktop clients synchronously.
- Caching information about web content and reporting relevant changes to assistive technology desktop clients.
- Communicating the changes of a mutating DOM performantly and securely; choosing the right data structures and optimizing our traversal and filtering algorithms.
The web browser is a large and complex program. In order to do a really good job with providing web accessibility through the browser you should understand how everything works, including the layout engine itself. There is no end to the learning process and the depth of real world computer science-y goodness.
Pretty soon we'll work to provide an enjoyable eyes-free experience with Mobile Firefox on Android. We'll need to refactor our accessibility engine for out of process content. We'll need to help design and drive the next web and desktop accessibility APIs. We'll help define speech on the web. We'll do this because it helps people with disabilities participate in the open web and because we love it.
Sound intriguing? If interested please send a plain text résumé to: the first letter of my first name joined to my entire last name, at mozilla dot com.


text:
RUIAN-Municipalities of the Czech Republic
|Product information
|RUIAN-Municipalities of the Czech Republic
|Commercial code
|Export unit
|municipalities serie - basic data
|Unit price
|online free of charge, copy on the data medium 400 CZK a piece
|Export formats
|výměnný formát RÚIAN (VFR), CSV
|Coordinate systems
|S-JTSK / Krovak East North
|Product description
|The Registry of Territorial Identification, Addresses and Real Estates (RUIAN) is one of four basic registers that create the system of civil service basic registers. RUIAN contains reference data and it is the only reference source for data about addresses (all other information systems of civil service display the address data using a link to RUIAN). Editing agenda information systems for RUIAN are Information System of the Cadastre of Real Estates (ISKN) and Information System of Territorial Identification (ISUI). The RUIAN data are edited by editors defined by law (construction administrations, municipalities, Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre, Czech Statistical Office). One of forms for provision of RUIAN data is the form of files containing RUIAN or ISUI data in the RUIAN exchange format (VFR). VFR files are in the XML formate, concretely it is the GML 3.2.1 format. The serie of data sets RUIAN - by municipalities contains the elements of administrative and territorial division from the municipality level to the lowist element address place as a basic set that contains elements municipality to address place including definition points and descriptions of municipalities and city sections flags and coats of arms or as a comlete data set that in addition contains vector data as generalised od original boundaries (polygons) and definition street lines (DCU). The data set contains files of all municipalities of the Czech Republic.
|Update cycle - update state
|The data set serie RUIAN_municipalities of the Czech Republic is continuously edited by editors defined by law (construction administrations, municipalities, Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre, Czech Statistical Office).
VFR exchange formats are at http://vdp.cuzk.cz published monthly.
|Terms of use - charging the data
|no limits
|Access restriction - licence agreement and other restriction
|the access is not limited
|View data - data download
View data
Download of a demo file
|Contact - product information
|Český úřad zeměměřický a katastrální , Phone: +420 284 044 455 , e-mail: email@example.com
Product last update:
Information last update:


text:
Marlborough is about world famous Sauvignon Blanc from New Zealand's largest winegrowing region, it's about fresh seafood sought by the world's finest chefs. It's about diverse landscapes, from valleys of vines to sheltered waterways.
By airFlights land at Marlborough Airport, 7km from the centre of Blenheim. The 10 minute drive into town can be taken by taxi, shuttle or rental car.
By seaThe 3.5 hour ferry trip from Wellington with Bluebridge or Interislander arrives at the port town of Picton.
By roadCharge your camera for photo opportunities along your road journey to Marlborough from Christchurch, Nelson and the West Coast. Bus services also operate into and out of Marlborough.
Marlborough Convention Centre - 42a Alfred Street, Blenheim
Both Conference venues are conveniently located adjacent to one another.
The Marlborough Convention Centre is the region's purpose built conference facility. Located in the centre of Blenheim, on the banks of the Taylor River. The Marlborough Convention Centre is only a short drive to the airport, wineries, the sounds and is surrounded by brilliant activities and attractions.
This venue will be used for the following:Registration desk
Breakout sessions
The ASB Theatre Marlborough - 2 Hutcheson Street, Blenheim
The new ASB Theatre Marlborough, which opened in March 2016, is a multi-use and purpose built venue, situated overlooking Blenheim's Taylor River. Delight in all that Marlborough offers whilst enjoying the comfort of this outstanding new venue.
This venue will be used for the following:
Breakouts sessions


text:
WINNIPEG - As Manitoba's new Opposition leader, Brian Pallister has an aggressive battle plan to attract new supporters and re-engage Progressive Conservatives turned off by last year's election loss.
But a walkout by some longtime supporters has raised questions about whether the party has enough volunteers to pull it off.
The Tories launched an internal project called "Blue Blitz" in September, five weeks after Pallister won the party leadership unopposed. The aim was to have volunteers drop pamphlets in every mailbox in 20 constituencies, 19 of which are currently held by the NDP and Liberals, according to an email obtained by The Canadian Press.
"These are all key seats that the P.C. party needs to win in the next election — and it's never too early to start defining our party and core values," reads the email sent by Lauren Stone, a Tory researcher, to caucus members and volunteers.
"We would like to have as many as possible done before the (annual general meeting) in October."
The targeted NDP ridings include many in suburban Winnipeg that used to vote Tory, as well as Brandon East and Interlake, which are longtime NDP strongholds.
So far, only seven constituencies have been blitzed, Pallister said, and any delay has been due to the weather.
"Unfortunately, winter came early. No, we're not behind schedule but we are developing and refining a schedule to begin in the spring and we will be going hard in the spring," Pallister said in an interview Thursday.
However, two party sources say members at the party's annual general meeting were told the blitz was to continue into December, but there was a shortage of volunteers. The meeting was closed to the media.
"The report that was given at the AGM was that it had fallen abysmally below target," said one veteran party volunteer.
"There's no other way to sugar-coat it. They did not have enough people to do it."
The Tories have been trying to rebuild since the party failed to win any extra seats in the 2011 election. It captured 44 per cent of the popular vote, but low support in Winnipeg meant it got no more than 19 of the 57 legislature seats.
The loss prompted the resignation of then-leader Hugh McFadyen and angered some grassroots members who felt the party had ignored their input. Many were shocked when the party veered left on its fiscal platform and said a Tory government would run deficits until 2018.
Last June, as it became clear to Pallister that he would win the party leadership unopposed, he invited a dozen party members to a meeting in Portage la Prairie to be interviewed for staff jobs.
What happened next, say two sources who were in the room, was something akin to a television reality show. The names of people in the room were put into a hat. As their names were drawn, they were assigned a constituency held by the NDP or Liberals, and told to sell memberships in that area as part of a contest to see who could sell the most.
"I thought it was completely disrespectful," one volunteer said.
The sources said — and Pallister confirmed — that people who didn't like the contest were told they could leave. About half of them walked out.
"I basically have to have people who are willing to do the work — not talk about doing the work, not get others to do the work — they have to be willing to do the actual work," Pallister said.
"For those who chose to walk out, it's their choice. And of course, they're welcome back any time. They won't be in senior roles or leadership roles unless and until they demonstrate that they're willing to do the work necessary to grow this party."
Shortly after Pallister became leader, he shuffled every one of his caucus members' critic responsibilities. The move was meant to broaden each member's skill set, he said, and to help rural members understand urban issues and vice-versa.
Pallister admits to demanding hard work from fellow Tories.
"Sometimes I drive people too hard and, you know, I have to apologize for that. But the reality is, I ask a lot of myself, and I expect a lot from the people I work with too."
Pallister has set out an ambitious strategy to try to unseat the New Democrats, who have been in power since 1999. His predecessors, McFadyen and Stuart Murray, failed to put a dent in the NDP's solid majority.
The former provincial cabinet minister and member of Parliament has assigned every caucus member one constituency to target as part of the Blue Blitz.
He has also sent out questionnaires to party members, asking them for ideas on how to improve the party's organization and policy-making. Pallister and others are also touring the province and holding meetings to develop new policies. He feels allowing members to shape the party will get them engaged and motivated well in advance of the next election, expected in 2016.
"The problem has been, I think in part, that we engage a little late ... which makes it harder to get your new ideas out there and get people the time they need to discuss them, embrace them and feel like they're their ideas."


text:
America Will Soon Lose Its
(Posted here by Wes Penre, June 28, 2005)
the United States must face its most deadly enemy. The Bible clearly
identifies this enemy and shows the tragic outcome of this
Bible prophecy also shows that the United States will shortly repudiate
every principle of its Constitution and will become one of history's
worst persecuting powers.
Already we can see the beginning of these sad events in the Waco
massacre, where the United States government slaughtered helpless and
defenseless women and children with a battle tank and poison gas!
When the New World Order is instituted, freedom will be gone from the
There will be no United States to escape to, no United States
Constitution, no Bill of Rights, and no guarantees of freedom of any
kind. The whole world will be one vast prison. The freedom we have
enjoyed that was so dearly purchased by our founding fathers is now
being thrown away by unscrupulous politicians and their
sovereignty-destroying treaties.
The preceding paragraphs were written shortly after February 28, 1993,
when the Waco massacre occurred. One would have to be blind not to see
the many losses of liberty that have occurred since then. The following
article will explain how and why we are losing our constitution.
We are determined . . . to take possession of the United States, and
rule them; but we cannot do that without acting secretly and with utmost
If our plans become known, they will surely be defeated. - Charles
Chiniquy, Fifty Years in the Church of Rome, The Wickliffe Press,
Protestant truth Society, Wickliffe Avenue, 104 Hendon Lane, Finchley,
London, N3, 1885, p. 373.
How sad will their awakening be, when, with our out-numbering votes, we
will turn them, for ever, from every position of honor, power and
profit! What will those hypocritical and godless sons and daughters of
the fanatical Pilgrim Fathers say, when not a single judge, not a single
teacher, not a single policeman will be elected if he be not a devoted .
. . Roman Catholic? What will those so-called giants think of their
matchless shrewdness and ability, when not a single Senator or member of
Congress will be chosen, if he be not submitted to our holy father the
Pope? What a sad figure those Protestant Yankees will cut when we will
not only elect the President, but fill and command the armies, man the
navies, and hold the keys of the public treasury?
Then, yes! then, we will rule the United States, and lay them at the
feet of the Vicar of Jesus Christ [the pope], that he may put an end to
their godless system of education, and sweep away those impious laws of
liberty of conscience which are an insult to God and man!
. . . The American people must be very blind indeed, if they do not see
that if they do nothing to prevent it, the day is very near when the
Jesuits will rule their country, from the magnificent White House at
Washington, to the humblest civil and military department of this vast
Republic. - ibid, p. 374.
The papacy is the most deadly enemy the United States will ever have to
face. Using the utmost secrecy to conceal her plans, the papacy, through
her facade of religion, has for many decades been infiltrating the
United States in all levels of government. As a result, the United
States will soon lose its constitution and become a tyrannical,
persecuting power.
As you read the following, keep in mind that they have said it is their
goal to take over the United States and trash the Constitution. The
American Constitution is thoroughly detested by the papacy, because the
freedom safeguards it contains make it impossible for the papacy to take
over the United States as long as the Constitution is in force.
Rome is in constant conspiracy against the rights and liberties of man
all over the world; but she is particularly so in the United States.
Long before I was ordained a priest I knew that my Church was the most
implacable enemy of this Republic. My professors of philosophy, history,
and theology had been unanimous in telling me that the principles and
laws of the Church of Rome were absolutely antagonistic to the laws and
principles that are the foundation stones of the Constitution of the
United States.
1st. The most sacred principle of the United States Constitution is the
equality of every citizen before the law. But the fundamental principle
of the Church of Rome is the denial of that equality.
2nd. Liberty of conscience is proclaimed by the United States a most
sacred principle, which every citizen must uphold . . . . But liberty of
conscience is declared by all the Popes and Councils of Rome, a most
godless, unholy, and diabolical thing, which every good Catholic must
abhor and destroy at any cost.
3rd. The American Constitution assures the absolute independence of the
civil from the ecclesiastical or Church power; but the Church of Rome
declares, through all her Pontiffs and Councils, that such independence
is an impiety and a revolt against God.
4th. The American Constitution leaves every man free to serve God
according to the dictates of his conscience; but the Church of Rome
declares that no man has ever had such a right, and that the Pope alone
can know and say what man must believe and do. - ibid, p. 375.
And when the papacy takes over there will be bloodshed.
The Church of Rome says that she has a right to punish with the
confiscation of their goods, or the penalty of death, those who differ
in faith from the Pope. - ibid, p. 376.
America simply has no idea of the terrible trouble and persecution that
is coming soon at the hands of the papacy. The people of America have
forgotten the wanton cruelty and unrestrained butchery this unholy power
demonstrated during the Dark Ages when it slaughtered over 150 million
Christians because they wanted to worship God according to the Bible.
Hitler's holocaust against the Jews was tiny compared to the papal
holocaust against Christians during the Dark Ages, and the
Jesuit-controlled news media never mention these atrocities.
Don't misunderstand here. The Catholic Church is NOT a Christian
It is a strange combination of the old pagan religions with a Christian
facade. Just because they claim to be a Christian church does not make
it so.
Here is a statement from the same book that shows the power these people
have already amassed in the United States.
The Jesuits of the United States form one of the richest and most
powerful corporations the world ever saw. - ibid, p. 375.
The papacy is by far the wealthiest institution on earth.
Jesus, the founder of Christianity, was the poorest of the poor. Roman
Catholicism, which claims to be His church, is the richest of the rich.
- Avro Manhattan, The Vatican Billions, Chick Publications, p. 17.
The Catholic church is the biggest financial power, wealth accumulator
and property owner in existence. She is a greater possessor of material
riches than any other single institution, corporation, bank, giant
trust, government or state of the whole globe. - Jack Chick,
Smokescreens, Chick Publications, p 73.
Very few people know anything about the Jesuits because of their extreme
secrecy. Here is a description of them from the book The Great
Controversy that shows the abominable character and deceptiveness of the
pope's Jesuits.
Throughout Christendom, Protestantism was menaced by formidable foes.
The first triumphs of the Reformation past, Rome summoned new forces,
hoping to accomplish its destruction. At this time the order of the
Jesuits was created, the most cruel, unscrupulous, and powerful of all
the champions of popery. Cut off from earthly ties and human interests,
dead to the claims of natural affection, reason and conscience wholly
silenced, they knew no rule, no tie, but that of their order, and no
duty but to extend its power. The gospel of Christ had enabled its
adherents to meet danger and endure suffering, undismayed by cold,
hunger, toil, and poverty, to uphold the banner of truth in face of the
rack, the dungeon, and the stake. To combat these forces, Jesuitism
inspired its followers with a fanaticism that enabled them to endure
like dangers, and to oppose to the power of truth all the weapons of
deception. There was no crime too great for them to commit, no deception
too base for them to practice, no disguise too difficult for them to
assume. Vowed to perpetual poverty and humility, it was their studied
aim to secure wealth and power, to be devoted to the overthrow of
Protestantism, and the re-establishment of the papal supremacy.
When appearing as members of their order, they wore a garb of sanctity,
visiting prisons and hospitals, ministering to the sick and the poor,
professing to have renounced the world, and bearing the sacred name of
Jesus, who went about doing good. But under this blameless exterior the
most criminal and deadly purposes were often concealed. It was a
fundamental principle of the order that the end justifies the means. By
this code, lying, theft, perjury, assassination, were not only
pardonable but commendable, when they served the interests of the
church. Under various disguises the Jesuits worked their way into
offices of state, climbing up to be the counselors of kings, and shaping
the policy of nations. They became servants to act as spies upon their
masters. They established colleges for the sons of princes and nobles,
and schools for the common people; and the children of Protestant
parents were drawn into an observance of popish rites. All the outward
pomp and display of the Romish worship was brought to bear to confuse
the mind and dazzle and captivate the imagination, and thus the liberty
for which the fathers had toiled and bled was betrayed by the sons. The
Jesuits rapidly spread themselves over Europe, and wherever they went,
there followed a revival of popery." - E. G. White, The Great
Controversy, pp. 234, 235, 1911, Pacific Press Publishing Assn.
Today the pope's Jesuits are not only entrenched at the highest levels
of all branches and departments of the U.S. Government, but they are
also entrenched at the highest levels of virtually all the major
corporations and industries in the United States. The Jesuits are the
major stockholders of many of the largest corporations. They own 51% of
the stock in Bank of America for instance. And because the papacy is a
so-called church, they pay not one penny of taxes. Because they are a
so-called church, they are able to operate internationally outside of
the laws and legal proceedings everyone else must follow.
Here are a few of the Jesuit-controlled corporations that totally
support their Jesuits in congress and the government: American Airlines,
TWA, Anheuser Busch, AT&T, Bell Atlantic, Boeing, Cigna, Coca-Cola,
Daimler Chrysler, Exxon, Ford Motor Company, General Electric,
Hewlett-Packard, Home Depot, May Company, McDonald's, Motorola, Philip
Morris, Price-Waterhouse, Rite Aid, RJR Nabisco, Sony Corp. of America,
Texaco, United Parcel Service, Walt Disney Company, and Wells Fargo.
These corporations give their Jesuit senators and congressmen in both
the Democratic and Republican parties many thousands of dollars for
their election campaigns. These senators and congressmen are the most
radical and dangerous this country has ever had. They do everything they
can to pass laws and regulations prohibited by our constitution, laws
designed to destroy the United States, to eliminate freedom, and to
convert the United States into a ruthless tyranny. They lie constantly
to deceive the people so the people will go along with the laws and
regulations they want to pass.
Everyone in high positions in the government takes a solemn oath to
uphold and obey the Constitution, but nearly all of them totally ignore
the Constitution. The president issues executive orders that are totally
unconstitutional, and Congress passes laws that the Constitution
specifically forbids. Our God-given Constitution is the reason the
United States has become the greatest country in the world, but it is
being thoroughly undermined today by the Jesuits in government as they
work to convert the United States into a ruthless police state.
The laws and regulations they pass are designed to export the industrial
and manufacturing base of the United States to other countries. They are
designed to destroy our energy base by restricting oil prospecting, fuel
production, and nuclear power plants. The Jesuits in the House, Senate
and regulating agencies restrict the private use of land with
nonsensical environmental rules and regulations. They pass laws and
regulations about what is "proper" to be taught in schools so that
children will grow up being extremely ignorant under the banner of being
The Jesuits are not recognized by the general populace because of their
treachery and secrecy. They tell no one that they are Jesuits. They even
belong to other churches, other cultures, and other organizations, that
they have infiltrated, to hide their identity and to control these
There are millions and millions of the pope's Jesuits. They are
They are into everything. They are into every major organization, and
control nearly every political organization and government in the world.
Because of the Jesuits' extreme secrecy, many of these organizations and
governments are totally unaware that they are being infiltrated and
It is easy to identify the Jesuits and the Jesuit puppets in the United
States Congress, because they are the ones that continually try to get
all kinds of laws passed that require exactly the opposite from what the
Constitution says. They continually pass laws that restrict the liberty
of the citizens of the country. They continually pass laws to regulate
every aspect of life in the United States. They continually pass laws
that restrict freedom of speech such as the Campaign Finance Reform Act.
Incidentally, they always use names for these laws that will sound good
to the American people, but rarely indicate what is in the law. They use
every means they can to deceive the people of the country.
The USA Patriot act of 2001 is in almost total violation of the
constitution, requiring many of the regulations Nazi Germany and
communist Russia had. When all the requirements of this act are
implemented, the citizens of this country will rue the day they ever
allowed such a monstrosity to become law. Jesuits in the government were
responsible for this act and forced its passage. They forced a vote on
this act without giving the congressmen and senators an opportunity to
read it! Why didn't the congressmen and senators have the good sense to
vote "no" and defeat this act since they were never able to read it?
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 is another act that was passed to take
away freedom and security in the United States and is in total violation
of the constitution. As all the requirements of these acts become
implemented, the people of the country will learn first-hand how it
feels to have absolutely no freedom. These and other laws and
regulations on the books will, when implemented, convert the United
States into a more ruthless police state than was Nazi Germany or
communist Russia and Red China.
The Jesuits continually try to pass restrictive gun legislation. The
second amendment to the Constitution says, "the right of the people to
keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." Every gun law that congress
has ever passed is a direct violation of the United States'
Constitution. Because of the crime and terrorism in our country today,
and because of the government and media propaganda against guns, people
are made to believe that these laws are necessary.
When the citizens of a nation are armed, where their right to own guns
is not infringed, the crime rate is extremely low.
Every man in Switzerland, for instance, is required to have guns in his
home, including assault rifles. Crime in Switzerland is almost
In states and cities in America that allow people to carry guns, the
crime rate is extremely low.
During World War Two, Hitler wanted to invade Switzerland. The Swiss
told him that he could send his army across the border, but none of his
officers would return. Hitler gave the order to invade Switzerland
several times, but his officers refused to obey. Switzerland remained
safely neutral all during the war because Hitler could not overcome the
guns in the hands of Swiss private citizens. No dictator wants to be the
dictator of a nation with 200 million guns around.
Christians generally do not want to have anything to do with guns,
because a Christian would never take the life of another individual. It
is not the USE of the guns that keeps the crime rate low; it is just the
fact that the guns are there, and the criminals and would-be dictators
know that the guns are there. That knowledge keeps them at bay.
In order to motivate the people of the United States to give up their
guns, the Jesuits stage shootings periodically to show how "dangerous"
guns are.
These shootings occur in the most emotional places such as schools where
children die. But Waco shows what will happen when only the government
has guns. Some 86 children died a torturous death at Waco at the hands
of the government.
Today, the United States is run and controlled by its most dedicated
enemies. If you wonder at the things the government and the people in
control of the government do that are so damaging to the United States,
it is because they are our enemies and are determined to destroy the
United States. Treason is running rampant throughout all levels and
branches of the U.S. government today.
A nation can survive its fools, and even the ambitious. But it cannot
survive treason from within. An enemy at the gates is less formidable,
for he is known and carries his banners openly against the city. But the
traitor moves among those within the gates freely, his sly whispers
rustling through all the alleys, heard in the very halls of government
itself. For the traitor appears no traitor; he speaks in the accents
familiar to his victims, and he wears their face and their garments and
he appeals to the baseness that lies deep in the hearts of all men. He
rots the soul of a nation; he works secretly and unknown in the night to
undermine the pillars of a city; he infects the body politic so that it
can no longer resist. - Marcus Cicero, speaking to Caesar, Crassus,
Pompey and the Roman Senate.
Many wonder today why the Republican party does nothing to defeat the
treasonous schemes of the Democrats. It is because the pope's Jesuits
have thoroughly infiltrated the Republican party as well as the
Democratic party.
Many wonder why the news media lie so much to support and protect the
Democrats. It is because the pope's Jesuits have thoroughly infiltrated
the news media. The news media and schools and colleges, with their lies
and propaganda, have so conditioned the people of the country that they
are unable to recognize what has been done to them. Victory for the
Jesuits seems very near. The Jesuits are like a cancer that has pervaded
nearly every fiber of the society of the United States. We are being
defeated by the enemy within.
For many years the Jesuits have prevented the United States from
developing additional sources of energy within its own territory.
Exploiting the vast oilfields on the Alaskan north slope, that probably
contain more oil than the entire middle east, is forbidden. New nuclear
power plants, the safest source of electric energy ever discovered, are
not permitted. There is no end to the lies people have been made to
believe about Nuclear energy. The environment is used as the club to
subdue the people of the country into going along with this idiocy.
Modern technology is able to develop these sources of power without any
damage to the environment. Needless to say, without sufficient energy,
the United States will not be able to defend itself. All the papacy has
to do is cut off the oil supply from the middle east.
The United States is now starting to feel the pinch of the energy
shortage the Jesuits have created. People have experienced blackouts
over large areas as power is shut off to stay within the limits of
generating capacity.
Today, instead of constructing additional nuclear power plants, some of
these plants are being dismantled! Will the people of the United States
be able to wake up in time to prevent the coming national tragedy?
Not only in the United States is this treachery being perpetrated by the
papacy, but they are secretly at work all over the world to subvert all
the nations of the world, as we read earlier from Charles Chiniquy's
The papacy's slaughter of Christians continues to this day. Since the
papacy is a small country with little military capability, they always
beguile other nations to do their fighting for them. Today the United
States is their favorite bully. Thus, they are never directly involved,
and people do not realize who is behind the wars, the trouble, and the
terrorism. Avro Manhattan's book, The Vatican's Holocaust, describes in
detail the papacy's continuing slaughter of millions of Christians in
the 20th century. At the time of this writing, the complete text of The
Vatican's Holocaust is available on the internet for downloading. A link
for this book is provided at the bottom of this page.
The slaughter in Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbia, Croatia and others is a direct
result of the Vatican's involvement in this area, but you will never
hear about it because the Jesuit-controlled news media not only refuse
to mention it but they lie about the situation to keep the papacy from
being suspected of her true involvement.
The Jesuits seem to have a code that guides their every action. That
code is: "Call your enemy what you are and always tell the exact
opposite of the truth." This makes it very difficult to counter their
lies and explain clearly and understandably what they are actually
And now the world has terrorism to a degree that was unimaginable before
the destruction of the World Trade Center's twin towers in New York City
where nearly 4,000 people lost their lives. This terrorism is part of
the plan the Jesuits are implementing to scare the American people into
giving up their freedoms, and it is working. The Bible says in
Revelation 18:24 that the papacy is responsible for ". . . the blood of
. . . all that were slain upon the earth." Evidence strongly indicates
that Muslims highjacked the airliners and flew them into the towers.
Thus we have rather strong evidence that the papacy's Jesuits have even
been able to infiltrate the Muslims.
Remember that the papacy and the Jesuits have been at this business for
many hundreds of years. Remember, also, that we saw that no disguise is
too difficult for them to assume.
Let us now consider some of the tactics the papacy is using to subvert
the United States. Just because they call themselves a church does not
mean that they are honest or honorable. Remember that Satan, the devil,
gave the papacy their power and great authority (Revelation 13:2). The
Catholics, through their Jesuits, are working to accomplish the exact
opposite from what the Catholic Church claims they stand for. For
instance, the church claims to be against abortion, but their Jesuits,
working in secrecy and masquerading as regular citizens in the
government, work to pass laws and make judicial rulings permitting
abortion. They have their right hand fighting their left hand to
thoroughly confuse the people of the United States and to keep the
people from ever connecting this evil conspiracy with them. Here is
another example. The pope gets on television and, acting very piously,
prays for peace, while his Jesuits are behind the scenes stirring up all
kinds of wars, conflicts and terrorism in the world.
The Jesuits are making a dedicated effort in the United States to
degrade the morality of the people of the country, to destroy family
life, and to destroy all the traditional values that made this country
the greatest nation in the world. This is being done by the abominable
subjects being taught in government schools and colleges. It is being
done by history courses that teach from revisionist history books
containing many more lies than the truth. It is being done with
pornographic sex education courses in the schools. It is being done with
the destruction of religious values and the law of God, the Ten
Commandments. It is being done by television programs, where
entertainment is watching people break God's law. The natural result is
a drastic increase in crime. Acts of the most abominable and shocking
character are daily perpetrated within this country. The murder of one
and a half million unborn babies in this country each year is one result
of the demoralization of this nation.
The Jesuits are also flooding the United States with aliens, most of
which are Catholic. Not only are we being defeated by the Jesuit enemy
within, we are constantly being invaded by an army of aliens from
without. These aliens dilute the traditional American society that
understands our Constitution and how it works. This makes it much easier
for the Jesuits in congress to pass the unconstitutional laws so
damaging to the United States. And, of course, along with these aliens
come the people who actually blow up the buildings.
There is talk in Washington of giving illegal aliens amnesty again, and
also of converting our southern border into a "regional power block"
where the area within 100 miles on either side of the border between
Mexico and the United States would be administered jointly by Mexico and
the U.S. The Jesuits are working to "eradicate the borders that separate
Canada, Mexico, and the United States as part of a larger design to
create a regional political and economic bloc duplicating the European
Union." - The New America, October 8, 2001.
There is also talk of putting Mexican citizens in Mexico on United
Social Security payments. The purpose of this, along with all the wars
and police-keeping actions the U.S. military is into and all the welfare
the government pays for, is to completely bankrupt the United States.
Pushed by the Mexican government, the Bush administration is working on
a Social Security accord that would put tens of thousands of Mexicans
[in Mexico] onto the Social Security roster and send hundreds of
millions of dollars in benefits south of the border." - Jonathan
Weisman, The Washington Post, Dec. 19, 2002.
Since the Jesuits beguiled the United States into giving the Panama
Canal to the Red Chinese, there are now over 200,000 Red Chinese in the
Canal Zone.
This portends extremely serious problems for both the United States and
Panama. A large percentage of Panamanian citizens want the U.S. to come
back and restore the Canal Zone as before. Incidentally, the treaty
giving the canal to Panama was never properly ratified. There were two
versions of the treaty: an English version and a Spanish version. These
two versions were not the same. The Senate ratified one version and the
Panamanians ratified the other version. And the treason goes on and on.
When America was young, it was the envy of the entire world. In it's
youth, America was kind, gracious, and gentle. America was a country of
great religious and political liberty available to all under the United
States Constitution. America was a nation without a king and it had a
church without a pope. On American money the message of her trust in God
was proclaimed, and the great blessing of God rested upon this country.
Alexis de Tocqueville, a young French philosopher of the last century,
came to our shores to discover what magical quality enabled a handful of
people to defeat the mighty British Empire twice in 35 years. He looked
for the greatness of America in her fertile soil, her limitless forests
and natural resources. He examined America's schools, her Congress and
her unique Constitution without fully understanding the source of
America's strength.
It was not, he said later, until he went to the churches of America and
found congregations aflame with righteousness, that he began to
comprehend the secret of this power. Upon his return to France, de
Tocqueville wrote:
"America is great because America is good, and if America ever ceases to
be good, America will cease to be great." - Des Griffin, Descent into
Slavery?, Emissary Publications, PMB: 1776, 9205 SE Clackamas Rd.,
Clackamas, Oregon 97015, 1980, p. 267.
The United States was the champion of liberty and freedom throughout the
world. Before this time no nation in history ever had a written
constitution that guaranteed the liberty and freedom of its people. But
the glorious beginning of this country was to be corrupted in later
years. The gentle, gracious, freedom-loving character of the United
States in its youth was later used as a facade to hide the character
that this country subsequently developed. This facade has successfully
kept hidden, even from most of its own citizens, the real character the
United States developed in these last days as a result of Jesuit
infiltration and subversion.
When the Jesuits are successful in taking over the United States and
converting it into a ruthless police state, the people of the country
will begin to realize what has happened to them. But then, of course, it
will be too late to do anything about it.
The papacy has made colossal fools of untold millions of people down
through history, and it is still doing so today.
Please order the book, The Secret Terrorists, to get the whole history
of how the Jesuits have been responsible for nearly all the tragedies
that have happened to the United States. If enough people understand the
contents of this astounding book, it might be possible to defeat the
Jesuits before they can complete their destruction of the United States.
This book is sent free within the United States. Order your book from:
P. O. Box 1417
Eustis, FL 32727
Our books Earth's Final Hours, The Secret Terrorists, and When the
United States Passes the National Sunday Law as Predicted in the Bible
tell the heartbreaking story of the death of America as it is described
in Bible prophecy. Complete texts of these books are available for
downloading from these web pages.
We also offer these books in printed form. Write for your copy today.
Read The Vatican's Holocaust by Avro Manhattan here:
Last Updated:
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Remarkable Photographs
The New York Public Library has recently unveiled some extraordinary pictures of the Statue of Liberty under construction. Take a trip back in time and see extraordinary behind the scenes images of the creation of this superlative structure.
A giant is formed. The sheer scale of the statue under construction can be seen here, in contrast to the workmen posing woodenly for that fairly new invention, the camera.. The more formal name for the statue is Liberty Enlightening the World and it is constructed with sheets of pure copper, even though the picture makes it look something like marble.. It is something of a miracle that we now have the finished product standing proudly on Liberty Island. Had it not been for the contributions of ordinary French and Americans then she would never have arisen in the first instance.
Such is the immensity of the statue one can only wonder whether or not the workmen pictured above had any idea which part of the statue they were working on at any one time. The photographer Albert Fernique, who captured these pictures around 1883, must have been in a certain awe at the immensity of the statue and his images capture its sheer scale and size beautifully. The French had decided to give the United States of America something for their centennial independence celebrations that the Americans and the world would never forget. The process of building was painstaking, slow and fraught with financial difficulties. The copper ?shell' was only what the public would see. What lies beneath – both in terms of its structure and the story behind its *****ion – is almost as startling
At the time France was in political turmoil and, although at the time under their third republic, many people looked back at the time of Napoleon and the monarchy before that with fondness and wanted its return. The desire for a backwards step to authoritarianism was worrying. French politicians – as wily then as now – saw Lady Liberty as a way, albeit phenomenally huge, to focus the public's imagination on republicanism as the best way forward. The USA and its centennial of independence from the yolk of England was the perfect focus.
The plaster surface of the left arm and its hand take shape, the skeleton underneath revealed. As there is a deal of work under the carapace, so the French politicians had ulterior motives. Using the USA – which many saw as the ideal of government and populist aspirational politics – the French used the statue as a Trojan Horse in reverse, as it were. Its true purpose, in the eyes of the political gift givers, was to make republicanism the center of political ideology in the minds of the people. How greatly it succeeded can never fully be quantified but the French cannot be faulted for thinking big. It must be said here that the ordinary French, through their substantial buying of lottery tickets (and other fundraising efforts) had a much purer purpose at heart than their politicians.
It must surely have been amazing for the workers to turn up each morning to the sight of a colossal head looking down upon them. The inspiration for the face seems to be the Roman god of the sun, Apollo or his Greek equivalent, Helios. More down to earth sources of inspiration center on the women in the life of the sculptor, Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. It may well have been Isabella Eugenie Boyer, a good looking and well-known figure in Paris at the time. More worrying, some believe the face of the statue actually belongs to Bartholdi's mother. Bartholdi never revealed the true model of the face, but if this is the case Freud would have had a field day.
Bertholdi made a small scale model first, which is still displayed in the Jardin du Luxembourg in the city of the statue's original construction, Paris. Before the statue was shipped to America, though, it had to be seen to be tested. If it had not been for money, it may never have landed in the states – particularly in the form we all know. On a visit to Egypt, Bartholdi's vision of liberty expanded to its present proportions. Had his original idea received financial support, then whatever gift the French gave the Americans for the 1876 centennial could not possibly have been the statue.
Little by little, the statue arises. Bertholdi saw the Suez Canal under construction in the eighteen sixties and was inspired to build a giant figure at its entrance. He drew up plans which bore a remarkable similarity to what now stands on Liberty Island but his ideas were rejected by the Egyptian ruling body of the time because of the financial problems the country was facing at the time. Had the statue been built in Egypt as a lighthouse, the idea would never have been taken up for America. The Statue of Liberty as we know it was in fact used as a lighthouse, from its unveiling in 1886 right until 1902 – the very first in the world to use electricity.
Almost there! There were huge structural issues that had to be addressed in the design and construction of a sculpture of such enormity. Enter a certain Gustave Eiffel, who would later go on to build that eponymous tower which still dominates the skyline of Paris. It was his job (which he delegated to Maurice Koechlin, his favored structural engineer) to ensure that Liberty's copper sheath could move while still remaining vertical. Koechlin created a huge pylon of wrought iron and the famous skeletal frame to ensure that the statue would not fall down in high winds.
Money was always a problem. The plan had been to get the statue to the US by the fourth of July, 1876. Only the right arm and torch were finished by then. However, as the Americans had taken responsibility for the construction of the pedestal, these pieces of the statue were displayed to the American pubic at the Centennial Exposition (in Philadelphia) .
Money raised by allowing people to climb this part of the statue (see here) started the funding efforts for the base of the statue. The French did their bit too, showing the head in their own exposition in 1878.
1886 must have been one of those years that people remembered for the rest of their lives. A statue of gigantic proportions, symbolizing the ideas and aspirations of America, was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland at Liberty Island (renamed from Bedloe's Island or Love Island). In an ironic twist, President Cleveland had vetoed the New York legislature from contributing fifty thousand dollars to help with the building of the statue's pedestal. Letting bygones be bygones, President Cleveland was more than happy to officiate at the ceremony. This had not been the only problem to face the statue in the years before its final unveiling, of course. From the model stage, above, to its triumphant moment of revelation, the process was fraught with difficulty – mostly of a financial nature. However, thanks to the efforts of both the American and French people we now have a permanent reminder of what we should hold dear – liberty still symbolically steps forth from her shackles to protect, shelter and enlighten.