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Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering
versión On-line ISSN 2309-8775
versión impresa ISSN 1021-2019
J. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol.55 no.3 Midrand ene. 2013
The use of ground-penetrating radar to develop a track substructure characterisation model
D J Vorster; P J Gräbe
The characterisation of track substructure is an integral component of track maintenance and rehabilitation. Traditionally this is done by determining the geotechnical properties of the discrete track formation layers by excavating test pits and sampling the substructure layers. The development of geophysical investigation techniques such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR) allows continuous assessment of the condition of the track substructure. The research described in this paper uses GPR to develop a track substructure characterisation model and provides classifications for both the ballast and formation layers. The ballast and formation were classified into four classes, namely very good, good, moderate and poor. When applying the model to two sections of track (with generally good and poor quality) 82% and 100% of classes had only one class difference compared to the traditional characterisation tests for the formation and ballast layers respectively. The GPR track substructure characterisation model that was developed therefore compares well with traditional characterisation techniques and will result in significant cost and time reduction. The characterisation of the track using GPR provides a continuous classification and enhances the accuracy of the data on which a maintenance engineer can base decisions.
Keywords: track substructure, characterisation, ground-penetrating radar, ballast fouling, earthworks
The aim of a railway substructure investigation is to characterise the track substructure based on its geotechnical properties. Care should be taken when conducting a substructure investigation to establish the correct remedial action (Brough et al 2003). Traditionally, for a typical rail line investigation, a linear investigation is conducted with in situ testing at 200 m intervals (SAICE 2010). To classify the soil and ballast, test pits are excavated for profiling and sampling. Dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) tests are also conducted to further classify the soil and the layer depths (Clayton et al 1995).
However, with the development of geophysical techniques during the last two decades, methods such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR) have increasingly been used for track substructure investigations (Saarenketo 2006). These techniques have several benefits. Firstly, GPR is a non-destructive geophysical technique that uses electromagnetic waves to investigate nonconductive materials (Daniels 1996). It is used in road, railway and geotechnical environments to detect concealed objects or to determine the internal structure of materials (Saarenketo 2006).
Secondly, the use of GPR to develop a track substructure characterisation model would allow a fast and cost-effective way to classify the track substructure. The capabilities of GPR allow the classification of the ballast and the formation conditions separately. This study uses typical GPR deliverables to develop a GPR track substructure characterisation model and to verify the model with traditional track investigation techniques. The GPR deliverables include the subballast and subgrade layer profiles, the GPR ballast fouling index and the GPR moisture condition of the track. The traditional testing techniques used for the verification of the model are in situ ballast and soil sampling and profiling.
The GPR survey data and characterisation was further compared with the results of specialist geotechnical techniques. These tests included the light-weight deflectometer (LWD), remote video monitoring (RVM) and multi-depth deflectometers (MDD). These tests are not part of the scope of the development of the GPR substructure characterisation model and will be discussed in a future publication.
Over the years, the uses of GPR have been explored in various ways. The first developments in GPR railway classification were the determination of ballast layer thickness and locating mud holes and ballast pockets
(Göbel et al 1994). Further developments allowed ballast fouling determination (Silvast et al 2010; Al-Qadi et al 2008; Leng & Al-Qadi 2010). Sussman et al (2002) developed material properties for railway track materials based on GPR and reported on railway track condition indicators using GPR (Sussman et al 2003). Smekal et al (2003) used GPR and a track loading vehicle for track substructure investigations, and Berggren et al (2006) used GPR for substructure condition assessment. Olhoeft and Selig (2002) used GPR to evaluate railway track substructure conditions.
The basic principles of and factors influencing the functioning of GPR are discussed in this section. GPR originated from electromagnetic (EM) theory and uses the transmission and reflection of EM pulses into different mediums, as shown in Figure 1 (Daniels 1996). The reflected energy is displayed in waveform where the difference in amplitude shows the interfaces between wave pulses (Daniels 1996; Saarenketo 2006). A ground profile can be generated by repeating the measurements while moving the antenna across a target area with a continuous series of radar pulses (Saarenketo 2006; Sussman et al 2003; Hyslip et al 2003).
The material properties that influence the propagation and reflection of the radar pulses are the dielectric permittivity, the electrical conductivity and the magnetic permeability, as described by constitutive relationships (Daniels 2004; Jol 2009). Dielectric permittivity and its effect on GPR signal velocity in materials is the most important property that affects GPR survey results. It is important to know how this value relates to the medium being tested in order to calculate the depth of the target. The pulse travels slower through material with a high dielectric permittivity and faster through material with a low dielectric permittivity (Saarenketo 2006). The formulae used to calculate the dielectric permittivity are shown in Equation 1 and Equation 2.
v = wave propagation speed (m/ns)
c = speed of light in a vacuum (0.3 m/ns)
s = interface depth (m) from the surface of the medium
t = two-way travel time from the soil surface to the interface depth (ns =10-9)
Er = relative dielectric permittivity of the soil
The dielectric permittivity used in GPR surveys ranges from 1 for air to 81 for free polar water (Saarenketo 2006). The dielectric permittivity of ballast and subgrade material varies between 3.0 and 38.5 for clean dry ballast and saturated fouled ballast respectively (Clark et al 2001). However, the effect of moisture on dielectric permittivity is greater than that of the material type itself (Clark et al 2001; Leng & Al-Qadi 2010). Information on the material quality can be determined by using the time domain GPR data and converting it to the frequency domain with the use a Fourier transform (Silvast et al 2006). This is used to determine the ballast fouling and the moisture condition and is calibrated with field measurements (Silvast et al 2010).
Equipment and data processing
The above process requires specific equipment and tools. A typical railway track GPR survey is carried out with a 400 MHz aircoupled antennae system that can penetrate up to 1 m and can be performed at rail operating speeds. With the suspension of the antennae 300 mm above the surface of the ballast, repeatable results can be obtained regardless of the changes in surface height (Saarenketo 2006). By using a multiple antennae configuration, a cross-section of track can be obtained (Morey 1998; Clark et al 2001). A typical sampling density (10 scans/m) is used for railways (Saarenketo 2006). Figure 2 shows a typical layout of this type of instrumentation.
A range of accessories can be used in conjunction with GPR systems. However, digital video and global positioning systems (GPS) are most commonly used. A sample drilling rig (Saarenketo 2006), as well as infrared thermography (Clark et al 2003, 2004), can also be integrated with GPR data. Smekal et al (2003) used a track loading vehicle in conjunction with GPR results. Digital video recordings allow the interpreter to evaluate the surroundings of the GPR survey after the initial survey (Clark et al 2004). By using these accessories together with the GPR survey data, a comprehensive understanding of the site can be achieved (Saarenketo 2006).
GPR processing software is used to detect layer interfaces and individual objects within the ground from GPR data and to transform the data from the time domain into depth scale (Saarenketo 2006). Accurate estimates of layer dielectric values are important for GPR data processing. Traditionally, dielectric values are back-calculated from reference sampling. Another method in use is the surface reflection method (Maser & Scullion 1991). If the dielectric values are not available for a GPR survey, general dielectric values can be used or calculated from laboratory tests. These values are required for the successful interpretation of the railway structure, defining the substructure layers, ballast fouling and determining the moisture content.
GPR survey data contain reflections from various components within the entire surveyed structure. Therefore, to interpret GPR survey data, a thorough understanding of the surveyed structure is needed. In some cases reflection from components next to the track may influence the data. The interpreter should therefore interpret the main components first. It should also be noted that GPR survey data could be linked to other survey methods in order to get a better understanding of the GPR data itself (Clark et al 2003,
2004; Saarenketo 2006).
The use of GPR for railway track investigations has advanced over the years to deliver the following results:
■ Substructure layer thicknesses up to 1.5 m deep
■ A ballast fouling index
■ The relative moisture condition of the substructure.
Typical results from a GPR survey are shown in Figure 3. Video, GPS and other interpretation results can also be added and used for post-processing and validation of the GPR results.
To develop a track substructure investigation tool or model from GPR data, a comparative study was conducted between GPR and other railway track substructure investigation tools. Laboratory tests as well as a field survey were conducted in the present study. Two test sections with different foundation properties were selected for the study. A flow diagram of the processes followed to characterise the track substructure using GPR is shown in Figure 4. The tasks involved in each step of the survey and characterisation process are detailed below.
In situ test selection
Standard geotechnical field test results were compared to the GPR survey results to complete the comparative study. The tests were done on both test sections of track at the sites that were identified from the GPR results. Six test sites were investigated at each of the two test sections. The sampling and profiling of the layerworks provided the following deliverables:
■ Ballast fouling index
■ California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
■ Foundation indicators (FI)
■ In situ moisture content.
Site selection
The two test sections for this study, each with unique substructure properties, were selected from the South African rail network. This included a section on the heavy-haul coal export line near Vryheid between Komvoorhoogte and Nhlazatshe (km 50 to km 70). This was considered as a good section of track because the substructure was reconstructed in 2005 according to Transnet's S410 earthworks specification. A second site was selected on the railway line near Rustenburg between Northam and Thabazimbi (km 203 to km 223). This was considered as a track with a poor foundation since the formation consisted predominantly of clay and was constructed in 1934. The test sections are shown in Figure 5. The abbreviations KN (Komvoorhoogte-Nhlazatshe) and NT (Northam-Thabazimbe) will be used in the remainder of this report. Having two sections with different quality track allowed a range of track substructure conditions to be identified for the characterisation model.
Laboratory testing
Laboratory tests at the Civil Engineering Laboratory, University of Pretoria, using GPR equipment were conducted on ballast materials typical of those found in the two test sections. The materials used were quartzite obtained from a quarry near Pretoria and dolerite obtained from a quarry near Vryheid. The ballast material was fouled using clay from the Bushveld Igneous Complex near Thabazimbi. A laboratory testing method similar to that of Leng and Al-Qadi (2010) was followed. This required the construction of wooden boxes joined together without metal nails as this would have influenced the GPR signal. Four boxes were constructed, two for each type of material but with different ballast thicknesses.
The ballast boxes used for the GPR laboratory tests are shown in Figure 6.
Three tests were conducted on each box with a 400 MHz antenna (Figure 7): a static test 300 mm above the surface of the material, a lifting test from 300 mm and a moving test across the width of the box. The first two tests were conducted to remove background noise. The third was used to determine the dielectric permittivity of the ballast material with the addition of moisture (water) to the boxes. The moisture content of the ballast in the boxes with no fouling material could only be increased to 10% due to drainage of the boxes. The moisture content in the boxes with fouled material was increased to 27.0% and 33.5% for the quartz-ite and dolerite respectively due to moisture retention by the clayey material. The moisture levels were verified by piezometers.
The main deliverable from the laboratory study was the dielectric permittivity of the ballast materials. This was done by analysis of the GPR signal obtained with the moving test. A typical cross-section of a test is shown in Figure 8. The colour scheme used for the interpretation shows the largest reflections in red or white and the smallest reflections in purple. The green lines are areas between large and small reflections. The processed data from each of the boxes was visually inspected to determine the travel time of the signal between the antenna and the layer interfaces. This process was repeated three times to obtain an average. A clear distinction was observed between the ballast rock and the concrete floor on which the ballast boxes were placed.
From the ballast GPR laboratory test results, it was found that the dielectric permittivity of the dolerite was higher than that of the quartzite. It was also determined that once the ballast material was moist, the dielectric permittivity would increase by about 0.8 to 2.2. Furthermore, the dielectric permittivity of the quartzite ballast was influenced more significantly by the fouling than the influence of the fouling on the dielectric permittivity of the dolerite.
Field testing
A full GPR line survey was conducted on both test sections in South Africa. The tests were conducted using a road-rail vehicle as shown in Figure 2. The GPR equipment was attached to the vehicle before testing. The equipment used for the GPR survey consisted of the following:
■ GSSI SIR-20 amplifier
■ Two GSSI 400 MHz antennae (model 5103A)
■ Three industrial cameras (Firewire camera, resolution 1 024 x 768)
■ Railway Doctor (RD) Camlink software
■ GPS system (used with RD Camlink)
■ Distance measurement device.
The GPR antennae were attached 1 m behind the vehicle with one antenna 300 mm above the edge of the sleeper and the other 300 mm above the centre of the sleeper. The three video cameras and the GPS antenna were placed on the roof of the vehicle. One camera faced directly in front of the vehicle and the other two covered the two adjacent sides inclined to the front. The placement of the cameras therefore created a panoramic view of the track and its surroundings. In addition, the distance measurement device was attached to one of the rear wheels and was calibrated according to a known distance.
The GPR survey was carried out at a speed of 40 km/h. While the vehicle was travelling, datum points were taken at each kilometre interval. This was done to establish the corrections required for long and short chainages (i.e. marked kilometre posts covering distances of not exactly 1 000 m). At the end of the section, if possible, the vehicle was turned around facing the opposite direction. If this was not possible, the antenna on the left-hand side was moved to the right-hand side, 300 mm above the edge of the sleeper. The position of the antennae is shown in Figure 2. The vehicle then travelled back to the starting location at 40 km/h. After completion, the equipment was removed from the road-rail vehicle, packed away and the vehicle was manoeuvred off the tracks.
The GPR data, GPS data, the video of the track, as well as the distance measurements, were then processed by the GPR contractor. The processed data included the following:
■ GPR data interpretation
■ GPR layer thickness interpretation
■ GPR ballast fouling index
■ Relative moisture condition with depth
■ Survey inventory
■ Video feed
■ GPS placement.
Ballast fouling and soil classification
Ballast fouling is determined by the amount of fouling material and is usually expressed as the percentage fines contained in the ballast (Selig & Waters 1994). The ballast fouling index can be determined by doing a grading analysis or by using specific methods recommended by the various railroads in the world (Arangie 1997). South Africa uses a method proposed by Pretorius (1993), based on the percentage material passing the 19.0 mm, 6.7 mm, 1.18 mm and 0.15 mm sieves.
The substructure layerworks is classified by excavating a test pit where samples are taken from each discernable layer that was profiled. The profiling is done according to the method proposed by Jennings et al (1973), where the layers are described in terms of moisture condition, colour, consistency, structure, soil type and origin. The gradation, soil type, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and foundation indicators (FI) are obtained from laboratory tests on disturbed samples (Clayton et al 1995). The gradation and other deliverables can then be used to classify the track subballast and subgrade layers according to an earthworks specification. The specification proposed by Transnet (2006) is shown in Table 1.
The standard results from the GPR line survey were used to develop a GPR substructure characterisation model. These included the subballast and subgrade layer profiles, the
GPR ballast fouling (GBF) index and the GPR moisture condition. The results were first analysed and interpreted to determine the potential of each deliverable to be used as a characterisation parameter. The data were then divided into ranges that best suited the conditions of the two test sections. The exact classification ranges were then obtained from these ranges. The individual steps followed through each of these procedures are discussed in this section.
GPR data interpretation
Firstly, the interpretation of the GPR signal from the field survey, as shown in Figure 3, was exported for further analysis. This process was repeated for the subballast profile, subgrade profile, GBF index and GPR moisture condition. The reason for this is that the GPR software only allows basic GPR signal interpretation, such as depth determination, from the dielectric permittivity of the material. The GBF index and the GPR moisture condition are determined by FFT algorithms applied by the GPR survey contractor.
Next, the subballast and subgrade profile roughness values were determined using the root mean square method (RMS) as described by Equation 3. The roughness of the track will allow classification of the subballast and subgrade due to differential settlement of the track.
R2 = roughness, route mean square calculation or variance
n = number of measurements in the length of track under consideration
di = difference between the elevation of the point being measured and mean filtered elevation
The roughness calculation exponentially increases or decreases the magnitude of the results, and the difference between small and larger values then becomes more pronounced. Different lengths for the determination of the profile roughness were considered (100 m,
200 m, 300 m and 400 m), and it was found that the 200 m length provided acceptable results for the classification as shown in Figure 9. The roughness values had magnitudes of thousands and were therefore divided by a factor of a thousand for the classification.
The average of the GBF index results of the GPR survey across the width of the track was calculated, allowing easier interpretation, as shown in Figure 10. The GPR moisture condition was determined by first averaging moisture condition with depth, as the total moisture condition of the track influences the GPR signal. Thereafter, the RMS method was used over a 200 m length to calculate the GPR moisture index. This was done to create more discernable values for the substructure classification. These values were also factored by a thousand as shown in Figure 11.
Characterisation model
To develop the characterisation model, the results from the GPR field survey were analysed and grouped into four classes. The classes were, from 1 to 4, very good, good, moderate and poor. The different GPR deliverables were each classified separately and then combined in the characterisation model.
The same process was followed for the determination of the classification ranges of the GPR deliverables. The process required the average value of each section to be determined, assuming that the KN test section was good and the NT section was poor. The average of the total data set was then determined, which provided an indication of the magnitude of the moderate value. These three values were then adjusted to obtain clear ranges for the four classes. The classification ranges for the subballast surface roughness, subgrade surface roughness, GBF index average and GPR moisture index are given in Table 2.
The subballast and subgrade roughness values were further combined to give one classification for the track formation. The GBF index and the GPR moisture index were also combined for the classification of the ballast condition, as the GPR moisture readings were influenced mostly by the ballast layer. When combining two classifications, the most critical class was used for the final classification. Combining the classifications then provided two main classification criteria, one for the classification of the ballast material and the other for the classification of the track foundation. In doing so, rehabilitation or maintenance of the different components can be planned separately.
It is realised that the characterisation model incorporates a significant amount of averaging to arrive at the final classifications. This is required for a broad and practical classification. However, the un-averaged data plots are ideal for identifying critical and problem areas for future or more detailed investigations.
The classification of the two test sections was done in accordance with the GPR characterisation model. The classification results were further simplified for future maintenance planning. This was done by limiting the classified section length to 2 km unless there was a bridge, tunnel or any other discernable structure that would influence the GPR signal. The classifications of the KN test section and the NT test section are shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13 respectively.
By applying the simplified classification, which takes the length of the classified sections into account, the final classification percentages of the two test sections were determined and are shown in Figure 14.
The percentages of the different classes for the two test sections highlight the difference in quality between them. Before the simplification of the classification, the KN test section had 75.4% of the ballast and 70.8% of the track formation in the good and very good classification ranges. On the NT test section, 15.6% of the ballast and 43.0% of the track formation was good to very good. The change in classification percentages after the simplification showed a decrease in good to very good sections of the track. For the KN test section it decreased to 62.0% for the ballast classification and 59.2% for the formation classification. For the NT test section the good to very good track sections decreased to 0% and 25.0% for the ballast and formation respectively.
The classification of the track with the GPR substructure characterisation model and the results of the traditional in situ testing were compared for verification of the model. The in situ soil tests were classified in accordance with the Transnet (2006) S410 earthworks specification and the ballast fouling index according to the method proposed by Arangie (1997). The classification is shown in Table 3.
The traditional earthworks classification could only be used at the 10 test sites where sampling and in situ testing were done. The comparison of the earthworks classification and the ballast fouling index is shown in Table 4.
Comparing the railway earthworks classification with the GPR formation classification, it was found that 37% of the classifications matched exactly, 45% differed with one class and only 18% differed with two classes. The ballast fouling classification showed that 75% of the classifications matched exactly while 25% differed with one class only. The comparison of the classification classes shows the accuracy of the GPR substructure characterisation model. Use of the model will therefore provide a clear classification with respect to traditional classification and will also provide an even better understanding of the track condition when compared over time.
To fully investigate the track substructure condition for broad classification purposes by using in situ tests, a test pit has to be excavated at least every 200 m. The two test sections comprised a total of 40 km and therefore 200 test pits would have to be excavated. The tests carried out at each test pit would be as follows:
■ Profiling of the test pit
■ Two foundation indicator samples
■ Two CBR samples that include Mod AASHTO testing
■ Ballast fouling sample.
In situ tests would also be required for the GPR substructure characterisation to calibrate the GPR results. Each classification section would need at least one test pit per section and one every 2 km in the section. From this it was determined that 22 test pits would be required for the GPR survey.
For the most effective substructure characterisation, it is recommended that GPR substructure characterisation be used in conjunction with traditional in situ classification. The aim would then be to obtain a continuous characterisation of the substructure from the GPR characterisation model and a more in-depth classification from the in situ testing at problematic sections. This will provide engineers making decisions on track substructure rehabilitation with a complete and comprehensive overview and understanding of the condition of the track. A complete track condition maintenance plan can be developed by using the substructure characterisation data from GPR results in conjunction with the continuous geometric classification of the track roughness.
This study proves that it is possible to develop an effective and accurate GPR substructure characterisation model. This was done by using typical GPR survey deliverables, namely layer thickness, GPR ballast fouling and GPR moisture content. These deliverables were further analysed for ease of classification in the model. The subballast and subgrade profile roughness values were used for foundation classification and the GBF index and the GPR moisture condition index roughness values were used for the ballast classification. The GPR substructure characterisation model was evaluated by comparing its classification with the classification obtained by using in situ investigation techniques.
The comparison of the GPR substructure characterisation model with typical in situ classification techniques showed good correlation. Only 18% of the formation and earthworks classifications differed by a maximum of two classes, while 100% of the ballast classification differed by one class or less.
In conclusion, the use of GPR in a substructure characterisation model is not only possible but also provides a continuous characterisation compared to the fragmented nature of a traditional in situ railway track investigation. The most effective use of the GPR substructure characterisation model is in conjunction with in situ investigation techniques and track surface geometry. The GPR model provides continuous characterisation of the substructure, whereas in situ tests will provide a more in-depth classification at problematic areas. The authors are of the opinion that GPR, in conjunction with other standard in situ and laboratory tests, will in future become the preferred method for substructure investigations, especially of existing railway lines that have to be upgraded for increased tonnages and axle loading.
The following organisations are gratefully acknowledged for their invaluable contributions to this research:
■ Roadscanners for carrying out the GPR survey and initial data interpretation.
■ Aveng Manufacturing Lennings Rail Services for providing the road-rail vehicle and field testing, and Aurecon assisting with the arrangements.
■ Geostrada for the soil and laboratory testing.
■ Transnet Freight Rail for sponsoring the research carried out by the Chair in Railway Engineering and for allowing access to their network for the field tests.
■ The University of Pretoria laboratory and staff for assistance with laboratory and field testing.
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Contact details:
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Pretoria Lynnwood Road Pretoria
E: email@example.com
Contact details:
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Pretoria
Lynnwood Road
E: email@example.com
JACO VORSTER is a lecturer and researcher at the University of Pretoria's Civil Engineering Department. He completed his MEng degree in Transportation Engineering at the same institution in 2012. He enjoys research into railway engineering and has done research on track geotechnology, railway maintenance Tiethods and instrumentation development through field and laboratory investigations. He also lectures undergraduate and postgraduate courses in civil engineering.
PROF HANNES GRABE, who is a professiona engineer and a Fellow of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering, is passionate about railways, with experience in the fields of track technology, geotechnology, advanced aboratory testing, field investigations, maintenance models and numerical analysis of track structures. He is currently employed by the University of Pretoria as Associate Professor: Transnet Chair in Railway Engineering, where he lectures undergraduate and postgraduate courses in railway engineering. He is also responsible for railway research, as well as continued professional education in the form of short courses presented to industry.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Home > Jewelries & Watches > Jewelries > Necklace > Stainless Steel Bullet Shape Bible Cross Necklace Charm Pendant - Golden
Product Details
- A bullet pendant for men or women
- Stylish design with screw-open top
- Can be used a pill holder or possibly an ash urn to keep some of your loved ones ashes near to you at all times
- Featured with the christian bible and cross pattern on its surface
- A ring on its top for hanging on a chain or necklace
- Material: Stainless steel
- Color: Golden
- Bullet Size (L x Dia.): Approx. 1.1 x 0.3 inch / 2.8 x 0.8 cm
Note: Please be reminded that due to lighting effects and monitor's brightness/contrast settings etc, the color tone of the website's photo and the actual item could be slightly different.
Package Includes:
- 1 x Bullet pendant
Keywords: Bullet pendant, pendant, necklace pendant


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Carnival Dance Party at The Pinhook
Join us on July 26th @ 10pm for an epic carnival themed dance party, like none you've seen before.
Your ticket price of a 7-20 dollar donation will get you one free raffle ticket and the opportunity to get more than just sweaty, We've got great prizes including a 200$ professional tattoo, a professional massage and a pet portrait by Billie Faye. There will also be a silent auction of various fine arts and wood crafts,one off tee shirts and bandannas. Many more surprise in store upon arrival that may or may not (wink,wink nudge,nudge) include creaming your friends, winning free shots or even a 50$ bar tab.
All earnings will go to cover the legal expenses associated with the adoption of three awesome kids who recently lost their parents and are being taken in by two Durham residents in an attempt to keep these siblings together and redefine the boundaries of what it means to be a family.


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Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
The massive hit from 1969, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, is often cited as a "Western that people love, who usually don't like Westerns." But it also often makes "all-time most overrated" lists, especially from folks who do like Westerns. That contradiction may be because the film is completely carried by the charisma of its two superstars, Paul Newman and Robert Redford. Also it's closer in spirit to a light comedy or even the "outlaw reexamination" genre started by Bonnie and Clyde than the landmark Westerns of its era that Sam Peckinpah and Sergio Leone were directing at the same time. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is an incredibly simple tale, and regardless of its place on the Western checklist it's perfect entertainment.
The script seems to have very little dialogue and often the same lines are repeated, "You keep thinking, Butch," which is ironic since the script by William Goldman (Marathon Man, All The President's Men) has been hailed for its perfect three-act structure (pre-film school era Goldman wrote a number of books about screenwriting and the business which also helped elevate his status as a quintessential writer). Act One is an introduction to Butch (Newman) and Sundance (Redford), two charming but frustrated bank robbers who are now hitting trains. Butch is the brains and Sundance the gunman. They also share a woman, schoolteacher Etta Place (the mumbly Katharine Ross of The Graduate), Sundance is her lover, while Butch flirts but is more the big brother. Act Two is one long chase as a hardcore posse follows Butch and Sundance over miles of picturesque Western plains (shot by the legendary cameraman Conrad L. Hall), ending famously with the two jumping off a cliff into a raging river. Act Three has the heroes and Etta traveling to Bolivia where they work as muscle for a paymaster (Strother Martin) and culture clashes impede their bank robbing career, finally ending with a shoot out with the Bolivian army.Continue Reading


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BALTIMORE, Dec. 10 (UPI) -- Cam Cameron has been fired as the Baltimore Ravens' offensive coordinator and will be replaced by quarterbacks coach Jim Caldwell, the NFL team said Monday.
Cameron, who was a head coach for one season in Miami, had been the offensive coordinator in Baltimore since 2008. He was removed from the position Monday, one day after the Ravens dropped a 31-28 overtime decision to Washington, their second straight loss.
The Ravens, who have an AFC North-leading 9-4 record, are 18th in the NFL in total offense, ranking 16th in passing and 17th in rushing. They've averaged 19.25 points over their last four games.
"My charge -- our responsibility as a coaching staff -- is to maximize the opportunities for our team to win and we can still reach all of our goals for this season," Baltimore Coach John Harbaugh said in a release on the team website.
"With our coaches and players, the solution is in the building. We are going to make the most of our opportunities going forward, and this change gives us a better possibility to achieve our goals."
Caldwell was hired by the Ravens this past January after three year as head coach of the Indianapolis Colts.


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The Central Connecticut football team fell to Holy Cross on Saturday evening at Arute Field. The Blue Devils (0-3) and Crusaders (1-2) played a tight first half before Holy Cross pulled away in the second half for a 52-21 victory.
Holy Cross opened the scoring with a 39-yard touchdown pass with 10:56 left in the first quarter. The Blue Devils followed with an 11-play, 72-yard drive that was capped by a two-yard touchdown run by junior Rob Hollomon.
A second Holy Cross touchdown was answered with a second CCSU touchdown. This time it was the Blue Devils that hit the long pass play. A 68-yard strike from sophomore Nick SanGiacomo to sophomore Aaron Berardino.
The Berardino score came with 2:52 left in the second quarter, but despite the limited time left on the clock Holy Cross was able to drive the field and score. The Crusaders' drive was 11 plays and covered 78 yards in just under two and a half minutes. The scoring play on the drive was a 17-yard touchdown pass from Ryan Laughlin to Mike Fess.
The scoring drive gave Holy Cross a 21-14 lead at the half.
Holy Cross opened the second half scoring, after a CCSU drive stalled near mid-field, with a 8-play, 80-yard drive. The drive was again capped with a touchdwon pass from Laughlin to Fess.
CCSU answered with a scoring drive, which was capped by a five yard touchdown run. Hollomon also had the big play of the drive, a 50-yard rush that moved CCSU across midfield.
The Hollomon touchdown was the final CCSU score of the game. Holy Cross scored the final 24 points of the game and controlled the ball for most of the fourth quarter.
Hollomon finished with 145 yards rushing and two touchdowns. He now has five rushing touchdowns this season matching his season total from 2012.
Hollomon also had 11 receiving yards and 76 return yards to total 232 all-purpose yards.
SanGiacomo was 11-of-20 for 165 yards and a touchdown in the game.
Berardino's touchdown catch was the first of his career.
Senior Nick Bacarella had four catches for 47 yards and senior Denzell Jones had two catches for 25 yards.
Senior Antwione Reese led the team with eight tackles, including six solo stops. Junior Josh Alaeze had seven tackles and sophomore Elijah Yopp and junior David Rose each had six stops.
The Crusaders ran 86 plays and totaled 522 yards of offense. Holy Cross ran 72 times for 419 total yards. The Blue Devils posted 162 rushing yards and 346 yards of total offense.
CCSU will return to action on Saturday, September 21, at Albany. That game will kickoff at 7 p.m. from the new Bob Ford Field.


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Earlier this month, I made this declaration on Twitter:
I did this as "re-tweet bait" that is, I hoped that others would agree with my sentiment and retweet my statement throughout the world, thus securing my twitter victory, or twit-ctory. (I haven't quite figured out twitter – but it is some sort of competition, right?) However, it was only retweeted by one @MoneyOvaBisquik – aaannnd, I'm not sure what that was all about. I'll have to secure my twit-ctory by other means.
Although it was retweet bait, I certainly agree with the statement whole-heartedly. Cool October weather is perfect for cycling. With that in mind, I scheduled a few days off to enjoy the crisp air. Little did I know that we would have snow storms on during my vacation. I was able to get in a little bit of cycling here and there, however. On Wednesday of last week, I took a leisurely ride up the Blackstone Valley Bike Path. Where I took the obligatory pictures of the pretty little bridge:
and the fall folliage:
The Blackstone Valley Bike Path is my favorite of Rhode Island's three major bike paths. It rolls gently alongside the river, crossing it multiple times giving the rider views of the valley and there's hardly any road crossings.
On Thursday, it rained and in some parts of the state, it snowed. But Friday, it was sunny and beautiful, so I was out on the bike again.
This time, I went to the end of the Washington Secondary Bike Path, and then headed out on the roads around the Scituate Reservoir.
I ended up riding just over 50 miles, which is my longest ride since my accident in March, and the longest ride on my road bike (but not my longest ride ever – I performed that on my trusty hybrid). I was pleasantly tired and sore at the end of my ride, and the next day I was only a little bit sore. It was a perfect day for a cool weather ride. Cool enough that I could wear cold-weather cycling clothing, but not so cold that my nose was constantly running. Here's an approximation of part of my route:
That's not the full route, I had to extend my ride a little bit at the end in order to reach the arbitrary goal of 50 miles.
I took this picture when I was far out in the hills so I would have a record of there being snow on the ground in October:
Little did I know that we would have a couple of inches of snow in Providence just two days later!
Now the sun is shining, so I'm going to head out on my bike to enjoy my last day of stay-cation.
*okay, so it was a half-century. I did get to ride well over 100 miles during my brief staycation, so that has to count for something, right?


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1215 South Walnut Ave.Demopolis, AL 36732 map
Access to Care: 1-800-239-2901
AbuseFamily & Relationship Issues
The editors of Violence Against Women teach philosophy respectively
at Concordia University in Montreal, Mount St. Mary's College
in Los Angeles, and (Purdy) the University of Toronto and Wells
College. Purdy also serves as bioethicist at several Canadian
hospitals. They have drawn together here an excellent collection
of 13 articles on violence against women under 5 headings: sexual
assault, domestic violence, sexual harassment, pornography and
prostitution, and policies and perspectives on violence.
The articles are succinct, well targeted, and the collection as
a whole can serve either as an entree to this grim subject or
as a solid introductory text.
Susan J. Brison, Dartmouth philosophy, has published extensively
on her subject: "Surviving Sexual Violence: A Philosophical
Perspective." On July 4, 1990, while her husband was at work
on a manuscript and she was out for a leisurely stroll on a village
road near Grenoble, France, she was was grabbed from behind, brutally
assaulted sexually, and left for dead in a dark ravine. For some
time Brison was too embarrassed to tell friends that she had been
raped. This characteristic reluctance explains the fact that while
the FBI reports that a rape officially takes place in the US on
average each six minutes, this figure represents only 1 in 10
that are estimated to occur. She urges that we move beyond philosophic
abstraction in our analysis of violence against women to the specifics
of first person narratives such as her own so that we may properly
empathize with the full effects of violence, which include post
traumatic stress, anger, loss of time and money, and the caution
voiced by one violence counselor: "You will never be the
same. But you can be better."
Rape is an exception among violent crimes in that proof of consent
by the victim can exonerate the perpetrator. Susan Kazan, who
has done post doctoral research in political philosophy at Carlton
University in Ottawa, rejects both purely attitudinal (focused
on the agent's mental state) or performative (the agents' actions
and utterances) accounts of consent in "Sexual Assault and
the Problem of Consent" and proposes rather a composite model
that requires at least: 1) an affirmative expression of a subject's
willingness to participate in sexual relations, 2) more than a
negative attitude towards the act of consent, and 3) a full examination
of the context in which consent was granted. She argues that other
than a mere threat of physical coercion may override consent.
"Rape, Genocide, and Women's Human Rights," by Catherine
MacKinnon, Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law
School, examines the brutal uses of group rape committed against
Muslim women in the "ethnic cleansing" assaults in the
Balkan wars of the early 1990s. She argues that these should be
elevated beyond mere human rights violations to the status of
war crimes.
The second section of the collection directs attention to varieties
of domestic violence. Wanda Teays examines "Standards of
Perfection and Battered Women's Self-Defense." She notes
that women who kill abusive husbands are likely to suffer greater
penalties than men who kill their wives or companions under a
common assumption that women who defend themselves against violence
are somehow deviating from the traditional standards of restrained
behavior assumed for women. "Violence in Bangladesh"
by Roksana Nazneen, who was completing a Ph.D. at Concordia University
and teaching sociology, deals with the abuse of brides in Bangladesh
by in-law families, which induces violence up to and including
murder. She, herself, escaped from such a confining context. Semra
Asefa ("Female Genital Mutilation: Violence in the Name of
Tradition, Religion, and Social Imperative," debunks the
myth that this barbarity is somehow an authentic religious requirement.
She proposes that it be challenged on the basis of universal human
rights health standards.
The two articles in the third section explore emergent understandings
of sexual harassment and medical abuses of women. Debra A. DeBruin,
teaches philosophy at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle
and has served as a consultant in various capacities. In "Identifying
Sexual Harassment: The Reasonable Woman Standard" she argues
that we must move beyond a single standard applying equally to
men and women to identify harassment of women who are much more
are more vulnerable to lasting effects of harassment and likely
to suffer negative consequences of actions that men can lightly
shrug off. She sketches a "reasonable woman" standard
appropriate to this gender difference.
Abby L. Wilkerson, a philosopher, who teaches in the Department
of English at St. Mary's College in Los Angeles points out that
the medical profession too frequently tends to treat physical
symptoms while ignoring the sometimes more harmful psychological
injuries that afflict women. We must learn to treat women as whole
persons and simply not simply pathologize them!
Pornography and prostitution are controversial moral areas which
engage conflicting moral and human rights principles. Edith L.
Pacillo ("Media Liability for Personal Injury Caused by Pornography")
holds degrees in social work and law and was serving as a judicial
law clerk in Idaho at the time of publication of this text. Clelia
Smyth Anderson and Yolanda Estes, were respectively a graduate
student in philosophy at the University of Kentucky and Visiting
Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Colorado
(Boulder) when they jointly authored: "The Myth of the Happy
Hooker: Kantian Moral Reflections on a Phenomenology of Prostitution."
As their titles intimate, the authors would tip the balance in
these domains away from blanket First Amendment safeguards and
towards protection of women endangered and exploited by these
The articles in the concluding section suggest broadened or revised
perspectives on what constitutes violence and appropriate reactions
to it. Arnold R. Eiser, Professor of Medicine and Chief, Section
of General Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,
suggests ("Violence and Transcultural Values") that
analogously to Lawrence Kohlberg's psychological theory of individual
development, cultures, too progress through some six stages of
evolution towards increasing protections of individual rights.
He proposes that despite difference in levels, certain universals
can be defended across cultural lines -- particularly health standards
which would preclude such things as female genital mutilation.
Natalie Dandekar, currently working on a book on international
justice, identifies abuses of women entangled by international
development schemes, "International Development Paradigms
and Violence against Women." And Nadya Burton, who was completing
a Ph.D. in sociology at the University of Toronto, cautions that
women must not fall into the trap of adopting a victim's stance
when coping with violence ("Resistance to Prevention: Reconsidering
Feminist Antiviolence Rhetoric"). As a counselor and educator
in the antirape movement in Ontario, she teaches courses in self-defense
and assault prevention.
This book is no light read, given its subject matters. I plan
to use it for my courses, but with some apprehension regarding
its resonance for at least some of my students, whom I know too
well from experience, have themselves been victims of violence.
© 2001 Edward Kent
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LIBYA: Humanitarian efforts continue despite heavy shelling
TitleLIBYA: Humanitarian efforts continue despite heavy shelling
In the past four days, Misrata has been heavily shelled during fighting between Government and opposition forces. Media report that over 100 missiles have been launched daily. Unconfirmed numbers of civilians have been killed or injured. Local organizations report that casualties include children and the elderly. Human Rights Watch have also confirmed the use of cluster munitions by Qaddafi forces in Misrata.
From 15 to 16 April, three cluster bombs were seen exploding over the city, one 300 metres from the Misrata Hospital in an area populated by civilians. The use of cluster munitions is banned by over 108 countries as part of the Convention on Cluster Munitions. Despite the heavy shelling, humanitarian organizations have been evertheless able to deliver aid and evacuate people from Misrata to safety.
On 14 April, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) delivered over 400 tons of aid by ship, then evacuated 800 people, inculding ten medical emergencies. On 16 April, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) evacuated 135 people — including 71 war wounded — from Misrata to Zarzis, Tunisia. An inter-agency humanitarian needs assessment was carried out in Darna, Tubruq and Benghazi from 7 to 11 April.
Led by OCHA, with representatives from UNICEF, the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the team found that basic goods and services remain available in the short term, indicating that the situation in eastern Libya does not as yet present grave humanitarian consequences. Following the establishment of an office in Benghazi on 9 April, United Nations agencies have initiated cluster meetings with humanitarian partners.
More>> OCHA Situation Report #26


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In the weeks leading up to the Emmys on Aug. 29, PopcornBiz will be sizing up the nominees in the 10 biggest categories. Warning: Using our picks to wager could leave you broke and incarcerated.
Jon Cryer as Alan Harper on "Two And A Half Men"
This is the fifth nomination for the defending champion, but there's just too much fresh talent in the field for him to keep his crown. Odds of winning 12-to-1
Jesse Tyler Ferguson as Mitchell Pritchett on "Modern Family"
Hats off to the casting directing for spotting Ferguson on "The Class," which was clearly beneath his -- and Lizzy Caplan's -- talents. But as good as he is playing buttoned-down Micthcell, the poor man has to do most of his work standing next to Eric Stonestreet. Odds of winning 10-to-1
U.S. & World
Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson on "How I Met Your Mother"
Everybody loves NPH and with good reason, as the man is living proof that an openly gay actor can play a credible hetero horn dog. He's lost this race the last three years in a row, and with the shine wearing off of HIMYM, he's probably missed his window of opportunity. Odds of winning 8-to-1
Chris Colfer as Kurt Hummel on "Glee"
Arguably the most demanding role among the nominees, Hummel maintains a brave face as a gay teen trying to survive the cruel vagaries of high school, and he can sing. The strike against him is that he's not doing a lot of comedy. Odds of winning 4-to-1
Ty Burrell as Phil Dunphy on "Modern Family"
Burrell's work lacks Stonestreet's range -- it's not his fault, it's the character, but Burrell does a fresh and nuanced take on the classic sitcom dad doofus. Odds of winning 7-to-2
Eric Stonestreet as Cameron Tucker on "Modern Family"
Stonestreet's work on this show is a string of bravura performances, as he stops just short of having his character collapse into a caricature. Whether he's fretting over his daughter or talking football with his father-in-law, Stonestreet shows the fearlessness and commitment that are essential to great comedy. Odds of winning 7-to-3


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UNIVERSITY PARK – Turfgrass science. Golf management. Immunology and infectious disease. Medieval studies. Wildlife and fisheries science. Organizational leadership.
There are more than 160 majors and hundreds more minors on the books at Penn State. Each year, as many as 100 students find themselves on an academic road that is a bit more unique.
For those students, there is the Bachelor's degree in philosophy (B.Phil), a little-known program that allows students to "work with a faculty mentor to develop an individually tailored undergraduate major that enables them to pursue academic and artistic discovery unavailable through traditional majors and program concentrations," according to the program's Web site.
"It's really incredible to have completely designed my own education," said Kate Ortbal, who completed a B.Phil and graduated this May with honors through Penn State's Schreyer Honors College.
Brendan Tomoschuk, another Schreyer Scholar who graduated in May, was originally pursuing general science but had a more specialized field in mind. The B.Phil program allowed him to turn his "crazy idea of a major" into a reality.
"I was very interested in pursuing a path in neurolinguistics, but there wasn't a single major that catered to what I wanted to do," Tomoschuk said. "It's hard to know what you're interested in and see that it doesn't fit with one of the majors that Penn State has to offer."
A professor told him about the Bachelor's degree in philosophy, and Tomoschuk's plan began to take off.
"Because I was interested in this, I worked with an adviser to pick out the different classes that would help to build a foundation — psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, physics, math," Tomoschuk said. "Then, I had to write an application and sit down with a couple of advisers in the program and explain why my major was necessary. It was important to express why I couldn't just major in psychology or science — why that wasn't enough."
Tomoschuk wanted to specifically focus on the cognitive science behind language acquisition. While a psychology degree would have allowed him to take courses in cognitive psychology, he would have had to take a variety of other types as well, and would not have had such a focused scope of learning.
For Ortbal, the inspiration for her focus on social entrepreneurship came after traveling to the Global Health and Innovation Conference with Penn State's Global Water Brigades chapter.
"The main goal of social entrepreneurship is to create social value, but there's also an emphasis on profitability and scalability," Ortbal said. "I loved this model and couldn't find a major at Penn State that focused on it, so I knew that if I wanted to be able to do exactly what I wanted, I would have to make my own curriculum."
Mary Beth Spang, a Schreyer Scholar planning to graduate in May of 2015, is pursuing a Bachelor's degree in philosophy in linguistics, in addition to Bachelor of Arts degrees in English and Spanish in the College of the Liberal Arts.
"I'm a passionate student, and it was very difficult to choose just one area of study to focus on in college," Spang said. "The B.Phil program allowed me to follow my passion for linguistics while also satisfying my other academic interests."
According to Richard Stoller, coordinator of academic advising and international programs for the Schreyer Honors College and the honors adviser to students pursuing a B.Phil as their singular degree, many of the B.Phil programs tend to be focused around a few specific concentrations.
"The most common interests for students to pursue with a bachelor of philosophy are linguistics, cognitive sciences or international development, since Penn State doesn't have those majors," Stoller said.
The level of interest in an academic area has even led to the creation of new permanent academic programs.
"Back in the late 1990s, students were using the B.Phil to design majors for neuroscience," Stoller said. "Penn State picked up on this and added a program for it, so it can be helpful in that way too."
Students do not have to be Schreyer Scholars to apply for the program. According to Stoller, of the approximately 500 Schreyer Scholars earning degrees each year, fewer than six graduate with a B.Phil. Of all undergraduates graduating from Penn State in a given year, no more than 10 will have earned the B.Phil degree.
"The B.Phil is something that many students imagine they will do, but few students actually pursue," Stoller said. "Most are not aware of the opportunity. It's not so much a 'create-your-own-major' but more that we want to be supportive of students and what they pursue academically."
B.Phil students must fulfill a requirement of completing a capstone project upon graduation. For Scholars, this is in addition to the honors thesis.
When it comes to interviews or graduate school applications, the B.Phil requires a little bit more explanation than a traditional Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science.
"When I was applying to a graduate school, I had to make it clear that I designed my own program for neurolinguistics so that I could take all of the courses that I wanted to," Tomoschuk said. "It's more about how you explain it and market yourself when you're looking for post-graduate options."
This has also presented a challenge for Spang while working on her honors thesis in her B.Phil in linguistics.
"What I learned is that many professors and staff members don't actually know what a B.Phil is, and that's definitely a challenge when you're trying to work around graduation and honors requirements," Spang said.
For Tomoschuk, everything came together. In April, he rang the Schreyer Honors College's famous gong, a tradition signifying completion of his honors thesis in neurolinguistics. This fall, he will begin a Ph.D. program for psychology and linguistics at the University of California, San Diego.
"I think the biggest challenge for me along the way was that there was a lack of camaraderie," Tomoschuk said. "In most majors you have the same classes with the same people over and over, and I sort of found myself isolated in some classes.
"You don't have people who are complaining about the neuroscience exam and the linguistics exam that are both on the same day. For that to be the biggest annoyance is evident of how worth it the extra work for the B.Phil truly was."
For Ortbal, it was people — namely academic advisers and faculty members — who made the difference in her pursuit of a degree.
"I knew what I wanted to learn," she said. "This gave me an opportunity to meet the people who could make that happen."


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(CNN) — The man behind a famous star has passed away.
Jack Eskridge designed the Dallas Cowboys' team logo after joining the team in 1959, a year before its first season kicked off. His blue star with the white highlight graces every Cowboy's helmet to this day.
Eskridge was 89 when he died near his home at a hospital outside Kansas City this week, the Dallas Cowboys' website reported Friday.
He wasn't from the Lone Star State, though he liked Texas enough to live there twice in his life for a total of 23 years — the first time to work for the Cowboys, the second to teach school, according to his obituary.
He was once a professional basketball — not football — player.
Eskridge played for the Chicago Stags and the Indianapolis Jets before joining the University of Kansas as assistant coach, where he helped recruit basketball superstar Wilt Chamberlain, his obit said.
Iconic Cowboys coach Tom Landry hired him as an equipment manager. When the team needed a logo, Eskridge made one out of the lone star.
It has endured.
Eskridge passed away Monday.
CNN's AnneClaire Stapleton contributed to this report.


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Photo Printers
Epson Stylus Photo R2000
- Fast.
- Low price.
- Impressively high-quality photos and graphics.
- Prints on cut sheets up to 13 by 19 inches.
- Fine art papers available.
- Lack of a rated duty cycle makes it unclear how much you can print per month without shortening the printers' useful life.
Bottom LineThe Epson Stylus Photo R2000 offers speed and output quality suitable for professional photographers and graphic artists at a price suitable for serious amateurs.
The Epson Stylus Photo R2000 ($499.99 direct) is, for the moment at least, the least expensive of Epson's high-end, near-dedicated photo printers, defined as printers that are meant primarily for photos and graphics, even though you could use them for office tasks if you had to. Like other printers in the category, it offers speed, output quality, and features suitable for a professional photographer or graphic artist. In this case, though, the price is low enough to be attractive to serious amateurs as well, a combination that makes it an Editors' Choice.
The R2000 is significantly less expensive than even the two next steps up in Epson's line—the Editors' Choice Epson Stylus Photo R2880 ($799.99 direct, 4.5 stars) and the Editors' Choice Epson Stylus Photo R3000 ($849.99 direct, 4.5 stars). Surprisingly, though, it offers a similar set of key features, starting with paper handling.
The Basics
Like both of its more expensive siblings, the R2000 can print on cut sheets as large as 13 by 19 inches, print at up to 13 by 44 inches using roll paper, and print on printable optical discs. It can also take advantage of the same set of fine art papers that Epson sells for the R2880 and R3000, in addition to more common paper stock, and can even handle media up to 1.3 mm thick using its front-loading paper path.
The R2000 lacks such niceties as the color LCD control panel and the higher capacity ink cartridges you'll find in the R3000. However, like the R3000, it offers Ethernet and WiFi support (Epson recommends using 802.11n connections only), and it lets you install black cartridges for both matte and glossy paper at the same time, so you don't have to switch cartridges when you switch paper. It also offers a PictBridge connector for printing directly from cameras.
One other thing the R2000 shares with the R3000, R2880, and, indeed, any printer that can feed 13- by 19-inch paper, is a big size, so that finding enough space for it can be a challenge. It measures 8.6 by 24.5 by 12.8 inches (HWD) with the paper trays closed or 16.5 by 24.5 by 31.4 inches with the trays fully open. In addition, you need to allow roughly 4 inches of additional clearance in back for feeding paper using the manual front feed. Both the size and setup is typical for this class of inkjet.
Setup and Speed
For my tests, I installed the printer on a system running windows Vista, using the Ethernet port to connect to a network. I timed it on our photo suite, using QualityLogic's hardware and software for timing, at an average 53 seconds for a 4 by 6 and 1 minute 42 seconds for an 8 by 10.
The speeds are almost identical to the times we got for the R2880 and R3000, and faster than we've seen for most other printers in this category. The Canon Pixma Pro9500 Mark II ($849.99 direct, 4 stars), for example, came in at only 2:35 for a 4 by 6 and 4:31 for an 8 by 10. Note that we don't time 13- by 19-inch printing, because manually feeding the paper is a big part of the actual time.
Output Quality and Lifetime
The R2000 uses a different set of inks than the R2880 and R3000. According to Epson, the different ink sets should make the most difference for black and white photos, but there are subtle differences in color output as well, and in my tests they were all in the R2880's and R3000's favor. The good news is that the key word in subtle differences is subtle. Unless you're thoroughly familiar with the way a particular image is supposed to look, or you look at output from both ink sets side by side, you're not likely to notice it even if you have a trained eye.
Because of the ink set, the photo quality for the R2000 is just a touch below the absolute best quality you can find. However, both photo and graphic quality is far better than the vast majority of standard inkjets offer, and still in the same league as the absolute best. Text was also suitably high quality for professional graphics.
The photos also promise to last. As with any printer, the photo lifetime varies depending on paper type. Epson's claimed range for Epson papers is 160 to 300 years for dark storage (as in an album) and from 52 to 80 years for paper exposed to air, depending on which paper you're using.
Other Issues
There are two potential issues for the R2000, but they are typical for this class of printer (I mentioned them for R3000 also). First, Epson doesn't give a rated monthly duty cycle for the printer, which means there's no way to know how much you can print per month without shortening the printer lifetime in terms of the total number of photos it will print. And second, Epson doesn't quote a cost per photo at any given size, so you have no way to judge running costs against the competition.
Clearly, it would be preferable if Epson (and other manufacturers) would provide these numbers. Given that most near dedicated photo printers suffer from the same oversights, however, you can't count these as serious strikes against the printer.
The Epson Stylus Photo R2000 offers a balance of speed, output quality, paper handling, features, and price that make it highly attractive. Most of all, it's unusually affordable for its level of output quality. For the moment at least, there is nothing else in its price class that even comes close to challenging it. And that makes it a clear Editors' Choice.Compare the Epson Stylus Photo R2000 with several other Photo Printers side by side.
More Photo Printer Reviews:
• Lifeprint 3x4.5 Hyperphoto Printer
• Kodak Mini 2 HD Instant Photo Printer
• Lifeprint 2x3 Hyperphoto Printer
• Epson Expression Photo HD XP-15000 Wide-Format Inkjet Printer
• Canon Pixma TS8120 Wireless Inkjet All-in-One
• more


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Dimensions: A = 118 mm, B = 811 mm, C = 74 mm
Medium-strength thread lock. Suitable for all metal thread connections.
Medium strength thread lock - contents, 50 ml.
It is mandatory to carry a first aid kit in many countries (such as Austria, Italy, Portugal and Spain).
The optimum solution for always having the most important tools to hand when on the road.
HeliCoil plus
Spark plug thread repair selection M10x1 / M12x1.25 / M14x1.25.


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29806 Osborn Rd, Bay Village, OH 44140, United States
|Square Footage:
Real Estate for Rocky River, Westlake, Bay Village, Fairview Park, Avon, Avon Lake, West Cleveland
Patterson Team - Your Guides to Real Estate on the West side of Cleveland, Ohio
Patterson Team - Real Estate Professionals, Top RE/MAX Regional Team.
Cleveland and it's western suburbs continue to offer a great quality of living at a reasonable value. Like most areas home sales have cooled down quite a bit. Homes are on the market longer and buyers have many more homes to choose from. This offers tremendous opportunity for first time home buyers, and buyers that are looking to move up. Because this can be a difficult market for those that are trying to sell working with an experienced Realtor becomes even more important.
If you are thinking of buying or selling in any of our great towns or relocating to the Cleveland area please consider The Patterson Team - we offer the best service, experience and communication. We have in depth market knowledge of Rocky River, Westlake, Lakewood, Fairview Park, Bay Village, Avon Lake, Avon and all of Cleveland's western suburbs!
Our website is designed to guide you through every aspect of the Real Estate process. You will find a wide variety of useful information and resources designed to help you buy or sell a home more effectively. From information on the local community, to advice about finding a mortgage or preparing your home to sell, it's all available here on our web site.
You can also search for your ideal home by viewing current listings with detailed descriptions and photos. Or you can get help determining the value of your home by requesting a report that includes the prices of similar homes that recently sold or are currently for sale in our great towns.
So whether you're buying or selling, feel free to contact me and I will be happy to help you with all your real estate needs.


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The Westerwald is a low mountain range known for its gently rolling hills. It lies between the Rhine, Sieg and Lahn rivers and between the cities of Cologne and Frankfurt. Since there are no steep hills, we take the Westerwald Trail at a leisurely pace.
The lyrics of a well-known German song describe the Westerwald mountains as being known for their bitterly cold winds, but our hearts melt on the 235 kilometre hike along the Westerwald Trail. We start in Herborn, Hesse and walk up the Fuchskaute, the highest peak in the Westerwald. We get to see the wild and romantic Holzbachschlucht gorge and the Westerwald Lake District with our own eyes. The spa town of Bad Marienberg and the town of Hachenburg have an impressive range of culinary offerings. We journey through the Kroppach Switzerland conservation area and enjoy the green oasis of the Westerwald Trail. At the Rhine, we reach the 'Limes' which once marked out the Roman boundaries. The Limes Museum in Bad Hönningen brings the history of the Roman Empire to life.
Manuel Andrack, editor, presenter, author and hiking blogger:
"Thirteen monks still practice 'ora et labora' (or 'pray and work') in Marienstatt Abbey. Our hiking group stays in the guest house overnight. In the abbey's brewery, we sample the tasting paddle of all three varieties of beer made here."
At a glance: Westerwald Trail
Starts: Herborn
Ends: Bad Hönningen
Length: 235 km
Number of stages: 16
Altitude variation: lowest point 81 m, highest point 659 m
Terrain: 47% unmade, 14% asphalt, 39% other, e.g. farm tracks
Certified quality hiking trail
Kaksi hyödyllistä näppäinyhdistelmää selaimen tekstikoon muuttamiseksi:
Suurenna: +
Pienennä: +
Lisäohjeita saat selaimen valmistajalta napsauttamalla kuvaketta:


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DE:Buying RPi
Diese Seite ist noch in Bearbeitung
Zurück zum Hub.
Kaufanleitung - für Informationen um den Raspberry Pi zu kaufen.
Vorbereitung der SD-Karte - für Informationen um die SD Karte so einzurichten, dass dein Pi bootet.
Grundeinrichtung - für Hilfe um Zubehör zu kaufen und einzurichten
Erweitertes Setup - für tiefergehende Informationen und Einstellungen
Raspberry Pi hat Premier Farnell und RS Components authorisierte Verkäufer ernannt.
Wenn Sie RPi von anderen Haendlern zum Verkauf angeboten werden (im speziellen eBay), sind diese Haendler im BESTEN Fall reseller oder Betrueger. In beiden Faellen sind die Rpis dort nicht frueher verfuegbar, als bei den obengenannten offiziellen Haendlern. Oder Sie werden wesentlich mehr zahlen, als es wert ist (Wenn sie ueberhaupt etwas bekommen).
Raspberry Pis offizielle Haendler werden im Rahmen ihrer Moeglichkeiten weltweit versenden. Im Weg koennten ihnen dabei z. B. die Importgesetze Ihres Landes stehen. Laender die momentan unter Exportbeschraenkungen des Vereinigten Koenigreichs (und der EU und UN) stehen sind hierbei Nord Korea, Iran, die Elfenbeinkueste, Liberia und Zimbabwe. Eine genaue Liste mit weiteren Details finden sie unter: [1]
Informationen über die Versandkosten sind den Websites der beiden Händler zu entnehmen.
Händler Links
Haendler Links, geordent nach Laendern Um eine Bestellung in Ihrem Teil der Welt aufzugeben. (Hier finden direkte Links zum Produkt und weitere Datails ueber jeden Haendler, etc. Oder schauen sie sich die Weltweiten links weiter unten an.)
Farnell Worldwide
Premier Farnell handelt weltweit auch unter den Namen Farnell, Element14, Newark Electronics, CPC und MCM Electronics.
Partner Seiten von Farnell:
RS Components Worldwide
RS Components handelt weltweit auch unter den Namen Electrocomponents, Allied Electronics und DesignSpark.
- Allied Electronics: 70229569
- CPC Farnell: SC12590
- Farnell, Element 14: 2081185 or 83T1943
- FarnellNewark.br: unbekannt
- Newark: 83T1943
- RS, Electrocomponents: unbekannt
Erste Charge und Vorbestellung
Die erste Lieferung von 10.000 RaspberryPi Boards ist ausverkauft. Vorbestellungen für die nächsten Lieferungen sind möglich.
- The foundation have built an initial run of 10,000 Model-B units.
- Due to extreme demand, the units will be NOT sold directly from the shop (see #Licensed Manufacture below).
- You may buy a Raspberry Pi from Farnell or from RS Components
- A limit of one unit per person - unfortunately this also means no combined shipping for this batch (demand depends how long this will be enforced)*
- Normal unlimited sales should take place quickly after.
* There were reports that several people ordered multiple units at launch, however it appears that Farnell removed any excess items when they reviewed and confirmed the order for shipping dates. This has also appears to apply for the pre-orders they have taken.
Erste Charge FAQ
NOTE: While every attempt has been made to provide accurate information, this FAQ is not official and is based on what information is available at the time of writing.
Post-Launch FAQ by Farnell, see their attached docx file for details.
RS Components:
Post-Launch statement by RS Components
Raspberry Pi, Your Questions Answered by RS Components
Q: Couldn't this have been handled better, I couldn't get on the site to order and they sold too quickly?
Both distributors were indeed unprepared for the volume of traffic the launch generated (they were warned by the foundation before hand).
Chances are if the foundation had gone with their original plan of selling through their own shop, the situation would have been far worse, with no option of pre-order either.
The distributors only have 5,000 units each to sell, reports have estimated the registered interest/pre-orders totalling over 2 million (no official figures available yet). Even if it is half of that, it means the number of available units was less than 1% of the demand.
Q: If interest was obviously so high...why only build 10,000 units?
There is a big risk involved with building a large batch of units and selling them, and 10,000 units would take well over $250,000 in capital investment. For a very small charity, that is a massive ask in itself. Much of that funding came from the Foundation Trustees' own personal investment.
Thankfully, the massive bonus of licensing out manufacture, is that the build rate is no longer limited by the foundation's own funding, which means there will be many more units available much sooner.
Q: I've been unable to register an account with the distributor, as I am not a company?
There have been several reported problems with individuals placing orders (i.e. not having company accounts or details).
Both distributors "should" take orders from individuals, however it appears each of the different localised sites may have different requirements so this will be investigated to ensure that this is corrected if needed.
Often, many of the company related fields on application are optional, if in doubt contact their sales team for help.
Q: Worldwide launch? It was not available here!
The distributors decided to make the units only available from selected locations, it appears the foundation were not made aware of this beforehand.
Considering the small number of available units, it would have been unlikely to have improved the situation.
Worldwide availability will be monitored, it is expected that they will be made available as soon as possible.
Q: The price for the RPi from Farnell verses the price from RS Components is different, why?
RS Components (at least for the UK) do not include shipping costs for non-corporate accounts. Farnell (again for the UK) will ship for free.
Q: I've only been able to register my interest, what now?
Be patient, both distributors have said they will contact people when they have more details (alternatively keep an eye on their sites for news).
RS Components, in particular have only taken people's details, and according to the above press-release will wait until they receive their allocated 5,000 units.
Q: I registered on the Raspberry Pi Site's Mailing List but I didn't get an email
Unfortunately, the mail server had problems with sending out the 100K+ emails in time, it is believed the email was often marked as spam by a lot of email systems so was rejected or returned on-mass, or sent to Junk folders. Yes, this system should have been tested, but the foundation were keen not to send unnecessary emails to people prior to launch.
The email contained the same information about the announcement as was publicly posted on the website (28th Feb 2012) before launch day, no additional or extra information was given through the email.
The foundation has chosen to license manufacture of the RPi, which should provide several advantages including:
- The involvement of RS Components and Premier Farnell means that build volume can be increased much, much faster than would have been possible otherwise. Due to costs and working capital, the foundation would have been limited to batches of only 10k Raspberry Pis; the Raspberry Pi will now be being built to match demand.
- Both Premier Farnell and RS Components have worldwide distribution networks, so wherever you are in the world, you will be able to buy from a local distributor. It's a much better way for you to buy than getting them all shipped from the Foundation in the UK.
- Both RS Components and Premier Farnell will be taking preorders, something which the foundation would otherwise be unable to do.
- The foundation will still receive a percentage from the sale of every RPi sold, which will be put straight back into the charity.
- Primarily, by removing the focus on dealing with manufacture, distribution and sales, this frees up the limited resources of the foundation to focus on the original aims and goals of the project.
Additional detail is available in the video interview between Eben Upton and SlashDot here (28/02/12).
Nachfolgende Informationen sind bis zum Versand unbestätigt:
1. Raspberry Pi Board
2. Schnellstartanleitung (likely to be paper copy of RPi Model-AB Guide)
1. Das Board wird vollständig montiert geliefert, da ein Großteil der Komponenten es nicht erlauben, das Board selbständig zusammen zu setzen. (inkl. BGA[1]package mounted SoC[2] and PoP[3] memory).
2. The board will NOT have GPIO or JTAG header pins (are not supplied, although may be available from the shop later on).
3. The board will NOT have CSI and DSI connectors fitted (needs confirmation).
4. All other connectors will be assembled in place.
Some accessories will be made available from the shop (farnell have several bundles planned):
- USB Power Supply (UK/EU/US Compatible)[4]
- Pre-Prepared System SD-Card (software will be provided to prepare your own) -size is unconfirmed
- Cases (will be available in a few months - i.e. Q2 2012)
- AddOn/Expansion Boards (will be available later on - i.e. GertBoard due soon)
See Typical Hardware You Will Need for details about other items you may require.
Although the foundation is UK based, the guide price of the units are in USD since the RPi components are sourced in USD$.
The price is $25USD (~£16GBP) for model A, and $35USD (~£23GBP) for model B.
Items will be subject to local Tax (i.e. UK will have 20% VAT added) and shipping cost is not included.
Klone und Kopien
The foundation plans to release all the required schematics and plans to reproduce the RPi hardware, so clones and copies will be welcome.
However, since the unit is built around the Broadcom SoC, the interested party will require suitable sized orders to obtain them. The foundation were fortunate enough to be supported in this aspect by Broadcom to enable the project to be feasible.


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E-Gadget Helpdesk
Northeast Regional Library
Do you have a new gadget - iPad, iPod, tablet, smart phone, etc? Come learn how to use it to download books, & magazines, stream music & movies for free from our website. You will need to have an active library card and pin number to make use of this service. Feel free to bring your gadget too. Please make sure your device is fully charged so that we may serve you better.
3rd floor E-Gadget Help Desk assistance will be given on a first come first serve basis from 3-5PM.
Northeast Regional Library
2228 Cottman Avenue (Cottman Ave. & Oakland St.)
Philadelphia, PA 19149-1297
Adult/Teen 215-685-0522/Children's 215-685-0509


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Satisfaction Guaranteed!
This story appears in the April 1998 issue of Entrepreneur. Subscribe »
How many times have you heard or read the phrase "satisfaction guaranteed"? This phrase has been so overused and underdelivered that most of us automatically disregard it when we see it. But what if you took this old-fashioned notion and gave it some teeth? How would that affect your bottom line?
A guarantee is a written assurance that something is of specified quality or that it will perform satisfactorily for a given time period. A money-back guarantee states that if your product doesn't perform properly or you don't deliver satisfactory service, your customer gets a full refund.
Big companies might seem to have an advantage when it comes to guarantees because of their depth of resources. But small businesses can actually make good on their guarantees more effectively because they can act more quickly, customizing their responses and controlling the quality of their products or services.
Leann Anderson is the owner of Anderson Business Resources, a Greeley, Colorado, company specializing in customer service, marketing and business etiquette. E-mail her at email@example.com
At Your Service
The important part of any guarantee is not so much that it serves as a marketing tool but that it represents your philosophy regarding customer service. Sure, an emphatic guarantee can do a lot to promote your product or service, but at the heart of it is your fundamental desire to serve your customers. That's what ultimately builds loyalty and long-term relationships.
With this in mind, your attempts to develop a guarantee should not be overshadowed by trying to figure out how to hedge your bets or make it foolproof. By building in conditions or exclusionary terms, you'll dilute the effectiveness of the guarantee. This may leave your customers with the impression that they were tricked.
Here are a few tips for developing an effective guarantee:
- Review your past performance. If you've had few problems satisfying customers, then you're facing a low risk level--all the more reason to offer a guarantee. You're backing a winner. On the other hand, if you're experiencing a loss of market share or often receive customer complaints or lose sales, fix the problem before you think about a guarantee. Spiff up your business practices and get your systems in order so your guarantee is a symbol of your commitment to serving your customers.
- Make your guarantee direct and sincere. What you guarantee should be spelled out--but not to the point of minutia. When the print gets too small to be read even under an electron microscope, you've gone too far. Your goal to be accurate and specific should not come from a defensive standpoint but from a genuine desire to satisfy your customers. Your guarantee should include those things most important to your customers.
- Make your guarantee easy to implement. Consult your employees before you write your guarantee. This way, you get the benefit of their experience and insight, and you inform them of what will be happening.
- Promote your guarantee. Hang it in a prominent place. Put it in your brochure and on your packaging or invoices. Instruct your employees or salespeople in its fine points, and have them emphasize that your company stands behind its product.
We Guarantee It
While there will always be instances when people abuse your goodwill and service standards by taking advantage of your guarantee, most situations are grounded in misunderstanding or lack of information. You can try to minimize unhappy returns by seeking out the best suppliers or vendors, by hiring the best people, and by taking note of and correcting every complaint or slip-up to keep them from happening again. Exercise as much control as possible over what you offer and how it's delivered so your chances of seeing disgruntled customers or losing sales are decreased--and, in a perfect world, eliminated.


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Personal recollections of the Second World War (or World War II) are of increasing value to historians as the number of witnesses to this period sadly declines.
In the
a unique directory of oral history collections relating to the Second World War.
The stories of child evacuees, survivors of the Holocaust and civilians who experienced the Blitz of British cities are featured in many of these collections. The experiences of men who served in the Army, Royal Navy, RAF and Merchant Navy, and women in the WAAF, WRNS, ATS and Land Army are well represented in collections large and small.
The large oral history collections of the
The majority of collections have websites. Some sites offer the opportunity to download transcripts, listen to MP3s or watch videos of interviews, for example Bolton Remembers the War, Finest Hour Liverpool Blitz Sound Archive and the
The collections can be browsed by subject or by location (split into regions of the
The majority of these recordings can be easily accessed by researchers, often requiring only a few days notice. In many cases, these excellent sources of first hand testimony have not be reproduced in publications before, and can provide fresh insights into this period of history.
Recollections of WWII is an independent, non-profit website, and is run on a voluntary basis. If you have any questions about the site, or would like to suggest a collection for inclusion, please contact me.


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Born in Yaizu, Japan, in 1929.
He held his first exhibition in Yaizu at his age of 28, in 1957.
In 1961, he went to France at age 32 to study the techniques of wood block prints at the print atelier in the Atelier 17 where he worked under Stanley Hayter.
In 1972, he won the Young Contemporary Print Artist Award in The Third Culture International Print Exhibition in Tokyo.
In 1957, he held an exhibition in Tokyo. He later held exhibitions in Paris, Brussels, Strasbourg, Germany, Tokyo, Kobe and Nagoya.
Shoichi Hasegawa, a worldwide famous Japanese print artist and painter, learned the techniques of color etching and aquatint in Paris.
Museums in France and the U.S. discovered a unity of oriental and occidental expression in his collection. Dualism of the orient and occident is expressed symbolically in his art.
He became one of the foremost makers of abstract colour etchings. His works are in many public collections and have been exhibited world-wide. ...(PLease Login to see the complete biography.)
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