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Not news, but just a damn delicious website and preview trailer for Metal Gear Solid 4 for the iPod Touch and iPhone. Konami may not be re-creating our beloved Metal Gear Solid as it has been known for consoles and portables since the Nintendo Family computer, but they are releasing a highly anticipated shooter that sports everyone's favourite snake and some great graphics. For those with fast fingers or addiction to Metal Gear games, this looks to be a portable pleaser. [Check out our review here]
For fans of the iDevice, it is a welcome sign that more and more big gaming companies are taking the platform seriously. Not only have Konami put the effort into coding a unique release for us touch gamers, but they have created an amusing and relevant webpage complete with 'touching'. Kudos to you who navigate Konami's webpage with iTap!
Konami's Metal Gear Solid 4 for iPod Touch and iPhone webpage.

subset: commoncrawl


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Early Life
After discovering Ygraine was unable to have children, Uther asked Nimueh to help them. Nimueh agreed and used magic to allow Ygraine to conceive a child, thus producing a son and heir, Arthur Pendragon. Although Nimueh knew that by using magic to create a life, another life had to be taken in exchange, she claimed that she had not foreseen that it would be Ygraine's life. This was raised to question later when Merlin fought Nimueh and claimed that she was the one who chooses those who have to die in exchange for saving another life. Ygraine died in childbirth and the grief-stricken Uther turned on Nimueh, accusing her of treason and banishing her from Camelot . Consequently, Ygraine's brother Tristan de Bois Tristan blamed Uther for her death and challenged him to a duel. Uther won the duel but, before he died, Tristan swore that he would rise from the dead and avenge Ygraine. Shortly thereafter Uther began the Great Purge, ordering the executions of hundreds of sorcerers regardless of how they used their magic. At the start of the Great Purge, Uther gave Gaius a list of all people suspected of using Magic to be killed when Gaius discovered his beloved Alice on the list, he struck her name off, thus giving her time to escape.
During the Great Purge, Uther ordered many people to be drowned, including children who had inherited magic from their parents. Morgause, who supposingly had her mother Vivienne's powers, was smuggled out of Camelot as a baby by Gaius because he had sworn a solmn oath and gave her to the High Priestesses of the Old Religion on the Isle of the Blessed. Uther was led to believe that Morgause had died shortly after her birth. However, it is unknown to whom Gaius had sworn the oath. It is also unknown wether Uther wanted Morgause dead or if he was just led to believe she had died due to other reasons. Jaden Muirden and her husband suffered the fate of being Uther's victims and were sentenced to be burned at the stake by Uther. Their son Edwin tried to save his parents but only ended up disfigured by the fire. Alvarr's parents ware captured by Uther's forces and were burned at the stake (apparently Alvarr witnessed this happen). He was sentenced to death as well, but shortly before his execution, whether by magic or non-magical means, he escaped and fled from Camelot.
When Gorlois was fighting on the Northern Plains, Vivienne had a brief affair with Uther, resulting in the birth of Morgana Pendragon. She let Gorlois believe that he was the father of her second child. Uther, during the Great Purge, hunted almost all the Blood Guards and killed them. He also took The Crystal of Neahtid from the High Priestesses on the Isle of the Blessed and locked into the vaults of Camelot. At the end of the Purge, Uther also pursued and slaughtered all dragons except for the Great Dragon, Kilgharrah. Uther tricked one Dragonlord, Balinor, to lure Kilgharrah to Camelot under the pretence of wanting to make peace with him, only to capture and imprison him in a cave beneath the castle. Uther then had all the Dragonlords rounded up and killed, though Gaius helped Balinor escape Camelot and flee to Ealdor, where he took refuge with a woman named Hunith. They fell in love, but Uther's relentless persecution forced them apart as Balinor fled Ealdor. Some ten years later, Uther sent Gorlois into battle and promised him reinforcements. He later failed to send them, resulting in Gorlois's death. Uther promised Gorlois that he would look after Morgana and subsequently took her in as his ward. Gorlois's resting place was a grave on a hilltop near the Darkling Woods just outside the citadel of the palace.
Ruler of Camelot
- "I pride myself as a fair and just king, but for the crime of sorcery there is but one sentence I can pass."
- — Uther, before executing Thomas Collins[src]
Despite his often harsh and tyrannical display of temper, Uther was protective of his son and deeply loved him. When he realised that Arthur was going to fight a wraith, a creature that could not be killed by any mortal weapon, Uther decided to sacrifice himself and fight the wraith in Arthur' s stead so that his son would live. He also cared deeply for Morgana, and though he locked her in the dungeons when she defied him, he later apologised to her, admitting he was wrong, and told her that she was like a daughter to him. He also cared for the wellbeing of the people, even those outside his kingdom. He sympathised with Hunith when she asked for his help in protecting Ealdor against raiders, but could not send his knights to help the village as King Cenred would have interpreted any rescue attempt by him as an act of war.
A troll later used magic to cause Uther to become infatuated with her and make her his wife. The enchantment was such that when presented with clear evidence of the troll's plans, he still refused to believe it. Eventually Merlin, Gaius and Arthur faked Arthur's death and Uther's tears broke the spell, causing him to realise that his wife was a troll (Beauty and the Beast).
When Gaius was accused of being a sorceror by the Witchfinder Aredian, Uther refused to believe it until Gaius confessed. He sentenced his old friend to death but was clearly reluctant and upset about the thought of killing Gaius, even though he had told him he was a sorcerer. When Merlin later proved that Gaius was framed by Aredian, whom Uther now believed to be the sorcerer due to Merlin's intervention, he went to apologise to Gaius for the suffering he endured at Aredian's hands. Gaius, however, pointed out that he had not suffered at Aredian's hands but at Uther's since Aredian had been following his orders. Shocked, the King told Gaius that he had been tricked, but Gaius replied that his hatred of magic and obsession with destroying it caused his friends to become foes and his servants to become sorcerers. He then asked for solitude and the King left without further question, clearly shaken by Gaius' words and the thought of the many other innocents he had put to death in his quest to destroy magic.
Morgause and Morgana's RebellionMorgause, he was spared only on the condition that he come to her and accept another challenge. When Uther learnt that Morgause knew something of Ygraine, he refused to allow Arthur to go, fearing what she would tell him. However, with Merlin's help, Arthur managed to break out of Camelot and go to Morgause. Uther later learnt that Morgause was Morgana's half-sister, which Uther wanted kept from Morgana to prevent her loyalties from being divided. Arthur and Merlin reached Morgause who revealed that Ygraine had died in childbirth because Uther had turned to magic to conceive an heir. Arthur was furious and returned to Camelot to confront his father. After a heated confrontation Arthur challenged Uther to fight to the death in the throne room. When Uther refused, Arthur said he would simply kill him where he stood if he didn't defend himself. Uther said Arthur would never do it and was shocked when Arthur proved him wrong by attacking. Uther was forced to fight his son, but was ultimately disarmed and at his mercy. Before Arthur could deal the death blow, Merlin managed to convince him that Morgause had lied to him.
Uther's guards later captured Alvarr, a sorcerer who was plotting against him. Uther tried him and had him condemned to death. Morgana, who had secretly been swayed to Alvarr's side, furiously disowned him and told him he would "go to hell." Morgana then freed Alvarr and Uther suspected her, but had no proof and so merely delivered a stark warning that whoever had done the deed would come to regret it, directing his words at Morgana who remained impassive. Some time later, Morgana was taken from Camelot by Morgause after the latter attempted to destroy the kingdom. Uther was devastated and became determined to find his ward, refusing to stop sending his soldiers to search for her. He remained unaware that Morgana was part of Morgause's conspiracy and that she had been utterly turned against him.
Finding Morgana
- "Morgana, you mean more to me than you will ever know."
- — Uther to Morgana
Uther vowed to find Morgana and spent almost a year, sending soldiers to look for her, refusing to give up no matter how many knights were lost. He declared he would never give up searching despite being told by Gaius that, after an entire year, he should call off the search and accept that Morgana was gone. However, she was eventually found one day alone in the woods by Merlin, Arthur and his men and returned to Camelot. After Morgana recovered, she went to see Uther. The King was overjoyed. Morgana thanked him for taking care of her as if she was his own daughter and apologised for her previous attitude towards him. However, Morgana was in fact lying to maintain Uther's favour and allow herself to carry out her plans to kill him since during her year away from Camelot she had been fully corrupted by Morgause.
Cenred's Invasion
Morgana later met with Morgause and gave her a handkerchief that contained his tears, which they used, along with a mandrake root, to prepare a spell that would cause Uther to lose his mind by bringing his worst fears to life. Morgana later placed the mandrake root under Uther's bed and activated the spell, and Uther soon experienced a hallucination of his late wife, Ygraine, calling to him from inside a well. Uther, terrified, was deemed unwell and taken to his rooms, leading to rumours about his health and leaving Camelot vulnerable.Cenred was notified of Uther's condition and that Camelot was in a weak position. Cenred remained unsure, stating that even with Uther incapacitated, an assault on Camelot was not to be taken lightly. Eventually, he was convinced to undertake the attack. Arthur and Sir Leon then alerted Uther to the fact that mercenaries were flooding into Cenred's kingdom; they feared he was raising an army. Uther then had another hallucination, this time of a young victim of the Great Purge, which no one else could see. He shouted at the boy to leave, leading to concerns that he was losing his mind. Uther was again taken to his chambers.
As Cenred's army entered Camelot in their thousands, Gaius and Merlin went to Uther's rooms, not knowing that Morgana was there before them and had used the enchantment to worsen the curse. When Gaius and Merlin entered, they found him hunched in a corner, crying and tormented by the ghosts of his past. Merlin eventually realised what had been done to Uther and removed the mandrake root from under the bed, burning it and immediately breaking the enchantment. Uther therefore immediately regained his sanity. After leaving Uther to sleep and recover from his ordeal, Merlin insisted they tell Uther that Morgana had been responsible, but Gaius replied that Uther would never believe their word against his beloved ward.
When Cenred's forces arrived, Uther, despite being in less than peak physical condition, threw himself into the battle but was struck in the leg by a crossbow bolt. Camelot's army was then attacked from behind by an undead skeleton army summoned by Morgana using the Rowan Staff but Merlin managed to thwart her and destroy the army. In the battle's aftermath, Morgana told Uther and Arthur that it was she who destroyed the staff and stopped the skeletons. At a ceremony to recognise her bravery and that of all those who fought and died in the battle, Uther again asserted vigilance in Camelot against magic (The Tears of Uther Pendragon).
A Goblin in CamelotGoblin was set released by Merlin, it possessed Gaius and played cruel tricks on Uther, first causing him to become bald. The goblin then 'remedied' the baldness it had caused by slapping the King's head, much to his chagrin, claiming it would stimulate hair growth. Arthur then informed Uther of vandalism in the castle, at which point the entire court began to suffer flatulence. Later, the goblin, posing as Gaius, accused Merlin of being a sorcerer with a spellbook as evidence. Uther therefore sentenced him to death, leaving Merlin frantic to prove that Gaius had in fact been possessed by a goblin. Eventually, Merlin was able to force the goblin out of Gaius and so Gaius informed Uther of Merlin's innocence. Uther pardoned Merlin and ordered that the goblin's lead-sealed box be sealed in the vaults to prevent further mishaps. Uther did not discover who had released the creature in the first place (Goblin's Gold).
Revelation of Morgana's Heritage
Morgana's Machinations
Morgana later had visions of a future where Gwen was crowned Queen of Camelot. Seeing this as a threat to her and Morgause's plans, Morgana revealed to Uther that Arthur and Gwen were courting. Uther, thinking that Arthur was merely having a fling, told his son to break off his relationship with Gwen. Arthur, however, insisted that he truly loved Gwen. Upon realising this, Uther banished Gwen from the kingdom. Morgana later learnt that Arthur planned on leaving Camelot with Gwen only to return once Uther was dead so he and Gwen could reign.
Morgana, determined to stop Gwen from becoming queen, suggested to Uther, who could not understand why Arthur was in love with a serving girl, that Arthur was under an enchantment, planting false evidence in Arthur's room to prove it. Uther therefore sentenced Gwen to death and refused to heed Arthur's angry objections. However, Merlin managed to once again stop Morgana's plans using an aging spell to disguise himself as Dragoon the Great. Under this guise he declared that he had enchanted both Arthur and Gwen to fall in love in a plot to bring shame upon Camelot. This successfully convinced Uther of Gwen's innocence and he therefore released her.
Fall of a Tyrant
Uther eventually sent Arthur to retrieve the Cup of Life from the Druids in King Cenred's kingdom. However, Morgana overheard him and informed Morgause. Arthur and Merlin therefore failed in their mission and Morgause created an army of immortal soldiers from Cenred's army. Morgause, after killing Cenred, launched a full invasion of Camelot. When Leon returned and reported that the soldiers in Morgause's army could not be killed, Uther realised that Arthur had failed in his quest. Uther asked Gaius how Cenred could have known about the Cup, to which Gaius replied that the only explanation was the presence of a traitor in Camelot.
Morgause's army overwhelmed Camelot's defences and captured the city. Those who were not killed in the battle were imprisoned, including Uther. He was later dragged into the throne room where Morgause removed his crown, leading Uther to furiously declare that Morgause had no right to the throne, only for Morgana to reveal herself and remark that she did. Uther was both horrified and devastated to learn that the traitor Gaius spoke of was his own daughter and was forced to watch as Morgana was crowned Queen of Camelot.
Uther was then chained in a dungeon cell with a window to view the courtyard. About a week after Morgana's coronation, Uther watched as she had her soldiers slaughter a crowd of innocent bystanders in an attempt to get the remaining knights of Camelot to swear loyalty to her. He was later visited by Morgana who mockingly called him "Father". Uther told Morgana that the people she had just killed were innocent but Morgana retorted by saying that he had been equally cruel and unjust when he was ruling the kingdom. Uther then said that if Morgana wanted to kill someone than it ought to be him. Morgana replied that she intended to execute him, but only after she was satisfied that he has had endured the same amount of pain he had inflicted upon his victims, especially those with magic. As she left, a broken Uther asked his daughter if she truly hated him so much as to torture him as she was and was further devastated when Morgana coldly stated that he could never know how much she hated him.
Uther was later freed by Arthur but was so broken by his daughter's betrayal that he did not try to defend himself from Morgause's army of immortal soldiers. He only survived due to the protection of Arthur, Elyan, Gwaine, Percival, Lancelot, Leon and the other surviving Knights of Camelot. Uther's mental state was so damaged that he did not recover from the ordeal and was subsequently unable to rule the kingdom as he had done, leaving his son Arthur to take over as regent.
A Broken ManThe Darkest Hour).
Deathattacker was about to kill him however, Uther awoke upon realising the danger his son was in. He leapt to Arthur's defence and attacked the assassin with his sword. The two duelled, and still unwell Uther was knocked off balance and fell to the floor. Uther however, driven by the urge to save his son, continued the fight and ultimately disarmed the attacker and won. However just before he delivered the killing blow, the attacker pulled out a knife and stabbed him, at the same time as Uther killed the attacker. Uther told Arthur that his time had come, and he hoped he had been a good father, as he had always put being king first, but he loved Arthur. Fatally wounded, Arthur decided to use magic to heal him, and Merlin seeing a chance to convince Arthur that not all magic is evil, helped while disguised as an elderly sorcerer. However Morgana hearing of this plot, enchanted a necklace that would cause Merlin's healing spell to backfire and magnify the effect of the spell tenfold. Merlin performed the spell for Uther and he awoke for a second, and in happiness saw his son, only to die moments later. Arthur spent the next night mourning over his passing, saddened at his loss of both his parents to magic. After Uther's death, Arthur was crowned King of Camelot.
- "It is not Uther's job to be liked."
- — Gaius
However, when it came to any form of magic, Uther was very much a tyrant. Before Uther came to the land, it was corrupted and endangered by evil sorcerers and their use of dark magic, as was stated by Gaius. However, Uther was friends with the powerful witch Nimueh whom he had trusted. Ygraine's death most likely finally convinced him of the uncontrollable danger of magic, and his grief permanently corrupted Uther's view of magic and led him to pursue a bloody and cruel pogrom against all types of magic, completely disregarding how the magic was used. Arthur commented that Uther would "stop listening" whenever magic was mentioned, such was his blind and prejudiced fixation on eradicating it. Uther showed poor judgement on various occasions regarding magic, selectively accusing and refusing to accuse people of sorcery but only sometimes wrongly identifying magic-users. Uther was swayed by personal bias regarding magic and through this showed an element of hypocrisy, condemning strangers such as Mary Collins' son and servants such as Merlin and Gwen to death while refusing to believe influential people including Valiant, Aredian or Gaius were using magic. Additionally, despite his vicious persecution of all magic forms, Uther hypocritically asked that Gaius use magic to save Morgana's life, such was his desire to protect his own interests, but he also faced his biggest fear, magic, at the same time in order to save the ones he loved the most.
Uther's harsh behaviour possibly represented the extensive guilt he suffered from the manner of Ygraine's death, which had been caused by his need for an heir, probably not caring that there would be grave consequences. At the same time, the death of his wife, caused by his trusted friend Nimueh, probably strengthened his opinion about magic corrupting and the unforseen dangers that arouse from using it. He always refused to talk about Ygraine, which showed that he could not get over her death and probably couldn't bare to be reminded of her at all. Uther was evidently plagued by his past sins, as shown by the hallucinations he endured through the mandrake root enchantment, and displayed a worsening level of psychological damage as he grew older, eventually culminating in his full mental breakdown after Morgana's betrayal. Yet until that point Uther was stubborn and determined to carry on his duties as a king and military leader, despite the physical risk to his person. He was prepared to fight the wraith Tristan de Bois in Arthur's stead and went into battle when Cenred invaded, sustaining an injury in the process. It was only under extreme psychological torment and emotional suffering that he began to lose his capabilities as a leader, and even in a state of severe depression he produced a final act of courage in saving his son from an assassin, becoming fatally wounded in doing so.
Uther, as a proud man, was very concerned about his public image as a king and was fixated on the idea of presenting himself as the 'perfect' king: strong, decisive, just and virile. He also thought that showing any kind of weakness would be a danger for the kingdom since Camelot's enemies would take advantage of it. This might have been one of the reasons why he kept Morgana's true paternity a secret for all her life, only revealing it under intense emotional upheaval, additionally to assumed other reasons. He was also unwilling to change his mind once a decision had been made, though on some occasions he did accept the wrongness of his actions and apologised for choosing poorly such as after killing Gwen's father and allowing Aredian to harm Gaius. Uther did not tolerate insolence, however, and frequently rebuked Arthur for shows of defiance. He demanded a lot from his son, insisting that he fit the mould for his idea of a good King of Camelot. Yet despite this, Uther evidently had a great deal of affection for Arthur and considered him the most important thing he had, on several occasions putting his own life at stake to save Arthur's.
Despite his heavy-handed and greatly misguided policy towards magic, Uther genuinely cared about Camelot and sought to be a good ruler. He had sympathy for Hunith when Ealdor was raided, but not enough to send aid to the innocent people who were hurt, although this was only because he didn't want to risk provoking a war with Cenred. In spite of Uther's phobia of magic and his tyrannical persecution, above all he desired to protect his family and always acted as he saw best, though this was not usually a just or effective policy. Uther was also the one who had brought peace and stability to the land, moreover prosperity so that its citizens didn't have to suffer from poverty.
- "I know I've not been a...a good father. I put my duty to Camelot first. I'm sorry."
- — Uther to Arthur[src]
- "You show Arthur the most extraordinary loyalty. It's beyond the line of duty."
- — Uther to Merlin[src]
MorganaMorgana. While he did care for her, he probably was still too proud to tell her he was her father. However, it is also possible that he had other reasons for not revealing that she was his daughter. His constant executions of people who used magic often put him at odds with her. He probably was also either unaware that she was a witch or he simply ignored it. After Morgana was found hiding a Druid boy he was trying to locate, Uther told her that he would not hesitate to break the promise he had made to Gorlois if she ever betrayed him again. On the occasion he executed Gwen's father for supposedly conspiring with a warlock and had her chained in the dungeons for speaking out against him, Morgana conspired to have him killed, though she changed her mind at the last minute when she realized that Uther honestly regretted his actions. From that moment on, Uther kept his promise and softened towards Morgana. However, Morgana eventually sided with Camelot's enemies and no longer saw Uther as her family. Uther had no idea that Morgana sided with her half sister. It remains unknown wether he knew of Morgana's magic or, at least, suspected her or not. If Morgana inherited her powers from her mother Vivienne, it is possible that Uther had an idea of Morgana's magical powers but chose to ignore them.
After Morgana was "kidnapped" by Morgause, Uther became obsessed with finding her, to the point that he nearly destroyed his army by sending them on repeated searches. It was eventually revealed that he was Morgana's true father after Morgana was badly wounded from falling down a flight of stairs. Despite the difficulties of their relationship and the fact that Morgana secretly hated him, Uther loved his daughter very much, though Morgana was either unaware, or simply ungrateful, of how much he cared about her as she attempted to kill him in his sleep. Morgana was enraged that Uther had never told her the truth about her heritage and thought that he cared more about his own reputation than he did about her. In fact, Uther loved Morgana so much that he was even hypocritically willing to use magic in order to save her.
Uther discovered Morgana's treachery when Morgause successfully conquered his kingdom. When Morgause took his crown from him, Morgana revealed that she was working with her half-sister to dethrone him so she could become Queen and told him that she hated him beyond understanding. Morgana than proceeded to torture him by forcing him to witness her slaughter innocent people, saying she was merely mirroring his own actions and that she was going to execute him once she was done torturing him. Uther was so devastated by Morgana's betrayal that when Arthur rescued him from the dungeons he didn't even attempt to defend himself from Morgause's army and only survived because Arthur and his allies were protecting him.A year later, Morgana's betrayal had broken Uther to the point that he was weakened, mentally and physically, and still unable to rule Camelot. It was only until Arthur's birthday when he showed signs of recovering from her betrayal. He later protected Arthur from an assasin, becoming mortally wounded in the process. When Morgana learnt that Uther was mortally wounded, she rejoiced and hoped that her face would haunt him in his final moments. She also willingly caused her father's death when she was informed that Arthur was using magic to save Uther. She enchanted a necklace that would reverse any healing spell and worsen the ailment tenfold. Despite causing Uther's death, she was unsatisfied and said that there would only be a celebration when she seized control of Camelot. Despite her hatred for her father, she was clearly shaken when he died and commented that she had felt his pain and sensed his death.
- "You would believe a sorcerer's lies over the word of your own father? I can only think that Morgause has enchanted you."
- — Uther to Arthur
Morgause was smuggled out Camelot by Gaius and given to the priestesses of the Old Religion, probably for her safety. Uther was told that the girl had died and Gaius was sworn to secrecy. When Uther was told the truth after Morgause's reappearance, he was rightly afraid that the enchantress knew the truth about Arthur's birth. Uther also guessed correctly that Morgause would attempt to turn Morgana against her brother Arthur. He hated Morgause for taking Morgana away and later blamed her for poisoning his beloved daughter against him. It is unknown why Morgause was smuggled out of Camelot after her birth and why Uther was led to believe that she had died. It is also unknown who Morgause's parents were. While Gaius called her Morgana's half-sister before he knew about Uther being Morgana's real father, it was possible that they were related through Gorlois. Since Uther admitted that Morgana was his daughter and Morgause and Morgana kept calling each other "sister", chances are that they share the same mother, Vivienne. The identity of Morgause's father has never been revealed.
- "Once again, you saved my life. You've always served me well. And I know there are things that I've asked you to do, which you found difficult. I was not right to betray you. I'm sorry. From now on I will remember that, in the fight against magic, you are the one person I can trust."
- — Uther to Gaius[src]
- " I loved your mother. There isn't a day passes that I don't wish that she were still alive. I could never have done anything to hurt her."
- — Uther on Ygraine
Uther loved his queen greatly and was devastated when she died giving birth to Arthur. Nimueh warned Uther that there would be grave consequences, but he ignored her, not knowing that Ygraine would die in the process. Then, he began persecuting the thing that he blamed for her death, magic. Twenty years after her death he still mourned her loss, saying to Nimueh that Ygraine was his heart and soul, which showed that he fully emotionally depended on her. It is likely that Ygraine was also very much in love with him.
Uther truly did love Ygraine but he had a brief relationship with Vivienne, the wife of Gorlois, while Gorlois was away fighting a battle. This one time adultery resulted in the birth of his daughter Morgana. It is possible that the relationship with Vivienne happened before Uther was married to Ygraine, since Morgana is older than Arthur.
Interestingly, when Morgause summoned Ygraine's spirit to speak with Arthur, she vehemently claimed that Uther betrayed her by knowingly sacrificing her so Arthur could be born through magic. It remains unknown wether Ygraine's spirit was real or just an illusion created by Morgause to turn Arthur against his father. Uther didn't know that Ygraine would die in exchange for Arthur's life, so it is very unlikely that Ygraine really thought that Uther sacrificed her. However, in case it was really Ygraine's spirit and not just a trick or an illusion created by Morgause, she may have misinterpreted Uther's exact role in her death and overestimated his knowledge of the consequences his actions would have. Moreover, Uther's hatred of magic would not make sense if he had seen her death coming and willingly sacrificed his beloved wife, on whom, obviously, his whole personality was based. Ygraine's death left Uther a broken man.
Uther had a brief relationship with Vivienne, the wife of Gorlois, while Gorlois was fighting in a war, assumingly before his marriage with Ygraine. He told Gaius that Vivienne grew lonely. This resulted in the birth of Morgana. Uther did not reveal Morgana's true heritage until many years later, probably to save the reputations of Vivienne, Gorlois and himself. This affair would prove to ultimately be Uther's undoing since Morgana, the product of his crime, destroyed him. Little is known about Vivienne, wether she is still alive, nor if she had magical powers from who perhaps Morgana and Morgause inherited their powers.
Uther claimed that Morgana's [step-]father, Gorlois, was the greatest man he'd ever known. Uther said that Gorlois was extremely dedicated to defending his kingdom, Camelot, and unafraid to question his judgement, a trait that he had passed on to his [step-]daughter Morgana. When Gorlois died, Uther promised to take care of Morgana. However, he once threatened to break this promise. Considering Morgana was actually his daughter and not Gorlois', he was almost certainly bluffing. Uther once secretly betrayed Gorlois: while Gorlois was away from Camelot, fighting during the war against Magic, his wife grew lonely and turned to Uther. This affair resulted in the birth of Morgana. Whether Gorlois ever discovered his wife's unfaithfulness and her relationship with Uther is unknown, however Morgana viewed him as her father until he died in battle when she was ten.
- "I have watched so many people I love die at your hands, Uther Pendragon. Now it is your turn. "
- — Nimueh to Arthur
Before the Great Purge, Uther was friends with Nimueh and welcomed her into his kingdom. He asked her to use magic to allow his wife, Ygraine, to concieve a child resulting in the birth of Arthur. However, after Ygraine died, Uther thought that Nimueh had betrayed him, though Nimueh actually claimed that she hadn't intended for Ygraine to die and they had a heated dispute about this. Later, when Merlin fought and ulimately killed Nimueh, he doubted that it was the Old Religion that randomly chose a life in exchange for another but that it was Nimueh herself. Also Gaius told Nimueh when he confronted her that this time the price should be a fair one, when referring to the death of Ygraine. Nimueh was furious with Uther for killing so many people she cared about and became Uther's most dangerous enemy until her death at the hands of Merlin. However, it is implied that Nimueh did indeed chose Ygraine to die, since she was able to take Gaius' life in exchange for Merlin. Despite this, Nimueh refused to take responsibility for the hunt on magic and blamed Uther for the loss of so many of her kind. It is unknown if she chose Ygraine to make everything happen exactly the way it did and to fulfill a greater plan since some members of the Old Religion could foresee the future. The entire Nimueh-Uther situation is still open to debate and speculations.
AbilitiesBefore becoming a king, Uther was a knight and a powerful warrior. He was a skilled swordsman and this was proven when he managed to slay Tristan de Bois' wraith using the sword Excalibur. However Arthur teased that Uther needed to improve on his footwork, saying that it had always been his weakness. Uther was also unable to defeat Arthur when he attempted to kill him though it should be noted that Arthur had the advantage of being younger and fitter and he was fuelled by rage over the death of his mother. Uther also fought during the siege of Camelot despite being weakened by a mandrake root placed by Morgana. However he did receive a wound and was taken to the infirmary.
Uther was also able to easily defeat all his opponents in a tournament, with the exception of Arthur (who allowed Uther to win) and Gilli (who was using magic) (Sorcerer's Shadow). However, Uther lost all his abilities after being broken by Morgana, as shown when he was unable to defend himself from the immortal army before Arthur rescued him. Just before his fatal wounding, upon seeing his son was in danger, Uther was able to regain some of his lost skills, and take on The Gleeman in sword combat. Although he won his footwork weakness was once again displayed in this duel as he lost his balance a few times. Just before he killed the Gleeman he was fatally wounded by his knife.
Near-Death Experiences
- Series 1
- A Remedy to Cure All Ills: When Edwin Muirden used magic to nearly kill him with Elanthia Beetles.
- Excalibur: When he fought an undead Wraith to the death.
- To Kill the King: When Tauren and Morgana worked together to make an attempt on his life.
- Series 2
- Beauty and the Beast: Part Two: When he saw the Troll for who she really is, the Troll Catrina tried to kill him.
- The Sins of the Father: When Arthur learnt the truth of his birth, it was his instinct to fight and defeat his father.
- The Fires of Idirsholas: When Morgana's presence in Camelot nearly killed of the entire kingdom.
- Series 3
- The Tears of Uther Pendragon: Part Two: During the Great Battle for Camelot, he was nearly killed by Cenred's army.
- The Crystal Cave: After Morgana learnt about her true parentage, she attempted to kill Uther in his sleep.
- Love in the Time of Dragons: When the Manticore made Alice poison Uther.
- The Sorcerer's Shadow: When Gilli nearly killed him in a duel.
- The Coming of Arthur: Part Two: He was nearly killed by Morgana's army during Arthur's Rebellion of Camelot.
- "My father was a great King but I don't have his wisdom or his conviction"
- — Arthur to Merlin on Uther[src]
- Uther is shown to fight with his left hand in the episode The Sorcerer's Shadow.
- Before his son Arthur, Uther wielded the sword Excalibur, unaware that the it was crafted specifically for Arthur and him alone.
- In the legend, Uther was long dead when Arthur met and later married Guinevere (who before her marriage to Arthur is a princess) while in the show, he is alive when he discovers (through Morgana's meddling) his son's secret relationship with Gwen (who is a servant in the show). It is known that if Uther was still alive when Arthur married Gwen that Uther would have done anything to prevent the marriage from taking place and this would have also prevented Gwen from becoming Arthur's Queen.
- It was confirmed at Comic Con 2012 in San Diego that Uther will return in someway in order to comfort Arthur when he needs him in Series 5.
- He will appear in the third episode of series 5 and will have a long overdue conversation with Merlin, regarding Arthur.
Memorable Quotes
- "Beautiful, charming, witty. Strategic." - describing Elena
- "When I came to this land, this kingdom was mired in chaos, but with the people's help magic was driven from the realm. So I declare a festival to celebrate twenty years since the Great Dragon was captured and Camelot freed from the evil of sorcery. Let the celebrations begin." - to the people of Camelot
- "He's young, foolish and in love. Give it a week and he'll be chasing after the next girl that catches his eye." - Uther on Arthur
- "Could somebody tell me what happened? Someone with a brain." - excluding Merlin
- "Do you really hate me so much?" - to Morgana
- "This boy won't be the last to die on your behalf. You're going to be King. It's something you'll have to get used to." - to Arthur
- "I should have guessed. Really, Arthur, you should know better than to bet against Morgana." - to Arthur
- "I see the way he cares for you. You feel your child's every joy, and their pain. You watch their failings and you see your own. All you want is for their happiness, for them to escape the sufferings of life. Wh--why has this happened? I woul-- I would do anything. Anything..." - to Merlin
- "I know you will make me proud, as you always have. You will be a great King..." - to Arthur
- "I know I've not been a...a good father. I put my duty to Camelot first. I'm sorry. But know this one thing. I always loved you..." - to Arthur
In the Legend
Uther Pendragon was the youngest son of Constantine and a brother of Aurelianus. As a one of the two younger brothers of the murdered King Constans, Uther apparently fled at a young age to the Royal Court of his cousin, King Budic I of Brittany where he was raised. As a young man, Uther returned to Britain with his elder brother, Ambrosius, and together they fought for their ancestral rights, eventually defeating the usurping Vortigern and placing Ambrosius on the throne.Throughout Ambrosius' reign, Uther was his brother's staunchest ally. He commanded the King's forces in Ireland when, with Merlin, he acquired the "Giant's Ring" as a memorial to the dead of the "Night of the Long Knives". Later, it was Uther who was victorious over the rebellious King Pasgen of Buellt & Gwerthrynion at St. Davids.
Uther took the crown under the title of "Uther Pendragon" after a dragon-shaped comet appeared in the sky at the time of his brother's death. Most of his reign was taken up with campaigning against Saxon and Irish invaders in the North of Britain, where he held court at Pendragon Castle in Westmorland. He was, at first unsuccessful against the Angles of Bernicia. Osla, allied with the Jutish Octa, defeated Uther's armies at York. However, he soon turned the tables at the ensuing Battle of Mount Damen. Uther later travelled even further north to help the Kings of Strathclyde pacify the Scots.
It is at this point that the most famous episode in Uther's life is related. Returning to London, he met Igraine (spelt "Ygraine" in Merlin), the beautiful wife of Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall, and fell instantly in love with her. Determined to see her again he invited the Duke to return to the Royal Court, but Gorlois could see what was going on and flatly refused. The two quarrelled and Gorlois and his wife fled to Cornwall. Uther invaded the Duke's lands, but still impatient to be with his new love, he persuaded Merlin to use his powers to magic him into Igraine's bed. Thus, while Gorlois was being killed at nearby St. Dennis, Uther was transformed into his likeness. He walked straight into the lion's den at Tintagel Catsle and seduced the lovely Duchess. The price for this deception was that Uther's son, the future King Arthur who was conceived on that night, had to be given to Merlin to be brought up as he saw fit.
In old age, the sick and aging Uther was drawn into a renewed war with the Northern Angles. When his commander, King Lot of Lothian was unsuccessful, the King was carried to St. Albans to besiege the Anglian Princes himself. He won through, but the Germans poisoned the water supply and Uther, along with many of his men, died in the days that followed.
|Pendragon Family
Uther Pendragon † • Ygraine Pendragon (née de Bois) † •
|Kingdom of Camelot
| Queen: Guinevere Pendragon
Court Physician: Gaius
Keeper of the Royal Library: Geoffrey of Monmouth
Knights: Sir Leon • Sir Percival • Sir Brennis • Sir Cador • Sir Geraint
Other Allies: Merlin • Annis • Odin • Rodor • Mithian • Godwyn • Bayard • Elena • Alined • The Diamair • Vivian • Olaf
Former Allies: Morgana Pendragon † • Nimueh † • Cedric † ? • Cornelius Sigan † • Tristan de Bois † • Lady Catrina † • Edwin Muirden † • Uther Pendragon † • Agravaine de Bois †• Sefa• Mordred †


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Guest poem submitted by Tamsin Bacchus:
(Poem #1877) Oxford Canal
When you have wearied of the valiant spires of this County Town, Of its wide white streets and glistening museums, and black monastic walls, Of its red motors and lumbering trams, and self-sufficient people, I will take you walking with me to a place you have not seen - Half town and half country - the land of the Canal. It is dearer to me than the antique town: I love it more than the rounded hills: Straightest, sublimest of rivers is the long Canal. I have observed great storms and trembled: I have wept for fear of the dark. But nothing makes me so afraid as the clear water of this idle canal on a summer's noon. Do you see the great telephone poles down in the water, how every wire is distinct? If a body fell into the canal it would rest entangled in those wires for ever, between earth and air. For the water is as deep as the stars are high. One day I was thinking how if a man fell from that lofty pole He would rush through the water toward me till his image was scattered by his splash, When suddenly a train rushed by: the brazen dome of the engine flashed: the long white carriages roared; The sun veiled himself for a moment, and the signals loomed in fog; A savage woman screamed at me from a barge: little children began to cry; The untidy landscape rose to life; a sawmill started; A cart rattled down to the wharf, and workmen clanged over the iron footbridge; A beautiful old man nodded from the first story window of a square red house, And a pretty girl came out to hang up clothes in a small delightful garden. O strange motion in the suburb of a county town: slow regular movement of the dance of death! Men and not phantoms are these that move in light. Forgotten they live, and forgotten die.
This poem always comes to mind when I look at still water. It's well ahead of its time (the very beginning of the 20th century) stylistically, and so was left out of the Victorian/Edwardian anthologies. Later anthologists do not seem to look beyond Flecker's few well-known poems. But a school friend and I used to walk along the canal on Sundays out from boarding school and so I have loved the poem from the moment I first read it. Revisiting it now, I have noticed the "black monastic walls" that obviously pre-date the massive clean up of the college buildings after centuries of grime. I also hadn't previously appreciated the description of a steam train rushing by -- only something I have recently experienced waiting for a change of train in Swindon when a steam special roared through. The preserved lines that chug through the British countryside do their best but they are mopeds to a Harley Davison when you see, feel and smell the real thing! Tamsin.


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When President Barack Obama sits down at Facebook's Palo Alto headquarters Wednesday he will be the first sitting president to visit "the Social Network."
The factoid is not surprising considering Facebook is only seven years old and the last president was not a big fan of visiting the west coast when he was in office -- even though he did visit Facebook once he became a former president.
Mr. Obama is no stranger to Facebook and the Silicon Valley.
The president visited the Bay Area in February specifically to meet with the valley's tech elite, including Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and Apple CEO Steve Jobs.
Mr. Obama has also been an active user of Facebook since his first run at the White House. His use of social media was considered a game-changer for fundraising, where the president was able to raise more than $500 million in online donations.
Facebook will livestream the president's townhall address from Palo Alto at 1:45 p.m. Wednesday. We are livestreaming the event right here as well.
NBC Bay Area Tech Reporter Scott McGrew will be at Facebook live-tweeting the townhall.


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People ask me what kind of processing I used to get the picture I've placed on the home page of this blog.
Well, believe it or not, none!
In fact, it's a picture taken with my last century's digital camera, a Konica Q-M100… Low resolution and low speed (when I pressed the button, there were no cars). But I really like the result.
The picture was taken at a traffic light on South Lasalle Street in Chicago in October 2002 with the Chicago Board of Trade Building in background.


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Feedlots of the sea.
A more historic coming-together occurs that morning when chiefs of the Heiltsuk and Nuxalk nations meet on the waterfront of Ocean Falls, a mostly abandoned village about 30 miles up a roadless fjord from Bella Bella. Putting aside their historic quarrels, the chiefs lead a small flotilla of fishing boats into Ocean Falls to protest the construction of an Atlantic salmon hatchery there by Pan Fish of Norway, the world's second largest aquaculture company. If finished, the facility will pump out 10 million young Atlantic salmon a year to supply farms proposed for much of British Columbia's remote central coast. The coastal tribes have found common cause in vowing to keep salmon farms out of their overlapping territories.
"We have things in common that we have to fight for. We are struggling to save a way of life," Heiltsuk chief Edwin Newman tells the crowd of 150 protesters at the hatchery construction site. Alongside other chiefs dressed in their full regalia of button-blanket cloaks and carved cedar masks, Newman declares, "We do not want fish farms on the central coast."
Global Domination
Aquaculture--the raising of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic species--may be the fastest-growing sector of the world's food economy. While the catch of wild fish from the world's seas has been static or dropping grace the late 1980s, and most of the world's major fish stocks are considered fully fished or overfished, aquaculture shows no signs of letting up its tremendous growth.
Between 1985 and 2000, global aquaculture output grew fourfold, to over 45 million metric tons. Aquaculture now provides one-third of the seafood humans consume. The vast majority offish farms are in Asia; they mostly raise plant-eating fish like carp, in freshwater ponds. They make an important addition to world food supplies and, overall, have relatively little ecological impact. But a small fraction of the world's fish farms raise carnivorous species--salmon, shrimp, trout, sea bass, and eels--using a highly resource-intensive practice that has impacts around the globe. No form of aquaculture chews through more of the world's marine life than does salmon farming.
Between 1985 and 2000, annual production of farmed salmon grew sixteen-fold to more than 1 million tons, surpassing the catch of wild salmon. People have pulled wild salmon from rivers and seas for millennia. Now, fish farms have replaced nature as the world's main salmon supplier.
Norway pioneered farming of Atlantic salmon in the 1960s, and it still dominates global salmon production today. But as the industry has expanded into the often depressed coastal hinterlands of Australia, Canada, Chile, Scotland, the Faeroe Islands, Iceland, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States, it has almost unfailingly generated controversy over the impacts of its floating platform farms. The central British Columbia coast, one of the few places on Earth where economies and local cultures still revolve around wild salmon, sits at the center of the international controversy over the spreading farms.
Salmon Country
As we head up the British Columbia coast in a five-seat Cessna plane, the best antidote for the discomfort of the cramped quarters and buffeting of gale-force winds is to focus on the scenery below. We split the difference between a low ceiling of storm clouds and a jagged landscape of glacier-carved islands and mountain spines. The first few miles of rainforest-draped fjords are clearly visible; the glaciers and snowfields at the head of each fjord peek out only occasionally from beneath the clouds.
From time to time, a small grid of a dozen or so squares, in rows of two, appears on the sheltered coastal waters. Each grid is a salmon farm. Within each square, thousands of salmon, usually Atlantic salmon but sometimes a Pacific species like chinook or coho, swim closely packed inside the 10-meter nets suspended from each platform. Workers scatter feed pellets into the floating net pens and periodically check the fishes' condition and administer vaccines, antibiotics, and pesticides. Seawater flows freely through the cages, and anything smaller than the mesh size--feces, uneaten feed, drugs, microorganisms--flows freely out.
Past the northern end of Vancouver Island, signs of human civilization--towns, cabins, clearcuts, logging roads, fishing boats, salmon farms--punctuate the landscape less and less often. The land becomes an almost continuous green cloak of conifers. Islands dot the straits and bays like confetti. This is the southern end of the central British Columbia coast, ground zero for the aquaculture industry's planned northward expansion.
Farmed salmon is already British Columbia's largest legal export crop, but only three of the province's 85 salmon farms lie north of Vancouver Island. In September 2002, the province's newly elected pro-business government lifted a seven-year-old ban on new fish farms and began a push to quadruple salmon-farming output over a decade. With farms crowded in the southern third of the province and plagued by disease outbreaks (see "Canadian fish farms spread disease to wild salmon," Environmental Intelligence, May/June 2003), the industry has its sights on the central coast, the territory of tribes like the Heiltsuk.
The lure of new jobs has caused divisions in British Columbia's impoverished indigenous communities. The Kitasoo Nation, to the north of Heiltsuk territory, has allowed a salmon farm to be built near Arthur Island, an area the Heiltsuk also use. A viral disease outbreak last year forced that farm to kill all its salmon and may have spread the virus to wild salmon and herring, both of which are important local food sources.
"Everyone needs jobs," Philip Hogan of the Heiltsuk fisheries program acknowledges. "But this threatens the economy we already have."
Heiltsuk territory is one of the rainiest places on the planet--cologists call the zone's climate "very wet hypermaritime." The hemlock and cedar rainforests that grow to the water's edge depend not only on ample precipitation but on nutrients brought up from the sea by salmon. Though it spends most of its life at sea, each salmon ends its life in the same freshwater stream where it started out. By swimming upstream, it brings oceanic protein and nutrients ashore, fueling both human and natural communities. Scientists in Alaska have determined that forests near healthy salmon streams obtain one-sixth of their nitrogen, a key nutrient, from the decomposing carcasses of salmon.
"All our brothers and sisters," says Nuxalk chief Snuxyaltwa, "whether you're different races of people or whether you're the bear, the eagle, the raven, or anything else--everything survives on the salmon."
In pre-colonial times, salmon along the North Pacific coast from Alaska to northern California were so abundant that the region supported the densest, and possibly wealthiest, human populations in North America. For centuries, Northwest fishing tribes like the Heiltstik pulled in more salmon than late twentieth-century fleets. When the Lewis and Clark expedition first encountered the salmon-filled Columbia River, seasoned explorer William Clark marveled, "The multitudes of this fish are almost inconceivable."
Even in the early twentieth century, salmon was so abundant and cheap that it was the only high-protein food that many American families could afford during the Great Depression. But as overfishing--and then habitat loss and dam-building--decimated salmon runs, the fish became a delicacy that most people ate only on special occasions.
While the North Atlantic has only one species of salmon, compared to the North Pacific's six, the story of abundance squandered is the same in both oceans. Atlantic salmon once spawned in huge numbers in rivers from Portugal to Connecticut. But overfishing and habitat destruction have reduced the overall population of wild Atlantic salmon by more than 90 percent and eliminated the fish entirely from six southern European nations and southern New England. By contrast, the production of farmed salmon in the North Atlantic is 600,000 tons a year--300 times greater than the wild salmon catch.
The aquaculture boom has brought salmon full circle as a foodstuff--so much so that Helge Midttun, the CEO of Fjord Seafood Group of Norway, one of the world's largest aquaculture companies, could tell the industry newsletter Intrafish, "Salmon is possibly the cheapest protein product there is." But the transformation of salmon from seasonal delicacy to cheap global commodity has come at a price.
Troubled Waters
Like factory farms on land, modern salmon farms funnel large amounts of energy and raw materials into facilities that emit both food and pollutants on an industrial scale. Like chickens or hogs, salmon excrete prodigious amounts of waste. Of the key nutrients in fish feed, only about one-fourth remains in the fish; the rest end up in the sea or the sediment below. In the sea, excess nutrients can lead to harmful algae blooms and eventually to oxygen-depleted waters. In Scotland, WWF estimates that farmed salmon excrete five times as much nitrogen as the population of Glasgow. Scottish farm salmon excrete nearly twice as much phosphorous as do the Scottish people. Chile's salmon farms, centered in the nation's Tenth Region, generate several times more nitrogen waste than the human population of that region.
As feces, uncaten feed, and other organic wastes fall to the ocean floor beneath salmon net-cages, they can reduce the diverse bottom fauna to one consisting mostly of a few types of small worms. Fortunately, the severest effects of nutrient loading are usually confined to the area immediately below a farm and can be reversed if waste production is reduced. More lasting impacts come from the drugs, microorganisms, and fish themselves that emerge from the nets.
Infectious diseases plague the salmon farming industry, costing it hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Fish crowded into net-pens are susceptible to outbreaks of viral and bacterial diseases, as well as parasites like sea lice. Because diseases can spread like wildfire between farms, outbreaks often force farm operators to kill all their fish, bury them on land, and painstakingly sterilize all nets, boats, and equipment. Outbreaks of infectious salmon anemia in Maine and neighboring New Brunswick have killed nearly 5 million farm fish in the past two years. Diseases killed 10 million farmed salmon in Norway in 2001 alone.
Because farms are often sited along wild salmon migration routes, diseases pass easily between farmed and wild fish. Devastating outbreaks of sea lice in wild fish--with up to 98 percent mortality--in British Columbia, Scotland, and Norway have been linked to lice outbreaks on densely stocked salmon farms nearby. Some fish farm diseases can even spread to other wild species, including turbot, halibut, and sea trout.
While European salmon farms have been able to develop vaccines for some diseases and greatly reduce their antibiotic use, many fish farms continue to rely on heavy applications of antibiotics and pesticides. Large portions of each application end up in the environment. Chile's farmers use up to 500 tons of antibiotics a year, 75 times more per ton of salmon than Norwegian fish farmers. When used indiscriminately, antibiotics can generate antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Recent reports suggest that antibiotic resistance can spread worldwide within years, possibly through the transport of bacteria in ships' ballast tanks. Meanwhile, pesticides used to combat sea lice, which are tiny crustaceans, are especially worrisome to harvesters of other crustaceans like lobsters, crabs, and shrimp.
Escaping salmon trouble biologists more than any other local impact of salmon farming. With only nets for walls, the typical salmon farm is vulnerable to the ravages of storms and predators as well as saltwater and ultraviolet light. Unless salmon are raised in saltwater tanks on land, escapes into the sea are practically inevitable. Though farm-raised salmon are less fit for survival in the wild, the sheer numbers in which they escape may give them a leg up over wild salmon.
In the Atlantic, only Norway publishes official estimates of salmon escapes. According to the Norwegian Directorate of Nature Management, at least 500,000 salmon escape every year from Norwegian fish farms, dwarfing the number of wild salmon (100,000 to 250,000) thought to remain in Norwegian waters. A half million escaped in a single incident in the Faeroes last year. Salmon have been escaping their nets in parts of Europe for so many years that more than half the salmon in some Irish rivers--and up to 90 percent in some Norwegian rivers--are farm fish.
In reality, the numbers of escaped salmon are simply not known--young salmon are measured by the kilogram, not by the head, so farmers don't even know exactly how many fish are supposed to be in their netcages, and very few rivers are surveyed for escaped salmon. In British Columbia, no rivers are surveyed for escaped Pacific salmon, which actually present a greater ecological threat there than Atlantic salmon. Both types of salmon can spread disease and compete for habitat and food with native fish. But farmed Pacific salmon can easily interbreed with, and pollute the gene pool, of the wild members of their own species; Atlantic and Pacific salmon apparently do not interbreed across the species gap.
The state of Alaska banned fish farms in 1990 in order to protect its native species from the disease and pollution and invasive species they could bring. Yet according to the Alaska Department ofFish and Game, about 700 Atlantic salmon are caught annually in Alaskan seas. Most are caught near the British Columbia border, but some have been found 1,600 kilometers or more to the northwest in Prince William Sound and even around the Aleutian Islands. Atlantic salmon have also been caught ascending streams and rivers in Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, and small numbers of juvenile Atlantic salmon, spawned in the wild, have been discovered in three rivers on Vancouver Island, including the perhaps appropriately named Adam and Eve River.
Net Loss
Aquaculture's ecological impacts might be less problematic if they were the cost of providing healthy protein sources to a hungry world or reducing the impact of overfishing on the world's seas. But salmon farming is in fact putting even greater strains on the world's fish stocks and their ability to meet human needs.
Living near the top of the food chain, salmon--both wild and farmed--consume prodigious quantities of smaller fish. In nature, if a population of salmon over-consumes its resource base, its own population will decline. On a farm, a salmon's food can come from anywhere on the planet, with few immediate checks on overconsumption.
Farm salmon live on pellets of compound feed composed primarily offish meal and fish oil, which are produced by grinding up small, silvery, schooling fish like anchovies, mackerel, herring, and capelin. It takes about 5 tons of these fish to make a ton offish meal, and about 10 tons to make a ton offish oil. As a result, for every ton of salmon harvested on a farm, 3 to 4 tons offish are removed the from the sea. Daniel Pauly, a marine biologist at the University of British Columbia who studies global fisheries, scoffs at salmon farmers' "we're-helping-to-feed-the-world" argument: "Are Angolans--after signing away the rights to their last fish to foreign fleets--going to import smoked salmon? It's absurd!"
Most of the so-called industrial fish fed to farmed salmon come from either the Pacific coast of Chile and Peru or the Northeast Atlantic, and these fisheries are seriously overfished. Over the past 15 years, overfishing of South American pilchard has reduced that species' stocks by 99 percent. North Sea nations' catches of blue whiting, also widely used for fish feed, remain at twice the levels recommended by marine scientists, and are all but certain to crash soon.
Only some of the small, bony fish that go into fish feed are deemed suitable for human consumption, but all small fish are prey for seabirds and marine mammals as well as for larger fish species like cod, that humans do eat. Excessive harvesting of small fish has wide-ranging ecosystems effects and can affect human well-being both directly and indirectly. Blue whiting, for example, is an important prey for pilot whales, haddock, and cod; its depletion may help prevent overfished cod stocks from recovering. Fishmeal factories have made the city of Chimbote on the Chilean coast the nation's third most polluted city, while unsanitary fish wastes in the air and local waterways have reduced the city residents' life expectancy to 10 years below the national average.
One-third of the world seafood catch is processed into fishmeal, and one-third of fishmeal is used in aquaculture, with salmon farms the leading aquaculture consumer. While the bulk of the world harvest of industrial fish goes into livestock feed, fish make up less than 3 percent of an individual chicken's or pig's diet. And salmon farms' share is rapidly increasing. Salmon and trout farming alone now consumes more than half the world's supply of fish oil.
Fleets scouring the world's oceans for "industrial" fish also consume energy in large amounts, even more than the fleets that hunt wild salmon. Peter Tyedmers of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia has calculated that for every kilogram of Canadian farmed salmon, 2.5 to 5 liters of diesel fuel or its equivalent is consumed. As William Rees of the University of British Columbia puts it, "the salmon farming industry expends large quantities of costly and increasingly scarce fossil fuel to do several jobs that wild salmon do for free, particularly foraging at sea to catch their food."
Shark Guarding the Fish House?
While aquaculture's impacts are well-known, governments in fish-farming regions are often so eager for hard currency and coastal jobs that they promote the aquaculture industry with much greater zeal than they oversee it.
In May, a U.S. federal judge chided regulators in Maine for their "regulatory hibernation" and imposed a number of environmental safeguards, including banning the state's two largest salmon farming outfits from using European strains of Atlantic salmon. The same month, Chile's National Environmental Commission signed an agreement with the Association of the Chilean Salmon Industry to allow the industry a large degree of self-regulation. "What we are doing with this agreement is trusting the players [in the industry]," Tenth Region administrator Patricio Vallespin told Intrafish. "Mistrust is very expensive for Chile ... we can't have armies of people--as sometimes has been suggested--supervising and inspecting everything." Salmon represent 80 percent of the Tenth Region's exports, and 5 percent of Chile's total exports.
Vallespin's attitude seems to be the norm internationally. A review by the Atlantic Salmon Federation and WWF of seven nations' implementation of their treaty commitments to protect wild North Atlantic salmon from the impacts offish farming found varying degrees of progress. But the nations earned an average score of just 2 out of 10.
In British Columbia, Minister of Agriculture, Food, and Fisheries John Van Dongen, who led the drive to boost aquaculture in the province, was forced to resign in January 2002 after the announcement of a criminal inquiry into his allegedly giving confidential information to a salmon-farming company. The Heiltsuk have filed a lawsuit against the British Columbia government and Panfish to stop the construction of the salmon hatchery inside their sovereign territory, and have staged protests to gain international attention. Along with local environmental activists, they hope that international pressure will help convince reluctant regulators and the multinational companies that dominate salmon farming to clean up their acts.
"We don't have the kinds of legislation or forest policies, or the Endangered Species Act, that Americans enjoy," notes the director of the Raincoast Conservation Society, Inn McAllister. "What Canadians have learned is that our only recourse is the international marketplace--and educating buyers like the Costcos and Fred Meyers of the world." Most of Canada's farmed salmon is sold in the United States, much of it at chains like Costco, which sells 300,000 kilograms of farmed salmon a week.
Activists are working hard to convince consumers that farmed salmon, with its artificial dyes and allegedly higher levels of pesticide and antibiotic contamination and saturated fats, is unhealthy, an allegation that industry representatives vigorously deny. They maintain, with a fair amount of supporting evidence, that farmed salmon are a much better source of protein and healthful omega-3 fatty acids than meat and the other types of fish, like tuna, that can have serious mercury contamination.
A white paper from the Alaska Department of fish and Game reveals the strong feelings that farmed salmon arouse in wild-salmon country. "We realize," the paper reluctantly concedes, "that immediate closure of all salmon farms in British Columbia is simply not an option." Instead, the Department recommends that its southern neighbor allow no more fish farms to be built at sea and that, every time a farm in the boom-and-bust aquaculture industry goes out of business, its site be permanently shut down.
Despite its harshest critics' hopes, salmon farming, like aquaculture in general, is probably here to stay. Yet the industry is, by its own account, in serious trouble. "We are now seeing the consequences of the uncontrolled growth," top Pan Fish executive Atle Eide told Intrafish in June. "Production must be down-sized, and as soon as possible if the industry isn't to suffer a state of total collapse." He wasn't speaking of ecological consequences, but of the industry's precarious financial condition. The world is awash in farmed salmon, and prices have collapsed in recent years as a result. Many salmon farming companies are losing money or going out of business and are eager to diversify into farming other carnivorous species like cod and halibut. The competition--fishers of wild salmon--have also been hit hard by the farmed salmon glut. But, given the global scale of salmon farming's impacts, Eide's statement may not be far off-base from an ecological standpoint as well.
To its credit, the salmon farming industry has taken strides to reduce its ecological impacts, instead of pesticides, Iceland and Norway now use millions of wrasses--"cleaner fish"--to pluck sea lice off salmon. In the early years, salmon farms would lose up to 20 percent of their feed, but well-run farms today lose less than 5 percent of their increasingly expensive feed, according to the British Ecological Society. "We monitor the amount of feed being dispersed to the fish with underwater cameras, so the amount of overfeeding and wasted feed is almost zero," says Mary Ellen Walling, director of the British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association.
However, the industry's phenomenal growth has swamped its efficiency gains. Norwegian authorities have managed to cut the proportion of salmon escaping from Norwegian farms in half, yet output has roughly doubled over the same time, meaning that the total number of escapees has remained the same.
Reduced farm output, perhaps in line with Alaska Department of Fish and Game's vision, would boost salmon prices, both reviving fishing communities and making the needed reforms of aquaculture more afford able. Though they are costly, self-contained fish farms on land are the only reliable way to keep fish, disease, and pollution from spreading into coastal waters.
Whatever happens globally, the Heiltsuk and Nuxalk are determined to keep fish farms out of their small part of the Pacific. At the Ocean Falls protest, Gary Haustie, a Heiltsuk fisherman, tells the crowd he's mystified by Canadian regulators' embrace offish farming: "Why are they so intent on making the same mistakes other countries have experienced with fish farms?" He summarizes the Heiltsuk view bluntly: "The Heiltsuk people have zero tolerance for Atlantic salmon in our territory. We have zero tolerance for any farmed species. We have 80 percent unemployment in our community, but we choose not to pay the price of Atlantic fish farming."
Freelance journalist and former Worldwatch researcher John C. Ryan lives in Seattle.
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|Atlantic salmon fish farming and environmental consequences
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Fatdog64-620 Final (17 April 2013) and 621 (9 May 2013)
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Joined: 04 Oct 2005
Posts: 5547
Location: GB
Posted: Sun 21 Apr 2013, 08:55
Post subject:
Fantastic bit of kit. Everything booted and installed FULL without mods, even on an nV board with nV onboard video.
Just for future reference: load of left over irrelevant garbage intercedes after FULL install at boot time. Might be worth tidying, otherwise ignoring it is acceptable.
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Joined: 26 Feb 2007
Posts: 3475
Location: The Blue Marble
Posted: Sun 21 Apr 2013, 09:40
Post subject:
Ted Dog wrote:
As a question does multisession DVDs HAVE to be RW with Fatdog64.
I only have DVD+RWs so that's what I have tested it. It uses "growisofs" so in theory it should work anything that works with growisofs too. I have reports of success with DVD+R, but I haven't tested that personally myself.
The main purpose I use multisession is so I CAN'T accidentally delete stuff. Case in point I've spent multiple hours/Months scanning in material from a governmental agency that I can't physically take from the site. The files are very large and I need to keep raw and resized scans from destruction.
Noted. In theory you can drop stuff to "/archive" folder and save the session, then it will be saved there and not reloaded into RAM (just like puppy). If +R media doesn't work for you, my alternative suggestion (I admit it isn't ideal) is to take out the fatdog DVD, put in +R media, and use pburn to burn the data you have downloaded as a backup copy.
Or did I break code by using a bluray RW disc as an oversized DVD RW.
Normal code in puppylinux and the stuff I code for is compatible across all types of DVD and Bluray, -R +R, or RW.
I wouldn't know, I don't own a bluray to test with. If you like to look further, the code that does the saving is in /usr/sbin/fatdog-save-multisession.sh. It is only 128 lines including the comments. As I said, it is basically calling growisofs to do its job.
I got no results when I hit the save-multisession and the disc is locked into drive, which defeats being able to use the drive for other purposes.
This is odd indeed. When one runs with multisession, the disc shouldn't be locked at all. You should be able to take the disc out. Unless --- are you using small-initrd? If you are, then you need to append boot parameter "base2ram=yes". This copies the base sfs (fd64_620.sfs) to RAM and relinquishes lock on the drive/disc. On standard huge initrd this isn't necessary as it is loaded to RAM automatically.
Why is multisession so different?
The code has been re-written from scratch.
Btw - I tried to get the 32bit sfs from nluug.nl, that works for me?
# wget -c ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/metalab/distributions/fatdog/sfs/600/32bit-slacko-1.sfs
--2013-04-21 20:42:22-- ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/metalab/distributions/fatdog/sfs/600/32bit-slacko-1.sfs
=> `32bit-slacko-1.sfs'
Resolving ftp.nluug.nl (ftp.nluug.nl)... 126.96.36.199, 188.8.131.52, 2001:610:1:80aa:192:87:102:42, ...
Connecting to ftp.nluug.nl (ftp.nluug.nl)|18.104.22.168|:21... connected.
Logging in as anonymous ... Logged in!
==> SYST ... done. ==> PWD ... done.
==> TYPE I ... done. ==> CWD (1) /pub/metalab/distributions/fatdog/sfs/600 ... done.
==> SIZE 32bit-slacko-1.sfs ... 31264768
==> PASV ... done. ==> RETR 32bit-slacko-1.sfs ... done.
Length: 31264768 (30M) (unauthoritative)
0% [ ] 83,488 39.0K/s
Perhaps there was a network problem (ISP or country level) at the time you tried to download?
Thanks for the report. I'm glad it works
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Joined: 26 Feb 2007
Posts: 3475
Location: The Blue Marble
Posted: Sun 21 Apr 2013, 09:53
Post subject:
kirk wrote:
Question: do we really want to default to vertical resolutions beyond 1080 lines? No argument about supporting 4K resolutions, just wondering if you will always be able to see them to adjust.
That's handled by Xorg, though we do set the font size at 78dpi. You can change that in the Control Panel - Desktop - Set global font size. Then you have to restart X. Of course that won't change the size of the icons. You could also edit $HOME/.Xresources and delete the line "Xft.dpi: 78", then Xorg will set the font size for you based on information from your monitor. We decided to go with 78dpi, because Xorg set the font too big for our taste, but with very high res monitors becoming more common we might need to revisit that.
To add, you can always run xorgwizard to change the resolution set by Xorg. You can it either you're inside X desktop or when you're outside (ie at console), if you run it from outside then you've got the chance to test the resolution. Or, run it at boot by specifying pfix=xorgwizard.
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Ted Dog
Joined: 13 Sep 2005
Posts: 4013
Location: Heart of Texas
Posted: Sun 21 Apr 2013, 15:50
Post subject:
Growisofs and re-due from scratch on the multisession saves.
Nice recoding of this so much easier to follow. But two suggestions that we learned the hard way was to drop -J (Microsofts special bug filled add-on to iso9600) and add -D for deep directory support. Also do not get too attached to growisofs, I could not find a work-around for its limitations with UDF, but cdrecord can do the same task as growisofs, but we would need to add a bunch of math to tell cdrecord where to append on the disc. UDF works the same on DVD & Bluray and the driver has a iso9600 support in its code history.
I'm sure I added the base2ram setting, but I will double check. For me I can get around these issues easily by just using the simple scripts I already use for testing.
Fatdog64 method of compartmentalizing the environment makes it easier for me to test newer multisession code. So do not spend any of your time, If this works for you, NOW. But I do hope you would consider, changes to multisession that would combine more of the old style puppylinux with the two methods you used. Those two changes where on my high priority list for the practical reasons of addressing the old style puppylinux multisession negatives. But not as a replacement.
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Joined: 20 Sep 2012
Posts: 114
Location: India
Posted: Mon 22 Apr 2013, 11:31
Post subject:
My modem is in bridge mode and I need to PPPoe with user id and password. I use Roarng Penguin for the same in Lucid. I am unable to do the same in Fatdog. How do I go about it?
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Joined: 05 Sep 2006
Posts: 13129
Location: Stratford, Ontario
Posted: Mon 22 Apr 2013, 12:29
Post subject:
Control Panel > Network has Roaring Penguin. Does it not work for you?
Please provide details.
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Joined: 09 Mar 2012
Posts: 255
Posted: Mon 22 Apr 2013, 14:41
Post subject:
FD 620 boots all right on my desktop with Mesa and analog audio . No UEFI in my case .Since a few days ago I have upgraded the GPU to a Radeon HD 7870 XT I feared some problems with Catalyst and I was right . I gave a try to every pet in the repo , including the one that required the 32bit slacko sfs. No luck ... Xorg doesn't start and if I go into xorgwizard all I can do is reboot or poweroff .
The strange thing is that on my last custom FD 610 with Catalyst installed at the time , Catalyst works and an older driver is doing the job well and I also have audio over HDMI , though now there are several HDMI devices shown in ALSA Mixer . On my old 5770 there was just one.... A small watermark from AMD which announce that I use an "" Unsupported hardware '' is always present on the down-right side of the screen , just above the clock of lxpanel , but I couldn't capture it with the 'screenshot screen capture' nor 'Screencaster'.
I guess it's not the new driver's fault , maybe the kernel doesn't go along with my hardware ...
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Joined: 11 Nov 2005
Posts: 1552
Location: florida
Posted: Mon 22 Apr 2013, 17:15
Post subject:
It looks like that card is supported by this pet:
So you can try that one with a new savefile. But, that's one I don't the hardware to test. You might need the 13.3 beta driver AMD has out right now.
If anyone has tested the ati-catalyst-13.1-3.8.7.pet let us know.
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Joined: 19 Nov 2008
Posts: 604
Location: Oslo, Norway
Posted: Mon 22 Apr 2013, 18:24
Post subject:
Congratulation with a great release. Its the fastest booting Puppy i ever seen, apart from TurboPuppy. Clean and nice, and rich in the packet manager as well as a good choice of programs that comes with the installation.
Also Fatdog64 is addressing some
in puppy
It lives up to its name... its a fat dog in many ways.
But its also a damn FAST dog, even being such a fat one.
Honestly I felt as I had updated to SSD HD when I saw the boot time.
Charming OS and thumbs up for the developers:-)
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Joined: 05 Oct 2005
Posts: 52
Posted: Mon 22 Apr 2013, 19:16
Post subject:
kirk wrote:
It looks like that card is supported by this pet:
So you can try that one with a new savefile. But, that's one I don't the hardware to test. You might need the 13.3 beta driver AMD has out right now.
If anyone has tested the ati-catalyst-13.1-3.8.7.pet let us know.
I have tested it, It works just fine with a amd trinity cpu, 3d working without problems.
However with this cpu x does not start using the radeon driver
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Joined: 24 May 2005
Posts: 785
Location: Connecticut USA
Posted: Mon 22 Apr 2013, 19:50
Post subject:
Subject description: Problem with going from 32 Thunderbird client under Slacko to Fatdog
I am a editor for a shortwave listeners email newsletter. I have used Thunderbird for a good number of years now and it is a critical application for me due to the address book.
Normal in the past, when I change versions of Puppy Linux, I would install the correct pet for the version and then copy the .Thunderbird directory to the new system. Thunderbird on the new version would recognize the profile and I was good to go. This was a very easy process.
I tried the same with the 64 bit Fatdog Thunderbird pet and it did not recognize my profile. I thought I would be smart with the 32 bit Slacko sfs system. I installed a 32 bit Slacko Thunderbird and it worked fine with the previous .Thunderbird directory. Everything I need was there. The problem is dialog boxes for saving or attaching files is not displaying properly. The text font is nothing but boxes. I have done something wrong. Any suggestions on how to correct the font or a better way to use the 64 bit Thunderbird client with the old profile and mailbox contents? Thanks in advance for any help on this one.
Enjoy life, Just Greg
Live Well, Laugh Often, Love Much
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Joined: 30 Dec 2009
Posts: 173
Location: Oakland, California
Posted: Mon 22 Apr 2013, 21:03
Post subject:
Here is a pet for PySolFC. It has over one thousand solitaire games.
The dependencies are; Python, Tcl, and Tk, which are in the Fatdog64 repository.
04393f92df3df046c22ce29f118f28ad PySolFC-2.0.pet
I would like to thank jamesbond and kirk for a top notch operating system.
I've been using the save directory option, on first boot shutdown. Now there are no worries about filling up the save file. Also the save directory is easy to access, in case of mistakes.
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Joined: 11 Nov 2005
Posts: 1552
Location: florida
Posted: Mon 22 Apr 2013, 22:42
Post subject:
I don't use Thunderbird, so I can't offer any advise, but I know the pet in the repo is pretty old. So I'll update it this week.
Pedro, Gobbi,
I'll try to do a Catalyst 13.3 beta3 pet too.
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Joined: 14 Oct 2005
Posts: 6730
Location: Earth
Posted: Tue 23 Apr 2013, 00:58
Post subject: System is NOT maintaining LAN sharing needs over reboot.
Running Live media FATDOG from multi-session DVD.
Used PPM to get the SAMBA extension to set password, test configuration, etc.
Saved the shipped configuration to smb.bak and created a new smb.conf.
Via Control Panel, I enabled the SAMBA server also setting for start at boot.
Tested the system for ability to share and shutdown to save all session changes to the Live media.
On reboot, I can see the system start and gather the save-session files from the Live media.
On Reboot at desktop, /etc/samba folder has been reset to pristine (meaning none of the prior session changes exist)
and Control Panel shows that none of the SAMBA server selection are present (thus, no server enabled or running at system start).
Not sure what you need to debug this problem? Ask, and I will comply. (I just trying to set this FATDOG to replace version 5s which ran for years.)
Get ACTIVE Create Circles; Do those good things which benefit people's needs!
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Joined: 14 Oct 2005
Posts: 6730
Location: Earth
Posted: Tue 23 Apr 2013, 01:02
Post subject:
I'm not sure if this will be in line for what you want, but, FATDOG comes with a working Mozilla email facility in SeaMonkey. It works almost identical & same as Thunderbird, far as I know. Only difference is its built-in along with other facilities in Seamonkey.
This may help as I seem to remember somewhere, awhile back, that there was instructions to "marry" FF and SM so that you could use SM's email and tools and use FF browser too.
But, this was awhile ago.
Here to help
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