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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
versão On-line ISSN 2078-5135
versão impressa ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.98 no.8 Cape Town Ago. 2008
Trailblazer HIV clinician and 'temporary resident' honoured
Chris Bateman
South African ARV roll-out pioneer and now MDR TB community treatment trailblazer, Dr Eric Goemaere, awarded an honorary doctorate of science in medicine by the University of Cape Town this June, says the cloak of HIV stigma that existed 10 years ago today enshrouds extremely drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR/ MDR TB.)
With 250 notified MDR TB cases in his treatment stamping ground of Khayelitsha, Cape Town, and more than 10 000 combined XDR/MDR TB cases country-wide, community-based education and treatment are the only alternatives to the regressive policy of isolating patients in central facilities, he asserts.
'Locally we have two problems and they are echoed country-wide: our TB hospital (Brooklyn Chest) is full and with the specificity of disease and the time it takes to diagnose, people are infectious long before they can be isolated,' he says. It was an 'illusion' to think patients could be taken out of circulation on the day of diagnosis.
'Slowly and surely' it would sink into national health department thinking that XDR/MDR TB was also the community's responsibility. 'It's like when TB started - people were put in sanatoriums. Now XDR/MDR-infected people are portrayed in the media literally as suicide bombers walking the streets to spit deadly disease in the face of everyone. We've managed to largely overcome HIV/AIDS stigma, certainly in Khayelitsha, with our varied NGO and community partnerships, but now it is the turn of XDR/MDR.'
Goemaere said TB was 'everywhere' so infection control education and training in health care facilities and homes was vital. Natural ventilation, fans and putting the patient in a separate room, were basic requirements.
'We try to make people understand that the disease is not new, it's a concern of everyone and we must fight it together instead of isolating patients.'
Seminal achievements
His experience with ARV roll-out where the organisation he heads in South Africa and Lesotho, Médecins Sans Frontiêres (MSF) (which had 1 000 people on treatment in Khayelitsha alone by the time government began its programme 4 years later in 2004), proved beyond doubt its feasibility in urban and rural settings (rural being the MSF's Lusikisiki site in the Eastern Cape).
After a shaky start in Alexandra township in August 1999, when his attempts to begin PMTCT there met stolid government resistance, much to his amazement and surprise, he moved to Khayelitsha, where conditions and health politics were more conducive to the work he was trying to do.
He sees his greatest achievement and is most satisfied by the partnerships he has developed with the widely varying groups of MSF staff, NGOs, local authorities and communities in Khayelitsha.
'We've developed a common understanding of what can make everybody's lives better and have reached agreements with the community in spite of all the conspiracy theories and alternative medicines.'
The twin epidemics of HIV and MDR TB have required innovation and resourcefulness, but most of all a raising of awareness in communities through successful home and clinic-based interventions.
Intensive collaborative research by the University of KwaZulu-Natal and Yale University at Tugela Ferry in KwaZulu-Natal, where the index cases of XDR/MDR TB in 2005 numbered 53, predicted, with no new interventions, a rise to 1 300 new cases there by 2012, more than half of them nosocomial.
The team recommended a mix of mask use, reduced hospitalisation time and a shift to outpatient therapy, confidently predicting that these would prevent nearly a third of infections there. Supplementing this with improved ventilation, rapid drug testing, HIV treatment and TB isolation facilities could avert 48% of Tugela Ferry's MDR/XDR TB cases by the end of 2012, they concluded in a paper published in The Lancet (2007; 370: 1500-1507).
Involuntary detention could result in an unexpected rise in incidence owing to restricted isolation capacity at the hospital, a problem reflected at urban and rural hospitals across the country.
Twin epidemics fuel prevalence
According to the late Ivan Toms, Cape Town's former Medical Officer of Health and a struggle-era health care icon who ensured stalwart support for MSF and their local township partners, an untreated HIV-positive person has a 10% annual chance of contracting TB. Toms compared this with a 10% lifetime risk of TB for a HIV-negative person. In effect this means that an untreated HIV-positive person has a 60 times greater chance of contracting TB. Almost all MDR/XDR TB cases in Cape Town are HIV positive, with 1 out of every 2 TB patients HIV positive, and MSF has developed an integrated programme to take account of this.
MDR TB cases in Cape Town have remained relatively constant at 1% of new cases and 4% of re-treatment cases, thanks to an excellent overall TB control programme. The Western Cape also has the lowest HIV transmission rate from mother to child (4.5%) in the country (the national figure is about 18%), again due in no small part to interventions and groundbreaking work by the MSF in collaboration with city and provincial health authorities.
The Belgian born Goemaere, whose wife Katherine, a biochemist, nutritionist and epidemiologist, is seconded to the province to help pilot an HIV treatment surveillance programme, also supervises the MSF ARV roll-out in Lesotho, where 3 000 people now benefit from a sophisticated programme in multiple resource-poor settings.
Government 'ungracious' - UCT orator
The Goemaeres, who have two locally schooled, university-aged children and have been here nearly 10 years, have to register annually with the HPCSA and Foreign Workforce Management to practise as volunteer doctors and are still 'temporary residents' who have to renew their work permits annually.
Goemaere said that if attempts by a new immigration lawyer he recently hired to secure a longer-term exceptional skills work permit and/or permanent residence for his family failed, they would soon have to make some 'clear decision' about their future. 'We can't leave our children without a university diploma. I recently sent my son to Europe to explore and make up his mind and he doesn't want to live there, he sees himself as South African and wants to live here,' he said. Unless the family secured permanent residence, neither child would be able to attend university locally, and this was unacceptable to them, meaning they might leave altogether.
A previous attempt to secure a less tenuous status, bolstered by a letter to Home Affairs from the province's former HIV/AIDS chief, Dr Faried Abdullah, was summarily dismissed. 'Basically the director at Home Affairs asked me what I wanted him to do with such a letter and said he could do nothing with it. We'd have to queue like everyone else,' Goemaere told Izindaba. The same man had some years later, and while working as a consultant to Home Affairs, offered to secure him the necessary documentation for a 'fee', but he refused on principle.
Goemaere's immigration lawyer, Gary Eisenberg, said his information was that Goemaere had never submitted an application for permanent residence but that an exceptional skills-based work permit for up to 3 years would be fully in line with government's policy of encouraging an inflow of skills.
There should also be 'no problem whatsoever with permanent residence based on their extraordinary skills - the only thing is that it has to be lodged and a really speedy resolution could take up to a year'.
Goemaere was general executive director at the MSF headquarters in Brussels from 1994 to 1999, where he was in charge of general policy and development of the largest MSF operational section with 110 permanent staff at head office and 420 field staff in different countries. Notably, at the end of this period, MSF won the Nobel Peace Prize.
In his oration to the honorary degree conferred on Goemaere on 13 June at UCT, Professor Francis Wilson said Goemaere had 'transformed the reality of health care' for HIV/AIDS patients through a well-organised roll-out of ART, with the Khayelitsha programme hailed by the WHO as a best practice programme with limited resources.
'Over the past 10 years Eric Goemaere has played a major role in helping South Africa to begin to heal itself. We are deeply grateful to him and we honour him. We hope too that this recognition may enable our Department of Home Affairs to affirm his work by welcoming him as a permanent resident. It is surely ungracious for our country, to which he has contributed so much, to require that he apply every year for a work permit.'


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Seibertron.com - The Ultimate Transformers Fansite
Henry921 wrote:You can always be counted on to listen to reason, Pryme.
Dead Metal wrote:Have you ever, and i mean ever seen/read/heard something that is completely original and does not copy/homage/pay tribute to something else? Here's a hint: Nope. You never have and you never will.
Swindle01 wrote:nice blurred photos with the flash on .....
its not that hard to take a decent high quality picture - flash off - decent light source - macro on - steady focus on
from what i can see of these pics henkei magnus just looks terrible. He looks like some kinda KO the factory couldnt be arsed to finish adding the final paint applications to
The figure is just TOO white and looks unfinished. The classics version just looks miles better than the late henkei version. The white legs the completely white arms...it just looks unfinished. Only thing the henkei one has over the classics one is the blue face plate but again you can fix this yourself by getting the FP city commander stickers from reprolabels
the henkei 1 is way way to late and just doesnt look that good. I cant justify spending cash on this when theres far far superior 3rd party stuff coming out like the ko shadow scythe kit or the new insecticons etc
Blurrz wrote:blue jeans
white shirt
walked into the room
you know you make my eyes burn
Swindle01 wrote:kuma its not really the same is it....
I mean in G1 the cab merged into ultra magnus. The cab was just a cab for vehicle mode. The toy was a copy of prime because it was probably easier to do it that way (because originally he was diaclone powered convoy remember) and the MP magnus we got was just a white prime because Takara couldnt be arsed to give us a proper magnus with the armour
Swindle01 wrote:I just dont see the point in this henkei release when they KNOW people would rather spend there money on something better such as Hercules or MT devastator or hegemon etc. If takara want my money when it comes to classics etc then there seriously gona need to step up instead of giving me a lame crappy repaint of a figure whos...what? 3+ somert years old now?
Swindle01 wrote:I mean jesus christ Hegemon blows the crap outa classics megatron, anyone else notice henkei megatrons price seriously drop since hegemon came out? if a 3rd party company thats smaller than hasbro or takara can do BETTER than hasbro or takara themselves then isnt that kinda saying something?
RiddlerJ wrote:The thing is, thanks to the different transformation scheme, it is possible to paint the robot like Ultra Magnus' outer armor (only the top chest would have to remain white). Couple that with a new head and this would be a wonderful Ultra Mangnus figure that didn't need add ons.
Here's a beautiful custom someone did. I would import this figure in a minute.
http://www.tfw2005.com/transformers-ima ... ra+Magnus/
Sentinel Maximus wrote:Classics all the way
The Henkei version is a good alternative for those who where unable to get Classics.
Stockade wrote:You know i just don't understand some people, i mean everyone wants a certain Transformer produced or made and Hasbro and Takara comes through for us from time to time. And then yes we're glad they made it, but its not up too par, like not enough articulation, the wrong weapon(s) or just the wrong damn color, the wrong size, the list goes on and on. And now we have Ultra Magnus in the right colors, and in the right G1 colors that i remember back from the 80s, but yet people are really tearing this mold apart cause now UM is too white and too plain? I mean i use to have a G1 UM as a kid yes i loved the armor he came with, but hell have of the time i didnt put it on him, i just like him white and looked great with OP and the other autobots. And even someone said that UM dropped his armor in the comics and he is all white in there too? All i can say is, yes i have the classics version of this mold and its pretty good, but for me i'd rather have one close to the G1 version as possible so ill keep mine on pre-order and i will say that he will a nice edition to the Autobot Team.
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Royal Orchid Hotels in Rajkot
Tue, 22 Sep - Wed, 23 Sep | 1 Room, 2 Guest
Regenta Central RajkotKalawad Main road
- 3611+ Taxes 550
Royal Orchid Hotels in Rajkot
Royal Orchid Hotels hotels is one of the renowned chain hotels in the industry. This group of hotels offers comfort along with an unforgettable experience to its guests.
Royal Orchid Hotels hotels are an expert in the industry due to their widespread holding. It has a reputed name. And the best part is, wherever you go, Royal Orchid Hotels provide you with the same high-quality experience; thus maintaining uniformity.
Royal Orchid Hotels chain hotels offer comfortable rooms. It gives a number of amenities and services to its guests. When you stay at a Royal Orchid Hotels hotel, you will enjoy services like efficient room service, quick housekeeping service, and easy check-in and check-out service. Not just this; there are also a number of amenities in Royal Orchid Hotels hotels that will keep you amused.
Royal Orchid Hotels chain hotels have their presence in many cities of India. Some of the top cities of this list include Bangalore, Hospet, Bharuch, Mahabaleshwar, and Mussoorie, among others.
Here's some more information on this:
- In Bangalore, Royal Orchid Hotels hotel is present at Old Airport Road ,
- In Hospet, Royal Orchid Hotels hotel is present at Hospet ,
- In Bharuch, Royal Orchid Hotels hotel is present at Bholav ,
- In Mahabaleshwar, Royal Orchid Hotels hotel is present at Satara Road , and
- In Mussoorie, Royal Orchid Hotels hotel is present at Near Mall Road
If you are looking to book a room in any of the Royal Orchid Hotels chain hotels, then use the Cleartrip app or website. With its simple navigation, your stay in the Royal Orchid Hotels hotel will be confirmed in a jiffy. Cleartrip always offers the best deals at the best rates. It ensures a hassle-free travel experience for its customers.
For a quick, reliable, and affordable booking experience, download the Cleartrip app or log on to its website and confirm your stay, now!
*All prices displayed here are indicative, prices will vary based on your dates of travel.


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New York - Cochecton
Sales Tax Calculator of Cochecton for 2020
Calculation of the general sales taxes of the city Cochecton, New York for 2020
How 2020 Sales taxes are calculated in Cochecton
The Cochecton, New York, general sales tax rate is 4%. The sales tax rate is always 8%
Every 2020 combined rates mentioned above are the results of New York state rate (4%), the county rate (4%). There is no city sale tax for Cochecton. There is no special rate for Cochecton.
The Cochecton's tax rate may change depending of the type of purchase.
Please refer to the New York website for more sales taxes information.
Cochecton city rate(s)
8% is the smallest possible tax rate (12726, Cochecton, New York)
The average combined rate of every zip code in Cochecton, New York is 8%
Last sales taxes rates update
The last rates update has been made on July 2020.


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I just can't stay mad at Adam Green... look at that face...
In case you were worried about it, you can stop; "Scream IV" is now official and Wes Craven is coming along with it. Screen Gems has greenlit the project aiming for an April 12, 2011 release date. There's no word yet on if Jamie Kennedy is coming back or not, unfortunately.
Classic horror mag "Famous Monsters of Film Land" is coming back! Around for decades in the past, the magazine should be a welcome sight on news stands everywhere.
Straight from the 'does anyone still care' news desk comes word from actor Ray Wise that a script for "Jeepers Creepers 3" has now been finalized.


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We've seen all sorts of objects printed from 3D printers, but the European Areospace and Defence group (EADS) has shown off the first bike made from nylon—which they're saying could replace traditional steel and aluminium bikes due to the affordable method it's created.
Drip by drop, each part of the bike is made from powder using the Additive Layer Manufacturing process of 3D printing, with the machine connected to a computer loaded with the CAD bike design.
Aluminium bikes are already pretty light, but EADS is saying their nylon Airbike is 65 per cent lighter. It's also more eco-friendly to produce, and due to the nature of 3D printing, individual parts can be printed easily if damaged. I really like the look of it, but that saddle doesn't look like it'd be much of a friend to my bum. [Eureka Magazine via RepRap via MAKE]


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Tron Legacy was one of last year's more visually interesting films. It wasn't perfect, but it did provide some interesting implementation of 3D in a big Hollywood release. The way 3D was used here served as a method to differentiate the two different worlds the movie is set in. Recently, CG Architect caught up with him for a brief interview:
CGA: Now that you've directed your first major motion picture and you look back at the path that you've taken from architecture to commercials and game cinematics – is this where you always thought you'd end up? And is this where you're going to be for a while now?
Joe Kosinski: Yeah, I guess I would say I didn't necessarily always think I would end up here. I grew up loving movies as a kid, but grew up in an area where no one I knew actually worked in the entertainment business. So as a career it never really seemed like a real possibility. So it has been a very organic path for me – obviously starting with these parallel interests in music and engineering, which eventually for me I felt architecture might be that ultimate combination of the creative and technical sides of things that I was interested in.
The rest of the interview can be seen here.
Source: [CG Architect]


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Sugar Shout Out 2011-07-06 23:55:00
Sugar Shout Out: Get Your Feather Hair Extension Before They Fly Away!
- Hop on the hair feather bandwagon while it's still hot
- See photos inside Kate Moss and Jamie Hince's wedding
- How to care for stainless steel water bottles
- Will and Kate find romance in nature — can you?
- The master of eclectic-polish: how Olivia Palermo does it
- Victoria Beckham is inspired by traditional French kids' clothes
- Dig in! Helpful tips for planting your own shrubs
- Listen to Kelly Clarkson's new single, "Let Me Down"
- $1 ebooks for the True Blood fanatic
- 5 Reasons to feast on watermelon — recipes included
- What to consider before taking a boat trip with your dogs
- Facebook announces video calling with Skype, group chat, new chat design
- Cool casa: auto body shop gets overhauled into a chic loft
- Video: Harry Potter stars step out in London and talk character evolution!
- PopSugar City LA: get pampered at Gwen Stefani's go-to nail salon!


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Culture change towards person centred care
What is person centred care?
Person centred care is a philosophy that recognizes that individuals have unique values, personal history and personality and that each person has an equal right to dignity, respect, and to participate fully in their environment.
The ultimate goal of person centred care is to create partnerships among care home staff, people with dementia and their families, to enhance the quality of life and the quality of care of people with the disease. Services and supports are designed and delivered in a way that is integrated, collaborative, and mutually respectful of all persons involved.
Person centred care in long-term care homes
Most people with dementia want to live in their own homes for as long as possible. The reality is that many will move to a long-term care home.
In fact, 62% of seniors living in a residential care home have a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and/or other dementia, and 70% of all individuals diagnosed with dementia will die in a long-term care home.
Long-term care homes have been traditionally designed like extensions of hospitals, based on a medical model, focusing on tasks and the needs of the organization rather than the needs of the residents and their families.
While our culture change initiative focuses on working with others to improve the experiences of people with dementia living in long-term care homes, the process and outcomes of this work are relevant to conversations about quality of life at all stages of the disease and throughout the health-care continuum.
A patient's experience in dementia care: Using the "lived experience" to improve care, article by Dr Christopher Frank and Rev Faye Forbes, The College of Family Physicians of Canada
Fighting for Dignity: Prevention of Harmful Resident-to-Resident Interactions in Dementia in LTC, a webinar presented by brainXchange
Caring for Aged Dementia Care Resident Study (CADRES) of person-centred care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster-randomised trial. Evidence for improved outcomes for people with dementia through provision of person-centred care and dementia-care mapping is largely observational. This study aimed to do a large, randomised comparison of person-centred care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care.
Reimagining Long Term Residential Care: Ideas Worth Sharing, a webinar presented by brainXchange featuring: Dr. Pat Armstrong, PhD, FRSC. The studies of 25 different long-term residential care facilities provide ideas big and small that are worth thinking about in terms of how they could work in Canada.
"It Takes the Loneliness Away": An Introduction to Innovative Peer Support Programming (Part 1), a webinar presented by brainXchange featuring: Kristine Theurer PhD (c) and Sharron Cooke, OARC. How to put peer support into practice with those living with dementia in a way that has worked for many organizations. This includes long term care, assisted living, retirement and adult day settings.


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Need Help?
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the STITCHES Online
Registration System.
Registration is closed for this event...
Saturday 02/22/2014, 8:30 am - 11:30 am
Skill LevelIntermediate
Class Hours3
TeacherMyra Wood
View Myra's profile
Creative Short Row Knitting with Myra WoodShort rows aren't just for shaping. Placing short rows in sweaters, bags, and anything else you can imagine offer endless possibilities. You'll combine yarns in various colors to create wavy designs without a pattern. Great to combine with other freeform techniques! You'll also learn how to incorporate short rows into existing patterns.
Note: Must be familiar with short row wrap and turn before taking this class.
SuppliesSix balls (25 yards or more) #4 (worsted weight) yarn that are all the same weight, in any fiber, 4.5mm/US 7 circular needles with at least a 20" cable, 6 removable stitch markers or safety pins.
Sharp scissors, notebook, pen or pencil with an eraser, stitch markers, blunt tapestry needles (large and small), flexible tape measure, small calculator, and needles & crochet hooks of various sizes.
HomeworkBefore attending class you need to be familiar with basic short rows; wrapping & turning and picking up wraps from both sides of the fabric. How to do basic short rows will not be covered.
Using size US 7 circular needles and worsted weight yarn, cast on 30 stitches and knit 2 rows. Row 3 Knit to stitch 24, wrap and turn stitch 25. Row 4 and all WS rows Purl to end of row. Row 5 Knit to stitch 19, wrap and turn stitch 20. Row 7 Knit to stitch 14, wrap and turn stitch 15. WS rows: Purl all stitches. Pick up all wraps on next RS row and knit to end of row, then turn and purl to end of the next WS row, cut a 5 inch tail but leave all sts live on needles.
Note: you should be familiar with wrap & turns and picking up wraps from both sides of the fabric.
It's all covered in the tutorials....in detail!


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Schutzhund – The Breed Evaluation Test: Developed For German Shepherd Dogs
Developed around the turn of the century, 'Schutzhund' is the German term of "Protection Dog", while it actually refers to a test in the form of sports by which some essential traits in dogs, which makes the dog more useful to the owner, are evaluated in a highly systematic way. This test helps to determine the most desirable characteristics of the German Shepherd Dogs. A German Shepherd with all the desirable characteristics is an excellent and the most reliable companion of its owner. The Schutzhund test has been formulated to separate the breeding stock (a high quality dogs with all the desirable characteristics) from the stock with the undesirable characteristics. The "characteristics" here refers not only to the psychological characteristics but PHYSICAL/ STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF GERMAN SHEPHERD DOG as well.
Schutzhund was actually started with a view to put the German Shepherd Dog breed to test. When the SV started off with their operations, decision was taken make an attempt to find a place for the shepherd dogs in two branches of the military services that was existed then. Keeping in mind the small number of service dogs needed for those couple of departments in Military service, the SV advised the shepherd dog keepers to secure a scope of regular training for them as protection dogs. And this was how the Schutzhund was originated.
Schutzhund qualified dogs are obvious to get good, secured jobs in the police and rescue departments. This is because the test focuses in developing the necessary traits like Intelligence, Courage, Willingness Capability to work, Ability to scent, and physical and mental soundness. All these are the most essential traits for these two departments.
The Schutzhund test is an elimination process through which the GSDs incorrect drives and temperament are straight way eliminated from the German Shepherd Dogs with correct traits. Naturally, the puppies of a Schutzhund trained Dam and Sire is expected to be of high quality — having most of the desirable characteristics of the breed.
Now-a-days, the dogs of the other breeds are actively taking part in the Schutzhund test, but the sports of Schutzhund was specifically developed solely for the Deutscher Scaferhund i.e. German Shepherd Dogs. Read more about GERMAN SHEPHERD DOG INSTINCTS AND BEHAVIOR.
This breed evaluation process has come to a great help to the modern breeders. It has become easier for the breeders to select an apt bitch for an apt dog and vice versa to produce good quality puppies with desirable characteristics and balanced physical structure.


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A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
Updated: August 10, 2018
Source: Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States by the best American and European Authors, ed. John J. Lalor (Chicago: M.B. Carey, 1899). 3 vols. Lalor's Preface.
Copyright: The text is in the public domain.
Fair Use: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
OLL Editor's Note:
NEITHER American nor English literature has hitherto possessed a Cyclopædia of Political Science and Political Economy. The want of a work of reference on these important branches of knowledge has long been felt, especially by lawyers, journalists, members of our state and national legislatures, and the large and intelligent class of capitalists and business men who give serious thought to the political and social questions of the day. The present work, which will be completed in three volumes, is the first to supply that want. It is also the first Political History of the United States in encyclopædic form—the first to which the reader can refer for an account of the important events or facts in our political history, as he would to a dictionary for the precise meaning of a word. The French, the Germans and even the Italians are richer in works of reference on political science and political economy than the Americans or the English. The Germans have Rotteck and Welcker's Staatslexikon, and Bluntschli and Brater's Staatswörterbuch; the French, Block's Dictionnaire Général de la Politique, and the celebrated Dictionnaire de l'Economie Politique, edited by Guillaumin and Coquelin.
The "Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States" is intended to be to the American and English reader what the above-named works are to French and German students of political science and political economy. The articles by foreigners in our work are largely translations from the Dictionnaire de l'Economie Politique, the Dictionnaire Général de la Politique, the Staatswörterbuch, and original articles by Mr. T. E. Cliffe Leslie, the eminent English economist; while the American articles are by the best American and Canadian writers on political economy and political science. The task of writing the articles on the political history of the United States was confided to one person, Mr. Alexander Johnston, of Norwalk, Connecticut, thoroughness, conciseness and the absence of repetition and of redundancy being thus secured.
It has been our aim to produce a work covering ground not covered by other cyclopædias. Hence, the biographies of American statesmen are made purposely very short, ours not being a biographical dictionary. The biographies in question are intended mainly to supplement the articles on the political history of the United States; just as our Cyclopædia itself is intended as a supplement to every other cyclopædia in the English language. It is, in fact, a special Cyclopædia, and bears the same relation to other cyclopædias that, for instance, a cyclopædia of law, medicine or engineering does. Great care has been taken in the articles from the French and German to preserve the exact meaning of the writer. In no instance has any liberty been taken with the thought of a contributor. The editor has not sought to harmonize the ideas of so many writers, and yet in very few instances will the opinions of one writer be found in direct conflict with those of another. The same subject is, in some cases, treated by two writers, but from a somewhat different point of view, under titles almost identical; and in these cases the difference of title serves merely for convenience of reference.
A little familiarity with the work will satisfy the reader that the articles from French and German writers are as applicable in the United States as in France and Germany. There is no more a French or German or American political economy or political science than there is a German or French or American science of astronomy or chemistry. It would have been well, some may think, if all the articles had been supplied by American writers. No one, however, can regret that those not written by Americans are from the pens of the most eminent European writers, men like T. E. Cliffe Leslie, J. C. Bluntschli, Brater, Bastiat, Barthélmy Saint-Hilaire, Baudrillart, Chevalier, Clément, Coquelin, Coquerel, Finali, Joseph Garnier, Guizot, v. Holtzendorff, Horn, Paul Janet, Laboulaye, v. Mangoldt, de Molinari, de Quatrefages, Remusat, Roscher, J. B. Say, Léon Say, Jules Simon, Thiers, Wolowski, Wagner and Wirth. The fact that every article is signed by the writer of it, and that each writer is an authority on the subject on which he writes, gives to the work a value which it would not otherwise possess. This feature is, we feel confident, one which the reader will appreciate.
In no country in the world is the necessity of the study of political science and political economy greater than in the United States, in which every citizen is, directly or indirectly—through the medium of his vote—a legislator; and yet, in no great country, perhaps, has the study of politics as a science been so utterly neglected. Our experience as a people during the last decade has demonstrated how very important it is to lay before the great body of readers reliable works to which they may refer, when occasion requires, for the principles by which all great national questions are solved. The people of the United States for the past ten years, to go no farther back in their history, have been, so to speak, one great debating club, discussing such questions as the resumption of specie payments, contraction of the currency, inflation of the currency, money, paper money, the nature and cure of commercial depressions, the demonetization of silver, banks, savings banks, bi-metallism, the relations of capital and labor, the right of employment, socialism, communism, strikes, railroad policy, civil service, civil service reform, etc., etc. The thinking portion of the people have eagerly devoured whatever they could find on these topics.
Other questions equally important are springing up every year, both in the national and state legislatures, questions relating to interest, the hours of labor, taxation, temperance, etc. These and kindred questions are, or may very easily become, questions of practical politics, or of political economy as applied to politics. In the present work these and similar subjects can be found discussed, from the standpoint of the statesman and legislator, by the best minds of the age, each under its proper title and in alphabetical order.
We think that the time at which our work appears is peculiarly opportune, for never before was the attention of the American people turned to questions of political science and political economy, more than now.
The publishers and editor desire to thank the contributors to this work for the readiness with which they accepted the invitation to write for its pages; and the unselfish interest they have one and all manifested in its success. Our acknowledgments, however, are due in a special manner to Mr. Horace White, of New York; to Mr. A. R. Spofford, Librarian of Congress; to Mr. Edward Atkinson, of Boston; to Mr. John Jay Knox, Comptroller of the Currency, and to Mr. Max. Eberhardt, of Chicago.
VOLUME II. East India Company - Nullification
Last modified August 10, 2018


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!! History Commons Alert, Exciting News
This is a scalable context timeline. It contains events related to the event Mid-1975: Colleague Warns Nuclear Equipment Manufacturer of A. Q. Khan, No Action Taken. You can narrow or broaden the context of this timeline by adjusting the zoom level. The lower the scale, the more relevant the items on average will be, while the higher the scale, the less relevant the items, on average, will be.
A. Q. Khan starts work for an engineering company called Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory (FDO), which is based in the Netherlands. He obtains the job, evaluating high-strength metals to be used for centrifuge components, through a former university classmate and a recommendation from his old professor, Martin Brabers. FDO is a subcontractor for a company called Urenco. Urenco owns an enrichment facility and was established in 1970 by the governments of Britain, West Germany, and the Netherlands to manufacture top-quality centrifuges that can be used to produce highly-enriched uranium for use in power plants and nuclear weapons. Khan Obtains Security Clearance - Khan obtains a security clearance with minimal background checks because he tells investigators he intends to become a Dutch citizen. However, he finds that security is lax and he has access to areas that should be denied him. For example, less than a week after he is hired, he visits the centrifuges, although he does not have clearance to see them. He obtains access to data about them and is also asked to help translate sensitive documents, as he has lived in various European countries and can speak several languages. Khan is allowed to take the documents home, even though this is a clear violation of security protocols. [Armstrong and Trento, 2007, pp. 46-7] Studied in Europe, Developed Network of Contacts - Prior to being hired by FDO, Khan had studied in Europe for some time. First he attended a series of lectures about metallurgy at the Technical University in West Berlin in 1962, then obtained a master's degree in engineering from Delft Technical University in the Netherlands in 1967, and received his doctorate from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium in 1971. His studies in Europe will later turn out to be useful when he starts a nuclear smuggling ring. Authors David Armstrong and Joe Trento will comment, "Along the way the affable Pakistani had developed a wide range of contacts, including individuals who would later emerge as part of his smuggling network." [Levy and Scott-Clark, 2007, pp. 22-25; Armstrong and Trento, 2007, pp. 46-7]
Entity Tags: Abdul Qadeer Khan, Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory, URENCO
Timeline Tags: A. Q. Khan's Nuclear Network
After Pakistani nuclear scientist A. Q. Khan agrees to help Pakistan obtain the technology to make a nuclear bomb (see Summer-Autumn 1974), he begins to steal secrets from a Dutch company he works for to help them. Khan is asked to help translate a top-secret report on the G2 centrifuge, a major advance in uranium enrichment technology. To this end, he is assigned to a high-security section of the company, but the strict security procedures are ignored and he has free access for 16 days to the company's main centrifuge plant. He takes full advantage of the situation, noting down details of the various processes. Around this time, neighbors also notice that Khan is receiving late-night visits from French and Belgian cars with diplomatic license plates, presumably Pakistani contacts to whom Khan is passing the secrets. [Armstrong and Trento, 2007, pp. 50-1]
Entity Tags: URENCO, Abdul Qadeer Khan
Following the commencement of Pakistan's uranium enrichment program (see After February 15, 1975), A. Q. Khan meets program head Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood in Belgium and then begins to steal an unprecedented amount of information from the company he works for, a European nuclear company called Urenco, to support the program. According to authors David Armstrong and Joe Trento: "Khan sent everything from centrifuge designs and technical literature to parts and lists of suppliers. He even sent blueprints of an entire uranium enrichment facility. In at least one instance, Khan sent [an associate] a discarded component from a uranium centrifuge." He evens asks a photographer he shares an office with to photograph some centrifuges and components. [Armstrong and Trento, 2007, pp. 53-4]
Entity Tags: Abdul Qadeer Khan, URENCO, Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood
Frits Veerman, a photographer who works with Pakistani nuclear scientist A. Q. Khan at the nuclear equipment manufacturer Urenco, becomes suspicious of Khan, and attempts to warn the company. Veerman becomes suspicious because Khan keeps asking him to photograph centrifuges and components, evidently so he can send the photographs back to Pakistan. When Veerman visits Khan's house, he sees highly classified centrifuge designs lying around. He also meets other Pakistanis at the house, and will later learn they are agents working under diplomatic cover. His suspicions aroused, Veerman warns Urenco of this repeatedly. However, the company denies there is a problem and tells Veerman not to make allegations against a superior. [Armstrong and Trento, 2007, pp. 54]
Entity Tags: Abdul Qadeer Khan, URENCO, Frits Veerman
The BVD, a Dutch intelligence service, begins investigating A. Q. Khan over suspicions he is passing on nuclear secrets from the uranium enrichment company Urenco, for which he works, to Pakistan. The investigation starts because of two incidents. In the first, the Pakistani embassy in Belgium uses a report that appears to have come from one of Urenco's owners to order specialized wrapping foil for centrifuges from Metalimphy, a French company. Metalimphy checks with Urenco's owner, which says that the report belongs to it, and should not be in the Pakistanis' hands. The BVD then learns that Khan was asking suspicious questions at a trade fair in Switzerland about atomic weapons. [Armstrong and Trento, 2007, pp. 54]
Entity Tags: Abdul Qadeer Khan, Metalimphy, URENCO, Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst
Ruud Lubbers. [Source: ru(.nl)]After the BVD, a Dutch intelligence agency, informs the CIA that it intends to arrest A. Q. Khan over the passage of nuclear secrets to Pakistan (see Mid-October 1975), the CIA tells the Dutch to let Khan continue with his activities. Former Dutch Minister of Economc Affairs Ruud Lubbers will say, "The Americans wished to follow and watch Khan to get more information." Lubbers questions this and the CIA tells him to block Khan's access to the secrets, which the Dutch do by promoting him to a job where he no longer has access to sensitive data from the uranium enrichment company Urenco. Lubbers will later suggest that the real reason the US does not want Khan arrested is because of its interest in helping Pakistan, an enemy of Soviet-leaning India. Because Khan no longer has access to the sensitive data after his promotion, the CIA cannot find out anything by monitoring him. In addition, the promotion alerts Khan to the fact he may be under surveillance, and he flees to Pakistan in mid-December. Authors David Armstrong and Joe Trento will later comment: "What no one yet realized was that Khan had already absconded with the plans for almost every centrifuge on Urenco's drawing board, including the all-important G-2 [centrifuge]. It would prove to be one of the greatest nuclear heists of all time." [Armstrong and Trento, 2007, pp. 54]
Entity Tags: Ruud Lubbers, Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst, Central Intelligence Agency, Abdul Qadeer Khan
Frits Veerman. [Source: atoomspionage(.com)]Pakistani nuclear scientist A. Q. Khan asks a former European associate, Frits Veerman, to help him with Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, but Veerman refuses and informs officials at his employer, Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory (FDO). The request is made in a letter hand-delivered by two Pakistani scientists on a business trip to the Netherlands and "very confidentially" asks Veerman to provide assistance "urgently" for a "research program." Khan wants Veerman, who is already suspicious of Khan (see Mid-1975), to provide him with drawings of tiny steel ball bearings used in centrifuges, as well as some sample bearings, metal membranes, and steel springs used to dampen centrifuges. Realizing that this information is secret, Veerman refuses to provide it. He also alerts FDO, which in turn informs the Dutch authorities. The Dutch begin to harass Veerman as a result (see (August 1976)). [Armstrong and Trento, 2007, pp. 6]
Entity Tags: Abdul Qadeer Khan, Frits Veerman, Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory
After Frits Veerman, an employee at Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory (FDO), learns of an attempt by Pakistani nuclear scientist A. Q. Khan to steal more nuclear secrets from the Netherlands (see July 1976), he informs his supervisor at the company of the attempted theft. He also gives his supervisor a letter Khan had sent him detailing what secrets Khan wanted from Veerman, but the supervisor tells Veerman that if he does not destroy the letter he will be arrested. FDO informs the Dutch authorities of the case, and they arrest Veerman, accusing him of spying. In response, Veerman, who had repeatedly warned his superiors of Khan's activities (see Mid-1975), then accuses the Dutch authorities of allowing the export of dangerous technology from the Netherlands. Veerman is released after two days and told, "You may not talk about this to anyone," because "[i]t is dangerous for the Netherlands." [Armstrong and Trento, 2007, pp. 66]
Entity Tags: Frits Veerman, Physical Dynamics Research Laboratory
The West German television station Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF) broadcasts a documentary naming A. Q. Khan as the head of the Pakistani nuclear weapons program. It also reports that the program is using blueprints stolen from a Dutch plant where Khan had previously worked (see May 1, 1972, October 1974, and March-December 15, 1975). Prior to the documentary, Khan had been a relatively obscure figure, but the story of his activities now becomes big news in both Europe and North America. [Levy and Scott-Clark, 2007, pp. 57]
Entity Tags: Abdul Qadeer Khan
The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs drafts a memo urging that the government of the Netherlands cover up its actions in regard of Pakistani nuclear scientist A. Q. Khan. Khan's role in Pakistan's nuclear weapons efforts has recently been revealed by a German television program (see March 28, 1979), which highlighted how Khan stole nuclear secrets while working in the Netherlands (see May 1, 1972, October 1974, and March-December 15, 1975). The Ministry of Economic Affairs memo states, "It is of the highest priority [to claim] that from the Netherlands, there is not a single contribution to the Pakistani effort." However, the Dutch government has known the allegations are true for years, but has kept this secret, initially ignored warnings, and even harassed a colleague who blew the whistle on Khan (see Mid-1975, Mid-October 1975, November 1975, July 1976, Second Half of 1976, and (August 1976)). The Dutch government decides in line with the memo, and issues an interim report whitewashing Khan's actions in the Netherlands. [Levy and Scott-Clark, 2007, pp. 57]
Entity Tags: Ministry of Economic Affairs (Netherlands)
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The Securities and Exchange Commission charged two California men connected to accounting giant KPMG's continuing insider trading scandal on Thursday.
Longtime KPMG partner Scott London, who ran the firm's Pacific Southwest audit practice, and Bryan Shaw, a friend with whom he traded nonpublic information, both admitted to conducting an insider trading scheme. The SEC charges that they benefited from rises or falls in the stock prices of some of KPMG's clients, including Herbalife Ltd. (NYSE:HLF), Skechers USA Inc. (NYSE: SKX), Deckers Outdoor Corp. (Nasdaq: DECK), RSC Holdings Inc. (NYSE: RRR) and Pacific Capital Bancorp (Nasdaq: PCBC).
Trades on Herbalife and Sketchers stocks were halted for several hours on Tuesday as investors received the news. KPMG later resigned as auditor for each of the companies.
The SEC alleges that in exchange for the insider information, Shaw paid London $50,000 in cash and provided him with jewelry, meals and tickets to entertainment events, as well as other benefits.
"I accept full and complete responsibility for what I have done and know that I will spend the rest of my life trying to make up for my tragic lapses of judgment," said Shaw in a statement released through his lawyer, Nathan J. Hochman. "Over the past several months, I have fully cooperated with the FBI, the SEC and the U.S. Department of Justice in their ongoing investigation of this matter."
Shaw, 52, runs a jewelry business in Encino, Calif., while London, 50, had been a longtime KPMG partner in charge of the company's Pacific Southwest audit practice until the company fired him on April 5.
The Justice Department approached KPMG late last week, informing the company that London was under investigation, according to the Los Angeles Times. London was fired less than 24 hours later.
In a statement, KPMG described London as a "rogue" employee who "acted with deliberate disregard for KPMG's long-standing culture of professionalism and integrity."
London says that he barely benefited. "I gained very little," he said. "He gained a lot and yet I bore all the risk."
In each of their statements the men called themselves "stupid."
"Every day since this occurred I'm saying to myself how stupid I am," London said.
And Shaw said, "I cannot begin to apologize for my incredibly stupid actions."
The U.S. Attorney's Office for the Central District of California also announced criminal charges against London.
"London breached a duty of trust and confidence that he owed to KPMG and clients he audited," the official SEC complaint states. "Shaw made at least $1.27 million in illicit profits by knowingly trading on the material, non-public information that London provided him."


text: (SportsNetwork. Nike Air Max 90 Mujer España .com) - The Tampa Bay Lightning will have to wait until after the Olympic break to get star centerman Steven Stamkos back, but the club hopes to avoid a fourth loss in five games when it hosts the Toronto Maple Leafs without him on Thursday night. Stamkoss teammate, Lightning captain Martin St. Louis, was named as his replacement for Sochi earlier on Thursday. You can listen to all of the action live on TSN Radio 1050 at 7:30pm. There was talk earlier this week that Stamkos would return for Saturdays home game against Detroit, the Lightnings final tilt before the NHL goes on hiatus for the Winter Olympics in Sochi, but on Wednesday it was announced that the sniper has not been cleared for game action by Dr. Ira Gutentag. The decision not only postpones Stamkos return to the Lightning, but also will prevent him from representing Team Canada at the Winter Games. The 23-year-old suffered a fractured tibia in a game against Boston on Nov. 11 and has missed the last 39 games while recovering. Stamkos was tied for the NHL lead in goals (14) and points (23) before the setback. "After reviewing the CT scan this afternoon, Dr. Gutentag made it clear to me and to Steven that the tibia is not completely healed and therefore he should not be participating in game action at any time in the near future," said Steve Yzerman, who is the general manager of the Lightning and the executive director of Team Canada. "Although the doctor was very pleased to this point with the healing process, he explained that the callus surrounding the fracture site is not 100 percent consolidated, and Steven will not be cleared to play in a game until that happens. It was a pretty clear cut decision, no gray areas at all." Stamkos will continue to rehabilitate and is expected to be re-evaluated in 2- to-3 weeks. The Lightning will resume play after the Olympic break on Feb. 27 at Nashville. "Today is obviously very disappointing for me," Stamkos said. "I honestly believe that we did everything possible in order to have my injured leg ready in time for the Olympics, but I realize you cant force healing." St. Louis will be participating at his second Olympics and first since the 2006 Turin Games. The 38-year-old winger has 25 goals and 54 points to lead Tampa this season. The Lightning have performed extremely well without Stamkos in the lineup over the last few months and they enter Thursday in second place in the Atlantic Division. However, Tampas 1-3-0 record over a recent four-game road trip has helped the Leafs and Montreal Canadiens move within three points of the Lightning for the divisions second spot. The top-three teams in each division receive automatic bids to the playoffs. The Lightning downed the Canadiens 2-1 in overtime Saturday in Montreal before losing in regulation Tuesday night at Minnesota. Darcy Kuemper stopped 34 Tampa Bay shots in the Wilds close victory in St. Paul. Valtteri Filppula scored in the loss and Ben Bishop made 24 saves for the Lightning. "We worked harder (than the last game) we just didnt work smarter," Tampa Bay head coach Jon Cooper said. "That was a big problem." The Lightning fell to 16-13-2 as the guest after its recent trip, but will play their final two games before the break at Tampa Bay Times Forum, where they are 16-6-3 this season. The Maple Leafs will try to rebound on Thursday after having a three-game winning streak halted with Tuesdays 4-1 loss at Florida. David Clarkson provided the lone goal for Toronto, while Jonathan Bernier allowed three goals on 47 shots in the setback. "The word to describe it is, we didnt have anything going except one person in the lineup is outstanding for our hockey club and that was our goaltender," Maple Leafs coach Randy Carlyle. "We didnt seem to have any jump or passion to play the game, and its kind of mind-boggling right now." After completing its two-game tour of the Sunshine State tonight, the Leafs will complete their pre-Olympic schedule on home ice when they host Vancouver on Saturday. Toronto is 20-10-1 as the home team this season compared to a sub-par 10-12-5 mark as the guest. The Leafs recorded a 3-2 regulation win over the visiting Lightning on Jan. 28, as Bernier stopped 40-of-42 shots and Nazem Kadri provided two goals for Toronto. It was the first of four scheduled meetings between the clubs this season and it was Torontos sixth win in the last eight meetings against the Bolts. The Lightning have won two straight and five of the last seven meetings in Central Florida. 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"Remember that being a woman is different in Afghanistan."
I was getting yet another opinion on my decision to travel to Afghanistan. The statement was made out of love, wanting to remind me that I should be aware of my surroundings and behavior, that just because I was a strong, independent woman, I should remember to respect local culture. But it was also coming from someone that had never traveled to Afghanistan.
In the day and age of the internet and television we can know a lot about the rest of world, without ever leaving our homes, and that gives us the illusion of being informed. Like many of my peers, I too had a certain view of what "women in Afghanistan" meant. Visions of burqas and limited rights came to mind. But I also knew that on the other side of the world, we often only hear one side of the story. We are limited by what mass media feeds us. So I made an effort to go into Afghanistan with an open mind an open heart.


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Students in the Mediation Clinic participate in various court and community-based dispute resolution programs in New York City. In addition, the Mediation Clinic offers free dispute resolution services to the Columbia University community.
The Mediation Clinic gives those students who may make mediation part of their professional lives a good start in terms of both skills and ethics. It helps students see the benefits and limitations of mediation and other dispute-resolution techniques so that they can responsibly counsel clients about their choices; it helps students understand how feelings, background values, and personal style affect performance in a professional role; and it provides quality assistance to parties whose disputes the clinic mediates.
In the classroom, students receive mediation-skills training and analyze the ethical, systemic, and jurisprudential issues involved in the ADR movement. The "texts" for class include the mediations that students observe or conduct, as well as readings, tapes, and role-plays that highlight important issues in the development of mediation practice. In addition, students observe "neutrals" (mediators) at work in a variety of settings.
Students mediate actual community disputes at the Community Mediation Center at Safe Horizon, a nonprofit victim-assistance, advocacy, and violence-prevention organization. Typical cases include disputes between neighbors, roommates, and co-workers, as well as business and organizational conflicts.
Students also mediate civil cases at New York City Civil Court Personal Appearance Part and small claims cases at the Harlem Small Claims Court, as well as employment-discrimination claims brought by federal employees and referred by EEOC administrative law judges.
"Columbia's clinics offer a chance for students to do something out of the classroom that has direct practical application. What attracted me to mediation in particular was that it teaches skills—and requires that you develop and use them—in ways that are applicable not just in the mediation setting but in a lot of different settings. Mediation is largely about problems that people have, but problems are compounded by more elusive emotional issues. My favorite part of the clinic was learning how to really listen to people and understand what they mean as well as what they say. The most challenging part was putting my own opinions aside and accepting that the main goal was for the parties to come to an agreement that they both found acceptable."
– Michael Brown '03
Columbia's Mediation Clinic offers the unique service of an informal and confidential forum where participants can discuss their concerns. The mediators are trained law students who act as neutral third parties. With the help of mediators, the parties sit down together and generate solutions. Unlike a judge, a mediator does not decide who is right or wrong. The mediator simply helps the participants communicate and, when appropriate, reach an agreement that respects the needs and interests of all parties. Mediation is a confidential, voluntary process.
Disputes, conflicts, and complaints are a normal part of university life. Mediation allows parties in a dispute to control the outcomes of their conflicts. Mediation can work well for people who want to avoid the stress and inflexibility of more formal procedures or for people who need to continue working relationships. Many kinds of conflicts can be resolved successfully through mediation.
Mediation can help resolve a range of issues including disrespectful treatment, noise complaints, harassment, assault, discrimination, and property damage. Disputes occur throughout the university community and between a variety of parties; for example, between students, between roommates, between faculty members and students, or between co-workers.
Mediation works best when all the parties involved are present to discuss the issues that are the source of conflict. The neutral mediator helps create an environment where all participants have equal and full voice. Such open communication helps people in conflict listen to one another's viewpoints and identify the underlying issues and interests. In this way, the mediation process allows participants to find meaningful resolutions to their disputes. Often participants leave mediation better able to communicate and resolve conflicts in the future.
The Columbia Law School Mediation Clinic offers free dispute resolution to members of the Columbia community. You can request mediation in these ways:
Flier for Mediation at Columbia Law School
Clinic students mediated a case between a construction company whose employee had dropped a tool from a scaffold and the woman on whose car the tool had fallen. The car owner had presented the bill for repairs to the construction company, but the company's owner had refused to pay, believing the cost could not have been as high as the woman claimed. The woman sued him in Harlem Small Claims Court, where both parties agreed to have their case mediated by Columbia students.
The student mediators explained the process to both parties, listened to their stories, and summarized the information straightforwardly. They also suggested that they hold separate meetings with each party. Although the woman had held her ground in front of her adversary, privately she was able to rethink the dispute and said that she would be willing to lower her claim. Likewise, in private, the man increased his offer by several hundred dollars.
The mediators brought the parties back together and they agreed amicably on a price. The students then wrote up the agreement—specifying how and when the payment would be made—and submitted it to the judge.
Rebecca Netter '07 dealt with an interesting case that could have been resolved outside the court system while taking part in a mediation at the Harlem Community Justice Center.
Read about their work and the Mediation Clinic In Action.
Alexandra Carter, a former associate attorney with Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP and a mediator, is Director of the Clinical Program at Columbia. She teaches the Law School's Mediation Clinic with Professor Carol B. Liebman. Professor Carter, who won the Jane Marks Murphy Prize for clinical advocacy while a student at Columbia Law School, has become a strong advocate of mediation as a valuable tool for many kinds of legal challenges.
To read Professor Carter's full biography and to find her contact information, visit the Faculty Contacts page.


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Buy a car
from the safety of your home.
4-Door Automatic
MSRP based on 4-Door AutomaticChange Style
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Quick Specs
Gas Mileage 19 mpg City/23 mpg Hwy
Engine Gas I4, 2.0L
EPA Class 2WD Special Purpose
Style Name 4dr Auto
Drivetrain Rear Wheel Drive
Passenger Capacity 5
Passenger Doors 4
Body Style Sport Utility
Transmission 4-speed electronically-controlled automatic transmission w/OD
EPA Classification 2WD Special Purpose
Weight Information
Base Curb Weight (lbs) 3230
Interior Dimensions
Passenger Capacity 5
Front Hip Room (in) 52.5
Front Leg Room (in) 44.5
Second Shoulder Room (in) 54.4
Passenger Volume (ft³) 125.7
Second Head Room (in) 37.8
Front Shoulder Room (in) 54.4
Second Hip Room (in) 50.4
Front Head Room (in) 39.6
Second Leg Room (in) 31.1
Exterior Dimensions
Wheelbase (in) 104.3
Track Width, Rear (in) 56.7
Height, Overall (in) 65.0
Rear Door Opening Width (in) - TBD -
Length, Overall (in) 170.3
Min Ground Clearance (in) 7.9
Track Width, Front (in) 56.7
Liftover Height (in) - TBD -
Width, Max w/o mirrors (in) 68.1
Rear Door Opening Height (in) - TBD -
Cargo Area Dimensions
Cargo Area Length @ Floor to Seat 1 (in) - TBD -
Cargo Box (Area) Height (in) - TBD -
Cargo Area Width @ Beltline (in) - TBD -
Cargo Volume to Seat 3 (ft³) NA
Cargo Area Length @ Floor to Seat 2 (in) - TBD -
Cargo Volume to Seat 1 (ft³) 55.4
Cargo Box Width @ Wheelhousings (in) - TBD -
Cargo Area Length @ Floor to Seat 3 (in) NA
Cargo Volume to Seat 2 (ft³) 25.8
Fuel Economy
Fuel Tank
Fuel Tank Capacity, Approx (gal) 15.8
EPA Fuel Economy Est - City (MPG) 19
EPA Fuel Economy Est - Hwy (MPG) 23
Performance Specs
Engine Order Code NA
SAE Net Torque @ RPM 127 @ 4000
Fuel System MPFI
Engine Type Gas I4
SAE Net Horsepower @ RPM 130 @ 5500
Displacement 2.0L/122
Drivetrain Rear Wheel Drive
First Gear Ratio (:1) 2.83
Sixth Gear Ratio (:1) NA
Transfer Case Gear Ratio (:1), Low NA
Trans Description Cont. Automatic w/OD,
Fourth Gear Ratio (:1) 0.73
Final Drive Axle Ratio (:1) 4.78
Trans Order Code NA
Second Gear Ratio (:1) 1.49
Reverse Ratio (:1) 2.70
Seventh Gear Ratio (:1) NA
Trans Description Cont. Again Electronic
Fifth Gear Ratio (:1) NA
Transfer Case Gear Ratio (:1), High NA
Trans Type 4
Third Gear Ratio (:1) 1.00
Clutch Size (in) NA
Brake Type Power
Rear Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness (in) NA
Disc - Rear (Yes or ) NA
Brake ABS System NA
Drum - Rear (Yes or ) Yes
Front Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness (in) 11.10 x - TBD -
Disc - Front (Yes or ) Yes
Rear Drum Diam x Width (in) 10.23 x - TBD -
Steering Type Speed-Sensitive Pwr Recirculating Ball
Turning Diameter - Curb to Curb (ft) 34.8
Steering Ratio (:1), Overall - TBD -
Turning Diameter - Wall to Wall (ft) - TBD -
Lock to Lock Turns (Steering) 3.54
Front Tire Order Code NA
Spare Tire Size P205/75R15
Front Tire Size P205/75R15
Rear Tire Order Code NA
Rear Tire Size P205/75R15
Spare Tire Order Code NA
Front Wheel Size (in) 15 x 6.0
Spare Wheel Material - TBD -
Front Wheel Material Steel
Rear Wheel Size (in) 15 x 6.0
Rear Wheel Material Steel
Spare Wheel Size (in) 15 x 6.0
Suspension Type - Front Double Wishbone
Shock Absorber Diameter - Rear (mm) - TBD -
Suspension Type - Rear (Cont.) w/Panhard Rod
Suspension Type - Rear 3-Bar Link
Stabilizer Bar Diameter - Front (in) - TBD -
Shock Absorber Diameter - Front (mm) - TBD -
Suspension Type - Front (Cont.) w/Coil Springs
Stabilizer Bar Diameter - Rear (in) NA
Safety Features
Air Bag-Frontal-Driver Yes
Air Bag-Frontal-Passenger Yes
Air Bag-Passenger Switch (On/Off) No
Air Bag-Side Body-Front No
Air Bag-Side Body-Rear No
Air Bag-Side Head-Front No
Air Bag-Side Head-Rear No
Brakes-ABS No
Child Safety Rear Door Locks No
Daytime Running Lights No
Traction Control No
Night Vision No
Rollover Protection Bars No
Fog Lamps No
Parking Aid No
Tire Pressure Monitor No
Back-Up Camera No
Stability Control No
Other Features Driver & front passenger airbags
Driver knee airbag
Height-adjustable front safety belt anchors
Steel side-door impact beams
Driver knee airbag
Height-adjustable front safety belt anchors
Steel side-door impact beams
Basic Miles/km 36,000
Basic Years 3
Corrosion Miles/km 100,000
Corrosion Years 5
Drivetrain Miles/km 60,000
Drivetrain Years 5
Roadside Assistance Miles/km 36,000
Roadside Assistance Years 3
Other Specs
Cooling System
Total Cooling System Capacity (qts) 7.9
Cold Cranking Amps @ 0° F (Primary) - TBD - (48 amp/hr)
Maximum Alternator Capacity (amps) 70
Dead Weight Hitch - Max Trailer Wt. (lbs) 2000
Wt Distributing Hitch - Max Tongue Wt. (lbs) NA
Dead Weight Hitch - Max Tongue Wt. (lbs) 200
Wt Distributing Hitch - Max Trailer Wt. (lbs) NA
Looking for other models of the Kia Sportage?Read reviews & get prices


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Event Description
The Re-Discover Dine Around restaurant program will now be running throughout the year.
Several restaurants, including many up-market establishments, are offering Dinner Specials.
The offer is mostly for a 3-course Dinner including a bottle of wine per couple for Bds $99.00 per person.
Be sure to request the Re-Discover Menu when making your reservation.
For a list of restaurants with menus and contact details go to http://www.re-discover.com.


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|Photo: Colin Riddle
|Photo: bleakstar / Shutterstock
Cisco predicts that annual global IP traffic will reach 3.3 ZB per year by 2021 and that the number of devices connected to IP networks will be more than three times the global population by 2021, while Gartner predicts $2.5M per minute in IoT spending and 1M new IoT devices will be sold every hour by 2021. It's testament to the speed with which digital connectivity is changing the lives of people all over the world.
Data has also evolved dramatically in recent years, in type, volume, and velocity -- with its rapid evolution attributed to the widespread digitization of business processes globally. Data has become the new business currency and its further rapid increase will be key to the transformation and growth of enterprises globally, and the advancement of employees, "the digital natives."
The Cisco Global Cloud Index points to the cloud as the top driver as exponential data center growth with cloud center traffic quadrupling in the next five years. Data generated by IoT applications (such as connected homes, smart cities and healthcare) will be 600ZB (zettabytes) per year by 2020, 39 times higher than current data center traffic which is 15.3ZB.
Big data therefore has a far-reaching impact and meaning. But how do we understand it and its benefits, along with analytics on the journey to digital transformation? Understanding the value of data is key to the successful implementation of operational strategies that facilitate agile and effective business growth.
Big data means better business
Data is an enabler of future strategies and immediate change, thanks to the power of predictive analytics and advanced data science. Correctly harnessing data can help to achieve better, fact-based decision-making and improve the overall customer experience. By using new big data technologies, organizations can answer questions in seconds rather than days, and in days rather than months. This acceleration allows businesses to enable the type of quick reactions to key business questions and challenges that can build competitive advantage and improve performance, and provide answers for complex problems or questions that have resisted analysis...
Keep learning -- skills are everything
Proficiency with data mining and visualization tools ranks as one of the most important skills in determining project success.
All organizations need to consistently develop new data mining skills to fully realize the business potential. A key trend in big data is machine learning. Big data experts who can harness machine learning technology to build and train predictive analytic apps such as classification, recommendation, and personalization systems are in high demand.
Statistical and quantitative analysis, which aims to understand or predict behavior or events through the use of mathematical measurements and calculations, statistical modeling and research, is also imperative to accomplishment. Other key data mining techniques that are employed industry wide include:
- Association is one of the best-known data mining techniques. With association, a pattern is discovered based on a relationship between items in the same transaction
- Classification is a classic data mining technique based on machine learning
- Clustering is a data mining technique that makes a meaningful or useful cluster of objects which have similar characteristics using the automatic technique
- Prediction is one of a data mining techniques that discovers the relationship between independent variables and relationship between dependent and independent variables
- Sequential patterns analysis seeks to discover or identify similar patterns, regular events or trends in transaction data over a business period
- Decision tree technique, the root of the decision tree is a simple question or condition that has multiple answers
Source: BetaNews


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Thickness 20mm
Width 70mm
Length 280mm
Grade Prime
Click to download the Technical Data Sheet for this product.
In our Design from Havwoods collection you will find an enormous variety of parquet blocks from which you can create the stunning patterns that are so on-trend. We've scoured the world for the best products, both technically and aesthetically, so you will find numerous shapes, sizes and constructions, as well as different colours and textures. But you can be sure that all are of the 'best-in-class' quality you expect from Havwoods.
If you've decided to use a block, there are just a couple of points to remember. Our solid wood blocks cannot be fitted over underfloor heating but, in general, those that are engineered can – if this is a criteria, check the technical data sheet. And if you want to use a parquet block for a pattern other than single herringbone then you need to ensure that its proportions are in the correct ratio necessary to reproduce the pattern you have in mind.
This block is usually available from stock. See more herringbone blocks, or view our entire offering of parquet patterns, or use the drop down menu at the top to refine your search.


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UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN River Falls
In this column, list the Wisconsin Content Standards that are included in this course. The Standards for each content area are found in the Wisconsin Content Standards document.
In this column, indicate the nature of the performance assessments used in this course to evaluate student proficiency in each standard.
The structures within the discipline, the historical roots and evolving nature of mathematics, and the interaction between technology and the discipline.
Teachers' knowledge of axiomatic structures assessed through exam items; students useGeometer's Sketchpad to explore geometric ideas, and are assessed via exams, assignments, projects and presentations.
Facilitating the building of student conceptual and procedural understanding.
Students explore relationships between Euclidean geometry and Finite, Spherical, Hyperbolic, and Taxicab geometries, and conceptual understanding is assessed on exams, assignments, projects, and presentations
Helping all students build understanding of the discipline including:
. Confidence in their abilities to utilize mathematical knowledge.
. Awareness of the usefulness of mathematics.
. The economic implications of fine mathematical preparation.
Confidence levels in dealing with a variety of axiomatic systems are assessed primarily through presentations and comments made in class and to individual instructors. Awareness of usefulness of geometry is assessed in presentations and class discussions.
Exploring, conjecturing, examining and testing all aspects of problem solving.
Exploring and testing conjectures is an integral part of the instruction of this course; student ability to explore geometric ideas in a problem solving manner is assessed during class discussions, on homework, and in written projects and oral presentations.
Formulating and posing worthwhile mathematical tasks, solving problems using several strategies, evaluating results, generalizing solutions, using problem solving approaches effectively, and applying mathematical modeling to real-world situations.
Teachers' problem solving abilities are assessed during class laboratory activities, on exams, in homework, and in projects and presentations.
Making convincing mathematical arguments, framing mathematical questions and conjectures, formulating counter-examples, constructing and evaluating arguments, and using intuitive, informal exploration and formal proof.
Teachers' ability to provide convincing informal and formal arguments based on appropriate geometric axiomatic systems are an integral part of the course, and are assessed during class discussions, homework, exams, projects, and presentations.
Expressing ideas orally, in writing, and visually-, using mathematical language, notation, and symbolism; translating mathematical ideas between and among contexts.
Mathematical communication skills are assessed during class discussions, on homework assignments and exams, on written projects and oral presentations.
Connecting the concepts and procedures of mathematics, drawing connections between mathematical strands, between mathematics and other disciplines, and with daily life.
Projects provide the main opportunity for teachers to show their understanding of connections between geometry and real life. The concepts and procedures of non-Euclidean and Euclidean geometries are connected within and between topics through an emphasis on which axioms hold in all systems, and which are unique to a system; teachers' understanding is assessed through exams, homework, and projects and presentations.
Selecting appropriate representations to facilitate mathematical problem solving and translating between and among representations to explicate problem-solving situations.
Different geometries use different representations depending on their axiomatic systems and the real life problems that are being solved; teachers' abilities to choose appropriate representations and to move back and forth between representations are assessed on homework, exams, in class discussions, and in projects and presentations.
Mathematical processes including:
. Problem solving.
. Communication.
. Reasoning and formal and informal argument.
. Mathematical connections.
. Representations.
. Technology.
In their study of every type of geometry in this course (Euclidean, finite, Spherical, Hyperbolic, and Taxicab), teachers' apply each and every one of these processes, as noted in previous sections. All are assessed through class discussions, homework, exams, projects, and presentations.
Number operations and relationships from both abstract and concrete perspectives identifying real world applications, and representing and connecting mathematical concepts and procedures including:
. Number sense.
. Set theory.
. Number and operation.
. Composition and decomposition of numbers, including place value, primes, factors, multiples, inverses, and the extension of these concepts throughout mathematics.
. Number systems through the real numbers, their properties and relations.
. Computational procedures.
. Proportional reasoning.
. Number theory.
Students use numbers, number systems, and operations as needed in this geometry course, but the course is not focused on the teaching of number systems, and so, they are not assessed per se.
Mathematical concepts and procedures, and the connections among them for teaching upper level number operations and relationships including:
. Advanced counting procedures, including union and intersection of sets, and parenthetical operations.
. Algebraic and transcendental numbers.
. The complex number system, including polar coordinates.
. Approximation techniques as a basis for numerical integration, fractals, and numerical-based proofs.
. Situations in which numerical arguments presented in a variety of classroom and real-world situations (e.g., political, economic, scientific, social) can be created and critically evaluated.
. Opportunities in which acceptable limits of error can be assessed (e.g., evaluating strategies, testing the reasonableness of results, and using technology to carry out computations).
Number systems are used as needed in the study of geometry, but are not assessed directly in this course.
Geometry and measurement from both abstract and concrete perspectives and to identify real world applications, and mathematical concepts, procedures and connections among them including:
. Formal and informal argument.
. Names, properties, and relationships of two- and three-dimensional shapes.
. Spatial sense.
. Spatial reasoning and the use of geometric models to represent, visualize, and solve problems.
. Transformations and the ways in which rotation, reflection, and translation of shapes can illustrate concepts, properties, and relationships.
. Coordinate geometry systems including relations between coordinate and synthetic geometry, and generalizing geometric principles from a two-dimensional system to a three-dimensional system.
. Concepts of measurement, including measurable attributes, standard and non-standard units, precision and accuracy, and use of appropriate tools.
. The structure of systems of measurement, including the development and use of measurement systems and the relationships among different systems. Measurement including length, area, volume, size of angles, weight and mass, time, temperature, and money.
. Measuring, estimating, and using measurement to describe and compare geometric phenomena.
. Indirect measurement and its uses, including developing formulas and procedures for determining measure to solve problems.
All of these content areas are prerequisite knowledges for the current course, but they are not a focus of the course, since they appear to reflect lower level geometric knowledge and this is a graduate level course; consequently, they are not formally assessed in this course per se, although teachers cannot demonstrate their complete understanding of this courses' topics without having a certain amount of proficiency with these lower level topics.
There are two exceptions to the above statement; the first occurs in the area of spatial reasoning and the use of geometric models to represent, visualize and solve problems. In the study of spherical geometry, teachers use Lenart spheres and spherical compasses to visualize spherical geometry concepts and solve problems. They are assessed on their use of these models and their problem solving ability in spherical geometry on homework, exams, projects, and presentations.
The other exception is in the area of using measurement to compare geometric phenomena. Angle sizes and sums of angles in various spherical and hyperbolic polygons are compared to results from Euclidean geometry. Teachers knowledge is assessed on homework, exams, and projects.
Mathematical concepts, procedures, and the connections among them for teaching upper level geometry and measurement including:
. Systems of geometry, including Euclidean, non-Euclidean, coordinate, transformational, and projective geometry.
. Transformations, coordinates, and vectors and their use in problem solving. Three-dimensional geometry and its generalization to other dimensions. Topology, including topological properties and transformations.
. Opportunities to present convincing arguments by means of demonstration, informal proof, counter-examples, or other logical means to show the truth of statements and/or generalizations.
Systems of geometry (finite, Euclidean, Spherical, Hyperbolic and Taxicab), transformational geometry, and the development of the ability to use convincing arguments and proof, are the main components of this course.
Teachers' ability to analyze systems, solve problems, use technology, and make and prove hypotheses are assessed throughout the course activities: class discussions, homework, exams, projects, and presentations.
Statistics and probability from both abstract and concrete perspectives and to identify real world applications, and the mathematical concepts, procedures and the connections between them including:
. Use of data to explore real-world issues.
. The process of investigation including formulation of a problem, designing a data collection plan, and collecting, recording, and organizing data.
. Data representation through graphs, tables, and summary statistics to describe data distributions, central tendency, and variance.
. Analysis and interpretation of data.
. Randomness, sampling, and inference.
. Probability as a way to describe chances or risk in simple and compound events.
. Outcome prediction based on experimentation or theoretical probabilities.
Not covered or assessed in this course.
Mathematical concepts, procedures, and the connections among them for teaching upper level statistics and probability including:
. Use of the random variable in the generation and interpretation of probability distributions.
. Descriptive and inferential statistics, measures of disbursement, including validity and reliability, and correlation.
. Probability theory and its link to inferential statistics.
. Discrete and continuous probability distributions as bases for inference.
. Situations in which students can analyze, evaluate, and critique the methods and conclusions of statistical experiments reported in journals, magazines, news media, advertising, etc.
Not covered or assessed in this course.
Functions, algebra, and basic concepts underlying calculus from both abstract and concrete perspectives and to identify real world applications, and the mathematical concepts, procedures and the connections among them including:
. Patterns.
. Functions as used to describe relations and to model real world situations.
. Representations of situations that involve variable quantities with expressions, equations and inequalities and that include algebraic and geometric relationships.
. Multiple representations of relations, the strengths and limitations of each representation, and conversion from one representation to another.
. Attributes of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, algebraic, and exponential functions.
. Operations on expressions and solution of equations, systems of equations and inequalities using concrete, informal, and formal methods.
. Underlying concepts of calculus, including rate of change, limits, and approximations for irregular areas.
Functions, algebra, and calculus are not a focus of this course; some aspects of these areas are incorporated as needed into teachers' projects, but they are not assessed per se.
One notable exception is in the area of trigonometric functions and their definition and applications to spherical geometry. Teachers compare and contrast Euclidean trigonometry with spherical trigonometry, and are assessed on their knowledge and understanding via homework, exams, projects, and presentations.
Mathematical concepts, procedures, and the connections among them for teaching upper level functions, algebra, and concepts of calculus including:
. Concepts of calculus, including limits (epsilon-delta) and tangents, derivatives, integrals, and sequences and series.
. Modeling to solve problems.
. Calculus techniques including finding limits, derivatives, integrals, and using special rules.
. Calculus applications including modeling, optimization, velocity and acceleration, area, volume, and center of mass.
. Numerical and approximation techniques including Simpson's rule, trapezoidal rule, Newton's Approximation, and linearization.
. Multivariate calculus.
. Differential equations.
Functions, algebra, and calculus are not a focus of this course; some aspects of these areas are incorporated as needed into teachers' projects, but they are not assessed per se.
Discrete processes from both abstract and concrete perspectives and to identify real world applications, and the mathematical concepts, procedures and the connections among them including:
. Counting techniques.
. Representation and analysis of discrete mathematics problems using sequences, graph theory, arrays, and networks.
. Iteration and recursion.
The processes of discrete mathematics are not a focus of this course; some aspects of these areas are incorporated as needed into teachers' projects, but they are not assessed per se.
Mathematical concepts, procedures, and the connections among them for teaching upper level discrete mathematics including:
. Topics, including symbolic logic, induction, linear programming, and finite graphs.
. Matrices as a mathematical system, and matrices and matrix operations as tools for recording information and for solving problems.
. Developing and analyzing algorithms.
The processes of discrete mathematics are not a focus of this course; some aspects of these areas are incorporated as needed into teachers' projects, but they are not assessed per se.