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Prevalence of increasing carotid artery atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure: an ultrasonographic study
Search Medline for
|November 11, 2004
To evaluate the prevalence of carotid artery atherosclerosis in patients with chronic renal failure compared to patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and to patients without renal failure.
We studied 115 patients with chronic renal disease (creatinine > 2 mg/dl) without known cardio-vascular disease and without diabetes by using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound, compared to 105 patients with IHD and 65 patients without renal failure. Carotid atherosclerosis was classified as: normal, thickened intima-media, non-stenotic plaque and stenotic plaque.
Compared with subjects without renal disease, the frequency of patients with renal failure without known IHD increased significantly from normal to stenotic plaque. No difference was found comparing patients with renal diasease and with subjects with IHD (p=0,57). Patients with renal disease and non renal disease subjects with IHD showed a similiar association of the increasing degree of carotid atherosclerosis. But significantly stronger compared with patients without diabetes or IHD (p<0,02).
Patients with renal failure without known IHD show an advanced degree of carotid atherosclerosis damage similiar to patients without renal disease with IHD and significantly higher with patients without renal failure. Our data support an aggressive and early prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with renal failure.


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Autodesk is working to help solve some of the world's most complex design problems, from pressing ecological challenges to the development of scalable smart infrastructure. Designers use Autodesk tools to not only create plans for buildings, for example, but also to simulate their impact on the environment and track their performance over time.
Autodesk Research is unique in that we are dedicated to innovation and discovery in this realm. Our interests range from methods to help users learn powerful digital prototyping tools, to visualization and simulation techniques which enable designers to achieve new levels of performance. Advancing the state of the art in human-computer interaction, computer graphics, and digital design technology, we collaborate openly with researchers at leading universities around the world.

subset: commoncrawl


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BioPharmaceutical Account Manager - Neurology - Winston-Sale...
Winston-Salem - North Carolina (NC),
Job Description:
Territory: Winston-Salem, NC
Target city for territory is Winston Salem, NC - will consider candidates who live within 40 miles of territory boundaries with access to a major airport. Territory boundaries include: New Castle, Hickory, Spencer and Blountville.
At Lundbeck, we are tirelessly dedicated to restoring brain health so every person can be their best. Lundbeck is the only global pharmaceutical company focused solely on brain diseases. Our legacy in neuroscience goes back seven decades and we have a long heritage of innovation. Lundbeck has developed and commercialized some of the world's most widely prescribed therapies for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Today, we remain uncompromisingly committed to improving the quality of life for people impacted by brain disorders. Lundbeck is unique from other biopharmaceutical companies in that we are 70 percent owned by a research-focused foundation. We have a deep and productive pipeline, and continue to bring forward symptomatic therapies to help people live better lives, while simultaneously pursuing disease-modifying treatments.
As a BioPharmaceutical Account Manager, you will act as the primary customer contact for demand creation by providing comprehensive clinical knowledge and executing sales and marketing strategies in the local market. Strong Account Manager candidates must demonstrate the ability to drive strong sales performance, as well as partner with a field-based team to deploy approved services necessary to meet the needs of each account/customer.
Specifically, the BioPharmaceutical Account Manager will demonstrate ability in the following areas:
Critical Thinking - Ability to understand a situation, issue, or problem by breaking it into smaller components. Ability to collect information, derive inferences, find solutions and make informed decisions and recommendations using data and tools where appropriate
Business Planning and Execution - Ability to prioritize opportunities, develops strategy & tactics, allocates resources, monitors progress and adjusts direction to maximize sales performance and measure progress against plan. Uses monthly budget to maximize profitability and return on investment.
Selling - Understand the core selling process, adapt style, and effectively negotiate to bring value to the customer and close the sale. Utilizes relevant resources to advance the call and address customer concerns; demonstrates value by credibly sharing relevant information based on provider interest
Reimbursement - Consistently demonstrates the ability to stay informed on reimbursement dynamics, anticipates and communicates impact on product portfolio to key internal and external partners and effectively addresses payer access issues (Medicare, Medicaid, Commercial) using Lundbeck resources. Tailors messages appropriately for each customer's payer landscape.
Pharmaceutical Environment/Compliance- Ability to apply knowledge of pharmaceutical and regulatory environment, including Lundbeck policies and procedures and FDA regulations regarding the promotion of pharmaceutical and medical products. Ability to apply knowledge of overall healthcare economy and industry practices. Accountability and adherence to corporate, FDA, and PDMA guidelines
Customer Development - Build and maintain productive internal and external relationships (e.g., customers, account contacts, stakeholders and influencers, etc.) based on customer needs and organizational goals.
Therapeutic Area Knowledge - Ability to apply therapeutic area knowledge to the sale of Lundbeck products and/or to increase effectiveness in role.
Local Market Expertise - Ability to collaborate with internal and external partners to gather and validate key trends and dynamics in the market, map account linkages, including stakeholders who exhibit direct and indirect influence on customer behavior. Utilize market knowledge to uncover and prioritize unique opportunities that will allow for mutual value between Lundbeck and our customers.
REQUIRED EDUCATION, EXPERIENCE and SKILLS:
- Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Sciences degree from an accredited college or university
- 5+ years of Specialty Sales experience in Pharmaceutical, Biopharmaceutical or Medical Device
- Experience in both the medical or specialty pharmacy benefit market with a strong level of understanding of pricing, government payers, and specialty pharmaceutical markets
- Proven track record of consistent sales performance
- Account management experience, ownership and accountability for the development and execution of a fully integrated account plan
- Must be computer literate with proficiency in Microsoft Office software
- Must live within 40 miles of territory boundaries
- Valid driver's license with a safe driving record that meets company requirements
- Willingness/Ability to travel up to 50%
- Meeting and complying with reasonable industry-standard credentialing requirements of healthcare providers / customer facilities is required for continued employment with Lundbeck
- Injectable/infusion sales experience within a buy & bill environment or other comparable reimbursement experiences
- Migraine experience highly preferred
- Experience in neurology and/or pain management
- Previous success in navigating complex integrated health systems (Clinics and hospitals)
- Product launch or expansion experience, particularly in a new therapeutic class
- Ability to incorporate the "total office" selling approach/account management
- Strong business analytical skills (business/ financial acumen)
- Master's degree in business, marketing or related field
- Willingness/Ability to travel up to 50% domestically to (a) regularly meet/interact with customer base and internal personnel within assigned territory; and (b) typically attend 4-8 internal/external conferences and meetings spanning locations within the United States. Travel must be able to be completed in a timely manner.
Lundbeck is proud to be an equal opportunity workplace and is an affirmative action employer. We are committed to equal employment opportunity regardless of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, national origin, disability, protected veteran status, and any other characteristic protected by law, rule, or regulation. Lundbeck participates in E-Verify.


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Sioux Falls Man Accused of Threatening Officer
A man who was asked to leave a grocery store in Sioux Falls early Tuesday wound up being charged with two felonies after he was brought to jail.
Information Officer Sam Clemens says it was just after midnight when 48-year-old Robert Wayne Running Shield Senior of Sioux Falls was asked to leave the Hy-Vee Food Store on South Minnesota Avenue.
Clemens says the man refused to leave, but when he saw a police car he decided he would vacate.
The officer stopped him and arrested him for failure to vacate, but when he was brought to jail, Clemens says Running Shield talked about "stabbing the officer once he found his knife."
Clemens says when jail staff found the knife in Running Shield's pocket, he was also charged with threatening a law enforcement officer and having an unauthorized article in jail.
Clemens says the latter two charges are both felonies.


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Today's Daily Prompt, 'Five a Day', says:
You've being exiled to a private island, and your captors will only supply you with five foods. What do you pick?
I guess in my travels I've had a chance to figure out what I do and don't like, and what my body does and does not cope well with and without. I've certainly gone through stints where I've had to get by on pretty poor diet- certain deployments, for example, where both food choice and food quality were pretty low. They were good times to go through from a learning perspective- but certainly not fun. I don't enjoy being hungry- especially not when you've got a demanding job to do, under difficult circumstances.
I can't pretend to be the world's healthiest eater. MIO and I are constantly fasting things from our diet (generally, sugar and alcohol) in order to kick-start some healthier habits- and general fitness. So I suppose if I'm going to be marooned on a desert island, this is also going to play a part.
Of course, the real question is, what type of island is this? Does it have coconut palms? Can I catch fish? I should be able to get salt from the sea, and maybe some other goodies as well. And what herbs might be growing to add a little flavour, and could I talk my captors into bringing me a few seeds from time to time…? But maybe that's all cheating.
I reckon my five foods would be as follows:
1. Bread. And I'm going to request fresh bread. Every culture has a staple. I can't deny my northern European genetic heritage. So it's either going to be bread, or potatoes. But I do love my daily bread. Growing up in France, I got spoiled having boulangeries on every corner, and cheap, warm, soft bread pretty much on tap. Of course, over the years I've found I love breads from most parts of the world- so long as it's fresh, usually soft, and ideally warm. Flat-breads from the Middle East, or naan from south Asia, or a nice Turkish bread, really, I'm open to variety. In fact, while you're at it, by all means vary said bread on a daily basis, just to keep in interesting. I don't mind a weekly rotation.
From a dietary perspective, of course, bread is a nice source of carbohydrates, an appetite-killer and a stomach-filler. If I'm stuck on a private island someplace, then I don't want to be thinking about my hungry stomach all the time. I thought about rice, but rice can be a bit starchy, and doesn't have the variety that bread does. So, bread it is.
2. Beans. When I lived in northern Papua New Guinea, my housemate and I would shop for all our food needs at the local market. It was a grubby but vibrant place, with a beautiful range of fresh- and I mean fresh- fruit and vegetables. We'd stock up once a week for about $20, and would generally cook curries for ourselves, with lashings of hot sauce, curry powder and other spices and flavours in there. I'm no vegetarian, but we'd generally only have meat once a week, sometimes less, and I'd say that that period was one of the healthiest, from a dietary perspective, I've ever enjoyed.
I've never really been a fan of beans. But in PNG we'd buy great bunches of snake beans for a pittance, and they'd become a mainstay of the curry. Beans are greens (again, never been big on greens) so chocked full of nutritional goodness, and I reckon they'd be a good option in terms of maintaining the healthy side of things. Not my favourite foodstuff, but if I'm stuck on an island, I don't want to be getting sick or scurvied.
3. Lentils. I love Indian food. Again, I enjoy a blend of international cuisine, and done well, Thai blows me away for the subtle aromatic nature of it. But the sheer variety and tastiness of Indian cuisine delights me non-stop. Hence I've garnered a love for lentils (encouraged by my wife, who also loves them and cooks some very tasty lentil dishes). As a pulse, lentils are full of protein (seeing as I'm not asking for meat)- and another good one for filling you up, but filling you up with stuff that's really healthy. While I realise that my captors may not be providing me with a spice rack (if they did, we're home and dry), at least if I've got to eat blandly, let's get the right building-blocks into the system.
4. Tomatoes. Another mainstay of stews and curries, tomatoes in cooking add so much flavour. As a fruit they've got some good nutritional value (sure, I want to limit my risk of prostate cancer). But I reckon, cooked with beans and lentils, you've actually started to get yourself a stew with some flavour and nutritional goodness. Now, I'm not about to tell you that's all I want to eat for the next 50 years. But, look, I reckon if I did, I wouldn't come away too unhealthy. At least that'd be my hope.
5. Cheese. I nearly put Vegemite here. After all, I have to stay true to my Kiwi roots (okay, fine, Sanitarium Marmite, but Vegemite would still be my choice). It's a little spread of home, that nice salty blast really wakes up the mouth, and you could even use it as a food additive to bring some additional flavour. To this day I travel with a tub of Vegemite on longer assignments- one of my comfort foods. And it helps make even stale bread taste a little better (yes, learned from experience). I also tossed around peanut butter for similar reasons- and also because it would help the sugar cravings.
However. Cheese. There are few things I enjoy more than cheese, in pretty much any of its forms. I love the variety (again, I hope my captors will be acquiescent here)- from nice bitey mature hard cheeses to rich soft stinky gooey ones, I'm pretty open to a gamut of them things. Dairy's a nice balance to the above smattering of food groups- gotta keep my bones strong. It's a total comfort food for me. And, it's one of those universal savoury foods- meaning, it goes with pretty much anything.
Also, if I played my cards right, with bread and cheese I've got the starting of a cheese fondue. Just got to bargain my way to a little garlic and a sloosh of kirsch. And that is something I could eat from here to eternity.
1. Island in Madang Harbour, PNG
2. Sweetlips, aka Lunch, also PNG


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Economics Midterm Exam - Girls
Instructions: 30 minutes. Closed book. BE SURE TO READ THE QUESTION CAREFULLY. No points are deducted for wrong answers, SO ANSWER EVERY QUESTION.
You can post your answers just as you posted homework at Economics Midterm Answers
1. Ketchup is a ________ for French fries; potato chips are a ___________ for French fries.
(a) substitute … complement.
(b) complement … substitute.
(c) substitute … substitute.
(d) complement … complement.
(e) income effect … substitution effect.
2. Would the activity of prayer fall within the definition of "scarcity" in economics?
(a) Yes, because not enough people pray.
(b) Yes, because it is priceless.
(c) Yes, because it is done effectively in groups as well as individually.
(d) No, because it does not cost any money and it is freely available to all (except in public schools).
(e) No, because prayer is a "service" rather than a "good".
3. One reason the demand curve is downward sloping (as price decreases, quantity demanded increases) is because
(a) as the price of a good decreases, it becomes more attractive as a substitute for something else.
(b) as the price of a good decreases, it becomes less attractive as a substitute for something else.
(c) as the price of a good decreases, it shifts from being a substitute to being a complement.
(d) as the price of a good decreases, it becomes causes a loss in income.
(e) as the price of a good increases, it becomes a better substitute.
4. The opportunity cost of not going to a church party includes:
(a) Not making new friends.
(b) Not seeing old friends.
(c) Not enjoying the gathering itself.
(d) Not learning information about new opportunities.
(e) All of the above.
5. On "iTunes" on the internet, when a visitor buys one song, iTunes lists other similar songs that the visitor might also like and want to buy. The software makes it very easy and convenient for the visitor to sample or hear portions of similar songs, which the visitor might enjoy immensely. This extra, free service by iTunes is an example of which of the following principles in economics?
(a) The Invisible Hand: by trying to sell its other songs, iTunes provides a benefit to potential buyers.
(b) The Law of Diminishing Returns: visitors will keeping buying and buying with no end.
(c) The Law of Demand.
(d) The Invisible Hand: by using the internet, the "hand" seems invisible due to technology.
(e) Giffen goods do exist and are all around us.
6. Transaction costs interfere most with which of the following:
(a) taxes
(b) efficiency
(c) costs
(d) wages
(e) union power
7. A one-word description for transaction costs would be this:
(a) wages
(b) marginality
(c) friction
(d) utility
(e) free
8. According to the Law of the Demand, when the price of a good increases, the demand:
(a) decreases.
(b) remains constant.
(c) increases.
(d) increases, then decreases.
(e) decreases, then increases
Use the following table to answer questions 9 through 12, where the total costs for a firm are listed alongside the number of units (output) level for each cost figure.
|Total Costs
9. What are the fixed costs for this firm?
(a) $0
(b) $600
(c) $1200
(d) $1600
(e) $2200
10. What is the marginal cost for the 3rd unit?
(a) $100
(b) $200
(c) $300
(d) $400
(e) $1200
11. What is the average total cost for 3 units?
(a) $300
(b) $400
(c) $700
(d) $1900
(e) $2100
12. What is the average variable cost for 4 units?
(a) $100
(b) $250
(c) $550
(d) $1100
(e) $2200
13. When price increases in the market, what usually happens to supply?
(a) supply increases.
(b) supply decreases.
(c) supply remains the same.
(d) it depends on what the demand curve looks like.
(e) there is no way to answer this question without more information.
14. Suppose you hear that your classmate in this course has slightly decreased the price on the purple balloons that his party store sells. You know that he understands economics well and wants to increase his revenue. Given his decision, what can you conclude about purple balloons?
(a) The Law of Demand does not apply to purple balloons.
(b) Purple balloons are price elastic.
(c) Purple balloons are an inferior good.
(d) Purple balloons are a normal good.
(e) Purple balloons are price inelastic.
15. In an unusual situation, if a firm's total revenue were somehow maximized, then its marginal revenue must be:
(a) Zero.
(b) Negative.
(c) Positive.
(d) Greater than its marginal cost.
(e) Less than its marginal cost.
16. The best example of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility would be:
(a) "Once I saw that fantastic movie, I wanted even more to see it again!"
(b) "When the Giants won the Super Bowl, I became an even bigger fan!"
(c) "I love turkey dinners, but last Thanksgiving I became sick after my third serving!"
(d) "Wal-Mart: the bigger the store is, the more profitable it is!"
(e) "The lower its price is, the more that people want to buy it!"
17. Consider the following graph:
Suppose a price ceiling is set at $2. What is the surplus or shortage of goods in the market?
(a) Surplus: 100 units.
(b) Shortage: 200 units.
(c) Shortage: 400 units.
(d) Shortage: 600 units.
(e) Shortage: 800 units.
18. Suppose your marginal utility values for eating turkey and stuffing on Thanksgiving Day is this: 10 points for the first serving of turkey; 5 points for the second serving; and 1 point for the third serving. For the stuffing, 7 points for the first serving, 4 points for the second serving, and 2 points for the third serving. Your mom says you can have a maximum of 3 servings, with turkey and stuffing counting as separate servings. (E.g., one serving of turkey and one serving of stuffing counts as two separate servings). What do you eat, and how much utility do you obtain?
(a) a total of 2 servings of turkey and 1 serving of stuffing, for 22 overall points of utility.
(b) a total of 1 serving of turkey and 2 servings of stuffing, for 23 overall points of utility.
(c) a total of 1 servings of turkey and 1 serving of stuffing, for 17 overall points of utility.
(d) a total of 2 servings of turkey and 1 serving of stuffing, for 26 overall points of utility.
(e) a total of 3 servings of turkey and 3 servings of stuffing, for 29 overall points of utility.
19. When a firm shuts down and goes out of business, jobs are lost and that makes the community poorer. What else is always lost from the reduction in output which also makes society poorer?
(a) transaction costs.
(b) consumer surplus.
(c) the invisible hand.
(d) fixed cost.
(e) efficiency.
20. Which is an example of Gresham's Law when extended to a social situation?
(a) Your minister negotiated a new contract for use of a baseball field.
(b) A few people in your youth group started swearing all the time and acting rudely, and since then discussions about the Bible have disappeared and some have left the group.
(c) Inflation increased when the dollar was placed on the gold standard.
(d) Your minister told everyone to bring their own Bible to the Sunday services.
(e) Tighter airport security has led to more people driving to their destinations.
21. What type of good does this indifference curve represent?
(a) complement
(b) substitute
(c) inelastic
(d) elastic
(e) none of the above
22. An owner finds that whether he increases or decreases his price for a particular good, his revenue from that good remains the same. What is the price elasticity for the good?
(a) It has unit elasticity
(b) It is elastic.
(c) It is inelastic.
(d) It has positive elasticity.
(e) It has negative elasticity.
23. Each of the following is an element of perfect competition EXCEPT:
(a) Many buyers and sellers
(b) Goods that are perfect substitutes
(c) Goods that are perfect complements
(d) Perfect Mobility
(e) Perfect Knowledge
24. Suppose a firm has a marginal revenue that is greater than marginal cost. What does the firm do with its output?
(a) it increases its output as much as it can.
(b) It increases its output until marginal revenue decreases to the point where it equals marginal cost.
(c) it is profitable and thus does not change its output.
(d) it decreases its output until marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
(e) it shuts down.
25. If a firm has "diseconomies of scale" (decreasing returns to scale), then its long-run average costs ___________ as output is greatly increased.
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(c) remains constant.
(d) increase, then decrease.
(e) there is insufficient information to answer this question.
26. As owner of a firm, you want to produce the maximum output for the lowest possible cost. To reach this goal, which of the following should you do?
(a) use the inputs having the lowest relative cost
(b) use the inputs having the greatest diminishing utility
(c) adjust inputs until the marginal product per cost of each input is equally high
(d) use the inputs having the least diminishing utility
(e) adjust inputs until the marginal product of each is equally high
27. Suppose good A has a positive cross-elasticity with respect to good B, and good C has a negative cross-elasticity for good D. What is the relationship between these goods?
(a) A and B are substitutes, while C and D are complements.
(b) A and B are complements, while C and D are substitutes.
(c) A and C are substitutes, while B and D are complements.
(d) A, B, C and D are substitutes.
(e) A, B, C and D are complements.
28. Your firm is in a perfectly competitive market, which is at equilibrium in the long run. Which of the follow is true about your firm's costs?
(a) You cannot reduce your average total cost any more than you already have.
(b) total costs are at a minimum.
(c) marginal revenue equals average fixed costs.
(d) costs exceed revenue.
(e) marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue.
29. The reason that the Coase theorem applies when there are no transaction costs is because:
(a) transaction costs are always expensive
(b) transaction costs are the same as taxes
(c) transaction costs are the total of what people pay when they buy something
(d)transaction costs interfere with the ability of people to arrange for the most efficient use of time and resources
(e) transaction costs help employ people, and thus are always a good thing
30. Suppose the cross-elasticity of demand for good A with respect to good B is -0.8 in the short run and -1.5 in the long run. Next suppose that the price for good B increases by 50%. How much does the demand for good A change?
(a) In the short run, demand for good A increases by 40%; in the long run, demand for good A increases by 75%.
(b) In the short run, demand for good A decreases by 80%; in the long run, demand for good A decreases by 150%.
(c) In the short run, demand for good A decreases by 40%; in the long run, demand for good A decreases by 75%.
(d) In the short run, demand for good A decreases by 80%; in the long run, demand for good A increases by 150%.
(e) In the short run, demand for good A decreases by 60%; in the long run, demand for good A increases by 150%.
31. Demand for labor increases when which of the following happens?
(a) Unemployment increases.
(b) The marginal product of that labor decreases.
(c) Demand for the product produced by that labor decreases.
(d) The product produced by that labor increases in price.
(e) The minimum wage is increased.
32. A firm should shut down in the short run when _______, and it should shut down in the long run when _________.
(a) P>AVC and P>ATC.
(b) P>AVC and P<ATC.
(c) P<ATC and P<AVC.
(d) P<AVC and P<ATC.
(e) P=AVC and P=ATC.
33. What is the price elasticity of demand for a demand curve represented by P = 30/Q?
(a) -1/3
(b) 1/3
(c) 1
(d) 3
(e) 30
Extra credit:
In Luke 13:6-9, Jesus told this parable: "A man had a fig tree which had been planted in his vineyard; and he came looking for fruit on it and did not find any. And he said to the vineyard-keeper, 'Behold, for three years I have come looking for fruit on this fig tree without finding any. Cut it down! Why does it even use up the ground?' And he answered and said to him, 'Let it alone, sir, for this year too, until I dig around it and put in fertilizer and if it bears fruit next year, fine; but if not, cut it down.'" Which principle of economics does their agreement to chop down the tree if it does not bear fruit soon illustrate?
(a) Caveat emptor.
(b) The Law of Demand.
(c) Time is money.
(d) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
(e) The Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns.


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Chief Flynn reacts to inquest decision
Milwaukee police chief says he respects results
Milwaukee Police Chief Ed Flynn said he respects recommendation to charge three officers following an in-custody death inquest.
"Obviously their recommendation has been made and the process is going to continue and we will respect the results of that process," Flynn said.
An inquest ruled Derek Williams died of a sickle-cell crisis but that three Milwaukee police officers didn't do enough to help him as he struggled to breathe in the back of their squad car in July 2011.
Flynn said since then the department has worked to make sure it never happens again.
"We have now made it a mandate that if somebody has a complaint we will get medical attention immediately instead of waiting for something to go awry," Flynn said. "We have already done a department-wide training on sickle-cell crisis and how to respond. That has already occurred."


text:
Content12 August – 23 October 2016
'Hans Jakob Oeri – A Swiss Artist in Paris, Moscow, Zurich' at the Kunsthaus Zürich is the first exhibition to feature this long underappreciated and forgotten artist and draughtsman. During his lifetime (1782 – 1868), Hans Jakob Oeri's art was respected and admired not just in his home city of Zurich (he was an active member of the Zürcher Künstlergesellschaft from 1807), but also in France, Germany and Russia. His works were sought after by collectors and to this day are regarded as some of the finest and most innovative examples of Swiss art from the first half of the 19th century. In Paris in 1806 Oeri completed 'Chloe', his masterpiece in the French neo-classical style, based on an Idyll by Salomon Gessner. Around 1807, the year of his return to Switzerland, he painted 'The Studio in Paris'. Despite the uneasy confinement of the space and the bitter poverty in evidence, Oeri managed to produce an evocative image of family and friendship in which the dignity of art triumphs over privation, enforced competition and rank. This important artist can be rediscovered in a catalogue accompanying the cabinet exhibition.


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A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
Purchase now from Liberty Fund
The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, ed. Piero Sraffa with the Collaboration of M.H. Dobb (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005). Vol. 11 General Index. https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/266,
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The last volume of this collection is a comprehensive index to the previous ten volumes of The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo. It gives students, academics, and researchers a single unified source for locating Ricardo's many contributions to economics. The index is designed to help readers trace their topics of interest through all of Ricardo's writings, his speeches, and his bilateral correspondence with such luminaries as James Mill, T. R. Malthus, Jean-Baptiste Say, Jeremy Bentham, and Maria Edgeworth.
First published by Cambridge University Press in 1951. Copyright 1951, 1952, 1955, 1973 by the Royal Economic Society. This edition of The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., under license from the Royal Economic Society.
This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
I received your letter dated the 18th. inst, directed to the Commander of the St. Leonard Volunteers, with instructions concerning assembling the Corps this day at 4 oClock.— I think it necessary again to acquaint you, that the Bromley St. Leonard Volunteer Corps, which I had the honour to command, has been disbanded nearly six months
It is with the greatest concern that I inform you I am obliged to go to London on Sunday next3 by the Gloucester Edition: current; Page: [x]Mail, and that on Saturday I am going to Gloucester to pass that day with a friend of mine to whom I had written to secure me a place in the Mail. I very much regret that I am again disappointed in not having the pleasure of seeing you here, particularly as Mrs. Ricardo and I would have been happy in the opportunity which your visit would have afforded us of becoming acquainted with Mrs. Hume. There appears to be a fatality attending our meeting in this part of the world,—I hope we shall become better acquainted in London. I am writing immediately after the receipt of your letter, but have some doubts whether I shall be in time for the Post
[...] I am sorry to find from what you say that you do not feel yourself able to approach nearer to those opinions, which I still continue after repeated consideration to think correct.
Everything that has occurred lately appears to favour my idea of the all powerful efficacy of demand, and to shew that is very far indeed from depending merely on supply. I quite Edition: current; Page: [xi]agree with you in thinking that the funds raised for the support of the poor (though perhaps necessary at the moment) essentially interfere with other employments. But this opinion appears to me to accord with my view of the subject, more than with yours. According to you and Say, if people were willing to subscribe and convert their revenue into capital, there ought to be no difficulty, if the sole want is the want of supply; but in my view of the subject there ought to be a difficulty, from the want of a proportionate demand.
I shall be most happy to visit you in Brook street the very first time I am in Town; but I have now been a truant for some time and must stay at home a little.
I have this moment returned home, and find your letter2 dated from the King's Head Inn, Rochester (13th June) on my table.
Mr. Philips3 is in Sussex, attending his own election, and therefore he cannot be applied to attest that you are a fit and proper person to serve in Parliament,4 in time to be of any Edition: current; Page: [xii]use to you,—but from my knowledge of Mr. Phillips opinion of you, I can attest that those are his sentiments, and if he were in town I am sure he would say that and much more in your favour. My own acquaintance with you entitles me to give it as my opinion that you would render great service to your country in the House of Commons. From your knowledge of Political Economy, your advice would be of essential use in all financial questions, and at present there appears to be a great dearth of that sort of talent amongst our legislators. It will give me great pleasure to hear of your success.
As High Sheriff for the County of Gloucester, I shall be obliged to leave town the latter end of the week, to preside at the election of members for that county.
I shall be happy to forward your letters whenever you will favor me with them;—that which you enclosed to me this morning was immediately after I received it despatched by the 3d post to its address.—I promise to do this, or any other kindness in my power for you, although I should not be flattered by the account of such favorable opinions as Mr. Corrie expressed of my arguments in favor of my own Edition: current; Page: [xiii]doctrines on the disputed points in Political Economy. In truth however I am pleased that they had some effect on him.
You will like to know what Mr. McCulloch said of my notes. He thinks that I should not publish them in their present form—they are in his opinion too controversial, and although he considers them as establishing the doctrine of the effects of accumulation on the ground on which I had previously placed it, before Mr. Malthus wrote his work, he thinks I should lower my reputation if I became a commentator of every erroneous opinion which I might think I discovered in the writings of another political economist.1
I shall therefore I think proceed no further with the notes. They are now in the possession of Mr. Malthus and if they have any influence with him in inducing him to make corrections in his next edition they will not have been written in vain.
Pray give our united regards to Mrs. and Mr. Smith and Miss Mary Ann Bayley,2 and accept them yourself from our family circle. I hope you will hear good accounts of your sister Anne.
I am very much obliged to you for the frank communication of your sentiments respecting the probability of Edition: current; Page: [xiv]success, if I were disposed to listen to Mr. Hodgson's suggestion of becoming a candidate to represent in Parliament the town of Liverpool.1 With your means of information I cannot have the least doubt that the opinion you have formed is a correct one. If I were well disposed to enter into so fearful a contest, your letter would make me pause and hesitate, as on the whole it does not hold out much promise of success; but since I had the pleasure of seeing Mr. Hodgson I have given the subject the most serious consideration, the result of which is that I must give up all thoughts of commencing a contest for which I am so unfit. I should be sacrificing my peace of mind for a considerable time for an object which I should not probably after all attain. I should be exchanging a seat of comparatively little trouble for one which would require constant attention, if I were to succeed. It is true that I should have the honour, which I know how to value, of representing a very important place, but I doubt whether I could be altogether as useful in my humble line, fettered as I should be by the particular views and opinions of my constituents, as I am now.
The reflection that Mr. Hodgson and a few of his friends thought so favourably of me as to be willing to give me their aid in elevating me to the rank of a representative of Liverpool will always be a source of satisfaction to me.
My servant at Gatcomb Park having neglected to send my letters after me, I did not receive your note, with the pamphlets accompanying it, till this morning.
You know I am frequently reproached with being a theorist, and if those who so reproach me, mean that I am not conversant with the practical details of the subjects which have engaged my attention, they are right. The subject of the Poor-laws for instance is one intimately connected with the science of Political Economy, but nobody is so little acquainted with them, as forming a part of parish economy, as I am.
The question you refer to me relates wholly to Parish economy, and therefore I am not qualified to give a good opinion on it.
I can have very little doubt but that the plan2 would be favorable to parishes. With the waste and extravagance of our system of poor laws an able bodied pauper must cost the parishes more than £35.3 It is said in the "Outline"4 that each able bodied pauper costs the parish £10 p-r Ann-m, but Edition: current; Page: [xvi]against this must be set the value of the work which such pauper may be made to do for the parish, and also the general saving in the wages of labour which accompany the present system. If the farmer who pays £10, saves £5 in the wages of the rest of his workmen, his real contribution is only £5, and the real saving to the parish will be only a like sum.
With every emigrant we are to divest ourselves of £35 capital. If employed at home, with that portion of capital, he could replace it with a profit, England would be a loser by the proposed plan. The enemies of the plan will say that he could do so, and if they could make that appear I would rather adopt their plan, than the one recommended.
At the present moment however we are to compare the emigration plan to the system actually existing, and I can have no doubt that it would be attended with great advantages over it. The plan would be economical; it would enable us to get rid of the most objectionable part of the poor laws, the relieving able bodied men; and what is to me by far the most important consideration, it could not fail to make the wages of labour more adequate to the support of the labourer and his family, besides giving him that as wages which is now given to him as charity.
I told you how incompetent I was to say any thing worthy of your attention on this subject and I have now convinced you of it.
If you wish to have the pamphlets returned I will give them to you when we meet in London.
Mr Hume has given notice of a motion relative to Savings Banks, which has excited the attention of some of the principal Managers of these Institutions in London, and given them some anxiety. In the first place, we think that a habit of minute regulation, and of frequent Legislative interference is unfavorable to the experiment we are trying.
So far as could be collected from Newspaper Reports, Mr Hume's observations related to the rate of interest granted by Government to Depositors in Savings Banks, which he seemed to think unreasonable and wasteful. But I did not understand whether the observations were intended to apply to the rate of interest originally granted, or whether Mr Hume thought that the circumstances of the Country, or the state of the Banks, called for a reduction of the rate of interest.
On the first supposition, I should beg him to observe, that altho' the rate of interest originally granted and now enjoyed by the Banks £4.12 per cent was beneficial as compared with the rate of interest on other Public Securities, it was not materially so; the 5 per cents being then (June 1817) at 104¾ or 105 the 3 per cent consol. 74. Then there are comparatively speaking, a few cases only in which the Edition: current; Page: [xviii]Depositors receive the whole amount of the interest granted by Government; the expenses of management of the Banks being generally defrayed out of the allowance of interest. The Depositors in two of the largest Banks in London, receive a rate of interest, not exceeding £3.17 per annum, which is in fact less than the interest they would have received had they invested their money in 3 per cent consol. If it be asked why so large a deduction is made, and why Government should bear this expence, the answer is that it is incidental to the proper management and security of such Establishments in large towns; and particularly in London. It is of the greatest importance that the Persons who conduct these Institutions should be men of the greatest respectability and at the same time, men of business. I speak from long experience when I say that it is extremely difficult to find Persons of this description who can give up any part of their time and that those with whom I am acquainted, and who attend to the Saving Banks in the City and in Southampton Row, are considerable Merchants, or men engaged in active professional pursuits. Now, when it is considered, that from the year 1817 to the year 1822, 6472 accounts were opened at the Bank in Southampton Row; which accounts must be kept with the greatest regularity, checked with the Depositors Book, the interest computed, the repayments entered; when it is further considered that notices of every repayment are to be given at least a week previously to the receipt of the Money; that these notices are all entered, and contain the particulars of the name and situation of the Depositor, his place of residence, the amount of his deposit; and that they are to be compared with the original entries of the Depositor, the signature of the depositor, and the Ledgers: it may easily be conceived, that independently of the labour of the Cash transactions of the Bank, which Edition: current; Page: [xix]partly occupy 2 or 3 Managers and four Clerks, twice in the week, the business of such an Establishment cannot be conducted without efficient and regular assistance; other than can be expected from the Managers themselves. But this is not all. The actuary and Clerks are necessarily entrusted to a considerable extent with the custody of Money; and we therefore require securities: their salaries are therefore necessarily higher. Again, convenient and large premises are required; both with reference to the great number of Persons who attend the Bank, and the number of Ledgers and Desks in constant use, and the propriety of decent accommodation for the Managers. Under all these circumstances, a large deduction from the rate of interest granted by Government seems unavoidable.
On the second supposition: namely that the circumstances of the country or of the Banks, or both, are so far altered, as to require a reconsideration of the rates of interest, I should say that the present state of Public Securities, affords no grounds for any change in this respect. The price of 3 per cents is the same as it was when the 57 Geo. 3d. Ch. 130 was passed: and in proof of the greater advantage derived from investments in Stock, I would mention that a great number of the larger Depositors in Savings Banks in London, have lately withdrawn their deposits, to place them in the funds. Our repayments for several weeks have exceeded by several hundred Pounds every week the amount of our receipts. With regard to the large accumulation of deposits in Savings Banks, amounting to several Millions; and the idea generally entertained that a portion of these deposits are received from an improper description of Persons, I beg leave to observe with reference to my former remarks, that Depositors do not at present derive, and are not likely to derive any advantage from Edition: current; Page: [xx]depositing their Money in Savings Banks instead of purchasing stock; and that this is not therefore a proper time for proposing any alteration in the rate of interest granted by Government. The sacrifice made by Government has been inconsiderable; particularly with reference to the great importance of the experiment now going on, and to the excellent effects which have already resulted from the Establishment of these Institutions. I think I may safely refer to the enclosed Report in support of this opinion.
Upon the whole I cannot but conceive that the agitation of the question as to Government keeping the terms upon which the Banks have been established, cannot but be productive of harm; and that any alteration in those terms would greatly check the progress of these useful Institutions, shake confidence and embarass and discourage to a very great degree, the Persons who have devoted to them so much of their time and attention.
Convinced as I am that Mr Hume has no other object than the Public good in view, I trust that if you will have the goodness to communicate these observations to him, he will not be unmindful of the circumstances to which I have taken the liberty of requesting your attention.
Your very judicious remarks upon Savings Banks shall be communicated to Mr. Hume, and I have no doubt he will think with you that it will not be expedient to agitate the question of interest at the present moment. I heard the observations he made in the House—his objection was against the rate of interest allowed by Government, he said that a considerable loss was sustained by the public between the rate allowed, and that obtained by the Commissioners by investing the money in Stock. For the reasons you give I think the present not a favourable time to make any alteration in the rate of interest. Mr. Woodrow, the author of an annuity plan,2 is very desirous of giving the working classes the opportunity of purchasing annuities on the lives of their children to commence after the children arrive at a certain age: I once mentioned the plan in the House. If any alteration were made in the Savings Bank Act I think I should again suggest this annuity plan.
Altho' I have not the honour of knowing you, permit me to offer you my best thanks for the manner in which you have advocated the cause of religious freedom, and the important point of free discussion, and the liberty of the Press, whenever those topics have come under the consideration of the House of Commons during the present Session: and however much I might regret that your efforts, combined with those of Mr. Hume, and Sir Francis Burdett, proved of no avail in the House, I rejoice in the assurance that they were duly appreciated by the enlightened part of the Community out of it. Your Arguments, together with those Gentlemen who delivered their Sentiments on the same side, against the folly, as well as the injustice, of punishing Men for their Opinions, were, as the Examiner justly observed, admirable, clear, powerful conclusive-convincing, and the effect arising from the impression which they must have made upon the minds of those who perused them I have no doubt will ere long be fully evinced.
To Yourself Sir, as also to the above named Gentlemen, Edition: current; Page: [xxiii]all those Individuals who know how to estimate the importance of Political and Religious liberty, cannot but feel greatly indebted, for the open and candid manner which you have shown yourselves the enemies to every species of persecution; and when I see Gentlemen of talents, fortune, and integrity, standing up and holding such just and liberal Sentiments, undismayed by the taunts of the bigot, and the frowns of the interested; I say, when I behold Gentlemen sitting in Parliament manfully contending for the rights of the people, and that too, in a strain of reasoning that cannot be refuted, I am (notwithstanding the gloom which at present obscures the political horizon) led to cherish the hope that by such exertions, I shall yet see the day when there will be a less expensive and more happy form of Government established in this Country than at present; and that in fact, when Tyranny and Superstition shall be banished from our Thresholds, and never more venture to violate our Sanctuaries.
To conclude, as one of a numerous body of Men who profess Republican principles, I cannot withhold my admiration of your conduct with respect to that much injured, and much calumniated, and misrepresented Individual, Mr. Carlile; and whose Sister's Petition you so ably supported. It is in pursuing such a course as this Sir, that you secure the affections of all honest and well-meaning Men; and as you appear to be actuated by a sense of the manifest wrong, in imposing penalties for opinions expressed, either with regard to Theology, or Politics, I cannot suppose for a moment that you will relax in your endeavours to effect free toleration, or that you will permit yourself to be deterred therefrom, by any insults which the fanatic, and the placeman, may think proper to offer you; but that you will prove the Patriot, to stand by and advocate the great cause of free Edition: current; Page: [xxiv]discussion as alone calculated to elicit truth, and that you will not fail to denounce the iniquitous and cruel proceedings which continue to be exercised towards those, who seek for the Reformation of the Government.—I am Sir
David Ricardo Esqr. M.P.
P.S. My situation in life precludes me from openly declaring my Opinions, and therefore I write this in perfect confidence; but there are several Letters of mine in the "Republican", with no other Address than that of "London", I will, if you see no objection thereto, procure this to be inserted likewise, but certainly not without your permission.
I am happy that the sentiments which I expressed, on the occasion of the late discussion in the House of Commons on religious freedom2 are approved by you: I trust I shall ever be found advocating the same cause, whenever it shall be submitted to the consideration of the House.
With respect to the publication of the letter, which you have done me the honour to address to me, in the Republican, you will be so good as to decide on the expediency yourself: being a friend to free discussion I leave every one Edition: current; Page: [xxv]to praise or censure my public conduct as he may think fit.
The speech on Mr. Western's motion2 of which you wish to have a correct copy for the Parliamentary Debates contained a great many remarks on Mr. Western's pamphlet,3 which besides being in my opinion very attackable on its own merits, was at variance with the frequently declared opinions of that gentleman. As I have not that pamphlet here I cannot refer to it, nor is it perhaps desirable that all those remarks should be published. I will look over the newspaper reports, and will, within the time you mention, send them back either with the printed report corrected, or with the speech written out as far as I can recollect it.
Some manuscript papers of the late Mr Ricardo have by his executors been placed in the hands of my friend Mr. Mill with a view to his determining whether they are deserving of publication and if so in what form they should appear. One of these papers entitled "a plan for the establishment of a national bank"2 is in a perfectly finished state:— It is very short but very clear and every way worthy of the Author's reputation.
Mr Mill is desirous, as you published for our late friend when living, that you should undertake this his posthumous work. I propose that he (Mr. Mill) and myself should meet if agreeable to you in Albemarle Street for the purpose of arranging the materials and the form of publication. I have accordingly to beg you that you will let me know whether it will suit you to receive Mr. Mill and me on Monday morning at a little before 10 and to devote half an hour to the object in question—With my best regards to Mrs. Murray believe me to be
[p. vii] David Hume's supposed notes on the 'Wealth of Nations'. An allusion by Professor Foxwell to the destruction of Hume's notes on the Wealth of Nations was quoted in the General Preface (I, vii). It should be made clear that the lost notes which Foxwell assumed to be by David Hume, the philosopher, were in fact by his nephew and namesake, a Scottish judge. See Letters of Eminent Persons addressed to David Hume, ed. by Hill Burton, 1849, pp. 315–17.
Maria Edgeworth's Papers (above, VI, xxxii-xxxiii, X, 387–8 & n.). At Mrs Harriet J. Butler's death, these papers passed to her son, the late Professor Harold Edgeworth Butler. In his will he expressed the hope that the MSS would be given to the British Museum, without, however, making it binding on his executors.
Francis Horner's Papers (above, VI, xxxv). The bulk of these papers, lately in the possession of Lady Langman, have been deposited in the Library of the London School of Economics. Others, including the letters of Ricardo used for this edition, were retained by the family.
Richard Sharp's Papers (above, VI, xxxvii). At the death of the Hon. Mrs Eustace Hills (Nina Kay-Shuttleworth), the MS of her biography of Richard Sharp was deposited in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The papers of Sharp were dispersed, some being bought by Miss Myers, autograph dealer, of Dover Street, London.
[p. 198 n.] J. S. Mill's Letter on his studies, first publication. J. S. Mill's boyhood letter to Sir Samuel Bentham was said (above, VIII, 198 n.) to have been published 'apparently for the first time' in A. Bain's biography of J. S. Mill, 1882. It has Edition: current; Page: [xxviii]now been found that the letter was first printed in The Sheffield Telegraph of 13 Feb. 1877, and reprinted in The Times two days later.
[p. 45] Identification of 'Piercy Ravenstone, M.A.' Ricardo refers several times with interest to the book, A few Doubts as to the Correctness of some Opinions generally entertained on the subjects of Population and Political Economy, 'by Piercy Ravenstone, M.A.'1 It has been generally accepted that 'Piercy Ravenstone' is a pseudonym,2 and it is now possible to give the author's real name.
A copy of A few Doubts has come to light, on the title-page of which 'Piercy Ravenstone, M.A.' has been crossed out, and 'Richard Puller' written in; 'Puller on Political Economy' is lettered on the spine of the binding, which is contemporary; this may well have been the author's own copy. Another copy, which is in the Feltrinelli Library in Milan, is inscribed on the fly-leaf: 'The real author of this book was Richard Puller, brother of Sir Christopher Puller, Chief-Justice of Bengal, and uncle of Christopher Puller, member for Hertfordshire about 1858. The present head of the family is Charles Puller, of Youngsbury, Herts.'3
Of Richard Puller little else is known. He is mentioned in the will (dated 2 October 1789) of his grandfather, Christopher Puller (1707–89), a director of the Bank of England; on 7 February 1827 he was given the administration of the estate of his father, Richard Puller (1746–1826), of Painswick Court, Glos., a director of the South Sea Company. His signature and his address, Park Street, Grosvenor Square, appear on an affidavit, dated 10 October 1831, in Edition: current; Page: [xxix]connection with the will of his sister, Charlotte Louisa Puller, of Painswick Court.
[p. 270n.] Authorship of the Life of Huskisson. The author of the biography of William Huskisson prefixed to his Speeches isE. Leeves, and not, as stated above, IX, 270 n., John Wright, who only edited these speeches. See British Museum Catalogue of Add. MSS 1911–15, p. 230.
[p. 19] Marriage of Ricardo's grandfather. Joseph Israel Ricardo was not married twice, as said above, X, 19, but only once, to Hannah Abaz. There were, however, two marriage ceremonies, the civil, in which his wife's name is recorded as Hannah Abaz, and the Synagogue, in which it appears as Hannah Israel. (Information from the Amsterdam records supplied by Professor A. Heertje.)
[p. 367] Pirated Edition of 'Plan for a National Bank',1824. An unrecorded printing, no doubt pirated, of this pamphlet has turned up. The pagination is [i]-iv, [5]-31 with a blank page at the end; as opposed to that of the original, which is [i]-vi, [1]-32 with two unnumbered pages of advertisements at the end. The only 'signatures' shown in the pirated edition are '2' on p. 9 and '3' onp. 17, whereas the original has the regular signatures, 'A' on p. [v], 'A2' on p. [1], 'B' on p. 15, 'B2' on p. 17, and 'C' on p. 31. Although the lay-out of the title-page is the same in both editions, the depth of the type area is 6⅜″ in the 'pirate', as against 5⅜″ in the original. The copy in question was supplied by Mr Ambaras, antiquarian bookseller of New York, and it seems likely that this pirated edition is American.
[p. 376] French Translation of the 'Principles'. A build-up of mistakes in successive French editions of Ricardo's Principles resulted in a total travesty of his original statement on the effects of machinery. He had written: 'the opinion entertained by the labouring class, that the employment of machinery is frequently detrimental to their interests, is not founded on prejudice and error, but is conformable to the correct principles of political economy.' (I, 392.)Edition: current; Page: [xxx]
The chapter on Machinery (which was added in ed. 3 of the Principles, 1821) was first translated into French in the Paris edition of 1847, and the above passage read as follows: 'l'opinion des classes ouvrières sur les machines qu'ils croient fatales à leurs intérêts, ne repose pas seulement sur l'erreur et les préjugés, mais sur les principes les plus fermes, les plus nets de l'Économie politique.'1 (Editor's italics.)
The intrusion of the word 'seulement' made nonsense of the whole statement. The editor of the next French edition (1882) tried to put it right without referring to the original English; and taking it for granted that Ricardo must have held the orthodox view, amended the passage to read: 'l'opinion des classes ouvrières sur les machines qu'ils croient fatales à leurs intérêts, ne repose pas seulement sur l'erreur et les préjugés, mais sur l'ignorance des principes les plus fermes, les plus nets, de l'Économie politique.'2 (Editor's italics.) Thus the revised version represented Ricardo as saying precisely the opposite of what he had actually said.
This travesty held the field for half a century. The correct version was first given in C. Debyser's translation of the Principles, Paris, Costes, 1933–4, p. 217.
[p. 394, line 21] The 'work in English' referred to is Swift's Sentiments of a Church of England Man.
[p. 403] A second freak copy of Ricardo's Principles, 1817, containing pp. 219–22 in both the original state and the 'cancel' state (as described above, X, 403 ff.), has been found by Professor Heertje of Amsterdam, and is now in his possession.
[p. 405] The author of the anonymous pamphlet, A Reply to Mr. Say's Letters to Mr. Malthus (annotated by Ricardo) is John Cazenove, who has been mentioned as the author of another anonymous pamphlet above, III, 428 n. 1. See Halkett and Laing's Dictionary of Anonyms.
p. xxxviii, note 3, for n. 2 read n. 3
p. 99, n. 2, line 4, for 1815 read 1816
p. 248, n. 3, last line, for 40, n. 2, read 41, n. 1
p. 421, n. 2, col. 2, end of last line, for rent. read rent,
p. 336, line 7 from bottom, for cause
read causesp. 455, col. 1, under Distribution, lines 2–3, for introduction read production
p. 165, line 8, for 'disadvantages' [misquoted by Ricardo] read 'advantages'
p. 179, n. 3, line 2, for An II read An XI
p. 345, line 2 and line 6, for October read September
p. 345, n. 2, lines 1–4, for 'Advertisement in Monthly Literary Advertiser, 10 Oct. 1810: a new edition was advertised on 10 Jan. 1811' read 'Advt. in The Times, 23 Sept. 1810; and a new ed., ib. 13 Dec. 1810 [nos. 2 and 4 in F. W. Fetter's 'Editions of the Bullion Report', Economica, 1955, pp. 153–4]'
p. 45, line 20, for their read its
p. 100, n. 2, last line, for 1926 read 1826
p. 125, line 3, for 1814 read 1804
p. 126, note †, for p. [120] read p. [122]
p. 157, line 14, for fifty-read sixty-(error in Enc. Brit.)
p. 162, line 26, for 793, 343 read 793, 348 (misprint in Enc. Brit.)
p. 274, line 11, for 14 pages read 14 leaves
p. 420, in heading, for Editions 1–2 read Edition 2
p. xx, n. 4, for 197–8 read 246
p. xxix, n. 2, for Cobbett's Parliamentary Debates read Cobbett's Parliamentary Register
p. 369, n. 1, for Abbott read Abbot
p. 432, no. 54, for as read has
no. 55, for found read soundEdition: current; Page: [xxxii]
p. 461, lines 4 and 12, for Catley read Cattley
p. 522, n. 3, for vol. X read X, 349
p. 530, col. 1, 3 lines from bottom, for Catley, Mr read Cattley, Stephen
col. 2, line 21, for 491 n. read 492 n.
col. 2, line 29, for 364, read 365
p. 532, col. 2, under Marcet, for 353–4 read 352–3
p. 534, col. 1, line 7, for Sidney read Sydney
p. viii, letter 103, for 1915 read 1815
p. xvi, n. 1, for VIII read VII
p. 337, 14 lines from bottom, at end of line, comma instead of full stop
p. 120, n. 3, line 2, for 10 read 410
p. 121, n. 1, add [But see XI, x-xi]
p. 197, n., col. 2, last line, for 1779 read 1781
p. 244, line 6, for difficult read different
p. 116, n. 1, line 4, for 116 read 261
p. 207, n. 1, for I read II
p. 208, n. 3, for 22–4 read 122–4
p. 359, entry [1h], line 2, for [12] read [13]. (The same correction to be made on p. 360, entry [2c], line 2; p. 361, entry [3d], line 3; and p. 366, entry [6f], line 2.)
p. 363, entry [5a], the paragraph headed Variant should not be under the First Edition of Principles but under the Third Edition on p. 364, entry [5c]
p. 397, line 11 from bottom, for 179 read 197
p. 400, line 11, for Supplement, 1811 read Supplement, 1810
MS in Public Record Office, "H.O.42–107". I am indebted to Sir Leon Radzinowicz for calling my attention to it.
Ricardo joined the Bromley and St. Leonards Volunteers in 1803, and was commissioned as Captain in the same year. See above, X, 47 & n.
Addressed: "Joseph Hume Esqr / Cheltenham".—MS, International Autographs, New York, Cat. 15, 1964, item 292.
Joseph Hume (1777–1855), from 1818 M.P. for Aberdeen. At the time of this letter he had, at Mill's suggestion, planned to bring his newly wedded wife to Gatcomb. On a previous occasion he had arrived there only to find the family away. (See above, VI, 158, 310, 313, 325.) He became later one of Ricardo's chief allies in parliament.
12 November.
Addressed: "D. Ricardo Esqr. / Upper Brook Street / Grosvenor Square". Incomplete, dated from postmark.
MS in the Rothschild Library, n. 1388 of the Catalogue.
Ricardo had asked Malthus for his opinion on the plan lately adopted for the relief of the poor by employing them on public works. He himself did not think it a very efficacious mode of relief, as it diverted funds from other employments. (Above, VII, 116.)
This letter was quoted by Torrens in an election speech in 1832, and printed in full in the Bolton Chronicle of 17 November 1832. It was discovered by Mr B. A. Corry and published by him in Economica, 1957, pp. 71–2.
Torrens' letter is not extant.
Probably G. R. Phillips (as spelt three lines below), M.P. for Horsham.
Torrens was contesting Rochester in the general election of 1818.
MS in the Houghton Library, here printed by permission of the Harvard College Library. I am indebted to Professor Frank W. Fetter for calling my attention to it.
Ricardo had met the Bayley sisters, Sarah, Elizabeth and Ann, at Easton Grey, the home of Thomas Smith. See above, X, 350 & n.
See McCulloch's letter of 22 Jan., above, VIII, 338–40.
Probably to be identified with the "Miss Mary Ann" of Ricardo's letter of 20 April 1822, above, X, 164–6.
Addressed: 'Thomas Booth Esqre / Foxteth Lodge / near / Liverpool'.
MS in Sotheby's sale, 28 July 1964, lot 534.
See Ricardo's letter to David Hodgson, declining the invitation to stand for Liverpool, above, IX, 182.
MS in Central Library, Derby: it was located by Mr R. N. Ghosh (Economica, 1963, p. 47 n.).
The letter was first printed in Wilmot Horton's pamphlet, Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, Part I (London, Murray, 1829), but was overlooked until Lord Robbins found it and reprinted it in Economica, 1956, pp. 172–3.
Robert John Wilmot Horton (1784–1841), M.P., was at the time Under-Secretary for War and the Colonies.
The plan was to mortgage the poor rates in order to finance the emigration of paupers to Upper Canada.
The sum calculated as necessary to get a man to Canada and keep him until he was self-supporting.
Outline of a Plan of Emigration to Upper Canada (printed, but not published, Jan. 1823).
MS in R.P.—This letter was published in Ricardo's Minor Papers, ed. by J. H. Hollander, 1932, pp. 210–13, but was not included in the present edition. Ricardo's reply having since come to light, the two letters are now published together.
John Lewis Mallet, son of Mallet du Pan; his diaries have been frequently quoted in these volumes. On Mallet's and Ricardo's common interest in Savings Banks, see above, VII, 50 n.
MS in Sotheby's sale of 19 Feb. 1963, part of lot 456.
On Woodrow's annuity plan, see above, V, 121, 128–9.
Addressed: 'David Ricardo Esqr.M.P. / Upper Brook St.' Both Townsend's and Ricardo's letters were published in Richard Carlile's paper, The Republican, 26 Sept. 1823, Vol. 8, pp. 369–70.
Townsend's letter is here printed from the MS in R.P. It differs from the published version in being dated from Figgs Marsh, Mitcham (in-stead of from London), and containing the postscript.
Carlile came again to the defence of Ricardo in The Republican, 16 Jan. 1824, pp. 65–9, in a review of a pamphlet by the Rev. William Baily Whitehead, Prosecution of Infidel Blasphemers, briefly vindicated in a letter to David Ricardo, Esq.,M.P.
The MS of Ricardo's letter is not extant. It is here reprinted from The Republican. See above, p. xxi n.
See above, V, 324–31, and cp. 277–80.
Addressed: 'J. Wright Esqr / 112 Regent Street / London.— MS in Sotheby's sale of books 4 Nov. 1969, part of lot 274.
This letter is in reply to one (printed above, V, xxx) from John Wright, editor of Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, who had asked for a transcript of Ricardo's speech on Western's motion of 10 July 1823.
Above, V, 309–21.
Second Address to the Landowners..., by C. C. Western, 1822. See above, V, 317 & n. and cp. 522–8.
MS in the possession of John Murray, the publishers. I am indebted to Professor F. W. Fetter for drawing my attention to it. A postscript dealing with a second edition of a work by Tooke himself is here omitted; Murray was at this time his publisher.
Above, IV, 271–300.
London, J. Andrews, 1821. See above, IX, 45, 59–60, 62–3, 64.
See Max Beer, History of British Socialism, Vol. i, p. 251, and Kenneth Smith, The Malthusian Controversy,p. 142. Professor J. Dorfman, in his Introduction to the reprint of A few Doubts (A. M. Kelley, New York,1966), has suggested that Ravenstone was the Anglican minister, Edward Edwards, but there appears to be no evidence to support this conjecture.
Charles Puller inherited Youngsbury in 1885 and died in 1892— which fixes the time limits for this inscription.
Œuvres complètes de David Ricardo (in Collection des principaux économistes), Paris, 1847, p. 367.
Œuvres complètes de David Ricardo (in Collection des principaux économistes), Paris, 1882, p. 329.
[These corrections are reflected in the 2004 Liberty Fund Edition.]


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In the same series:ALL THOSE PAVEMENTS
Other articles by Ryan Quinn Flanagan you might enjoy...When Half the Football Team Was on Steroids
Ugly Wolf Spider
As Bikini Tops Jiggle and Lawn Mowers Reign Supreme
Romeo and Juliet (After Kids)
Bobby Milk & Nose Whiskey
Peeling Oranges, Onions and Pavement in the Sun
Shamrock Crew
Interpretive Dance for the New Moon
Last Night I Dreamt Giraffes Back into the Wild
His Lead Man Flaked
Pulling a Fast One in the Slow Lane
William Golding Was a One Hit Wonder
Hero Sandwiches That Save the Day
They Always Put the Laundry in the Basement Because Doing Laundry is Hell
I can taste each one of my shortcomings
Henri Matisse Never Painted the Chicken Dance
Flemish Painting Should Not Sound Like Something Caught in Your Throat
My Alibi
I Like Detroit
Fremont Street Stormtrooper
No One Looks Good in a Defamation Suit
The Bombers
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Impose Your Government, Oppose My Thumb
Einstein Is Dead
Alternate Charges
The Television Awoken by Remote Like a Crying Child


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While working for Link Education. I have always found the staff to be polite and helpful. They are always at the end of a telephone or you can visit the office to ask for help and guidance. When I experienced problems at a school, the office staff were kind and considerate and as helpful as they could be getting me out of a stressful situation as quickly as possible. They gave me time to recover and then found me work when I was ready to return.
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Giants and Dinosaurs Together?
Every living creature leaves a trace.
In 1850 American archaeologist D. Carter made a sensational discovery in San Diego, CA on Texas street. His accidental discovery appeared to be that of a trace of the first Americans dating back to 80,000-90,000 years.
A considerable amount of artifacts has been studied. Unable to find heavy evidences in order to back up his theory, the archaeologist had simply been laughed at. Determined in proving his point to his skeptical colleagues, Carter decided to organize another dig in 1953.
He invited many famous scientists to witness his finds. The invitation was declined by everybody. Carter later wrote, "San Diego State University refused to view the finds which have been found in his own back yard."
Typical is the case of George Carter who claimed to have found, at an excavation in San Diego, hearths and crude stone tools at levels corresponding to the last interglacial period, some 80,000-90,000 years ago.
Even though Carter's work was endorsed by some experts such as lithic scholar John Witthoft, the establishment scoffed. San Diego State University refused to even look at the evidence in its own back yard and Harvard University publicly defamed him in a course on Fantastic Archeology.
What emerges is a picture of an arrogant and bigoted academic elite interested more in the preservation of its own prerogatives and authority than the truth.
Photo of Carson, Nevada Prints.
Russia is no exception when it comes to this kind of activities. Majority of sensational discoveries were for the most part considered a lie. One can hardly imagine the amount of exceptional, sensational information that is being stored in today's archives. Here are some facts concerning such matters.
In 1961, two Russian scientists Okladnikov and Rogozhin discovered a large variety of tools in Siberia not far away from a town named Gorno-Altaisk located by the river Utalinka.
They concluded that their finds date back to 1,5-2 million years. Another Russian scientist Molchanov discovered absolutely identical tools on the river Lena near a village Urlak. Radiocarbon dating analyses of these finds has clearly identified a precise date: almost 2 million years.
The overall meaning of such finds appears to be of major importance, since it is thanks to them that we are able to trace the existence of the first human. They also ignite a rather controversial debate among scientists.
Every living creature leaves a trace. Certain evidences also indicate that humans existed during even earlier periods. Remains of a human skeleton vividly resembling those traits of a modern human being were found on the Pacific Coast.
Their age had been determined to be 5 million years. France and Portugal have also contributed valuable data to the everlasting search of traces of human existence.
Human remains have been found there ranging from 5 to 25 million years old. In 1979 archaeologist Fili discovered several prints of human feet imprinted on a 4 million year-old volcanic lava. The most exhaustive research has indicated that those prints belong to humans, not apes. As it is known all apes or ape-like creatures have elongated toes.
Some anthropologists, while being skeptical to dismiss Darwin-s theory of evolution, claim that those prints might have belonged to apes with clenched toes. Perhaps, this was the apes way of joking with humans. Who knows?
Another discovery of a calcified human footprint has been found in Turkmenia. Its age leads us all the way back to 150 million years, to the Mesozoic period, and ultimately to the time of dinosaurs. Can it be possible that humans inhabited this planet along with such monstrous creatures? Yes.
Russian scientists however claim that a single footprint is not enough to force rethinking of existing theories of human existence and to come up with something radically novel. But what about an entire chain of footprints found near Carson, Nevada? Those are incredibly precise and clear prints doubtlessly left by a human. Their size is gigantic. Their age is 213-248 million years.
It is not hard to conclude therefore that such a discovery cannot possibly go hand in hand with today's preconceived notions.
OTHER GIANT PEOPLE—Similar giant human footprints have been found in Arizona, near Mount Whitney in California, near White Sands, New Mexico, and other placesSimilar giant human footprints have been found in Arizona, near Mount Whitney in California, near White Sands, New Mexico, and other places. But, in addition, several other giant human footprints—and even skeletal remains—have been found.
At White Sands, New Mexico, a prehistoric giant walked across a drying lakebed, leaving sandaled feet tracks, with each track approximately 22 inches [55.8 cm] in length.
"The remains of giants were found in Java, twice the size of gorillas, and later the petrified remains of a giant were found in South Africa and reported by the world-renowned anthropologist, Robert Broom. [Based on those finds] Dr. Franz Weidenreich (1946) propounded a new theory to the effect that man's ancestors were actually giants.
Dr. Burdick also tells about one of the unsolved mysteries of the Great White Sands National Monument near Alamogordo, New Mexico. Here is an area of about 175 acres consisting of alabaster, white as snow. It is believed that this gypsum was precipitated as arid winds dried up an inland sea.
As this muddy sediment was beginning to harden, some prehistoric giant apparently walked across the drying lakebed, leaving a series of tracks made by sandaled feet. There are 13 human tracks, each track approximately 22 inches [55.8] long and from 8 to 10 inches [20.32-25.4 cm] wide. The stride is from four to five feet [121.9-152.4 cm]."—H.R. Siegler Evolution or Degeneration: Which? (1972), p. 83. Ancient Man
Many scientists have proved the existence of remains of human-like creatures. Such finds constitute that giant people might have easily been our ancestors existing during the same era with gigantic creatures.
A time will come when we will finally accept a possibility of the existence of giants on this planet. Anatolii Vasilev, "Kontinent" , PRAVDA
The Patagonian Giants
Of Interest here is not so much the height of the then current inhabitants of the Island, who are believed to have been tall but were probably not giants. However, there were as we've seen in other places quite a few stories about finding extremely large skeletons of previous inhabitants.
The first europeans to sail along the patagonian costs were Ferdinand of Magallanes and his crew in 1520. Their first meeting with the aborigins (Tehuelches) was recorded by Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition, in a by now famous passage:
"One day, when no one was expecting it, we saw a giant, completely naked, by the sea. He danced and jumped and, singing, spread sand and dust over his head...He was so tall that the tallest among us reached only to his waist. He was truly well built...The captain named these kind of people Pataghoni. They have no houses but huts, like the Egyptians.
They live on raw meat and eat a kind of sweet root which they call capac. The two giants we had on board ship ate their way through a large basket of biscuits, and ate rats without skinning them. They used to drink a half bucket of water at once.
Photo: Left On the picture on the left you can see the "giants" depicted in the tip of South America on a map of 1562 . It is a common belief that the name Patagons alluded to the apparently outstanding foot size of the Tehuelches.
Center is an engraving from the cover of "A Voyage round the World, in his Majesty's ship the Dolphin, commanded by the Hon. Comm. Byron, 1767" and reads: "A sailor giving a Patagonian woman a piece of bread for her baby.
On the right is a detail from another engraving of the period and shows soldiers unearthing a giant skeleton and slaying a large lion.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
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On January 14, 2000 HomeSmart Real Estate announced its Grand Opening to the Phoenix marketplace with only two Agents. A reputation for advanced technologies soon followed. As a result, HomeSmart rapidly developed into the #1 Real Estate brokerage in size and sales volume in Phoenix. With a commitment to its Agents and Clients, HomeSmart grew to over 7,000 agents worldwode, with 4,600 in the Phoenix area. It is the largest real estate brokerage in the Southwest and ranked among the top 10 largest real estate brokerages in the nation.
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If the Oscars had a category for Most Creative Use of Vulgar Language (and they should), writer-director Richard Sheperd would be worthy of a Lifetime Achievement Award for Dom Hemingway. Rarely has the use of dirty words become a virtuoso masterpiece of language, but Dom Hemingway turns swearing into high art. Sheperd provides the words, but star Jude Law brings them to vile, explosive, hilarious life in what may be the best performance of his career thus far. There's also a story and character development that's all well and good, but Dom Hemingway is mostly about grabbing us by the throat and pummeling us with filthy, hilarious speeches and one-liners.
Dom Hemingway gets us from the very first sentence followed by a monologue I will not even begin to quote here because I don't want to diminish its impact. After Dom Hemingway (Law) wows us with his jaw-dropping soliloquy, he's released from prison after a twelve-year stint. The violent, angry, slightly psychotic criminal kept his mouth shut during his time in the joint, and now is going to get what he's owed for his silence from crime kingpin Mr. Fontaine (Demian Bichir). Dom, unfortunately, can't seem to get out of his own way. A more polite, refined man would be able to take his cash, and then move on to repairing the strained relationship he has with his daughter (Emilia Clarke). Dom is not a polite, refined man, and armed only with his foul mouth and accompanied by his beleaguered friend Dickie (Richard E. Grant), Hemingway must struggle to improve his fortunes.
Dom is a grandiloquent shit, and comes right the borderline of someone you would actively avoid. The plotline leads him to try and learn some humility because he's apparently incapable of understanding that the world isn't fair, especially the world occupied by criminals. Dom chalks it up to "bad luck" without seemingly to realize just how far he's already pushed his luck. He also can't seem to realize how good he has it, or appreciate his remarkable knack for self-sabotage.
On paper, Dom is a guy we shouldn't want to spend a moment with let alone an entire picture, but never underestimate the power of humor and charisma. Dom can beat the crap out of an innocent guy within the first ten minutes, and he can verbally abuse anyone within eyesight, but when his one-liners are so sharp and his personality so magnetic, we only want to see the character one-up himself with the next insult. Shepard not only writes crackerjack dialogue, but the highly stylized direction almost makes it feel like Dom is in the director's chair. The tone is brash, bold, and perfectly in tune with the lead performance.
Jude Law is absolutely on fire as Hemingway. Law has had plenty of great performances in his career, but this one is easily my favorite. Law approaches Dom with all of the seriousness of a Shakespeare character. The actor's commitment to his character makes Hemingway's unrelenting vanity and spite truly mind-blowing. Sheperd's vulgar language rolls off Law's tongue like beautiful poetry. The Oscar-nominated actor also handles the emotional side of the character, but the comedy is where Dom is untouchable. I would also be remiss if I didn't give credit to Grant, whose dry wit provides a nice compliment to the lunatic protagonist.
I make it a point to avoid spoiling specific jokes in comedies, and that means I have to paint the humor in broad strokes rather than provide examples. So much of Dom Hemingway's power comes from not knowing what Sheperd and Law are going to dish out next. I believe the movie will have a long shelf life as a highly-quotable feature, but until that time comes, you'll just have to trust me that Dom Hemingway is exquisite.
Rating: A-
For all of our TIFF 2013 coverage, click here. Here are links to all of my TIFF 2013 reviews:
- August: Osage County
- Bethlehem
- Blood Ties
- Blue Is the Warmest Color
- Can a Song Save Your Life?
- Dallas Buyers Club
- Devil's Knot
- Enough Said
- The F Word
- Fat
- The Fifth Estate
- Gravity
- Jodorowsky's Dune
- Labor Day
- The Missing Picture
- Parkland
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At Penn Medicine, when patients can't be helped with traditional therapy, physicians can use a feature of the Epic Care EMR called Research Trial Advisory to locate new options.
When Penn researchers identify the candidate criteria for various clinical research trials--which include diagnosis, gender, age, lab results, and medication--they embed an alert in the ambulatory EMR of patients that match the criteria. Doctors of those patients then get a message on their EMR screens encouraging them to discuss the trial with the candidate. Penn Medicine, which consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, now has eight studies using this trial advisory tool.
[ To find out which medical apps doctors and patients are turning to, see 9 Mobile Health Apps Worth A Closer Look. ]
At Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, the recently launched Health and Research Informatics platform, based on Oracle data warehouse and analytics software, is part of Moffitt's Total Cancer Care program, a longitudinal study that involves 17 community hospitals in 10 states. The program collects and analyzes patient clinical, genomic, and molecular tumor data to determine therapies based on cancer types and stages, previous treatments, age, medical history, genetic markers, and other characteristics.
The platform helps clinicians quickly identify patients suitable for clinical trials and research projects. In the past, finding patients who fit the criteria "could take weeks or months," said Mark Hulse, Moffitt's CIO.
A third resource, the Clinical Options Research Engine (Corengi), is a Web service that helps Type 2 diabetics locate clinical trials. Unlike the Penn and Moffitt programs, this one also reaches out directly to the public.
Corengi's search engine asks patients for a few simple details, including their age, ZIP code, and latest hemoglobin A1c reading, which is a measure of blood sugar levels over the last three months. Once patients input this information, they click on a "Find matching trial" button for a list of the most relevant studies recruiting patients in their vicinity.
Corengi also is placing widgets on other sites that diabetics are likely to visit, to attract more trial candidates. "There are a lot of misconceptions that people have about clinical trials...," said Corengi co-founder Ryan Luce in an interview posted on imedicalapps.com. "Most people you approach about clinical trials say, 'No, no, that's not for me,' but then when you talk to people who have actually participated in a clinical trial they say, 'It's great.'"
We hear so much about the transformative power of medical informatics, and no doubt some of it is more hype than reality. But Penn's Research Trial Advisory, Moffitt's Health and Research Informatics platform, and Corengi are the real deal.
The 2012 InformationWeek Healthcare IT Priorities Survey finds that grabbing federal incentive dollars and meeting pay-for-performance mandates are the top issues facing IT execs. Find out more in the new, all-digital Time To Deliver issue of InformationWeek Healthcare. (Free registration required.)


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