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(IPS) Nuke Agency Pushes New Bomb Production
This article first appeared on Inter-Press Service at: http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48654
ATLANTA, Georgia, Sep 30 (IPS) – Despite statements by U.S. President Barack Obama that he wants to see the world reduce, and eventually eliminate nuclear weapons, the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration continues to push forward on a programme called Complex Modernisation, which would expand two existing nuclear plants to allow them to produce new plutonium pits and new bomb parts out of enriched uranium for use in a possible new generation of nuclear bombs.
Initiated under the George W. Bush administration, Complex Modernisation – referred to by anti-nuclear activists as "the Bomb-plex" – would "transform the plutonium and uranium manufacturing aspects of the complex into smaller and more efficient operations while maintaining the capabilities NNSA needs to perform its national security missions," according to a report by the NNSA in the Federal Register.
"The main purpose of the Complex Modernisation programme is to maintain nuclear production capacity for the U.S.," Ralph Hutchison of the Oak Ridge Environmental Peace Alliance told IPS, arguing that the talk of modernisation obscures the real objectives of the programme.
"There are pieces of the modernisation scheme that might address environmental safety or health concerns, or structural integrity of old buildings that might need to be looked at," he acknowledged.
But the more controversial aspect is the creation of a new nuclear production infrastructure at two sites. First is infrastructure for production of new plutonium pits – the central core of nuclear weapons – at the Los Alamos lab in New Mexico, to replace what the NNSA argues is an aging U.S. nuclear stockpile.
According to its 2009 10-year plan obtained by IPS, the new site could produce 80 plutonium pits per year.
Second, is expansion of enriched uranium processing at the Y-12 facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
"Complex Modernisation" is the latest public relations slogan for the NNSA's plan; previously it was called Complex 2030 and then Complex Transformation.
The NNSA held two years of public hearings on the Supplemental Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (SPEIS) it was required to produce under the National Environmental Policy Act for Complex Modernisation.
At a hearing attended by this reporter in November 2006 at the Savannah River Site in North Augusta, South Carolina – which was initially considered for the new plutonium pits production – NNSA spokesman Ted Wyka told IPS the agency wanted "to identify a site to build and locate a consolidated plutonium centre, a place where we're going to do manufacturing, production, as well as research and development and surveillance."
"This (SPEIS process) isn't about the types and levels of weapons. That is a presidential decision which is funded by Congress. This is to develop the infrastructure, and to transform the infrastructure," Wyka said. "Our job is to make sure we have the right complex to meet those national security requirements."
The NNSA's final report on the SPEIS process – essentially approving its own "preferred alternative" – was published in December 2008 in the Federal Register, just two weeks before President Obama's inauguration. Here, the NNSA noted that, "With respect to plutonium manufacturing, NNSA is not making any new decisions regarding production capacity until completion of a new Nuclear Posture Review in 2009 or later."
Anti-nuclear activists are looking to Obama's upcoming Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) – which U.S. presidents have conducted at the beginning of their term since Bill Clinton – to set a new course for nuclear weapons policy for the U.S.
Obama will face a decision regarding whether to carry out the production of new plutonium pits, the planning of which was initiated under the Bush administration.
Obama will also face a decision about the proposed new uranium processing in Oak Ridge.
"They want to replace several buildings with one fancy new high-tech 3.5-billion-dollar building they're calling the Uranium Processing Facility," Hutchison said. "And similarly to what [the Federal Register stated] about the plutonium, although they haven't printed this yet, they're waiting on the NPR numbers to come in," before they seek to begin construction.
In the meantime, while Obama works on his NPR, the planning and design of the two new facilities continues.
Obama "included 55 million dollars in his budget for planning for the uranium processing facility in Oak Ridge. What people told him was, if you don't put this much in it, the whole [Complex Modernisation] programme collapses. We need enough money to keep the team together until we make the decision. Congress has doubled that; it's just gone through the process," Hutchison said.
However, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) process specific to the Y-12 facility in Oak Ridge was "put on hold", Hutchison said.
"Since February, every month they say they're going to release it next month. They can't put it out, because they need to say why they need to build this bomb plant or how big it needs to be. They can't do that without the numbers from the NPR," he noted.
"They have an internal struggle. Obama's saying and doing all these things moving towards a vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, but the Department of Defence wants to keep building bombs. All the defence contractors, everybody's making money off of building bombs, they're in the DOD up to their necks. They want that number to come out," Hutchison said.
"They want us to get sucked into this word 'transformation,' as if we're forward looking; or 'modernisation' – what's wrong with modernisation? It's still the Bomb-plex. It's still a cover for allowing us to continue to make bomb parts like pits… it's old wine in new bottles," Bobbie Paul, executive director of Georgia Women's Action for New Directions (WAND), told IPS.
Meanwhile, as previously reported by IPS, Obama has made at least two important international speeches concerning nuclear weapons, in which he has said that the U.S. and the world must work towards being completely free of nuclear weapons.
"I state clearly and with conviction America's commitment to seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons," Obama said in a speech in Prague on Apr. 5.
"To achieve a global ban on nuclear testing, my administration will immediately and aggressively pursue U.S. ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty," Obama said.
One hundred and eighty-one other nations have signed and 149 have ratified the treaty.
Last week, Obama became the first U.S. president to chair a U.N. Security Council summit, where a resolution was passed aimed at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons.
Obama has signaled his support for a significant shift towards disarmament as part of his upcoming NPR. In addition, Obama said he wants the U.S. and Russia to significantly reduce their nuclear weapons as part of the renewal of the Russia-U.S. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.
However, so far Obama has not taken any steps to stop Complex Modernisation in its tracks and has not addressed the NNSA's plans to develop new nuclear weapons or refurbish old ones. Advocates worry this means new facilities to produce or refurbish nuclear bombs are still on the table.
"It's kind of double-talk. We're talking about reducing our arsenal and not being able to test, but we still have so many bombs on hair-trigger alert… [Complex Modernisation] is another title to give NNSA permission to build new bombs. It flies in the face of what he's told the rest of the world," Paul said.
Advocates worry that Obama – who treads a rocky path and wants a second term in office – may be willing to compromise on Complex Modernisation in return for ratification of the CTBT in the U.S. Senate.
Ratification – which failed in 1999 by 18 votes, receiving only 49 – will require at least 67 votes in the Senate. This means the entire Democratic Caucus, including the two independents, and at least seven Republicans will have to support the measure.
"There's been some talk, in order to get those treaties ratified, some people might allow some new nuclear research and production to go on. [Our position] is no, we stand by Obama. We need to do things consistent with a nuclear-free world," Paul said.
The NNSA did not immediately return two phone calls from IPS seeking comment.
About the author:
Matthew Cardinale is the News Editor for Atlanta Progressive News and is reachable at email@example.com.
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HTS Theological Studies
On-line version ISSN 2072-8050
Print version ISSN 0259-9422
Herv. teol. stud. vol.64 n.1 Pretoria Mar. 2008
The contribution of the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa (NHKA) to theological training at the Transvaal University College
P J van der Merwe
Department of Science of Religion and Missiology, University of Pretoria
The ideal of theological training of candidates for the ministry of the Dutch Reformed Church (NHK) found its first (formal) expression in 1884. Difficult ecclesiastical, social and economic circumstances (including the consequences of the First and Second Anglo-Boer Wars) prevented dreams and plans from being realised. The opening of a Pretoria division of the Transvaal University College (TUC) in 1908 created new opportunities, but it would take another eight years before planning for theological training at the TUC could start. The NHK and the Presbyterian Church were involved as denominational partners in this undertaking. This phase lasted from 1917 to 1933. These humble beginnings laid the foundation for the theological training of ministers at university level - a paradigm which is still applicable in South Africa today.
The run-up to, founding and first period of the Faculty of Divinity at the Transvaal University College is an interesting part of the history of the Transvaal, and more specifically of the history of the "Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika" (NHKA) (translation: Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa). The realisation of the need and later of the urgency for the church to train candidate ministers runs like a golden thread through the history of the NHKA. A study of the debate as it was conducted and developed over the years is important to gain an understanding of the spirit, theological tradition and culture of the NHKA and eventually too of the way in which the Faculty of Theology was formed.1
On the occasion of the centenary celebrations of the University of Pretoria, this article is intended to look once again at the turbulent history preceding the founding of the Faculty of Theology, and which in a certain sense characterised the first period that began in 1884 and continued until 1933. What occurred in the social, cultural, political and ideological fields inevitably spilled over to the ecclesiastical, theological and educational fields. The reason for selecting 1933 as the cut-off point is that a new dispensation began in the history of the Faculty of Theology in 1934 when the "Nederduitsch Hervormde of Gereformeerde Kerk" (NH/GK) entered as training partner. In 1938 Faculty was divided into two denominational sections and a start was made with phasing out the duplex ordo in favour of a simplex ordo.
Chronologically the events can be summarised as follows:
|Rev C W du Toit proposed a draft resolution in the General Synod of the NHKA that the church should itself provide for the training of ministers.
|Unification between the NHKA and Nederduitsch Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK) took place (forming the Nederduitsch Hervormde or Gereformeerde Church), but also led to disharmony and social unrest when a certain section of the NHKA refused to unite, thus continuing the NHK. Later another section (led by the so-called Procuration Commission) left the union and returned to the NHK.
|Deacon M J Willemse approached the General Synod with a draft resolution that the NHKA should itself begin training "sons of the land" as ministers.
|Elder C J Joubert proposed a similar draft resolution, once again without practical results.
|The General Synod decided to send candidates to the State Gymnasium in Pretoria with a view to preparing them for theological training.
|The Volksraad (National Assembly) of the Transvaal Republic (ZAR) decided to begin a university in Pretoria, which would include a theological faculty.
|Second Anglo-Boer War.
|The Transvaal Technical Institute (TTI) was established with its main seat in Johannesburg.
|The TTI became the "Transvaal University College" (TUC).
|Prof P J Muller trained two candidate ministers.
The Pretoria division of the TUC began teaching in Kya Rosa.
|The General Synod of the NHKA decided to begin a seminary. Trustees were nominated.
|The Union of South Africa was established.
|The seminary project was abandoned.
|The General Synod decided to approach the TUC with a view to establishing a theological faculty in Pretoria. Consensus was reached between the TUC Council, the NHKA and the Presbyterian Church.
|The Minister granted approval. The TUC Council reached a formal decision to establish the Faculty of Divinity.
|The Faculty of Divinity opened officially with two Presbyterian lecturers and one NHKA lecturer.
|The TUC adopted Afrikaans in addition to English as a medium of instruction.
|The University Commission of the National Party government recommended that the Faculty of Theology should offer only post-BD studies. Premier Hertzog rejected this recommendation.
|The TUC became the University of Pretoria.
|The Presbyterian Church withdrew from the Faculty of Theology. The "Nederduitsch Hervormde of Gereformeerde Kerk" (NH/GK) tentatively took its place.
|The NH/GK decided to join the Faculty of Theology as full partner. The University of Pretoria decided to divide the Faculty into two denominational sections.
2. RUN-UP to theological training FOR the NHKA
Due to the disruptive effects of the Second Anglo-Boer War and the fact that the post-war situation differed in so many respects from the pre-war situation, it makes sense to divide this part of our historical account along these lines.
2.1 Preceding the Second Anglo-Boer War
It is generally known that there was no question of organised national education in the Transvaal before the time of President T F Burgers. Shortly after he became President of the Transvaal Republic (formal name: "Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek" (ZAR)) in 1872, he became profoundly aware of the pressing need for education. With his own hand, he wrote the draft of the ZAR's first education act (Act No 4 of 1874, commencing on 23 February 1876). Though it provided for the three levels of education and Burgers even envisioned a "hoogere school" (school of higher learning, i.e. university), little came of it. The British annexation of the Transvaal shattered his dreams. His act was repealed in 1880 by the annexation authority (AD 1960:1).
After the First Anglo-Boer War and the restoration of the ZAR, education became one of the government's priorities. This is evident from the fact that the new education act was Act No 1 (the first Act of 1882). It was drafted by Rev S J du Toit, the Cape campaigner for the Afrikaans language, who was appointed the Superintendent of Education in the Transvaal. This Act also envisaged tertiary education, including the construction of a "normalskool op de zetelplaats" ("normal school in the capital" - "normal" in the sense of "training") (Pretoria) to train officials and teachers and generally to bring a proper scientific training within the reach of the white population of the ZAR (as cited in AD 1960:1). It is interesting, however, that the Act did not mention theological training. Later (1890) Rev du Toit revealed that he was not in favour of a faculty of theology (AD 1960:3).
De Volkstem writes on 7 July 1883: "We hope to see the day of a university coming into existence in Pretoria offering training in the important subjects of learning and science ..." (cited in AD 1960:2).
The first mention of the idea that the NHKA would itself have to provide some kind of training to meet its need to serve its congregations, is found in the draft resolution of the Rev C W du Toit (brother to the above-mentioned Rev S J du Toit) in the General Synod of 1884.2 The delegates were not ready for this, however, and the debate ended in a non-committal decision (Engelbrecht 1953:362).
In May 1889 the Executive Council of the ZAR raised the possibility of an "Institution of Higher Learning or a University". The Volksraad (National Assembly) resolved on 12 June 1889 to build a university in Pretoria and budgeted £20 000 for the project. Dr W J Leyds and Rev S J du Toit were then requested to seek academicians in Europe who would get such an institution going in Pretoria. The requirement, however, was that lecturers had to be God-fearing and have appreciation for the national character of the Transvaal (AD 1960:2).
But the dreams of a "hoogeskool" (university) for the ZAR would take a long time to reach fulfilment. Meanwhile a secondary school was established in Pretoria with "Master" Wessel Louis as principal. It was a huge step forward at the level of secondary education.3 This was followed in 1893 by the well-known Staatsgimnasium (State Gymnasium) with Dr H T Reinink as its first principal.4 This, too, was a secondary education institution, although the standard of teaching was so high that it would not be inappropriate to claim that the transition to tertiary education had already been made (Ploeger 1970).
The need for an own theological training was expressed again on 28 April 1890 in an anonymous letter in De Volkstem. The letter advocated a theological school for the training of ministers, giving several reasons, especially the high cost of training ministers in the Netherlands. Later that year, Deacon M J Willemse van Roossenekal (probably the writer of the above-mentioned letter) submitted a draft resolution to the General Synod, proposing that seminary training for "sons of the land" should be established (Engelbrecht 1953:362). The chairman, Rev M J Goddefroy, took a stance against the proposal of a seminary. He expressed himself in favour of theological training at university level. This emphasis on university education would become the dominant view in the Netherdutch Reformed Church of, even when a decision was taken at one stage that, as there was no university, a seminary should after all be instituted (Loader 1989:414). Goddefroy's opposition to a seminary led to the synod giving its support anew to theological training in the Netherlands, and Deacon Willemse's concern about costs was allayed by referring to the bursary opportunities which had become possible through "[our] brothers in the Netherlands" and the ZAR government.
At the General Synod of 1893, a draft resolution along the same lines as Deacon Willemse's proposal was submitted by Elder C J Joubert. This time the synod instructed the Commission of the General Synod to investigate the matter. The aftermath of the partially successful (or unsuccessful) union of the NHKA and NGK and the return of congregations under the leadership of the Procuration Commission required the lion's share of effort in the next few years, however, so much so that little came of the investigation (Engelbrecht 1953:363).
Dr N Mansvelt succeeded the Rev S J du Toit as Superintendent of Education in 1892. Dr Mansvelt was not enthusiastic about a university in the ZAR. He preferred that candidates should be sent to the Netherlands for tertiary training. Nevertheless, on the orders of the ZAR government, he prepared a bill in 1896 with a view to establishing such a university. Unfortunately it never progressed past the bill stage (AD 1960:3).
Meanwhile the University of the Cape of Good Hope was founded in 1873 as the examining body of the various colleges that had already been established in the Cape Colony. In 1896 the Transvaal Republic was invited to form tertiary institutions under the umbrella of this university. Dr Mansvelt was not in favour of this, because he, like the ZAR government, was suspicious of the influence of the British in the Cape.
At the General Synod of the NHKA in 1897 a more positive climate prevailed than at previous meetings. A draft resolution of the Pretoria congregation led to the decision that candidates would be sent to the State Gymnasium with a view to preparing them for theological training. Elder A D W Wolmarans (prominent Transvaal politician) came to the fore as a prime proponent of an own theological training. Pursuant to the draft resolution of the Rustenburg congregation that the NHKA should build its own school for the training of ministers, he formulated a proposal for the General Synod of 1899 with a fundraising plan and suggestions for forming such an institution. The proposal was accepted (Engelbrecht 1953:363). Loader (1989:420) states that it was a choice in favour of a seminary which, because of the urgent need at that stage, was not opposed, not even by Goddefroy.
Meanwhile schools of a high standard were established in Johannesburg (thanks to generous financial support from mining magnates). Naturally they were tailored on the British model and obviously they did not in the least try to accommodate the national character of the Transvaal. Initiatives from the same sources to found a mining school were forestalled by the ZAR government when in 1897 the "Mijnschool der Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek" (Mining School of the South African Republic) was founded in Johannesburg. At its head was the geologist Dr H G Breyer. This was the precursor to the Transvaal Technical Institute, which later became the Transvaal University College5 (AD 1960:3).
On 10 March 1899 the Volksraad (National Assembly) of the ZAR decided to form a university in Pretoria. Interestingly enough, it was the strong plea of the very same A D W Wolmarans mentioned above, that persuaded the Volksraad. This time Theology was mentioned by name as one of the fields of study. The government invited the NHKA to collaborate (AD 1960:164). The government once again began seeking academic
ian s in the Netherlands who could begin teaching Law and Divinity in 1900. At last it seemed as if the dream of theological training at university level would come true. But the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Boer War in October 1899 thwarted all plans (Engelbrecht 1953:364).
2.2 After the Second Anglo-Boer War
The first General Synod of the NHKA after the war could only meet again on 8 June 1903. The destructive effects of war would persist long after the peace treaty was signed in May 1902.
It appeared that long before the peace treaty, the occupation government in Transvaal led by Lord Milner had already begun making plans to reorganise education. For example, E B Sargant was designated as Director of Education. Not only was the enormous need in the field of education realised, but education was also seen as a primary instrument for systematically carrying out an Anglicisation policy. Milner regarded the latter as of cardinal importance if Britain was to consolidate its gains in southern Africa.
Sargant wrote to Milner on 26 April 1901 about the necessity of beginning as soon as possible with planning a "teaching university for the two new colonies" (AD 1960:4). Sargant took the initiative himself, which led to the founding of the "Transvaal Technical Institute" (TTI) on 17 August 1903. Dr H G Breyer, mentioned above, was appointed in 1904 as a lecturer at the TTI to teach Mathematics and Physics by way of "evening classes" in Pretoria. Another name that deserves mention is that of Adv G T Morice who began teaching Roman-Dutch Law in Pretoria in the same year (also as a lecturer at the TTI) (AD 1960:5).
An interesting development from the NHKA's point of view was the arrival of two ministers of church from the Netherlands in 1904, namely Rev L E Brandt and Prof Dr P J Muller, who would play a valuable role in the post-war reconstruction of the NHKA. Prof Muller served until 1909 as the minister of the Pretoria congregation of the NHKA, and then returned to the Netherlands. He was also Moderator of the General Synod from 1907 until his departure.
Rev Jac van Belkum, who played a vital role in the reconstruction of the NHKA,6 wrote a letter on 4 April 1905 to Elder A D W Wolmarans, about the need for an own theological training. The discussions, action and decisions emanating from this eventually led to Prof Muller being requested to train two candidates to be ministers of religion, namely J J Kuhn and J J Prinsloo. This was interesting in the sense that it was a completely informal training (but nevertheless with the knowledge of the Commission of the General Synod). He continued with this for three years and, before his return to the Netherlands, he could present the two gentlemen as candidates to the Commission. After the Commission had examined them and found them suitable, they were legitimised and made available for
a calling. Both served long and fruitfully in the service of the NHKA (Engelbrecht 1953:367-368; also Loader 1989:422).
By 1906 the whole southern Africa was aware of the need for a properly organised university system, and a great deal was spoken and written about this. This would continue for the next decade (AD 1960:7). Meanwhile the lecturers of the TTI began feeling ever more strongly that the institution had to have a wider scope. Partly as a result of their insistence, the Council of TTI decided on 25 May 1906 that the name should be changed to the "Transvaal University College" (TUC). The High Commissioner, Lord Selborne, formally opened the TUC on 1 August 1906 (AD 1960:6). It would prepare students for the examinations of the University of the Cape of Good Hope.
In 1907 General JC Smuts was appointed as Colonial Secretary to the cabinet of General Louis Botha (Transvaal Colony), with among other things the portfolio of education. It soon became clear that he had his own plans for the development of the Transvaal University College (TUC). He also put them implacably into effect, mostly against the will and desires of the TUC Council. The plans comprised dividing the TUC into three parts, namely (1) technology and mining, (2) agriculture and (3) the arts and basic sciences. The first part would be situated in Johannesburg and the last part in Pretoria, but as yet there was no clarity about the agricultural campus (AD 1960:8-11).
As General Smuts had envisaged, the Pretoria division of the TUC began its operations in 1908 with four professors and 32 students, in a house called Kya Rosa. This attracted so little attention that it was quite some time before residents in the area realised that they had acquired a university college as a neighbour. The medium of instruction was English.
It is understandable that although the ideal of theological training at university level still remained alive in the NHKA, under these circumstances it was not regarded as a realistic possibility. That was why Rev van Belkum and Elder Wolmarans increasingly began to think in the direction of a seminary. This idea was successfully argued in the General Synod of 1909. That the advocates of this idea were well prepared, is clear from a document entitled "Examination Rules regarding Admission to the Ministry of the Netherdutch Reformed Church of South Africa" which was tabled at the same meeting (Van Nieuwenhuizen 1974:24). The meeting decided that planning of a seminary should proceed. A Board of Trustees was appointed to carry out the instruction.
In 1910 Prof PJ Muller was nominated as a lecturer, but he did not see his way clear to undertaking this work. Unfortunately a doctrinal disciplinary case was taking place against one of the learned ministers of the NHKA, Rev C J L Ruysch van Dugteren, at that same time. Due to the attention it got and the bitter aftertaste it left, the Board of Trustees lost motivation for a while (Engelbrecht 1953:368). Only in 1912 did nominations begin again: this time two candidates who finished reading for their doctorates, namely Rev Jac van Belkum and Rev H C M Fourie.7 The latter responded negatively and when the General Synod met two months later, there was such strong resistance to a seminary that a resolution was taken to stop the entire project. For the time being, candidates would continue to be sent to the Netherlands. The Board of Trustees was not dissolved however, but continued to investigate ways and possibilities.
The Union of South Africa came into effect in 1910, leading to a new dispensation for education. The table was set for further developments in the field of university education. General Smuts announced the second step in his plan, namely that the Johannesburg and Pretoria divisions of the TUC should be separated and continue their existence as two separate incorporated institutions. In addition, the name TUC would be allocated to the Pretoria division and the Johannesburg division would be given a new name. This did in fact take place by means of Acts 1, 2 and 4 of 1910 (AD 1960:23). The new TUC would continue to operate as a constituent college of the University of the Cape of Good Hope.
Since the University of the Cape of Good Hope had made provision for theological degrees, the possibility of theological training at the TUC was never excluded. As the TUC became stronger and greater confidence in the institution began developing, more voices expressed the view that a faculty of theology would be a valuable addition. The then Minister of Education, Advocate F S Malan, was approached with such a request by professors of the TUC in 1916. He was not unwilling. Without the one knowing officially about the other, the General Synod of the NHKA also decided to approach the TUC with a request to consider forming a theological faculty (May 1916), while the TUC Council decided shortly afterwards, at the insistence of the Pretoria newspaper editor, Dr FJ Engelenburg, to approach the NHKA with an enquiry, namely whether they would be interested in assisting with establishing such a faculty (15 June 1916).
Subsequently Dr Engelenburg was asked to compile a memorandum for the Council. This led to a commission of the TUC Council and delegates of Afrikaans and English churches assembling on 7 December 1916 to discuss the founding of a multi-denominational theological faculty. Consensus was soon reached that such a faculty was desirable and necessary.
The matter was then taken over by the TUC's Educational Functions Committee. A feasible plan was devised. A recommendation was made that the NHKA and the Presbyterian Church should each provide a lecturer (namely Dr J H Greyvenstein and Rev E MacMillan respectively). Together they would receive one lecturer's salary, and the churches would be responsible for the rest of their remuneration. The Council accepted this recommendation on 21 December 1916 (AD 1960:165).
The Minister approved the founding of a theological faculty at the TUC, but at the same time stipulated that the Faculty could not operate officially before 1918. They first had to see how viable the project was. This would have meant that the faculty would have had to operate unofficially during 1917.
The TUC Council decided on 16 March 1917 to found a Faculty of Divinity. The Faculty would have opened officially on 1 April 1918 with Professor A C Paterson, Dr J H Greyvenstein and Rev E MacMillan (Engelbrecht 1953:369). The former was already in the service of the TUC, whereas the latter two were appointed as lecturers by their churches shortly after the Council decision. Rev MacMillan, unlike the other two lecturers, would at first work as a part-time lecturer. Prof Paterson was a Presbyterian, but not a nominee of the Presbyterian Church.
The year 1918 was a milestone in the university history of South Africa. The universities of Cape Town and Stellenbosch began operating as independent universities. The University of the Cape of Good Hope ceased to exist in the same year, and the University of South Africa was established with its main seat in Pretoria.
The TUC was one of the six constituent university colleges of the University of South Africa, which would have a federal structure. The colleges were permitted a high degree of discretion in teaching and examining. The table was set for the colleges to become autonomous. The first of the colleges to gain autonomy was the University College of Johannesburg, which in 1922 became the University of Witwatersrand (AD 1960:42-42).
3.1 1917-1924
In the TUC Calendar of 1919 (:19) we read:
Formal sanction of the Minister of Education was obtained for the establishment of a Faculty of Theology, with the work of which an informal beginning had already been made in the second semester of 1916, Professor Reinink undertaking the teaching in New Testament Greek, Professor Paterson that in Hebrew, while Dr JHJA Greijvenstein was appointed by the Kuratorium of the Hervormde Kerk as professor of Divinity in the interests of theological students of his own church.
The TUC Calendar of 1918 names the following people as theological lecturers:8
Lecturer: J H J A Greijvenstein, BA (Cape), ThD (Utrecht).
Lecturer: E MacMillan, MA, BD (Glasgow).
When theological teaching began (in 1917), there were in total 214 students at the TUC. Initially there were four theological students, but one, Basson, cancelled his studies after a difference of opinion with the Board of Trustees. The others were P J J Venter (second-year),9 H P Wolmarans and P S Grobler (both first-year students). Venter completed his training in 1920 and Wolmarans and Grobler in 1921. Wolmarans also completed an MA degree course in parallel with his BD degree.
3.2 Initial syllabus
The TUC Calendar of 1918 was the first calendar to indicate the theological syllabus:
Draft curriculum for BD degree
First Year Course: Latin, Greek, Dutch or English, a Physical or Social Science or History.
Second Year Course: Greek (including New Testament Greek), Hebrew, Latin or Dutch or English, Logic, Ethics.
Third Year Course: New Testament Greek, Hebrew, Elements and History of Metaphysics, Psychology.
Fourth Year Course: Old and New Testament Exegesis, Church History, Biblical Theology, History and Psychology of Religion.
Fifth Year Course: Old and New Testament Exegesis, Church History and History of Dogma, Philosophy of Theism and Religion, Christian Apologetics.
As can be seen, the theological training (including propaedeutics) took only five years. Since it is known that the BD course comprised only the last two years, this exposition seems rather strange. According to the 1919 Calendar, the syllabus changed little. It remained unchanged up to and including the TUC Calendar of 1922.
The BD syllabus is reflected in more detail in the TUC Calendar of 1920. This was also the year when the first students (H P Wolmarans and P S Grobler) began taking the BD course. Guidance had to be given to P J J Venter earlier. He did not register for a BD, but took the candidate course on which the Commission of the General Synod and the Board of Trustees (NHKA) had decided on 12 February 1914, when there was still the intention to found a seminary. The course consisted of a preparatory examination, a candidate's examination in two parts and a church examination and was followed
further by a proponent's examination which he wrote on 13 April 1921 (Minutes: Commission Genl Synod, 12 February 1914).
3.3 Early lecturers
3.3.1 Prof A C Paterson
From the founding of the Transvaal University College in 1908 until his departure for New Zealand in 1924, Prof A C Paterson was professor of Classical Languages and Hebrew. In addition he was (from 1916) the registrar and from 1 October 1918 the first principal. He is described by Greyvenstein as "the brightest Hebrew scholar in whole South Africa" (Minutes Genl Synod 1919:28).
During his absence on leave in 1918, the theological student P J J Venter acted in his stead and gave the lectures in Hebrew. This drew criticism from the Board of Trustees (NHKA), and Prof Greyvenstein was required to give an explanation of the matter (Minutes Board of Trustees, 29 January 1918, 13 March 1918). In 1922-1923 Paterson was on leave again, and this time Rev E MacMillan stood in for the lectures.
Paterson occupied his position for a few more months after returning from leave. Early in 1924 he resigned to go to New Zealand where he had accepted a professorship (in Auckland) (Viljoen 1981:476). In spite of divided and interrupted attention, it can be accepted that Paterson laid a sound foundation for the teaching of Hebrew at this institution.
3.3.2 Prof E MacMillan
Rev E MacMillan was initially appointed as a part-time lecturer. On 27 October 1924 he was promoted to part-time professor. In addition to his university duties, he remained active in the church. For example, in 1924 he was elected as moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in South Africa.
His training in Glasgow (MA, BD) had equipped him well for his task, but some people regarded his theology as "totally modernist" (Minutes Board of Trustees, 22 July 1919). His primary teaching responsibility was History of Religion and Philosophy of Religion. In addition, he taught Old Testament Exegesis.
It is known that he had studied in Germany in addition to his studies in Scotland, but he never obtained his doctoral degree. In 1930 he received an honorary doctorate from Glasgow (Minutes Faculty of Divinity, 29 August 1930).
In 1929 he joined the Oxford Group. This association took up more and more of his time. In 1930 he went to Scotland and England as a representative. In 1932 he took leave for the whole year to organise the movement in South Africa and to attend congresses abroad (AD 1960:166-167).
With his balanced and pleasant manner, Prof MacMillan helped to consolidate the Faculty and to lay a sound basis for future growth. Rev J G M Dreyer writes in Die Hervormer of 22 November 1944 (after MacMillan's death): "By his sincerity, his ability, his noble character he commanded the respect of many." In Ad Destinatum 1960 he is described as an enthusiast with great drive and perseverance, a special personality and as pleasant in his dealings (1960:167). He resigned from University of Pretoria on 1 July 1933.
3.3.3 Prof J H J A Greyvenstein
Prof J H J A Greyvenstein was born on 17 March 1878 in the Barkley-East district of the Cape Colony. During the Anglo-Boer War he took up arms as a Cape rebel against the British colonial regime. In terms of the conditions of the Peace of Vereeniging, he escaped prosecution when hostilities ceased.
After the war he enrolled at the Seminary at Stellenbosch where he wrote his candidate's examination in 1905 and received legitimacy. After this he left to further his studies abroad. The plan was initially to study at a Scots university but when he arrived there he found that the academic year had already progressed far. He then went to Utrecht in the Netherlands, where he enrolled at the local State University. Lengthy studies in Ethics followed and led to a thesis on the social utilitarianism of Bentham (January 1911). After successfully defending his thesis, he returned to South Africa later that year (Van Nieuwenhuizen 1976:34-35).
For the next four years he served a section of the NG congregation in Cape Town, in a temporary capacity. His earlier history as a Cape rebel might have been a factor in the reason that a full-time calling eluded him.
Rev C W du Toit heard about him and got into touch with him. After considerable persuasion, Dr Greyvenstein accepted the call to the NHKA congregation in Pretoria in April 1914. There he served until he was nominated by the Board of Trustees in March 1917 as lecturer of the Faculty to be founded. He accepted service on 1 April 1917. His teaching task was twofold: as lecturer of the TUC: New Testament and Christian Ethics; as lecturer of the NHKA: Dogmatics and Practical Theology (Van Nieuwenhuizen 1976:35).
3.3.4 Prof SP Engelbrecht
A significant development took place in 1921 when the TUC Council decided to appoint another lecturer. This was Dr S P Engelbrecht who had completed his doctoral studies in the previous year in the Netherlands, with the thesis "Geschiedenis van de Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk in Zuid-Afrika" (The history of the Netherdutch Reformed Church in South Africa).10 He was the first son of the NHKA to become a lecturer in the Faculty of Divinity. The Engelbrecht family had been an esteemed family in the Eastern Transvaal. However, his father died in the Anglo-Boer War and due to the British scorched-earth policy the family became impoverished. He completed his school education with difficulty. When he arrived in Utrecht in 1913, he was older than his fellow-students. Nevertheless he proved to be a hard-working and bright student (Pont 1992:262).
On 15 April 1921 the Board of Trustees also nominated him as NHKA lecturer.
With the arrival of Dr Engelbrecht, a golden age dawned for scholarship in the field of South African Church History. He was a diligent and thorough researcher with a well-developed sense for source material. Besides Church History, he also interested himself in the history of the ZAR (for example his monumental research on President T F Burgers). In addition to supervising theological theses, he acted as a supervisor for theses on South African history in the Department of History (Faculty of Arts).
The NHKA's Archives Repository was built up around his extensive collection of archival material and is accounted to be one of the best archival collections in South Africa.
With the appointment of Dr Engelbrecht, the NHKA had two lecturers. Paterson left in 1924 and the Presbyterian Church was left with one lecturer (MacMillan). In the meantime the Faculty was growing steadily. Since theological students stayed on the campus for longer than most of the other students, the Hervormde students had a particular influence on campus life and student politics. For this reason, the objections that had been raised within the NHKA to the training gradually died down (Van Nieuwenhuizen 1976:41-42).
Dr Engelbrecht and Rev MacMillan were both promoted to professor in 1924.
3.4 1923
The 1923 Calendar shows that the BD course was extended to three years and the syllabi were adjusted accordingly.
The 1923 TUC Calendar names the theological lecturers as follows:
Hebrew and OT Exegesis
Professor: A C Paterson, MA (Edin & Oxon)
NT Divinity and Exegesis
Professor: J H J A Greyvenstein, BA (Cape), ThD (Utrecht)
OT Divinity and Exegesis, as well as
Ecclesiastical History and History of Dogma
Senior lecturer: S P Engelbrecht, ThD (Utrecht)
Lecturer: E MacMillan, MA, BD (Glasgow)
Philosophy of Religion
Lecturer: CHS Runge, BA (Oxon)
Professor: H Reinink, Litt D (Amsterdam)
Professor: WA Macfadyen, MA (Oxon), LLD (Cape)
Social economics
Professor: JE Holloway, BA (Cape), DSc (London).
The 1924 TUC Calendar no longer shows names such as Runge, Reinink, Macfadyen and Holloway on the list of lecturers in the Faculty. Of Runge little is known and it is not clear what became of him. The omission of the other names indicates that the Faculty of Theology had now developed a clearer identity to distinguish itself from the Faculty of Arts. The assumption is reinforced by the fact that for the first time, a Dean of the Faculty is mentioned, namely Prof Greyvenstein.
The above-mentioned syllabi do not correspond with what is indicated in the calendars and what the teaching responsibilities of the lecturers indicated. The list of lecturers in the 1923 TUC Calendar mentions that Rev MacMillan is responsible for Apologetics and Mr Runge for Philosophy of Religion. In the period 1924-1926 the latter subject disappeared from the list of lecturers, though Prof MacMillan is still indicated as lecturer in Apologetics. In 1927 it was Apologetic's turn to disappear and MacMillan is shown as lecturer in Philosophy of Religion. This lasted until the end of 1937, according to the calendars, although Prof MacMillan had left by the middle of 1933.
The year 1923 was of great interest for the Faculty of Theology for another reason too. The Council of the TUC adopted the policy of parallel teaching (in English and Afrikaans) on 23 June 1923 in so far as this could be economically justified. Since the students of the Faculty were Afrikaans-speaking, it was obvious that Afrikaans would become the medium of instruction. For the time being the lecturers could themselves decide which language they would use as the medium of instruction, so Paterson and MacMillan would have been able to continue teaching in English (AD 1976:55).
This change in policy came after a period of student agitation (supported by some lecturers). It was clear that although the English-speaking Establishment still had a strong influence on the TUC, Afrikaner students were increasingly making their presence felt, to such an extent that the institution was called a "hot-bed of nationalism" (AD 1976:56).
After the Council had taken the above-mentioned decision, the situation calmed down and only in 1929 would the language issue flare up again. Prof Paterson who, owing to his role in university management, became involved in various political issues. He found circumstances increasingly stressful and oppressive, and in 1923 resigned from the service of the TUC.
After Prof Paterson left, Prof S P Engelbrecht acted as lecturer in Hebrew. (As can be seen above, Prof Engelbrecht was at that stage already teaching Old Testament Exegesis and Theology.)
3.5 1925-1933
The TUC Council immediately advertised for a replacement. Four applications were received, including one from a rabbi and another from Dr B Gemser who was at that stage a Reformed minister at Lutjegast, Groningen (Netherlands). After the Council decided to appoint Dr Gemser as professor (October 1925), the Board of Trustees of the NHKA also nominated him as lecturer in Old Testament Exegesis and Theology (12 November 1925). This would ensure that he retained his status as minister of religion. Shortly after his arrival he also began teaching the subject Cultural History of Antiquity.
The then Minister of Education, Dr D F Malan, was reluctant at first to approve Dr Gemser's appointment, since Dr Malan already had a restructuring of the universities in mind. After Prof S P Engelbrecht and the TUC Council made representations, however, the Prime Minister, General J B M Hertzog, nevertheless approved Dr Gemser's appointment. This was the first warning of problems to come (Van Nieuwenhuizen 1976:44-45).
3.5.1 Prof B Gemser
Berend Gemser was born on 17 May 1890 in the North-Holland village of Broek.11 His father (a minister himself) died young, leaving the family in financial straits. This motivated the young Gemser to achieve at school and university (Böhl 1963:58; Van Selms 1981:185). After writing the doctoral examination in Theology at the State University of Groningen in 1917, he entered the service of the church. At the same time he began his doctoral studies in Semitic Languages. He obtained his doctoral degree with distinction (16 October 1924), with a thesis titled: "De betekenis der Persoonsnamen voor onze kennis van het leren and denken der oude Babyloniërs en Assyriërs" (The importance of personal names in our understanding of ancient Babylonian and Assyrian worldview and thought). This work made him well-known throughout all of Europe and in America (Mulder 1951:86-87).
The chair to which the TUC appointed Gemser was in "Semitics" which had been established as a department in the Faculty of Arts thanks to donations from Jewish firms. A few firms continued their donations until late in the 1930s. Rabbi Hirsch of the Pretoria Hebrew Congregation was the intermediary. The chair attracted many postgraduate Jewish students over the years.
Prof Gemser therefore filled two professorial chairs right from the outset. His arrival gave Hebrew a fully fledged status as a subject since it could for the first time be taken as a major subject. His entry to the lecturer corps heralded a fruitful time in the scholarship of Semitic linguistics and Old Testament Studies in Pretoria. He is described by one of his students, Prof J P Oberholzer, as an "enthusiastic scholar, a solid theologian and a humble Christian" (Oberholzer 1992:84).
3.6 Departments of the Faculty of Divinity
The division of the Faculty of Divinity into departments is evident from a memorandum which Prof B Gemser compiled on behalf of the Faculty on 26 April 1926. The departments were as follows: Department of Old Testament Studies, Department of New Testament Studies, Department of Church History and Department of Comparative Religion (Engelbrecht Collection IV /14/2, in Van Nieuwenhuizen 1974:46, 52). The group of ecclesiastical subjects is not reflected in the memorandum.
The paradigm underlying the Faculty's handling of theology is evident from the regulations on the DD course contained in the 1931 Calendar. There the theological field is divided into three groups:
Literature group (Biblical Exegesis, General and Particular Introduction, Biblical Theology, Cultural-Historical Background).
Historical group (Church History, History of Dogma, Church Polity)
Philosophical group (Ethics, Philosophy of Religion).
This classification of theology reflects a Science of Religion approach and corresponds broadly with the views that formed the foundation of duplex ordo.
3.7 The Faculty of Theology comes under pressure
In the years 1927-1928 the then Minister of Education, Dr D F Malan, ordered an investigation into South African universities. A "University Commission" (also called the Van der Horst Commission) was designated to examine, among other things, the place of the theological faculty at the TUC. It was the time when an economic recession was beginning to take hold worldwide. The Union Government was under great pressure to cut costs. This trend also rippled out to education.
The said commission was critical of the fact that three of the four theological lecturers at the TUC were members of the NHKA and interpreted this as government support for the NHKA. The commission typically used the seminary model as a norm, because it recommended the abolition of the BD degree course. At most theological training at post-BD level could be allowed at a university (Report of University Commission 1928, in Van Nieuwenhuizen 1974:48, 52).
Prof S P Engelbrecht gave an extensive memorandum on 20 September 1928 in response to the report. In it he refers to the financial contribution that the NHKA made at that stage to the Faculty of Divinity. He also explained the duplex ordo according to which the university and the partner churches offered Theology and ministerial training. The university part of the theological training comprised the general academic subjects for which any student could register, whereas courses in the ecclesiastical subjects, such as Dogmatics and Practical Theology, were arranged and funded entirely by the churches. He claimed that the recommendations of the University Commission were tantamount to maligning the traditional standing of Theology at European and UK universities. After all, the BD degree had already been awarded by the University of the Cape of Good Hope. He also pointed out the logical inconsistency of claiming that post-BD teaching was in order at a university, but BD teaching itself was not (Engelbrecht Collection IV /14/3, in Van Nieuwenhuizen 1974:50, 52).
Fortunately the Prime Minister at that time, General J B M Hertzog, intervened once again and thwarted the plans of his Minister of Education regarding the Faculty of Divinity.
The irony that theological training at the TUC was threatened when the the National Party was in power, was not overlooked in the NHKA. This contrasted starkly with the Faculty's experience with the previous regime. It left Prof S P Engelbrecht with an aftertaste which influenced his political views for many years.
3.8 TUC became University of Pretoria and Afrikaans
As mentioned above, the University of Witwatersrand was established in 1922. One of the objections to this was that it would herald an exodus of university colleges from the University of South Africa. Even then, it was predicted that the TUC would be the next to demand independence. For mainly economic reasons, this happened only in 1930 when, in terms of Private Act No. 13 of 1930, the TUC became the University of Pretoria. At that stage the university had close to 1 000 students and 144 staff members. The first principal of UP was Prof A E du Toit (AD 1960:43-44).
The language issue would flare up again in 1929. Students began complaining that teaching in some faculties was predominantly in English. The Extramural Division in particular was well-known for giving little or no teaching in Afrikaans. The Afrikaans Students League took the lead in the agitation for language equity.
That year, the principal, Prof A E du Toit, expressed himself in favour of UP becoming Afrikaans: " TUC should serve the rural, mainly Afrikaans speaking population of greater Transvaal." Afterwards he would consistently campaign for this and even regarded the gaining of independence by the TUC as an essential step in this direction (AD 1960:57).
In 1930 the UP Council reluctantly reconciled itself to the principle of language equity. In practice, however, there was little change, for example because many lecturers could not speak Afrikaans and Afrikaans had not yet developed sufficiently as a language of science.
The language issue was eventually revealed to be a cultural-political issue. The English-speaking and Afrikaans-speaking groups of lecturers and students increasingly stood alongside and opposite each other as two separate worlds. It took the fairly trivial incident of a defamatory book against the Afrikaners, leading to the tarring and feathering of the supposed author, H P Lamont, who was a lecturer in the Department of French, to flare up into an enormous issue. Relations soured so much between the two language groups that a motion of distrust in the principal was proposed in both the Senate and Council. After Prof du Toit survived this, he began with renewed conviction and determination to campaign for UP to become Afrikaans. After a great deal of emotional outpour and drama, the Council consented to such a policy change on 13 September 1932 (AD 1960:56-67).
The action in the NHKA which had by then been continuing for many years and had been aimed at moving the theological training to the Potchefstroom University College, died a natural death after this.
Shortly afterwards the Presbyterian Church withdrew as a training partner. It had become clear that the Presbyterian Church had little interest left in the Faculty of Theology - as a matter of fact, not a single Presbyterian minister had ever been trained there. This trend strengthened as the training increasingly developed a more obviously Afrikaans character. After Prof MacMillan resigned in 1933, no other Presbyterian was nominated as a theological lecturer. In this way, an important phase in the developmental history of the Faculty would come to an end - a history which would not have been possible without the partnership between the two churches.
After the departure of the Presbyterian Church, the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederduitsch Hervormde or Gereformeerde Church as the union church was known at that stage - later renamed as the "Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk van Transvaal") was invited to take part in the Faculty of Theology. A new situation arose, which differed in many respects from the previous one. The difference would gradually become ever greater.
The experience with the Minister of Education convinced the NHKA of the necessity of entering into an official contractual agreement with the UP. This happened in 1934.
The turbulent history preceding and later accompanying theological training at TUC (later UP) tends to divert attention from the interesting developments in theological training as such that took place in Pretoria. It was the first training that ministers had ever received at a theological faculty in South Africa. At that stage, theological training had taken place at denominational seminaries (as in Stellenbosch and Potchefstroom). The University of the Cape of Good Hope had indeed provided for theological examinations and qualifications, but the TUC was the first university college that had taken the step towards actually presenting theological training.
Furthermore the involvement of church partners made it possible for the TUC to found and develop a faculty of theology. The church partners were not merely recipients of benefits, but made a substantial contribution to the economic viability of the Faculty of Theology. The fact that it had been arranged according to the principle of the duplex ordo seemed in 1928 to be an important argument in the debate about the recommendations of the University Commission.12
The period lasting to 1933 had its logical conclusion in 1934 with the formal agreement between UP and the NHKA. This became the precursor to the later notarial contracts between the two Dutch Reformed churches (NHKA and NGK) and the University of Pretoria. A former Principal of UP, Prof C H Rautenbach, asserted that these notarial contracts were a worldwide first and a unique arrangement at that.13
In this way, the foundation was laid for the future development of theological training at universities, not only in Pretoria but also at other universities. The Faculty of Theology can therefore be regarded as a pioneer in South Africa of this kind of theological training.
At the same time, the high academic standard that had been maintained from the outset, was a guarantee of continued quality. The later development and expansion of the Faculty in its two sections could proceed on a path that had been clearly delineated.
Works consulted
Ad Destinatum 1960. Gedenkboek van die Universiteit van Pretoria 1910-1960. Johannesburg: Voortrekker Printers. (Referred to as "AD 1960") [ Links ]
Engelbrecht, S P 1953. Geskiedenis van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika. Kaapstad-Pretoria: HAUM-De Bussy. [ Links ]
Commission of the General Synod 1913. Minutes 1913-01-29. [ Links ]
Loader, J A 1989. Ontstaan en eerste periode van die Hervormde teologiese opleiding aan die Universiteit van Pretoria. HTS 45(2), 412-437. [ Links ]
Mulder, E S 1951. Die wetenskaplike betekenis van die werk van professor B Gemser. HTS 7, 85-96. [ Links ]
Oberholzer, J P 1992. Berend Gemser, hoogleraar 1926-1955. HTS 48, 83-100. [ Links ]
Ploeger, J 1970. Die "Staatsgymnasium" te Pretoria: 'n pêrel aan die kroon van die onderwysstelsel in die "Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek". Almanak en Bybelse Dagboek 64, 35-47. [ Links ]
Pont, A D 1992. Kerkgeskiedenis in ons teologiese opleiding. HTS 48, 253-272. [ Links ]
Van Nieuwenhuizen, T H J 1974. Ontstaan en geskiedenis van die teologiese fakulteit (Afd A) aan die Universiteit van Pretoria: 'n Oorsig. BD dissertation, University of Pretoria. [ Links ]
Viljoen, G van N 1981: Paterson, Alfred Croom. SABW 5, 476 [ Links ]
1 See for example Loader (1989).
2 In the reconstruction years following the Second Anglo-Boer War, Rev C W du Toit played a major role in the NHKA, even at an advanced age. He remained interested in the matter of theological training right to the end.
3 The name "Meester Louis" appears repeatedly in the minutes of the General Synod.
4 It is also significant that Dr H T Reinink (classicist) had been a lecturer at the Theological School of the Christian Reformed Church at Kampen before he took up this position.
5 Dr Breyer would later be an important ally of General J C Smuts in his attempts to establish a fully fledged division of the TUC in Pretoria.
6 See Engelbrecht (1953:367-368) for a commendation of Rev Jac van Belkum.
7 Loader (1989:426-427) asserts that they were informally approached.
8 Up to and including 1918 the calendar had been published with an English title only and Afrikaans versions for some English rubrics. From 1919 on the calendar appeared in English and Afrikaans versions. Interestingly enough, the Afrikaans version still contained a fair amount of English and the syllabi were shown under the title "Faculty of Theology" until 1938.
9 Venter completed the first year of study at the Theological School, Potchefstroom.
10 See Pont (1992:261-270) for an extensive discussion of Prof S P Engelbrecht's life and work.
11 See Oberholzer (1992) for an extensive discussion of Prof B Gemser's life and work.
12 A great many of the points of criticism raised by the commission sound familiar and could just as easily have been stated in the contemporary debate on whether or not theological training at university could be justified.
13 Personal communication.


text:
Already suffering ill effects from a persistent credit crunch, the commercial real estate industry in 2009 faces the likelihood of weakening fundamentals and more distress. With refinancing sources scarce, struggling property owners who are unable to make their mortgage payments will be forced to work out new terms with lenders or return the keys to the bank.
Across property types, what is shaping up to be a prolonged recession is already dragging down occupancy rates and cash flows as tenants grow averse to new lease commitments. Three consecutive quarters of negative absorption drove up the national office vacancy rate to 13.7% in the third quarter from 12.6% a year earlier, according to Reis, a New York-based real estate research firm. Meanwhile, the national retail vacancy rate climbed to 8.4% from 7.3% during the same period.
Even the typically dependable apartment sector hasn't been immune to the economic and financial strife, with the vacancy rate climbing 40 basis points over the past year to reach 6.1% in the third quarter.
"Demand for space has weakened for all property types," says Sam Chandan, chief economist at Reis. "While localized pockets of strength remain, national vacancy rates are increasing in every property sector."
Symptoms of failing fundamentals are emerging. Just last month, two large conduit loans sliding toward default sent ripples through the market for commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS). One was a $209 million mortgage backed by two Westin hotels in Tucson, Ariz., and Hilton Head, S.C. The other loan was a $125 million financing of Promenade Shops at Dos Lagos, a retail center in Corona, Calif.
Lender J.P. Morgan underwrote both loans in 2007 using cash flow projections that the properties have been unable to meet, prompting analysts to flag the deals as likely to default.
At press time, Chicago-based mall giant General Growth Properties was negotiating with multiple lenders for more time to restructure its $27 billion debt, including some $900 million in mortgages that were set to mature at the end of November.
If the credit crunch persists, investors can expect to see similar default scenarios unfold in 2009 and 2010. More than $81 billion in CMBS loans will mature during that period, challenging property owners to extend their mortgages or obtain replacement financing.
While the delinquency rate for CMBS loans 60 days or more past due was just 0.51% in October, that rate is expected to reach 75 basis points by the end of this year, according to Fitch Ratings. Some analysts expect the delinquency rate for CMBS loans to exceed 1% in early 2009 and then climb to 2% or even 3% in 2010.
Further deterioration in real estate fundamentals will force many investors who are still clinging to lofty asking prices to swallow a bitter dose of value correction. At the same time, buyers will have to settle for annual returns based on existing and potentially weakened income streams rather than on the skyrocketing price appreciation that made commercial real estate golden earlier in the decade.
Perhaps the most striking aspect of the outlook for commercial real estate is how quickly the consensus view in the industry changed from optimism to pessimism, observes Robert Bach, chief economist at Grubb & Ellis.
Jolted by September's avalanche of bad news that included bank busts, buyouts, and the federal government's takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, real estate pundits who pointed to the resiliency of property fundamentals changed their message almost overnight to warnings of sinking demand and rent rolls in jeopardy.
"It was like a capitulation of the bulls," Bach says. "Suddenly there is an expectation within our industry that there is medicine to be taken."
Let's make a deal
There is no fast cure for market cycles, but there are treatments to ease the pain. Diligent property management and leasing can help maintain occupancy and stave off declining rental income. Bringing in equity partners to pay down the principal owed can lighten the debt-service load. If default seems imminent, workout specialists may be able to help the borrower avoid foreclosure while minimizing losses for the lender.
No one feels the credit crunch more acutely than borrowers who face a loan maturity at a time when replacement financing has all but dried up. Yet even those owners have a few options from which to choose: Consider the example of Sheffield57, a 900,000 sq. ft. luxury condominium and office project overlooking New York's Central Park.
Last month, owners of the incomplete project announced an 18-month extension of their construction loan to April 2010. Jon Estreich of Estreich & Co. negotiated the loan extension for the joint-venture owners, YL Real Estate Developers, SH Equities and Swig Equities.
"In a world where many things are broken, it is heartening and uplifting to experience a truly collaborative effort on the part of all our lenders and my partners to insure the continued success of Sheffield57 through this loan extension," says Kent Swig, president of Swig Equities and the operating partner for Sheffield57.
How deep will recession cut?
Specific start and end dates for each recession are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, based on gross domestic product (GDP), employment, industrial production, retail sales and other factors. Those determinations are often made more than a year after the fact, however. A commonly used alternative definition of a recession is two consecutive quarters of shrinking GDP.
If the falling GDP that began with the third quarter's 0.5% decline continues in the current quarter and into next year, as many economists predict, that will meet the working definition of a recession (see economists grid below).
That would be an unusually protracted decline in GDP, according to James Smith, chief economist at Parsec Financial Management in Asheville, N.C. Since the government began keeping quarterly records in 1947, only two recessions (1953-1954 and 1974-1975) have lasted as long as three quarters. Even so, Goldman Sachs is predicting not three — but four — quarters of shrinking GDP, the longest recession on record.
By a more practical definition for commercial real estate, the recession began with the onset of net job losses in December 2007, according to Dr. Mark Dotzour, chief economist at the Real Estate Center at Texas A&M University. The reduction in non-farm payrolls began to accelerate this fall and totalled 1.2 million through the first 10 months of 2008.
In each of the nation's past four recessions, job losses spanned an average of 17 months from peak to trough, Dotzour says. By that measure, job losses in the current downturn should continue through May 2009. "We've been in a recession almost this whole year," he says, "so in my opinion we're almost half through."
Smith is even more optimistic, positing that the recession is nearly over and that GDP growth will return, albeit slowly, by the end of this year. He expects GDP to expand at an average rate of 2.2% in 2009. Other forecasters don't see GDP climbing above negative territory until the first or even second quarter of 2009.
Lament for landlords
The recent acceleration in job losses is an ominous indicator of weakening demand for commercial space of all kinds, particularly for the office market. At 6.5%, the national unemployment rate in October already exceeds the 6.3% jobless rate that followed the 2001 recession. Bach expects the rate to peak between 7% and 8%, while Boston-based Property & Portfolio Research predicts the unemployment rate will crest just above 8% in 2009.
Investors can take some solace in the likelihood that this recession won't be followed by a jobless recovery like the one that followed the tech bust, economists say. That recession ended in November 2001, but job cuts continued for nearly two years as employers maintained a laser-like focus on efficiency.
Economists emphasize that the nation's employers remained lean through most of the last upswing, so the jobs that are currently being eliminated will need to be replaced when the recovery begins to take shape.
Forecasters expect a more typical three-quarter lag between a return to GDP growth and a corresponding uptick in real estate fundamentals, so landlords can expect demand to improve six to nine months after the economy begins to grow again. That will bring renewed demand for space in 2010.
In the meantime, landlords will wrestle with softening demand as tenants lay off workers and downsize their space needs. Reis predicts that the national office vacancy rate will reach 15.8% over the next two years before it eases again in 2011.
Investors take action
What can owners and investors do to minimize losses until the next growth cycle? Every property owner should focus on liquidity and cash flow, says Clay Wilson, executive vice president of commercial real estate lending at Coral Gables, Fla.-based BankUnited FSB, the largest Florida-based bank.
Steady income from a fully leased building enables the owner to maintain debt payments, and to obtain maximum loan proceeds if it becomes necessary to refinance or request a loan extension, Wilson says. It's also a good preventive measure to avoid an unwanted sale. "On commercial property that's cash flowing, there's no reason to sell if prices are down," he says.
Some investors will need to sell assets, perhaps to liquidate capital to shore up the rest of a portfolio. Targeting the most able or motivated buyers will help to garner a reasonable sales price, according to Dan Vittone, senior vice president of Voit Commercial Brokerage in Irvine, Calif.
For Vittone's clients, that means marketing to all-cash buyers because they have the capital to complete a transaction, and to 1031 tax-deferred exchange buyers who are motivated to do what is necessary to close a deal.
"The former group is targeting distressed properties and is less motivated to pull the trigger, while the latter group has the proverbial gun to their head and must face the question of paying their taxes, or perhaps slightly overpaying for a property in a declining market," says Vittone.
If conventional marketing doesn't bring the desired result, consider selling at auction, says Ross Ford, president and CEO of Plano, Texas-based TCN Worldwide. A consortium of independent real estate firms, TCN Worldwide's auction division recently sold Westside Market Shopping Center in Lubbock, Texas, to a buyer from the United Kingdom for $3.39 million, or 71% more than the seller's minimum price of $1.96 million."In some cases, to get an asset off the books by a certain date is more important than an incremental gain in sale prices," according to Ford.
Refinancing dilemma
Few lenders are interested in increasing their exposure to real estate, so borrowers with loans maturing in 2009 or 2010 have a better chance of getting a replacement loan from their existing lender than from a new provider.
Contact the lender as early as possible before the loan expires, urges Steve Bram, senior director of George Smith Partners, a Los Angeles-based real estate investment and mortgage banking firm. The lender will probably cap leverage on a new loan at 50% to 70% and will want repayment guarantees or other credit enhancements, which take time to arrange.
Leverage of more than 70% is available from a few sources but is scarce and costly, says Steven Kohn, president and principal of Cushman & Wakefield Sonnenblick Goldman in New York, an investment banking arm of Cushman & Wakefield. By the same token, very few lenders will hold loans of more than $50 million on their balance sheet.
Like Bram, Kohn advises borrowers to work with a financial advisor as early as possible to begin lining up the additional equity, such as mezzanine capital, required for today's loans.
"It's important that ownership and their advisors remain flexible in a market like this, because many transactions need to be heavily structured," says Kohn. "Our job is to structure these transactions to appeal to each group's risk-reward tolerance."
Commercial real estate brokerages, mortgage bankers and other service providers are forming workout groups to help troubled borrowers avoid default by striking a compromise with their lender.
Even if a default is unavoidable, borrowers should work with an adviser to contain their losses, according to attorney Tom Gryboski, a partner at Atlanta law firm Morris Manning & Martin LLP.
Even non-recourse loans may carry provisions that trigger recourse obligations, making the borrower responsible for the unpaid balance on a mortgage even after the asset has been turned over to the lender. Triggers can include a declaration of bankruptcy by the borrower, or a variety of actions that vary by loan.
Relationships matter
KeyBank Real Estate Capital, a direct lender that provided $21.9 billion in financing for commercial real estate projects in 2007, is helping borrowers to avoid foreclosure on maturing short-term construction and bridge loans, working out terms both parties can live with until the loans can be repaid in full.
"We understand our clients are in a difficult spot, and we do everything we can to help them," says Elliott Quigley, senior vice president at the bank. "And our clients understand that we're in a difficult spot. Hopefully we meet somewhere in the middle."
During a turbulent period when many owners could find themselves in rough financial waters, relationships and trust are critical. Lenders and service providers can help borrowers stay in business so they can ride the next upswing.
"It's important for us all to remember that this too shall pass," says Quigley. "We are going to do business with each other on the other side of this, and we need to temper our actions and our reactions."
Matt Hudgins is an Austin-based writer.
NREI asked four forecasters to predict the direction of key economic indicators. Here are their responses:
Robert Bach
Chief Economist, Grubb & Ellis
"In early 2010, I expect the office vacancy rate to test the previous two peaks recorded in the first quarter of 2004 (17.9%) and the third quarter of 1991 (18%)."
Sam Chandan
Chief Economist, Reis
"Many of the nation's bellwether office markets will be among the worst performing markets in 2009."
Joshua Scoville
Director, Strategic Research, Property & Portfolio Research
"2009 will be the year of the asset manager."
James F. Smith
Chief Economist, Parsec Financial Management
"Don't be surprised if the 2010 and 2012 elections look like 1930 and 1932 in reverse, shifting power from the Democrats to the Republicans."
GDP growth: negative 0.5%
Core CPI inflation rate: 2%
Monthly job gains/losses: -200,000
10-year Treasury yield: 4%
Crude oil ($ per barrel): $85
GDP growth: negative 1.9%
Core CPI inflation rate: 1.1%
Monthly job gains/losses: -120,000
10-year Treasury yield: 3.8%
Crude oil ($ per barrel): $68
GDP growth: -1%
Core CPI inflation rate: 1.3%
Monthly job gains/losses: -93,000
10-year Treasury yield: 4.4%
Crude oil ($ per barrel): $68
GDP growth: 2.2%
Core CPI inflation rate: Less than 1%
Monthly job gains/losses: 125,000
10-year Treasury yield: 4.0%
Crude oil ($ per barrel): $60See also: Buyer-seller standoff: Who will blink first?


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Vienna Climate & Weather
Vienna has a temperate continental climate, with warm, sunny summers, and cold winters. The average temperature range in winter (December to February) is between 23°F and 34°F (-5°C to 2°C), while in summer (June to August), temperatures range between 75°F and 91°F (24°C and 33°C). Thunderstorms occur frequently in summer and snowfall is common in winter. Spring, autumn, and the beginning of summer are perhaps the best times to travel to Vienna.
Become our Vienna Travel Expert
We are looking for contributors for our Vienna travel guide. If you are a local, a regular traveller to Vienna or a travel professional with time to contribute and answer occasional forum questions, please contact us.


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For mobile Routes, Orient the map in the direction you're moving
The new routes feature is great now that it is view able from the iphone, but it would be really nice if the map rotated to the direction you are facing. I don't care about turn by turn directions, but using a directional, centered map sections of roads where you need to make a lot of turns would be very helpful. This would be great it I could open it occasionally while its mounted to my stem.


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Booth Library | Biological Sciences |
Biological Sciences Databases
Top Picks
- Wall Street Journal (via Global Newsstream)
Search six Wall Street Journal publications | Eastern Edition | Europe, Brussels | Americas, New York | Asia, Hong Kong | Online Edition | WSJ Magazine | subset of Global Newsstream
- Westlaw Campus Research: Law
US Supreme Court Cases | Federal Cases | Code of Federal Regulations | Federal Register | State Cases | Current Statutes from all 50 States | Law Journals | Black's Law Dictionary
- Wiley Online Library eBooks
Over 3000 ebooks from Wiley from 2017-2021 across 60+ subject areas | May be used as course materials or for course reserves | Unlimited access through June 30, 2021 | Provided through Booth Library's CARLI consortium membership
- Women and Social Movements, Scholar's Edition
History (1600-2000) of U. S. women in social movements | Primary Documents | Online Journal | Notable American Women (1971-2004) |Publications of Federal, State, and Local Commissions on the Status of Women between 1961 and 2005.
- Women Working, 1870-1930 Open Access
Explores women's roles in the US economy between the Civil War and the Great Depression | Harvard University Open Collections Project
- Women's Studies Collection Open Access
The collection is housed at The Women's Resource Center (WRC) which is located in the basement of Stevenson Hall.
- Womenwatch Open Access
United Nations documents on women, country information, statistics, etc.
- World Databank Open Access
Data and Statistics | World Development | Economics | Education | Gender | Health and Nutrition | International Finance | Population | Poverty | Debt | International Migration
- World History in Video
Streaming Video | Explore Human History | Global in Scope | War | Natural Disasters | Space Exploration | Globalization
- World Newspapers Open Access
Fulltext Articles | Current Newspapers from Around the World
- World Shakespeare Bibliography Online Includes Peer Reviewed Content
The World Shakespeare Bibliography Online both cumulates and significantly expands the annual bibliographies in Shakespeare Quarterly.
- WorldCat
Worldwide catalog of books, web resources, films, sound recordings, maps, and other materials. Updated daily.
Subject Specific
- AGRICOLA Includes Peer Reviewed Content
Citations and Abstracts | National Agricultural Library collections | Agriculture and Allied Disciplines | Agricultural Economics | Aquaculture and Fisheries | Animal and Veterinary Sciences | Botany | Entomology | Farming and Farming Systems | Forestry | Articles are available through the Get Full Text link | Primarily 1970 to Present
- PLANTS database Open Access
Standardized Information | U.S. & Territories | Vascular plants | Mosses | Liverworts | Hornworts | Lichens
- PubAg Open Access Includes Peer Reviewed Content
A portal to USDA-authored and other highly relevant agricultural research.
- PubMed with EIU Electronic Journals Includes Peer Reviewed Content
Includes MEDLINE | Linked to Booth Library's electronic journals | Topics | Biochemistry | Communication Disorders | Health Care | Medicine | Nursing | Nutrition | Pharmacology | Pre-Clinical Sciences | 1800s to Present
- Springer eBooks: Earth and Environmental Science Includes Peer Reviewed Content
Online Books and Book Chapters | Publication Dates from 2005-2020
- Zoological Record Includes Peer Reviewed Content
Citations and Abstracts | Animal Biology and Allied Disciplines | Animal Behavior | Aquatic Sciences | Biodiversity | Conservation | Ecology | Evolution | Genetics | Habitat | Nutrition | Parasitology | Reproduction | Taxonomy | Wildlife Management | Zoology | Articles are available through the Get Full Text link | 1978-2016
Interdisciplinary and Related
- CINAHL Plus with Full Text Includes Peer Reviewed Content
Topics: Nursing & Allied Health | Evidence Based Practice | CE Modules
- Clase and Periodica
Scholarly Articles | Spanish, Portuguese, French, and English Languages | 24 Latin American and Caribbean Countries
- Dissertations and Theses (WorldCat)
Over 8 million records representing all dissertations, theses and published material based on theses and dissertations cataloged in WorldCat.
- Encyclopedia of Environmetrics
A comprehensive source of relevant fundamental concepts in environmetric research, development and applications for statisticians, mathematicians, economists, environmentalists, ecologist, government officials and policy makers.
- Google Scholar with EIU Electronic JournalsResearch Help
Search across many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Use the Get Full Text @ EIU link to access Booth Library`s electronic journals. View this tutorial http://booth.eiu.edu/gscholarsettings to learn how to set Google Scholar preferences for EIU journals in the generic Google Scholar.
- GreenFile Includes Peer Reviewed Content
GreenFILE offers well-researched information covering all aspects of human impact to the environment. Its collection of scholarly, government and general-interest titles includes content on global warming, green building, pollution, sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, recycling, and more.
- JSTOR Includes Peer Reviewed Content
Scholarly Journal Articles and Book Chapters | Broad Range of Disciplines in the Humanities, Social Sciences & Field Sciences
- Ornithological Worldwide Literature (OWL) Open Access
OWL is a compilation of citations and abstracts from the worldwide journals, conference proceedings, reports, and doctoral dissertations that pertain to the science of ornithology.(Generally 1953-present)
- PLoS (Public Library of Science) Biology Open Access
Peer reviewed articles on biological topics
- Readers' Guide Retrospective
Index to Popular Magazines | 1890 to 1982 | Some Linked to Fulltext Articles
- Salem Science Online
Contains: Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues & Encyclopedia of Global Issues
- Wiley Online Library eBooks
Over 3000 ebooks from Wiley from 2017-2021 across 60+ subject areas | May be used as course materials or for course reserves | Unlimited access through June 30, 2021 | Provided through Booth Library's CARLI consortium membership


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A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
In the late 19thC in Britain, as the Liberal Party gradually abandoned classical liberalism for various aspects of the welfare state and imperialism, a new group of "old liberals" emerged. They were active in the Liberty and Property Defence League organised by Lord Wemyss. They believed in natural rights, a rigorous defence of individual liberty, opposition to the welfare state, and opposition to war and empire. This group eventually disappeared by the outbreak of the First World War.
For more information see:


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What could be more fun than being able to take your music with you everywhere while on holiday? That's exactly what Clarion, the in-car audio and electronic equipment specialist, is offering with its Marine CMV1 and CMD6 products. Now, even on the high seas, your favourite music and films* will be right there with you!Watertight against all tests... and better still!The CMV1 and CMD6 are of course designed to be resistant to water and salt. Sufficiently watertight to pass any test, they also have IPX5 certification to offer the best possible protection against the elements. Their rubber gaskets have integrated drainage channels to prevent water penetration. And if any water does get behind the panel, the CMV1 and CMD6 are built with a stainless steel chassis that protects the circuits from moisture, corrosion and mildew. Three layers of protection are better than one!Direct connection to your favourite music and films*The CMV1 and CMD6 enable you to enjoy various audio formats and even DVD* while at sea. Whether through AM/FM radio or CD, via Bluetooth or a USB connection, you will find all your favourite music in an instant! With Bluetooth, you can keep your mobile phone or compatible player safe and sound in your pocket and access your library, benefitting from crystal-clear sound through the Bluetooth transmitter. On an iPod, you can even use the touch wheel directly to search by genre, album or title.Want to watch your favourite film in the middle of the ocean? With the CMV1, you can watch your DVDs, but also your DivX and iPod videos in high quality. Ideal for keeping kids entertained on long trips out at sea!Peace of mind assuredDesigned for easy installation, with the CMV1 and CMD6, you won't have to waste time fiddling with wires and connections. Their ultra-protective casing gives them a longer lifespan, removing the need to worry about replacing your audio equipment every season. This is the start of a long shared journey for your boat and Clarion's source units !*DVD player and video functions only available with CMV1.
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Alabama Shakes has just announced a show on October 9 at the Pageant. Tickets are $22.50 in advance or $25 day of show -- the advance tickets go on sale this Friday at 5 p.m.
As recently as December, this band was playing the Old Rock House. That's a quick jump and the sort of upgrade that tells you a lot about a band's trajectory -- the Shakes' debut Boys and Girls is finding some of the year's most solid footing among both fans and critics. Don't be surprised if the buzz is deafening by October.
We've written about two recent shows by the Alabama Shakes -- the Old Rock House stop and also, briefly, its set at Bonnaroo, about which RFT Music writer Dave Geeting said:
After an opening interlude, Brittney Howard and her Athens, Alabama, bandmates launched into their first single "Hold On" as the arena-sized crowd sang along with every word. Howard seemed humbled by the size and enthusiasm of the audience yet confident in her ability to keep it satisfied, particularly in the undulating "You Ain't Alone". At one point, Howard looked at the crowd in wonder and shouted "I love ya'll!!". The feeling is mutual, Brittney.
Famously touted by the likes of Jack White, Alabama Shakes has received a great deal of buzz in the alternative music blogosphere. The Shakes' strong debut album Boys and Girls, combined with last night's epic performance proved them more than worthy. With an undeniable poise and a stage presence that belies her youth, Howard's ability to mix her deep, soulful voice with high-pitched wails made Alabama Shakes the definite high point of Day One at Bonnaroo.
Riverfront Times works for you, and your support is essential.
Our small but mighty local team works tirelessly to bring you high-quality, uncensored news and cultural coverage of St. Louis and beyond.
Unlike many newspapers, ours is free – and we'd like to keep it that way, because we believe, now more than ever, everyone deserves access to accurate, independent coverage of their community.
Whether it's a one-time acknowledgement of this article or an ongoing pledge, your support helps keep St. Louis' true free press free.


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The International System of Units (SI) is the world's most widely used system of measurement, both in everyday commerce and in science
The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from the French Le Système International d'Unités) is the modern form of the metric system. It is the world's most widely used system of measurement, both in everyday commerce and in science.
The six base units to provide for the measurement of temperature and optical radiation in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic quantities are: metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela.
Flow specifications
Flow is specified in many different units, and some of these are not explicit. The SI unit of flow is m3/s, but it very popular to refer to flow in m3/h. And small flows may be specified as liters/minute or liters /hour.
Oilfield applications may specify flow in barrels.
Deviations in measurement
When old fashioned imperial units are used, the gallon is very popular. The problem with gallon is that there are two different gallons:
The original imperial gallon (UK) is about 277,418 cubic inches or 4.546 liters.
The Americans use a US gallon which is 231 cubic inches or 3.785 liters.


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The six-volume Studies in Old Testament Themes is over 1,500 pages of scholarship and studies that discusses a variety of Old Testament topics. And now, you can grab it for the Pre-Pub price of just $89.99—that's over 75% off the retail price! All six volumes are valuable for learning more about the Old Testament, but here's a closer look at just two of the titles included in Studies in Old Testament Themes:
In Can a 'History of Israel' be Written? author Lester L. Grabbe takes a look at the long-debated issue of using the Hebrew Bible as a historical source of information to compile a history of Israel. The contents of Can a 'History of Israel' by Written? include the papers used to start dialogue addressing this problem at the European Seminar on Methodology in Israel's History.
Feminist Companion to Esther, Judith and Susanna, edited by Athalya Brenner, contains research and writings that look at these stories from a woman's perspective. The majority of this book focuses on Esther, but also looks at the lives of Judith and Susanna.
Other titles included in this collection are The Prayers of David: Psalms 51-72 by Michael Goulder, The Leopard's Spots: Biblical and African Wisdom in Proverbs by Friedemann W. Golka, The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary by John Van Seters, and The Prostitute and the Prophet: Reading Hosea in the Late Twentieth Century by Yvonne Sherwood.
Be sure to get Studies in Old Testament Themes (6 vols.) for the Pre-Pub price of just $89.99 before it ships!


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1 866 956 4262
US, Canada & Guam
1 800 608313
+1 303 369 7777
Worldwide Phone
These spacious Kahana vacation condos are situated in a quiet neighborhood between Ka'anapali and Kapalua Resorts. The studio, one- and two-bedroom units offer kitchens and patios with breathtaking views of the west Maui coast, and Lanai and Molokai islands. The property includes a swimming pool, fitness center and barbecue areas.
Maui's favorite dining finds in Kahana
There are several popular restaurants and quick-service options nearby.
Sight a humpback whale, it's truly magnificent. Maui calls itself the Magic Isle. Prepare to be enchanted
Golf and a snorkel sail with craft beer and Hawaii Regional Cuisine.


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Over the last few months I have been trying to re educate my palate.
I always try my coffee black with nothing else before adding anything. I also have tried cupping a few times including a great experience at Cup North.
However I am still finding that adding sugar just makes it nicer. For me it is a bit like adding salt to food as I find it highlights many of the flavours. So I always go back to adding milk and sugar once I have tasted it black.
How about you?


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Above is presented a case where I have only 512 MB of physical memory. What I have read up so far, is that ZONE_NORMAL is mapped to the kernel virtual address space as shown. Essentially I have a 512 MB physical memory, out of which 496 MB worth of ZONE_NORMAL is mapped to the kernel virtual space. Based on this understanding, following are my question:
- Does, ZONE_NORMAL consists of only kernel space pages ?
- If ZONE_NORMAL consists only of kernel pages and is mapped completely to the kernel space virtual address range, where do the user space pages get located ?? There does not seem to be any room for user space pages in physical memory.
I am totally mixed up of the case where the physical memory is less than 4GB as shown in this case that I have put forth.
Would really appreciate if someone can throw light on this.


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NKE/NKGE pumps are long-coupled pumps equipped with a motor with built-in frequency converter
Grundfos end-suction pumps are multi-purpose pumps suitable for a variety of different applications demanding reliable and cost-efficient supply. End-suction pumps are used in five main fields of applications: Water supply, industrial pressure boosting, industrial liquid transfer, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air-conditioning), and irrigation.
NKE/NKGE pumps are long-coupled pumps equipped with a motor with built-in frequency converter and the necessary application software to achieve an all-in-one solution enabling electronic speed control. Electronic speed control enables continuously variable control of motor speed which again enables adaptation of the performance to a given requirement.
The NKE pump lives up to the EN733 standard and the NKGE pumps lives up to the ISO2858 standard. The range for motors with built-in frequency converter goes up to 22 kW.
Although NBE/NBGE pumps are more compact and therefore fit into confined spaces, the NKE/NKGE end-suction pumps with a spacer coupling are easier to service.
Main product characteristics
- Spacer coupling making service possible without dismantling the motor from the base plate
- Optimised hydraulics in housing and impeller = unimpeded liquid flow
- O-ring seal between pump housing and cover = no risk of leakage
- Housing, impeller and wear ring in different materials = improved corrosion resistance, no sticking elements
- Closed bal bearings = correct lubrication, no dust instruction
- Back pull-out design for easy dismantling in case of service
- Pump is electro coated to increase corrosion resistance
- Available with eff1 motors
- Available in a number of shaft seal and material variants
- PN 10 and 16 bar.
- Temperature up to 140C
- Energy saving


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Who Gives?
America's Charitable Giving Divide
A recent study, "How America Gives" by the Chronicle of Philanthropy reveals that states where religious participation is highest, particularly in the South, give the greatest percentage of their discretionary income to charitable organizations. Conversely, states that are less religious give less.
The Chronicle of Philanthropy based the study on IRS records of people who itemized deductions in 2008, the most recent year statistics were available.
The most generous states were Utah, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, and South Carolina. The least generous were New Hampshire, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Utah residents gave 10.6 percent of their discretionary income to charity. New Hampshire residents gave 2.5 percent.
Contrary to what one might expect, the wealthy aren't the most generous. Middle-class Americans give a much larger share of their discretionary income to charities than the wealthy, with households earning $50,000 to $75,000 giving an average of 7.6 percent, compared with an average of 4.2 percent for people who make $100,000 or more.
The report also found that the eight states where residents gave the highest share of income to charity voted for Republican presidential candidate John McCain in 2008, while the seven lowest ranking states supported Barack Obama.
"Liberals are the least likely to help the poor," said Catholic League president Bill Donohue. "That's the inescapable conclusion of this new study."
The results of the study are consistent with other research conducted on the subject. Sociologists Mark D. Regnerus and David Sikkink examined data in the Religious Identity and Influence Survey and came to a similar conclusion, as did Arthur Brooks, president of the American Enterprise Institute, in his book "Who Really Cares," and David Campbell and Robert Putnam in their book "American Grace."


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