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End of year 1 in Munich
It took a while to settle into Munich life, though thankfully having made these moves enough times before, and with great contacts from Couchsurfing and a friend I know from Spain, I was able to meet a lot of great people very quickly. I set up a Chinese speakers' group within the first month and there are now around 30 of us in the group. We haven't had a chance to meet so regularly recently, but it's been lovely to bring together a lot of people who now consider themselves good friends.
So, I thought I'd break this year down a little and see what next year holds. I arrived to a snow covered Munich on January 2nd this year and spent the first few days exploring the museums and gardens, and working in an empty department as the rest of the staff slowly filtered back after the 5th. The first month was a pretty ghastly combination of the usual beurocracy of getting official papers arranged and finding an apartment, an apartment which took a month to get, but was well worth the wait in the end.
In my not terribly large apartment on Elisabethstrasse I've now hosted around 25 people this year through couchsurfing (from the US, Taiwan, China, Finland, Spain, Scotland, Russia, Sweden, Denmark and beyond) and fed a cumulative total of over 200 - this has been a huge amount of fun, and the wealth of ingredients that I wasn't able to find in Spain has been more than made up for now. I've also had two long term couchsurfers who have been spectacularly fun to live with. Next year I have a number of couchsurfers already booked in, including a couple from Papua New Guinea and Mongolia - that feast I am thoroughly looking forward to!
And of travel adventures there have been a fair number but somehow having spent the last two months in Munich without leaving the city, it all feels like a long time ago. The highlights have been a few days in Poland for a conference in Warsaw and a talk in Krakow, a two week holiday in California, truly relaxing, and a two week trip to China where I gave talks both on my research and to school kids, up to 200 at a time, on the history of the universe and of our cutting edge understanding of particle physics. Trips back to Santiago, to Portugal, Paris and a couple of trips back to the UK have all, also been lovely and it was great to collaborate again with my old boss after six years away.
As a result of the China trip I've now been made an official scientific consultant (unpaid) of one of the top schools in Beijing, which means that they contact me for advice on scientific topics, examples for complicated ideas they're trying to wrap their heads around and thoughts on future careers. The most surreal part of this particular visit was having an entire orchestra play for me, alone, as I stood there grinning from the shear lunacy of the situation. Talking to 200 kids about the big bang and particle physics was a huge amount of fun and I hope to do similar talks next year.
On work, things have been progressing, and I've written three papers this year that I'm very happy with. I also have one coming out in the next week or so which is very much off topic for my normal work, and I will probably have a couple more like this next year - I'll link to this work when it's accepted, though this is going to be a somewhat longer-term submission than the usual Arxiv uploads.
Next year I have January completely full with work trips to Italy and Spain and a few days skiing in Switzerland after the New Year. Trips are also in the stages of planning to Cape Town, Korea and the Netherlands, though these will all solidify over the coming months.
Anyway, though I haven't really talked about it much here, I am now thoroughly enjoying life in Munich. I pondered for some time about the fact that Munich is a town which, in many ways, is a bit too perfect - everything works rather too well and both the buildings and the people are just slightly too attractive for their own good. It took a while to find the undercurrents which had more personality than the perfect exteriors in which they are housed, and now I feel that I'm beginning to feel the pulse of this city. We'll see what happens over the coming year, but living in Munich is currently suiting me pretty well.
On the language front, the German is coming on very slowly. I have a million excuses but the main two are that I just haven't been here consistently enough this year to settle into lessons, and the fact that everyone speaks English so damned well! I've got a good teacher now and will continue with lessons after the New Year. I would really be sad to leave this place without having at least basic conversational German, but we'll see what happens in the coming months.
Anyway, for now there is plenty to finish before I head off on Tuesday for England so I shall probably update things in a week or so....


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PORTLAND — The city of Portland will count the number of its homeless residents.
With the help of local, state and federal partners, Maine's largest city will be searched Wednesday evening to determine how many men, women and children are homeless. Point-in-Time surveys of those people will help identify who is homeless, what factors led to becoming homeless, and what can the city and state do to prevent homelessness.
Teams will conduct the surveys at one of the seven shelters within the city and search a number of outdoor locations to try and locate individuals living on the streets.
The Point in Time Survey is a federal Housing and Urban Development requirement for certain funding. Portland receives $3.1 million from HUD for employment assistance, job training, supportive housing development and emergency shelters.
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Davis buzzer-beater gives Lakers 2-0 lead over Nuggets
Local & State
PHOTOS: Augusta honors the late Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Local & State
China friends complete virtual Tough Ruck marathon to benefit military families
'Maine Memories' flow at China library
Outlook not improving for beleaguered U.S. movie theaters

subset: commoncrawl


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"Since its formation in 1996, Concanentes has established itself as one of the leading ensembles specialising in the performance of music from the Middle Ages and the sixteenth century. Winner of the 1998 Bankers' Trust Pyramid Award, Concanentes went on to be selected for the 1999-2000 Classics West Business & Arts Partnership scheme. In 1999 the ensemble appeared in the International Early Music Network Young Artists' Competition and was selected for the late Yehudi Menuhin's Live Music Now! scheme. The year 2000 saw a debut recital in the Purcell Room in London as part of the Intrada series, as well as concerts in the Barcelona and Bruges Early Music Festivals and the National Early Music Showcase. As recommended artists for the 2000-2001 NFMS Concert Promoters' Network, Concanentes gave a number of tours around Britain. These successful performances led to the group being reselected for the 2003-2004 season. Earlier this year Concanentes gave a tour of the Netherlands for the Oude Musiek Organization in Utrecht (where one of their concerts was recorded for a later broadcast on Dutch Radio).
Concanentes has been featured on BBC Radio 3's early music programme Music Restored and Radio 4's Woman's Hour and has worked with actors by providing music for the medieval mystery plays. Their education programmes have led to projects with The Centre for Young Musicians in London, The National Centre for Early Music and The Pied Piper Project in Yorkshire, as well as recitals at a number of Universities in the UK.
Musicians who form the ensemble Concanentes: Faye Newton, Catherine Fleming and Hazel Brooks"
Visit website for more information. (ed.)
Category: Ensembles/Performers/Associations/Societies / Ensembles/Consorts
Added on: Apr 14, 2009 | Hits: 1723


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The Catholic College of Mandeville is a private Catholic institution of higher education. Through critical pedagogy and a holistic education, we aim to: transform lives; foster dispositions of social justice and integrity, and prepare students to influence our global society. We aim to offer rigorous and relevant programmes using 21st century teaching and learning techniques as we serve enthusiastic and dedicated students locally and internationally.


text: Wilson Town Hall Meeting Share: Name: Wilson Town Hall Meeting Date: February 12, 2020 Time: 5:30 PM - 5:30 PM CST Event Description: Monthly Meeting To Current Calendar Location: Wilson Town Hall 6582 Sycamore Wilson, La. 70789 Contact Information: 225/629-5415 Send an Email Set a Reminder: Enter your email address below to receive a reminder message. -- Select Days Before Event -- 1 Day 2 Days 3 Days 1 Week To Current Calendar Business Directory News Releases Events Calendar Hot Deals Member To Member Deals Marketspace Job Postings Contact Us Information & Brochures Weather Join The Chamber


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Last Thursday Chris's baby brother Bradley graduated from High School. Yay Bradley! That in of it self would have been a fun family weekend, but we lucked out and got a two for one deal. Chris's brother Dallas was married that same weekend.
Aren't they just so cute! So young, skinny and in love. You wouldn't even guess they got up at 4am, the DAY OF their wedding to have their pictures taken. Aye currumba!!!
Would you look at that! Chris isn't just good for taking pictures. I'm seriously so impressed with his skills. When I used to do hair I'd tremble at the thought of sticking a brides veil in. Seriously, you can jack up their hair in a hot second!
Awe! He knows how to bustle a dress too! It just gets better.
True to Snowflake, it was nice and WINDY! Ooo, and I made that little purple tie for Crew. He liked eating it.
Sweet hug between Ashley and Andrea.
Aunt Diane front and center, just how we like her.
Kisses! (Nancy, Tom, Diane).
I am loving this picture of Crew with his Grandpa Tom. Stink'n cute.
Wednesday, May 26, 2010
Whirlwind Wedding Weekend
Last Thursday Chris's baby brother Bradley graduated from High School. Yay Bradley! That in of it self would have been a fun family weekend, but we lucked out and got a two for one deal. Chris's brother Dallas was married that same weekend.
Posted by Johnna Jayne at 7:02 PM 1 comments
Monday, May 10, 2010
1st Mother's Day
The morning of my very first Mother's Day, I woke up to a BIG beautiful ball of flowers. I was astonished! Chris has NEVER bought me flowers in the entirety of our marriage. As it turns out, Chris did not actually buy those flowers. They just so happened to be giving away the centerpiece flower arrangements at the wedding he was shooting the previous night. He assured me that it was a real pain in the butt to bring home.
Chris was very good to give me some 'mommy time'. He even changed a couple diapers! I was hoping he'd get a nice poopy one, but Crew decided he'd play nice.
I feel so grateful to my Heavenly Father for sending me such a sweet little boy.
I LOVE being a mommy! I'm truly blessed to be able to stay at home with our little guy. Life doesn't get better than this.
He's so stink'n cute we just might have more.
(Pictures courtesy of Brett Paxman)
Posted by Unknown at 2:17 PM 2 comments
Friday, May 7, 2010
Happy Mother's Day
Posted by Johnna Jayne at 5:50 PM 4 comments
Tuesday, May 4, 2010
Chris got his picture taken today.
For whatever reason Arizona is really relaxed about updating your license. Until today the picture on my license was the same one taken when I got my learning permit when I was 15 years old. I got a letter in the mail a few weeks ago letting me know that if I didn't update my picture, my license would be suspended. Also I have to renew my passport for a wedding abroad coming up this summer and thought that a suspended license would reflect poorly on my passport application process.
So I put on a good shirt and drove all over creation to find a DMV today, and the above image is what I got for my $4.00 renewal fee.
Posted by Unknown at 6:19 PM 1 comments


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This is the Night View on the Swimming Pool.
The Hotel Lido in Estoril, Portugal is a beautiful 3 stars unit with all the amenities needed for a comfortable stay in the Estoril Coast. Located very close to the biggest Casino in Europe and the beautiful Tamariz Beach, it allows any visitor to enjoy the exclusive day and night life available here.


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text:
2052 Year Planner 2052
The 2052 wall planner shows 2052 on an A4 landscape page with days running horizontally. You are very welcome to download it. The 2052 year planner is in Word format so it's easy to change it to your favourite colours or change the size to A3 or A5. The Year Planner shows 2052 Public Holidays in England and Wales. At a glance 2052 calendar and diary.
Click here to download the 2052 year planner
Or: A3 planner A4 with week numbers Vertical year planner
Copyright © M Harding Roberts 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
These planners must not be copied either as is or in modified form to any website.
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Archive for June 20th, 2011
damnable man-lizards
– photo by Mitch Waxman
Suffering from the early stages of a summer cold, your humble narrator nevertheless keeps calm and carries on…
Today, a set of images captured in the "fancy" part of Brooklyn, the estimable Williamsburg itself. I should explain that no love has been lost for the fanciful desolation of the Creeklands, and The Newtown Pentacle is not "upping its brand" by exploring the tonier parts of town- instead, I had the pleasure of accompanying the colorful Ms. Heather (of nyshitty.com) on a photo walk one recent afternoon.
The shot above, which is as "ich ein Brooklyner" as a photo could possibly be, is one of the products of this perambulating with the queen of Brooklyn's northern extant.
from wikipedia
Williamsburg is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, bordering Greenpoint to the north, Bedford-Stuyvesant to the south, Bushwick to the east and the East River to the west. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community Board 1. The neighborhood is served by the NYPD's 90th Precinct. In the City Council the western and southern part of the neighborhood is represented by the 33rd District; and the eastern part of the neighborhood is represented by the 34th District.
Many ethnic groups have enclaves within Williamsburg, including Hasidic Jews, Italians, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans. It is also an influential hub for indie rock, hipster culture, and the local art community, all of which are associated with one of its main thoroughfares, Bedford Avenue. The neighborhood is being redefined by a growing population and the rapid development of housing and retail space.
– photo by Mitch Waxman
We wandered in a generally south eastern direction, along the coastline, and I regaled my companion with tales of 1980's Brooklyn, and the absolute hell on earth that Williamsburg once was. Bedford avenue, for instance, was once typified by burnt out buildings and empty brick lots. One job I held- located in a rat stricken factory (on Kent avenue at South 5th street) where I was employed cutting color separations for screen printed apparel from a material called "rubylith", placed signage in the men's room warning against use of the local prostitutes due to various venereal diseases which they were rumored to carry- especially a new and terrifying one called "SIDS" at the time which we now affectionately refer to as "HIV". There were distinct groups of whores, some worked the parking lots (as in our particular building) while others were consigned to the street. Believe it or not, hipsters, Bedford and South 4th used to be like that HBO "hookers at the point" movie.
from wikipedia
"Prostitute" is a direct borrowing from the Latin prostituta, the feminine past participle of the verb prostituere (to set forth in public, to expose to dishonor, to prostitute, to put to unworthy use). The Latin verb is a composition of pro (forward) and statuere (to cause to stand, to station, place erect). A literal translation therefore would be: "to place forward". "The notion of 'sex for hire' is not inherent in the etymology, which rather suggests one 'exposed to lust' or sex 'indiscriminately offered.'" The word statuere is a derivative of stare (to stand), which derives from the proto-Indo-European root stā.
A variety of terms are used for those who engage in prostitution, some of which distinguish between different kinds or imply a value judgment about them. Common alternatives for prostitute include escort and whore; however, not all professional escorts are prostitutes.
– photo by Mitch Waxman
These shots are from early May, which most likely describes the vast backlog of photos which are in the process of digital development or haven't been published here yet. It's been a very interesting month, with lots of exciting sights and disturbing portents- I'm taking a breath this week at the urging of Our Lady of the Pentacle and medical staff alike. My tremulous health is finely balanced and controlled by an extensive schedule of prescripted pharmaceuticals, after all, and if care is not exercised I may fall into a decline- "one of my states".
All work and no play makes Mitch a Mitch Mitch Mitchity Mitch.
from mayoclinic.com
Nervous breakdown isn't a medical term, however, nor does it indicate a specific mental illness. But that doesn't mean it's a normal or a healthy response to stress. A nervous breakdown may indicate an underlying mental health problem that needs attention, such as depression or anxiety.
Signs of a nervous breakdown vary from person to person and depend on the underlying cause. Exactly what constitutes a nervous breakdown also varies from one culture to another. Generally, it's understood to mean that a person is no longer able to function normally. For example, he or she may:
- Call in sick to work for days or longer
- Avoid social engagements and miss appointments
- Have trouble following healthy patterns of eating, sleeping and hygiene
A number of other unusual or dysfunctional behaviors may be considered signs and symptoms of a nervous breakdown.
– photo by Mitch Waxman
Needless to say, what I consider a break is what other folks call a dissertation. Look forward to daily, but quite ephemeral postings this week, stuff I've seen and wondered about but have chosen not to delve too deeply into.
There's a massive load of hardcore creek stuff in the pipes, and a couple of cool announcements about tours and events I'm either participating in or leading coming as well. Let's just say that July 16th, which is "City of Water Day", we're going somewhere cool by boat…
Additionally, I've been haunting and annoying the DEP staff at the Temple of Cloacina in Greenpoint and have personally witnessed the actual bowels of New York City- with my camera. Additionally, the Working Harbor Committee has resumed it's summer schedule of boat tours and I have been onboard whenever possible.
rom nyc.gov
…Sewage originating south of E. 73rd Street is conveyed to the Newtown Creek WPCP. Sewage is transferred by combined sewers along E. 70th Street and E. 71st Street, which connect with the combined sewer along York Avenue. The Newtown Creek WPCP, with a rated design capacity of 310 mgd, discharges the effluent into the East River. The 2002 average dry weather flow of the Newtown Creek WPCP is 216 mgd and the average total flow is 229 mgd.
– photo by Mitch Waxman
I've also been riding the East River Ferry a bit, and must comment on the lamentable appointments at the dock in Hunters Point. I'm not going to post my reactions to the ferry dock, it's horrible state, or the profoundly odd manner in which it is being managed for a little while. The shaming photos of it's first days are in my possession, and one hopes that what these shots show are merely growing pains and not a horrible confirmation of what people in Queens believe to be a bias shown by the Manhattan elites toward us. Please ride the ferry yourself, get off in Brooklyn, get off in Manhattan, and then come to Hunters Point and decide for youself.
Lastly, I have no idea what this milky white substance in the mason jar is or represents. As is my policy, such items are never touched, only recorded. Perhaps its the property of one of the newer residents of Williamsburg recently migrated from the continent.
from wikipedia
The Lizard Man of Scape Ore Swamp (also known as the Lizard Man of Lee County) is a humanoid cryptid which is said to inhabit areas of swampland in and around Lee County, South Carolina along with the sewers and abandoned subways in towns near the swamp…
The first reported sighting of the creature was made by Christopher Davis, a 17 year old local, who said he encountered the creature while driving home from work at 2 AM on June 29, 1988. According to his account, Davis stopped on a road bordering Scape Ore Swamp in order to change a tire which had blown out. When he was finishing up he reported having heard a thumping noise from behind him and having turned around to see the creature running towards him.
Davis said the creature tried to grab at the car and then jumped on its roof as he tried to escape, clinging on to it as Davis swerved from side to side in an effort to throw it off. After he returned home, Davis' side-view-mirror was found to be badly damaged, and scratch marks were found on the car's roof, though there was no other physical evidence of his encounter.
"I looked back and saw something running across the field towards me. It was about 25 yards away and I saw red eyes glowing. I ran into the car and as I locked it, the thing grabbed the door handle. I could see him from the neck down – the three big fingers, long black nails and green rough skin. It was strong and angry. I looked in my mirror and saw a blur of green running. I could see his toes and then he jumped on the roof of my car. I thought I heard a grunt and then I could see his fingers through the front windshield, where they curled around on the roof. I sped up and swerved to shake the creature off."
In the month that followed the Davis sighting there were several further reports of a large lizard like creature, and of unusual scratches and bite marks found on cars parked close to the swamp. Most of these are said to have occurred within a 3 miles (5 km) radius of the swamps of Bishopville.


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[Pages 94 - 130]
It was the beginning of the nightmare, lived, from now on, not only by a small group of Jews, but by the entire Jewish population in the country. The Jews from Bacau saw some of the faces of this nightmare in the autumn of 1939; they saw the despair of several hundreds of Jews who had managed to escape Hitler's army in Poland, and were now passing through Bacau, hoping to find a haven, as far away from the fascist wrath as possible4. The Jewish Community from Bacau considered their duty to support them, and they did everything they could for them. But the Community had to face other difficult problems too.
The local anti-Semitic elements began to be present. The Jewish journalists were fired. Cuza's followers, Urziceanu-Antoniu, conducted the bar of lawyers, teachers like Stoian, Klug, Popescu, Focsa did not hide their anti-Semitic feelings in the secondary school.
There were an increasing number of poor people who needed material help; more and more families were left without any means of subsistence, because - among many other things - able men had been called up in different military units, at the country border5. Moreover, there had been launched the appeal to subscribe for army equipment, and the Community leadership had asked the Jews to do their duty in this respect6.
Not after along time - only a few months after - a whole range of destroying blows started to come upon the Jews. In July 1940, as a consequence of the Soviet ultimatum, Romania had to give up Basarabia and Northern Bucovina. Terrified, the Jews from Bacau learned about the pogrom in Dorohoi, where Emil Aroneanu, a Jew from Bacau, had been killed, while serving the Romanian army; and also about the Jews who had been shot in other localities in Northern Moldova or who had been thrown out of the wagons, while the trains were in motion.
Soon after, the new racist laws of Gigurtu Government were published and applied. Jews holding positions in the public administration (teachers, doctors, jurists, etc.) were fired; even Malca Iancu David, holding the important position of operator at Parincea was fired7. Jews were forbidden to trade at the countryside, even the tobacconists in the city owned by the Jews, even if they were invalids, widows and orphans from the war. The Jewish children of school age learned they no longer had access to public schools, and the Community leadership had to struggle to get the permission to organize classrooms in improvised rooms, instead of F. Klein and Culture schools (which had been occupied by the army). The Jews were taken out of the army to be used for mandatory labor.
Only one month after all these, the country leadership was taken over by General Antonescu, who proclaimed Romania as a national Iron Army State. The iron army terror was unleashed in Bacau and in the whole country.
The iron army commander I. Panzaru was designated for the position of controller at the Population Compartment of the Police Department in Bacau: his duty was to make sure there was no illegal change in the Jews' juridical situation: Prefecture of Bacau County, October 22nd, 1940. To the Mayor of Bacau City. Motivated by the order of the Minister of Inner Affairs. General Police Inspectorate, no. 73309/940, which informs us that a large number of Jews intend to choose Romania or stay illegally in the country, and to develop a serious check of all the Jews included in this category, and forbid any illegal change in their juridical situation, we are honoured to ask you, in agreement with the Iron Army Commander, to name an iron army soldier for the position of controller at the population office within the police department in this city. (undersigned) Prefect (undecipherable). Signature of City Hall representative: Comrade Panzaru is designated by the City Hall8.
Offended and brutalized in all circumstances, the Jewish population in the city no longer had either safe living, or the safety of their belongings. The iron army authorities confiscated Jewish settlements, they took over the central bath, which belonged to the Community, and a big part of the grave yard.
On May 19th 1941, the Community in Bacau wrote: Most honoured Union of Jewish Communities in the Old Kingdom. We inform you that, in the autumn of 1940, the agronomist from the City Hall of Bacau and several clerks entered the Jewish cemetery with no forms whatsoever, they had the graveyard ploughed and seeded [...]9.
The iron guards started the action of making Romanian the staff of the private companies; protégés of those who had know taken over the local administration leadership were now replacing the fired Jews.
Then they learned about the iron army rebellion, about the pogrom in the Capital, where Aurel User had been killed as well.
Having defeated the iron army rebellion in January 1941, General Antonescu began to apply his policy regarding the Jews, a methodical policy, which was meant to destroy them. They started by confiscating the radios. In March-April, they began to expropriate the Jews' urban real estates. More than 1200 buildings were expropriated in Bacau10. Jews were called up for mandatory labor, and they were sent in detachments to remote localities. At the same time, there was a methodical propaganda action to stirring the population against the Jews. The Community leadership in Bacau was accused in the press for not having disowned the so-called aggressive actions against the Romanian troops, when they retreated from Basarabia. Severe interdictions were obstacles related to the Jews' circulation, to their contacts in groups including more than several persons. Before the beginning of the war, Jews who had been evacuated from near-border localities, as precaution, passed through the station in Bacau towards the camps in Caracal, Slatina and Turnu-Severin.
When the war began, the Jews in Bacau, trapped within so many interdictions, didn't learn too soon about the massacres in Iasi and about the death trains, which had passed through the station in Bacau, too. However, they felt the increasing harshness of their living conditions ever since the first days of July 1941. On July 4th, they displayed the announcement according to which all the Jews had to wear the discreditable yellow star. The chief of the police department, sub-inspector I. Cuptor, signed the order. Within a few days, they began to apply the order (no. 817 from July 3rd) by which 4-5000 Jews from Tg-Ocna, Moinesti and from the villages of the county were evicted from their homes and forced to come to Bacau, bringing along only a very small part of their belongings. The administrative bodies strictly respected the orders they had received (for example, order no. 4467 from June 28th), and gave no support whatsoever to the evacuees. Helped only by the relatives they had in Bacau and by the Community leadership, they could find rooms for shelter; it was the beginning of the very difficult problem of finding means to subsist. Thus, a considerably large number of people who had been brutally deprived from everything they struggled to have, added to the poor already existing in the city11. The Jewish population in Bacau had increased in a short while with more than 4000 people. From 9000 Jews, the number before the war, 13,038 Jews were registered in 1942, compared to a total population of 31,578 persons12. But the anti-Jewish measures didn't stop here. Leaders of the Community were taken as hostages in Rabi Israel and Corn Dealers synagogues, under the threat that they would be shot if the Jews dared to perform actions of rebellion or sabotage; only in 1942 was the hostages order abrogated.
The Jewish political prisoners, some of whom were native from Bacau or from other localities in the county, were transported to Transnistria - to Vapniarca and other camps.
Sisters Rena and Stela Marcusohn and the Pipergals died after deportation, according to the official documents.
At the same time, the City Hall ordered the Community leadership to provide, every day, about 200 Jews, whom they could use for the maintenance of the city13. They were used foe the works performed at the channel of the hydraulic plant, at city cleaning (under the supervision of the street sweepers employed by the City Hall), at the barracks of the military units or for the German Commandment in the city.
In autumn, the Government issued the decrees according to which all Jews, with no exceptions (therefore, including those in the labor detachments), are obliged to give the army items of clothing and shoes (jackets, coats, laundry, bed sheets, boots, etc.). The Community was held responsible for the execution of this measure. Despite all the efforts they made and all the material support that the Community tried to give to the poorer Jews, more than 3000 of the Jews who registered in Bacau at that time couldn't provide the quantities they had to give. Many of them didn't have the money to compensate for the value of these items. These Jews were declared offenders and involved in lawsuits; archives include evidence that more than 100 Jews from Bacau were sentenced by law courts to harsh penalties (years of imprisonment) and huge fines14.
In the following years, the application of the systematic measures continued and worsened, helping Antonescu's regime to physically and spiritually destroy the Jewish people. The Jews in Bacau experienced the effects of these measures, which emphasized their poverty, their disqualification, the aggravation of the conditions in which they lived. There was a considerable increase in the number of the Jews who were sent to mandatory labor in remote detachments (Ucea de Jos-Fagaras, Suraia-Putna, Parliti-Basarabia), as well as in the number of the handicraftsmen who were distributed to mandatory labor at C.F.R. (Railway Company) and military units (harness workshop in Focsani, tailors workshop in Rm. Sarat, etc.). After months of work in harsh conditions, many of the Jews in the detachments found themselves in the situation of not having anything left to wear and addressed desperate appeals to the Community to help them.
In the same time, many other Jews, who were available to the City Hall, were asked to perform all sorts of humiliating works for the town utility15.
Here is the reproduction of a document which exists at the branch of State Archives in Bacau, illustrating the harsh situation of those who had been called for mandatory labor: The Community of the Jews in Focsani. 1942, October 18. Most honoured Community of the Jews in Bacau. We are honoured to inform you the following: Today the Jews Finkelstein Sloim, contingent 1935, 69 Leca Street, and Finkelstein Meilich, contingent 1933, 159 Stefan cel Mare Street, came at the office of our Community, both of them from Suraia mandatory labor detachment, native from your city, completely naked. Almost everyone in this detachment is in the same situation of terrible poverty [...]. Please do everything in your power to send without delay the necessary clothes and shoes... President, Dr. H. Copelovici, Secretary, S. Baron16.
General Antonescu's order was applied, according to which, beside the mandatory labor, every Jew had to perform community service for ten years or pay money in exchange.
Beside the restrictions for doctors (the interdiction to see Christian patients, the obligation to have firms and headers with the inscription Jewish Doctor), some doctors were called to work for several months in sanitary units from Transnistria.
Here are some of those who were taken for mandatory labor in Transnistria: Dr. S. Sabath, from Bacau, Dr. C. Litman (evacuee from Moinesti) and Dr. M. Bernstein (evacuee from Tg.-Ocna). Four decades later, Dr. S. Sabath, established in Israel, remembered: I left for Transnistria with a big wish to help - if possible - as many unhappy Jews as I could, and I managed - by a series of fortunate circumstances - to save from death a relatively large number of Jews, who had been destined to a one way road. I had been in the ghetto for 4 months17.
According to Community statistics, about 2500 Jews performed different categories of mandatory labor18. Repeated laws and orders forced the Jews to pay important sums of money: the reunification loan, the exceptional subscription, fines for the smallest violations of the interdictions, all sorts of taxes for the exemption from some labor category, etc. Thus, a Community report showed that, until January 20th 1942, the Jews from Bacau paid about 19 million ROL for the reunification loan, and they would deposit the same amount once again during the next days19. In the same time, all sorts of measures forbade sending money, food or clothes to those who were in the outside detachments or to those deported in Transnistria. The Jewish population from Bacau was forbidden to procure the necessary food supplies, not only because they were always poorer, but also because repeated orders of the City Hall (which were displayed even during the first half of the year 1944) included severe interdictions for Jews: they could buy food only from certain places and at certain hours, they were not allowed any contacts with the rural population, the rationalized food quotas sugar, oil and even bread) were much smaller for Jews than for the rest of the population20.
Here are some fragments from the orders, which were displayed by the City Hall and Prefecture of Bacau during Antonescu's regime: The sugar ratio for May 1942: 500 grams per person for Christians and 200 grams for Jews (Disposition no. 18/4.VI.1942). The oil ratio for June 1942: 350 grams per person for Christians and 150 grams for Jews (Disposition no. 38/7.VIII.1942). The Jewish population will get their bread ratio after 10 a.m. (Disposition no. 39/10.VIII.1942). The bread ratio for Christians is of 250 grams per person, for Jews 150 grams per person (Disposition no. 1276/29.I.1943). Three bakeries were established for the Jews (Disposition no. 3499/3.III.1943). The price of bread is 17 ROL/loaf for Christians and 33 ROL/loaf for Jews (Disposition no. 9096/10.VI.1943). The rural population is forbidden to enter Jewish houses in order to sell food. Jews are allowed to buy supplies only from markets and stores, only after 10 a.m. (Disposition no. 31841/17.VI.1944), etc., etc.
Other restrictive measures were imposed to the Jews beside all these: for example, the special regime of rents that the Jews owed, living in buildings which had been expropriated from them (the Jews had to pay bigger rents than the rest of the population), the Jewish pharmacies were closed, evictions of Jews from buildings that were turned into public property21. Often it happened that Community buildings were abusively occupied (synagogues turned into warehouses, a building from Calea Oituz was turned into the contagious disease ward, etc.). The authorities continued to impose the making Romanian process to the enterprise staff. Thus, there was a continuous deterioration of the Jews' living conditions, large groups had always poorer sanitary conditions, many of them were undernourished fell prey to disease. One way or another, about 6500 Jews had become dependent on the aids that the Community could no longer provide. The systematic census of the Jewish population, which was ordered in 1942, was felt by the Jews from Bacau as a prelude to the application of the programme of massive deportation to Transnistria, and of sending the Jews from Bacau in ghettos, a programme that was increasingly more spoken of (it was given up only because of the changes in the front situation).
There were also Jews from Bacau who tried everything to get to Israel, thinking that they would escape the terrible conditions in which they had been brought. Embarking themselves on the Struma ship, in 1942, they died, drowned with the ship: Mircea Grünberg, Rubin Iehuda, Tvi Reicher, as well as Arnold Gartenberg and his wife (native from Moinesti), Iticovici with his wife and a niece (native from Tg.-Ocna).
Herbert Reichert, 18 years old (from 4 Stefan cel Mare Street) and Herscovici Iosif, 16 years old (from 7 Precista Street), from Bacau, were among the 315 Jews who died during the sinking of Mefkure ship22.
The registered figures are significant for the disastrous social consequences of the restrictive measures imposed by Antonescu's regime against the Jews, as they show, for the Jewish population in Bacau, a decrease in birth rate from 15.1% in 1938 to 5.6% in 1942, and an increase of mortality from 10.9% in 1938 to 18.7% in 194223.
Despite all these difficult conditions, the community from Bacau found resources to limit, as much as possible, the effects of the measures aimed at its physical and spiritual degradation. The Community supported the activity of a canteen, where many young people volunteered to work, and where 7-800 poor people got a meal every day (people from the C.F.R. Site, from the Technical Service of the City Hall and, especially families of those taken to the outside detachments).
The old people alms-house, where about 40 persons lived, received permanent aids. The Community had to collect and spend large amounts of money for these activitites, and to help the poor with wood, drugs, unleavened bread for Pesah, money for those who had trials, for not having given the clothes asked by the Government, winter aids, clothes for those in the detachments and even for those who had been deported to Transnistria, etc.
The youth, students of the Jewish primary schools and secondary school, helped by their teachers, organized a shelter for poor children, within synagogues.
The permanent aggravation of the Jews' material conditions imposed increasingly worsened financial tasks to the Community. In 1943, it had to spend 16,157,992 ROL for social assistance, twice more than the amount spent in 1942. When orphans were repatriated from Transnistria, the Community made a special effort to accommodate and look after the 21 children who had been brought to Bacau. Many Jews' actions of fraternal solidarity made an important contribution: those who had some material possibilities donated money; Community employees gave their salary for one day; the students of the Jewish primary schools and secondary school offered the little money they had. The Rabbi Office organized the education of these children in the Jewish spirit.
The entire education of these children from an intellectual, religious and ritual point of view is an absolute necessity for them, as the future of these young people is their settling in Eretz, where they must come trained and educated in this spirit, wrote Prime-Rabbi M. Blanc at that time24.
There were constant actions in the sanitary field, where all the doctors volunteered (including those who had come with the evicted Jews from the county). Distributed on neighborhoods, they guided the population to avoid contagious disease (especially typhoid, which had appeared, as well as exanthemum typhus). The Community clinic provided about 1000 free consultations every month. The maternity developed its activity, and a small ward for patients suffering from inner illness was added to it.
There were also important efforts related in education, in circumstances where the Jewish children didn't have access to public education. The orphanage was supported to function in Marieskes Synagogue, then in Rabi Israel Synagogue. There was no interruption in the courses for boys and girls within primary education, although in totally inappropriate conditions. A mixed theoretic secondary school and a commercial secondary school were founded, where, beside the analytic programme in the public schools, there were the additional subjects like Hebrew, history of the Jews, and cultural conferences were held; the students who had attended these secondary schools could take the exam in public schools in the autumn of 1944, therefore not only did they prove to be a center of spiritual resistance against Fascism, but also a step of life training. Although teaching was also performed by non-professionals, the results were many times exceptional. Famous people like the learned mathematician Solomon Marcus or the opera singer Blanche Adelstein were educated in these schools.
Children of pre-school age were not neglected. Two kindergartens were founded, and skillfully managed by Olga Iser and A. Solomon, with the material contribution of the A.C.F.E. Society.
Here is the number of students from the Community schools25:
|Talmud Tora
|Primary Schools
|Secondary Schools
Here are the teachers: A. Wagner, M. Hirssohn, M. Herscu, E. Smeltzer, C. Zaharia, M. Zaharia, Z. Drimer, H. Iticovici, A. L. Iosif, I. Idelovici-Voledi, H. Simion, L. Haber, J. Hirssohn, J. Koffler, E. Mititelu, A. Lazarovici, E. Lupovici, S. Marcusohn, R. Marcusohn, I. Grinberg, G. Avram, F. Leopold, S. Smil, M. Lespeyeanu, M. Grunvald, E. Colenberg, S. Leibu, M. Aronovici, A. Schapira, P. Gutman, N. Vaserman, S. Knoll, E. Schwartz, I. Abramovici, H. Haimsohn, F. Marcu, I. Ilian, B. Stein, L. Videnfeld.
There were also attempts to start a vocational school, as well as a music school. However, they managed to organize an orchestra of classical and rhythmical music, which gave concerts, and contributed at shows where the youth manifested their hope for better days and their trust in a less sinister future for the Jews (for instance the show in 1943 performed by the secondary school students). The attempts to reopen the Raza library failed, as the front drawing near forbade any activity in this direction.
Many papers, such as those published by I. Voledi-Vardi, mentioned memories about the actions of spiritual resistance that had involved many young people: The City upon Bistrita and Students without Uniform, which were published in Israel.
The end of the war found the Jews in Bacau in a state of physical exhaustion, because of all the interdictions that had been imposed to them, and in a situation of economic disorganization, with about 2000 people trying to find means of subsistence (more than 700 workers and handicraftsmen and more than 550 clerks who were unemployed, as well as more than 600 ex-employers, whom had been deprived of their belongings). It was a community that had been profoundly marked by the brutalities and the constraints they had been enduring for so many years, a community that doubted, in its majority, the possibility to take life anew. During the first years after the war, there were enough Jews from Bacau who participated in the wave of emigration for Eretz Israel, especially as soon as the existence of the independent Jewish State was proclaimed. Those who didn't leave then, tried to reintegrate in the economic life of the country and rebuild a spiritual life, based on the old Jewish traditions. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the fact that, in 1945, the Community from Bacau organized a practical agriculture school at Margineni26, that the organization of an industrial general school was being aimed at, and that, until 1948, the kindergarten, the Jewish schools and the Talmud Tora classes continued their activity.
We must also remember that, in 1946, the branch from Bacau of O.S.E. (the Sanitary Jewish Organization for mother and child protection) founded the Sip of Milk center at the maternity, where there was free distribution of the milk necessary for small children27, Dr. S. Sabath being the one who initiated this action.
During the period to come, when the Stalinist policy was promoted in Romania in all the fields, and when the Zionist movement was presented as an agency of imperialism, the Jewish population from Bacau was also confronted with the pressures from the Jewish Democratic Committee, which actually aimed to dissolve the Jewish religious institutions and suppress everything related to the Jewish tradition. At the same time, it was more and more obvious to the Jews that the democratic slogans of the totalitarian regime were actually hiding the methodical action of marginalizing the Jews, so that, in Bacau too, there were many people who, despite all risks involved (especially losing their positions), submitted applications to leave for Israel.
Only after the Jewish Democratic Committee had been self- dissolved and there was an obvious action from the Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania, led by Chief Rabbi dr. Moses Rosen, was there an organized activity both in the field of social assistance and in the direction of revitalizing the Jewish traditions. And, when the members of the Government accepted (of course, not from ideological reasons) to re-open the gates for emigration, the majority of the Jews in Bacau joined the several hundred thousand Jews who had left Romania, making their contribution to the strengthening of Israel, the reborn country of the Jewish people.
[Page 165]
Police of Bacau
Annoucement Within 48 hours, every Jewish man or woman, except the persons dressed in military uniform, serving in the army, will wear on the left side of the chest the Jewish star, two superposed triangles with sides of 6 cm made of yellow cloth.
Those who do not obey this regulation after the period specified above, will be arrested and handed over to the police authorities and military commendatory.
Chief of the Police,
Sub inspector I. CUPTOR
The Bacau State Archives, Bacau City Hall, brief
21/1942, file 1 [Page 166]
Nr. 688 - January 23-rd 1942
Following the publication no. 161 dated January the 9-th 1942; We hereby inform the citizens that the oil ratio for the month of January 1942, will be sold on the basis of cards issued by the Ministry of National Economy (ticket no. 1). The price is of 84 ROL for one liter.
From the quantity of 10 000 kg oil officially distributed to this town, 200 g for each person is due to the people living here permanently. In the same time, for the Jews who have been evacuated to this town we owe 100 g oil for each.
For the boarding houses, hostels, canteens, restaurants, etc. oil is distributed based on the schemes from Oancea and Trotusul stores.
The present publication will be displayed in order to be clearly seen in all traders' shops.
The Economic Department
The State Archives of Bacau, The Jewish Community foundation [Page 167]
Mr. Director,
The undersigned, First Rabbi Moise Blana, chief of the Mosaic Cult from Bacau, please allow me to ask you kindly to absolve us of the responsibility of collecting the tax on the water from the Ritual Bath, since the Bath has been bought off by Region 6 as of January 20, 1942.
Please accept our great considerations.
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Direction of Local Administration
As a result of the circular order H.4G.714 from March 4, 1942, we are honoured to report the following:
In Bacau, there over 1200 Jewish buildings which have been expropriated. We believe that these buildings can be given in the possession of all Romanians with full rights, who have been demobilized in their time, according to norms which will be established for this process.
Moreover, with the exception of these buildings, it is also possible to give in possession buildings for at least 200-250 houses currently located on the communal land, specifically designated for this purpose by processes and definitive decisions. Their application cannot be stopped by the situation recently created of changing the destination of this land without right of distinction. Our report no.85331941 addresses this issue and it is enclosed in a copy, certified and waiting either for an order to be executed or for the right moment when the Justice Department will intervene directly or incidentally.
Please find attached a copy of the requested questionnaire.
The Bacau State Archives, Bacau City Hall, brief 20/1942, file 100 [Page 169]
Mr. Prefect
The undersigned, Lawyer D. Ionas, President of the Jews Community of Bacau, with much respect I submit to your attention the following:
Our community takes care of a canteen for poor people where 800 people eat daily.
In order to supply the needed food, it is absolutely necessary for the canteen's delegate to go each morning at the market and groceries stores.
Due to the fact that by your order no. 12088 dated May 6, 1942 it is completely forbidden for the Jewish population to do any shopping until 10 o'clock, an hour when almost nothing can be found on the market, or in any case, it is quite late to buy one's stock. Therefore, please kindly approve and dispose the issuing of a special authorization for our delegate Mr. Tauber Zalman, the canteen's administrator, based on which, he may go to the market and groceries stores, with the special obligation that everything he buys is designated only for the Jewish poor people of our Community.
Without this authorization the canteen will have to be closed. Therefore, a large number of poor people having no other possibility to support themselves will be abandoned in the worst misery of life.
Please receive, Mr. Prefect, the expression of our special consideration.
The museum From the history of the Jewish People Living in Bacau 1703- 1944 [Page 170]
We, the Mayor of the Town of Bacau,
Considering the Decision of the State Secretariat of the Agriculture and Estate Department, no. 12.502, published in the Official Gazette issue 162 from July 13th, 194
Art. 1.- Starting with the date of issuance of this publication, we forbid the ritual slaughtering of cattle and poultry, for both public and private consumption, even with prior dizziness.Officers and Agents of the State General Police Department, Bodies of the Sanitary-Veterinary Service, as well as the Community Police, have the duty to fulfill this act.
Art. 2- The community and police authorities will take measures to ensure compliance of the provisions in the above-mentioned Decision no. 12.502, canceling the previously given authorizations, according to Art. 72 from the Slaughter Houses Regulations.
Art. 3- The violation of the provisions in the above-mentioned Decision represents a major offence, and it can be punished according to Art. 8 of the Law for Animal Protection.
State Archives of Bacau, Jewish Community in Bacau, file 25/1942, p. 125 [Page 171]
The Jewish Community of Bacau, July 22, 1942
Dear Colleagues,
We have divided the town into 14 sectors such that each physician will have a smaller area of population to attend to.
The first physician on the list will make house calls attending to the sick population, while the second one will ensure the health and sanitary procedures are followed as required, visiting almost every family once a week. The following month, the roles will alternate and so each physician will be making house calls every two months. We understand that we are asking for a lot of sacrifices from the medical personnel in comparison with their conational counterparts, however given the difficult times we are going through, we hope that no one will refuse to help any sick Jewish person. In fact, this took place in almost every other city.
Best regards,
State Archives of Bacau, Jewish Community in Bacau, file 12/1943, file 55 [Page 172]
No. 1979 from August 9th, 1942
To the Jewish Community of Bacau
Honorably, we ask you to take urgent measures and send the supplies of clothes and shoes to the poor Jews who perform mandatory labor on this site, as they are left completely naked, since they don't have the means to procure the necessary clothes for themselves.
Please send us the confirmation urgently.
State Archives of Bacau, Jewish Community in Bacau, file 12/1942, p. 82 [Page 173]
15 August Street, No. 26 No. 3312 from October 1942
If you do not comply with this invitation, you will be referred to the Justice Department, for having sabotaged the Romanizare process, and you will be evicted according to the provisions of Art. 15 of Law no. 393 from May 27th, 1942, depending on the damage for which you will be held responsible.
A.C.M.E.O.R. Archives, Israel, Bacau [Page 174]
Decree No. 1097
We, Lt. Col. Constantin Ionescu, the Prefect of Bacau County
Given the numerous attempts made by some Jewish people in sabotaging the propaganda and in order to stop illegal & dishonest trade, on the basis of Art. 7, law No. 3229-940, and art 100 of the Administrative Law, we are ordering the following:
Art. 1 It is strictly forbidden for any Romanian person to enter any Jewish house, either for selling groceries or for any other reason.Dated today November 7th 1942 in our office.
Art. 2 It is strictly forbidden for any Jew to participate either as a middle person or directly in the commerce with cattle, grains or any other goods.
Art. 3 It is strictly forbidden for any Jewish tradesmen or professionals to walk around on or to station themselves on the streets for the purpose of acquiring clients; they will have to stay within the limits of their shops while exercising their profession.
Art. 4 No Jew will be allowed to enter the market, except authorized butchers, having in their possession the legal forms allowing them to shop for the slaughter houses they work for.
Art. 5 Those not obeying the present order will be immediately sent to concentration camps, according to the current legislature.
Art. 6 All Judicial & Administrative police officers will ensure the present order will be adhered to and will punish the ones disobeying it.
State Archives of Bacau, Jewish Community in Bacau, file 20/1942, p. 106 [Page 175]
The Teaching Staff
|Courses taught
|Academic Credentials
|Employed since
|Iticevici, Harscu
|Religion, History
|34 yrs
|Driser, Aitic
|Jewish History & Hebrew
|Law Degree
|Nov. 1, 1940
|Sohapira, Alfred
|Natural Science
|Medicine Fac/Buc
|Sep. 1, 1927
|Zaharia, Carolina
|B.A. Lit & Lang.
|Nov. 1, 1940
|Idelevici, Iosif
|History, Romanian
|Law Degree, Iasi
|Nov. 1, 1940
|Zaharia, Maria
|Philosophy, Law
|Teaching College, Cernauti
|Nov. 1, 1940
|Wagner, Aurel
|Vienna University
|Oct. 1, 1919
|Cutnann, Pincu
|Liege University
|Oct. 1, 1941
|Schneltzer, Emanoil
|Iasi University
|Sep. 1, 1926
|Hirschezohn, Natia
|German Lang.
|Law degree, Lit. & Lang.
|Sep. 1, 1930
|Waceman, Marcu Dr.
|Latin Lang.
|Vienna University
|Apr. 10, 1902
|Fainaru, Misu
|Mathematics, Physics
|Dr. Chemist Eng.
|Nov.1, 1941
|Haber, Leon
|Drawing & Fine Arts
|Fac. Of Architecture, Rome
|Nov. 1, 1940
|Knell, Solemon
|Munchen University
|Nov. 1, 1940
|Kaffler, Jean
|Conservatory, Buc
|Nov. 1, 1940
|Schwartz, Eti
|Home Economics
|Tradesmen School
|Nov. 1, 1940
|Sinon, Hilda
|French Lang
|Law Degree
|Jan. 1, 1940
|Mititelu, B. Buil
|Phys. Ed
|Law Degree, Electrical Eng.
|Mar. 1, 1940
|Hirschezohn, Jeroze
|Mathematics, Chemistry
|Teaching College
|Mar. 1, 1940
Envelope sent from the concentration camp in Auschwitz by Muyel Brill to Leon Brill in Bacau in 1943 with a German stamp
List with the names of the teaching staff of the Jewish Elementary Boy School F. Klein of the Jewish Community of Bacau, academic year 1941 - 1942
Dated June 29, 1942 Bacau
May 1943
Haloimes - Melody
Humouristic-musical fantasy in 2 acts & prologue
By N. Kanner
Under the patronage of Mr. Mise Grad, honorary president of Bacau County
The Jewish Community Orchestra in Bacau, led by Professor Jean Koffler & Mirela Marcusohn presents the following instrumentists:
Violin: Iosif Katz, Rutu Goldstein
Piano: Ricu Moscovici
Accordion: Fred Simon, Eugen Feldherr, Izi Lazarovici
Trumpet: Sergiu Laufer, Jean Coralsicor
Clarinet: Miuta the son
Drums: Lazar Mayerovici
[Pages 180 & 181] Correspondence table with writings by Jews in the concentration camp Grosulovo to their families. 32 Jews had written to their families. At the bottom, there is a stamp which states that the writings have been censored and checked by authorities.
Authorization Paper
The Jewish Sergeant Rottman Henry (from year 1941) located on Str. Bradului No. 5 is re-assigned for mandatory work on regiment Laptari Calugara starting on May 7th 1944. Furthermore, he is allowed to walk on the streets from 5 AM till 8 PM.
Signed by commander on May 7th 1944 in Bacau.
In accordance with the Baricada order No. 33 issued on May 7th 1944, all Jewish people between the ages of 18-50 from Bacau are to present themselves to the Bacau Communal Court on May 11th 1944, at 7:30 am for a census reading.
[Page 120]
Of course, every child acquired at heider (the orthodox school) elements of Hebrew, the language of the Biblical texts: the alphabet, reading the prayers and other religious texts, writing in Jewish letters, basic norms of the Jewish religion. A more profound knowledge of Hebrew was acquired only by those - relatively few - students who studied in iesivot, places for the systematic study of the Bible and of Talmud. The Jewish population used Hebrew only at religious services, which took place in synagogues, or on the occasion of other ritual events. Otherwise, what the ordinary Jews (especially women) knew from Hebrew were the Hebrew words and expressions, which had become a part of the Yiddish linguistic thesaurus throughout the centuries. Yiddish was an essential means of communication, beside the one used with the Romanian population. People used Yiddish, speaking and writing, in all the circumstances of every day life, beginning with family life, continuing with the relations within different preoccupations, and even in the spiritual life, in a considerable measure. Yiddish was used for different notes and calculations, engagement, marriage and divorce documents, private or commercial correspondence. Beside Hebrew, Yiddish was used in the registers of the Jewish handicraftsmen communities and of other fraternities. The sermons, the occasional speeches, the greeting were made in Yiddish. In order to understand the meaning of the prayers, Yiddish translations were used; there were also special prayers in this language (Tehines). There was a very popular Yiddish compilation of the Biblical texts (taicihimes). Of course, the oral folk creation was also produced in Yiddish.
The Jews from Bacau started to use Romanian gradually, as they increased their relations with the majority population. As it had become currently spoken, Romanian got to be used in writing as well, after the development of modern primary education system.
Let us analyze a bit the Yiddish folk creation of the Jews in Bacau. We can say that it played an important part in their life; it included stories, anecdotes, and especially proverbs and sayings. The Yiddish folklore from Bacau enjoyed the attention from collectors and researchers only in the 20th century. I. Kara, who published folkloric material ever since 1923, collected poems, stories and anecdotes from Bacau. They say that the Hasidic tzadik Rabi Mihel Dorohoianu came on tour to Bacau. A fruit trader, named Haim Rubinstein, came to him complaining that he had too many fruit and no buyers. The tzadik told him to be patient. Winter passed too, but the plums were still unsold. Then the trader wired the tzadik the following text: Purim has passed, I haven't sold my plums, what is to be done?28\. Dr. Israel Fuhrman, who lived in Bacau between 1946 and 1965, collected many proverbs and sayings from this place, which he included in a remarkable work with folkloric material from Romania29. He disposed the material in alphabetic order. Only at the last five letters of the alphabet were there 47 proverbs and sayings collected in this city. Here are some examples, with an attempt of translation and adaptation: Andere taitn andere laitn, meaning Other times, other people or People change with the circumstances; Me darf tisteln a times steindlah, meaning We make a stone compote - in other words, something impossible to achieve; Tures ghein avechi in naie angstn kimen un, Troubles are going, necessities are coming.
The creations of those popular troubadours, known as badheni, were closely related to folklore. At the same time, authors, composers, actors and, sometimes, editors of their own productions, they wrote poems and songs with educational contents, they improvised programs closely related to the realities of the age, and performed them in different circumstances (weddings, baptisms, Purim celebrations, etc.); all these had a special echo among ordinary people.
The most famous representative of this category of creators, Velvl Zbarjer Ehrenkrantz (subsequently considered as a forerunner of the Yiddish Theater and to whom great Itic Manger, decades later, paid his respects in a poetic creation a great sensibility), came in 1860-1870, to present his programmes in Bacau too. He also had a friend here, A. Meisel, known for his activity as a doctor, and for his taking part in community actions, where he manifested his opinions as a militant of Hasacala.
A typical modern representative of this category of popular troubadours was Lipa Rudich (Lipa Radescu, as he undersigned sometimes), native from Bacau. He was an author of poems and songs as well, a fan of the theater (perhaps a prompter too), interpreting his own creation, sometimes with a satirical nuance.
He had the life of a Bohemian, which took him to Bucharest and to other towns of the country, even abroad, to Constantinopol (where, apparently, he also got married). In 1882, he published Col Rina, a collection of songs, written in Yiddish. And a play, having the title in Romanian Father's Will or The Knave, and which had 5-6 characters. In 1884, he continued to publish songs, but the material success was a weak one. Then he wrote and published texts for amateurs who played Purim theater (Pirempsil). His work, entitled Lipoles Verk, which included 15 songs, was published at Bacau at Azriel Margulies' printing house; the cost of a copy was of 50 coins.
In 1886, he was planning to publish a weekly magazine, Die Tukunft (The Future), registering subscribers for it; the magazine was published, entitled A mesimet in der mispuhe (A Renegade in the Family). Lipa Rudich's songs, such as The Thief after Death or It's a Shame (the monologue of a tailor's apprentice), are filled by the type of humor similar to the one in The Testament of François Villon, whom Lipa obviously did not know. Lipa Rudich had a premature death, when he was only 40. Here is the note on his modest tombstone in Bacau: Year [5]658. In the memory of a learned man, late Lipa Meier, son of Tvi, deceased on 8 Menahem Av and buried on the Fast day. May his soul be included in the connection of the eternal life. In 1948, one of his sisters still lived in Bacau, holding the position of firzugern at the synagogue (meaning she was a lecturer for those women who were not well familiarized with the prayers). She still had some manuscripts left from her brother, and was able to reproduce some of his songs.
Here are, in approximate translation, fragments from the song The Thief after Death, which we have found at Lipa Rudich's sister. The song begins with the lyrics:
My mother told me that in my childhood I proved to be mean,After he has talked about how he had learned to steal as a child, and mentions, in a humorist way, different situations when he proved his skill of stealing, the thief - now on the death bed - concludes:
She used to say I was possessed by devils,
As I was gamboling, singing, dancing, jumping,
I made my parents' life a living hell
And now there is no use for you, death, to believe that everything comes to an end. If it is true that Heaven includes wealthy people sitting on golden chairs, Then you should know that no locks could stop me. I will enter Heaven and pick everyone's pocket.V. Isac published memorable words about Lipa Radescu30\, as he mentions the following quatrain, which legend attributes to him:
We are all mortals,The other troubadour mentioned in the article was another picturesque figure: Eliahu Margulies.
This I have always said;
But I am sorry that the odds
Chose that I should die as well...
In 1895, he published the brochure Zamlung fin ale naiste in senste folcsider aroisgheghebnfin Eliahu Margulies. (Its translation would be: A Collection of the Latest and Most Beautiful Folk Songs, edited by Eliahu Margulies). The author (who entitled himself Mnemonic physiognomist) published here a set of poems, which had been dedicated to him in Hebrew, Yiddish, Romanian and Latin; one of them was signed by A. Goldfaden. The booklet also included a portrait of Margulies, as well as advertisements, one for his art, others for his sponsors. In 1895, Eliahu Margulies also published the brochure entitled Teater lider in folcslider (Songs from the theater and folk songs), sold for 15 coins per copy31.
Printer H. Margulies published between 1894 and 1899 Jewish calendars (Iuah). In every calendar, he published in Yiddish one or more moralizing poems, in the tradition of the bards badhunim32. In 1898, he also published the Yiddish version of the statute of the Mutual Help Society Aghidas Haboinim.
Iacov D. Rozenweig showed a special attachment to the Yiddish culture, as he was the one who had published - as a secondary school student - A. I. Lobel's nespaper The Present at Bacau in 1876-1878. As he knew Yiddish very well, he published later on, under the name of Sotec-Leteanu, Micol Rina, a collection from Velvl Zbarjer's texts, drafting linguistic studies and elaborating original concepts in this field.
Volf Iser from Bacau also used Yiddish in his works beside Hebrew. He began to write poaems since he had been 15. Although the majority of his productions were in Hebrew, in 1930, he published at Bacau (at Goldsmit printing house) the paper Reflecsn iber idn in idntum (Thought about the Jews and Judiaism), in Yiddish, and a year later, a booklet including poems in Yiddish.
In 1946, several Jewish writers, repatriated from Northern Bucovina, settled in Bacau. While they lived here, they participated in the cultural activity in Yiddish, both by means of conferences, and by spreading the literature in this language. Hers Segal, a teacher of mathematics, distinguished supporter of the Yiddish culture, took notes with the folklore of the deported people from Transnistria, and with the confessions of the orphans from the deportation camps; then he published them in Israel, where he eventually settled.
Mr. A. Klein made a remarkable contribution to the knowledge of the modern Yiddish literature by publishing in 1947, at Bacau, his valuable translation in Romanian of Eliezer Steinbarg's fables. As he also left for Israel, he continued his activity as a writer and a translator there.
The Jews from Bacau had always manifested their attachment to the Yiddish culture, by the interest with which they welcomed, during the inter-war period, the tours of important Yiddish theater companies (Mali Picon, Kaminska, Vilna, Alexandru Moisi). Local amateur troupes (students and athletes) also gave performances. Saraga Lorian, an actor and a lyricist, remembered for his unforgettable role of Zeilig Sor from Ronetti Roman's play Manasse, was greatly appreciated by the Jewish and Romanian audience.
We have shown in another part that some Rabbis from Bacau gave their contribution by works in the development of the Hebrew traditional culture. There were also lay learned men, such as Volf Iser and Mayer Eibschitz, who published works in Hebrew. However we shall analyze the contribution to the promotion of Hebrew language by certain Jewish teachers, who worked in Bacau and who were maskili (followers of the rationalistic trend Hascala).
During 1869-1871, M. Schwartz administered the Jewish-Romanian primary school from Bacau. Born in Breslaw (Wroclaw), he immigrated to Romania, quickly learned to speak Romanian and managed to publish a set of school textbooks, for both the Jewish schools and public schools (arithmetic and reading textbooks). W. Schwarzfeld published information about the life of this teacher33. His first Hebrew textbook was entitled Imrot tehorot lehadrin ialdei bnei Israel badereh haemuna... and the Romanian title was Clean words or sentences from the Bible to be used for teaching religion to the Jewish youth from the United Principalities. Collected and corrected according to the Jewish text by M. Svarti, the Inspector of the Jewish-Romanian schools from Iasi. The textbook was published in 1862. In 1863, Schwartz published another textbook, which was meant to replace the traditional system of learning the Pentateuh (Torah), by means of the folk language. It was entitled Biblical history, adapted from the original text by M. Svartiu, inspector and religion teacher of the Jewish-Romanian schools from Iasi. Another textbook of M. Schwartz, entitled Mesilat halimud Vehakeria, with a German subtitle Erstes Hebraeisches Lehrund Lesebuch (The First Hebrew Textbook for Learning and Reading), was published in 1873 and it was supposed to replace the educational system in the orthodox schools. Starting from the maskilic prejudice according to which Hebrew was bad German, the author wanted to teach the Jewish children good German, by translations from Hebrew texts. The book also included elements of religious education, as well as issues of Hebrew grammar.
In 1895, a book of popularizing the history of the Jewish people, Sefer Divrei haemet, was published in Bacau. Its author was M. Braunstein, whose pen name was Mibasan. Born in Iasi in 1858, he worked in the Jewish primary schools, in Bacau and other localities, and he was the co-founder of 'Dr. Iuliu Barasch' Historical Society. He published The History of the Jews for the use of the Jewish schools in the country (Samitca Printing House from Craiova), translations from Hebrew, Hamore (The Teacher) textbooks of Hebrew.
In 1897, Sefer more ivrit, by Mose Orenstein, was published in Bacau, an instructional textbook for the first two primary classes. The same Mose Orenstein edited at Bacau the Hebrew magazine Lahoren.
Lazar (Eliezer) Casvan (the son of the well-known Rabbi Avner Casvan), born in 1852 and who was a teacher at the Jewish school in Bacau for a while, is the author of a grammar book of Hebrew, entitled Sefer tora sefat ever. The book was published in Bucharest, in 1895, as it was edited by the Society for Jewish-Romanian instructional books.
The information related to pre-inscribers gives us a certain image of the interest regarding the Yiddish and Hebrew cultures among the Jewish people. There had been a habit that the authors of works in Hebrew and Yiddish (Biblical and Talmudic comments, panegyric comments, rabbinic responses, occasional works, etc.) should visit different communities and enroll people in a list of subscribers for the works which were to be published, with payment in advance. Of course, only a part of the subscribers were really interested in the contents of the papers, which sometimes surpassed the level of their knowledge; but their gesture was an efficient support for the authors, who thus had dozens of subscribers. A very valuable book, published in 1985, shows that there were many such pre-inscribers in the communities from Bacau and in the whole county.
As the Jews in Bacau began to use Romanian, an increasing number of Jews developed their activity in the intellectual field, using this language. We mention here The Present newspaper, created by A. L. Löbel in 1876, and which, until 1878, approached issues of both general and Hebrew interest. Personalities such as A. S. Gold, Elias Scwarzfeld, Rabbi Taubes (from Barlad), B. Labin (from Botosani) and I. H. Flor (from Dorohoi) collaborated for The Present. Under Löbel's supervision and M. Scwarzfeld's editorship, the Calendar for the Jews was printed at Bacau in 1877, where (with the collaboration of L. and M. Brociner, of Richard Torceanu and Dr. Karpel Lippe) studies of Jewish folklore were published, as well as translations from universal literature and original stories,
Actually the press in Romanian became increasingly used by many Jewish intellectuals from Bacau, who thus contributed to the creation of a climate favorable to culture in the city. In his monograph, Gr. Grigorovici enumerates, among the leaders of the press in Bacau, Bernard Klein (who was the vice-president of the Press Association in the city), Paul Kissler-Bistriceanu (chief-editor of the weekly publication Gazette of Bacau), Roland Kaufman (who edited the Trend of Bacau and then daily paper The Hour), M. Margulius-Margarit (who ran the newspaper The City of Bacau) and Lupu Glasman (correspondent of the newspaper The World). In the book Special Delegate, this list is completed with other journalists who had a notable activity in Bacau: Emil Mititelu, H. Rabinson and I. Voledi.
Let's also mention other contributions of the Jews to the local cultural life.
Gr. Grigorovici notes that Daniil Klein was the President of the Cultural League for a while.
In 1915, the magazine New Horizons was published in Bacau, as a result of the commune activity of three men of culture: the poet G. Bacovia, Ion Iordachescu and Smil Kraus; all three of them published poetry and prose here, using a pen name.
During the inter-war period, the Association of the Jewish Students, as well as other Jewish cultural circles invited famous writers for lectures in the city: Gala Galaction, N. D. Cocea, Gh. Marinescu, Felix Aderca and others.
The Raza library, with the thousands of books it included and the conferences organized there, was a center of culture for the entire population. Those Jews, who functioned as teachers at the public secondary school, attracted entire generations of students to them and culture. The Jewish actors Lori Cambos and Misu Rozeanu, who successfully played at the Theater in Bacau, created a cultural environment.
Many Jews started from Bacau, and tried to do something in different fields of the spiritual life of Romania. It would be difficult to name all those who left their marks in thess fields: scientists, actors, writers, literary critics, musicians, etc. Time will tell who represent authentic cultural values. We only limit ourselves to mention several prestigious names here, who were related to the city on the Bistrita river: painter N. Vermont, mathematicians Solomon Marcus and Alfred Haimovici, actor N. Stroe...
We close this chapter with fragments from a text that we owe to Carol Isac and which describes the Jews' life in Bacau as reflected in literature and arts:
The impressions created after the contact of some remarkable artists with the Jewish inhabitants of Bacau, underlines, beyond their professions, their spiritual restlessness, their passion for books and for the philosophical dispute. Painter Nicolae Grigorescu owes his Jewish portraits, which was characterized by the artistic critic George Oprescu as an important element of his work, to his visit in Bacau, in July 1874[...]
The canvas entitled 'Pub from Bacau', 'Rabbi', 'A Jew from Moldova', 'Old Jew', shows faces where we can see wisdom, but also suffering for all the great pains of the world, the tragedy and the triumph of a poor life, based, however, on spiritual harmony. 'A Jew from Moldova' includes realistic elements in its compositional structure, an emphasized human verisimilar, marking the sublime concord between external existence and inner life [...]
The poet George Bacovia, for whom living among Jews, all being citizens of Bacau, was an absolutely normal thing, notes the tragedy of being separated from the native land of 'Ebreia' (a poem which was initially published in 'The Cultural Athenaeum', issue 2, 1927), by the eulogy brought to the sensitiveness of those 'swallowed up by America', but who 'don't forget their country'. The poet's identification with the destiny of Ebreia is according to the resistance to a destiny that fights the normal wishes of a human being, 'Ebreia / as we miss our country, / You die in tears, looking across the ocean, / I cry in the old continent'. Allusions to the Jewish co-citizens, whom the poet appreciated a lot, also appear in his prose, but not in an emphasized manner; it is defiantly the proof of the lack of difference in destiny and suffering of all people - a poetic creed, which influenced the entire work of the poetic genius in Bacau.
Other Descriptions of the Jewish inhabitants are included in D. D. Patrascanu's prose; there are observations related to their traditions and everyday life, but with no exotic emphasis. The writer includes the life of the native people in a cosmos of somewhat stereotypical everyday life, shifting between major worries and troubles and small joys. The Jews participate to this only with some distinctive color, which actually belongs, according to the poet, in their integrity, to this place just like the other inhabitants [...]
The prose writer Marius Mircu reflected the Jewish community in his volumes 'Special delegate' (1974), 'The Tailor in Back' (1979) and 'I was Born a Reporter' (1981). There is the opinion of the reporter who is interested, by the nature of his profession, in everything and everyone. According to M. Mircu, the city of Bacau in the first half of the 20th century had a flourishing Jewish community, with no inferiority complex. His narrations are according to the real documents he makes reference to, and to the memory of the contemporaries; there seems to have been no field of activity in which the Jews were not included. They were among the great manufacturers and among the obscure intermediaries, involved in suspicious business related to intended fires.
Marcel Marcian's prose is even more aware of the characteristic nuances of the Jewish community. 'Tell you' (1977) and 'And as I Was Telling You' (1980) are the delight of the reader who wants to learn more details or to find himself in the specific atmosphere that the writer evokes. It is a world of subtle pictoresque, not at all ostracized in its own laws, which makes all the joy of his writings; just like the other writers evoked hereby - Jews or not - there is an emphasis on the unit of existence with the entire population; a ghetto, even if it is only a spiritual one, is a notion which is rejected or avoided from the very beginning.
However, in Alexandru Sever's prose, the Jews' everyday rituals are more emphasized. In the story volume 'Memory of Pain' (1986) there are such aspects of relationships that are only left in the memory of those who have lived them. 'The Sadchen from Bacau' reminds all of the wedding practices from remote times from a nostalgic-ironic perspective.
There are other evocations of the Jewish community from Bacau in other sporadic or occasional writings, such as those related to the activity of the Jewish secondary school, which functioned here during the years of the racist persecution, writings that are subjective and, of course, incomplete concerning specifically the Jewish physiognomy of the community.
This monograph about Bacau can be continued, as related to many other aspects of the past. Unfortunately, there will be no page about the future. In the city on the Bistrita river, the Jewish world is a notion, which is about to disappear...
[Page 196]
a) Calendar for Jewish People for the year 5638 (1877-1878), by A.L. Lobel
b) Jewish Document
c) Entry Ticket issued by the First Society 'FRATERNA' for helping the ones affected by sickness & death. Founded on January 27th 1879 to a Concert given by
the renowned violin player and singer B. HELSINGER to support the foundation of Theodor Herzl synagogue. The date, place and a schedule of the concert will be published at a later date in a special announcement. For a reserved space - 1 Leu. June 20th 1904
[Page 197]
Appeal With the purpose of making the name of this great man of Israel everlasting, the oldest society of this town builds a synagogue in his memory. Therefore, the society appeals warmly to you in order to kindly support this project.
The name and number of tickets bought by each person will be made public and written on the commemorative picture preserved forever in this holly place.
With deep respect,
The Committee
Bacau, August the 1st 1904
a) Book cover Poems in Hebrew & Yiddish by Wolf Isser, published in Bacau in January 1931
b) Another book cover Fables by Ezer Steinbarg, translated from Yiddish by A. Clain, Bacau 1931
The museum From the history of the Jewish People Living in Bacau 1703- 1944
a) Professor Al.L.Iosif
In collaboration with: Prof. S. SIMON & G. BRUCHMAIER, 1989
b) ALEXANDRU L. IOSIF
The museum From the history of the Jewish People Living in Bacau 1703- 1944
c) THE FEDERATION OF JEWISH COMMUNITY IN ROMANIA
11 Alexandru cel Bun str.
From the history of the Jewish People Living in Bacau. 1703 -1944
d) marius mircu
The Tailor of Back
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text:
I wish I could say that I grew up on great bowls of cooked greens but I didn't.
I loved spinach and was lucky enough to have beet greens from the beets that my grandmother grew in the summer. And sadly, that was it.
Hearty greens were a later-in-life experience. They crept in during the mid '80s when Italian food became popular.
The wonderful thing about the Italian way of preparing vegetables is that they're honoured as a thing unto themselves, not something that tags along with the potatoes, to be dutifully and sometimes reluctantly eaten.
A plate of rapini with fried garlic and good quality olive oil, Swiss chard with pine nuts and raisins, and braised escarole with lemon sang a sweet and bitter tune to me.
It wasn't only the Italian way with greens I embraced but Jamaican too, in the form of callaloo soup and vegetable patties, East Indian mustard greens with a finishing flourish of fried black mustard seeds and chilies, and the southern U.S. tangy collard greens tempered by ham stock as salty as the sea. These greens created a sort of reverse expectation; they were the stars on the plate and everything else tagged along behind them.
To my taste, some hearty greens are best on the side of overcooked. Kale, rapini, mustard greens and collards transform when they're nudged a little over the edge. The colour dulls, but the greens transform, the bitterness fading into the background and a hint of sweetness emerges.
Kale with Roasted Apples and Yams
Great with sausages, pork and chicken
2 Granny Smith apples, peeled, cored, and cut into ½-inch (1.25 cm) cubes
2 medium yams, the same size as the apples, peeled and cut into ½-inch (1.25 cm) cubes
4 tablespoons (60 mL) extra virgin olive oil
Sea salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste
2 large bunches kale, ribs and stems removed, washed, and cut into 1 inch (2.5 cm) pieces
Heat the oven to 400°F (200°C). Separately toss the yams and apples with 1 tablespoon (15 mL) each of the oil. Season to taste. Spread out on two parchment lined baking sheets and bake until both the apples and yams are cooked and lightly browned, about 20 minutes.
Heat the remaining oil in a large pot over medium heat. Add the kale and sauté, stirring occasionally, until wilted, about 5 minutes. Turn the heat to low, cover and cook until the kale is tender, about 5 minutes. Add the yams and apples. Continue cooking, stirring occasionally, until warmed through. Check the seasoning and adjust. Serve hot.
Makes 4-6 servings
Arugula with Lentils and Feta Cheese
Like a thick and hearty soup, this can be a meal on its own.
1 cup (250 mL) dried French lentils, picked over and rinsed
3 cups (750 mL) chicken stock
1 cup (250 mL) water
1 bay leaf
Sea salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste
2 bunches arugula, coarse stems discarded, leaves washed
1 tablespoon (15 mL) red wine vinegar
2 tablespoons (30 mL) extra-virgin olive oil
4 cloves garlic, minced
2/3 cup (160 mL) crumbled feta cheese
Combine the lentils, chicken stock, water and bay leaf in a medium pot. Bring to a boil then reduce the heat to a bare simmer. Skim off any foam that has risen to the top. Cover and cook for 20 or until the lentils are tender. The lentil mixture should be juicy but not watery. Add more water if needed or let the lentils boil over high heat until the liquid has reduced. Season and stir in the arugula and vinegar. Cover and let sit while preparing the garlic.
Heat the oil over medium heat in a small frying pan. Add the garlic and cook just until it starts to turn pale gold. Remove from the heat.
Transfer the lentils to a serving dish and sprinkle with the feta. Drizzle with the garlic mixture and serve.
Makes 4 servings
Frisée Salad with Bacon, Dates, Goat Cheese and Pecans
Spinach, arugula, escarole or chicory can be used in place of the frisée. Prosciutto or pancetta can be used in place of the bacon and this is especially delicious with blue cheese in place of the goat.
2 tablespoons (30 mL) extra-virgin olive oil
4 bacon slices, cut crosswise into ¼ inch (1.25 cm) strips
1 tablespoon (15 mL) honey
2 tablespoons (30 mL) red wine vinegar
½ cup (125 mL) thinly sliced red onion
½ cup (125 mL) chopped pitted Medjool dates
2 small heads of frisée, washed, spun dry and torn into bite-sized pieces
Sea salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste
½ cup (125 mL) crumbled soft goat cheese
½ cup (125 mL) toasted pecan halves
Heat the olive oil in a small pan over medium heat. Add the bacon and cook until crisp. Add the vinegar and onion; bring to a simmer then pour over the frisée. Add the dates and toss well. Adjust the seasoning. Divide among plates and sprinkle with the cheese and pecans.
Swiss Chard with Raisins, Pine Nuts, Garlic and Anchovies
I think this Italian-style chard dish goes marvellously with salmon. Golden raisins are preferable but other raisins will do just fine.
2 large bunches of Swiss chard, about 1½ pounds in total, washed
¼ cup (60 mL) golden raisins, chopped
4 tablespoons (60 mL) extra virgin olive oil
4 cloves garlic thinly sliced
2 anchovies chopped or 1 teaspoon (5 mL) anchovy paste
¼ cup (60 mL) pine nuts
Sea salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste
Tear chard leaves from stems, then coarsely chop stems and leaves separately.
Place the stems and water in a large pot and cook over medium heat until the stems are tender, adding more water if necessary to prevent sticking. Add the leaves and continue cooking until the leaves wilt. Drain the chard in a colander. Return the pot to the stove and heat the olive oil over medium heat.
Add the garlic and cook until is starts to turn gold. Add the anchovies and cook until the anchovies dissolve. Add the pine nuts, then the drained chard and raisins. Toss to heat it through and coat with the oil. Taste and adjust the seasoning. Serve immediately.
Makes 4 servings