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A Soluble Separation Solution
|Areas of Science
|Time Required
|Very Short (≤ 1 day)
|Material Availability
|Readily available
|Very Low (under $20)
|This science project requires adult supervision. Be careful and have adult supervision when using the stove and oven, and handling the boiling water
AbstractHave you ever mixed together salt and sand? It is fun to see how all of those tiny grains of salt and sand mix together! But what if you had to separate them out again? Do you have nightmares of tiny tweezers, a magnifying glass, and hours spent picking grains of salt and sand apart? Do not be afraid, there is another way! In this chemistry science project you will use the differences in solubility between salt and sand to find out the simple "solution" to this problem.
Make a mixture of sand and salt and use the difference in their solubility to separate them.
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Sara Agee, Ph.D., Science Buddies
Teisha Rowland, Ph.D., Science Buddies
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Last edit date: 2020-06-23
Chemistry is the study of matter and how matter behaves and interacts with other kinds of matter. The way that matter behaves is called a property of matter. Everything around us is made of matter, and you can explore the properties of matter using some common chemicals around your home.
One important property of matter is called solubility. We think about solubility when we dissolve something in water. If a chemical is soluble in water, then the chemical will dissolve, or disappear, when you add it to water. If it is not soluble, or insoluble, then it will not dissolve and you will still see it floating around in the water or at the bottom of the container.
When you dissolve a soluble chemical in water you are making a solution, and solutions are very important for chemistry. In a solution, the chemical you add is called the solute and the liquid that the chemical dissolves in is called the solvent. Even though when a solvent dissolves a solute it becomes invisible, the solute is still there. If you were to evaporate all of the liquid away from the solution, you would be left with your dry chemical again. In fact, this is how salt is processed in giant salt flats where seawater is slowly evaporated, leaving behind huge amounts of sea salt.
All of the different kinds of matter can be sorted into categories based upon whether they are soluble or not in different solvents. Because of this, the properties and solubility of different chemicals can be used to separate mixtures of chemicals. A chemical mixture is a blend of two or more different kinds of chemicals where the individual chemicals do not react with each other, but remain separate. You can see an example of this when you look closely at a dry mixture of salt and sand.
In this chemistry science project, you will use the different properties of the chemicals in salt and sand to separate a mixture of the two. By doing this, you will learn about the solubility of soluble and insoluble chemicals.
Terms and Concepts
- Chemical
- Solubility
- Soluble
- Dissolve
- Insoluble
- Solution
- Solute
- Solvent
- Mixture
- Filtration
- Evaporation
- Chem4Kids.com. (n.d.). Solutions and Mixtures. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- Chem4Kids.com. (n.d.). Evaporation of Liquids. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- BBC. (n.d.). Compounds and Mixtures - Separating mixtures. KS3 Bitesize. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
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Materials and Equipment
- Optional: Strainer
- Salt (60 mL)
- Sand (60 mL)
- Magnifying glass
- Glass canning jars with lids (2). Note: The jars need to hold at least 8 oz. and withstand being safely heated to 325° F.
- Graduated cylinder (100 mL volume) or measuring cup. A graduated cylinder is available online at Amazon.com.
- Water
- Teakettle or pot
- Spoons (2)
- Coffee filter
- Funnel
- Oven mitts
- Lab notebook
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Experimental Procedure
- Before you begin, examine your salt and sand closely and make some initial observations. You can place some salt and sand on a napkin or piece of paper and, using your magnifying glass, make some observations and draw what you see. What do you notice? In your lab notebook, make a data table like Table 1 and record your observations in it, in the "Observations before mixing" row.
- Note: If your sand has a lot of debris in it, use a strainer to purify it and make your observations again.
|Observations before mixing
|Observations of the mixture
|Observations after adding water
|Observations after separation
|Observations after drying
- In one of your glass canning jars, add 60 milliliters (mL) (or 1/4 cup) of salt, and 60 mL of coarse sand.
- Put the lid on your jar and shake until the salt and sand are completely mixed together.
- Using your magnifying glass, look closely at the mixture. What do you notice? Can you still see the individual grains of salt and sand? Record your observations in the data table in your lab notebook, in the "Observations of the mixture" row.
- Put the teakettle or pot on the stove, and heat up some boiling water. Have an adult help you do this.
- Have an adult help you carefully pour 120 mL (or 1/2 cup) of boiling water into your jar. Be careful as the glass will get very hot! Carefully stir the jar with a spoon.
- Using your magnifying glass, look closely at your solution. What do you notice? Can you still see the individual grains of salt and sand? Record your observations in your data table, in the "Observations after adding water" row.
- Place the coffee filter in the funnel and place the funnel in the top of your second glass canning jar to make your separation apparatus, as shown in Figure 1.
- Slowly pour the solution over your filter, being careful not to pour too much at once. As the solution seeps through the filter, let it collect in your jar.
- Now looking at the coffee filter, what do you see? Record your observations in your data table, in the "Observations after separation" row. Carefully scrape off any particles on the filter with a spoon and place them into the first glass jar.
- Place both glass jars onto a cookie sheet, and have an adult help you bake the jars on the cookie sheet in the oven at 325° Fahrenheit (F) until all of the water has evaporated from both of the jars. This may take over an hour.
- Turn off the oven and let it cool down for at least 1 hour.
- Safety Note: If glass undergoes a rapid temperature change, it may break or shatter. For this reason, it is important that you let the oven cool down for at least an hour before taking out the jars.
- After the oven has cooled down, have an adult help you carefully remove the jars, using oven mitts, and allow them to cool to room temperature before handling. They will probably still be very hot!
- After the jars are cool, use your magnifying glass to make observations of the two jars. What do you notice? Can you still see the individual grains of salt and sand? Are they mixed together or separated? Record your observations in your data table, in the "Observations after drying" row.
- Now carefully use the graduated cylinder or measuring cup to measure the amount of salt and sand you ended up with. Do these amounts match the amounts you started with? (Hint: See step 2.) Why do you think this happened?
- Tip: If you use the graduated cylinder to do this, you may want to use the funnel (without the filter) to help pour the salt and sand grains into the graduated cylinder.
If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
Chemistry TeacherWhen you hear the word chemicals, you might think of laboratories and scientists in white coats; but actually, chemicals are all around you, as well as inside of you. Everything in the world is made up of chemicals, also known as matter, or stuff that takes up space. Chemistry is the study of matter—what it is made of, how it behaves, its structure and properties, and how it changes during chemical reactions. Chemistry teachers are the people who help students understand this physical world, from the reactions within our own bodies to how soaps and detergents work and why egg proteins can keep a cookie from crumbling. They prepare the next generation of scientists and engineers, including all healthcare professionals. They also help also students develop scientific literacy. Read more
Chemical TechnicianThe role that the chemical technician plays is the backbone of every chemical, semiconductor, and pharmaceutical manufacturing operation. Chemical technicians conduct experiments, record data, and help to implement new processes and procedures in the laboratory. If you enjoy hands-on work, then you might be interested in the career of a chemical technician. Read more
- Many different chemicals have different solubilities. By adding different amounts of salt, sugar, or baking soda to water you can see how soluble each chemical is. Just add each chemical a teaspoon at a time to a glass of water until you notice that it no longer dissolves when you stir it around. Be sure to use the same amount of water for each experiment! The chemical that dissolves the most into the same amount of water is the most soluble, and the chemical that dissolves that least is the least soluble. Try it!
- How might temperature affect the solubility of a chemical? Try dissolving the same amount of sugar in hot water, room temperature water, and ice-cold water. What happens? Can you think of other variables that might affect solubility?
- Salt, sugar, and other substances can be soluble in one liquid (or solvent) but insoluble in a different liquid. Try dissolving salt in different liquids to find out what it is soluble in, and what it is insoluble in. For example, you could try dissolving salt in water, vegetable oil, or another liquid. (Be sure to use the same amount of salt and liquid each time.) Is salt soluble in some of these liquids, but insoluble in others? You could try other substances too, like sugar, and compare their solubility in the different liquids.
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UK Punk legends THE EXPLOITED are set to release the Special Editions of "Beat The Bastards", "Fuck The System" and "The Massacre" on March 14th 2014 via Nuclear Blast.
The releases are being re-issued with a raft of bonus content, including a bonus DVD of live footage ("Beat The Bastards") and bonus tracks ("Fuck The System" & "The Massacre").
Fans can watch the live version of "The Massacre", taken from the bonus footage on the DVD that comes with the album, over on the official website of the German Metal Hammer.

subset: commoncrawl


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Many of my friends are getting married and having babies, and it seems that whenever we get together, we always talk about the many life lessons farm and ranch kids learn that their urban peers might not be exposed to. These conversations often make me reflect on the things I learned as a kid growing up on a cattle operation. I've listed my top five below. Add yours in the comments section below.
Amanda's top five lessons learned on the ranch:
1. A little dirt, manure, calf snot, hay flecks or corn dust never hurt anybody.
2. Chores mean more than helping to wash the dishes or make the bed. Chores for a farm kid mean feeding calves, opening gates, fixing fence, chopping thistles, moving and working cows, picking up square bales, and the list goes on and on and on.
3. The needs of the cattle come before yours. That means the calves eat supper before you do. The calves get warm bedding in a blizzard before you get to go inside to a warm house. The barn is kept as clean as the house. A sick calf means taking the extra time to treat them before heading to the movies. Weaning day means skipping sleepovers the night before.
4. Ranches teach kids the circle of life. That means new babies are born in the spring, bulls are sold to customers, fat steers are harvested for food, and sometimes there is unexpected death loss. As Trent Loos always says, "Everything lives; everything dies. Death with a purpose gives meaning to life."
5. Finally, ranch kids are taught to be strong, independent, self-reliant and responsible. They aren't afraid to get dirty and work hard to get the job done. Most importantly, they are taught the importance of family. Because 97% of farms and ranches are family-owned and operated, there are many producers who work alongside multiple generations of family members. As my dad always says, "A family that works cows together, stays together."
What are some of your favorite memories from the farm? What lessons did you learn growing up in agriculture? What experiences do you want to make sure your kids have? Add your lessons and experiences in the comments section below. Thanks in advance for sharing your stories!


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|Tier 3 Class
|Class traits
|Suggested Races
|Human Assassin, Elf Assassin, Goblin Assassin
|Class Challenges
|No challenges
|Level 3 Thief Den
Class Features
- POISONED BLADE: Starts with the APHEELSIK glyph, gains 40% bonus damage against poisened monsters.
- LIGHT FOOT: Exploring the area around a monster gives the player first strike.
- SWIFT HAND: attacking a lower level monster always grants an instant kill. This will overwhelm every other status effect in the game.
Note that spaces that fall off the edge of the board count as "revealed" for the purpose of light foot, so you can gain first strike against edge-hugging monsters in this manner. The swift hands ability ignores abilities such as first strike and death protection, meaning you face no risks when attacking monsters like gorgons or animated armors as a higher-level assassin. In rare scenarios where the boss is lower than level 10, it's entirely possible to kill him with swift hands.
With an emphasis on attack damage, the human assassin Human Assassin makes for a more combat-oriented assassin. He is better at regen-fighting monsters and will be well-suited to poison antics. The downside of the human assassin is that the only class feature the Assassin has to synergize with high attack damage is his situational first strike. You'll need to find other combos to make up the difference.
One of the most powerful spellcasting combinations in the game is the elf assassin Elf Assassin. With vastly expanded mana, the elf assassin makes a potent spellcaster. The biggest difficulty that dedicated spellcasters face is that they often neglect their attack damage and have difficulty fighting lower-level monsters that should be easy. Using swift hands, this is not an issue for the assassin, allowing him to focus totally on spellcasting in a way that even the Wizard cannot. Other races can still make potent spellcaster assassins, but they won't be as good as the elf.
The goblin assassin Goblin Assassin is the ultimate class/race combo for level-up catapults. By using swift hands to kill weaker monsters and converting items and glyphs for extra experience, a goblin can gain as many as five levels over the course of a boss battle, fully regenerating his health and mana each time. Very few bosses outside of vicious difficulty can survive this sort of persistant onslaught, and since you can begin the boss battle very early with this character it's likely you'll be able to use poison antics as well. The Goblin Assassin is one of the best ways to obtain the Unstoppable, Ding Max, and Feeling Parched badges all in one go!
The Assassin is one of the game's most potent classes, and is well-suited to a wide variety of approaches. At low levels, he has a strong and reliable opener with the APHEELSIK glyph, and at high levels he can cleave through strong monsters to gain a few extra levels that can make the difference. His greatest weakness is that he has very few class features to improve his combat abilities, and capitalizing on his situational First strike is very important. Because he has no bonus to regeneration, damage, or resistances the Assassin actually makes a sub-par regen-fighter without additional items or boons. The assassin is most similar to the Fighter in this respect, and he can build towards almost any type of character by using the right combination of bonuses.
Although at first glance it may not be apparent, the Assassin is actually a very strong class for spellcaster strategies. One of the biggest problems dedicated spellcasters face is that they neglect their attack damage, and may be easily worn down by low-level monsters. An assassin will never face this problem, even on vicious-difficulty levels, and can therefor focus all his attention on the boss.
Because the assassin can easily 1-hit-kill monsters that are lower-level than him, he should never fight a monster that is equal-level to him unless he has no other choice. There is no bonus XP given for defeating a monster of equal level to yourself, and once you gain a level you can kill him effortless. Always focus your efforts on fighting stronger monsters to earn bonus XP.
The Corrosion effect the Assassin gains on his APHEELSIK glyph is very powerful. He can repeatedly cast it on a monster to build up corrosion, causing it to attack additional damage when attacked. Unlike burning damage, there is no upper limit on corrosion so you can take down very powerful monsters in this fashion. It's entirely possible to defeat some bosses as a 1st level character if you find them early enough!
The Assassin works well with a broad range of deities due to his personal flexibility. Unless you're willing to eschew the poison glyph, you will probably want to avoid Taurog and the Glowing Guardian. Otherwise the Assassin will work flawlessly with any other deity.
- Even though Undead monsters are not immune to Corrosion, their Poisonous immunity prevents them from being corroded by APHEELSIK


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Elisha Cuthbert knows that playing the frequently-imperiled Kim Bauer on "24" made her an object of scorn among the hardcore fans of the series - so how did she approach her new sitcom "Happy Endings"? Well...
"I leave my fiancé at the altar right off the get-go – That's not setting up the audience to love me all that much, right?" laughs Cuthbert, who stars as one-half of a couple whose group of friends find their group dynamic tested when they split. "But then you find a way to bring it back and get your audience back on your side, and hopefully they will, at the end of the day, root for you. It's not always about pleasing the audience – sometimes you gotta be a little bit open to the fact that if you're making the audience feel anything, then it's worth something."
After a film career filled with minor ups ("The Girl Next Door") and major downs ("Captivity"), Cuthbert says she wasn't exactly looking to turn to comedy following her return in the final hours of "24."
"I wish I could say this is what I was looking for and it came about and it was all perfect – No," she says. "I just knew that if I was going to come back to TV, I really wanted to be a part of something that I felt passionate about and that I was excited to go to work to do every day. And at that time this script came, and I read it, and I just felt like it would be different. It was a little daunting, but I kind of got excited about that. When it came my way, I went 'Wow - this actually might be the right next step.'"
U.S. & World
The premise of a couple's split fracturing multiple friendships felt ripe to her. "You tend to see that happen more: two people are dating and then they break off and then it's like, Oh, we're going to lose our new friends,'" she says. "As you get older those questions and those dilemmas become a lot more serious. The people in your life, you don't have time really for the acquaintances. You really have to work at your friendships and they mean more, so those things become a little more serious. I think that everyone is going to relate to that in some form."
"It's not even just that dynamic that I think is going to work for the show," adds Cuthbert. "It's the fact that all these characters are not perfect. This is what I loved about the character. She's not perfect and she's trying to figure things out. That's going to resonate throughout the season with each character individually – how they're kind of coping and dealing in all different ways, whether that be because they're gay or because they can't lock down a man or they don't know if they're still in love."
Meanwhile, if that long-discussed "24" movie ever comes together, Cuthbert would be thrilled to reunite with her TV daddy Kiefer Sutherland, even if it means being menaced by a cougar.
"I would be lying if I said otherwise," she admits. "If they need me and I'm going to be a good fit and not just put me in there because they have to, I trust their judgment and will be there on the day – unless I'm shooting 'Happy Endings' of course."


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London football club Arsenal are top of the Premier League on goals scored, with Chelsea second. The club came from behind on Saturday to win 3-1 against Stoke. Stoke's lone goal came on a penalty. In the second half, substitute Peter Crouch could have added a second for Stoke but his header was denied by goalkeeper Petr Čech.
Washington Capitals forward Jakub Vrána got his first goal in the NHL on Friday, helping the Caps down the Buffalo Sabres 4-1. Columbus' Lukáš Sedlák also scored his first goal in the NHL, beating fellow Czech Petr Mrázek between the posts for Detroit. Mrázek was pulled after the goal. Columbus win the game by a score of 4-1.
Police in the region of Vysočina have so far this autumn checked some 1,200 hunters, finding no cases of serious wrongdoing. The news was confirmed by the regional police spokeswoman Dana Čírtková. Examined were permits, the state of hunters' firearms, and whether any alcohol had been consumed. On Saturday alone two hunting parties, totaling some 40 participants, were checked.
Police on Saturday stopped a total of seven people by roughly mid-day for riding Segways in Prague's historic centre where the vehicles are banned. In two cases, the riders were foreign nationals who were given symbolic and low fines of 100 crowns (less than four euros). Police have the right to fine riders up to 2,000 crowns. Prague city councillors approved the ban on the use of Segways on roads and sidewalks in the historic centre in July but the ban was not enforced before some 600 traffic signs highlighting the ban were installed in areas.
Tax changes being planned by the Social Democrats would "chase successful people and firms from the Czech Republic", Finance Minister Andrej Babiš has said in response to the Social Democrats plans regarding progressive taxation. The current coalition partners, polls suggest, are likely to finish first and second in the election next year and are vying for a fair amount of the same voters. The last national election was won narrowly by the Social Democrats. Recent rhetoric has put the political parties' differences into sharper relief: Mr Babiš, who heads ANO and is also deputy prime minister, said he did not understand why he and his party were - in his view - "continually criticized" by Social Democrat leader Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka.
Either ANO or the Social Democrats is how the head of the Social Democratic Party, Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka, assessed the chances of winning next year's parliamentary election which will outline the direction of the country for the next four years. Mr Sobotka made the statement at a closed meeting of the party leadership on Saturday. The party chairman has been trying to drum up support ahead of a party congress next March; so far no other candidate has come forward to challenge Mr Sobotka for the post. The leader said the Social Democrats needed to focus on a base of voters including families with children, the employed, and seniors and, for example, in improving wages. Polls have regularly put fellow members in government, ANO, first, ahead of the Social Democrats, although both parties lost ground in a recent survey.
Around 700 village pubs are reported to have closed down in connection with the introduction of a law on electronic cash registers at the start of December, the ctk news agency reports citing the results of a survey among the country's 6,200 towns and cities. The pubs closing down generally offer beer, but not food, and serve as social hubs in small villages. The mayors of many small villages say they fear for the fate of small mixed shops which are often the only source of groceries for the locals. The introduction of electronic cash registers was the finance minister's flagship project to curb tax evasion.
Employees of the Dutch retailer Ahold, which owns the Albert supermarket chain in the Czech Republic, have won a battle for higher wages. Ahold representatives agreed to a trade unions demand for a one-off 1,000 crown bonus in 2016 and an 8.5 percent wage increase in 2017. According to trade unions the average monthly wage of Albert employees is 12,500 crowns, Ahold claims it is 3,000 crowns higher. The wage dispute had dragged for some time and Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka recently intervened on the behalf of Czech employees. Ahold employs some 17,000 people in the Czech Republic.
The Czech Education Ministry has asked the Czech Football Association to change the logo on the jerseys of the national team's players. The national football team selected the two-tailed Czech lion, which appears on the country's state emblem, for its logo, but according to the law on state symbols the team should by right have chosen either the state flag, the name of the country or the whole emblem which apart from the lion also depicts a crowned eagle. The national team is vehemently against the idea of changing the logo, saying it is a protected trademark.


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Free Download Dark Void Game For PC
A glass fiber is a long glass fiber made of glass. During production, thin threads are drawn from a glass melt and processed into a large the number of end products.
Glass fibers are used as fiber optic cable for data transmission and flexible light transport of z. As laser radiation used as a roving or as a textile fabric for thermal and acoustic insulation, and for glass fiber reinforced plastics. These are today among the most important construction materials. They are aging and weather resistant, chemically resistant and non-flammable. Their high modulus of elasticity is used to improve the mechanical properties of plastics.
History Of The Glass Fiber
The origin was the ability of glassblowers from the Thuringian Forest to produce so-called fairy or angel hair as early as the 18th century. First used only as decoration means, the possibilities of the fibers after the foundation of a glass factory in the Thuringian Haselbach of Hermann Schuller were discovered gradually (1896). There spinnable glass filaments with a precisely defined diameter were produced for the first time, so to speak, as "rolls". This process was patented in the 1930s as a rod drum removal process.
Use as a Light Guide
In the fiber direction, light can spread in glass fibers almost unhindered. By a radially outwardly decreasing refractive index, continuous or gradual, the light is guided in the fiber. This property as a light guide is used in many technical applications.
Data Transfer
Glass fibers are used inter alia as optical fibers in fiber optic networks for optical data transmission. This has the advantage over electrical transmission of a significantly higher maximum bandwidth. It can be transmitted more information per unit time. In addition, the transmitted signal is insensitive to electrical and magnetic interference fields and offers higher security against eavesdropping.
Lighting, Decoration, Art, and Architecture
In a variety of lamps and lighting installations, glass fibers are used today, the fibers being used not only for light transport but also as radiating elements themselves. An unusual application is the production of translucent concrete: the incorporation of three to five percent of glass fiber content creates translucent concrete elements through which you can see light, shadows, and colors up to a wall a thickness of 20 cm.
Illumination and Imaging in Medicine and Metrology
Glass fibers and glass fiber bundles are used for lighting and imaging z. B. on microscopes, inspection cameras or endoscopes or even with cold light sources used (see also: fiber optics). In most cases, however, polymeric optical fibers are used for illumination since they are more flexible and do not break when overstretched.
Glass fibers are increasingly used in metrology. Fiber optic sensors are used in which the measured variable is not represented or transmitted as typically by an electrical variable, but by an optical, for data acquisition in hard to reach areas such as dams or under extreme conditions such as steelworks or magnetic resonance tomographs. There are two classes of fiber optic sensors:
Here, the glass fiber serves only as a transmitter of the measured variable detected by the sensor, which the sensor must provide as an optical signal. Examples are glass fiber pyrometers, fiber optic temperature probes or optical microphones (fiber optic transducers).
Here, the glass fiber serves directly as a sensor and is thus both sensor and line. Examples are fiber optic pressure sensors, the fiber optic temperature measurement or the fiber gyro for measuring the angular velocity.
Fiber Laser In Double Sheath Fiber Construction
For the flexible transport of laser radiation, glass fibers are used to direct the radiation on the one hand in the processing of materials and in medicine to the processing site (cutting, welding, etc.) and on the other in the measurement, microscopy, and spectroscopy to the sample.
In laser show technology, laser light is directed from a central source via fiber-optic cables to various projectors distributed throughout the room. The services here are a few hundred milliwatts up to double-digit wattages.
Laser beams can not only be guided into the glass fibers, but also generated and amplified in them. To find z. B. Fiber lasers and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers used in the telecommunications sector. Due to the good efficiency of the conversion process and the good cooling due to the large surface of the fiber as well as the very high beam quality, high-performance fiber lasers are used in material processing and medicine.
Use of Mechanical Properties
- Typical properties of glass fibers
- Density 2.45 ... 2.58 g / cm³
- Filament diameter 5 ... 24 microns
- Tensile strength 1.8 ... 5 GPa (kN / mm²)
- Tensile modulus 70 ... 90 GPa
- Elongation at break <5%
( ... )
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high-performance bundle of glass fibers for plastic reinforcement (Glasfaserroving)
For mechanical applications, the glass fibers are usually present as roving, nonwoven or as tissue. For profiles, however, unidirectional (unidirectional) fibers are used; For example, sports arrows for archery, rods for insulation or z. B. made in some umbrellas of glass fiber reinforced plastic.
Since glass fibers are very notch sensitive, they are provided with a so-called sizing in the production or prior to weaving. This size (eg a silane size) serves as a lubricant during weaving and is chemically removed after weaving. Thereafter, the so-called finish is applied to the glass fibers, which acts as a bonding agent between the glass fibers and the synthetic resin for use in fiber composites. Finish is also referred to as an adhesive-containing size. It can make up to two percent by mass but is usually 0.3 to 0.8 percent.
Glass fiber reinforced plastics show only a very low tendency to creep and absorb only very little moisture.
The high strength of the glass fiber is based on the size influence. Due to the fiber shape, the defect size in the fiber is smaller than in the compact material volume. At the same time, the defect-free length in the fiber form increases. As a result, the strength of the glass fiber compared to the compact material is greater.
The the tensile and compressive strength of the glass fiber ensures a special stiffening of the plastic while maintaining a certain flexibility thanks to the (compared to steel) high elastic elongation at break. The properties of glass fibers are used, for example, in the manufacture of high-strength and lightweight components such as sports boats, GRP profiles, GRP reinforcements or fishing rods. Tanks and pipes for highly corrosive substances are usually made of glass fiber reinforced plastic.
Typically, the design uses the mean quasi-static strength of an unreinforced E-fiber of RG = 1800 MPa.
The modulus of elasticity of glass fibers differs only slightly from that of a compact volume of glass material. Unlike aramid fibers or carbon fibers, the glass fiber has an amorphous structure. As with compact window glass, the molecular orientation is random. The glass fiber has isotropic mechanical properties. Glass fibers behave ideally linear elastic until breakage. They have only a very low material damping.
The stiffness of a real component made of glass fiber reinforced plastic results from the modulus of elasticity, direction and volume fraction of the glass fibers as well as to a small extent from the properties of the matrix material, since usually, a much softer plastic is used. The modulus of elasticity of the pure glass fiber with 70,000 to 90,000 MPa is approximate of the order of a magnitude of aluminum.


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| 11°C Belfast
After more than 100 murders, suicides, accidents and fatal illnesses, Albert Square is finally getting its own undertaker with TV veteran Roger Sloman joining EastEnders.
The actor, who first appeared on screen as Les Coker in 2012 when he organised the funeral for Pat Evans, joins the cast full-time this month.
Viewers have already seen him recently arranging Nick Cotton's send-off and he will be joined by Lin Blakley, who is playing his wife Pam.
Sloman said: " It's hugely rewarding to be working alongside actors who I have a huge admiration for and have been a part of my life for so long. It is a thrill to play Les, who has so many different angles and is not a straightforward character. It is also a pleasure to be working alongside Lin Blakley."
He is likely to be busy in the coming months with plans for at least one other character - Lucy Beale - to be killed off already announced.
The show, often derided by critics for being depressing, began with a death when the soap started in 1985 with the discovery of the body of Reg Cox.
Executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins said: "Les and Pam are part of our plans to rejuvenate the show's older generation. It's already so exciting to watch the chemistry between Roger and Lin on set, playing characters who have been together for so long, they know each other inside out. Or so they think."


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Editor's note: Gloria Borger is CNN's chief political analyst, appearing regularly on shows such as "AC360°", "The Situation Room," "John King, USA" and "State of the Union."
(CNN) -- As the presidential campaign veers off onto the Bain Capital ramp, the predictable arguments ensue: Is the turn simply a political attack meant to distract from bad economic news? (So says Mitt Romney). Or is it an important, valid argument at the heart of the contest? (So says President Barack Obama.)
'Other-ness': What Obama and Romney have in common on religion, race
Distill all the arguments down to an essential core, and they're really about one thing: experience. As in, does past experience matter? Is it an indicator of future behavior? Or of your values? And if you behaved one way at another job in your past, what does that tell us about how you would behave as president? Finally, should your previous experience (or lack of it) in any way disqualify you from the presidency?
The arguments over experience are hardly new. In fact, back in the day when then-candidate Obama was a tad short on the experience side, Hillary Clinton made the case that she was the best-equipped to handle foreign policy disasters as president (See: ad with red phone ringing at 3 am.) Obama's response: "I have shown the judgment to lead."
Which seemed a fair enough retort. So let's apply that standard to the Bain Capital fight: Romney's job was to make money for investors. Bain Capital claims that revenues grew in 80% of the more than 350 companies in which it has invested. It also makes the case that the Obama campaign's cause-and-effect simplification of the eventual failure of a paper company -- such as Ampad -- was completely overblown and unfair: Bain bought the company in 1992, and it grew. Its control ended in 1996, four years before it folded, although Bain did retain some stake in the company. And it folded, Bain says, because the marketplace changed.
It's more Dunder Mifflin than Darth Vader.
And, um, where was the Romney judgment call in this episode?
To be clear: This is a political campaign. Romney's experience at Bain is certainly relevant. After all, Romney often brags about creating 100,000 jobs, so digging into what happened there under his watch is only natural. The problem with campaigns is that issues and events and results need to be either black or white -- especially in 60-second spots that liken companies such as Bain to vultures.
None other than the president himself conceded that there's some complexity here, as The Washington Post points out in an editorial, which says the president is trying to argue all sides. "I think there are a whole lot of folks who do good work in that area and there are times where they identify the capacity for the economy to create new jobs or new industries," the president said at the NATO summit.
Indeed, this is a president who has friends in private equity, who raises money from private equity and is making a pitch to the same folks this time around. (Full disclosure: A member of my family works in private equity.) The issue, the president told us, is that the goal of "maximizing profits" is way different from what a president does, which is making sure that "everybody in the country has a fair shot."
And Romney, he would argue, has no experience at doing that.
Understand this: It's not really just about business. It's about values. The president may be broader in his approach, but his ads argue a more simple point: that Romney doesn't have the right values to be president; that he does bad things to good people.
It might be more lucrative for Obama's re-election prospects to go after Romney's actual record -- as a less-than-outstanding job creator as Massachusetts governor. Or as a politician with "evolving" views on issues ranging from abortion to immigration. Or to remind independent voters that during the primaries Romney called himself "severely conservative," whatever that means. Some of this is surely in the works.
And what about the Obama campaign starting to talk about its own record? Team Obama may want to turn this into a choice election, but when incumbents run for re-election they have to explain why they should be rehired. "The Obama people believe they can win this election by criticizing Romney," says Bill Galston, a former Clinton administration domestic policy adviser. "But they're going to lose this election if American people don't think they have done a good job."
One more thing: Obama's consistent strength is that more than half of Americans really like him. They see him as in touch with their lives and their aspirations. And his poll numbers only increased last year, for instance, when he shared America's disgust during the distasteful debate over extending the payroll tax cuts. House Republicans seemed in desperate need of day care; Obama was the adult in the room.
That's what people want. When a president who wants to be transformational runs a campaign that wants to deliver transparent caricatures, there's a downside. The candidate starts looking like all the other pols.
And nobody likes them.
Follow @CNNOpinion on Twitter.
Join us at Facebook/CNNOpinion.
The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Gloria Borger.


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Warning: This post—and likely its comment thread—contain speculation and potential spoilers.
Tomorrow's Walking Dead seems like it's going to be one of those TV episodes where if you're running five minutes behind, you need to change plans. Hope you remembered the DVR. Otherwise, better off finding the rebroadcast, waiting for OnDemand access, or—with all this tension—maybe even seeking an illicit Internet stream.
Season 3's midseason, penultimate episode ended on the cusp of major action. We left our survivors just as the group's fiercest quartet jumped into their artillery-loaded Hyundai and set off for Woodbury. Rick, Daryl, Michonne, and Oscar (he's one of the two prisoners) survived Rip Van Winkle's isolated cabin, eluded the spotlights of The Governor's gatekeepers... then were immediately foiled by the credits. Ugh. But what's another week when the first ten minutes of the mid-season finale have to deliver some type of fireworks? The question isn't if it'll happen, it's whether the ensuing action will be good or bad for Rick's company.
Since first being introduced to Michonne last season and The Governor (plus Woodbury) in episode 3, we've been waiting for the show's most high profile additions to intersect with our group. Last week, Michonne finally crossed paths with Rick, and now all signs point to Team Grimes at least gaining entry into the apocalypse's most famous gated community. Cries of poor pacing and entrapment on a farm feel like an awful long time ago.
But just because prison residents and peaceful towns finally intersect does not mean that fans will get the conflicts we're waiting for. Last week The Governor creepily showed his true self to Maggie, but ol' Merle handled things with Glen. If Rick and company penetrate Woodbury, there are secondary characters who could confront and constrain them (and that's if they don't just rescue Glen and Maggie then escape [relatively] unscathed). As much as reunions between Daryl and Merle or Andrea and Michonne would be interesting, this is where the fans lose in a split-season. We're sure to get drama, but not the drama. Our dream combatants are close in proximity, but would Rick meeting The Governor face-to-face now leave much to the imagination for February? A show pulling in record viewer numbers doesn't want to jeopardize growth by removing a reason for the casual fan to continue.
When series split seasons like this, it's a business decision and not a storytelling one. There are narrative peaks and valleys in the course of a traditional 13-episode television season, but content is consistent and natural points for climax and resolution are clearer. It's easy to manage your expectations. In a split-season however, the structure fans are used to is subverted. Now we have the hopes of a finale—storyline climaxes are sure to be in store—but an unnatural rhythm with plenty of episodes looming in February. If this was simply episode 8 with at least five weeks to go, it wouldn't be a disappointment if we miss out on the confrontations above. What's another week or two? But knowing we're likely to draw this out through March 2013 and might not even get a taste tomorrow—does that change the tension we experience at the end of last week?
Showrunner Glen Mazzara did a fairly open interview with the Los Angeles Times' Hero Complex blog [potential spoilers]. Without going into too much detail, he did confirm some things fans can expect before a break based on the show's history. Yes, there will be likely loss and bloodshed: in season 1, it was the CDC and "hope"; in season 2, it was Sophia (midseason) and Shane (penultimate). Mazzara also responded to a pretty obvious question (There's a cliffhanger, right?) emphatically: "It surprised the hell out of me." Again, season 1 left us with the destruction of the CDC and season 2 provided breaks following a barnful of walkers then the escape from Herschel's farm. Nothing too revealing here.
If you really want to dig for clues on the major storyline, good luck. Michael Rooker (Merle) did an interview where he said his character will get "more kick-ass" and that the midseason finale is one of the best hours of the season. A quick YouTube search for the episode's name ("Made to Suffer") brings up an episode teaser from a Spanish-language Fox station. Like AMC's official sneak peak (above), it doesn't reveal the main stories at all. However, some recent casting news may bring a new character into play sooner rather than later. This would be very similar to how Michonne was introduced—a brief character glimpse right before an episode break of someone familiar to comic fans—feeding online speculation rather than prompting a collective Huh?.
With the improvements made throughout season 3 so far, there's no doubt The Walking Dead will leave us with plenty to talk about on Monday morning (you might even expect another Ars look). But based on the show's format this year, it's likely to involve more questions than answers and possibly more frustration than analysis.
Listing image by Stevie Gill


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Daily roundup of what's hot online right now with a clip of President Barack Obama slow rapping with Jimmy Fallon, a trending video of a dad who finds out his son is being bullied by his teacher and a free app of the day.
LOL of the day: Obama on Fallon
President Barack Obama made a guest appearance on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" last night. During the episode, Obama slow-jammed the latest news on student loans to the smooth, soul sounds of house band The Roots. Click on the link above to watch the clip.
Free app of the day: Dragon Dictation
Use this app to quickly get thoughts, texts and emails in digital form. Just speak into the cellphone, and the app will type the words for you. PCMag.com says, "While it can increase productivity for some, it's not a truly hands-free app, but it's a great way to get messages into text fast."
Video: Dad catches teacher bullying his son
-- GateHouse News Service


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Steve Jenkins on Olive Oil Hysteria: Why Fairway Market EVOO Is Fresh, High Quality and Always Trustworthy
Steve Jenkins wrote this open letter in response to Nicholas Blechman's infographic article for the New York Times. If you care about olive oil, which we know you do, you will be interested! Mr Blechman, Your "Extra Virgin Suicide" graphic essay is highly misleading.


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Here's a question, if Coneygree was to win the Betfair Chase what price would he be for the King George?
I mentioned the 25/1 Betfair Chase / King George double for Coneygree at 25's. The price is now 20's. Trying to decide what will be the better bet - get the 20's on the double now OR my current preference of 2 single bets. He's currently a 5/1 shot in the Betfair Chase, 10/1 King George.
If i take the 5/1 now and he wins, all I need is his price to be bigger than 5/2 straight after the Betfair Chase and place those winnings to be better off than taking the 20/1 double.
I'm pretty sure his KG price will be bigger than 5/2 leading up to it still, thoughts?


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CORRIGAN Family HistoryThis name, with the many and varied variant spellings which include (with and without the prefix O') Corrigane, Currigan, Corrigan, Corragan and Courigan, Kirgan, Cargen, Cargon, and no doubt many others, is an anglicized form of the old Gaelic O' Corragain. The Gaelic prefix "O" indicates "grandson" or "male descendant of", plus the personal byname Corragain, from "Corr", a spear or lance. This sept originated in the Ulster county of Fermanagh and were of the same stock as the Maguires. The chieftains of these two septs joined forces with the powerful O' Neills of Tyrone and resisted Norman attempts to conquer Fermanagh in the 12th and 13th Centuries...
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Frequent Links
Shopping mall
A shopping mall is a modern, chiefly North American, term for a form of shopping precinct or shopping centre, in which one or more buildings form a complex of shops representing merchandisers with interconnecting walkways that enable customers to walk from unit to unit. A shopping arcade is a specific form serving the same purpose. Many early shopping arcades such the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still trading. However, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centres or "malls", often accessible by vehicle. Technical innovations such as electric lighting and escalators were introduced from the late nineteenth century. From the late twentieth century, entertainment venues such as movie theaters and restaurants began to be added.[1][2] As a single built structure, early shopping centres were often architecturally significant constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather.
- 1 Regional differences
- 2 Development of shopping areas and building types
- 3 Types
- 4 Components
- 5 Dead malls
- 6 New trends
- 7 Shopping property management firms
- 8 New towns
- 9 Legal issues
- 10 See also
- 11 Gallery
- 12 References
- 13 Further reading
- 14 External links
Regional differences
In places around the world, the term shopping centre is used, especially in Europe, Australia, and South America. Mall is a term used predominantly in North America.[3] Outside of North America, "shopping precinct" and "shopping arcade" are also used. In North America, Gulf countries, and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall), while shopping center usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.[3]
In the United Kingdom, malls are commonly referred to as shopping centres. Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. In North America, mall is generally used to refer to a large shopping area usually composed of a single building which contains multiple shops, usually "anchored" by one or more department stores surrounded by a parking lot, while the term "arcade" is more often used, especially in Britain, to refer to a narrow pedestrian-only street, often covered or between closely spaced buildings (see town centre).
The majority of British shopping centers are located in city centers, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include West Quay in Southampton; Manchester Arndale; Bullring Birmingham; Liverpool One; Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne. In addition to the inner city shopping centers, large UK conurbations will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as Meadowhall Centre, Sheffield serving South Yorkshire, the Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester and Bluewater in Kent. These centers were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Westfield Stratford City, in Stratford (London), is the largest shopping center in Europe with over 330 shops, 50 restaurants and an 11 screen cinema and Westfield London is the largest inner-city shopping center in Europe. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping center in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year.[4]
Development of shopping areas and building types
One of the earliest examples of public shopping malls comes from ancient Rome, in forums where shopping markets were located. One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajan's Market in Rome located in Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market was probably built around 100-110 CE by Apollodorus of Damascus, and it is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center – a forerunner of today's shopping mall.[5][6] The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, might also be considered as precursors to the present-day shopping mall.[7] Isfahan's Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history.
Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over Script error: No such module "convert"..
The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today. The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today.
The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798.[8] The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island introduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828.[9] The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy followed in the 1870s and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centers in the late 19th century and early 20th century, including the Cleveland Arcade, Dayton Arcade and Moscow's GUM, which opened in 1890. Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri (1924).
An early indoor mall prototype in the United States was the Lake View Store at Morgan Park, Duluth, Minnesota, which was built in 1915 and held its grand opening on July 20, 1916. The architect was Dean and Dean from Chicago and the building contractor was George H. Lounsberry from Duluth. The building is two stories with a full basement, and shops were originally located on all three levels. All of the stores were located within the interior of the mall; some shops were accessible from inside and out.
In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtown.[10] From early on, the design tended to be inward-facing, with malls following theories of how customers could best be enticed in a controlled environment. Similar, the concept of a mall having one or more "anchor stores" or "big box stores" was pioneered early, with individual stores or smaller-scale chain stores intended to benefit from the shoppers attracted by the big stores.[11] Mall construction in America was encouraged by the accelerated depreciation laws of 1954, which incentivized greenfield development on the urban fringe. A second stimulus came from legislation passed in 1960, which allowed investors to band together in REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) to avoid corporate income taxes. The laws helped to shape the familiar exurban landscape of malls, motels, and fast food chains.[12]
Early examples
The Cleveland Arcade was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US, and like its European counterparts, was an architectural triumph. When the building opened in 1890, two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example of Victorian architecture.
The early shopping center in the United States took shape at the Grandview Avenue Shopping Center (the "Bank Block") in Grandview Heights, Ohio in 1928, the first regional shopping center in America that integrated parking into the design. This general plan by Don Monroe Casto Sr. became the prototype of shopping centers for several decades.[13] Other important shopping centers built in the 1920s and early 1930s include Country Club Plaza in Kansas City, Missouri, the Highland Park Village in Dallas, Texas; River Oaks in Houston, Texas; and the Park and Shop in Washington, D.C..
The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after World War II. Bellevue Shopping Square (now known as Bellevue Square) opened in 1946 in Bellevue, Washington, a suburb of Seattle. Town & Country Village also opened in 1946 in Sacramento, California.[14] Then came the Broadway-Crenshaw Center (known today as Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza), which was dedicated, in Los Angeles, in 1947. Two more suburban shopping centers were completed in 1949. Town and Country Drive-In Shopping Center (Town and Country Shopping Center), in Whitehall, Ohio was a strip-type complex erected in the environs of Columbus, Ohio. Park Forest, Illinois' Park Forest Plaza (Park Forest Downtown) was built along the lines of a cluster-type complex. It was situated in the southern suburbs of Chicago, Illinois.
The suburban shopping mall, as Americans came to know it, came into being with the opening of Seattle's Northgate Center (presently known as Northgate Mall) in April 1950. This was followed by Lakewood Center (1951), in Lakewood, California; Shoppers' World (1951), in Framingham, Massachusetts;[15] Stonestown Center (now Stonestown Galleria) (1952) in San Francisco, California; and Northland Center (1954), in Southfield, Michigan. Open-air-type malls were also built in Canada and Australia. Don Mills Convenience Centre (now Shops at Don Mills) opened in 1955, in Toronto, Ontario. Chermside Drive-In Shopping Centre started trading to the public in 1957, in Brisbane, Australia.
The fully enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin,[16] which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including a large parking area, anchor stores, and restaurants.[17] The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen.[18] This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Center, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota, USA in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell.[19]
The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall. The center, which opened with an open-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center, significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958), in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959), in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961), in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962), in Mount Prospect, Illinois.
The first fully enclosed shopping mall in Canada was Wellington Square. It was designed for Eaton's by John Graham Jr. as an enclosed mall with a department store anchor and subterranean parking.[20] It opened in downtown London, Ontario, on August 11, 1960. After several renovations, it remains open today as Citi Plaza.[20]
Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[11][21]
In the UK, Chrisp Street Market was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the shop fronts. The first mall-type shopping precinct in Great Britain was built in the downtown area of Birmingham. Known as Bull Ring Centre (now Bull Ring Birmingham), it was officially dedicated in May 1964. A notable example is the Halton Lea Shopping Centre (originally known as Shopping City) in Runcorn, which opened in 1972 and was conceived as the centre point for the new town's development. Another early example is the Brent Cross Centre, Britain's first out-of-town shopping mall and located on the northern outskirts of London, which was opened in March 1976.
In the United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further in 1980, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores.[22] Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed.[22] Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.[23][24]
Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, Hawaii is currently the largest open-air mall in the world and was one of the largest malls in the United States when it opened for business in August 1959. It is currently the sixteenth largest in the country. The Outlets at Bergen Town Center, the oldest enclosed mall in New Jersey, opened in Paramus on November 14, 1957, with Dave Garroway, host of The Today Show, serving as master of ceremonies.[25] The mall, located just outside New York City, was planned in 1955 by Allied Stores to have 100 stores and 8,600 parking spaces in a Script error: No such module "convert". mall that would include a Script error: No such module "convert". Stern's store and two other Script error: No such module "convert". department stores as part of the design. Allied's chairman B. Earl Puckett confidently announced The Outlets at Bergen Town Center as the largest of ten proposed centers, stating that there were 25 cities that could support such centers and that no more than 50 malls of this type would ever be built nationwide.[26][27]
In the 1970s, the Ontario government created the Ontario Downtown Renewal Programme, which helped finance the building of several downtown malls across Ontario such as Eaton Centre. The program was created to reverse the tide of small business leaving downtowns for larger sites surrounding the city. In the first quarter of 2012 shopping mall private investment hit an all time low under 0.1 percent.[28]
Largest shopping malls
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The largest mall in the world is the New South China Mall in Dongguan, China with a gross floor area of Script error: No such module "convert".. The world's second-largest shopping mall is the Golden Resources Mall in Beijing, China with a gross floor area of Script error: No such module "convert".. SM Megamall in the Philippines, is the world's third-largest at Script error: No such module "convert". of gross floor area. The fourth largest shopping mall in the world is SM City North EDSA in Quezon City, Philippines with a gross floor area of Script error: No such module "convert". and the fifth largest shopping mall is 1 Utama in Malaysia at Script error: No such module "convert". of gross floor area.
Previously, the title of the largest enclosed shopping mall was with the West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada from 1986 to 2004. It is now the fifth largest mall.[29]
One of the world's largest shopping complexes in one location is the two-mall agglomeration of the Plaza at King of Prussia and the Court at King of Prussia in the Philadelphia suburb of King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States. The King of Prussia mall has the most shopping per square foot in the US.
The most visited shopping mall in the world and largest mall in the United States is the Mall of America, located near the Twin Cities in Bloomington, Minnesota. However, several Asian malls are advertised as having more visitors, including Mal Taman Anggrek, Kelapa Gading Mall and Pluit Village, all in Jakarta, Indonesia; Berjaya Times Square in Malaysia; SM City North EDSA, SM Mall of Asia and SM Megamall, all in Metro Manila, Philippines. The largest mall in South Asia is Bashundhara City in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies shopping malls into eight basic types: neighborhood center, community center, regional center, superregional center, fashion/specialty center, power center, theme/festival center, and outlet center.[30] These definitions, published in 1999, were not restricted to shopping centers in any particular country, but later editions were made specific to the US with a separate set for Europe.
Neighborhood center
Neighborhood centers are small-scale malls serving the local neighborhood. They typically have a supermarket or a drugstore as an anchor, and are commonly arranged in a strip mall format. Neighborhood centers usually have a retail area of Script error: No such module "convert"., and serve a primary area in a Script error: No such module "convert". radius.[30] They are sometimes known as convenience centers.
Community mall
Community malls are larger than neighborhood centers, and offer a wider range of goods. They usually feature two anchor stores which are larger than that of a neighborhood center's, e.g. a discount department store. They may also follow a strip configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature a retail area of Script error: No such module "convert". and serve a primary area of Script error: No such module "convert"..[30]
Regional center
A regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a shopping mall which is designed to service a larger area (15 miles) than a conventional shopping mall. As such, it is typically larger with Script error: No such module "convert". to Script error: No such module "convert". gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores[31] and offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these malls tend to have higher-end stores that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable but may have discount department stores. Regional malls are also found as tourist attractions in vacation areas.[31]
Superregional center
A super regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the US a shopping mall with over Script error: No such module "convert". of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles) in which it is located.[31]
Fashion/specialty center
Fashion or specialty centers feature upscale apparel shops and boutiques and cater to customers with higher incomes. They usually have a retail area ranging from Script error: No such module "convert". and serve an area of Script error: No such module "convert"..[30]
Power center
Power centers are large shopping centers that almost exclusively feature several big-box retailers as their anchors. They usually have a retail area of Script error: No such module "convert". and a primary trade area of Script error: No such module "convert"..[30]
Theme/festival center
Theme or festival centers have distinct unifying themes that are followed by their individual shops as well as their architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and cater to tourists. They typically feature a retail area of Script error: No such module "convert"..[30]
Outlet center
An outlet mall (or outlet center) is a type of shopping mall in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet malls are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices. Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet mall, Vanity Fair, located in Reading, PA did not open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened the first enclosed factory outlet mall in 1979, in Lakeland, TN, a suburb of Memphis.[32]
Food court
A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.
Department stores
When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor store or draw tenant. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.[citation needed]
Stand-alone stores
Frequently, a shopping mall or shopping center will have satellite buildings located either on the same tract of land or on one abutting it, on which will be located stand-alone stores, which may or may not be legally connected to the central facility through contract or ownership. These stores may have their own parking lots, or their lots may interconnect with those of the mall or center. The existence of the stand-alone store may have been planned by the mall's developer, or may have come about through opportunistic actions by others, but visually the central facility – the mall or shopping center – and the satellite buildings will often be perceived as being a single "unit", even in circumstances where the outlying buildings are not officially or legally connected to the mall in any way.[citation needed]
Dead malls
In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year.[33] But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the Great Recession, no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years.[34] City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City, which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.[12]
In recent years, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early twenty first century because the economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, with high vacancy rates in these malls.[35] From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.[35] In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher).[35] Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed".[35]
New trends
In parts of Canada, it is now rare for new shopping malls to be built. The Vaughan Mills Shopping Centre, opened in 2004, and Crossiron Mills, opened in 2009, are the only malls built in Canada since 1992. Outdoor outlet malls or big box shopping areas known as power centers are now favored, although the traditional enclosed shopping mall is still in demand by those seeking weather-protected, all-under-one-roof shopping. In addition, the enclosed interconnections between downtown multi story shopping malls continue to grow in the Underground city of Montreal (32 kilometres of passageway),[36] the PATH system of Toronto (Script error: No such module "convert". of passageway)[37] and the Plus15 system of Calgary (Script error: No such module "convert". of overhead passageway).[38]
In Russia, on the other hand, as of 2013 a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.[39]
Vertical malls
High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall," in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevators and/or escalators (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.[40] The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower Place skyscraper, Chicago, Illinois, was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile.[citation needed]
Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations such as Hong Kong and Bangkok. Times Square in Hong Kong is a principal example.[40]
A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historical buildings or significant archeology. The Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls in Shrewsbury, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former outer walls of the nearby medieval castle;[41] consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's McDonalds restaurant, split into four stories with multiple mezzanines which feature medieval castle vaults – complete with arrowslits – in the basement dining rooms.
Online shopping influence
Faced with the exploding popularity of buying online, shopping malls are emptying and are seeking new solutions to generate traffic. In the US, for example, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the country are going out of business.[42] To combat this trend, developers are trying to turn malls into leisure centers that include attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes.[43] Others, such as the European commercial real-estate giant Unibail-Rodamco, are modernizing their approach by promoting brand interaction and enhanced architectural appeal. A recent example that integrates both approaches is the So Ouest mall outside of Paris that was designed to resemble elegant, Louis XV-style apartments and includes Script error: No such module "convert". of green space.[44] The Australian mall company Westfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products.[45]
Shopping property management firms
A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of their mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of their malls, as well as anchor stores such as SM Department Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name of any center they buy to "The Mall (location)", using their pink-M logo; when they sell a mall it reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom.[46]
Shopping center management and advisory firms are bringing about professional management practices to the largely fragmented shopping center development industry in India. Historically, land ownership in India, has been fragmented and as a byproduct shopping center development, which rendered the single mall developers vulnerable to dubious advice and practices, since standard benchmarks, knowledge resources, and skilled people were scarce. This is changing as new firms promoted by former shopping center managers are stepping in to bridge the gap between ownership and professional management.[citation needed]
Beyond Squarefeet from India is another Mall management Company, which is foraying into various other countries such as India, Iran, Nepal, Nigeria, Qatar, etc. Mall management is slowing becoming a trend & is much sought after services in Asia & other markets.
New towns
|The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (August 2013)
Legal issues
One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets or high streets. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards, over CBDs or downtowns, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage.[47][48]
In response, a few jurisdictions, notably California, have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.[49] See Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins.
See also
World's largest shopping malls/centres
- A lobby at the largest shopping mall in Iran, Isfahan City Center.JPG
Isfahan City Center a large shopping mall in Isfahan, Iran, Interior.
- Port-Grand-Karachi-04.jpg
The Port Grand Food and Entertainment Complex in Karachi is not only one of the most high-profile shopping mall in the city, but is also Asia's largest food street.
- Berjaya Time Square in the afternoon, Kuala Lumpur (Dec 2006).jpg
- SMNotrthjf1943 02.JPG
- 1 Utama.jpg
- Plaza Las Americas Entrance.JPG
Plaza Las Américas, the largest shopping mall in the Caribbean in San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Mall dubai.jpg
The Dubai Mall in Dubai, UAE
- Canal-Walk-Food-Court.jpg
- Surabaya-tunjungan.jpg
- CentralWorld-Dec2006.jpg
- West eMall.jpg
- Mal Taman Anggrek Interior2.jpg
- Sunway Pyramid front.jpg
- Siam Paragon New.jpg
- Village Mall, Brazil, April 2013.jpg
The Village Mall in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Gateway Mall Fountain.JPG
Gateway Theatre of Shopping in Durban, South Africa
- ^ Geist, Johann Friedrich. Arcades: The History of a Building Type. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press (MA). ISBN 0262570629.
- ^ MacKeith, Margaret (1986). The history and conservation of shopping arcades. London; New York: Mansell Pub. ISBN 0720117577.
- ^ a b Urban Geography: A Global Perspective Michael Pacione, (Routledge, Informa UK Ltd. 2001) ISBN 978-0-415-19195-1.
- ^ "ICnetwork.co.uk". Icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk. 2003-09-04. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "shopping in ancient Rome". Mariamilani.com. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- ^ "Momentous Contributions of Ancient Rome to 21st Century Civilizations – Yahoo! Voices". voices.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- ^ "Ministry of tourism, Syria". Retrieved 2011-04-06.
- ^ "Passage du Caire". Insecula.com. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- ^ "The Arcade, Providence RI". Brightridge.com. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
- ^ Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade. Cleveland Magazine, August 2009.
- ^ a b "Essay – Dawn of the Dead Mall". The Design Observer Group. 11 November 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
- ^ a b Moore, Robbie. "The Death of the American Mall and the Rebirth of Public Space". The International. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
- ^ Pocock, Emil. "Shopping Center Studies at Eastern Connecticut State University". Eastern Connecticut State University. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ "Big changes ahead for Sacramento's Town & Country Village, tenants say". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- ^ "A History of Shoppers' World". Matt Bowling. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
- ^ MALL HALL OF FAME: November 2006
- ^ Valley Fair Shopping Center
- ^ Bathroom Reader's Institute. "The Mall: A History". Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader. Bathroom Reader's Press. pp. 99–101. ISBN 978-1-60710-183-3.
- ^ Gladwell, Malcolm, (March 15, 2004) The Terrazzo Jungle The New Yorker
- ^ a b "Celebrate 150 - City of London Ontario Canada". Celebrate150.london.ca. Archived from the original on 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Bathroom Reader's Institute. "A History of the Shopping Mall, Part III". Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader. Bathroom Reader's Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-1-60710-183-3.
- ^ a b Caitlin A. Johnson (April 15, 2007). "For Billionaire There's Life After Jail". CBS News. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
Taubman picked upscale areas and opened lavish shopping centers. He was among the first to offer fountains and feature prestigious anchor stores like Neiman Marcus. The Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey is one of the most profitable shopping centers in the country. Taubman is famous for his attention to detail. He's very proud of the terrazzo tiles at Short Hills. "The only point that the customer actually touches the shopping center is the floor," he said. "They've got traction as they're walking. Very important. Some of our competitors put in carpet. Carpet's the worst thing you can have because it creates friction."
- ^ Caitlin A. Johnson (April 15, 2007). "For Billionaire There's Life After Jail". CBS News. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
Alfred Taubman is a legend in retailing. For 40 years, he's been one of America's most successful developers of shopping centers.
- ^ Thane Peterson (2007-04-30). "From Slammer Back To Glamour". Business Week. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
Shopping mall magnate and onetime Sotheby's (BID ) owner Alfred Taubman, 83, may be a convicted felon, but he's continuing to insist on his innocence in his just-out autobiography, Threshold Resistance: The Extraordinary Career of a Luxury Retailing Pioneer (Collins, $24.95). Writing on his business triumphs, Taubman is heavy on the boilerplate. But he gives a juicy personal account of the Sotheby's-Christie's price-fixing scandal that sent him to the slammer.
- ^ "Shoppers Throng to Opening of Bergen Mall in Jersey". New York Times. November 15, 1957. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
Paramus, New Jersey, November 14, 1957. The $40,000,000 Bergen Mall regional shopping center opened here this morning.
- ^ "10 Shopping Centers Scheduled For Allied Stores Within 3 Years; Chain' s Chairman Gives Details of Biggest, 7 Miles From George Washington Span, Where Stern Will Open Branch by '57: Store Chain Plans Retail Centers", The New York Times, January 13, 1955. p. 37
- ^ "The Super Centers". Time (magazine). January 24, 1955. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
The new centers, scheduled for opening by 1957, are designed to serve regions (i.e. customers within 40 minutes' driving time) rather than smaller suburban areas. The first to go into operation will be the $30 million Bergen Mall at Paramus, N.J., expected to be the biggest US shopping center. Puckett estimates that there are 1,588,000 customers within the 40-minute radius.
- ^ "Q1 2012 GDP Details: Office and Mall Investment falls to record low, Single Family investment increasese". Calculated Risk Blog. April 30, 2012.
- ^ Eastern Connecticut State University (January 2007). "World's Largest Shopping Malls". Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
- ^ a b c d e f "ICSC Shopping Center Definitions: Basic Configurations and Types" (PDF). International Council of Shopping Centers. 1999. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ a b c International Council of Shopping Centers Shopping Center Definitions for the US Information accurate as of 2004. Retrieved Feb 20, 2007.
- ^ University of San Diego webpage. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
- ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956
- ^ "The death of the US shopping mall". BBC. 2014-04-11.
- ^ a b c d http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0
- ^ Underground City, Montreal
- ^ City of Toronto - PATH facts
- ^ [1] City of Calgary - Calgary's +15 Skywalk
- ^ Andrew E. Kramer (January 1, 2013). "Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
I feel like I'm in Disneyland
- ^ a b Danny Chung, Reach for the sky, The Standard, December 09, 2005
- ^ "Discovering Shropshire's History: Shrewsbury Town Walls". Discovershropshire.org.uk. 1987-10-26. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "Online Sales Threat to American Malls". Financial Times. 4 February 2013.
- ^ Evans, Peter (20 February 2013). "Malls' New Spin on Leisure". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "So Ouest lance l'offensive anti-e-shopping". Challenges. 18 October 2012.
- ^ "The future of the shopping mall". Malls.Com. 8 December 2014.
- ^ This is Surrey (2009-05-22). "This Is Surrey Today". This Is Surrey Today. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Tony O'Donahue, The Tale of a City: Re-Engineering the Urban Environment (Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 2005), 43.
- ^ Bernard J. Frieden & Lynne B. Sagalyn, Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), 233.
- ^ Judd, Dennis R. (1995) "The Rise of the New Walled Cities" in Liggett, Helen and Perr, David C. (eds.), Spatial Practices, Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp. 144–168.
Further reading
- Hardwick, M. Jeffrey. Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream (2004) excerpt and text search
- Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son. Google Docs 2002. The Integration of the Suburban Shopping Center with its Surroundings: Redmond Town Center (PhD Dissertation) University of Washington.
- Scharoun, Lisa. America at the Mall: The Cultural Role of a Retail Utopia (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012) 263 pp.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shopping malls.
- International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)
- American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge Community
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Browse: Home / UN Private Sector Focal Points
UN Private Sector Focal Points
Reasons to be both hugely disappointed and very excited
27 August 2012
Paul Hohnen on 'greenwash', sustainable development, and what governments and the UN need to do to save the planet.
Posted in All Posts, Extra! | Tagged business, China, climate change, energy, energy efficiency, environment, environmental sustainability, free market, Global Reporting Initiative, green economy, green energy, green industry, green innovation, green technology, greenhouse gas, greenwash, Industrial Development, international agreement, Making It magazine, multinational companies, natural resources, oil, Paul Hohnen, pollution, resources, rio+20, solar power, sustainability, sustainable, sustainable business practices, sustainable development, sustainable economic growth, sustainable energy, Sustainable Energy for All, sustainable future, sustainable growth, sustainable production, Sustainablity strategies, technology, UN Private Sector Focal Points, UNIDO, United Nations, wind energy, wind power


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