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Ethnic Race Relations
Abel, E.; Christian, B.; Moglen, H. Female Subjects in Black and White: Race, Psychoanalysis, Feminism. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1997.
Aijmer, Goran and Jon Abbink. Meanings of Violence: A Cross Cultural Perspective. Berg: Oxford, 2000.
Alex-Assensoh, Yvette M. & Hanks, Lawrence J. (ed.). Black and Multiracial Politics in America. New York University Press: New York, 2000.
Amadiume, I.; An-Na'im, A.
- The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing & Social Justice. London: Zed Books, 2000.
- American Jewish Historical Society. American Jewish Desk Reference. Random House: New York, 1999.
American Jewish Historical Society. American Jewish Desk Reference. Random House: New York, 1999.
Anderson, Terry H. The Movement and the Sixties: Protests in America from Greensboro to Wounded Knee. Oxford University Press: New York, 1995.
Appiah, K.; Gates, H.L.
- Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Basic Civitas Books: New York, 1999.
- The Dictionary of Global Culture. Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1997.
Appiah, K.; Gutman, A. Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1996.
Balibar, E.; Wallerstein, I. Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. Verso: London, 1998.
Bigler, Ellen. American Conversations: Puerto Ricans, White Ethnics, and Multicultural Education. Temple University Press: Philadelphia, 1999.
Bonilla, F.; Melendez, E.; Morales, R.; Torres, Maria. Borderless Borders: U.S. Latinos, Latin Americans and the Paradox of Interdependence. Temple University Press: Philadelphia, 1998.
Bourgois, Philippe. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1995.
Browder, Laura. Slippery Charaters: Ethnic Impersonators and American Identities. The University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, 2000.
Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. Henry Holt and Company: New York, 1970.
Chang, Leslie. Beyond The Narrow Gate: The Journey of Four Women From the Middle Kingdom to Middle America. Dutton: New York, 1999.
Chaqueri, Cosroe. The Armenians of Iran: The Paradoxical Role of a Minority in a Dominant Culture-Articles and Documents. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1998.
Chomsky, Noam. Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs.South End Press, Cambridge, 2000.
Cimet, Adina. Ashkenazi Jews in Mexico: Ideologies in the Structuring of a Community. State University of New York Press: Albany, 1997
Cone, James. Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare. Orbis Books: Maryknoll, 1999.
Davis, Graham. Land!: Irish Pioneers in Mexican and Revolutionary Texas. Texas A & M University Press: Texas, 2002.
Dews, Barney C.L. & Law, Carolyn Leste (ed.). This Fine Place so Far from Home. Temple university Press: Philadelphia, 1995.
The Dictionary of Global Culture. Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1997.
Dublin, Thomas. Becoming American, Becoming Ethnic: College Students Explore Their Roots. Temple University Press: Philadelphia, 1996.
Ellsworth, Scott. Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1924. Louisiana State University Press: Baton Rouge, 1982.
Ethics: An International Journal of Social Political and Legal Philosophy. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1994.
Fanning, Charles. New Perspectives on the Irish Diaspora. Southern Illinois University Press: Carbondale, 2000.
Foner, Nancy, Ruben G. Rumbaut, and Steven J. Gold. Immigration Research for a New Century: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Russell Sage Foundation: New York, 2000.
Forman, Seth. Blacks in the Jewish Mind: A Crisis of Liberalism. New York University Press: New York, 1998.
Franklin, V.P.; Grant, N.; Kletnick, H.; McNeil, G. African Americans and Jews in the Twentieth Century: Studies in Convergence and Conflict. University of Missouri Press: Columbia, 1998.
Freeman, Jo and Victoria Johnson. Waves of Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, INC.: Maryland, 1999.
Gerzon, Mark. A House Divided: Six Belief Systems Struggling for America's Soul. Tarcher/ Putnam Book: New York, 1996.
Gilroy, Paul. Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line. Belknap Press: Cambridge, 2000.
Glassner, Barry. The Cilture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things. Basic Books: New York,1999.
Glazier, Michael. The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America. University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame, 1999.
Gordon, William A. Four Dead: Was There a Conspiracy at Kent State? North Ridge Books: California, 1995.
Greene, Beverly. Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Among Lesbians and Gay Men. Sage Publications: California, 1997.
Hacker, Andrew. Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. Ballantine Books: New York, 1995.
Hale, Grace Elizabeth. Making Whiteness: the Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940. Vintage Books: New York, 1998.
Harpelle, Ronald N. The West Indians of Costa Rica: Race, Class, and the Integration of an Ethnic Minority. McGill-Queen's University Press: Canada, 2001.
Hawley, W.; Jackson, A. Toward A Common Destiny: Improving Race and Ethnic relations in America. Jossey-Bass Publishers: San Francisco, 1995.
Herbst, Philip H. The Color of Words. Intercultural Press: Yarmouth, 1997.
Iber, Jorge. Hispanics in the Mormon Zion, 1912-1999. Texas A&M University Press: College Station, 2000.
Irizarry, Vilma Santiago. Medicalizing Ethnicity: The Construction of Latino Identity in a Psychiatric Setting. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, 2001.
Jacoby, Tamar. Someone Else's House: America's Unfinished Struggle for Integration. Basic Books: New York, 1998.
Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools. Harper Perennial: New York, 1991.
Kyle, David and Rey Koslowski. Global Human Smuggling. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 2001.
Malcomson, Scott L. One Drop of Blood: The American Misadventure of Race. Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York, 2000.
Marable, Manning. Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945-1990. University of Mississippi Press: Jackson, 1991.
Marger, Martin N. Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning: Belmont, 2000.
McCulloch, Jock. Black Peril White Virtue: Sexual Crime in Southern Rhodesia, 1902-1935. Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 2000.
McMichael, Philip. Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective. Pine Forge Press: California, 2000.
Mertus, Julie. Kosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1999.
Meyer, Stephen. As Long As They Don't Move Next Door: Segregation and Racial Conflict in American Neighborhoods. Rowman & Little Publishers: Lanham, 2000.
Myers, John P. Dominant-Minority Relations in America: Linking Personal History with the Convergence in the New World. Pearson Education, Inc.: Boston, 2003.
Nachtwey, James. Inferno. Phaidon Press Limited: London, 1999.
Nicholson. Phillip. Who Do We Think We Are? Race and Nation in the Modern World. M.E. Sharpe: Armonk, 1999.
Olmos, E.; Ybarra, L.; Monterrey, M. Americanos: Latino Life in the United States. Little, Brown and Company: Boston, 1998.
Omi, M.; Winant, H. Racial Formation in the United States From the 1960's to the 1990's. Routledge: New York, 1994.
Parekh, Bhikhu. Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 2000.
Pedraza, S.; Rumbaut, R. Origins and Desitinies: Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America. Wadsworth Publishing Company: Belmont, 1996.
Penn, William. As We Are Now: Mixblood Essays on Race and Identity. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1997.
Pomerantz, Gary M. Where Peachtre Meets Sweet Auburn: A Saga of Raceand Family. Penguin Books: New York, 1996.
Powell, Timothy. Ruthless Democracy: A Multicultural Interpretation of the American Renaissance. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 2000.
Razack, Sherene. Looking White People in the Eye: Gender, Race, and Culture in Courtrooms and Classrooms. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1998.
Reich, Walter. Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind. Woodrow Wilson Center Press: Washington, D.C.; 1998.
Reilly, K.; Kaufman, S.; & Bodino, A. (ed.). Racism: A Global Reader. M.E. Sharpe: Armonk, 2003.
Richardson, Chad. Batos, Bolillos, Pochos, & Pelados: Class & Culture on the South Texas Border. University of Texas Press, 1999.
Ross, James R. Fragile Branches: Travel Through the Jewish Diaspora. Riverhead Books: New York, 2000.
Rothenberg, Paula S.
- Race, Class, and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study. Worth Publishers: New York, 2001.
- White Privilege: Essential Readings on the other Side of Racism. Worth Publishers: New York, 2002.
Snowden , Frank. Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1983.
Steinberg, Stephen. The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America. Beacon Press: Boston, 1989.
Tataki, Ronald.
- Double Victory: A Multicultural History of America in World War II. Little, Brown and Company: Boston, 2000.
- From Different Shores: Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America. University Press: New York, 1994.
Thompson, B.; Tyagi, S. Names We Call Home: Autobiography on Racial Identity. Routledge: New York, 1996.
Tierney, Patrick. Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2000.
Twine, France Winddance & Blee, Kathleen M.(ed.). Feminism & Antiracism: International Struggles for Justice. New York University Press: New York, 2001.
Vaca, Nicolas. The Presumed Alliance: The Unspoken Conflict Between Latinos and Blacks and What It Means for America. Rayo: New York, 2004.
Volcan, Vamik. Blood Lines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism. Westview Press: Boulder, 1997.
Wade, Peter.
- Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia. The John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1993.
- Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. Pluto Press: London, 1997.
Walker, S.; Spohn, C.; DeLone, M.; The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity and Crime in America. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning: Belmont, 2000.
Wheeler, Roxann. The Complexion of Race: Categories of Difference in Eighteenth-Century British Culture. University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia, 2000.
Williams, Lena. It's the Little Things: Everyday Interactions that Anger, Annoy and Divide the Races. Harcourt, Inc.: San Diego, 2000.
Wu, Frank H. Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White. Basic Books: New York, 2002.
Young, Crawford. The Accommodation of Cultural Diversity: Case Studies: St. Martins Press: New York, 1999.


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ST. PETERSBURG, Fla. (AP) Blake Bortles is just one of the reasons why Central Florida feels good about its chances of being successful in the new-look Big East.
The red-shirt sophomore turned the Beef `O' Brady's Bowl into a personal showcase Friday night, throwing for three touchdowns and running for another to pace a 38-17 victory over Ball State in UCF's final game as a member of Conference USA - a league the Knights won twice in eight seasons.
``He's an outstanding player, and he scared me ... coming in with his feet and his ability to escape in the pocket and keep his eyes down the field and make plays,'' Ball State coach Pete Lembo said.
``He did that basically from the beginning of the game until the end when he came out,'' Lembo added. ``I can't believe that this guy's not going to be a pro prospect if he continues to develop the way he has. So I'm very, very impressed with him and obviously the supporting cast.''
Bortles directed a balanced attack that gained 494 yards total offense. UCF's defense did its part by holding the high-scoring Cardinals to their lowest point total of the season.
``Offensively, this is one of the best games we had all year,'' Bortles said. ``Everyone just really picked up and went, and that's why we won the way we did.''
Bortles threw for 271 yards and three touchdowns. The red-shirt sophomore also rushed for a career-high 80 yards and scored on a 6-yard run that helped UCF (10-4) build a 21-point halftime lead.
``I thought Blake did everything he needed to do by making the right decisions,'' UCF coach George O'Leary said. ``Basically, he made the right decisions that moved us down the field. He really showed tonight why he's our guy out there.''
Bortles tossed first-half TD passes of 7 and 5 yards to Latavius Murray, who also scored on a 2-yard run. J.J. Worton's 7-yard scoring reception made 35-10 late in the third quarter.
Ball State (9-4) was hoping to finish with at least 10 wins for the third time in school history, however its offense sputtered while being held 18 points below its season average. Keith Wenning threw a 7-yard TD pass to Willie Snead early in the second quarter, but the Cardinals didn't get into the end zone again until Snead scored on a 16-yard reception with 5 minutes remaining.
Bortles completed 22 of 33 passes without an interception to become UCF's first 3,000-yard passer since 2002. His three TD passes were a career-best and tied the Beef `O' Brady's Bowl record.
Wenning, meanwhile, was 22 of 34 for 217 yards and two TDs for Ball State, which had a six-game winning streak snapped before an announced crowd of 21,759.
The Cardinals were 3 for 9 on third-down conversions and finished with 288 yards, nearly 200 below their season average.
``Obviously, to stay on the field on third down is critical, and (there is) very little margin for error for our offense,'' Lembo said. ``It wasn't a horrible day offensively by any means, but not quite to the degree we needed to stay in the game.''
UCF, one of several schools joining the Big East next season, rebounded from an overtime loss in the Conference USA title game to finish with double-digit victories for the third time since stepping up to the Football Bowl Subdivision. The Knights also won 10 in 2007 and 2010, when they were Conference USA champions.
The Knights' loss to Tulsa in the Conference USA title game kept them close to home for the postseason. Instead of heading to the Liberty Bowl for the second time in three years, coach George O'Leary and his players settled for a 100-mile trek west from Orlando to Tropicana Field, the home of Major League Baseball's Tampa Bay Rays.
O'Leary also brought his team to St. Petersburg in 2009, losing to Rutgers by three touchdowns. Friday night's victory improved the 66-year-old coach's record to 4-5 in bowl games, including a 2-3 mark with UCF.
Ball State's first bowl appearance since 2008 is the latest step in an impressive turnaround under Lembo, whose team suffered early losses to Clemson, Kent State and Northern Illinois before winning six straight down the stretch to put themselves into a position to fill the Big East's slot in the Beef `O' Brady's game because the league didn't have enough bowl-eligible teams to meet its commitment.
The Cardinals beat two teams from BCS conferences in the same season for the first time, defeating Indiana and South Florida in consecutive weeks. They had the MAC's second-most productive offense at 471.3 yards and 35 points per game and won four times by scoring the winning points in the final 2 minutes or overtime.
``It's not the way you kind of desire to go out as a senior, but I'm proud of my teammates for even getting us to the point,'' Ball State linebacker Travis Freeman said. ``The guys worked hard and trained hard all year round for this opportunity. We didn't seize it, but I'm proud of my teammates for what they've done.''


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The Central Connecticut women's basketball team will play its final game of the 2013-14 season on Monday night at Detrick Gymnasium. The Blue Devils (11-16, 5-12 NEC) will host the Bulldogs of Bryant (15-13, 10-7 NEC) for a 7 p.m. contest.
Below are a few notes on the Blue Devils...
Tonight • The Blue Devils (11-16, 5-12 NEC) wrap-up the 2013-14 season with a home game against Northeast Conference foe Bryant. The Bulldogs (15-13, 10-7 NEC) are currently tied for third place in the NEC Standings, but final playoff seeds are still up in the air. These teams met earlier this season in Smithfield, RI, with the Bulldogs winning 81-50.
Series History • The Blue Devils hold a 6-5 edge in the all-time Division I series between these programs, but Bryant did win the previous meeting this season. Under head coach Beryl Piper the Blue Devils are 6-5 against the Bulldogs and have a 3-2 mark at Detrick Gym.
Saturday's Win • On Saturday the Blue Devils earned a 62-61 victory over the Knights of Fairleigh Dickinson. Sophomore Raven Makins sparked the comeback with eight second half points, including a three-pointer with 2:15 left to play that gave CCSU a 60-58 lead. After a FDU three-pointer made it 61-58 in favor of the Knights, senior Jessica Babe put the Blue Devils in front for good on a pair of free throws with 20 seconds remaining.
The Blue Devil defense held the Knights to just three points over the final 7:35 of the game, including a stretch of nearly seven minutes in which FDU did not score.
Sophomore Amanda Harrington scored a team-high 16 points and grabbed eight rebounds. Senior Lauren Arbogast also had a strong game with 12 points and seven boards.


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A frustrating weekend in Houston saw the Colorado Rapids Development Academy teams return home with just one point from the two matches. The Under-18 squad fell 3-0 and the U-16s tied 1-1 with the Houston Dynamo on Saturday at the Houston Amateur Sports Park.
The 18s had a lackluster first half, where they conceded three goals in 12 minutes. Head Coach Jamie Smith isn't one for excuses, like the bus showing up late to the hotel to transport the team to the field with only 15 minutes to warm up, but used halftime to his advantage.
"There were a few components that didn't go our way, and we were giving away possession way too easily," Smith said of the first half. "We weren't focused or concentrated, but the second half was much better. I explained a few things at halftime, like being organized and concentrating, and they responded really well."
Looking forward, they have the next two weeks to resume a regular training schedule to focus on organization and are back in action on March 15 and 16 against Lonestar SC Academy and San Antonio Scorpions Youth Academy, both in Texas.
Colorado Rapids 0 : 3 Houston Dynamo
Scoring Summary:
HOU – Jose Rodriguez 30'
HOU – Elochukwu Ozumba 32'
HOU – Elochukwu Ozumba 42'
Colorado Rapids lineup: Hayden Davis; Jovanni Chavez, Enda O'Neill, Quentin Pearson, Bryce Montes, Miles Chow, Jacob Hanlin (Remington Ellis 34'), Daniel Jimenez (Dakota Peterson 46'), Isaac Martinez, Esdrel Peinado (Felix Elias 64'), Nathan Braaten (Hayden Heinrich 64').
* * * * * * * * *
The 16s returned from the Generation adidas Cup last week, having qualified for the International Event in April, and continued to focus on the attacking third. As both teams struggled to find space in the first half, the Rapids responded to Houston's goal in the second half with a well-executed goal for a 1-1 draw.
Head Coach Mitch Murray made some more lineup changes, using a back four that were all new to their respective positions.
"We had some very good possession and some near chances, and our young players had quite an impact on the match," commented Murray. "Our defense adapted very well to the changes and I was pleased with how they all adjusted and performed in the new positions, especially without much practice there."
Colorado's goal came with only minutes left in regulation and involved almost every player on the field.
Kyle Ericson and Chris Reichman had several quick combinations on the left side to break. Ericson slipped a ball to Sam Vines, who typically plays on the U-14 squad. Vines one-touched a 20-yard pass to Elias Helbig on the opposite flank who had time and space to play Blake Moncur on the overlap. Moncur turned the corner towards goal and slipped the ball to JT Grover for a first-touch finish on the near post.
The Rapids, like their older counterparts, will travel to Austin and San Antonio, Texas next week for matches against Lonestar SC Academy and San Antonio Scorpion Youth Academy on March 15 and 16.
Colorado Rapids 1 : 1 Houston Dynamo
Scoring summary:
HOU – Juan Flores 48'
COL – JT Grover 79'
Colorado Rapids lineup: Tucker Schneider, Elias Helbig, Ernesto Rangel, Elijah Mwenebitu, Blake Moncur, Greer Solarte, Kyle Ericson, Luke Marchesani (Sam Vines 37'), Tony Rosales (Christopher Reichman 53'), JT Grover, Antonio Rosales (William Herzl 65').


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The Central Connecticut volleyball team will open the 2013 Northeast Conference Tournament on Saturday night at 5:30 p.m. The #2 Blue Devils will play the #3 Sacred Heart Pioneers in the second of the day's two semifinal matches. The #1 seeded LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds will play the #4 Robert Morris Colonials at 3 p.m. in the other semifinal.
LIU Brooklyn earned the right to host the tournament by winning the 2013 NEC Regular Season Championship with a perfect 14-0 record in conference play. The Blackbirds will host the tournament at the Steinberg Wellness Center on their Brooklyn, New York campus.
Here is a quick look at the Blue Devils heading into the NEC Tournament:
11 Straight • This is the 11th straight year that CCSU has reached the NEC Volleyball Tournament.
Blocks • CCSU has excelled at blocking this season with 282 total blocks and a 2.74 blks/set average. The Blue Devils rank 25th in the nation and first in the NEC in blks/set.
Dunlap • Junior Rachel Dunlap is a major contributor to CCSU's blocking success this season. She is sixth in the nation in blocking with and average of 1.55 blks/set. Dunlaps 155 total blocks this season broke Jamie Baumert's school record of 154 set in 2009.
Streaks • The Blue Devils posted a seven match winning streak earlier this season, a feat that CCSU had not achieved since the 2007 season. After dropping matches to St. Francis Brooklyn and LIU to open NEC play the Blue Devils ran off another winning streak, this time 10 matches.
As of Nov. 23, the Blue Devils will have lost just one match in the last 55 days and only three times in the last 71 days.
Squad Break Down • Head Coach Linda Sagnelli's starting line-up features one senior, one junior, two sophomores and three freshmen.
Senior Veronika Ban, junior Rachel Dunlap and sophomore Makenna Lommori were all regular contributors to last year's squad.
Sophomore Heather Trueman saw limited action last season, while freshmen Brooke Schwab, Cassidy Stankowski and Rachel Fish are all new to the team.
Blocks • CCSU has excelled at blocking this season with 282 total blocks and a 2.74 blks/set average. The Blue Devils rank 25th in the nation and first in the NEC in blks/set.
21 Blocks vs. SHU • The last time CCSU played SHU, the Blue Devils posted 21.0 total blocks as a team, matching the program record for the most in a match under the current scoring format.
By Set • CCSU is 9-4 in three set matches, 8-3 in four set matches and 3-1 in five set contests.
CCSU is 15-13 in the first set, 18-10 in the second set, 19-9 in the third set, 10-5 in the fourth set, 3-1 in the fifth set.
vs. #1 LIU Brooklyn • L, 3-1 • L, 3-0 • The Blue Devils dropped both matches with LIU Brooklyn this season. CCSU won the opening set against the Blackbirds in Brooklyn earlier this season, but lost the next three to drop the match. CCSU was swept by LIU in New Britain last weekend.
vs. #3 Sacred heart • W, 3-1 • W, 3-2 • The Blue Devils swept the Pioneers this season, but Sacred Heart did give one of the biggest challenges to CCSU during its 10 match winning streak. CCSU lost the opening set to SHU, but won the next three during their Oct. meeting in New Britain. The Nov. rematch in Fairfield was a thrilling 3-2 affair, which the Blue Devils won by claiming the fourth and fifth sets.
vs. #4 Robert Morris • W, 3-1 • W, 3-1 • CCSU swept both meetings with Robert Morris this season. The Blue Devils won in three in New Britain and then in four sets in Pittsburgh two weeks later. RMU took the first set in that meeting, but CCSU won three straight to take the match.


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It really felt like a Happy Eid in Tibnin, especially at the town's centre where hundreds of children gathered on 21 August to enjoy a day of fun with UNIFIL's Finnish and Irish peacekeepers in an event coordinated with the Lebanese Association for Human Promotion and Alphabetization (ALPHA), World Vision, and Tibnin's charity fund.
Laughter, running around, and loads of fun was the centre piece of Tibnin's event, which started with a clown performance that ignited the whole audience. The clowns, who joined the show from the Bekaa valley, presented a lively comic show. The children broke out into laughter countless of times, especially when UNIFIL soldiers participated in the show.
Lt Commander Kari Ahrnberg, the CIMIC officer in the Irish- Finnish battalion explained that this event originated from a joint effort between UNIFIL, the municipality of Tibnin, and local NGOs.
According to Lt. Commander Ahrnberg, UNIFIL's contribution consisted of donating biscuits, soft drinks, and footballs to the children. In addition, UNIFIL's Finnish-Irish contingent presented a special opportunity to the children to explore the armoured personnel carriers (APC) and to get a taste of what it feels like to be a peacekeeper. The event allowed the children to get to know and understand peacekeepers and their work a little better.
The children grasped the opportunity, and hopped on the APCs, exploring them inside and outside. Some of them even called for their parents to capture their happy moments on camera. Their enthusiasm was obvious, as they chatted and expressed their awe in actually being in an APC next to UNIFIL peacekeepers, who were guarding their safety at all times.
The Vice president of Human Promotion and Alphabetization (ALPHA), Mrs. Salma Fawaz, noted that organising activities with UNIFIL contingents is common in Tibnin. She said: "UNIFIL peacekeepers are a part of our lives. They have managed to create a very peaceful and happy environment when interacting with the locals." The event was concluded with a play by the author Yasser Abo Yaghi and put on by World Vision. The play's theme focused on the importance of loving one another in the community.
Source: UNIFIL
The Brussels based United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe - UNRIC provides information on UN activities to the countries of the region. It also provides liaison with institutions of the European Union in the field of information. Its outreach activities extend to all segments of society and joint campaigns, projects and events are organized with partners including the EU, governments, the media, NGOs, schools and local authorities.
United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe (UNRIC Brussels)
Residence Palace, Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat 155, Block C2,7th and 8th floor, Brussels 1040, Belgium
Tel.: +32 2 788 8484 / Fax: 32 2 788 8485


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Scientists in California have made a major breakthrough in fusion power research, but the path to unlimited clean energy remains long and difficult.
The scientists described the significant result – which was recorded last year at the National Ignition Facility in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – in a paper published in Nature on Wednesday.
"The two notable parts that we report on are getting more fusion energy out of the fusion fuel than was deposited into the fusion fuel, and the other component of that is seeing this non-linear feedback process that we call bootstrapping where the alpha particles that come out of the helium reaction start leaving a significant amount of their energy behind causing the reaction to accelerate and amplify the output – it's nearly a doubling of the output due to the alpha particles," researcher Omar Hurricane tells El Reg. "They are important scientific steps on the way to pushing the fusion further."
In the 'Fuel gain exceeding unity in an inertially confined fusion implosion' paper the scientists describe how they were able to generate more energy from the ensuing reaction than that which was put into it via a laser.
"These experiments show an order-of-magnitude improvement in yield performance over past deuterium–tritium implosion experiments," they write.
For the experiment, the scientists fired the National Ignition Facility's laser at the target with an energy of two megajoules, though only at best 17 kilojoules reached the pellet of deuterium and tritium fuel.
Why did so little energy reach the actual pellet? "We need to make it dense and hot at the same time, the way these experiments work is we give up energy as the experiment proceeds and trade it away to get very high pressures," Hurricane explains.
"Right now what we're focused on is getting the central pressure at the final state of our implosion even higher, right now the experiments are creating pressures of around 150 billion atmospheres, our goal is more or less to double that. If we can double that - maybe a little bit more than doubling - we can start to get close to the conditions to ignite the fuel."
The researchers, though, are a long way away from attaining a break-even reaction; an ongoing fusion reaction where the energy being output is greater than the power needed for the igniting laser.
"In the sense where we are with this is we've assembled the stick of dynamite with the fuse and can light the fuse – all we need to do now is get that fuse to light all the way down to the stick of dynamite," Hurricane explained.
There are currently two main approaches to attaining a stable, ongoing reaction: the approach taken by the National Ignition Facility which sees an immensely high powered laser used to create vast pressures for a short time period and kickstart a reaction, and that taken by the 'Tokamak' approach.
A 'Tokamak' is, in simplified terms, a doughnut-shaped chamber that uses a magnetic field to confine and compress a plasma until it reaches fusion.
Countries around the world are in the process of building the mammoth 'ITER' facility in the South of France that will house a huge Tokamak along with other advanced gadgetry to create a long-term sustainable fusion reaction, and pave the way for the building of practical plants.
"Both approaches are credible," Hurricane says. "The magnetic fusion approach is almost the opposite [of the NIF] – trying to go for lower pressures but for longer times. This is such a hard problem it makes sense for multiple approaches."
Both approaches face the same problem: turbulence. The trickiest part of maintaining an ongoing fusion reaction is controlling the immense energies and forcing them into a stable configuration.
The key work for researchers at the National Ignition Facility, and ITER, will be in learning to "tamp down" this turbulence, Hurricane explains.
We imagine that champagne corks will be popping at the National Ignition Facility tonight – though hopefully not within the rather expensive fusion chamber.
"Rather than having another frustrating result where things aren't going the way we want things are starting to go the way we want," Hurricane said. "This is a really nice scientific step." ®


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Lightroom 4.3 is now available as a Release Candidate on Adobe Labs. The 'release candidate' label indicates that this update is well tested but would benefit from additional community testing before it is distributed automatically to all of our customers. The final release of Lightroom 4.3 may have additional corrections or camera support.
Bugs Corrected in Lightroom 4.3 Release Candidate
The following bugs that were part the Lightroom 4 releases have been corrected. The team appreciates the very detailed feedback the community has provided on Lightroom 4 and we're excited to correct a number of issues experienced by our customers. These issues have been FIXED:
- Unable to upload a large panorama to Adobe Revel via the Revel Publish Plugin
- Unable to add a second photo to a page layout in a Book. This only occurred when the "Show Unused Photos" filter is selected in the filmstrip.
- A photo can be flagged as both a "Pick" and "Reject" at the same time when using the Toolbar to apply flags
- Using multiple fonts within the same text cell inside a Book can sometimes cause Lightroom to crash
- Exposure becomes the active adjustment slider in the Basic panel (within Develop) when moving from image to image
- Customers using Photoshop Elements 11 were unable to upgrade their catalogs in Lightroom 4
- Custom Cell padding options in the Book Module reset in between Lightroom sessions
- 1080p video files shot on iPhone 4S flicker on replay
- Leaving the Book Module after using multiple text colors in the same text cell can sometimes cause the book to be lost.
Please provide feedback on your experience with the Lightroom 4.3 Release Candidate in our Feedback Portal (link – http://feedback.photoshop.com/photoshop_family)
New Camera Support in Lightroom 4.3 Release Candidates
- Canon PowerShot S110
- Canon PowerShot G15
- Canon PowerShot SX50 HS
- Casio Exilim EX-ZR1000
- Casio Exilim EX-FC300S
- Nikon D600 *
- Olympus PEN E-PL5
- Olympus PEN E-PM2
- Olympus STYLUS XZ-2 iHS
- Panasonic DMC-GH3
- Pentax K-5 II
- Pentax K-5 IIs
- Pentax Q10
Release Notes
- Lightroom 4.3 RC now supports HiDPI displays within the Develop Module.
Thank You


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Temperature for December 1971
In December 1971 the average high temperature in Tampa, FL was 0.0°F, and this was 73.7°F cooler than the average of 73.7°F. The hottest day in December 1971 was 0 December when the temperature reached 0.0°F. Overnight the average temperature in December is 52.6°F and in 1971 the average overnight temperature was 52.6°F cooler at 0.0°F.


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BIMM is the next generation of music education.
Our degree courses are constantly refreshed to address the shake-ups in a fast-moving industry. Our hand-picked tutors are ready to pass on the real-world technical skills that will break you into the business and let you shine once you're there. Our A-list guest lecturers will reveal what it takes to hit the huge-time, while our web of international connections will make the world your playground.
So let's get started.


text:
Directed by Kim Hae-gon (김해곤)
Screenplay by Kim Hae-gon (김해곤)123min | Release date in South Korea : 2008/03/20
Four friends plot their last heist together to steal money from the rival gang. Their bold plan follows through and they succeed in taking the money until one friend(KWON Sang-woo) betrays the others for a bigger piece of the pie. They are handed over to the mob boss who takes revenge on them. Kang-sups leg gets messed up leaving him crippled and Woo-min(SONG Seung-hun) is made to take the blame for the crime and goes to jail. After two years, Woo-min gets an early release. Woo-min wants to put the past behind him but fate wouldnt let him move on. The more he tries to escape the more it chokes in on him and he is forced to jump back into the dark world to save the ones he loves. Once again, the betrayal and revenge surrounding these men get tangled in a turn.
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Causton's Bluff Part 2: Challenge from Tybee
In the spring and summer of 1862, the Berrien Minute Men, Company D (Company K after reorganization), 29th Georgia Infantry were garrisoned at stations defending Savannah, GA. Since mustering into service a year earlier, the Campfires of the Berrien Minute Men had been made along the Georgia coast, with the 13th Regiment at Brunswick, then at Sapelo Island, and Darien, GA. By early 1862 The Berrien Minute Men, having gotten "regulated" into the 29th Georgia Infantry Regiment were sent to the Savannah, GA area to garrison Camp Wilson and Camp Tattnall.
On February 21, 1862 Berrien Minute Men, Company C, were detached to serve on the Savannah River Batteries. In early April 1862 Federal incursions on Whitemarsh Island below Causton's Bluff would precipitate the transfer of Berrien Minute Men, Company D and other companies of the 29th Georgia Regiment from Camp Tattnall to the bluff to reinforce the Confederate position there. (Company A, Captain Billopp's Georgia Foresters, were sent to Hutchinson's Island. The Alapaha Guards (Company E) and 17th Patriots (Company K) were on picket duty at Screven's Ferry, SC on the Savannah River just opposite Fort Jackson. On May 14th they captured seven federal soldiers who were released to federal authorities a few days later according to communications in the Savannah Daily Morning News, May 19, 1862.)
- Causton's Bluff Part 1: The Key to Savannah
- Causton's Bluff Part 2: Challenge from Tybee
- Causton's Bluff Part 3: War on Whitemarsh Island
- Causton's Bluff Part 4: Arrival of the 29th Georgia Regiment
Prior to the arrival of the Berrien Minute Men at Causton's Bluff, the position was garrisoned by the 13th Georgia Regiment which experienced frequent night-time alerts. Some of these were false alarms, but many were in response to Federal incursions on the creeks and islands below the bluff.
Commanding officers of the 46th NY Regiment garrisoned on Tybee Island east of Savannah were well aware that Confederate gun batteries were being placed around the city.
The 46th New York volunteers made the Tybee Light Station their Headquarters and it was "the base of operations for the seige of Fort Pulaski… Temporary barracks were built on the lighthouse grounds and defensive positions were taken up around the Martello Tower, which was refortified with earthwork batteries." – Tybee Island: The Long Branch of the South.
The Federals on Tybee Island also welcomed escaped enslaved people who managed to find their way to the Island.
Following the capture of Port Royal, SC [and Tybee Island, GA] by Union Naval forces in November of 1861… escaping enslaved people began seeking asylum from naval vessels that were conducting reconnaissance along the coastal islands in March and April of 1862. Not having quarters for those who flocked to the boats, the US Navy established "contraband" camps at Otter Island, South Carolina and at the Naval post for Tybee Island in Georgia. – International African American Museum
The inventory records of the Union Provost Marshal give the names, age, height, former "occupation," names, residence and "character" of former masters, date of arrival and present employment of those settled at the contraband camp. The former slaves were employed as "officers servant," laborers, boatmen, and oarsmen. These records have been transcribed at the International African American Museum
By February, 1862 the 46th NY Regiment was joined on Tybee by seven companies of the 7th Connecticut Regiment, a detachment of New York engineers and two companies of Rhode Island artillery.
The landing of [Federal] troops on Tybee Island greatly excited the Georgians. In a printed address sent out to the people of the State, signed by Howell Cobb, Robert Toombs, Thomass R. R. Cobb and M. J. Crawford, we find the following language:
"The foot of the oppressor is on the soil of Georgia. He comes with lust in his eye, poverty in his purse, and hell in his heart. He comes a robber and a murderer. How shall you meet him? With the sword at the threshold! With death for him and yourself! But more than this – let every woman have a torch, every child a fire-brand – let the loved homes of youth be made ashes, and the fields of our heritage be made desolate. Let blackness and ruin mark your departing steps if depart you must, and let a desert more terrible the Sahara welcome the vandals. Let every city be leveled by the flames and every village be lost in ashes. Let your faithful slaves share your fortune and your crust. Trust wife and children to the sure refuge and protection of God – preferring even for these loved ones the charrnel-house as a home that loathsome vassalage to a nation already sunk below the contempt of the civilized world. This may be your terrible choice, and determine at once and without dissent, as honor and patriotism and duty to God require.
For the Berrien Minute Men, the strengthening Federal positions on Tybee Island would mean re-deployment from their present positions. Captain Thomas S. Wylly's company of Berrien Minute Men (Company C) on the night of February 21, 1862 were ordered from Camp Wilson to Fort Jackson to relieve the Savannah Republican Blues, and were soon ordered to Lawton Battery on Smith's Island in the Savannah River. Berrien Minute Men Company D, under command of Captain Lamb, remained at Camp Tattnall with Major Levi J. Knight, Sr. and the rest of the 29th Georgia Regiment until April of 1862.
On Tybee Island, the Federals prepared gun emplacements to bombard Fort Pulaski on Cockspur Island, and simultaneously they worked to cut off all supplies to the fort. The last remaining supply route to the fort was by way of Lazaretto Creek, which the Federals blockaded with the USS Montezuma. The US Navy purchased Montezuma, a former whaling ship, at New London, CT on November 29, 1861 originally intending to sink her as part of the second "stone fleet" of harbor obstructions on the Confederate coast. Instead the Navy placed her in Lazaretto Creek, Georgia, in February 1862.
On February 17, 1862 Robert E. Lee wrote to Col. Olmestead at Fort Pulaski with recommendations on repositioning the cannon placements and strengthening defenses against cannonfire from Tybee Island. General Lee also advised, "For the present your communication with the city will have to be by light boats over the marsh and through Wilmington Narrows to Causton's Bluff…" The obstruction of Lazaretto Creek by the hulk USS Montezuma on February 22, 1862 cut off the last possible resupply route to the Confederate garrison at Fort Pulaski. Perhaps as a signal, the Federals also demonstrated against the fort. At Fort Pulaski, Lt. Theodorick W. Montfort, Oglethorpe Light Infantry, wrote the following day,
The fleet anchored the old wreck, Montezuma, at a point of three miles south of the fort [Pulaski] in the Lazaretto Creek. The Montezuma had been intended as a barrier to keep out steam ships. But when the traffic continued with small boats, Captain Anton Hinckel received orders to occupy the wreck with three guns and two companies of the 46th New York Infantry. The Montezuma was loaded with stones and had originally been intended to be sunk in the river along with 25 other worn-out ships to block the way to Savannah. Captain Hinckel and his troops spent the next eight weeks on the Montezuma. Regular patrols with row boats guarded the entrances and many of the nightly smugglers were caught. One of them was a slave who showed the Federal soldiers many secret connections to the fort, and thus it was possible to catch three more Rebels on the island of Wilmington. – Ernst Mettendorf, Zwischen Triumph und Desaster : Ein deutshes Regiment im amerikanischen Burgerkrieg.
"On yesterday Morning, [February 22, 1862] the Yankees opened fire on our Garrison & fired several shots, none of which done any harm. On yesterday evening on Dress Parade while our men were formed in the yard they fired a rifle shell, which passed near us. There was considerable merriment at the expense of those who ran or dodged. I did not do either, yet I assure you to hear a large shell or ball whistling through the air which you can hear for three miles is not a very pleasant sound. Yet I find that men will soon become accustomed to danger as they will to any & evry thing else. Yet to us it is all excitement & amusement. It is good we have something to excite & amuse us."
Coincidentally, February 22, 1862 was the date that the Constitution of the Confederate States of America went into effect, assuring to white southern citizens the "right of property in negro slaves."
For a while, couriers on foot were still able to sneak mail in and out of Fort Pulaski, although many were captured by Federal patrols. "Several of our men & mails have been captured either in getting to or returning from Savannah. They have to select some dark night & walk some five miles through a marsh from one to three feet deep in mud before they pass the Yankees that are spread over the Marsh day & night to watch & capture our men." On the night of February 25, Federal boats patrolled around Cockspur Island and fired on Confederate pickets causing a general alarm. The garrison was again aroused and under arms on the night of the 26th, when anxious Pulaski pickets mistakenly shot a horse.
Fort Pulaski was expected to hold out for quite some time against a Federal siege, but the Confederates were immediately prompted to further strengthen the remaining Savannah defenses. The battery at Causton's Bluff was manned as critical link in the inner chain of Savannah defensive works immediately around the city.
Supervision of the construction of Confederate batteries at Causton's Bluff and placement of obstructions on St. Augustine Creek was assigned by General Robert E. Lee to Captain Josiah Tattnall, senior flag officer of the Navy of Georgia. At the bluff, the gun battery was in a position to protect the back of Fort Lee which was across the marsh on the south bank of the Savannah River. Captain Miller Bond Grant, of the Engineer Corps, had immediate charge of the construction at Causton's Bluff and also of a considerable portion of the defensive works around Savannah.
Work on construction of fortifications at Causton's Bluff Battery began in earnest that same month, along with construction of breastworks and batteries near Fort Jackson. At the behest of General Robert E. Lee, the Savannah City Council furnished "from two to three hundred negro laborers 'for the purpose of throwing up breastworks.'" The Confederates were already using slave labor to construct and support defenses. At Fort Pulaski, slaves were used to clear out the moat and put the fort in fighting order. There, wrote Charles Olmstead, "[In the summer of 1861] our cooks were all Negroes and it goes without saying that strong measures had to be used to keep them up to the mark. If a kitchen did not meet the requirements of Authority of the Cook was promptly laid over a brass drum and a good paddling administered with a shingle while his associates stood grinning around. The efficaciousness of this plan is shown by the fact that it had to be resorted to only twice that I can remember; it broke no bones but ensured clean kitchens. I recommend the method to housekeepers with inefficient or careless servants." On December 2, 1861, Edward Clifford Anderson, supervisor of armaments for the river batteries, wrote in his diary, "Four of my negroes from the plantation were drafted by the Engineering Dept and sent to work on Skidaway Island" and on January 3, 1862 Confederate engineer Dr. Cheves was on a small mud island in the Savannah River above Fort Jackson, "with a gang of negroes was at work establishing a foundation, preliminary to throwing up breastworks – This point was known as the "Naval Battery."
Captain Miller Bond Grant received a letter from his cousin Hugh Fraser Grant, rice planter of Elizafield Plantation on the Altamaha River, that Elizafield could provide slaves to work on the Savannah fortifications (Elizafield Plantation Record).
Dear Miller,
Fraser [Grant, Jr] informs me the Govmt is desirous of twenty hands to work on the fortifications about Savh &ct. That they offer $45 per month for each man & to furnish them with food tools & medical attend to & the only expense I am to bear is the clothing. That you are to have them especially under your superintendence & for your care and attention you are to receive $5 per month for each man. All of which I am satisfied with & can furnish 15 or 16 men upon their terms – At present 2 or 3 of the men are hired out by the month & soon as the time is out can be sent on to you.
When Dr. [Daniel H. B.] Troup & my hands were then some time since under the charge of Mr [Landsell?], they were very badly fed . This Mr. [Landsell?] assured me was the case. If my Negroes go on now I wish them to be fed agreeable to the contract. Do you wish a driver for the gang and do you they allow extra for him. Hope I may hear from you this evening whether they require women as I can send a few of them & what price for the women. I should suppose they will require one woman to at least to cook & wash your mess. Does the Govmt furnish transportation both ways?
Grant enslaved some 124 African American people on his Elizafield Plantation. His son-in-law, Daniel H. B. Troup, was a signer of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession, along with John Carroll Lamb, Captain of the Berrien Minute Men.
Over the summer of 1862, military leaders would call for thousands more slaves to build defensive works around Savannah.
Savannah Republican
July 3, 1862
Negroes Wanted
C. S. Engineer's Office
Savannah, June 24, 1862
One Thousand Negroes are wanted for the completion of important works in the neighborhood of Savannah.
By order of Brigadier General Mercer, commanding, the undersigned appeals to the Planters of Georgia to furnish this force without delay.
The value of each negro entrusted to this Department will be appraised immediately and recorded. A receipt will be given for the negro, containing his value, certified by the appraisers. Should he in any way fall into the hands of the enemy, his value so appraised will be refunded to the owner or owners.
The following terms are offered:
Field Hand – $11.00 per month, with food, quarters, and medical attendance.
Carpenters – $17.00 per month, with food, quarters, and medical attendance.
Plantation Drivers – $20.00 per month, with food, quarters and medical attendance.
Transportation, by railroad, also furnished.
N. B – Dr. Thomas A. Parsons, of Burke county, Ga., is appointed Agent of this office, to procure laborers, according to the above advertisement.
By order Brig, Gen. Mercer.
JNO. McCRADY
Capt. C.S.P. Engineers, in charge.
***Macon, Augusta, Milledgeville, Thomasville, and Sandersville papers will publish weekly for one month and send bills to this office.
By order of Brigadier General Hugh Weedon Mercer each county was to contribute 20 percent of its slave labor force to build the defenses of Savannah. Only 10 percent of the slaves could be women. For every lot of 100 slaves, the counties could provide their own overseer, to be paid by the Army. The Army would resort to forcible seizure in any county where planters failed to contribute their quota of slaves.
"But some close, narrow-minded planters," wrote Captain Mercer, "evinced great opposition to this necessary order, denouncing it as tyrannical &c, they would rather subject our white Georgians to hard work in this terrible weather than spare a few of their slaves." Mercer, a native of Savannah, was a son of General Hugh Weedon Mercer and great grandson of Cyrus Griffin, who in 1788 was President of the Continental Congress. Lt. Mercer was educated at Russell Military Academy, New Haven, CT; took preparatory study under Dr. William T. Feay, a professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy at Oglethorpe Medical College; received a Master of Arts from Princeton College; and studied law at the University of Virginia. Mercer's diary of Civil War experiences also relates his disgust with profiteering by Confederate civilians: "A greedy desire to get rich seems to pervade all. One of the most agravated cases I have heard of consist in the charge of $3.50 per day for the use of an old Flat not worth $300; this Flat is used by the picket at Causton's Bluff as a means of crossing the river, and belongs to Dickerson."
The headquarters at the bluff was in a house that had served as the home of the overseer of Habersham family's rice plantation at Causton's Bluff. At the time the overseer's home was built, about 1852, Robert Habersham owned at least 89 slaves who worked the plantation. "The overseer had objected to living all year at the plantation, because the miasma made the summer months unhealthful on rice plantations; so a new house was built for the overseer on the southern extremity of the plantation, some distance from the rice fields under cultivation."
On February 28, 1862 units of 13th Georgia Regiment from Causton's Bluff encountered sentries from the Montezuma who were patrolling the creeks around Wilmington Island in a small boat.
A wild shootout followed in which one of the Rebels was killed along with two Union soldiers Johann Müller and Louis Herweg. Corporal Anton Mayer and his entire crew of 18 men were taken prisoner by the Rebels. Some of them had been wounded and Franz Etzold, a soldier, died a week later from his injuries.
A second Federal patrol boat went undetected by the Confederates.
First Lieutenant Alphons Servière was with the second boat. He and his entire crew had to conceal themselves in the thick underbrush of the island. After two days they managed to return to the Montezuma – Ernst Mettendorf, Zwischen Triumph und Desaster : Ein deutshes Regiment im amerikanischen Burgerkrieg.
Another night alert occurred on Tuesday, March 11, 1862 when the Confederate pickets on Whitemarch Island made contact with Federal Scouts. At Battery Beaulieu (pronounced "Bewly") twelve miles below Savannah on the sea-island cotton plantation of John Schley, "...at 1 Oclock in the knight we was ordered out on the perade ground and we loded our guns to go to Whitmarsh Island [where] the Yanks made an attack on our men," wrote Isaiah Smith, a private of Company K, 31st Georgia Regiment, "but we did not get to go before the fight was over so we went to bed again."
Two weeks later, on Tuesday, March 25, 1862 a Federal detail from the Montezuma made another raid on Wilmington Island, taking one civilian prisoner and returning to their base without making any contact with Confederate forces. The captured Georgian was Jacob Dannenfelser who, like the soldiers of the 46th NY Regiment, was a German immigrant.
Dannenfelser told Captain Hinckel of a force of Germans stationed at Fort Pulaski. He noted later that it was a full company of the 1st Georgia Regiment under the command of Captain John H. Stegin. "At that time we were very interested to learn something about the situation over there at the fort," recalled Captain Horace Porter. "One of our men suggested that the regimental band should play German music. When the Germans at Fort Pulaski hear this, they may want to come over to us. The proposal was quickly accepted. And indeed, on a particularly dark night, the first one came rowing across on a tree trunk. We received a lot of very important information from him." Colonel Rosa reported this incident to General Sherman. In his letter to the general he wrote, "The defector from Fort Pulaski was named John Hirth. He immediately became a member of the 46th New York Regiment." – Ernst Mettendorf, Zwischen Triumph und Desaster : Ein deutshes Regiment im amerikanischen Burgerkrieg.
At Fort Pulaski Lt. Theodorick W. Montfort, of the Oglthorpe Light Infantry, wrote, "I think & fear that our heretofore limited means of communication is now effectually cut off. Two men (Germans) from this for Fort deserted …and have doubtless posted the enemy with our ways, means & time of getting a mail."
The Confederate troops at Causton's Bluff had their regimental bands as well, although their music was by no means an enticement to deserters from the enemy. Colonel Marcellus Douglass was advertising for "musicians for the Brass Band of Thirteenth Regiment Georgia Volunteers C. S. A., now stationed at Causton's Bluff, near Savannah, Georgia. The Instruments vacant are one Bb Bass Tuba, one Bb Trombone, one Bb Tenor, two Bb Altos, and two Eb Altos." Later, Lacey E. Lastinger, of the Berrien Minute Men, would serve as a drummer and musician for the 29th Georgia Regiment at Causton's Bluff.
About March 27, Confederate pickets from Causton's Bluff while patrolling Whitemarsh Island encountered the USS Montezuma anchored in Lazaretto Creek and fired on Captain Hinckel's men, forcing them to briefly abandon the guns. But the Federals quickly rallied their forces and in the face of superior numbers, the Confederate pickets backed away and withdrew across Whitemarsh Island. The Federals pursued in an armed barge, but were unable to catch up with the Confederate soldiers.
Colonel Rudolph Rosa, post commander at Tybee Island, was ordered to take a detachment from Tybee to the Montezuma reconnoiter the situation on Whitemarsh and Wilmington Islands. His purpose was to assess the threat of a Confederate approach to the gun batteries being constructed for the reduction of Fort Pulaski. Rosa had also learned from the Confederate German Jacob Dannenfelser and a captured African-American that a reward of $12,000 was offered to effect the evacuation of the Confederate soldiers from Fort Pulaski. He speculated, "perhaps an organized great patrol of row-boats lays in Turner's Creek" for that purpose. Turners Creek divided Whitemarsh and Wilmington Islands.
Rosa wrote, "On Sunday I made a reconnaissance on Whitemarsh and Wilmington Islands, pushing in both cases out to Thunderbolt and Saint Augustine Creeks, opposite to Thunderbolt and Carston Bluff batteries. Nothing remarkable occurred, excepting that the small stern-wheel steamer did show herself near to our boats left at Gibson's in the Oatland Creek, which is not spiked, and turned back after receiving three of our musket shots from a point of land."
While Col. Rosa was on this reconnaissance, the Confederate German Jacob Dannenfelser appealed to the lieutenant in command of the Montezuma to allow him to check on his family back on Wilmington Island. In what Rosa called an "unaccountable hallucination" but perhaps seeking Dannenfelser's collaboration, the Union lieutenant consented; on Sunday morning, March 30, 1862, two Union soldiers were detailed to escort Dannenfelser by boat to visit his home. But a patrol of Confederate scouts from Causton's Bluff discovered the Federal party upon the return trip and effected a capture.
The affair was recorded in the official report of Colonel Rudolph Rosa:
MARCH 30-31, 1862.—Affairs on Wilmington and Whitemarsh Islands, Ga.
Report of Col. Rudolph Rosa, Forty-sixth New York Infantry.
Tybee Island, Ga., April 3, 1862.
General: In accordance with your orders I arrived at the swimming battery, Montezuma, near Decent Island, on the evening of March 29, 1862, with a detachment of two commissioned officers and thirty men of the Forty-sixth New York. Shortly after my arrival Lieutenant Serviere, having effected the relief of the men in the guard boat near Hunter's farm, reported that he had been shot at repeatedly by about thirty rebels near Gibson's farm, without the shot taking effect. On the following day [Sunday, March 30, 1862], with four commissioned officers and seventy-five men, I made a reconnaissance on Whitemarsh Island, landing at Gibson's and marching thence on land to Turner's farm. From there we were recalled by shots, and found that the small stern wheel steamer [probably CSS Ida] had shown herself near to our boats in Oatland Creek, and had returned after being fired at by the boat's guard. I then went again across the island to MacDonald's farm, and returned without meeting the enemy. The topographical results will be embodied in a little sketch.
In returning I heard that by the lieutenant left in command of the Montezuma, leave had been given to Dannenfelser and two men to go with a boat to Wilmington Island, that they had been last seen going into Turner's Creek, and were now missing. The guard boat was left at the usual place opposite Hunter's farm over night.
At dawn on the 31st the guard were revised and partly relieved by Captain Hinckel, who then made a patrol to Dannenfelser's house, and was told that Dannenfelser and the two men had been there for half an hour the previous day, and then had departed. Captain Hinckel also captured a negro in the act of entertaining communication between the fort and Savannah. The guard was instructed to keep a sharp lookout along the shore for our missing men. At noon Lieutenant Serviere was sent to relieve the guard, and with the instruction to search at the same time Gibson's and Screven's farms for the missing and for interlopers, but not to proceed farther. At 4 o'clock Captain Hinckel went with the captured negro for verifying his description at the cuts used for smuggling. He came back at 8 o'clock and reported that no trace of the guard and relief boats was to be found….
On the Confederate side, Lieutenant George Anderson Mercer, Assistant Adjutant General, 1st Georgia Infantry, was impressed with the action.
Pickets from the 13th Regt captured two German soldiers who were carrying off a German Gardener from his place on Wilmington Island. The Yankees were in a boat 700 yards distant; our men fired seven shots with enfield rifles; three passed through the boat and two struck the unfortunate man the enemy were taking off. This was good shooting. – George A Mercer
The return of the victorious scouts to Causton's Bluff with their prisoners and the liberated Dannenfelser in tow was also noted by Private Jenkins in his diary,
…17 scouts under Adutant [Adjutant] Hill Sent to Whitemarsh Island, who have returned 3, oclock with two captured
prisnersyankees and a dutchman citizan of Wilmington Island, who had previously been taken by the yanks, Companies B. C. & G. ordered to prepare immediately under command of Capt Crawford of Co G. -Pvt Cyrus Jenkins
Word of the capture quickly reached Savannah, and the following day a report of events to this point was published in The Savannah Republican of March 31, 1862:
Capture of Yankees.
Two Yankees, belonging to the Forty-sixth New York Regiment were captured by our pickets yesterday [Sunday, March 30, 1862] under the following circumstances:
Tuesday last [March 25, 1862] Jacob Dannenfelser, a German, residing on Wilmington Island was at work in his garden, when some thirty Yankees suddenly leaped the fence. He hailed them and asked who they were and what they were about. They replied that they were friends. They had with them a negro man named Sam, the property of Mr. Pinder, whom they released and then laid violent hands on Dannenfelser. They took him to an old hulk lying near Decent Island and there kept him until yesterday. The hulk is armed with a long rifle gun, which the Yankees call their "Field Snake."
Yesterday morning Dannenfelser prevailed on his captors to allow him to visit his family with a guard, for the purpose of seeing them and procuring some clothing. He was despatched to Wilmington in a boat with two men. Having procured his clothing, the boat was returning to to the hulk when our pickets on Whitmarsh opened a heavy fire upon the party. The Yankees were unhurt, though their prisoner did not come off so well. He was shot in three places, through the hand, one through the arm above the elbow, and a third across the bridge of the nose, the last mentioned being a very slight one.
The Yankees, finding the fire rather warm, gave up and rowed to the island in the direction of our pickets, who took them in charge and forwarded them, together with Dannenfelser, to our camp at Causton Bluff. The latter was immediately brought to town to receive medical attention. The prisoners will be brought to town this morning.
Dannenfelser said that whilst he was on the hulk, a party of Federals were fired upon by our pickets, when they retired and in a short time brought a force of some one hundred men in a barge with a heavy gun in the bow, to attack the pickets. The party were under command of Colonel Rose [Rudolph Rosa], of the 46th New York Regiment. No engagement occurred. The Pickets had retired from Whitmarsh. Being disappointed and not a little aggravated by the annoyance of our pickets, they threatened to burn the houses on Colonel Gibson's plantation, but retired without executing the threat.
Being alarmed of the presence of Federal patrols on Whitemarsh Island, on that same Sunday afternoon, March 30, 1862, three companies of men were dispatched from Causton's Bluff; Private Jenkins was among them.
We left the camp about dark, crossed Augustine creek upon oakland Island [Oatland Island], at Caustin Bluff battery. While passing a cross this Island along a narrow path enclosed by thick underwood, all at once all were silent & still as death.! a moment more & the gunlocks began to rattle like fire in a cainbrake! Two seconds & all was again still! A human form was seen! The Capt demanded his countersign. There were two who proved to be pickets for a squad of the 13th left by Adutant Hill [John Dawson Hill] in the evening.
We passed along to the old bridge 2 1/2 miles from Caustins Bluff & crossed the creek on Whitemarsh Island. While here waiting for the other two companies that we had left crossing Augustine creek, A noise was heard in the marsh, mistaken for the tread of human footsteps. All was again hushed. The Capt ordered us to divide on either side of the path that led through the marsh to the high land, & He with two others advanced to the wood. All were now in suspense. I did not like our position. I went to the wood, but before I got there I was releaved by the hissing, & familiar noise of an Alligator.
We now became tired waiting for the rear party & determined to wait no longer. After leaving a picket at our little boat, we proceeded a mile to an old house, but found nothing here. Then from thence to the Gibson place 1 1/2 miles farther with like success, & from thence to the Turner place 2 miles farther. On nearing this place. (It being now 2, oc [o'clock] at night) we perceived
thata brillant light in one of the cabins.
The advance guard (of which I was one) had surrounded the house before the party came up. The men on seeing the light smelt a mice, or a yank and began backing scattering out, & cocking their guns. I could not imagine for a time the cause. I first thought they had seen some one in the diriction they were going then I saw their faces & guns all turn to the cabins. I then knew they expected danger from there, I now felt rather in a critical position, for I was near the house & in their full view. I knew I was no yankee but did they know it. I was afraid to speak or move for fear of being fired upon, for a yankee. I stood for a moment & stept cautiously behind the house.
The occupants of the house were negroes left upon the Island. We found no boats here to pass across to Wilmington, & returned to the Gibson Place.
As we neared the place, low depressed coughing was heard. We expected our rear scout, but crept up noiselessly within full view, when Capt demanded who comes there. A reply came, Friend with the counter sign (all else was perfect silence). Capt: Advance and give the countersign. All again still for a moment, then rapid cocking of firelocks was heard in every direction, in two seconds more all again silent. Capt again in his usual firm calm voice demanded the countersign. Then a trembling voice: Capt McCallay [James McCauley]. I know your voice, Lieut [William R] Redding Co E [13] th.
We here lay in ambush around the landing untill day (It being now 3, oc [o'clock] ). An hour by sun we, with exception of a small scout party under Adutant [John Dawson] Hill. went to the Turner place to take our boats for Wilmington, (they were to meet us there). Just as the boats came Hill sent a messenger for us to go to his assistance, They are coming. We now quicked it back but found when we got there they had turned back.
17 were left under command of Lieut [Bolling H.] Robinson to guard this & the remainder of us went over up on Wilmington. We then started out into two parties, Capt McCallay with, co B, were to go to the Hunter place & from there to the Scriven place & attack the yanks first, while the other party were to go to the Scriven place & there lay in
atambush untill the commencement & then come up in thier rear. But before we had got to the Scriven place we heard sharp firing in the direction. We went double quick (a mile) untill we came in sight, when we saw co G. quickening towards us. Capt [Joel T.] Crawford with his co G. were ordered by Hill back to our fleet of skiffs to prevent being cut off.
He now told Capt McCallay that Hill had ordered him McCalley back. The firing we heard was upon Whitemarsh, between our pickets there & the yanks. After a warm contest wounding one of our m[en] of Co G. they put to water & oarred toward Wilmington near the Scriven place. Company B now doubled quickening back to the boats. We soon after this heard sharp shooting at Scriven place. A few moments more & another volley & all was over. The enemy surrendered 16 in number. One killed three wounded with but two scattering shots from them.
An eight oared barge boat with a six pound field Piece upon its bow, together with their small arms, the prisners were sent on immediately. But some of us were here delayed untill about ten OC at night when we started for Thunderbolt and after very heavy oaring against the tide we arrived at 3 oc in the morning of Tuesday. (some of the boats however reached Thunderbolt several hours in advance of us). Here we remained untill morning where I lay upon the ground & Slept untill sun rise, when we again put out for camps and reached them at 9 oc in the morning
The Union account of the engagement was continued in Col. Rosa's report of the actions of the 46th NY Regiment:
On the evening of the 1st of April we received promptly a re-enforcement of two officers and thirty men of the Forty-sixth New York, and one 6 pounder at the Montezuma. At 10 o'clock in the same night Lieutenants Serviere and Rettig and fifteen men in the relief boat returned and reported as follows: When the relief boat met the guard boat at Hunter's farm they both proceeded to Gibson's house, the relief boat in advance, the guard boat (with the small old iron 6-pounder, private property of the subscriber) bringing up the rear. At Gibson's they saw two men; then Lieutenant Serviere with fifteen men landed and found himself soon engaged in a skirmishing fight with about thirty rebels, whom he successfully drove out of the houses and the farm, killing at least one of them. When the guard boat neared the landing Lieutenant Rettig also jumped ashore, but the helmsman, a canal boatman promoted to a sergeant's position since two days, suddenly lost his self-possession entirely, backed the boat off, and dropped back with the tide. Lieutenant Serviere then took to the relief boat, which during the time had filled with water, and had to be bailed out, and set afloat again under cover of a chain of skirmishers. They left without any loss, though fired at repeatedly, and then saw in the distance that the guard boat had drifted on the flats between Screven's and Hunter's Place; that a fire was opened against it at about fifty paces distance, by, at the least estimation, about sixty men; that the men laid themselves flat on the bottom of the boat and waved their caps as sign of surrender. The relief boat then took to the small creek and swamps between Oatland Creek and Wilmington Narrows, was fast aground over night, and succeeded in coming back late the next evening by way of the narrows and the stockade. The total loss, therefore, consists of eighteen enlisted men, the man Dannenfelser, and about twelve rounds of ammunition. Two boats and one small iron 6-pounder were also lost, being prizes of the Forty-sixth Regiment New York State Volunteers, and not belonging to the United States. There seems to be a determination to keep up at all events the communication to the fort by way of Whitemarsh and Wilmington Islands and the very numerous creeks running through McQueen's marshes. I most respectfully propose to keep a small armed steam-boat there.
Your most obedient servant,
Colonel, Comdg. Forty-sixth Regiment New York State Vols.
General Q. A. Gillmore, Commanding.
Again, Lt. Mercer was impressed with the work of the Georgian's at Causton's Bluff.
These Georgians of the 13th are rough fellows, but full of fight and reckless of life; after the taking of the fifteen Yankees volunteers were called for for Picket duty; the whole regiment volunteered. There is no disposition to avoid a fight among our troops; they covet one only too anxiously — sick and all turn out for it. – George A Mercer
Report of Brigadier General Alexander R. Lawton, Confederate States Army
Headquarters Department, District of Georgia
Savannah, Ga. April 5, 1862
Capt. J. R. Waddy
Assistant Adjutant-General
Captain: I have the honor to report that on two successive nights, March 30 and 31, scouting parties were sent to Whitemarsh and Wilmington Islands from the Thirteenth Georgia Regiment, Colonel Douglass, which were entirely successful, killing 1 and capturing 18 of the enemy, 2 of whom have since died. They also captured a barge with a 6-pounder. The scouting party was under the immediate command of Captain Crawford, Thirteenth Georgia Regiment, who conducted it with skill and gallantry, and all the officers and men under his command exhibited the most commendable courage and enterprise.
I regret further to report that on the occasion of a subsequent expedition to Wilmington Island, for the purpose of ascertaining the position of the enemy and attacking him if there, Assistant Surgeon Beasly was shot through the leg by a mistake of our own men and had both bones broken. There is reason to hope, however, that he will recover with as little injury as possible.
I am, captain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
A. R. Lawton
Brigadier-General, Commanding.
By March 31, 1862 the battery at Causton's Bluff had been re-fortified. "There was ferry dock on the river below the fort [Fort Bartow, Causton's Bluff], since troops crossed the river at this point. This may have been the point where the Confederate ironclads Atlanta and Savannah, and the steamer Ida tied up when they came to Causton's Bluff."
Also at the bluff was the steamer Leesburg, kept at the disposition of the commanding officer.
On April 5, 1862, Lieutenant William Dixon, of the Republican Blues stationed at Fort Jackson about a mile and a half north of Caustons Bluff, noted in his journal, "Misquitoes and sandflies in abundance…" On the 8th he recorded, "A large rifled gun bursted at Caustins Bluff this afternoon and severely injured 2 men. It is one of three guns made at Richmond all of which have bursted."
On April 9, 1862 the federal troops on Tybee were further reinforced by the 8th Michigan Infantry, arriving from Port Royal, SC aboard the U.S.S. Benjamin Deford.
Finally, on April 10, 1862 the anticipated Federal bombardment of Fort Pulaski commenced. At Lawton Battery and Camp Tattnall, the Berrien Minute Men were about seven or eight miles from Pulaski, more than close enough for a front row view of the artillery barrage. Witnessing the thunderous, up close barrage, did the Berrien Minute Men hark back to their time the previous fall on Sapelo Island, when atmospheric conditions caused them to hear the cannons bombarding Port Royal from a distance of 60 miles? From one tenth the distance, how hellish the shelling of Pulaski must have seemed in comparison.
Assistant Adjutant General George A. Mercer observing the bombardment from Skidaway Island about six miles distant, reported the scene.
"The earth shakes with a tremendous cannonade. The bombardment of Fort Pulaski commenced early yesterday morning, and still continues with unabated fury. At half past nine oclock yesterday morning I roade over to Skidaway to witness the grand but terrible scene; I remained until after twelve; again in the afternoon I rode over and returned some time after dark. We were six miles off, but we could distinctly see the heavy columns of white smoke shooting up from the mortars on Tybee, and then see the immense shells bursting over the Fort. The enemy fired four and five times every minute, while the Fort replied slowly and coolly. The flag staff was shot away about noon. At the night the sight was grand. The tongue of flame was seen to leap from the mortars and then the flash of the bursting shell appeared just above the Fort.
During the bombardment all lines of direct communication were cut off with the Confederate garrison stationed at Pulaski. But after dark the Federals ceased the shelling, continuing with just one shot every five minutes to disrupt the Confederates. In the night on April 10, 1862, Corporal Charles T. Law escorted a signal man to the fort. Law was stationed at Thunderbolt Battery with the Phoenix Riflemen, 63rd Georgia Regiment, and had made the dangerous trip in and out of the besieged Fort Pulaski several times. Colonel Charles H. Olmstead, commanding at Fort Pulaski, said Law "was a perfect duck in the water." Fort Pulaski was within line of sight of Causton's Bluff and on the morning of Friday, April 11, Olmstead's new signal man, "attempted to signalize to Causton's Bluff…but such was the fire that no human being could stand on the ramparts for even a moment. Nearly a thousand shell, of the largest size, were thrown into the fort from the Federal batteries." -Savannah Republican, April 12, 1862
After 30 hours of bombardment the walls of the fort were breached and Olmstead lowered the flag at Fort Pulaski at 2:00 p.m. on April 11, 1862 signalling capitulation. With the cessation of the bombardment Corporal Law made an exit from the fort and carried the news to Savannah.
At the close of the fight all the parapet guns were dismounted except three, two 10-inch columbiads, known as 'Beauregard' and 'Jeff Davis' (but one of which bore on the island), and a rifle cannon. Every casemate gun in the southeast section of the fort, from No. 7 to No. 13, including all that could be brought to bear upon the enemy's batteries except one, was dismounted, and the casemate walls breached in almost every instance to the top of the arch, say between five and six feet in width. The moat outside was so filled with brick and mortar that one could have passed over dry shod. The officers' quarters were torn to pieces, the bomb-proof timbers scattered in every [90] direction over the yard, and the gates to the entrance knocked off. The parapet walls on the Tybee side were all gone, in many places down to the level of the earth on the casemates. The protection to the magazine in the northwest angle of the fort had all been shot away; the entire corner of the magazine next to the passageway was shot off, and the powder exposed, while three shots had actually penetrated the chamber. Such was the condition of affairs when Colonel Olmstead called a council of officers in a casemate; and without a dissenting voice they acquiesced in the necessity of a capitulation, in order to save the garrison from utter destruction by an explosion, which was momentarily threatened. Accordingly, at 2 o'clock p. m. the men were called from the guns and the flag was lowered.
The loss of Fort Pulaski in the spring of that year was so disheartening that Governor Brown issued a proclamation setting apart a certain day for "fasting, humiliation and prayer."…In Atlanta and in other cities, and towns throughout the state, the citizens assembled in the churches to hear sermons suited to the occasion. All business was suspended and the day was solemnly observed. – The Jackson Argus, December 2, 1898
On April 13, 1862, a portion of the Confederates surrendered at Fort Pulaski were loaded on the USS Ben Deford as prisoners of war for transportation to Fort Columbus, in New York Harbor. Others of the Confederate garrison, including Colonel Olmstead, the commander of the fort, were taken away as POWs by the steamship Oriental.
After the fall of Fort Pulaski, Savannah became even more vulnerable to an approach to across Whitemarsh Island and St. Augustine Creek, and an assault on Causton's Bluff. In a letter to his father , Lt. Charles C. Jones Jr. [Chatham Artillery at Isle of Hope,] expressed the thoughts on everyone's mind that April when the news of Fort Pulaski's fall reached Savannah: "If the heavy masonry walls of Pulaski were of no avail against the concentrated fire of those Parrott guns posted at a distance of more than a mile, what shall we expect from our sand batteries along the river?" – Robert S. Durham
Historian Craig Swain observed, "St. Augustine Creek, which connects the Wilmington and Savannah Rivers… also lead back east to the waters behind Tybee Island, in close proximity to Fort Pulaski."
Soon the 29th Georgia Regiment would be sent to reinforce the 13th Regiment at Causton's Bluff.
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BGS employees work in two main areas, science and non-science. Staff are graded according to their discipline and allocated to a common pay band which accords with their level of responsiblity. Career progression is dependent upon performance.
The science group forms the largest part of the BGS complement with recruitment being mainly to Scientific Officer and Higher Scientific Officer. Candidates would normally be required to possess a first or upper second class honours degree in Geology or the Earth Sciences for appointment at Scientific Officer level. A PhD or Masters degree in the Earth Sciences (or a related field) or experience of practical applications of the science degree would be required for the Higher Scientific Officer positions.
Candidates selected for interview will be given the opportunity to have a tour of the relevant site.
There are also posts to support the science (Assistant Scientific Officer) and these are advertised in the local evening papers and/or the local job centres. Higher graded posts are advertised in New Scientist, newspapers and other journals.
The BGS employs administrative, technical, cartographic, computing, secretarial and support staff at various grades within the non-science group. There are also a small number of librarians, and photographers.
Opportunities for appointment to the non-science group are usually within the administrative, secretarial and support areas. Vacancies within other grades are less frequent. Positions are usually advertised in the local evening papers and/or the local job centres. It is expected that more specialised posts such as librarians and photographers will be advertised in an appropriate journal, although recruitment to these grades is very infrequent.
We operate an equal opportunities policy and welcome applications from all sections of the community. Candidates with disabilities and those from ethnic minorities are currently under represented and their applications are particularly welcome. We operate a Guaranteed Interview Scheme for candidates with disabilities.
Candidates will be interviewed by a selection panel who will recommend the most suitable candidate(s) for appointment and the decision will be based on matching individuals' skills and experiences to the essential and desirable predetermined criteria for the vacant post. Depending on the requirements for the position there may also be work tests set at the time of the interview. The successful candidate(s) should not resign their current employment (if any) until a formal offer of appointment has been made. He/she will be required to provide original evidence of their qualifications (where applicable) and birth certificate.
For general recruitment enquiries contact Personnel (Recruitment).
The BGS was awarded Investors In People (IiP) accreditation in 1996 and is committed to providing a comprehensive programme of development and training to enable every employee to realise his or her full potential within the framework of the business goals of the BGS. This includes providing relevant in-house technical/professional and personal development training. It also provides assistance and support to employees undertaking further education where their personal development and work ability may be enhanced.


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If you've ever felt that your Telecaster's neck pickup sounded too muddy, there's a simple fix that Seymour has been doing for years. All you need to do is connect a .047 capacitor in series (directly in-line) with the hot output wire from the neck pickup. This will filter out the excess low-end and clean up the muddy tone. Here's how to do it:
Of course, if you want a different sound altogether we're always happy to offer advice on the perfect neck pickup for you.


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Prof. Priscilla Pope-Levison '80 Authors Building the Old Time Religion: Women Evangelists in the Progressive Era
December 23, 2013
Priscilla Pope-Levison, professor of theology and assistant director of women's studies at Seattle Pacific University, is the author of Building the Old Time Religion: Women Evangelists in the Progressive Era. The book has just been published by New York University Press. Pope-Levison is a 1980 graduate of DePauw University.
"During the Progessive Era, a period of unprecedented ingenuity, women evangelists built the old time religion with brick and mortar, uniforms and automobiles, fresh converts and devoted protégés," notes a synopsis of the book. "Across America, entrepreneurial women founded churches, denominations, religious training schools, rescue homes, rescue missions, and evangelistic organizations. Until now, these intrepid women have gone largely unnoticed, though their collective yet unchoreographed decision to build institutions in the service of evangelism marked a seismic shift in American Christianity.
"In this ground-breaking study, Priscilla Pope-Levison dusts off the unpublished letters, diaries, sermons, and yearbooks of these pioneers to share their personal tribulations and public achievements. The effect is staggering. With an uncanny eye for essential details and a knack for historical nuance, Pope-Levison breathes life into not just one or two of these women -- but two dozen."
Learn more, and order the title, at the publisher's website.
Dr. Pope-Levison majored in music education at DePauw. Her previous books include Sex, Gender, and Christianity; Turn the Pulpit Loose: Two Centuries of American Women Evangelists; Jesus in Global Contexts; and Evangelization in a Liberation Perspective.Back


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homemade caramel sauce
And now, a little break from all things pregnancy-related, for you all to meet my new best friend:
Homemade. Caramel. Sauce.
Are you drooling yet? Because you should be.
I have weird taste in desserts -- my favorite candy is always the stuff that nobody buys. Chad makes fun of me for it -- this Halloween, when I came home with a huge bag of Dots, the first words out of his mouth were, "you have the worst taste in candy." Seriously, the kind that I pick most often, hands down: Good & Plenty. Inevitably, they're always stale (I think convenience stores restock it once every seven to nine years). But I love them.
So after that ringing endorsement, are you ready to take my word for it on a dessert recommendation?
You should be. Of the non-candy desserts, caramel is my absolute favorite flavor, and I consider myself a bit of a connoisseur. And homemade caramel sauce? A thousand times better than anything you've been served from an ice cream shop or a bottle. This tastes completely pure and absolutely delicious.
So, go ahead. Whip up a batch and spoon it over some ice cream. You can even top it with some Good & Plentys -- I swear, they're actually really good!
Caramel Sauce
1 cup sugar
1/4 tsp salt
1/4 cup water
1/2 cup heavy cream
2 tbsp unsalted butter
1/2 tsp vanilla
In a small saucepan, combine sugar, salt, vanilla and water. Cook over medium heat until sugar is amber-colored, about 7 minutes. Remove from heat. Stir in heavy cream; add butter, and stir until combined. Let cool to room temperature or slightly warmer, and serve.


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The Foundation of the International Center for Women Artists (ICWA) is inviting graphic designers from all over the world to take part in a design competition for its logo. A jury will award the overall winner a prize of US$2,000 while the two runner-ups are to receive US$500 each. Deadline for entries to the competition is 31 January 2012.
Under the auspices of UNESCO, the International Center for Women Artists will be a museum and arts education project celebrating the genius of women artists from around the world. Scheduled to open in Amman Jordan in 2013, ICWA is the first such undertaking ever to have received the approval of all the UN's Member States from its inception.
The mission of the Center is to promote peace through art by becoming a forum for intercultural dialogue, education and exchange in order to empower women and girls and preserve artistic and cultural traditions.
ICWA will host a permanent collection in Jordan, organize travelling exhibitions around the world and have a strong presence online. Through the internet, it will provide a wide range of teaching resources, interactive visits, conferences with artists in residence plus a database and marketplace for women artists and their work.
ICWA's Board of Directors is working with partners in the high-tech sector to develop an interactive multilingual platform that will expand the reach of the Center far beyond Amman. Plans for the longer term include satellites in each of the world's geographic regions.
"It is our duty to help women artists," says Hedva Ser, UNESCO Artist for Peace and one of the initiators of the project. "The museum and educational Center will be a unique gathering place for women artists, not just from the region, but from around the world, making it a place to learn, teach and encourage dialogue and free expression."
Governments, businesses, philanthropic organizations and individuals are invited to help the Center by making tax-exempt donations to the ICWA Foundation. A special account has also been created at UNESCO to receive extra-budgetary funding from Member States. ICWA's home has been generously provided by the government of Jordan. Ambassadors and artists from Brazil, China, Ecuador, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Jordan, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, the United Arab Emirates and the United States make up its Board of Directors.
Further links:
Rule and Regulations: www.icwajordan.org/Page_2.html
Updated list of UN and Partner Competitions
The Brussels based United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe - UNRIC provides information on UN activities to the countries of the region. It also provides liaison with institutions of the European Union in the field of information. Its outreach activities extend to all segments of society and joint campaigns, projects and events are organized with partners including the EU, governments, the media, NGOs, schools and local authorities.
United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe (UNRIC Brussels)
Residence Palace, Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat 155, Block C2,7th and 8th floor, Brussels 1040, Belgium
Tel.: +32 2 788 8484 / Fax: 32 2 788 8485


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Guy Fawkes
Date Of Birth:
13 April 1570
Date Of Death:
31 January 1606
Place Of Birth:
York, England
Best Known As:
Most famous member of England's "Gunpowder Plot"
Guy Fawkes is the most famous among the conspirators who took part in 1605's "Gunpowder Plot," a failed attempt to blow up King James I of England and the Houses of Parliament. Fawkes and his partners were Roman Catholics who decided desperate measures were required to replace the king, a Protestant. The plot was hatched in the spring of 1604 by Robert Catesby, and eventually came down to a plan to blow up the parliament on 5 November 1605, the date of an official opening attended by the king and members of both houses. Fawkes and a dozen others took part in the plot, with Fawkes designated as the one in charge of the explosives. (During the 1590s he served in the Spanish army in the Netherlands, and it is thought he had experience with munitions.) Fawkes and his cohorts stashed 36 barrels -- nearly two tons -- of gunpowder in a rented cellar beneath the House of Lords. A search of the cellar the night of 4 November found the explosives and Fawkes, and he was arrested and tortured; within a few days the other conspirators were either killed or captured. On 31 January he was executed, after being tried and convicted of treason. Because the plot was foiled, 5 November was designated a holiday, but over time the holiday has also become a celebration of Fawkes's revolutionary intent. English traditions on Guy Fawkes Night include bonfires, fireworks and the burning of effigies known as "guys."
Extra Credit:
Fawkes picked up the nickname "Guido" after his stint in the Spanish army… Fawkes was an inspiration for Alan Moore's 1982 book, V for Vendetta.
See also:
Here are the facts and trivia that people are buzzing about.
Copyright © 1998-2018 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.


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A condensate pump is used to pump condensed water in cooling systems.
Condensation must be removed when it forms on cooling surfaces and in cooling systems. The condensate should be collected in a drip tray. If the condensate cannot be drained away from the drip tray by gravity, a condensate pump is fitted.


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Wednesday, October 01, 2008
photoshoot again?
We took hundreds of shots BUT only a few that i like.. argh!!! i need to smile more in those pics!!! pssssssssssst.... btw, i'm scared to smile coz if the smile is too big and wide, you can see my gums! which doesn't really look nice :P~
Okies, 2 photoshoot done and now i got 3 more to go!! wohooooo!! hope i can improve on my expression =.="
ps: i like B&W piccies more now!! >.<
11 comments:
- Anonymous said...
I believe you should flaunt your good features and use that to your advantage for your poses. My personal opinion you should do front view of your leg shots like pic no 4, 10 & 12 and avoid posing like in pic 5 & 11. I have similar thoughts about your arms too, perhaps doing front shots & wearing tops with sleeve for the side view shots would look better. You look good in the front view shots.
- Wednesday, October 01, 2008
- Little Miss Curious said...
Excellent photos - 4 and 10.
- Thursday, October 02, 2008
- Anonymous said...
Nice photos,you have:) and those background color made the effect very COOL.Keep It UP^^
- Friday, October 03, 2008
- Jason Ong said...
Hi! Nic, to be frank, I prefer the ist set of photo shoot. They look more natural on you. By the way, good job on the second shoot. It takes a lot of courage to be a model. Well done.
- Friday, October 03, 2008
- :: Nicole.F :: said...
thanks for ALL the feedback, guys & girls :)
i'd try to do better next time! hehehe >.<
- Saturday, October 04, 2008
- Anonymous said...
u just look porky all over.
- Saturday, October 04, 2008
- FireWire said...
overall, it's better than the previous shoot but there are still some room for improvement. i demand more! lol
- Thursday, October 09, 2008
- :: Nicole.F :: said...
thanks anon :)
firewire: but i think the 1st batch looks more natural :P~
- Thursday, October 09, 2008
- Purple~MushRooM said...
I think you are getting the hang of it eh... taking photo shoots. Haha. Nice pics!
BTW, my cousin sis also bought a Fairlady... her's is blue color. I can't wait to get back during CNY and test drive her Z. Haha!
- Monday, October 13, 2008
- Anonymous said...
was blog-hopping and ended up here 0_0 have you thought of getting a bolder hairstyle? i mean...giving your hair bigger volume so that it doesn't look flat in photos
- Tuesday, October 14, 2008
- :: Nicole.F :: said...
purple~mushroom: oh wow.. another girl driving a Z :) maybe we can create a club.. 'female Z owners' hahahaha...
lizzie: thanks for dropping by and my hair looked BIGGER before the 'straightening'.. i blame my hairstylist for doing that =.=
- Wednesday, October 15, 2008