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Over the last 50 years, the Supreme Court of India has established itself as one of the indisputably great courts of the world. No other court in the free world exercises jurisdiction over more than a small fraction of the nearly one billion men, women and children who form the population of India. The Golden Jubilee of this Court is accordingly a matter of much more than local importance. I am greatly honoured to have this opportunity to pay tribute to its achievements over this crucial and formative period of its and the country's history.
The honour and the pleasure are all the greater for a visitor from the United Kingdom since for over two centuries, for better or worse — I hope not wholly for worse — our fortunes and histories were so closely intertwined.
The late Sir Penderel Moon — one of the last generation of British civil servants in India, a very intelligent man, deeply devoted to India and its peoples — strongly criticised his British fellow-countrymen for bequeathing to independent India institutions based on a British model which were, he thought, alien and unsuited to the genius of the country. In this criticism he very expressly included the legal system.1 Although lacking his knowledge and experience of India, let alone the knowledge and experience of my present audience, I find that to be not only a disappointing judgment, but also a surprising one, which indeed I find hard to accept.
It is doubtless true that the first Judge to exercise jurisdiction in Surat in the seventh century contributed little to world jurisprudence. He was a retired sea captain, and was removed from judicial office for refusing to pay his debts. He then enrolled as a captain of infantry but was again in trouble for an offence which (in the reticent words of those reporting it to the authorities) "we know not well how to put into such decent terms as may become us to your Honours".2 It is also true that for long periods, particularly at the lower levels there was a marked lack of differentiation between the exercise of judicial and executive power: This may well have made for the effective enforcement of judicial orders, and perhaps encouraged the friendly resolution of civil disputes, but it would have offended any purist.
There are surely many things to be put on the credit side. First, I would put what seems to me to have been an enlightened approach to the application of laws foreign to India. As it was put with reference to Bombay in 1827, following some of the language of earlier provisions:
"The law to be observed in the trial of suits shall be Acts of Parliament and Regulations of Government applicable to the case; in the absence of such Acts and Regulations the usage of the country in which the suit arose; if none such appears, the law of the defendant; and in the absence of any specific law and usage justice, equity and good conscience."3
In earlier years the expression "justice, equity and good conscience" was, it seems taken to refer to generally accepted notions of justice, which might or might not coincide with English law,4 although in course of time these values were increasingly taken to be represented by the English common law, a trend reinforced by measures such as the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Evidence Act. It is, however, my impression that respect continued to be paid to local customs and traditions. Describing the Magistrate of yore a Victorian versifier described him as:
"Prompt with the rifle, niggard of the pen,
By manly deeds he won the hearts of men;
His watchful eye each rival chieftain viewed,
And oftener calmed than curbed the rising feud.…
Nor sought to substitute with ruthless hand
The alien systems of a distant land…".5
The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council also accepted, in some cases at least, that the rules of the English common law could not be undiscriminatingly applied in a country, such as India, with old and valuable traditions of its own:
"Where Englishmen establish themselves in an uninhabited or barbarous country, they carry with them not only the laws, but the sovereignty of their own State; and those who live amongst them and become members of their community become also partakers of, and subject to the same laws.
But this was not the nature of the first settlement made in India — it was a settlement made by a few foreigners for the purpose of trade in a very populous and highly civilised country, under the Government of a powerful Mahomedan ruler, with whose sovereignty the English Crown never attempted or pretended to interfere for some centuries afterwards."6
So, called upon to decide whether to apply in India the English rule that goods of one who has committed suicide should be forfeited to the Crown, the Judicial Committee (agreeing with the Supreme Court at Calcutta) declined to apply it: it was recognised that suicide need not in all societies and in all circumstances be regarded as the worst of all murders but as
"deriving its moral character altogether from the circumstances in which it is committed — sometimes as blameable, sometimes as justifiable, sometimes as meritorious, or even an act of positive duty"7.
I am indebted to Mr M.C. Setalvad, then the Attorney General of India, who, in his 1960 Hamlyn Lectures, gave further instances of this same approach:
"The High Courts in India have followed the same trend rejecting the principles of English law whenever they were thought unsuitable to Indian conditions. As early as 1874 the Sunday Observance Acts were held inapplicable in India. In 1875 the High Court of Bombay refused to apply the statutes against superstitious uses to Hindu religious endowments. Similarly, that Court held that the rule in Shelley case did not apply to a disposition by a Parsee. The English rule in regard to marriage with a deceased wife's sister has been held not to extend to persons who were not by origin or domicile English. Similarly the common law rules as to survivorship, special damages in a case of imputation of unchastity to a married woman in the mofussil, have been held inapplicable to Indians."8
I am indebted to the same learned author for two very early but very striking statements of principles which have since become familiar, both taken from Governor Aungier of Bombay. The first, on inauguration of the Court of Judicature in Bombay in 1672, is very short:
"Laws though in themselves never so wise and pious are but a dead letter and of little force except there be a due and impartial execution of them."9
The second is much longer, but I think deserves quotation despite its length:
"The Inhabitants of this Island consist of severall Nations and Religions to wit — English, Portuguese and other Christians, moores, and jentues, but you when you sit in this seat of Justice and Judgment, must looke upon them with one single eye as I doe, without distinction of Nation or Religion, for they are all his His Majesties and the Hon'ble. Company's subjects as the English are, and have all an equall title and right to Justice and you must doe them all Justice, even the meanest person of the Island, and in particulare the Poore, the Orphan, the Widdow and the stranger, in al matters of controversy, of Common right, and Meum and Tuum; And this not only one against the other but even against myself and those who are in office under me, nay against the Hon'ble Company themselves when Law, Reason and Equity shal require you soe to doe, for this is your Duty and therein will you be justified, and in soe doing God will be with you to strengthen you, his Majestie and the Company will commend you and reward you, and I, in my place, shall be ready to assist, Countenance, honour and protect you to the utmost of the power Authority entrusted to me: and soe I pray God give his blessing to you."10
A similarly, early statement of a principle which took some time to be generally accepted is found in the instruction of Cornwallis in the 1780s:
"… that the collectors of revenue and their officers and indeed all the officers of Government shall be amenable to the courts for acts done in their official capacities, and that Government itself in cases in which it may be a party with its subjects in matters of property shall submit its rights to be tried in these courts under the existing laws and regulations."
As in the statement of legal principles, so in administration were ideals expressed which remain worthy of support. Despite some note of condescension in the language used, I would find it hard to quarrel with the view expressed by the Board established to administer the Punjab:
"The Board desire that substantial justice should be plainly dealt out to a simple people, unused to the intricacies of legal proceedings. The aim is to avoid all technicality, circumlocution and obscurity; to simplify and abridge every rule, procedure and process. They would endeavour to form tribunals which shall not be hedged in with forms unintelligible to the vulgar and only to be interpreted by professional lawyers but which shall be open and accessible courts of justice where every man may plead his own cause, be confronted face to face with his opponents, may prosecute his own claim or conduct his own defence."11
The achievement of independence in 1947 was of course a climacteric event in the history of India. But the constitutional and legal history of India is, I think, a continuum and not a story of radical revolution. As Mr Setalvad put it:
"The builders of the Indian Constitution not only drew largely from the collection of British ideas and institutions which was India's heritage from British rule, but they also took care to maintain a continuity with the governmental system which had grown up under the British. They believed not in severing their links with the past but rather in treasuring all that had been useful and to which they had been accustomed. The structure which emerged was therefore not only basically British in its framework but took the form of an alteration and extension of what had previously existed."12
Thus the Constitution provided (in Article 372) for the continuance in force of existing laws, and on its inauguration the Supreme Court paid a graceful and generous tribute to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as
"the great judicial tribunal which has so well and so ably functioned as the highest court of appeal for about a hundred years. The great Judges who have from time to time presided over its deliberations have left a deep and ineffaceable impress on the law of the country. Our tie with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council has now snapped. But the law laid down in their judgments will doubtless continue to mould and influence the decisions of this Court. This is inevitable because the roots of our statute law and legal forms lie deeply enmeshed in the jurisprudence of England and the decisions of the English courts."13
With equal generosity Justice Vivian Bose of the Supreme Court of India said in 1960:
"… one of the greatest boons that the English conferred on India was to introduce the rule of law into the land and to imbed it so firmly into the lives of the people that its displacement seems unlikely in any foreseeable future…."14
Having already expressed my reservations concerning the gloomy strictures of Sir Penderel Moon, I am reassured to find that the Law Commission of India, in its fourteenth report of 1958, investigating whether the system of administration of justice bequeathed to India by the British failed to accord with the pattern of Indian life and conditions, concluded that
"the system which has prevailed in our country for nearly two centuries though British in its origin has grown and developed in Indian conditions and is now firmly rooted in the Indian soil. It would be disastrous and entirely destructive of our future growth to think of a radical change at this stage of the development of our country."15
So the legal and constitutional history of India did not end in 1947 or even in 1950. Rather it took giant strides forward, showing a sense of purpose, an energy and an imaginative willingness to innovate which must leave any British observer full of rather breathless admiration. On the occasion of this jubilee it is perhaps appropriate to mention some of the factors contributing to this great resurgence, familiar though they must be to you.
First of course one must mention the Constitution of India, the cornerstone of the new Union, and an enduring monument to the wisdom, erudition and idealism of Dr Ambedkar and all others who framed this remarkable document. Unlike the British Constitution, but like that of the United States, it is an entrenched Constitution, and it is supreme. It is no doubt true as Mr Setalvad observed, that:
"We have in truth not the supremacy of the courts but the supremacy of the Constitution."16
But the Supreme Court is clearly established as the guardian of the Constitution and that also Mr Setalvad acknowledged:
"The makers of the Indian Constitution eventually chose to subject the decisions of the legislature in certain matters to a close and an impartial scrutiny by the judiciary in the fullest confidence that the judiciary would, in making their determination, be guided solely by the interests of the nation."17
The Preamble to the Constitution, as amended in 1976, affirms the resolve of the people of India to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and to secure to all its citizens justice, social economic and political, liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship and equality of status and opportunity. This Preamble is not, as I understand, regarded as part of the Constitution itself, or as a source of substantive law.18 But I understand that the Supreme Court has regarded the Preamble as indicating the basic structure of the Constitution, and has had regard to it in construing the Constitution and determining those features of it which are to be regarded as basic and inviolable. It seems to me wholly admirable that a new nation, embarking on an independent future, should commit itself to a statement of the principles upon which its future development is to be founded. Wherever one is in the world, one need not look very far afield to see countries in which these basic principles have commanded little or no allegiance. I hope I may be permitted to pay respectful tribute to the way in which, over a turbulent and difficult half century, the people of India have remained almost unfailingly true to these principles.
Scarcely less striking to an English observer, although again unsurprising to an American, was the decision to place on the face of the Constitution the resounding roll call of Fundamental Rights to be found in Part III of the Constitution. It is not so much the content of these rights which impresses. Many of them would appear in any similar tabulation, and do appear in our own, belated, Human Rights Act of 1998, although certain of them, notably the abolition of untouchability and the prohibition of child labour in hazardous employments, were highly ambitious ideals. More significant, as it seems to me, was the decision of the new citizens of this nation to commit itself to these rights as the foundation of their future life together. It was an express and conscious social contract of a kind which political philosophers have had to imagine.
But of course a mere statement of rights, however admirable and idealistic in itself, is valueless unless effective means of enforcement exist. In Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution such means were unambiguously provided to the Supreme Court and the High Courts of the States. Dr Ambedkar himself fully recognised the central importance of Article 32, of which he said in the Constituent Assembly:
"I am very glad that the majority of those who spoke on this article have realised the importance and significance of this article. If I was asked to name any particular article in this Constitution as the most important — an article without which the Constitution would be a nullity — I could not refer to any other article except this one. It is the very essence of the Constitution and the very heart of it and I am glad that the House has realised its importance."19
In his R.B. Datar Memorial Lecture given in April 1999, Mr Fali Nariman described the years since 1977 as "the best years of the Court", during which, he said, "the Court has built around itself (step by step and case by case) an almost impregnable fortress of judicial inviolability".20 In its role as guardian of the Constitution, the Court has indeed been remarkably staunch. One of the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV of the Constitution required the State to take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State, manifesting an intention that the independence of the Judges should be preserved and enhanced. But this principle was given greatly added force when, in the Second Judges' case21 a majority of the Supreme Court courageously held that, having regard to the independence of the judiciary and the separation of powers, the views of the Chief Justice of India when consulted on the appointment of Judges should be determinative. In this way, as Mr Nariman has pointed out,22 effect was eventually given to the preference of Sir Patrick Spens, the last British Chief Justice of India. Whatever room for argument there may be about the correct construction of Article 124 of the Constitution, one can have no doubt that this decision does all that any decision could to ensure a politically neutral, professionally distinguished and uncorrupt judiciary. Scarcely less striking is the Court's decision in the Kesavananda case23 that, while no part of the Constitution including even the Fundamental Rights in Part III was beyond the amending power, the basic structure of the Constitution could not be abrogated even by a constitutional amendment. It seems likely that, particularly in retrospect, this decision, and the failure of an attempt to reverse it two years later, will come to be seen as a major landmark in the constitutional development of this country, rather as the Magna Carta or the Petition of Right have come to be seen in ours. In the same distinguished category must surely be placed the Court's decision in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain24 that judicial review and free and fair elections were fundamental features of the Constitution and so beyond the reach of the amending power. You will be able to judge better than I whether Mr Nariman was justified when he wrote:
"If the pernicious clauses of the Thirty-Ninth Constitutional Amendment had been upheld, Indian democracy would not have long survived."25
By these and other decisions the Supreme Court made sure that it was a guardian of the Constitution, and of the values and principles embodied in it, not only in name but also in the cockpit where, in real life, the realities of power and authority are adjusted and settled.
All this, even if standing alone, would be memorable enough. But even more striking to a British observer — perhaps to almost any non-Indian observer — is the Court's active acceptance of responsibility for the pursuit of objects well outside the bounds of conventional litigation.26 The basis of this activity, as explained by former Chief Justice Bhagwati, with whom it is, as I understand, particularly associated, is very clear:
"[T]he weaker sections of Indian humanity have been deprived of justice for long years: they have had no access to justice on account of their poverty, ignorance and illiteracy. They are not aware of the rights and benefits conferred upon them by the Constitution and the law. On account of their socially and economically disadvantaged position they lack the capacity to assert their rights and they do not have the material resources with which to enforce their social and economic entitlements and combat exploitation and injustice."27
The constitutional imperative of equal protection of the law could not, it seems, be left to take care of itself:
"[T]he concern shown (by the law) to the poor and the disadvantaged is much greater than that shown to the rich and the well-to-do because the latter can on account of their dominant social and economic position and large material resources, resist aggression on their rights whereas the poor and the deprived just do not have the capacity or the will to resist and fight."28
To achieve the aim of enabling the poor and the disadvantaged to enjoy their legal and constitutional rights, two things were needful. The first was to be generous in recognising the right of persons other than the immediate victim to sue, in other words to apply relatively relaxed rules of standing. In England the test has been one of "sufficient interest" and this, not too strictly interpreted, has been found satisfactory, although in the Human Rights Act 1998, to the regret of many, it is required that the applicant be a victim of the conduct complained of.29 It is easy to understand why, in the Indian context, a different philosophy has prevailed, encouraging any member of the public to invite the adjudication of the courts on matters of interest to the wider public.30 While the Court has declared its unwillingness to act at the instance of
"pseudo public-spirited citizens who indulge in wild and reckless allegations besmirching the character of others"31
it has permitted grievances to be ventilated at the instance of those who, in many jurisdictions, would have difficulty crossing the threshold of the Court. As Professor Peiris of the University of Colombo wrote, in an article to which I am greatly indebted:
"At the core of the concern consistently shown by Indian courts for fostering public interest litigation in the conditions of contemporary life in the subcontinent, is candid recognition that, in the absence of innovative mechanisms of this nature, substantive rights central to human dignity cannot but assume an illusory character in the eyes of large sections of the population. Thus, in a case where a public interest organisation was permitted to petition the court on behalf of a group of bonded labourers working in conditions of appalling adversity in stone-quarrying operations, the observation was justly made that the very existence of the circumstances which the invocation of judicial relief was intended to remove or mitigate, precluded in practice access to the courts by the persons directly affected."32
The second thing needful was to eschew a technical approach to the formalities of commencing litigation. If the poor and disadvantaged, particularly those living in remote rural areas, had been obliged to comply with the ordinary formalities attendant upon the issue of legal process, they would plainly have lacked the means and the professional assistance necessary to do so. This, as I understand, is the rationale of the rule which permits anyone alleging violation of a fundamental constitutional right to invoke the assistance of the Court simply by writing a letter to a Judge. This epistolary jurisdiction has, to my knowledge, no counterpart anywhere in the world, and no doubt the effect is greatly to increase the burden on the Judges called upon to decide the public interest issues thus informally raised. I cannot, however, imagine a more radical and imaginative response to an obvious social problem; and the right of any citizen to invoke the insistence (sic), directly, of a Judge of the Supreme Court seems to me to be a democratic right of the utmost value. One could not conceive of Hitler or Stalin, or other tyrants of more recent vintage, giving their citizens such a right, unless of course they could be sure that the Judges were solid and reliable party members.
In seeking to protect the important constitutional rights of Indian citizens the Supreme Court has, no doubt for good reason, involved itself much more closely in the detail of administrative decision-making than would be acceptable in more staid jurisdictions. The regulation of railway transport,33 the giving of directions to a State Government when legislation should be brought into force,34 the management of a children's home,35 the contents of a film about communal violence at the time of partition,36 the pollution of the Ganges37 and the classification of a jungle as a reserve forest38 have all engaged the attention of the Supreme Court, whose function appears to have gone beyond the ordinary bounds of legal review, at any rate as understood by English Judges and lawyers.
If the Court was to rule responsibly on detailed administrative questions, it plainly had to have access to reliable and objective information. This too was a challenge which the Court accepted, and it led to another radical departure from what would, in the past, have been regarded as normal practice. Of the fact-finding processes which resulted, Professor Peiris has written:
"It is with regard to creation and refinement of these fact-finding processes, unconventional and yet eminently suited to the purpose in hand, that Indian courts can probably be said to have made their most imaginative contribution to the strategy of social action litigation. Without doubt the strengths — and pitfalls — of this dimension of their work possess a significance which far transcends the particular setting of societal conditions in the subcontinent."39
The Professor gives examples: the appointment of committees of experts to report on the ecological and environmental effect of quarrying and mining in the Mussoorie Hills in one case40 and the radiation levels of milk and dairy products in another,41 the appointment of a commission to visit lands on which a depressed community were being encouraged to settle,42 the appointment of Commissioners (and later a director of the Indian Institute of Technology) to investigate a complaint made, allegedly by bonded labourers working in quarries in Faridabad.43 To ensure that human rights violations did not persist for want of exposure, the Court has been willing to order extensive disclosure and also to arm petitioners with extensive investigative powers: thus where a question was raised about the conditions in which children were being held in custody, far-reaching orders were made requiring District Judges to ascertain the conditions prevailing in their localities, and the petitioner was specifically empowered to visit jails, children's homes, observation homes, borstal schools and all institutions providing accommodation for delinquent children in every part of the country.44
There appears to be no doubt that the Court has on occasion been drawn into laying down very detailed and specific administrative requirements. One example given by Professor Peiris relates to a mental hospital in Bihar where the Court specified the allowance to be made for food per patient per day, revoked the limit put on the expenditure of drugs by the hospital authorities, ordered that all patients should be provided with blankets and mattresses within 15 days, ordered that the sanitary facilities be improved and directed that arrangements be made for the supply of drinking water.45 Another example relates to a protective home for girls run by the Government of Uttar Pradesh, in which case directions were given covering the width of the road giving access to a building, the partitioning of the interior, precautions to prevent the accumulation of rain water, the installation of exhaust fans and mosquito nets, the provision of gas in the kitchen, access to a telephone and the rewiring of the building.46 In a third case the Court laid down appropriate standards for admission to private professional education in medical and engineering colleges.47 One can well understand, in each case, why the measures specified were regarded as necessary to give effect to the very basic rights which the Constitution was framed to protect. Dr Ambedkar and the fathers of the Constitution might, perhaps, have been surprised that it was left to the Court rather than to a political organ of the State to take action along these lines, but if they had doubted whether any political organ of the State would take the necessary action they would surely much have preferred that it should have been taken by the Court, than that it should not be taken at all.
All courts, and particularly all Supreme Courts, have to be mindful of their relationship with the other arms of Government. Modern democratic States, like the solar system, function best if major constellations follow their pre-ordained paths. The Supreme Court of India has been sensitive to these considerations. Thus when a High Court in effect directed a State to legislate to prevent ragging of college students, the Supreme Court regarded this as no part of the High Court's business.48 The same answer was given where a High Court ordered a Public Works Department to complete a public road.49 When retired defence personnel sought to claim preferential access to residential facilities in a strategic tract of territory in an area adjacent to the boundary with Burma and China the Court observed:
"The matter appears to have political overtones and in the absence of adequate material placed before the Court we do not think it would be appropriate for us to go into the matter and dispose it of as an ordinary dispute."50
The Court has recognised that there are some issues which simply do not lend themselves to judicial determination.51 It has also acknowledged that it is the Apex Court of the country to which resort should only be, and can only be, exceptional,52 and it has accepted a general need to concentrate on cases in which legal injury or wrong has been done to a class of individuals rather than to a single person.53
It is unfashionable nowadays for any public body, looking back on its past, to express pride or pleasure in its achievements. An ever-critical media prefer apologies for past errors, admissions of past failure, acknowledgment of continuing, unsolved problems, warnings against complacency and calls to face the future with renewed energy and ambition. All these have their place. But I hope that I, as a British visitor, may be allowed to violate these conventions on this occasion. Building on the foundations it inherited, the Supreme Court has established itself as a central organ of the Indian Republic and fashioned a body of jurisprudence which is new without being revolutionary and wisely directed to serving the needs of the people of India. I leave the last word to the President of the Bar Association of India who, of all people, is well placed to pass judgment:
"… I believe that the Judges of the nineties and the Judges of today are somehow more important than the Judges of yesteryears simply because they have been called upon to discharge and have readily assumed, far greater responsibilities than their predecessors ever did. Over recent years 'judging' is no longer what it used to be. Judges have now a dominant role in society — and because of this they are more often criticised for what they do and what they say — and yet today, the highest Judiciary is also held in highest public esteem. This may sound paradoxical, but it is not. The public turns to the Judiciary, and ultimately to the highest Judiciary, more and more for the resolution of its problems — more than it ever did in the past."54
† On the occasion of the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of the Supreme Court of India on 26-11-1999 at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi.
** This Article was first published in Supreme Court Cases (2000) 1 SCC J-29. It has been reproduced with the kind permission of Eastern Book Company.
1 Moon, Strangers in India (1945); Divide and Quit (1961).
2 Woodruff, The Men who Ruled India, Vol. 1, p. 58.
3See Matson, "The Common Law Abroad: English and Indigenous Laws in the British Commonwealth", (1993) 42 ICLQ 753 at p. 761.
5 Woodruff, op cit., Vol. 2, p. 59.
6Advocate General of Bengal v. Ranee Surnomoye Dossee, (1863) 9 Moo IA 391 at p. 428.
7Id., at pp. 432–33.
8 "The Common Law in India", at pp. 54–55.
9 Quoted, "The Common Law is India", at p. 42.
10 Quoted, "The Common Law in India", at p. 10.
11 Quoted Woodruff, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 341.
12 "The Common Law in India", Hamlyn Lectures (1960), at p. 168.
13 Quoted Setalvad, "The Role of English Law in India", 1966, pp. 56–57.
14 "The Migration of Common Law: India", (1960) 76 LQR 59 at p. 63.
15 Quoted Setalvad, "The Role of English Law in India", 1966, p. 56.
16 "The Common Law in India", Hamlyn Lectures (1960), at p. 187.
18Bommai's case (S.R. Bommai v. Union of India), (1994) 3 SCC 1.
19Constituent Assembly Debates, Vol. VII, p. 953, proceedings 9 December 1948.
20 "Fifty Years of the Supreme Court — A Balance Sheet of Performance", p. 3.
21Supreme Court Advocates on Record Assn. case (Supreme Court Advocates on Record Assn. v. Union of India), (1993) 4 SCC 441
22Op. cit., at p. 4, fn.
23Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225
25Op. cit., at p. 12.
26 I have received very great help from Prof. G.L. Peiris, "Public Interest Litigation in the Indian Subcontinent: Current Dimensions" (1991) 40 ICLQ 66.
27Bihar Legal Support Society v. Chief Justice of India, (1986) 4 SCC 767, 768.
28Ibid, at p. 769.
29 Section 7(1).
30S.P. Gupta v. Union of India, 1981 Supp SCC 87.
31Chaitanya Kumar v. State of Karnataka, (1986) 2 SCC 594, 606.
32Op. cit. fn 26, at p. 70.
33P. Nalla Thampy Thera (Dr) v. Union of India, (1983) 4 SCC 598.
34Sheela Barse (I) v. Union of India, (1986) 3 SCC 596.
35Sheela Barse v. Secy., Children's Aid Society, (1987) 3 SCC 50.
36Ramesh v. Union of India, (1988) 1 SCC 668.
37M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, (1987) 4 SCC 463.
38Banwasi Seva Ashram v. State of U.P., (1986) 4 SCC 753.
39Op. cit., at p. 77.
40Rural Litigation & Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P., 1986 Supp SCC 517.
41Shiv Rao Shanta Rao Wangla (Dr) v. Union of India, (1988) 1 SCC 452.
42Kutti Padmarao v. State of A.P., 1986 Supp SCC 574.
43Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, (1984) 3 SCC 161.
44Sheela Barse (I) v. Union of India, (1986) 3 SCC 596.
45Rakesh Chand Narain v. State of Bihar, 1986 Supp SCC 576.
46Upendra Baxi (Dr) v. State of U.P., (1986) 4 SCC 106.
47Unni Krishnan, J.P. v. State of A.P., (1993) 1 SCC 645.
48State of H.P. v. A Parent of A Student of Medical College, (1985) 3 SCC 169.
49State of H.P. v. Umed Ram Sharma, (1986) 2 SCC 68.
50Assam Rifles Multi-Purpose Coop. Society Ltd. v. Union of India, (1987) 2 SCC 638, 639.
51Vincent Panikurlangara v. Union of India, (1987) 2 SCC 165.
52Bihar Legal Support Society v. Chief Justice of India, (1986) 4 SCC 767, 768.
53S.P. Gupta v. Union of India, 1981 Supp SCC 87.
54 Nariman, op. cit., at p. 27.
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Horchow offers upscale, luxury bedroom sets that feature traditional style furniture with a contemporary flair. The blending of traditional characteristics with updated materials and craftsmanship make this transitional furniture a good fit for both traditional and contemporary style homes.
Make sure you don't miss Horchow's clearance page for warehouse sales, discounted accents, special values and deals on their designer furniture and decor.
Discounted Sturdy Sets
Rooms to Go has a slogan; Buy the piece, save a little. Buy the room, save a lot! This company advertises bedroom packages at reduced prices. However, before you begin browsing, you need to check out the delivery and shipping page.
Not only does Rooms to Go offer bedroom packages for adults, you can also find bedroom sets for kids and teens. This site has a great variety of styles and you can customize your browsing preferences by price ranges, color and finish, furniture style, bed size and brand names.
Bedding Sets with Designer Flair
If you're looking for furniture with more of a twist or a unique, designer look, take a look at Pottery Barn. You won't find all-inclusive bedroom sets here, however, you will find bed and dresser sets. These two piece sets can be priced about the same or even more than an entire five or six piece bedroom set at other stores. The higher cost results from a higher quality of furniture that is hand made with expert craftsmanship such as:
- Kiln-dried hardwood frames
- Mortise-and-tenon joinery
- English dovetail joinery
- Finishes applied by hand
Here you can find romantic four poster canopy beds, beds with under-bed storage drawers or baskets and rustic reclaimed wood bed and dresser sets. The bed and dresser sets are part of a bigger bedroom collection, where you can shop for more matching bedroom furniture. Pottery Barn ads claim that you save up $150 on delivery when you purchase a bed and dresser set.
Unique Kids and Teen Bedroom Furniture
You can shop for kids and teen bedroom furniture at Pottery Barn Kids and PB Teen. Here you will find furniture collections with each piece sold individually. Kids bedroom collections include bedding and accessories.
Don't Forget the Details
It's a good idea to check the shipping and delivery information first when shopping for bedroom sets online. It's a bit of a letdown (and a waste of time) to find a furniture set that you really want and then discover that it can't be delivered or shipped to your home. Also, when you see the term "bedroom set", don't assume that it includes everything you're looking for. What's included in a bedroom set will vary with each manufacturer and retailer.

subset: commoncrawl


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I spent this week at home, remotely attending a class, VMware vSphere 5: Install, Configure, Manage. This is the first time I've ever taken a class in this format, after being too skeptical to try it until now. Given the cost-savings to my employer (no travel expenses) and the fact that I don't have to be away from my family for a week, I was willing to give it a shot, especially for this particular class. I've worked with one version or another of VMware's virtualization products since implementing our IT organization's first production virtualization system in 2005 using ESX Server 2.5. So I figured if I were going to risk taking a class that didn't work out well, I might as well do it with one for a product with which I have a decent bit of experience.
I'll save you a bit of reading if you're only interested in my final opinion – remote/online training isn't my cup of tea at all. I imagine there are times when it would be better than nothing, but not by much, at least not for me. Now for the why.
No personal interaction with the instructor or fellow classmates
And by none, I mean zero. No eye contact. No facial expressions. No body language. Just you and a screen filled with (in this case anyway) the WebEx app showing a slide deck and a chat window. Disembodied voices filling the room. Thankfully I did this class at home, because during the same week my wife remotely attended a couple of training classes, but oddly enough at a New Horizon learning center, where she got to sit in a room with other people, each with headsets on and attending various remote classes. No way I'd ever do that – then the disembodied voices would literally be in my head.
I've been dubious of this class delivery format for a while. In fact, I rebuffed numerous attempts by a local training provider to consider attending Citrix classes this way. But several of my coworkers have attended training this way during the past year, and they all said the experience was good. One, however, laughed when he finished telling me that, yes, he was satisfied with the format. He told me that I would hate it because, in his words, I'm "too much of a people person." And he's right. I'm an extrovert, and I enjoy training classes because I get to meet a variety of people who work in my field, and usually at least someone with more experience than me. I feared that a remote/online class would eliminate all of the social aspects of the class – lunches with one or more fellow students and/or the instructor, conversations about our respective data centers, major systems we run, war stories of failed upgrades, etc. And I was absolutely right. This week the only people for whom that was possible were the two students who were sitting in the training facility with the instructor in Colorado.
What did those of us, nine in all, attending the class remotely, get, as far as personal interactions go? We introduced ourselves over our various crummy phone/VOIP connections at the beginning of the first day, after which we all promptly forgot what everyone else had said – or at least I did. I remember there was one woman in the class, mainly because her audio connection was pretty bad, and I remember my lab partner's name, Mohamed, and that's about it.
The technology for doing this is surprisingly mediocre
I attend a lot of webinars, and have given a presentation over one, and aside from the problem of people not remembering (or caring) to mute themselves, I've been reasonably happy with the experience. Nearly all of those webinars have been delivered via GoToMeeting, which makes sense considering how much of my professional life has focused on implementing Citrix products for the last few years. So I've grown accustomed to clicking the GoToMeeting link, having it do its thing on my Mac, and listening and often speaking via my Logitech headset. In fact, after trying to sit through an hour-long webinar a few years back using some random crummy headset I had at work, I ordered the same Logitech headset my wife and I use at home for raiding in World of Warcraft. I knew there was always, or almost always, an option to dial into the conference, but why would I?
So I was surprised this past Monday when I clicked through to the WebEx session for the class and didn't hear any audio. Luckily I signed in 15 minutes early so I had time to ask in the chat window if dialing into the conference was the only option. Indeed it was, which presented me with a moment of panic, as I checked my AT&T usage for the month and saw that I only had 140 of my 550 minutes left for the month, with 8 days left in the billing cycle. Yes, my wife and I have the puniest minutes plan for our iPhones because a) we don't make that many phone calls and b) those we do are usually to each other. I guess that's one thing I won't have to worry about when I switch us over to Verizon and get unlimited minutes, but last Monday I needed an alternative. Thankfully, I was signed into my Gmail account and I saw the little chat window with the phone icon above it and said to myself, "I wonder if Google is still doing free VOIP calls over Google Talk in the US?" Yes, Google is. So that problem was solved, although I discovered the hard way during lunch that Google cuts off calls after about 2.5 hours.
Which leads me to another annoyance. We weren't actually dialing into a WebEx conference, but rather to a separate bridge provided by the training company. Boy did that bridge stink. Every single time anyone connected or disconnected, the bridge loudly announced to everyone, "Someone is entering/leaving the conference" followed by the person's name if they provided it during the prompt when the person dialed in. I stopped providing my name after the first day, but several of my classmates dutifully provided it every day. So for the entire week, and throughout each day, class was interrupted numerous times by these obnoxious announcements. Was there a way to silence them? Beats me. My instructor wondered aloud if he could do something about it, but said he'd have to check with the training provider and for all I know he was told no.
So the audio stunk. But the screen & application sharing wasn't exactly trouble-free either. There were plenty of times when the instructor couldn't show us something he was doing on his laptop, and several times when the breakout rooms didn't function properly.
Maybe I'm being unfair to the class format or to WebEx, and I'll readily admit this is just my opinion and I've only gone through this one time, but I just didn't expect for there to be this many glitches. I'd give the audio side of this class an F and the screen-sharing side a B-.
The instructor was pretty good
I'll give the guy credit – he did his best to make lemonade with all the various lemons he found himself working with in this format. He had a lot of energy, was very friendly, and caught on several times as a couple of us tried to express some smidgeon of personality via emoticons in the chat interface. I wish I'd been in the same room with him, because I think he would have been a good guy to have lunch with or to talk about aspects of the class that we didn't spend a ton of time on. He tried to make the remote students feel included, and he did a pretty decent job of monitoring the chat for questions. Not a perfect job, as he was standing in front of a couple of real live students in Colorado, but a decent job. Having delivered a webinar myself, I understand it is much more difficult to maintain two-way communication with multiple people who are only just voices on the line.
I will say that this instructor didn't seem to fit my idea of the perfect instructor – that being a consultant or engineer who works with the technology on a regular basis in a variety of production environments and moonlights as an instructor. He seemed to be a professional instructor, but he knew his stuff and he did a good job not only of covering the very basic material in the beginning of the class, but of handling student questions about the material or its implications outside of the classroom or lab.
One thing the instructor couldn't overcome was the inherent limitations of not being in the same room with his students. Problems with labs that could have been solved with a quick glance at a student's screen took much longer to deal with when the person having the issue was a remote student. Even getting the instructor's attention to ask for help with an issue was inefficient, and typically required either waiting for him to stop talking, or interrupting him to try to get the issue addressed without waiting for him to notice a question in the chat window.
Final Thoughts
So would I take a class in this format again? Only if it was my only option. Saving travel expenses was good for my employer. Avoiding a week away from home was good for me and my family. But this was, without a doubt, the least satisfying training experience I've had. While I know personal preference and my own extroverted personality contributed to my dissatisfaction, I also know the format itself and the imperfect technology supporting it were to blame as well. I also know that my wife, who is very much an introvert, also found her remote classes to be dissatisfying, for many of the same reasons I did.
I also admit to having a bit of an attention span problem. I like to multitask, and while I typically limit that to glancing at my iPhone every now and then during an in-person class, I was much more easily distracted this week. Having a real live person standing in front of me and real live students sitting around me just makes it easier to stay focused on the class, if for no other reason than simple courtesy. Sitting in my house alone, with the class running on my iMac and my MacBook Pro sitting right next to it, meant I payed less attention to the class and more attention to work email and Twitter. I'm sure my employer appreciated me responding to email quickly and remotely tackling a few fires that popped up, but each of those came at the expense of paying closer attention to the class.
Before I would take another remote/online class, I would investigate available self-paced options. I don't believe that was an option here, as part of my goal was to finally get my VCP certification. But next time around, if attending a class in-person isn't an option, I would prefer a self-paced alternative, either one provided by the vendor or a company like TrainSignal. I'm working through a Cisco UCS course from TrainSignal right now, and I plan to write a post about it soon, as well as a comparison between in-person, remote/online, and self-paced courses.


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The loss of a loved one can leave you with a lot of unanswered questions and feelings of stress, anxiety and grief that make events difficult to handle. The experienced funeral directors at Baran and Son Funeral Home will guide you through the aspects of the funeral service with compassion, dignity and respect.
Our staff of dedicated professionals is available to assist you in making funeral service arrangements. From casket choices to funeral flowers, the funeral directors at Baran and Son Funeral Home provide individualized funeral services designed to meet the needs of each family. Our honest service and commitment to excellence have served our customers well, and you can rest assured that we can assist you in your time of need.
Whether you have come to our site for information about an upcoming service or to make arrangements for one, we hope the information you find here will be helpful.
Click the FAMIC logo below for more information
In March of 2003 we entrusted the staff at Baran's with my mother Toni Mecklin (we had some trouble getting her remains from illinois and the staff of baran Funeral Home helped alot). We were treated as part of the Baran family, we were treated with compassion, understanding and sympathy. When her cremains were returned to the Funeral Home, I went to get them and I must say that Marty and the staff at Baran's treat the families exactly as they would like to be treated.
Directly order flowers, view and sign the condolences book, share memories and more to celebrate lives of those dearly missed.
Take a few moments to express your wishes now and help to ease the burden on your loved ones.
A collection of answers to questions that people often have when arranging for a funeral.


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Wednesday, May 4, 2011
There Is So Much Going....It's Hard to Choose.
Here is another local happening, if you have missed the meadery or cidery on past visits, this year put them on your bucket list. Stay at Mountain Song Inn and you have the perfect get away.
Posted by Unknown at 8:06 PM
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My Blog
Posts for tag: Adrienne O'Neill
Flip flop time of year is just around the corner, so it's time to chase away those little critters that, as seen on television commercials, want to "live under your nail" – commonly known as fungus. Also known as onychomycosis, this condition manifests itself as toenails that appear very thick, crumbly, discolored (yellow, brown, green, or white), or with debris underneath the nail itself. The organisms which cause this condition are called dermatophytes, the two most common ones being Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. These critters prefer environments that are warm, dark, and damp, thus making the foot an ideal location for infection.
It is important to treat any concomitant athlete's foot infection, or tinea pedis, along with fungal toenails. The reason for this is because fungus can spread from the toenails to the skin and also from the skin to the toenails. Athlete's foot appears as dry, scaly skin in a moccasin distribution or as what appears to be small, popped blisters on the soles of the feet. Symptoms can be itching, burning, soreness, peeling, blistering, or cracked skin. Some people have no symptoms at all; this does not mean that you should leave the infection alone! On occasion, the skin which is already infected with athlete's foot may crack, thus allowing bacteria to enter the skin and cause a secondary infection. This makes treatment more difficult, sometimes requiring both antifungal agents along with antibiotics.
There are multiple ways to treat fungal infections in the foot. As for onychomycosis, some people have heard of soaking the toenails in bleach or using vinegar. These methods are not curative! It is important to treat this condition with the appropriate antifungal agent. Formula 3 is an oil-based, nail polish-type treatment that has shown promising results over the years. You simply paint the oil on all of the toenails twice daily (once in the morning, once before bed). All nails should be painted in order to prevent the spread of fungus. Noticeable changes may be evident as early as 3 weeks to 1 month after beginning treatment. Laser treatment for nail fungus is also available at our Huber Heights office location.
Athlete's foot can be treated with the antifungal medication Tineastat, which can be purchased at all of our office locations. You should also use drying agents to prevent foot sweating and, therefore, cure and prevent future outbreaks of athlete's foot. We have an array of products which prevent excessive sweating at all office locations, as well.
If you are suffering from any of the above mentioned conditions, make an appointment with us today so we can help to start your summer off on the right foot!
ATTENTION Kate Middleton, Kim Kardashian, and Mrs. Channing Tatum: Conquer Swelling During Pregnancy
ncy is a wonderful time in a mother's life. The excitement of a new baby brings on feelings of joy and happiness….but it also brings on bodily changes, such as emotional liability, weight gain, and something very important on which I would like to educate everyone today: swelling, or edema, in the lower extremities.
Swelling in the legs during pregnancy can be caused by many different changes occurring within the human body. First of all, hormones begin spiraling out of control, and the body begins to produce and retain more fluid in general. Furthermore, a growing uterus puts increased pressure on a major vein in the body called the vena cava, which lies on the right side of the body and carries blood from the legs back to the heart. This increased pressure slows the return of blood, causing it to pool. Fluid from within the veins is then forced into the tissues of the legs, feet, and ankles. Thus, it easy to see that as the baby grows, edema worsens. It may be particularly severe for women with excess amniotic fluid or those carrying multiple babies. Edema also tends to be worse at the end of the day and during the summer months. (After reading this, it may be easier to understand whymothersare instructed to lay on their left sides usually starting in the 2nd trimester, rather than on their backs or right sides – to give the vena cava room to expand and allow uninterrupted blood flow back to Mom's heart and Baby's placenta.)
In certain cases, edema may be particularly severe or have a sudden onset. This could be a sign of preeclampsia or ecclampsia. Other signs of these potentially life threatening conditions include severe headaches, blurry vision, dizziness, and rapid weight gain. Protein in the urine and high blood pressure are also red flags. Swelling in only one leg with tenderness or cramping in the calf or leg muscles can be a sign of a blood clot, or DVT. All of these conditions require immediate medical attention.
If you are pregnant (or perhaps if you just so happen to be Kate, Kim, or Mrs. Tatum), here are some actions to take to avoid the incredibly uncomfortable phenomenon of excessive swelling during pregnancy:
· Elevate your feet as much as possible.
· Keep your legs uncrossed when sitting.
· Stretch your legs frequently.
· Take a short walk after sitting for a prolonged period of time to prevent blood from pooling in the legs.
· Wear comfortable, stretchy shoes.
· Wear compression stockings, which are currently ON SALE during the month of February at Advanced Foot and Ankle Care for $22.25. (These can also prevent the future formation of varicose veins.)
· Drink plenty of water. Surprisingly, this helps your body retain less water!
· Exercise regularly.
· Eat healthy foods.
So I say to all of the moms-to-be out there: kick back – or should I say kick up – your feet and enjoy this amazing time in your life!
Dr. O'Neill is proud to announce that Baby O'Neill will be coming to you live in June 2013!!


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We all love our dogs and would never knowingly do anything that they don't like. However, there are some common behaviours that we may be guilty of that are upsetting our furry best friends without us even knowing. Check them out!
Staring lovingly
Tight Hugs
Alone Time
Let Sleeping Dogs Lie
Changes To Routine


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Tomorrow's meetings we are focusing on our organization in our hobby.
Do you use Ravelry to it's full potential? Do you have your yarn organized in a specific way? How many patterns have you printed over the years and just shoved on a bookshelf? Books & magazines randomly placed? And, what about your needles? Should we talk about the tangle of needles?
Well, we are going to address as much of these seemingly insurmountable issues as time allows. Do you have a great tip or organization trick that you would like to share? We would love to hear, or even see, it!
Also we will have representatives from WPD speaking to us about the Homeless Outreach program here in Wichita. They will be informing us about what we can do to help the needy in our community. If you have any more handmade or personal care donations, please bring them with you to the meetings. We will continue to accept donations and we are proud to be a part of the outreach community.
This month is also Bring a Friend month. Please, grab a knitter and bring them along to see what we are all about. This month's visit doesn't count as their one free visit, it's in addition to.
Looking forward to seeing you at the meetings!!
10am-12pm & 6-8pm


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Attached headboards
The covered headboards have many things which you need to consider. The first thing that you need to consider while choosing the headboard is that you want the bed with headboard or you want the bed and headboard separately. The only disadvantage that you have is that the arrangement has no way to
When you are buying the one with the headboard then it means that you don t need to worry about the buying both the separate pieces. The attached headboards are much more secure in comparison to the separate ones. The attached headboard can prove to be important as the headboard has been with the bed and against the wall. The headboards prove to be beneficial as it helps in having the comfort along with the aesthetic look. It is important that the covered headboard that you choose is able to satisfy your basic need of giving you comfort and it should help in improving the look of the room.
The headboards are available in number of material forms. The wooden headboards are the classic one which is commonly used by most of the people. The benefit of using the wooden covered headboards is that the wooden one is easy to match with the surrounding. It is also possible to have the wooden headboards which are painted as per your choice. The metal headboards are also the traditional types of headboards which are used and they feature the curls and twists. It is the choice of the buyer whether they buy the new headboard piece or they use the upholstered one.
One such popular type famous is the tufted covered headboard. The headboards are available in number of shapes and sizes. When you are considering the shape and size make sure that you have the perfect shape with matches with the bed. It is not necessary that you purchase the headboard which is as per the size of the bed. You need to consider all the above things so that you can get the best headboard. It is your personal choice to have the attached or detached headboard. The size and shape is also to be considered.


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Each morning as the sun brightens the West African sky, mother and child prepare to start their day. They spend it bound together, the child riding on the mother's back watching their world go past. Pounding millet, drawing water from the well, visiting friends, shopping at the outdoor market—days are shared in perfect step with one another. And even when the child grows big enough to go off and explore their world, the everlasting embrace endures.
Illustrated with E.B. Lewis's stunning watercolors that bring to life the land and people of Mali, Gabrielle Emanuel's tender story celebrates the universal bond between mother and child.


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Fire destroys duplex in Fort Lauderdale
No injuries reported
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. – A duplex in Fort Lauderdale was destroyed in a fire that broke out Thursday morning.
The blaze happened at 821 NW Second Ave.
Firefighters say heavy smoke and fire was coming from windows near the front door of the home when they arrived.
Witnesses told fire crews there was a child in the rear bedroom of the home. Firefighters immediately entered the bedroom through a window, but no one was inside.
No injuries were reported. The cause of the fire is under investigation.
Copyright 2014 by Local10.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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UGH YOU GUYS. I am so stoked to have a new pair of glasses finally! ESPECIALLY because they were F-R-E-E! Lately I've been sweating bullets because I only have one pair of contacts left and I'm worried something scary might happen… like the time my contact popped out during a sexy romp and it got lost in the sheets (true story)! I was so scared I was going to have to do a Cyclops walk of shame with one blind eye! Anyway, luckily I now have these backup spectacles just in case something like that happens again. Coastal Contacts.com had this crazy promotion last week where you could get a FREE PAIR OF GLASSES and only have to pay shipping!!! At first I was suspicious and figured we'd all get hoodwinked and they would end up being mini glasses like the ones seen on this priest bear:
But I was wrong! The promotion was FOR REAL and my super cute spex just came in! Luckily for the rest of you poor-visioned folks, they are bringing it back on Thursday, Nov 18! Just make sure you have your prescription and get the code here! PLE ENJOY


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An intersting take on the recent violent move in Rambus stock, which may be explainabe by quirks in the HFT matrix, from Dennis Dick of Bright Trading.
HFT Market Making May Lead to a Crash
Rambus (RMBS) fell 30% today in a matter of five minutes. It immediately bounced back. The cause for this move was speculated as a trader with a "fat finger". A trader simply messed up and sold too much stock accidentally, causing a swift and violent sell-off.
The trades were later deemed erroneous and busted by the exchange.
But what if the real cause wasn't just a trader with a "fat finger", accidentally selling too much stock? What if it was something more serious? I believe it is. I believe the real cause for this move is a major concern for our markets. The real cause may have been high frequency market making gone bad. Let me explain.
Market making is the practice of quoting both bids and offers on the same security, in hopes of capturing the spread. Market making has existed in our markets since the beginning. Traditionally it was done by floor brokers, floor traders and specialists. With the rise of the internet in the last 1990s, new players emerged in the market making practice. Proprietary traders, and E-traders began to play the game. This led to increased competition and tighter spreads. But in the past five years a new player has emerged, and this player has become dominant, knocking many of the competitors out of the game. This new player is the high frequency algorithmic trader, and it's not a person, it's a computer. 70% of our daily volume is now done by algorithmic computer systems. Much of this volume is market making. Why has the HFT computer become such a dominant player? It has to do with their edge.
High frequency algorithmic systems have been programmed to step inside the NBBO (National Best Bid and Offer), and be the best bid and best offer. This puts the computer system at the front of the line to be first for execution, and gives the computer the best chance to capture the spread. Unfortunately, this practice is dominated by a few large firms, and they have driven traditional market makers out of the market. If a traditional market maker places a bid, the computer automatically steps in front. In some cases, it steps in front by as little as 1/100th of a penny (a practice called sub-pennying, which is discussed on my website http://www.defendtrading.com).
These programs are very predatory and step in front of the NBBO on a constant basis. This has driven liquidity providers out of the market. Our proprietary trading firm, Bright Trading LLC, in the early 2000s, used to account for 2% of the volume on the NYSE. Now we account for just a fraction of that. Our 400 traders used to provide a substantial amount of liquidity to the market. But due to predatory HFT market making practices, we now provide very little liquidity. We are now liquidity takers. The rational is simple, if we place a passive limit order (providing liquidity), the HFT algorithmic programs simply step in front of us. If we do get filled on a passive order, it is almost always because we are wrong. You are sub-pennied when you're right, filled when you're wrong. Hence, there is no point to us providing liquidity. Other proprietary trading firms, floor traders, and specialists are in the same boat. There is no way for them to compete with the algorithmic programs, so they don't place passive orders.
Without traditional market makers, willing to step up and be the buyer of last resort, we risk having more incidents, like the Rambus incident.
Computerized algorithmic market making works in any type of oscillating market, as the computer can keep flipping out of it's longs, and covering it's shorts. It works in a trending market, as long as there is some type of choppy trade. The problem lies, when the computer system can't flip out of the position. Most algorithmic systems are programmed with some type of risk parameter. If this risk parameter is breached, the computer will dump it's position and cut it's losses. This is what may have happened in RMBS today. An algorithmic system making markets on the long side, got too long, and was unable to wiggle out of the position because of the follow-through in selling pressure. Once it was down so much in the position (the risk parameter was breached), it dumped. This simply added fuel to the fire. That is why the sudden plunge to $16 happened. If you check the chart, you will not see this, because Nasdaq busted all trades under $22. But don't kid yourself, these trades happened, and we should be very alarmed, because it will happen again, and it may happen to the entire stock market.
High frequency traders make markets on ALL stocks. As they continue to take dominance, and as more and more liquidity providers are driven out of the market by these HFT predatory algorithms, the likelihood of a crash continues to climb. All it takes is a little bad news, and a breach in the HFT's algorithmic system's risk parameters, and we're in a lot of trouble.
This has happened before, it WILL happen again.
Rambus was ONE stock today. Imagine if it was the entire market.
Dennis Dick, CFA
Bright Trading LLC


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Author: Indra Vaughn
Series: Shadow Mountain, #1
Published: December 21st 2014
Publisher: Dreamspinner
Length: 284 pages
Source: Publisher for review
Buy: Dreamspinner Press
Two towns flank the looming Shadow Mountain. A dark myth of the Predator drifts through the dense trees, a tale Police Lieutenant Hart never paid much attention to. When one unresolved death follows another—some people dying without discernible cause while others are clearly, and often brutally, murdered—he can't ignore it any longer. Truth may lie in myth, but this one is spread to deceive everyone. The Predator exists, but he's not entirely human. Hart will have to find the connection between the mysterious figure and victims with only one thing in common: a faint tattoo on the backs of their necks, a mark left when someone healed their incurable diseases.Isaac Lasko has been in love with Hart since he moved in across the street seven years ago. He's been helping Hart renovate his home, and their friendship grows more intense with the years, but Isaac can't help wishing for a deeper bond. When he finally breaks through the lieutenant's armor, the mystery surrounding the Predator threatens them both. Help will come, but at a price.
Fated by Indra Vaughn came my way completely accidentally, recommended by author John Inman in the comments of a Facebook poll no more than a few weeks ago. To this day I haven't figured out how it went unnoticed by me until that moment. What's more, it seems to be somewhat overlooked by its intended audience, which is a crime, to be honest. The characters Vaughn has created deserve to be celebrated and talked about, they should inspire people to start discussions and street teams, and yet, they haven't just yet. Why? Mostly because their beauty is quiet and unassuming, complex and deeply felt. They're not instantly likeable or wildly entertaining, they just are… human, vulnerable and often wrong, just like everybody else.
We meet Hart, a police detective, in his own home, working on renovations with his much younger neighbor, Isaac. It's clear from the start that the two have feelings for each other, but Hart is bothered by their age difference and quite used to a life of profound loneliness. When his father dies and he has to leave to handle his funeral, he's oddly relieved to put some distance between him and Isaac.
This love story doesn't begin like most other romances and it certainly doesn't end that way. Their road isn't easy or predictable, but the feelings are palpable and incredibly real. Hart makes ridiculously many mistakes along the way, but each stems from a very believable place and seems entirely genuine. While in his home town, he stumbles upon a mystery with paranormal elements he's not quite ready to accept. When Isaac follows him and gets involved, it all becomes too much for him to handle.
The mystery is fascinating and excellently paced, but the soul of this novel is Hart himself. He is lonely and very set in his ways, and it's clear that giving his heart to a much younger man terrifies him. Vaughn's writing is a thing of beauty, a work of art in and of itself, and the setting is gorgeous, vivid and deeply atmospheric. She has such an excellent sense of her story and characters and everything is so well defined, but she skillfully keeps things hidden from us and builds tension to almost unbearable levels.
The sheer gorgeousness of this story cannot be put into words. It is not a conventional romance, nor is it your average paranormal mystery, and yet somehow it's both. It may be a bit difficult to swallow at times, but it is a story that ultimately soothes, enriches, and makes us reevaluate ourselves.
A Author:Indra Vaughn
Series: Shadow Mountain, #2
Published: June 17th 2015
Publisher: Dreamspinner
Length: 266 pages
Source: Publisher for review
Buy: Dreamspinner press
The capture of the Tattoo Murderer has demanded a heavy price. Doctor Tobias Darwin is dead, Lieutenant Hart is back in Riverside licking his substantial wounds, and he needs to gather his courage and tell Isaac he made a mistake. Isaac will forgive him—he knows that—but he can't promise Isaac an easy life. Being a cop comes with its own risks, after all.When they finally reach the same wavelength, their idyllic reprieve is cut tragically short. Hart doesn't know yet that Isaac is terminally ill, that he will take off to find the Phoenix to heal him as a last resort. This time, it will be Hart who pays the price.In the meantime, a new killer roams the streets of Riverside. He kidnaps, tortures, and kills gay men in horrific ways, and he has the newly healed Isaac in his sights. Hart's time is running out on every level.
Fragmented is much more focused on Isaac, but we never stop feeling Hart's suffocating loneliness. His short time with Isaac brings him some reprieve, but as soon as Isaac becomes unreachable again, the feeling is back, stronger than ever. So much could be said about Vaughn's ability to bring her characters into the spotlight, but reveal them to us slowly, gradually. She peels them like onions, showing us layer upon layer of genuine feelings.
Vaughn's writing is once again a thing of beauty, elegant and unassuming. She knows precisely how to captivate her readers and she keeps the focus on her characters throughout. The mystery is unsurprisingly excellent and the tension builds slowly until it becomes almost too much, with Isaac and Hart at the very center.
The Shadow Mountain series has so much more to give, with its strong, fully fleshed character and its unforgettable atmosphere. As far as I'm concerned, the next book can't come soon enough. I'm breathlessly waiting for more.


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25 - 29 Feb 16 | Completed
Cost: Free
Organizer: Pda Trade Fairs
Venue: Bangalore International Exhibition Centre, 10th Mile, Tumkur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Website: indiawood.com
Add to Calendar
IndiaWood2016, is one of the world's largest biennial woodworking event bringing together market leaders in furniture production, woodworking machinery, tools, fittings, accessories, raw materials and woodworking related products sector to participate in a unique international display of competence.
In 2014, the event gathered 32,703 woodworking professionals who networked, sourced their product requirements and created millions worth of business possibilities.
In 2016, the 9th edition of IndiaWood will be held from February 25 to 29 at the Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (BIEC). Leveraging the success of its previous editions, over 650 leading global companies from 40 countries are expected to participate showcasing their latest technology, innovation and product offerings to a projected 40,000 attendees from across the globe.
The show floor of IndiaWood 2016 will span over 40,000 square meters of woodworking solutions, machineries, materials and components. The exhibitors will be categorized into machinery and non-machinery profiles and will be in dedicated halls.
INDIAWOOD is the biggest sourcing platform for furniture manufacturers, wood based handicraft manufacturers, saw millers, craftsmen, woodworking professionals, architects and interior designers in the region.
Over the last decade, PDA Trade Fairs & EUMABOIS, in partnership with exhibitors and visitors have catalyzed the growth of the Indian woodworking industry. IndiaWood continues with its tradition of being a profitable business partnership for the Woodworking Industry where demands and solutions meet together.


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With just a few weeks to go before my wedding, I knew my exercise routine needed a good kick in the rear. It's not that I wasn't already in good shape, it's just that knowing I would be squeezing myself into a form-fitting strapless gown was incentive enough for me to want to take my workouts up a notch. I'm talking the kind of high-intensity, heart-pumping, calorie-burning workouts that are known to show fast results. In other words: bootcamp.
A four-week outdoor session with Ultimate Bootcamp coincided perfectly with my window of time to get wedding day-fit, so I jumped at the chance to join the program. Four times a week for four weeks, I arrived at Memorial South Main Street Park in downtown Providence at 6am to get whipped into shape by Ultimate Bootcamp trainers. Now, I'm not a morning person by nature, so there were days I had to ask my fiancée to literally push me out of bed. But knowing how good I would feel after the workout ended, and how much energy I would have for the rest of the day, made it much easier to rise and shine at that early hour.
Ultimate Bootcamp started in Boston in 2004 and just began conducting sessions in Providence in May. The outdoors-only program promises fun, creative workouts that include obstacle courses, drills, total body conditioning and partner relays. Our trainers, Vanessa, Christine, Gin and Joe (who would split up so we'd get two of them one day and the other two the next), made sure that our workouts were challenging and effective. They were awesome about encouraging us every step of the way. Between uphill running drills, sets of push-ups, climbing (and re-climbing) stairs and doing more burpees than I could keep track of, I found that I was feeling and looking stronger every week.
I think what I most enjoyed about my sessions, though, were the friendships I made with my fellow boot campers. When you work out with the same people day after day, you bond easily and really feel each other's pain – even though it's a good pain. When we showed up each morning, we knew we would be pushed, but we knew that we would get through it together. And thanks to my trainers and my new boot camp friends, that form-fitting strapless wedding gown? It's a perfect fit.


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Temporary Custody
A county public children services agency goes to court to obtain temporary custody of a child when it is determined that the birth parents are not able to keep the child safe. The county social workers will work with the birth family toward resolving the issues the family is experiencing and returning the child to his/her parents. There are laws that limit how long the county can work toward reunification. Temporary custody means that the birth family still has some "residual" rights, but that the county has legal responsibility to make decisions for the child. Children in temporary custody may be living in foster care, in residential treatment, or even with their birth families.
Foster Care
When children are in foster care they are in temporary custody of the county children services agency that removed them from their birth home. Children in temporary custody are not available for adoption. Their case plan might be to reunify them with their birth parents or other relatives, or the county may be pursuing permanent custody which would make the child available for adoption.
Foster Care at NOAS
Many of the children served at Northeast Ohio Adoption Services (NOAS) are in foster care. We serve two basic populations. The first is older children who are waiting for a family. Often they have significant behavioral and emotional problems. When the need for a foster home arises, we see great benefit to being able to have them in our foster care program while we are recruiting for an adoptive home for them. These are children with "treatment level" needs who require more skilled "treatment level" foster parents.
The second population served by NOAS is children in foster to adopt placements. These are children for whom we have identified an adoptive placement, but their temporary custody status prevents us from making the initial placement an adoptive placement. Usually the permanent custody has not yet been granted or is under appeal. We might make a foster care placement with a NOAS adoptive family with the intent to change to an adoptive placement once the custody issue is resolved by the courts. These children may have treatment level or family level needs.
Aging Out of Foster Care
Each year approximately 20,000 children "age out" of the U.S. child welfare system without a permanent adoptive family. They are often cut off financially. Left without the support and guidance of loving parents, they often drop out of school, be unemployed, and be dependent on public assistance. Many find themselves in prison, homeless, or parents at an early age.


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Monday, October 27, 2014
Style Inspiration: Jennifer Lawrence
Hollywood Reporter. But Jennifer Lawrence paid special tribute last week by stepping out in one of the late designer's creations. This lace LWD is perfection. In fact, I love the whole look from head-to-toe, including the pop of red lip! So it's my pick for style inspiration of the week. It's simple, classic, and a great outfit anyone to wear- especially for upcoming holiday parties. What do you think - are you a fan of this look?
XOXO, Unknown
Labels: plus size , shopping , style inspiration
5 comments :
I like the flow of the bottom part of her dress. Great style inspiration!ReplyDelete
Her dress is just stunning & what a sad loss for the fashion world:( Love your picks.ReplyDelete
I love JLaw, probably because she's not afraid to put herself out there. The dress is just fabulous and it's a very fitting tribute to OdlR. We will miss his inimitable sense of what it takes to make a woman look special.ReplyDelete
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7 Staghorn Avenue, Surfers Paradise
The QT Gold Coast, formerly Gold Coast International Hotel, is in the very heart of Queensland's dazzling Surfers Paradise at the Gold Coast. Ideally situated within easy walking distance of shopping, restaurants and nightlife and within only minute's drive to world-class golf courses, theme parks, nature and wildlife reserves, your options are endless.
Whether it's a romantic getaway for two, a family vacation or a corporate conference, the QT Hotel and its premium facilities leaves every guest spoiled for choice. With a reputation built on the belief that accommodation is just the beginning - the QT Gold Coast is much more than a place to stay.
You can relax in the comfort of your surroundings, or with a world of adventure at your door you can explore everything the Gold Coast has to offer. The expert team at the QT Gold Coast has it covered and will assist you in creating fantastic memories to last a lifetime. The QT Hotel - always inviting, always innovative, always interesting…
For those guests wanting a workout, the QT Hotel Fitness Centre provides the ideal place for a cardio or fitness strength session in a thoroughly modern environment. The Fitness Centre boasts a heated outdoor pool and tennis courts.
Property Features:
Indulge your tastebuds at the QT Gold Coast. Three of the Coast's most popular restaurants are located right here. There's the sumptuous Patio Seafood Buffet Restaurant, winner of the "People's Choice Gold Coast Best Buffet 2005 & 2006". The contemporary cuisine and signature 'Hot Rock' dishes at Lygon Street Restaurant, complemented by an extensive wine list, bring out the gourmet in every diner.For the very best Teppanyaki and the Coast's freshest sushi and sashimi, go no further than their famous Yamagen Restaurant, renowned as the Gold Coast's best Japanese restaurant and awarded best Teppanyaki Chef in 2004 and 2005. Catch up with old friends and new at the popular Lava Bar for drinks and delectable snacks, or relax in your room with their 24 hour in-room dining.
Whatever your tastes, you'll always find something to tempt you at the QT Gold Coast.
Lygon Street Restaurant
Their Signature restaurant, Lygon Street delivers a cosmopolitan choice of cuisine for the casual diner. Refurbished to a new level of sophistication, Lygon Street is situated in the lower enclave of the lobby, and overlooks the hotel swimming pool. Guests can choose to dine alfresco, or in the calm ambience of the restaurant simply watching the world go by.
Infused with a relaxed atmosphere, Lygon Street Restaurant provides an abundance of choice. From light snacks and coffees through to contemporary cuisine - the signature dish 'Hot Rock', and the irresistible Flambé - all complimented by a distinguished wine list.
'Hot Rock'
If you are after a dining experience with a difference, try the signature dish 'Hot Rock' with a choice of either beef, seafood or both, served on a volcanic rock, allowing you to become the chef. A unique dining experience not to be missed!
Patio Seafood Buffet Restaurant
The newly renovated Patio Restaurant continues to live up to its reputation for presenting one of the most sumptuous buffets on the Gold Coast. Located on the 1st floor, the Patio Buffet Restaurant is a Gold Coast favourite delivering a mouth watering selection of hot and cold dishes, for both breakfast and dinner. The Patio's daily breakfast buffet features fresh fruits and juices, pastries and a variety of hot and cold dishes, accompanied by all the breakfast trimmings.
In the evening Patio Seafood Buffet Restaurant provides one of the Coast's most spectacular dining experiences. The buffet is filled with the freshest daily ocean catches including prawns, oysters, mussels, crabs and Moreton Bay bugs. There is also an endless choice of salads, cold meats and terrines, fresh breads, hot roast dishes, a divine selection of desserts and an extensive beverage selection including our additional wine buffet.
For the perfect dining option for the whole family, visit the Patio Seafood Buffet restaurant open daily.
Yamagen Japanese Restaurant:
The QT's Yamagen Restaurant is the pinnacle of Japanese culinary experiences, delivering authentic cuisine, in a traditional Japanese setting.
The Yamagen Restaurant offers an entertaining dining experience as the highly talented Teppanyaki Chefs show off their skills. The expertise and artistry of the chefs, combined with a service ethic that is second to none, have long been recognised as the key ingredients to the restaurant's enviable reputation and has ensured it remains a favourite with locals and visitors. Reward your palate with the sizzling aromas and meals prepared on either Yamagen's famous Teppanyaki BBQ Grill, from the inspired a la carte menu or many of the varieties of sushi prepared fresh daily by our very own Sushi Master.
All of our highly talented chefs cook each meal with precision and flair, from set menu options to individual items of rib eye fillets, Moreton bay bugs, fresh King prawns, chicken breast, Atlantic salmon, kangaroo and tofu - there is a dish to suit all tastes. The Yamagen Experience is a true marriage of high skill and dedication and continuously delivers its promise of superb food and affordability.
Dine with the locals between 5:30pm and 6:30pm for Yamagen's Sunset Teppanyaki special, offering a popular set menu including appetizer, California rolls, steamed rice, choice of sirloin steak or chicken, miso soup and desert all for the great value of $35.00 per person.
Conferences & Events:
In the demanding world of event management, the QT Hotel has long been considered as an ideal conference and events venue. In recent years we have repositioned ourselves with a strong focus in the conference and incentive market, specializing in attention to detail and ensuring that your event is a successful and memorable one.
The QT Gold Coast, in "the very heart of the Coast", prides itself in being renowned as a premium hotel boasting exceptional conference, exhibition and meeting facilities. Their new look Grand Ballroom is incredibly flexible for up to 750 guests, and their dedicated events team is focused entirely on exceeding your expectations whilst having the ability to tailor any event to suit your individual goals.
Innovative use of glass walls and expansive windows allows natural light to shine in on your event. With 16 versatile conference rooms, ideal for any event, grand or intimate, which feature natural light, adjacent outdoor areas and state of the art audiovisual and Internet technologies. Well appointed pillar-less function rooms play host to conferences, extensive trade shows, product or car launches and gala dinners. The Hotel also boasts a number of outdoor locations perfect for cocktails parties, casual Aussie BBQ dinners or team building activities.
On behalf of the QT Gold Coast they wish to extend their warmest congratulations on your engagement. The QT Gold Coast provides a thoroughly upmarket environment to stage your ultimate wedding. Whether you're planning an elaborate reception of up to 350 guests, or a small intimate cocktail party, the wedding packages have been specifically designed to cater for your special day.
Their professional and friendly wedding specialists will ensure that your wedding day is the happiest and most memorable occasion of your lives together. They are more than happy to tailor a package especially for you to create your dream Wedding Day. Allow us to make your Wedding Day the memorable beginning of an exciting journey together...
The QT Gold Coast redefines premium accommodation with a unique blend of space, comfort, style, service and spectacular five-star views. With our stylish range of accommodation - 296 recently refurbished rooms - you're assured of a rejuvenated stay, whatever your aspirations.
Their spacious rooms are air-conditioned and feature their own private balconies so you can make the most of the fresh ocean breezes and the balmy, sub-tropical warmth. The views are simply breathtaking - amazing ocean, mountain and river panoramas stretch seemingly forever into the distance.
At night, a stream of shimmering lights link the Coast as it gets set to party. It's an experience - it's truly memorable - it's the QT Hotel!
Mountain River Rooms - Their Mountain River view rooms offer breathtaking views of the surrounding Gold Coast Hinterland, and the glistening Nerang River, which gently meanders its way through the multi-million dollar houses lining its banks, as far as the eye can see. By nightfall the views are transformed as the lights of the city produce a sea of diamonds leading towards the excitement of Surfers Paradise City. These large 37 square meter rooms feature a private balcony, a choice of one Queen bed, two Double beds or two Queen beds, a mini bar, and a private ensuite bathroom with bath/shower.
Ocean View Room - Their spectacular Ocean View rooms offer incredible views of the world famous Gold Coast beaches, with beautiful white sands and the sparkling blue waters of the Pacific Ocean. These spacious 37 square metre rooms feature a private balcony, a choice of one Queen bed, two Double beds or two Queen beds, a mini bar, and a private ensuite bathroom with bath/shower.
Executive Ocean Spa Suite - Their Executive Suites are all located on the ocean side of the QT Hotel, offering guests incredible views of the beach and ocean. Your suite features a separate lounge room and bar area with a private balcony, powder room, a master bedroom with an adjoining large ensuite, including a large round spa bath with views looking out over the ocean and Surfers Paradise. The separate bedroom in these suites are configured to feature a choice of either one King bed or two Double beds and offer deluxe amenities including bathrobes.


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I have been unable to get the palm pre to send emails from a POP account. I have tried all suggestions I have seen on the web for this issue. I can access gmail ok but have a another POP account that is giving me problems. Any suggestions? I just gave up my old blackberry for the pre.....
I use a POP server for my Road Runner email account and I've found that if you enter your entire email address in both in the incoming and outgoing server fields instead of just your username, it'll work. But then I also found that sending from that account will not work if you are connected by wifi. I hope that helps!
Thanks for the response. I did try that and also stopped by the local Sprint store where they tried it as well without any luck. They suggested I call Palm support directly.
Sorry to hear that. I hope Palm can help! If they can, would you mind posting the fix in case mine decides to stop working?
I just received a reconditioned pre and I can get email, but I can't reply and send a email. my old pre I could without any problems, but this one is always saying error sending
Have you tried my suggestions near the top of this feed? If not, then I'm not really sure how to fix your issue. Hopefully Sprint or someone else on this forum can help you.
I just think that its this phone because I didn't have any problems before. Yes I always write out my email address, but like I said it has to be this recondition phone, because I am having alot more problems with this phone.
Quite possible that it's the reconditioned phone. What other kinds of problem have you been having with it?
Its powering on and off sometimes when I go to a application, and I think the speaker is shot, because the ringer sounds like a blown speaker. I didn't have that problem with my other pre, I love the phone, but this one makes me think different.
Wow. I would take that phone back for a new one ASAP.
I know I will. I Hate going in the sprint store. They make you leave your cell for 2hrs. Why I don't know sometimes to tell you that there is nothing wrong with the phone, and you continue to have the same problem or you leave it for 2hrs. for the to tell you that they will have to order you a recondition phone
Our Community is currently set to Read Only due the pandemic's affect on our staffing .
Please try Searching the Community, we have many questions already answered, you can also check out the Knowledge base
If you need immediate assistance please visit Sprint Chat


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Designed to handle mainland and international traffic, Lerwick's modern ferry terminal at Holmsgarth provides excellent facilities for passengers.
Lerwick's modern ferry terminal has made an important contribution to the doubling of annual passenger numbers to around 133,000.
A mile from the town centre, the terminal is used by NorthLink Ferries' roll-on/roll-off vessels, "Hjaltland" and "Hrossey" which provide overnight services to-and-from Aberdeen on the Scottish mainland and also call at Kirkwall, Orkney. NorthLink's offices are located within the terminal, with ticket sales and enquiries.
The ships are linked to the terminal building by an elevated overhead walkway for the comfort and safety of passengers. The terminal also has facilities for the disabled, tourist information and left luggage. There is also a bus service and some free parking at the terminal. Taxis are available.
The ferry terminal is capable of handling international ferry traffic, with approved UK Border agency facilities. The port is fully compliant with International Security requirements. Infrastructure for ferries includes a 20 metre wide linkspan bridge.
NorthLink also operates freight and livestock roll-on/roll-off vessels which also use the Holmsgarth Terminal complex.
For further details, terminal opening times and ferry schedules, please visit www.northlinkferries.co.uk


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Rockbox mail archiveSubject: Naming convention for .Rocks
From: Brent Geery (fasttimes_at_fasttimesatridgemonthigh.org)
Date: 2004-05-13
Am I the only one, or are rocks starting to get a little confusing?
Maybe Rocks that are not supposed to be directly run should be add "."
-- BRENT - The Usenet typo king. :)
Page was last modified "Jan 10 2012" The Rockbox Crew


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Scratch Guides
If you are new to scratch card gaming there is no reason to feel awkward or intimidated. Every pro player started off as a new player at some point in their scratch card career! Our Scratch Guide is an evolving set of tips, tricks and carefully constructed methods that can be put to use by beginners, intermediates and even the very best pro players on the scratch card circuit. Be sure to read carefully, bookmark Online-Scratch-Card.com and check back often for all the newest angles, best ideas and winning formulas that are often the difference between walking away a loser or staying in the game to win another major jackpot!


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Though its styling and the overall cabin setup recalls models from years past, the new Volvo S60 is an updated sedan meant for the modern world. Found here at our Metairie, LA Volvo dealer serving New Orleans, the new S60 is a classy, fun and safe sedan that's ideal for your daily travels around New Orleans and beyond. Here at Bergeron Volvo, we'll go over all your options for the new S60, including helping you pick the right engine setup that suits your driving style. Make your way over to our Volvo dealership on Veterans Boulevard today to see more of the stunning new S60 and we'll be more than happy to take you for a test drive.
You'll have two four-cylinder engines available for your next new Volvo S60, one turbocharged and one supercharged, with AWD an option if you feel like you'll do better with added traction and control. A variety of trims give you different driving dynamics as well, thanks to upgraded sport seats, larger wheels and a sport-tuned suspension that really changes the way your S60 feels out on the highway. Of course it's the latest versions of Volvo's innovative technology features and systems that really help you decide which trim of the new S60 will work best for you. As always, we'll be here in Metairie when you need assistance in picking the right edition of this fun and feature-filled sedan.
The latest version of the new S60 is available in four trims: T5 Dynamic, T6 AWD R-Design Platinum, T5 Inscription and T5 Inscription Platinum. Read on below to learn what makes each trim unique, then make your way over to our Metairie Volvo dealer near New Orleans today to see more and to take a quick test drive in the S60 edition of your choice.
When you look through these options and decide what style and setup works best for you, make your way over to Bergeron Volvo in Metairie, just a short hop over from New Orleans. Visit us today and we'll get you started on your new Volvo leasing or financing options so you can fit the perfect new S60 model into your budget. We'll be more than happy to take you for a test drive as we go over all your options, as we're always excited to help a Volvo driver find the perfect setup of their next exciting vehicle.