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Plato's 19 Proofs of the Immortality of the Human Soul
Is man immortal, or is he not? If he is not, all our disputes are mere amusements, or trials of skill. In this case, truth, reason, religion, which give our discourses such pomp and solemnity, are … mere empty sound, without any meaning in them. But if man is immortal, it will behove him to be very serious about eternal consequences; or, in other words, to be truly religious.
~ Edward Young, Night Thoughts
Art: William Blake, The Spirit of Plato unfolds his Worlds to Milton in Contemplation.
N earlier article proposed the cataloging of Plato's various proofs for the immortality of the human soul. A fair effort to survey earlier literature has failed to uncover previous systematic attempts; the relative scarcity of studies on this topic generally is unfortunate (and not a little puzzling) given how central the soul's immortality is for Plato's philosophy.
As Plato's proofs are many and subtle we shall proceed incrementally, adding little by little to the present article, until something like a thorough survey is accomplished.
To begin with, some general points.
First, we may in this context distinguish between two kinds of proofs: (1) logical arguments and (2) experiential demonstrations. By an argument we mean a set of propositions or premises, which, by formal rules of logic, imply a definite conclusion; or a set of propositions that together increase the probability that a conclusion is true (i.e., a probabilistic argument.)
By a demonstration we mean an attempt by Plato to bring to our conscious awareness an insight by means other than logical argument. In many cases with Plato this amounts to eliciting an anamnesis (an un-forgetting or recollection) of some previously known or latent knowledge. For example, we previously considered how Plato's contemplation of the Form of the Good in Symposium 211–212 can be seen as a demonstrative proof of the existence of God. Similarly, some passages of Plato seem intended to evoke in the reader an experiential awareness of the soul's immortality.
Second, some of Plato's proofs are more distinct and easy to identify and characterize than others. What may at first seem a single proof may have several variations or senses that merit separate consideration. Here, inasmuch as we are approaching the topic at a data-gathering stage, we will incline more towards separating than aggregating potentially distinct proofs.
Third, some proofs appear in more than one dialogue. Initially we shall be content to, mostly, associate each proof with the dialogue in which it occurs most prominently.
A Bibliography, also to be developed over time, is added. In general the 20th century literature on immortality of the human soul is meager — an indication of the radical materialism that has lately dominated.
One motivation for pursuing the present project is to inform investigation of a related question, namely: have later philosophers introduced many new and original proofs for the immortality of the human soul, or have they, in this area as in many others, more or less only added 'footnotes' to Plato? To anticipate somewhat, it is tentatively proposed that one productive way to address this question is to consider three relevant works from different time periods: (1) Book 1 of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations (which makes frequent reference to Plato's main work on the soul, Phaedo), (2) Marsilio Ficino's Platonic Theology (prominently subtitled, On the Immortality of the Soul), and (3) Edward Young's Night Thoughts (Nights 6 and 7; "Containing The Nature, Proof, and Importance of Immortality.")
Plato's Proofs of Immortality
1. Cyclicity argument.
Source: Phaedo 70c–72e.
Summary: All things proceed from their opposites. Just as death proceeds from life, life must proceed from death. Therefore the soul cannot permanently perish.
2. Recollection (or innate knowledge) argument.
Source: Phaedo 72e–77d; cf. e.g., Meno.
Summary: It appears that we know things that we have not learned in this lifetime — as shown by the fact that when they are made salient, we grasp them immediately and they seem already familiar. This suggests to Plato that we have lived before in a pre-existence; and if our souls existed before this life, they will exist after this life.
3. Affinity argument.
Source: Phaedo 78b–84b.
Summary: There are two levels of reality — the temporal and changing, and the Eternal and immutable; the soul has an innate affinity for eternal things (e.g., Platonic Forms; Truth, Beauty and Moral Goodness; mathematical and religious truths); therefore its own nature must be eternal.
4. Form of Life argument.
Source: Phaedo 102b–107b.
Summary: The soul is not only alive itself, but gives life to the body. Therefore it is intimately connected with the essence or Form of Life. Hence it would be illogical or inconsistent for the soul itself to perish.
5. Vitiating principle argument.
Source: Republic 10.608e–611a.
Summary: Every thing has its own principle of destruction, unique to it and innate (e.g., for a body, disease); if a thing is destroyed, it is only by this unique, endogenous principle. The soul has a unique destructive principle, namely vice; yet even the worst vice is not sufficient to completely kill the soul; and since nothing else besides a thing's internal destructive principle can make it totally perish, the soul must be immortal.
6. Justice argument.
Source: Republic, Book 10 (e.g., 10.612−4, and the Myth of Er that follows).
Unless there are rewards or punishments after this life, it would violate our innate sense of justice. For example, an evil man could avoid punishment for misdeeds by dying. In short, an afterlife of the soul is required to reconcile our strong and innate sense of fairness with the seeming disregard of Fate to moral justice in this life.
7. Simplicity argument.
Source: Republic 611b, Phaedo 78b-d; cf. Plotinus, Enneads 1.1.2, 1.1.9, 1.1.12.
Summary: A thing composed of many elements is susceptible to decomposition; but the soul is a single substance, uncompounded and hence incorruptible.
8. Self-moved mover.
Source: Phaedrus 245c–246a.
Summary: While the soul moves the body, and it moves itself, it is itself not moved by anything external to it. Since being destroyed would imply movement of some sort, the soul, not moved by anything extrinsic, cannot be destroyed and must be imperishable.
9. Universal interest and yearning.
Source: Symposium 201–212.
Diotima's speeches in Symposium revolve around the subject of immortality. Several senses of immortality are pursued, such as the begetting of children and the imparting of ideas or virtue to other people, leading up to the addressing of immortality in the religious sense. The overall drift is that human beings seem exceptionally interested in immortality and orient much of their lives to striving for it. This would not be logical unless immortality is possible.
10. Proof via purification.
Source: Republic 10.611b–612a; cf. Plotinus Enneads 1.1.12 and especially 4.7.10.
A proof by demonstration. One who is suitably purified, intellectually and morally, may obtain immediate awareness of the soul's true nature and its immortality.
11. Replenishment argument.
Source: Phaedo 72a-e; cf. Republic 10.611b-d
Summary: Unless the world were not replenished with living souls, eventually all things would be dead; rather, the world is continually replenished with living souls, who must exist somewhere outside of this world before entering. As Socrates puts it, " if all things that have life should die, and, when they had died, the dead should remain in that condition, is it not inevitable that at last all things would be dead." (Phaedo 72c). Whether this is merely another statement of, or implicit in, the cyclicity argument is a topic for further consideration.
12. Afterlife testimonies.
Source: Republic Book 10 (Myth of Er).
If we take the Myth of Er literally, then it purports to be an eye-witness account of someone who has personally observed the extra-mundane life of souls. It seems fairly clear that Plato intend us to take the Er myth more than literally; nevertheless, it does serve more or less as an implicit reference by Plato to the genre of survival testimony, of which numerous examples, ancient and modern, exist.
13. Trusted authority.
Source: Meno 81a-b.
Among the Plato's lesser arguments for the soul's immortality is an appeal to authority: honored and trustworthy figures of the past have taught it. The wisest and best of men are the most confident of survival of soul.
14. Tradition and custom.
Source: ?
Widespread or universal tradition implies that belief in immortality is in our common human nature. This is conceptually different from the proof by trusted authority, though the two clearly go together. (E.g., one function of trusted authority is precisely to articulate most clearly the common knowledge or tradition.) I do not have a definite source for this in the dialogues, but include it here, tentatively, because another source mentioned it in connection with Plato. (Both the tradition and the trusted authority proofs, however, are taken up by Cicero.)
15. Limitless capacity.
Source: ?
Human beings seem to have a limitless capacity for knowledge, which would serve no purpose if the soul did not outlive the body. Here again, I have no definite source for this yet, but the idea is implicit in Plato's general view of Man's innate divinity and noetic and moral capabilities; and the Neoplatonist view (derived from Plato) that each human soul contains a copy of all Forms.
16. Example of Socrates.
Source: Apology, Phaedo, Crito.
Socrates' absolute and unfeigned confidence in the face of death, his nonchalance, and what even approaches an eagerness to shuffle off the mortal coil constitute a demonstrative proof. His actions, that is, testify at least as eloquently as his words to the soul's immortality.
17. Socrates' desire to convince others.
Source: Phaedo
Beyond his own confidence in immortality, Socrates is intensely concerned to convince others of it. Such benevolent zeal is indicative of well-founded sincerity and possession of an important truth.
18. Socrates' sign.
Source: Apology.
One reason Socrates gives for his confidence is that his habitual sign or daemon, which customarily warns him in case of danger, did not oppose him in attending his trial. This, Socrates, fully expecting a death sentence, took as strong evidence that his execution posed no harm. Insofar as Socrates believed his sign, and Socrates is a trusted source, this constitutes evidence for the immortality of the soul. Moreover, insofar as, from the testimony of others, we are persuaded of the sign's trustworthiness independently of Socrates' own evaluation of it, that is additional positive evidence for immortality.
19. Conviction of Plato.
Plato also seems intensely concerned with convincing readers of the soul's immortality. His arguments are clearly presented in a spirit of something more than detached speculation. Cicero puts it well.
Even if Plato gave no reasons for his belief — see how much confidence I have in the man — he would break down my opposition by his authority alone; but he brings forward so many reasons as to make it perfectly obvious that he is not only fully persuaded himself, but desirous of convincing others.
~ Cicero, Tusc. Disp. 1.21.49
Thus Cicero alludes here to two different proofs: Plato's authority, and his desire to convince others; and the sheer number or proofs Plato produces is seen as evidence of the latter.
Suggestions are welcome. The goal, however, is not to produce a comprehensive bibliography, but mainly to include works that attempt to consider Plato's arguments in their totality.
Apolloni, David. Plato's Affinity Argument for the Immortality of the Soul. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 34(1), 1996, 5–32. (Study of the argument in Phaedo 78b-80d.)
Bett, Richard. Immortality and the Nature of the Soul in the Phaedrus. Phronesis, 31(1), 1986, 1–26.
Chase, Thomas. Cicero on the Immortality of the Soul. Cambridge, MA 1851 (repr. 1872).
Connolly, Tim. Plato: Phaedo. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web, 13 June 2015. (See also References therein.)
Cornford, Stephen (Ed.). Edward Young: Night Thoughts. Cambridge, 1989 (repr. 2008). https://books.google.com/books?id=-2Q2MgAACAAJ
DeGraff, Thelma B. Plato in Cicero. Classical Philology, 35(2), 1940, 143–153.
Elton, Matthew. The Role of the Affinity Argument in the Phaedo. Phronesis, 42(3), 1997, 313–316.
Ficino, Marsilio. Platonic Theology, On the Immortality of the Soul. Michael J. B. Allen (Trans.), James Hankins (Ed.). 6 vols. Cambridge, MA, 2001–2006.
Frede, Dorothea. The Final Proof of the Immortality of the Soul in Plato's Phaedo 102a–107a. Phronesis, 23(1), 1978, 27–41.
Gallop, David. Plato's 'Cyclical Argument' Recycled. Phronesis, 27, 1982, 207–222.
Gaye, Russell K. The Platonic Conception of Immortality and its Connexion with the Theory of Ideas. Cambridge, 1904 (repr. 2014).
Gertz, Sebastian Ramon Philipp. Death and Immortality in Late Neoplatonism: Studies on the Ancient Commentaries on Plato's Phaedo. Leiden, 2011.
Geddes, W(illiam) D(uguid). Platonis Phaedo. 2nd ed. London: MacMillan, 1885.
Gilfillan, George (Ed.) Young's Night Thoughts. Edinburgh, 1853.
Gould, Richard. Cicero's Indebtedness to the Platonic Dialogues in Tusculan Disputations I. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1968.
Hackforth, R. Immortality in Plato's Symposium. Classical Review, 64(2), 1950, 43–45.
King , J. E. (Trans.) Cicero: Tusculan Disputations. Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, 1927 (rev. 1945).
MacKenna, Stephen (Trans.), Plotinus: The Enneads. 1st edition. London, 1917. Internet Sacred Text Archive. Web, 16 June 2015.
MacKenna, Stephen (Trans.); Page, B. S. (Ed.), Plotinus: The Enneads. 2nd edition. London, 1956.
O'Brien, Michael J. Becoming Immortal in Plato's Symposium. In: Douglas E. Gerber (Ed.), Greek Poetry and Philosophy: Studies in Honour of Leonard Woodbury. Chicago, 1984, pp. 185–205.
Patterson, Robert Leet. Plato on Immortality. University Park, PA, 1965.
Peabody, Andrew P. (tr.) Cicero's Tusculan Disputations. Boston, 1886.
Shorey, Paul. Review of The Platonic Conception of Immortality, and its Connexion with the Theory of Ideas, by R. K. Gaye. Philosophical Review, 14(5), 1905, 590–595.
Shorey, Paul (Tr.). Plato's Republic. 2 vols. (Loeb Classical Library: Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5 & 6). Cambridge, MA, 1935 (repr. 1969).
Smith, John. A Discourse Demonstrating the Immortality of the Soul. In: John Smith, Select Discourses, London J. Flesher, 1660; repr. in E. T. Campagnac (ed.), The Cambridge Platonists, Oxford, 1901, pp. 99-157.
Snyder, James G. Marsilio Ficino. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web, 22 June 2015.
Spring, Charles. On the Essence and Immortality of the Soul. London, 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=xnwXAAAAYAAJ
Stanford, Charles S. A Catalogue of Books Treating on the Immortality of the Soul. New York, 1853. (Also appended to: Charles S. Stanford, Phaedo: Or, The Immortality of the Soul, New York, 1854.)
Stuart, Moses. Cicero on the Immortality of the Soul (Questionum Tusculanaram, Liber 1). With Notes and Appendix. Andover, MA, 1833.
Stull, William. Reading the Phaedo in Tusculan Disputations 1. Classical Philology, Vol. 107, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 38-52.
Uebersax, John S. Plato Divinus: Is Plato a Religious Figure? Web, 15 June 2015.
Westerink, Leendert. G. (Trans.). The Greek Commentaries on Plato's Phaedo. Vol. 1 (Olympiodorus) & Vol 2 (Damascius). Prometheus Trust, 2009.
Written by John Uebersax
September 8, 2015 at 1:00 am
Posted in Cicero, God image, Higher Self, Immortality, Metaphysics, Neoplatonism, philosophy, Plato, Platonism, Plotinus
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September 14, 2015 at 10:39 pm


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Rolitoland and IdN team up for this exciting collaborative project that comes with a set of 3 mini-figures (Antonio, Antonio Jr and Blackhole produced by Toy2R).
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Job ads fall 0.9pc in December
Australia is set for a higher rate of unemployment in 2012, new figures show.
The number of job advertisements on the internet and in newspapers fell 0.9 per cent in December compared with the previous month, ANZ said.
Total job ads were 2.6 per cent lower than in December 2010 - the first negative annul growth rate since February 2010.
ANZ also reported a fall of 0.8 per cent in the trend measure of total job ads in December.
The bank's head of Australian economics Katie Dean said this "points to, at best, modest employment gains for the Australian economy over the coming months".
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"As a result, ANZ forecasts the unemployment rate to rise to 5.5 per cent by mid-2012."
She said she expected the unemployment rate to stay at this elevated level for most of 2012, before falling modestly in 2013 as economic activity started to pick-up, in response to strong mining and infrastructure investment and a likely extended period of relatively-low domestic interest rates.
Australia's unemployment rate was last reported to be 5.3 per cent in November.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics on Thursday releases official employment figures for the month of December.
The median market forecast is for 10,000 jobs to have been added in the month with the unemployment rate staying at 5.3 per cent.
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A 17 month old toddler from Deer Isle Maine is about to embark on his 5th surgery to keep his esophagus from closing after he swallowed a lithium battery back in May. Seventeen month old Kacen Pedrucci made several trips to the emergency room after he spiked a high fever and started vomiting. Doctors assumed the little guy had the flu and was sent home, but things got worse for him. Finally, at the parents behest, they convinced the doctors that this wasn't the flu. An x-ray was ordered and what the doctors found was a flat, coin shaped battery lodged in the toddler's esophagus. Apparently the toddler got the battery out of a talking book and swallowed it.
Litte Kacen isn't out of the woods yet though. He's had to endure multiple surgeries to keep his esophagus open. The batter acid damaged his esophagus to the point that the swelling has been a challenge to control. The boy's mother, Kalashai Pedrucci, told WMTW that she felt stupid — like she was causing the hospital problems for refusing to leave and insisting something further was wrong with Kacen but says now she's glad she was persistent or Kacen might not be here today. Kacen's father, Gary, said that his son kept putting his finger in his mouth, as to show them something was wrong with his throat. His parents are paying special attention to child-proofing batteries after the incident.


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I am the rabbi of Beit Hashofar synagogue in south Seattle and co-founder of Riverton Mussar.
Here we present more advanced meditative techniques. These are not for beginners and only for those well established in Torah, Mitzvot and have a mentor (21mins).
Now the rebbetzin explores specific techniques of meditation, including understanding different states of thought and how to meditate on Scripture (36mins).
On this page, rebbetzin malkah takes over the lecture and introduces us to the inward journey of hitbodedut (14mins).
Here is our introductory class to Jewish Meditation. On this page, rav rafael gives an introduction to meditation and explores external self seclusion (25mins).
When the ever-unfolding drama of the last chapters of Genesis comes to a climax, Joseph has drawn his father and entire family down to Egypt to weather the remainder of the famine. This wasn't exactly what Jacob had in mind after all the years he spent in Padan Aram with Laban, building his family. But, this seems to be the story of the Jewish people. Exile upon exile has befallen us since our departure from the Garden of Eden.
It seems like whenever I turn to one of the cable TV news channels I see "Breaking News" scrolling across the bottom with some detail I used to think I shouldn't care about. But now I sit and stare as the details slowly scroll across the screen. It's amazing what constitutes breaking news nowadays. We see the same thing on Internet news sites. That special red box appears at the top of the page telling us what is breaking on the news scene. But, over the last few years, I have found myself more and more desensitized when I see "BREAKING NEWS" plastered across the screen.
Jacob settled in the land of his father's sojournings, in the land of Canaan. These are the generations of Jacob: when Joseph was seventeen years old, being a shepherd, he was with his brothers with the flocks, and he was a lad, [and was] with the sons of Bilhah and with the sons of Zilpah, his father's wives; and Joseph brought evil tales about them to their father. And Israel loved Joseph more than all his sons, because he was a son of his old age; and he made him a fine woolen coat. And his brothers saw that their father loved him more than all his brothers, so they hated him, and they could not speak with him peacefully. – Genesis 37:1-4
And Jacob uttered a vow, saying, "If God will be with me, and He will guard me on this way, upon which I am going, and He will give me bread to eat and a garment to wear; And if I return in peace to my father's house, and the Lord will be my God; Then this stone, which I have placed as a monument, shall be a house of God, and everything that You give me, I will surely tithe to You." – Genesis 28:20-22
A person's nature can be recognized through three things: his cup, his purse, and his anger. --Talmud, Eruvin 65b
Now this man Moses was exceedingly humble, more so than any person on the face of the earth. (Num. 12:3)
This verse appears in the context one of Moses' most difficult trials, a rebellion of sorts by his brother and sister. From Exodus through Deuteronomy we experience the revelation of Hashem through the story of a humble leader and the Children of Israel. The Torah narrative points out explicitly the trait of humility that Moses possessed. Why is this trait so important for spiritual leadership within communities?


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I Asked God To Use Me – And He Did
On the way into work I again asked God to use me, that it might be His Spirit at work – "thy will be done" – and not me striving in my own strength to accomplish things.
During my volunteer duty, in the background I heard a client say they had a leg problem. It turned out to be a lad of about 18, who had suffered problems with his left knee for about 4 years. The medics had not been able to cure his condition to date. I told him I'd seen lots of knee problems healed, and asked if he wanted me to pray for him. He was happy to give it a go, so I told him Jesus was the one who healed. I asked if he knew about Jesus of the Bible. He said he had been a Christian when younger, but had drifted away.
I laid hands on the knee, saying:"Father I thank you for Jesus. Jesus I thank you that you are the one who heals, and that you love this man and are drawing him back to yourself." I spoke out healing, commanding the muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints and nerves to be healed in Jesus' name. I spoke life and strength to the knee in Jesus' name. Afterwards I asked him how the knee was. He checked it out and reported: "No change, it's exactly the same."
From experience I've learned that you keep on pressing in until results start coming. This of course is dependent on the person being agreeable to you continuing. I illustrated this to the guy: "suppose you had an infection, went to the doctor and he gave you tablets to take, two a day for fourteen days. If you took two the first day and threw the rest away, that would be silly, wouldn't it?" He agreed that would be pointless. I said: "praying for healing is similar; you keep on going with the treatment then you will see results".
I prayed again, in a similar vein as before. This time I was aware of the Holy Spirit flowing in me in a fairly powerful way. I mention this because many times I pray and see people healed but feel nothing myself while it's going on. I asked him for an update. He said he could feel something moving down his leg, plus a tingling feeling. I told him that was God at work. I could feel the power flowing for a couple of minutes and he could too. I then asked him to check it out. He walked up and down and reported a significant improvement. I laid hands on him one more time. He reckoned the leg was a good 40% better at the end.
I then told him the parable of Jesus where the shepherd left the 99 sheep on the hillside to go after the one that was lost. I said: "you're the lost sheep, and God knew you'd be coming here today, so he planned this encounter to draw you back to Himself" He agreed that seemed quite a likely possibility. I gave him my card and asked him to let me know how he got on. I also gave him the gospel tract "No Satisfaction".
This entry was posted on November 20, 2015 at 4:54 pm and is filed under God, God answers prayer, God at Work, Gospel, Healing, Injury, Jesus, Knee problem, Love of God, Parable of the Lost Sheep, Share your faith, Witnessing. You can subscribe via RSS 2.0 feed to this post's comments.
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At 4 months pregnant, most of the unpleasant symptoms commonly experienced during the first trimester are almost gone and the mom feels more optimistic and positive.
She has more energy, no longer experience mood swings as often as before and may even start feeling the first moves and kicks of the baby inside the uterus.
It's a good moment for choosing a name for the baby-to-be and getting more familiar with changes occurring in the second trimester.
The baby's body is now covered with short and fine hairs called lanugo and his eyes have reached their normal position so his facial features can be clearly distinguished now.
Brows, lashes and eyelids are completely formed and the growing baby spends its time swallowing amniotic fluid, yawning and exercising its newly developed reflexes.
The baby's heartbeat can be detected during Doppler tests, retina becomes sensitive to light and its ears begin to hear sounds outside the womb.
The baby's bones continue to strengthen and lungs start maturing, preparing the future boy or girl for the first real breathing movements.
By the end of the 4 months of pregnancy, the fetus measures about 5.5 inches in crown-to-rump length and weighing between 5-6 ounces.
The placenta, which is now fully functional, nourishes and oxygenates the baby's body and his or her reproductive system starts producing the first reproductive cells.
At four of pregnancy, the baby's gender is already known so it's time for the mom to start decorating her baby's room and buying newborn clothes.
This is the month where moms usually start noticing changes in their skin's pigmentation, face becoming blotchy and nipples getting darker.
The uterus is getting larger day after day as the baby gains weight and grows more rapidly. Also, breathing difficulties can be experienced due to the increasing pressure inside the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Another symptom appearing at this 4th month of pregnancy is constipation, usually caused by hormonal fluctuations, but this can be overcome through an adequate diet, a proper water intake and moderate physical activity.
As the upper body becomes heavier, swelling in the legs and back pain are likely to appear as well.
The increasing blood supply makes the heart pump faster and requires an extra effort from the kidneys thus making urination more frequent.
Though the belly isn't yet round and pregnant-looking, quite a number of women may feel frustrated or apprehended about changing appearance as they start feeling fat and frumpy.
To prevent depression and mood swings, wearing maternity clothes and letting others know about the growing baby are good strategies.
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Excess weight gain can be easily prevented through pregnancy exercises and a healthy diet, rich in vitamins, proteins, minerals, fibers and recommended amounts of carbohydrates and fats as well.
The monthly checkup consisting in blood and urine tests for checking proteins, sugar and bacteria, as well as measurements of the mom's weight and blood pressure should be done whether disturbing symptoms are present or not.
Iron deficiency related problems are often present during four months of pregnancy. Your doctor may recommend adding some supplements to your daily diet.
A glucose screening for checking any possible risk of gestational diabetes as well as a blood test for hepatitis B are carried out in this month usually between week 16 and 18. An alpha-fetoprotein test (AFP) may likewise be performed to check for neural tube defects.
Some doctors advise 4 months pregnant moms to also take an Amniocentesis test, for genetic disorders detection.
Whatever tests or examination to be taken must be prescribed by your healthcare provider, depending on your peculiar conditions.
Return from 4 Months Pregnant back to Pregnancy Month by Month section
Return from Pregnancy Month 4 back to PregnancyMama Homepage


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We have just released a maintenance update for our Syncplify.me Notepad! This new version fixes a couple small glitches that were reported by some of our users:
- if already running, the application is not correctly restored and brought to front when an associated file type is double-clicked
- the ".txt" file extension is now correctly appended to the file name when no extension is specified by the user during a "save" or "save as" operation
As usual you can download the most recent version from our web site. Thank you!


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One of the most effective ways to build online visibility and attract traffic to your website is to create relevant, creative, engaging content that people want to read.
Our talented team of copywriters, editors and designers work with you to co-create High-Quality content for your website and blog. Our core objectives of our content marketing service are:
Your target audience deserves fresh and original content every day. Our content marketing services don't just stop at producing and posting Quality content, we also integrate Search Engine Optimization without compromising the originality of the content. Nativedge meticulously studies your business objectives to ensure we create the most relevant content for your brand.
We add consistently add new, relevant things to your blog which will ensure better engagement, a better search rank as well as adding credibility to your brand. We publish the same content across social media channels, syndicate the content across relevant Authority Blogs and distribute to online media channels.


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Graduation Ceremony Florida 2017
We are proud to announce the festivities for our Commencement Ceremony 2017 in Florida on July 28, 2017, in the First Baptist Church of Indian Rocks Beach, 12685 Ulmerton Rd, Largo FL 33771.
The Ceremony starts at 6:00 pm (all are welcome to attend). Graduates should arrive by 5:00pm. Following the ceremony will be an invitation only banquet for graduates and their guests. Festivities end 9:00 pm.
We look forward to seeing you there!


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Genetic counseling is guidance given by a health professional
(genetic counselor or medical geneticist) who is trained to help people
understand their risk of getting a disease related to genetics or of having a
child with an inherited (genetic) disease, such as sickle cell disease, cystic
fibrosis, or hemophilia.
Genetic counseling may involve:
Last Revised:
November 3, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Sarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & Siobhan M. Dolan, MD, MPH - Reproductive Genetics
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


text: del.icio.us is one of my most daily visited sites. Recently, I read a great post on the delicious blog about librarians and teachers using delicious more and more in their schools. This is an idea I think is fabulous and so I thought I might spell out a few ways I go about using this social bookmarking site for my doctoral research. I've been using delicious for at least a couple years now and have more than 3,300 websites bookmarked on my delicious page and a ridiculous amount of tags to go along with all those sites ((Actually, I've slowly begun to delete and rename tags but it is an extremely tedious process, read: almost a complete waste of time. Unfortunately, delicious, up to this point, only allows its users to edit tags one by one, there is no batch edit feature; nor is there, so far as I know, any 3 party app setup to help maintain tags, just create them.)). I use it for my blogging, I use it to send articles to friends, and most importantly I use it for my current research. I now find it indispensable in my daily schoolwork routine.


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Posted on 11 October 2017
October is National Home Security Month and with a 25% spike in home burglaries during the autumn and winter months, we've put together some simple tips to help keep your home and possessions secure.
- Lock doors
In 70% of burglaries, the offender gained entry through a door. This may sound like a basic measure, but making sure you lock doors when you leave the house out or go to bed makes a burglar's chance of entering your home much more difficult. Don't forget to lock your shed, garage and any side and/or back gate.
- Lock windows
Where window locks are fitted, do keep the keys safe as it's residents' responsibility to replace these, and lock windows when not in use, even if you are in for the evening and especially when you are leaving the house or going to bed.
- Lights on
60% of burglaries take place between 6pm and 6am. Leaving the lights on when you go out in the evening will create the illusion that there's someone at home and reduce the chance of a potential break in. Consider leaving lights on a timer, leaving the radio playing and ensuring valuables are out of sight.
Install alarms
A home without a security system is 300% more likely to be burgled. Installing an alarm in a place where it can be easily seen is an effective visual deterrent. An alarm will alert neighbours of a potential intrusion, giving you peace of mind while you are away from home.
- Hide keys
Leaving a spare key outside your home under the doormat or flowerpot is extremely risky. If you need to leave a spare key for a forgetful family member, consider a secure key lock box mounted to a wall.
- Insurance
Only 9% of property taken during burglaries is recovered - make sure your home and its contents are insured.


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The fire of love for all souls that are loved by God can and will explode within you like the fire of God's love—it is the same kind of love. It burns you up with a hunger for the mystical happiness, first for those that are close to you, then of people you barely know, and last but not least, for everyone on God's green earth. Love has the power, the energy, to ravage hate forever in the beat of a heart. Love is a wildfire—it burns all but itself, it destroys what is false, and renews what is true.
This fire slowly consumes you with a desire that is not directed in the immediacy of action, but rather to God. And in the sudden serenity of this burning desire you are conveyed to prayer first, rather than to action, or rather, action seems to accompany prayer and with desire, as if of its own accord.
You will not always think much of what you are to do, or to write for all souls—it just sort of happens when the hunger for God carries you away. This hunger is exactly the same as the hunger for your own personal union with God, but now it includes someone else, and it is for God's sake above all, though one should not aim nor detach, for or from the task at God's Hand.
Here is a bit of hunger, and it is a direct reference to you all as a collective group, a group that is established as a representative who is individual, who might I add, is real. In this hunger is a vacuum of pain and suffering, but there is also joy and it is borderline blissful, and somehow it is complete with the conviction that God wants to and will answer all of your prayers.
Sometimes you get the feeling that when this desire for the love of all souls carries you away, God is commencing to shower all of His love upon you like some transcendent waterfall glowing with all that you need—almost like He's overwhelming you with some honey drip of spiritual synchronicity.
You will find you are no longer worried about your own needs, but instead absorbed in the nuisance of desire for the bliss of that soul—that soul—or that one. It must always distinctive and material. It can never be abstract.
But it does not always have to be this way, you can lose sight of them all in God and pray for them as well or better perhaps, but it is still a sweet spot to be swept with the flames of this hunger for all souls, and then comes that strange mystical synch, as we all attain riches of joy from Him. It makes you want to sing—songs will bubble up from your soul with effervescent joy and smother you with happiness. And yes sometimes there is an anxiousness as if your heart would soon burst, giving birth to the whole world.
And He said to him, "Truly, I say to you today you will be with me in Paradise."
Luke 23 : 43
I hope you enjoy your day, it is a powder day and we must go.
Yours Truly—


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Yes a Uly is a good fit for your riding style and can get one for a good low price.
I'm about 6'1", 210 lbs + or - and I wear 30" inseam Levis. I don't hate the real sporty sport bikes but I don't NEED one. Plus, SWMBO would be easier to agree. And it seems like the Uly will be plenty of fun.
I started out wanting an EBR but turns out I can't dedicate that much money when a Uly would be half the cost.
I really appreciate the good will and helpfulness on these two boards. Good people.
Yes a Uly is a good fit for your riding style and can get one for a good low price.
Last edited by Silverrider; 02-10-2019 at 12:08 AM.
Thanks, Mr rider. I hope to make a decision in a couple weeks. I'll expand my search to PA and NJ. (there aren't any on Craigs in Maryland or Virginia just now).
An earlier post said one should look for a 2008 - 2009. Would you say that is important?
Last edited by The Bob; 02-10-2019 at 01:22 AM.
2008 - 2009 this are better engines smarter ECM,cranks, oil systems if they fit in your budget. Older ones are a great buys also and more plentiful.
You'll like the the Ulysses and, I doubt that your older or better looking than John and I.
This is not a bad deal, he's installed a lot of good quality after market stuff.
This is also a good deal and if it's close to one of the guys on the wrong coast ( west coast ), they might be able to check it out for you.
And another https://www.cycletrader.com/listing/...12X-5005819725
I would try and get this one for $3500, it's from a dealer and they might let go for that amount.
This is also a good deal,
I know a guy that is a transporter, I've used him twice, he's reasonable, dependable, and and, on time, he brought a bike back from North Carolina and one from Texas for me.
Good luck.
Last edited by njloco; 02-10-2019 at 03:32 AM.
I am 6ft 4" and build like a brick outhouse and find the Uly just right and the best of the Buell bunch for my size.
Those are all nice finds ^^^ Good bikes cant go wrong with a ULY !!!!!
Good info. Thanks. Wow! Mr loco and John must be really old!
Back in the k1 days my wife and I went to a rally at finger lakes. After dark this old guy shows up on a 916. It was interesting cuz he could hardly walk when he got off.
I think I will hold out for a good 08 - 09 for the right price. Then we can set up an old guy's meeting in PA or NJ. )
Dont wait too long the clock is ticking and hope it keeps ticking! LOL .
I'll second that. Loved mine.IMO was buells' best all-around bike ever.


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With the Conflicts system, there were a lot of features that we could take advantage of, such as the Dun & Bradstreet integration, Hoovers integration, and so that's what led us to purchase the tool…and we've been very happy with it.
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We wanted to move toward an efficient model where conflicts experts were doing more of the analysis—not the legal teams. With Intapp Conflicts, our team has the ability to offer an enhanced service, functioning as conflicts analysts who are able to handle more of the basic clearing. This made it possible to avoid taking on matters that would limit revenue potential, and avoid situations that could be embarrassing from a compliance point of view.
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text: Well, perhaps I should start by explaining the Yahtzee Barf. Saturday night at our pad is pizza night (we make pizza), and sometimes we play games too. One night we were playing Yahtzee, with one of our cats sitting nearby (she likes to help). We couldn't help but notice that every time we shook the dice in the Yahtzee cup, our cat started gagging. The behavior would stop as soon as we stopped shaking the dice in the cup, and then would start again with each turn. What the heck? We coined this behavior "Yahtzee Barf" and did what any reasonable person would do, we lined the Yahtzee cup with felt so it wouldn't make a loud, rattling noise each time we shook the dice.


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Apartment Application
Housing is limited. Housing deposits can be made by credit card or check.
For credit card payments please call the Business Office at 614-234-2266. If paying by check please make the check payable to "Mount Carmel College of Nursing Housing Deposit" and mail to
Mount Carmel College of Nursing
127 S. Davis Avenue
Columbus, OH 43222
Attn: Kathy Smith
Apartments Provide Two-Bedroom Quad Occupancy.
Residence Hall applicants must be accepted and confirmed to attend Mount Carmel prior to submitting their application to live on campus.
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Naturally Practical Pattern Book
Eleven easy to make rope basket patterns in one volume.
Step by step photographic images and clear written instructions show you how to make naturally practical baskets for the home.
The patterns are designed in my Norfolk studio and the baskets are made using sisal, Manila hemp and cotton rope. They are made using a coiling technique from a continuous length of rope and are suitable for beginners and upwards. The construction method can also be used with recycled materials.
The book is spiral bound making it easy to keep each page flat while following the patterns.
48 page, full colour, A4 printed paper book with wire binding.
Copyright © 2016 Jo Clarke All rights reserved
Permission granted to reproduce for personal use only. Commercial copying, hiring and lending is prohibited.
Available in the UK only


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Allergies Channel
Related Channels
Singular is commonly prescribed to treat asthma (including exercise-induced asthma) and an itchy, stuffy, runny nose that is the result of allergies. It works by blocking leukotriene receptors, which helps minimize or prevent symptoms. Singulair is available in various forms, including tablets, granules, and chewable tablets. How often it is taken depends on the condition it is being used to treat. Possible side effects include headaches, stomach pain, and the flu.
What Is Singulair?Singulair® (montelukast sodium) is a prescription medication used to treat the following conditions:
- Asthma, including exercise-induced asthma (also known as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction)
- Allergic rhinitis (irritated, stuffy, itchy, or runny nose due to allergies).
(Click Singulair Uses for more information, including possible off-label uses for the medication.)
How Does It Work?Singulair is part of a group of medications called leukotriene modifiers. Leukotrienes are chemicals produced by the body in response to allergens or other problems. In the lungs, they cause swelling and inflammation in the airways and constriction of the muscles of the respiratory tract. In the nose, leukotrienes are released after exposure to allergens (substances that cause allergies), leading to allergy symptoms.
The drug works by blocking leukotriene receptors, preventing these chemicals from causing allergy or asthma symptoms.
Singulair Drug Information
List of references (click here)
Singulair [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc.;2012 March.
Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Electronic orange book: approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations. FDA Web site. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/ob/. Accessed October 5, 2012.
Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 7th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2005.
Written by/reviewed by: Kristi Monson, PharmD; Arthur Schoenstadt, MD
Last reviewed by: Kristi Monson, PharmD


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SANFRANCISCO, Calif., Oct. 23 (UPI) -- Apparently, the Oakland Athletics are no longer opposed to giving All-Star first baseman Jason Giambi a no-trade clause.
The Athletics offered Giambi, who is eligible to become a free agent in November, a six-year contract worth more than $90 million during the season, but were not willing to give him a no-trade clause and that caused negotiations to cease.
However, Athletics general manager Billy Beane told the San Francisco Chronicle that the organization is now prepared to give Giambi a no-trade clause.
"We've told Jason and (Giambi's agent) Arn Tellem, that's (no-trade clause) no longer an issue," Beane told the newspaper.
Giambi, who turns 31 in January, is the key offensive player on a young A's team that won 102 games -- second most in the majors -- but squandered a two games to none lead and lost to the New York Yankees in the American League Division Series.
Ironically, the Yankees may make a bid for Giambi, who has made no secret of his fondness for New York and the Yankees' tradition. But he is also the leader of the A's and Beane believes he may be able to retain Giambi.
"I'm optimistic," Beane said in the San Francisco Chronicle. "We have a good relationship, so there's trust and good feeling in the negotiations."
Beane is hoping to resolve Giambi's situation before he negotiates with his other free agents -- outfielder Johnny Damon and closer Jason Isringhausen.
Giambi can very well earn a second straight Most Valuable Player Award after batting .342 with 38 home runs and 120 RBI. He ranked first in the league in slugging percentage (.660), doubles (47) and walks (129), second in batting behind Seattle's Ichiro Suzuki, sixth in runs (109), seventh in homers and eighth in RBI.
When he captured the MVP honor in 2000, Giambi hit .333 with 43 homers and 137 RBI and ranked third in slugging percentage (.647).


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Dubai Electricity and Water Authority, DEWA, has connected 453 photovoltaic, PV, installations on the roofs of residential, commercial and industrial buildings in Dubai, with a total capacity of about 18.7 MW.
This was carried out under the 'Shams Dubai' initiative launched by DEWA to encourage customers to install solar photovoltaic panels on the roofs of their premises to generate electricity from solar power and export any excess to the power grid.
The numbers are expected to increase in the future to eventually cover all buildings in the emirate by 2030.
Commenting on the initiative, Saeed Mohammed Al Tayer, MD & CEO of DEWA, said, "Shams Dubai gives its residents the opportunity to transform their buildings into sustainable ones, reduce the emirate's carbon footprint, and increase the proportion of solar power in Dubai's environmentally friendly energy mix. Through this initiative, community members will promote sustainable development in Dubai and transform the emirate into a global hub for clean energy and green economy, and support the Dubai Clean Energy Strategy 2050, launched by UAE Vice President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai, His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, to generate 7 percent of Dubai's total power output from clean energy by 2020, 25 percent by 2030 and 75 percent by 2050. This will also support the Smart Dubai initiative launched by His Highness to make Dubai the smartest and happiest city in the world.
"Shams Dubai helps customers avoid using very expensive power storage systems by connecting the photovoltaic panels to the network. Furthermore, the surplus power will be exported to DEWA's grid, which will be deducted from the customers' future bill. Apart from providing those direct benefits to electricity customers, and increasing the value of buildings where solar photovoltaic systems are installed, Shams Dubai establishes a sustainable model for providing clean energy and supporting Dubai's economy without harming the environment and natural resources.
"This is aligned with the long-term 'Green Economy for Sustainable Development' initiative, launched by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid, to build a green economy in the UAE. Moreover, Shams Dubai contributes to the UAE Vision 2021, to make the UAE one of the best countries in the world by 2021, by its sustainable environment and infrastructure objectives, through the improvement of air quality and increasing the share of clean energy, in addition to Dubai Plan 2021 to make Dubai a smart and sustainable city.
"The first customers' solar photovoltaic systems connected to DEWA's grid, under Shams Dubai initiative, was the rooftop of the employees' building at Dubai World Central - Al Maktoum International Airport, with a capacity of 30 kilowatts at peak load, kWp. After that, a number of ambitious projects were completed, including the 1 megawatt at peak load, MWp, carport installation at Emirates Engine Maintenance Centre in Warsan, a number of Dubai Municipality buildings, including the 260kWp carport at Al Qusais Park, the 1,210kWp installation at the Engineer's Office's water pumping station at Al Qudra, the 126kWp canopy at ENOC petrol station near Dubai Internet City, and 353 villas at the Sustainable City as of 31st August, 2017," Al Tayer added.
please consider the environment... only print this page if you really need to (


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Welcome to Store4G!
Store4G.com is a Hong Kong-based global online retailer in selling 4G LTE mobile broadband devices since 2012.
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To meet the growing needs in bio-based polymers for the next generation coatings, we focus on high performance and eco-friendly innovation.
Due to increasing governmental regulations to protect the environment, new directives under discussion, potentially banning metals salts such as cobalt, it appears clear that our environmental responsibility is to develop alternative binder technologies. New legislation imposes challenges to the resin producer and coating formulator with major reformulation efforts. Ecoat filed a patent to protect intellectual property linked to the new technologies we currently develop.
Our patented technologies
We have developed new patented technologies for post application cross linking. We believe it will make a significant inroad in the green chemistry deployment.
We focus on innovation in polymer technologies like:
- Bio-based or conventional Alkyd Resin Emulsions
- Bio-based or conventional, drier free, Alkyd Resin Emulsions
- Bio-based or conventional Polyurethane modified Alkyd Emulsions
- Bio-based Alkyd Pickering Emulsions
Pickering Technology
This patented surfactant free emulsion technology is based on the used of solid particles adsorbing irreversibly at the resin/water interface and stabilizing the alkyd particles. This emulsification technology requires extremely low addition level and removes consequently the drawbacks of conventional surfactants: adhesion, water sensitivity, VOC, plasticizing effect, cost impact or reactivity with associative thickeners. This technology enables to make alkyd emulsions with a biobased content up to 99%.
Secoia Technology
InoKem UR technology
Inokem UR range are internally emulsified alkyd emulsions, where the alkyd resin is modified with polyurethane chemistry and the biobased content up to 69%. Such technology enables to meet todays's industrial requirement regarding VOC regulation, while offering a cost competitive and high quality binders for metal and wood coatings applications.
Leaf Tech is a patented, trade mark registered, technology for conventional and bio-based alkyd binders. It offers outstanding performances for matte, satin and shiny paints, according to environmental issues and regulations.
Some of the benefits of Leaf Tech technology are: drier free; fast drying allowing a quick second layer of paint, less than 3 hours for a satin paint; increased open time; high hardness development.
Clean'R is a patented formaldehyde scavenger technology developed by Ecoat. This cleaning-technology will helps manufacturers create interior alkyd paints that have low chemical emissions (VOC). A good coat using Clean'R technology will not only last for years, but also will improve the indoor air quality of houses, contribute to a better health, and protect the environment.
Coupled with the 2012 Pierre Potier Prize which was held on September 12, 2012 in Paris-Bercy in the presence of Mr Arnaud Montebourg, Minister of Productive Recovery, the Third Edition of the ChemStart'Up prize rewarded Ecoat for his new patented technology for post application cross linking: an innovation in coating applications.Article on the website of les Echos on 31/10/2012
We develop products, processes and innovation services in collaboration with all our customers. We also offer our customers technical service and applications know-how. Exclusivities on customized products are possible.