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The Inhibiting Effect of Abscisic Acid on Fragrance of Kam Sweet Rice
Zheng Kong1, 2, Degang Zhao1, 2, 3,
1Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, South Campus, Huaxi, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
2Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Ago-Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, North Campus, Huaxi, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
3College of Life Science, Guizhou University, South Campus, Huaxi, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
The Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major type of cultivated rice in Asia [1]. The Kam sweet rice reported on Science have been able to preserve their varieties against genetic contamination from Indica strains [2]. Gou Cengao is an indigenous aromatic Kam sweet rice variety of China. This study aimed to characterize the effect of abscisic acid(ABA) on volatile compounds in grains of Gou Cengao. Using GC-O and SPME-GC-MS, nonanal displayed the highest odor activity value (OAV) in the grains and decreased after applicaton of ABA in the rice seedlings. The relative expression of rice OsLOX3 (rice lipoxygenase 3) and OsHPL1 (rice hydroperoxide lyase 1) was assessed by RT-PCR in grains of Gou Cengao and the non-aromatic Lailong rice after pollination. Our data showed that OsLOX3 was elevated in Gou Cengao compared with the non-aromatic rice. In agreement, lipoxygenase (OsLOX3 gene product) levels and activity were elevated in aromatic rice samples. Interestingly, a significant negative Pearson correlation (-0.945) was found between the concentrations of endogenous ABA and the relative expression of rice OsLOX3 (p < 0.01). The results suggest that the inhibiting effect of ABA on the biosynthetic pathway of nonanal.
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Keywords: Kam sweet rice, nonanal, 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline, lipoxygenase activity, abscisic acid, OsLOX3
Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2014 2 (4),
pp 148-154.
DOI: 10.12691/jfnr-2-4-3
Received April 08, 2014; Revised April 22, 2014; Accepted May 03, 2014Copyright © 2013 Science and Education Publishing. All Rights Reserved.
Cite this article:
- Kong, Zheng, and Degang Zhao. "The Inhibiting Effect of Abscisic Acid on Fragrance of Kam Sweet Rice." Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 2.4 (2014): 148-154.
- Kong, Z. , & Zhao, D. (2014). The Inhibiting Effect of Abscisic Acid on Fragrance of Kam Sweet Rice. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2(4), 148-154.
- Kong, Zheng, and Degang Zhao. "The Inhibiting Effect of Abscisic Acid on Fragrance of Kam Sweet Rice." Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 2, no. 4 (2014): 148-154.
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1. Introduction
The Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops and a major food source for more than half of the global human population [1]. Among all rice varieties produced worldwide, aromatic Kam sweet rice is known for its pleasant fragrance and taste. Kam sweet rice [2] is a major type of cultivated rice with a long history of cultural and culinary importance in Asia [3]. Indigenous aromatic Kam sweet rice types cultivated in China include Gou Cengao, Gou Gaoqian and Congjiang, found especially in southwest China where Kam sweet rice cakes are traditional foods. Gou Cengao has been cultivated for hundreds of years. However, major aromatic components found in the grains of this important rice have not been characterized.
Multiple studies have been carried out to describe factors that influence the production of volatile components. For instance, trace amounts of gibberellic acid result in decreased 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline levels in aromatic rice [4], and it has been reported that many aromatic components are markedly noticed in aromatic rice after treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) [5]. In addition, environmental conditions affect the aroma quality of aromatic rice: rice cropped in rain-fed paddy fields shows higher content in aromatic compounds [6]; the yield of aromatic volatile compounds is affected by salinity [7, 8, 9]. Furthermore, enzyme content is an important factor in aromatic compound synthesis. Indeed, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline levels were regulated by the expression of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylixc acid synthetase OsP5CS [10] and it has been shown that volatile aldehydes are produced through lipid oxidation and peroxidation [11]. Finally, Tomio et al. reported that 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content in rice was higher when ripened at low temperature (day:25°C/night:20°C) compared with high temperature (day:35°C /night30°C) (Itani et al. 2004). Likewise, reduction of temperature was suggested as an alternative way to retard aroma changes [12].
In this study, concentration of ABA and the volatile components of cooked Gou Cengao and rice grains of filling stage were analyzed to reveal the correlation between ABA and the key volatile compound.
2. Materials and Methods
Plant Materials. The aromatic (Gou Cengao) and non-aromatic (Lailong) Kam sweet rice types are Chinese aromatic japonica rice found in the Guizhou Plateau, which is located in the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou in southwest China. All rice grains were milled to remove bran layers, and samples were sealed in zip lock bags and kept at -80°C until use. The fifteen-day-old seedling with three leaves were either treated with water supplemented with 110 mg/L ABA or with water alone for 48h. The green leaves were harvested and samples of equal weight (1.0 g) were homogenized in liquid nitrogen for the assay of volatile components.
Rice cooking. Aromatic Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao was cooked according to previous reports [13]. Briefly, 100 g sample of matured grains were added to 100 mL distilled water in a 1L glass beaker and heated using an electromagnetic heater for 20 min at 100°C. During heating the glass beaker was sealed by a special ground glass lid equipped with an exhaust port covered with aluminum foil. After cooking, the beaker and content were placed in 80°C water bath for the SPME step.
SPME Sampling. An equilibration time of 10-15 min in headspace solid-phase microextraction has been shown sufficient for most volatile compounds. Hence, SPME was carried out for 15 min using a 50/30 μm DVB SPME fiber (2 cm) attached to a manual holder from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). Then, the SPME fiber was desorbed for 5 min on an Agilent 5975C/6890 GC equipped with a HP 5973 mass-selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and a 30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm Zebron ZB-5MSI fused silica capillary column (5% Phenyl-95% Dimethylpolysiloxane) from Zebron (USA). The injector temperature was kept at 250°C throughout the separation.
Solvent Extraction of Volatile compounds. Solvent extraction was used for samples during rice filling stages. 1g fresh rice grains was ground and resuspended in 2 mL of a 1:1 dichloromethane and ethanol mixture, in a sealed screw cap vial (22.5×46 mm) equipped with PTFE silicon septa (WAJR, China). The mixture was heated in a water bath at 60°C for 24 hours and the sample allowed to cool down at room temperature for 30 min. Triplicate samples were analyzed GC-MS as described below.2.1. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography–Olfactometry (GC-O)
GC-MS experiments were carried out on an Agilent 6890/HP 5973 instrument described above. Samples were injected in split mode. The column temperature was programmed to start at 40°C with a 2 min hold followed by increase at incremental rates of 4°C /min to 150°C. The interface temperature was 280°C and the flow rate of the carrier gas-helium was 1.0 mL/min. Volatiles were split between the mass spectrometer and the olfactory detection port (Gersterl ODP2, Germany) for description and intensity assessment. The mass spectrometer was operated in an electron impact (EI) ionization mode with electron energy of 70eV and electron multiplier voltage of 1052V. The temperature of the ion source was 230°C and mass spectra were obtained by scanning from m/z 20-450. For olfactory detection, three independent assessors trained for odor description of volatiles evaluated the samples. Odor intensity was classified as nd (not detected), 1 (very weak), 2 (weak), 3 (intermediate), 4 (strong), and 5 (very strong). The volatiles perceived by all assessors were considered odor active components.2.2. Extraction of ABA
The 1g sample was freeze-dried and separately ground in 11 mL, 5 mL, 2 mL, 2 mL of ethanol mixture (80 %) in the weak light. The homogenate were stored at 60°C for 12 h and submitted to centrifugation (4°C, 5000 rpm, 10 min). Using vacuum freezing, centrifugation and enrichment, the ethanol was removed from the supernatant fluid. In the next step the supernatants were added with 8 mL solution of ammonium acetate (0.1 mol/L, pH9.0) and the samples submitted to centrifugation (4°C, 15000 rpm, 20min). After filtering with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP) column and diethyl amino ethyl sephadex gel (DEAE Sephadex A-25) column, the resulting samples collected by Sep-Pak C18 column (1cm×15cm, 30mL) were eluted by 50% methanol solution for the next HPLC analysis.2.3. Identification and Quantification of Volatile Compounds and ABA
The following standards were used for identification of aromatic compounds in cooked rice samples and ABA in rice seedlings: hexanal, furfural, heptanal, (E)-2-heptenal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-pentylfuran, octanal, (E)-2-octenal, 1-octanol, nonanal, decanal, (E, E)-2, 4-nonadienal, and geranylacetone were purchased from Aladdin-reagent (China); benzaldehyde and 3-octen-2-one were provided by Xiyashiji (China) and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline by J&K Chemical (China). The n-alkanes C6-C19 (AccuStandard, USA) were used to derive the retention indices. ABA was provided by Aladdin-reagent (China).
All aromatic compounds of rice were identified by matching with mass spectra in the NIST and WILEY libraries and confirmed by comparing retention times with that of authentic standards. For quantification of each compound, standard curves were determined by analyzing GC-MS data after injection of different concentrations (ppm) or the compound diluted in hexane (Table 1).
For samples obtained by solvent extraction, nonanal was identified and quantified as described above, using the NIST and WILEY libraries. The following equation was obtained for the standard curve: y = 9×10-6x+24.078, with r2=0.9999, a validation comprised between 25 and 155 μg/kg and an RSD of 2.69%.
For HPLC assay, the mobile phases used were the mixed solution of acetonitrile and 0.5% triethylamine (pH3.5). The first eluant and second eluant were respectively in 100% triethylamine and mixed solution (82% triethylamine and 18% acetonitrile) with interval time 6 min. The third eluant was 64% triethylamine and 36% acetonitrile after 18 min. The program was set to flow velocity 1 mL/min, determine wavelength 210 nm and column temperature 35°C. The injection volume of sample was 10 μL with 80 μL solution of 20% acetonitrile and 80% triethylamine (0.4%, pH3.5). The gradient condition of ABA included 10 ng/g, 30 ng/g, 60 ng/g, 120 ng/g, 240 ng/g, 350 ng/g, 500 ng/g. The equation was obtained for the standard curve of ABA: y = 0.15928x+0.33493, with r2=0.9999, a validation comprised between 30.3 and 350 ng/g and RSD of 1.88%.
Table 1. Linearity, Sensitivity and Precision of Major Odor-Active Compounds detected in Cooked Aromatic Kam sweet rice Sample in grains during filling stage
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RNA isolation and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Total RNA was isolated from rice grain samples obtained from aromatic Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao and non-aromatic rice Lailong. RNA extraction from ten independent samples was carried out at four distinct stages of the rice grain development (6, 8, 10, and 15 days after rice flowering), using the E.Z.N.ATM Plant RNA Kit (OMEGA, USA) and following manufacturer's instructions.
1. Collect frozen ground plant tissue(up to 100 mg) in a microfuge tube and immediately add 500 μL Buffer RCL/2-mercaptoethanol. We recommend starting with 50 mg tissues at first. If results obtained are satisfactory increase amount of starting material. Samples should not be allowed to thaw before Buffer RCL/2-mercaptoethanol is added. Vortex vigorously to make sure that all clumps are dispersed. RNA cannot be effectively extracted from clumped tissue.
2. Incubate at 55°C for1-3 minutes. Centrifuge at maxi speed (14000 × g) for 5 min at room temperature.
3. Transfer the supernatant directly into a gDNA Filter Column in 2 mL collection tube and centrifuge at 14000 × g for 2 min at room temperature.
4. Add eqaul volume Buffer RCB to the flow-through and mix well by pipetting up and down 5-10 times.
5. Apply one half of the mixture from step 4 to a HiBind@ RNA Mini column assembled in a clean 2 mL collection tube (supplied). Centrifuge at 10000 × g for 1 min at room temperature. Discard the flow-through liquid and place the column back into the collection tube.
6. Apply the regaining of the mixture from step 4 to the column. Centrifuge at 10000 × g for 1 min at room temperature. Discard the flow-through liquid and place the column back into the collection tube.
7. Add 400 μL RWC Wash Buffer and centrifuge as above. Discard both flow-through liquid and collection tube.
8. Place column in a clean 2 mL collection tube (supplied), and add 500 μL RNA Wash Buffer Ⅱ diluted with ethanol. Centrifuge as above and discard flow-through. Re-use the collection tube in step 9.
9. Wash column with a second 500 μL RNA Wash Buffer Ⅱby repeating step 8. Centrifuge as above and discard flow-through. Then with the collection tube empty, centrifuge the column for 2 min at 10000 × g to completely dry the column matrix.
10. Elution of RNA: Transfer the column to a clean 1.5 mL microfuge tube (not suplied) and elute the RNA with 30-50 μL of DEPC water (suplied). Make sure to add water directly onto column matrix. Incubate at room temperature for 2 min. Centrifuge for 1 min at 10000 × g. A second elution into the same tube may be necessary if the expected yield of RNA > 30 μg.
Reverse transcription was carried out separately for 10 min (25°C), 120 min (37°C) and 5min (85oC), using the high-capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, USA). To prepare the 2 × RT master mix on ice (per 20 μL reaction): 10 × RT Buffer 2.0 μL; 25 × dNTP Mix (100 mM) 0.8 μL; 10 × RT Random Primers 2.0 μL; MultiscribeTM Reverst Transcriptase 1.0 μL; Rnase Inhibitor 1.0 μL; Nuclease-free H2O 3.2 μL. To prepare the cDNA Reverse Transcription reactions: 1. Pipette 10 μL of 2 × RT master mix into each well of a 96-well reaction plate or individual tube. 2. Pipette 10 μL of RNA sample into each well, pipetting up and down two times to mix. 3. Seal the plates or tubes. 4. Briefly centrifuge the plate or tubes to spin down the contents and to eliminate any air bubbles. 5. Place the plate or tubes on ice until you are ready to load the thermal cycler.
Real-Time PCR was carried out on an ABI 7500 Fast Real Time PCR instrument with the 7500 v2.0.1 software (Applied Biosystems, USA) and Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, USA). The manufacturer's instruction of Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix: prepare the PCR reagents mix with Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix 10 μL, forward primer 50 nM, reverse primer 50nM, template 100 ng, nuclease-free water. The total reaction volumn was 20 μL. Real-Time PCR conditions included an initial denaturation at 95oC for 10 min followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15s and 60°C for 1 min. The melting curves were obtained at 95°C for 15s, 60°C for 1min; and 95°C for 15s. The following primers were used: OsLOX3 Forward, 5'-CAACAGGCTCTACATTCT-3'; OsLOX3 Reverse, 5'-GTGGCATAGGTGAAGATA-3' (Reference sequence: GenBank FJ660622.1); OsHPL1 Forward, 5'-AGCTCCTCCACAACCTCG-3'; OsHPL1 Reverse, 5'-CGATGTGTGGCAGGAAGAT-3' (Reference sequence: GenBank AK105964.1). The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 gene was employed as internal control: Forward primer 5'-CCGTTTGTAGAGCCATAATTGCA-3'; Reverse primer 5'-AGGTTGCCTGAGTCACAGTTAAGTG-3' (Reference sequence: GenBank AK059694.1). The mRNA levels were expressed relatively to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 gene in each sample.
Lipoxygenase Extraction and Enzyme Activity. Lipoxygenase was extracted as previously described [10]. Rice grains were frozen and ground in liquid nitrogen. The resulting powder was stored at -20°C until use. For extraction, 1g powder was added to 10 mL phosphate buffer (1%PVP, pH6.5, 0.2M) and the suspension centrifuged at 10000×g for 20 min (4°C). Ammonium sulfate was added to supernatants to achieve 35% saturation and the mixture centrifuged as described above. The resulting supernatants were precipitated with 70% (NH4)2SO4 for 1h and the samples submitted to centrifugation (4°C, 10000×g, 20min). The pellet containing the enzyme was dissolved in 2 mL of 0.01M phosphate buffer (pH6.5) containing 10% glycerol. The samples were desalinated by Sephadex G-25 column (1cm×15cm, 30mL) and stored at 4°C. Enzyme activity was determined as previously described [14]. Briefly, quartz color dishes were filled with 0.2 mL substrate, 2.75 mL phosphate buffer (pH6.5, 0.2M) and 50μL lipoxygenase extract and activity were assessed spectrophotometrically by monitoring the formation of conjugated dienes at 234 nm. The enzyme activity unit was calculated as ΔA234 min-1g-1FW. The substrate solution was prepared as proposed by Engeseth et al. [15]. Briefly, 0.1 mL linoleic acid stock solution was mixed with 2 mL boric acid (pH9.0, 0.2M) and 0.1 mL Tween-20. Then, 0.2 mL NaOH (1M) was added and mixed until a clear solution was obtained. Finally, boric acid was added to increase the solution volume to 40 mL. The substrate solution was stored at 20°C until use.
Statistical Analysis. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Il) and Pearson correlation. The Duncan's multiple-range test was used to compare OAVs of the odor-active compounds from rice samples.
3. Results and Discussion
The relative intensities and descriptors of odor-active compounds emanating from cooked aromatic Kam sweet Gou Cengao rice, as determined by trained assessors, are summarized in Table 2. Aldehydes constituted the most abundant group among the 16 odor-active compounds detected in cooked Gou Cengao. Indeed, 9 aldehydes were found, including hexanal, furfural, heptanal, (E)-2-heptenal, octanal, (E)-2-octenal, nonanal, decanal, and (E, E)-2, 4-nonadienal. The remaining constituents were two aromatic compounds (benzaldehyde and 2-pentylfuran), two alcohols (1-octen-3-ol and 1-octanol), two ketones (3-octen-2-one and geranylacetone) and a nitrogen-containing compound (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline). Buttery et al. [16] reported 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and (E, E)-2, 4-decadienal as key aroma components in cooked rice, compounds not found cooked Gou Cengao as shown above. This is likely due to the difference in the aromatic rice types studied. Based on odor intensity, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, nonanal, and hexanal contributed most to the flavor of Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao, with odor intensity values of 5.0, 5.0 and 4.2, respectively.
Table 2. Odor Intensity and Description of Odor-Active Compounds in Cooked Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao
To assess the contribution of individual odor active components to the overall aroma, the compounds detected by the assessors (i.e., odor intensity>0) were considered potentially contributors (Table 3) [17, 18]. OAVs, obtained by dividing each component's concentration by its odor threshold in air, were used to assess the relative importance of individual aromatic compounds in cooked rice aroma (Table 3). To determine the concentrations of the odor-active components, excellent standard curves were established using authentic standards, with linear correlation coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.9991 to 0.9999 and relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 0.29 to 3.74% (Table 1). As shown in Table 3, nonanal was the most potent odor-active compound in the aromatic Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao (OAV=106), followed by 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (OAV = 101), hexanal (OAV = 53), octanal (OAV = 48), decanal (OAV = 10), (E, E)-2, 4-nonadienal (OAV = 9.6), (E)-2-octenal (OAV = 8.8), heptanal (OAV = 5.6), 1-octen-3-ol (OAV = 2.2), and 1-octanol (OAV = 0.6).
Table 3. Odor Activity Values(OAVs) of Major Odor-Active Compounds in Cooked aromatic Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao
Aldehydes, especially nonanal (OAV=106, relative proportion = 30.7%), constituted the most odor active contributors of the aromatic Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao. Interestingly, C9-aldehydes are significant odorants in many rice types and known products of 9-lipoxygenase and 9-hydroperoxide lyase, which are encoded separately by OsLOX3 [19] and OsHPL1 [20] gene, respectively.
Therefore, to understand the highest OAV of nonanal, we assessed the changes in nonanal concentrations (Table 4), relative gene expression of OsLOX3 and OsHPL1 (Figure 1A and Figure 1B; Table 5), lipoxygenase activity (Table 4; Figure 2) and ABA concentrations (Table 5) in grains 6, 8, 10, and 15 days after flowering of aromatic Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao. As shown in Table 4, nonanal was found at all stages of grain development in aromatic Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao. Interestingly, OsLOX3 expression was significantly higher in Gou Cengao than in Lailong at all grain filling stages (Figure 1A). However, no constant trend was found for OsHPL1 expression, which was lower in Gou Cengao compared with Lailong at 6 (0.207 vs. 1.895), 8 (1.613 vs. 2.288) and 15 days (0.012 vs. 0.112) but slightly higher at 10 days (1.641 vs. 1.415) (Figure 1B.). Therefore, OsLOX3 was considered the most critical gene in aromatic Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao. To confirm these findings, enzyme activity of lipoxygenase was assessed in the same samples (Table 4; Figure 2). In agreement with gene expression data, lipoxygenase activity was markedly increased at all time points during rice filling. Finally, using Pearson correlation analysis, we found that variation in nonanal amounts correlated with the enzyme activity of lipoxygenase, with a significant correlation of r=0.694 (two-tailed analysis, p = 0.012). However, the variation in ABA amounts correlated with the OsLOX3 expression, with a significant negative correlation of r = -0.945 (two-tailed analysis, p < 0.01) (Table 5). Using Pearson correlation analysis, we found no significant difference in the correlation between ABA concentration and OsHPL1 expression, with correlation of r = -0.421 (two-tailed analysis, p = 0.173) (Table 5). The result suggested that OsLOX3 was also the most critical gene in ABA regulation pathway of nonanal. The ABA showed the inhibiting effect on the biosynthesis of nonanal. To confirm the findings, the nonanal concentrations were also assessed in the rice seedlings after application of ABA. In agreement with the negative correlation between ABA and OsLOX3 expression, the nonanal from Gou Cengao seedlings treated by ABA was significantly lower than the seedlings from control (33.889 vs. 53.866) (Table 6).
Table 4. The quatification of nonanal and enzyme activity of lipoxygenase in Kam sweet rice during rice filling stage
Table 5. The quatification of ABA and the relative expression value of OsLOX3 and OsHPL1 in grains during rice filling stage
Table 6. The quatification of nonanal in air from the leaves of Gou Cengao seedlings during ABA (110mg/L, 48h) treatment
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4. Conclusions
In this study, the characteristic aroma profile of aromatic Kam sweet rice Gou Cengao was determined by a combination of GC-O and GC-MS. Nonanal and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline were considered the most potent flavor compounds, with nonanal displaying the highest OAV. Moreover our data showed that OsLOX3 gene was expressed in relatively high levels in aromatic rice and this translated into high lipogenase activity. A positive correlation was also found between nonanal concentrations and lipoxygenase activity, suggesting that the high nonanal OAV observed results from elevated lipoxygenase activity in Gou Cengao rice. The inhibiting effect of ABA on nonanal concentrations was proved by the decrease in nonanal of rice seedlings after application of ABA. A negative correlation was also showed by the Pearson correlation between the endogenous ABA and OsLOX3 gene expression. Interestingly, the novelty of the study lied in the finding contrasted with the past finding that ABA elevated the aroma content of aromatic rice in ABA-treated leaves of rice [5]. The reason caused the opposite result might be the difference between the effects of ABA on the metabolic pathways of nonanal and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. The present results suggested that rice of different origins might have also differences in hormonal regulation.
The authors are grateful to the National Transgenic Major Project of China (2011ZX08010-003) and the Province Science Project in Guizhou (Z [2012] 4008) for their financial support.
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|Zoella is interviewed at Westfield shopping centre on 18th October
|Zoella is interviews by Heat magazine's Lucie Cave.
|Zoella on stage.
On the weekend of the 18th / 19th Ocotber, Zoe Sugg - better known as Zoella - was at Westfield shopping centre in Stratford giving out fashion and beauty advice as well as answering questions on the subject. It was all to promote her pop up shop in which Zoe had picked out her favourite clothing items and beauty products from the shops at Westfield for people to have a look over (and then dart quick fast to the shops chosen to buy all the pretty things!).
She picked out a great mustard boyfriend coat from Oasis which I loved but sadly was sold out when I got there, she also picked out some cute loafer style pumps from the Miss KG range at Kurt Geiger as well as the old favourite of many - including me - 'Snow Fairy' from Lush (can't believe I came away without buying some actually!!).
She came across just as lovely and down to earth as she does in her YouTube videos and looked stylish in a white peplum knee length skirt and long sleeved black top whilst being interviewed by Heat magazines editor in chief Lucie Cave. She admitted she liked her long hair but sometimes thinks about cutting it off however is too scarred from a childhood memory of cutting her long hair off and leaving it looking pretty bad! She also said she loves mustard colours for autumn and winter as well as monochrome colours like the ensemble she was wearing and that you can't beat a nice long hot bath in these colder months too. Amen!
A lot of people turned up to see her and she got a huge round of applause when she first came out, proving how this new wave of celebrity is taking the world by storm! One fan had been waiting since 7.30am to see her and for that Zoe gave her a gift bag from her new beauty range as a big thank you.
|The camera crew sets up ready to film Zoella's interview.
|Hundreds of fans gathered to see their favourite you tuber.
|Zoe's pop up shop in which she picked out her favourite fashion and
beauty items from Westfield's array of shops.
|Zoe Sugg.

subset: commoncrawl


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" Extend mercy toward others, so that there is no one in need whom we meet without helping. For what hope is there for us if God should withdraw mercy from us?" St. Vincent de Paul"And the king will say 'Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me."
Society of St. Vincent de Paul Answering the call to Serve
"As Vincentians, we believe that God has blesses us with awareness that our time, talent and treasure are to be shared with our brothers and sisters in need. We invite you to join us in our mission to serve.
See link below for national website
|Help Line (863) 293-6133
Location hours of operation:
9 am to 7 pm Monday through Saturday
| St. Vincent de Paul Conference
St. Joseph and St. Matthew Church
532 Ave. M North West
Winter Haven FL. 33881
The Society of St. Vincent de Paul is a registered 501(c)(3) organization.
Check our local web site for updates & information on upcoming events: www.svdporlando.org


text:
Abortion clinic protest buffer zone law passes Victorian Upper House
Legislation preventing protesters from coming within 150 metres of an abortion clinic has passed the Upper House of the Victorian Parliament without amendment.
The abortion buffer zone laws make it illegal for anti-abortion protesters to harass or film women going in or coming out of the clinics.
Protestors who breach the so-called buffer zone may face fines or jail time for repeat offences.
The bill, amending the Health and Wellbeing Act, was originally put forward by Sex Party MP Fiona Patten and was passed in the early hours of the morning after 12 hours of debate.
The legislation follows years of complaints from the clinics about pro-life campaigners approaching women outside clinics, urging them not to terminate their pregnancy.
Health Minister Jill Hennessy said the changes were "long overdue".
"Women will no longer be able to be harassed and intimidated around abortion clinics," she said.
She said the law would send a message to protesters that women should be free to access what is a lawful service.
"But no doubt there will be people trying to test the law," she said.
"We'll be working with Victoria Police and all service providers to make sure that we get this law enforced and women are able to go about their lawful business without being the subject of harassment and intimidation."
Ms Hennessy said she hoped people understood that it is their right to protest on the steps of Parliament but not outside a medical clinic.
But president of Right to Life Australia Margaret Tighe said the laws represented a "tragic day for the smallest Victorians".
"The legislation that has been passed is ludicrous in the extreme installing a 150-metre buffer zone around any place where abortions are carried out, even GP clinics, where RU 486 abortions are procured," she said in a statement.
Ms Tighe said the group's free speech had been denied.
"By passing legislation of this kind the Andrews Government believes the abortion issue will go away when the reverse is likely to occur," she said.
"People will not remain silent in the face of so much killing of human life."
- Abortion clinic buffer zone bill to protect women from abuse: Sex Party
- MP's bill proposes 'safe access zones' around abortion clinics to prevent patient 'harassment'
- Victorian A-G signals support for protest buffer zone around abortion clinics
- Victoria looks certain to ban protesters from picketing abortion clinics
Topics: abortion, melbourne-3000
First posted


text:
P&G Brand and La Raza Take on Hispanic Stereotypes
In This Video, Ketchup and Tide Pods Can Wash Away Labels
Editor's Pick
Hispanics are labeled all the time, according to a new video by Conill for Procter & Gamble's Tide and Hispanic group National Council of La Raza, who partnered to celebrate the contributions of Latinos and fight stereotypes.
In #WashAwayLabels, individuals list the negative stereotypes sometimes associated with their home countries, like that Cubans are all balseros and Mexicans are all mojados or beaners. The hurtful labels are painted on T-shirts, but using ketchup instead of ink. Then the individuals (all actors) are asked to wash away the stereotypes by throwing the T-shirts into washing machines (using Tide Pods, of course). The newly-laundered T-shirts now have a blank space, for filling in more positive descriptors like "decent" and "hard workers." During just-ended Hispanic Heritage Month, more than 6.3 million people watched the YouTube video, conveying the idea that you can get a fresh start where everyone is equal. The Spanish-language video with English subtitles ends with the line "Labels are stains."
- Date
- Oct 15, 2015
- Brand:
- Tide
- Client:
- Tide
- Agency:
- Conill
- Chief Creative Officer:
- Javier Campopiano
- Executive Creative Director:
- Hernan Cerdeiro
- Associate Creative Director:
- Juan Cruz Vassallo
- Associate Creative Director:
- Hernan Pettinaroli
- Senior Art Director:
- Mauricio Mutis
- Copywriter:
- Ricardo Chuecos
- Client Services Director:
- Beatriz Del Amo
- Group Account Director:
- Tammie DeGrasse-Cabrera
- Integrated Production:
- Rodrigo Vargas
- Senior Producer:
- Rudy Leschhorn
- Production Company:
- Letca Films
- Director:
- Jorge Colon
- Executive Producer:
- Melina Acevedo
- Editor:
- Jorge Humberto Colon
- Post Production Company:
- Moving Forward Studios
- President:
- Leo Lovera
- Colorist:
- Oscar Martinez
- Music:
- Makeabeat Productions
- Composer:
- David Miranda
Need a credit fix? Contact the Creativity Editors


text:
|Document feeder with recirculation and unloading
|Job stream programmer apparatus
|Control and counting device for copying machine
|Hutner et al.
|October, 1978
|November, 1978
|November, 1978
said document feeder has a non-imaging optical scanning means therein for optically scanning the document sheets being fed by said document feeder before they are copied to provide electrical pulses corresponding to light and dark indicia area of said document sheets; and
wherein a control sheet of said conventional document size is adapted to be insertable into said same document feeder in the same manner as said original document sheets;
said control sheet has a plurality of defined operator selectably markable indicia area thereon, identified by adjacent pre-printed locating and identifying indicia thereof, said selectable markable areas corresponding to different operator selectable operations of said copier;
said operator markable indicia areas on said control sheet are adapted for reading by said optical scanning means; and
said optical scanning means is connected to said electronic controller of said copier to control the operation of said copier with said operator markable indicia as said control sheet is fed by said document feeder, including means to automatically inhibit the copying of said control sheet by said copier by indicia areas thereon;
wherein said same optical scanning means and said electronic controller are further adapted to sense the absence of any indicia on one side of an individual document sheet being fed by said document feeder and to automatically inhibit the copying of that indicia-free side of that document sheet by said copier.
providing a control sheet with a plurality of defined operator selectable marking indicia area locations thereon corresponding to a selection of different selectable copier operations, said control sheet being substantially the same size as the document sheets to be copied and feedable in the same manner as said document sheets by said document feeder,
marking said control sheet with conventional marking indicia at selected ones of said selectable indicia area locations thereon corresponding to selected copier operations,
feeding said control sheet into said document feeder in the same manner as said document sheets, associated with document sheets whose copying is to be controlled thereby,
automatically reading said marking indicia on said control sheet while it is being fed by said document feeder with an optical scanning device which converts said marking indicia to electrical signals, and
connecting said electrical signals from said optical scanning device to said electronic controller to control the operation of said copier for the copying of one or more documents fed by said document feeder with said associated control sheet,
wherein said copier has both simplex and duplex modes of copying operation, including the further steps of scanning all of said document sheets with said same optical scanner as they are fed by said document feeder for copying in said copier, to sense if one side of a document sheet contains information indicia or not, and in response to sensing that one side of a document does not contain information indicia to automatically switch said copier to said simplex copying mode of operation for that document sheet, and in response to sensing that said side of said document does contain information indicia to automatically switch to said duplex copying mode of operation for that document sheet.
intermixing, and commonly feeding said document sheets, with said document feeder, correspondingly sized control sheets bearing operator selectably markable optical indicia locations each associated with adjacent pre-printed unique digital optical encoding patterns indicative of unique selectable said copier functions,
scanning in the same manner both said document sheets and said control sheets across their transverse dimensions by scanning transversely of said direction of motion with the same stationary electro-optical line scanner as they are fed in said direction of motion by said document feeder,
providing an output signal in a form of a stream of digital pulses from said electro-optical line scanner,
automatically inhibiting the copying of said control sheets,
automatically inhibiting the copying of a document sheet which has been so scanned in response to sensing an output signal containing less than a predetermined minimum of said digital pulses in a predetermined time period,
and copying a document sheet which has been so scanned, with selected ones of said selectable copier functions, in response to sensing a stream of digital pulses corresponding to the scanning of both a marked said indicia location and its associated pre-printed unique digital incoding pattern.
providing a control sheet with a plurality of defined operator selectable marking indicia area locations thereon corresponding to a selection of different selectable copier operations, said control sheet being substantially the same size as the document sheets to be copied and feedable in the same manner as said document sheets by said document feeder,
marking said control sheet with conventional marking indicia at selected ones of said selectable indicia area locations thereon corresponding to selected copier operations,
feeding said control sheet into said document feeder in the same manner as said document sheets, associated with document sheets whose copying is to be controlled thereby,
automatically reading said marking indicia on said control sheet while it is being fed by said document feeder with an optical scanning device which converts said marking indicia to electrical signals, and
connecting said electrical signals from said optical scanning device to said electronic controller to control the operation of said copier for the copying of one or more documents fed by said document feeder with said associated control sheet,
wherein as a first step said control sheet is generated in said copier.
providing a control sheet with a plurality of defined operator selectable marking indicia area locations thereon corresponding to a selection of different selectable copier operations, said control sheet being substantially the same size as the document sheets to be copied and feedable in the same manner as said document sheets by said document feeder,
marking said control sheet with conventional marking indicia at selected ones of said selectable indicia area locations thereon corresponding to selected copier operations.
feeding said control sheet into said document feeder in the same manner as said document sheets, associated with document sheets whose copying is to be controlled thereby,
automatically reading said marking indicia on said control sheet while it is being fed by said document feeder with an optical scanning device which converts said marking indicia to electrical signals, and
connecting said electrical signals from said optical scanning device to said electronic controller to control the operation of said copier for the copying of one or more documents fed by said document feeder with said associated control sheet,
wherein said selectable indicia area locations have associated adjacent unique visual pre-printed encoding, and said encoding is read together with said marking indicia to provide identifiable encoded control signals to said controller.
For the faster and more sophisticated xerographic and other copiers now available, it is increasingly desirable to provide for fully automatic handling of the original documents being copied, and the copies being made, in order to more effectively utilize these higher speed and more flexible copying capabilities. It is desirable, and known, to handle a wide variety of such original documents with an integral document feeder, including documents with information indicia on one side (simplex) or both sides (duplex). It is desirable and known to provide documents from any of these documents which are selectively either simplex or duplex, and outputted in pre-collated or post-collated sets in sorted, stacked, and/or off-set or bound form. It is known to provide document feeders for this purpose which are semi-automatic or which are fully automatic and which are selectable between single or multiple document set recirculation modes of operation, i.e., for multiple copying of each document in one set circulation for post-collating (sorting), or single copying of each document in each of multiple recirculations to provide pre-collated copy sets. It is also desirable and known for the copier to be controllable by the operator to provide for variable magnifications (reductions) and other copying adjustments, such as adjustments in the image density or darkness, screening, etc.. Other desirable operator selectable features include the automatic inserting of cover or insert sheets of various materials, sizes, shapes, or colors into proper positions or locations in the copy sets, particularly so that fully completed finished copy sets or "books" are immediately available at the copier output or internally for binding, stapling, or stitching, without requiring manual sheet insertions or other manual copy handling.
Unfortunately, this increase in known functions and capabilities of copiers has resulted in an increase in the selections or choices which must be made by the operator to fully utilize the copier. Unlike simple copiers, in which the only visible operator controls may be a copy count selector for the number of copies, and "ON", "OFF", and "START" buttons, a modern sophisticated copier may present the operator with a large and confusing display of a large number of additional switches, buttons, dials, lights, instructions, etc.. To fully utilize the capabilities of the copying machine it may be necessary for the operator to locate and actuate various combinations of these manual switches and controls before the copying can commence. Furthermore, the operator may have to repeat this entire sequence of manual switch control steps for each desired copying job, even if that job is the same as ones previously run, e.g., a routine but unique printing job, such as a regular report, periodical, etc.. If different copying functions or features are to be provided for different documents in a set or stack of documents to be copied it may be additionally necessary to interrupt each copying run and the feeding of the documents several times in order to change or reset various switch settings to the different processing desired.
It is a feature of the present invention to overcome various of the above and other related problems and to thereby make easier, and encourage, the utilization of the full capabilities of a modern copying apparatus, particularly for the "casual operator" for whom operation of a copier is only an occasional, non-occupational, function. It is also intended to reduce the training or familiarization time required for the instructing of either regular or casual operators in the utilization of the copier.
It is a specific feature of this invention to provide improved and simplified control of a copier utilizing the existing document feeder which feeds conventionally sized original document sheets with conventional information indicia to a document imaging station to be copied onto selected copy sheets, which copier is conventionally controlled by an electronic controller connected to the document feeder, by providing the document feeder with a non-imaging optical scanning means which optically scans the sheets being fed by the document feeder with a non-imaging optical scanning means before they are copied to provide electrical pulses corresponding to light and dark indicia areas of the sheets, wherein control sheets of the same conventional document size range are inserted into the same document feeder in the same manner as the documents to be copied, and wherein the control sheets have a plurality of defined operator selectably markable indicia areas thereon, identified by pre-printed locating and identifying indicia adjacent the selectably markable areas corresponding to different desired operations of the copier, and wherein the operator marked, and other, indicia on the control sheets is read by the optical scanning means and the electrical pulses therefrom are connected to the copier controller to correspondingly control the operation of the copier as the control sheets are fed, but the copying of the control sheets themselves may be automatically inhibited by control indicia thereon. Automatic switching of the copying mode between simplex and duplex documents may also be provided.
It will be seen that with the system disclosed herein, that the entire copier operation, including the most sophisticated variable function or feature copying run of which the copier is capable, may be fully controlled simply by the operator marking a pre-printed ordinary sheet of paper with a pencil, pen, or other conventional marker at indicated locations and feeding this control sheet into the conventional document handler in the conventional manner as if it were to be conventionally copied. The control sheet will automatically switch the operation of the copier to the various other copying functions without the operator having to find or actuate any manual buttons or switches on the copier (other than possibly a "START" button, but the copier can even be of the known type which can be started automatically merely by the inserting of the first document sheet into the document feeder). If different copying modes or functions are desired for different documents in a stack or run, different control sheets differently so encoded may be inserted in the document stack ahead of the documents to be affected, and the copier may thus be automatically switched between different modes of operation for different documents as the documents are fed without any interruption of the normal document feeding by the operator. That is, the operator may pre-program the set of originals simply by merging in (interleaving) pre-coded control sheets as inserts ahead of the originals for which exceptional treatment is desired (variable density or variable magnification copying, different copy paper, inserts, or the like). Thus, job editing or control is simplified and does not require switch or keyboard inputs, counting of originals, interruptions of copying runs, manual inserts, etc.. Further, since the control sheets may be conventionally fed through the document feeder and ejected or restacked in the same manner as, and together with, the documents to be copied. They may be immediately, or at any time subsequently, re-used by being re-fed with the same, or other, documents to be copied.
The disclosed system desirably utilizes existing copier hardware, circuitry and document handling, and known sensor technology. The below cited references, and various other references cited therein, provide teachings of various usable additional or alternative systems or hardware incorporable herein, as they illustrate various copiers, copier document and sheet handling systems, and copier controllers, and various copier processing and control functions, which may be utilized or controlled with the present invention.
Previous systems are known in which certain copier functions can be controlled by punched card or tape or magnetic tape inserts into a reader/decoder connected to the copier controls, or other local or remote electronic control of desired copier functions. Examples are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,917,924 issued Nov. 4, 1975 to B. D. Linne and Japanese Application No. 5246131 laid open Nov. 15, 1976 as No. 53-131048. A recent publication notes optically scanning a document being copied to control the copier depending on whether the document is simplex or duplex (Japanese Application No. 52-31360 laid open Oct. 12, 1978 as 53-116841). Other recent publications on scanning copier controls include Japanese application No. 52-49125 laid open Nov. 24, 1978 as 53-134437.
Various manual switch controlled copiers with automatic document feeders and connecting copier controls are known, including those with optical jam detection, document sheet counting, job recovery, and other document feeder sensors with logic electronic interconnections with the copier controller. The features and internal controls in such copiers of the various above-noted and other copier functions by binary digital signals utilizing programmable microprocessor or other known digital electrical circuitry are well known from patents and other references and existing products such as the Xerox Corporation "9400" duplicator and, therefore, need not be described in detail herein. Some examples are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,963,345 issued June 15, 1976 to D. J. Stemmle et al.; 3,944,207 issued Mar. 16, 1976 to S. S. Bains; 4,018,523 issued Apr. 19, 1977 to E. L. Hughes; 4,012,032 issued Mar. 15, 1977 to J. C. Rogers; 4,062,061 issued Dec. 6, 1977 to P. J. Batchelor et al.; 4,076,408 issued Feb. 28, 1978 to M. G. Reid et al.; 4,078,787 issued Mar. 14, 1978 to L. E. Burlew et al.; 4,099,150 issued July 4, 1978 to J. L. Conin; 4,125,325 issued Nov. 14, 1978 to P. J. Batchelor et al.; and 4,144,550 issued Mar. 13, 1979 to J. K. Donohue et al..
Inlike a punch card or magnetic tape copier control, the present system does not require the expense and complexity of a separate input device, feeder, housing, etc.. Nor does it require an additional operator interface location on the copier. Rather, with the present system, the existing otherwise conventional, document feeder into which the operator feeds the original documents to be copied also functions in a dual mode as the machine function selector or controller input, in combination with a simple, low cost, optical scanning device which does not need to read or image information, merely to sense the presence or absence of light and dark areas in a known manner. Since the information to be read is fed past the optical scanning means at a known location and speed, the scanner may be even less sophisticated than those now in widespread use for reading product and price code information on products in grocery stores, etc.. For example, it can be a simple mirror galvanometer or other scanner as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,640.
Furthermore, with the present system, the copier feature control selection can be made in advance or just before copying. It can be made by ordinary available manual marking indicia such as pencils, pens, etc.. The control sheets can even be copies of other control sheets, made on the same copier that is being controlled or another copier. The control function selection is basically self-explanatory on and from this control medium itself. No card keypunch machines, keyboards, typewriters, magnetic or optical or other sophisticated or expensive indicia recording apparatus is required to encode the selections.
Further features and advantages of the invention will be better understood by reference to the following description, and to the drawings forming a part thereof, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a partial side view of an exemplary copier showing a document feeder incorporating the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of the document feeder of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a side view of the copier of FIGS. 1 and 2; and
FIG. 4 is a portion of an exemplary control sheet to be fed into the copier document feeder of FIGS. 1, 2, and 3.
Referring now first to previously disclosed details of the exemplary copier 10 shown in the Figures, especially its automatic document feeding unit 20, it will be appreciated that this system is merely exemplary, and that various other recirculating or non-recirculating document feeding units, and copiers, automatic or semi-automatic, may be utilized with the present invention, including various ones disclosed in the above-cited references. The exemplary system here is disclosed in even more detail in an allowed U.S. application filed Aug. 18, 1977 as Ser. No. 825,743 and published Mar. 1, 1979, as German OLS No. 2,828,669 and in related allowed application Ser. No. 825,751, filed on the same date now U.S. Pat. No. 4,166,614 issued Sept. 4, 1979.
Briefly, referring particularly to FIG. 1, in the recirculating document handler (RDH) 20 here, individual original documents 22 are sequentially fed from the bottom of a stack of documents (placed by the operator in the document storage area 24) to the imaging station 26 to be conventionally imaged onto a photo-receptor 12 for the production of copies in a conventional xerographic manner. Here the imaging station 26 is a "slit scan", moving document, imaging station. However, it will be appreciated that the imaging station for the document feeder may alternatively be the conventional, existing, full size platen of a copier for full frame or moving optics scanning exposure of a stationary document thereon. The document storage area 24 includes a stacking tray 28 with a front stack stop 30 and switches such as 29 for sensing the presence of documents in the tray 28 to automatically initiate copying. A conventional moving bail and associated switch 31 indicates each circulation of the document set and is automatically reset on the topof the stack before the next circulation. The document feeder 20 is conventionally adapted to reliably feed only the conventional sizes and weights of sheets of paper, containing conventional information indicia to be copied, e.g., printed or typed letters, drawings, photographs, etc..
In this disclosed system, a bottom feeder 32 comprising a feed belt 33 and retard pad 34 feeds the bottom document sheet, on demand, to a registration gate 36 for de-skewing and registering the sheet prior to feeding it into the scanning slit 38 at the imaging station 26. In this document feeder the document is fed through the imaging station by a vacuum cylinder or roller 40 having an internal manifold 42 connected to a vacuum blower 44. The rotation of the roller 40 by a drive belt 53 from the copier moves the document 22 past a transparent window 46 where it is illuminated by a lamp 48 assisted by a Fresnel reflector 50.
The further movement of the document 22 around the outside half of the roller 40 is a first inversion, and is assisted by rollers 51 and paper guides 52. At the top of the roller 40, i.e., after the document has been turned over once, there is a decision gate comprising pivotable deflector fingers 60 which determines the further recirculatory movement of the documents through a selected one of two different return transport paths back to the tray 28. These two paths are a first (simplex) belt transport path 54 and a second (duplex) transport path 58. The second or duplex transport 58 returns the documents directly to their storage area 24 for restacking from the first inverting roller 40, i.e., with only a single inversion. In contrast, the first or simplex transport path 54 transports the documents around a second inverting roller 56 and returns them to the same tray 28 after having been inverted twice. Therefore, the solenoid or other actuation of the selector fingers 60 determines whether the documents are recirculated with one or two inversions. With two inversions the same sides of the documents are exposed in each circulation and restacked in the tray 28 in their original orientation. With one inversion the documents are restacked in the tray 28 inverted from their previous orientation, which provides for copying of the opposite sides or faces of the documents on their next circulation.
The alternative of conventional manual copying of individual documents on the conventional platen is provided here by the pivotal mirror 55. It can also be provided by conventionally pivotally removably mounting the RDH 20 over the platen.
The exemplary simplex path transport 54 here comprises an opposing pair of central belts 62 and 63 supported on rollers 66, 68, 69, and 70. These belts wrap around, and transport the document around, the second inverting roller 56 until the document is discharged into the rear or downstream end of the tray 28 here. A baffle 71 may be additionally provided to help guide the document in its second inversion around the outside half of the roller 56.
The exemplary duplex path transport 58 here is provided by spaced opposing baffles 72 and 74 guiding the sheets through roller pairs 76 and 78. These drive the document sheets into the front of the tray 28.
It may be seen that both the simplex transport 54 and duplex transport 58 continuously restack the sheets after they are copied on the top of the stack of sheets in the tray 28. Thus, continuous multiple recirculations for pre-collation copying may be provided.
In this example, the restacking and feeding of the documents is assisted by an integral normal force applicator and jogger unit 80, further shown in FIG. 2. Here this includes soft foraminous jogging wheels 82 on a driven shaft 84 which is pivotally supported by arms 86 and 87 mounted at opposite sides of the stack on a mounting shaft 88 and counterweighted by a counterweight 90. Thus, the rollers 82 capture and jog forward documents against the front stack stop 30, but do not obstruct restacking, and provide relative slip and a slight normal force. A rear stack jogger 92 and a side jogger (not shown) may be additionally provided, if desired. Pneumatic air flotation of the stack from holes in the bottom of tray 28 to assist feeding is also illustrated.
Turning now to FIG. 3, the exemplary copier 10 processor and its control will be described in further detail. It provides duplex or simplex pre-collated copy sets from duplex or simplex original documents copied by the RDH 20. It may be seen that two separate copy sheet trays 106 and 107 are provided to feed copy sheets onto which the images of the documents are to be printed. The control of which of the trays from which sheets are to be fed is by the machine controller 100. The controller 100 is preferably of the known programmable microprocessor type exemplified by the patents cited in the introduction, which conventionally also controls all of the other machine functions described herein including the operation of the document feeder, all the decision gates, feeders, copy density, copy optical reduction or screening, etc.. For "book" programming one of the trays 106 and 107 may contain colored and/or heavy card stock, transparencies, tabed insert sheets, or other suitable cover or insert sheets to be automatically fed at the appropriate copy sheet intervals for each of the pre-collated copy sets which the copier 10 produces from each circulation of the document set. For pre-printed or blank covers or other non-copy inserts several additional inserter trays such as 108 can be provided for direct output without printing, but interleaved with the copies.
The regular copy sheets, or copy cover or insert sheets to be printed, are fed from trays 106 or 107 to the conventional xerographic transfer station 112 for imaging one side thereof, then to the conventional fusing station 114. From there, depending on the position of a duplex selector finger or gate 118, the copy sheets will be deflected either into a duplex buffer storage tray 116 or into the copy output path of the copier via output transport 126. The duplex tray 116 here includes a bounce reverser 120 and jogger/normal force wheels 122 for the stacking of copy sheets therein and assistance in bottom feeding from the duplex tray 116 by a bottom feeder 124. For duplex copying the previously simplexed copy sheets in the tray 116 are fed by the feeder 124 back to the transfer station 112 for the imaging of the second or opposite page image on the opposite sides thereof. Such now-duplexed copy sheets are then fed out past the now-opened gate 118 into the output transport 126.
As an alternative to feeding the sheets from the tray 116 back to the transfer station 112, reversible feed wheels 125 are provided to reverse the motion of the sheets fed out of the feeder 124 and to feed these sheets directly back through the gate 118 into the transport 126 without imaging their opposite sides.
The output transport 126 transports the finished copy sheets to an output inverter gate 128 where the sheets may be further inverted, and, if desired, placed in the output tray 130. Alternatively, the copy sheets may be fed to a conventional finishing station 140 for the stapling, stitching, gluing, binding, or off-set stacking of the completed, pre-collated, copy sets.
Referring now in further detail to the specific novel features of the present invention which operate in combination with the above-described systems, particular attention is directed to the exemplary optical scanners 200 or 201 for scanning the document before it is imaged, as positioned, for example, in FIG. 1. An example of one optical scanning means 200 is particularly shown in FIG. 2.
The exemplary optical scanning means 200 illustrated here is of the well known, conventional, rotating polygon mirror type. A columnated light source, from a LED or other lamp focused through a lens, or other appropriate light source, is controlled as a sweeping narrow light beam by being reflected off the rotating mirror surface of the device. This provides a "flying spot" sweep or scan across the document 22 as it is being fed by the existing document feeding system in the document feeder. The light from this light source which is reflected back in the same or other path is converted by a conventional photodiode or other light detector to electrical signals corresponding to the amount of reflected light. In the present system, since this is a simple, low cost optical scanner which does not need to read or transmit actual images on the document, the reflected light signals are merely converted to electrical pulses corresponding to the presence or absence of a light reflection, i.e., corresponding to light and dark indicia areas on the document sheets. Since the document is being fed at a known constant speed, and since the optical scanning means is also scanning across the documents at a known and constant speed, these electrical pulses will correspond in spacing and duration directly to the spacing and duration of the light and dark areas on the document being scanned. Thus, for pre-determined patterns of light and dark areas, control signals may be provided simply by connecting this simple optical scanning device to the copier controller 100, and utilizing the existing electronic capacity thereof, in a known manner. The pulse train output of the photodetector 200 can be stored in a conventional buffer/register, controlled and coordinated with the controller routines and clock pulses. The pulse train may then be conventionally compared with either programmable or read-only memory stored in the controller. That is, an indicia pattern read on the document can be compared to a pre-programmed code pattern in the controller. Where the comparison is positive, the controller knows that the identified indicia pattern has been read at that time. That comparator information in turn can be conventionally used to initiate other pre-existing controller programs, to control the operation of the copier in a known manner.
By the appropriate construction of the optical scanner and the connecting circuitry, various suitable indicia patterns can be selected for the appropriate encoding. One well known indicia encoding pattern is that utilized, for example, for product marking codes on consumer products to be read by optical scanners in the checkout stations of grocery and other stores. This is a pattern of inter-mixed thin and thick dark lines with defined spacings therebetween, which generate a corresponding pulse code pattern by that optical scanning. An example is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,135,663 issued Jan. 23, 1979.
The present system is much simpler than those commercial scanning systems because the document is in a known position and moving at a known speed at all times so that the optical scanner can be in a fixed position and scan along a single line. In fact, if the optically encoded information to be read on the document sheet is linearly aligned along a line running in the direction of feeding of the document sheets, the optical scanning device could be a stationary single point scanner without any scanning mechanism. Its output pulses would be provided by the movement of the line of coded indicia past the scanning device. This is illustrated by the alternative or additional exemplary optical scanning device 201 shown reading the opposite sides of the documents being fed. This sensor can even be the existing sheet lead edge or jam detector utilized in the above-cited and other document handling systems for sensing the presence or absence of a document by means of a light source and a spaced photodetector, either of a reflective type or a transmissive type.
Various other alternatives may be provided for either of the detectors 200 and 201. As noted in the introduction, the detector 200 can be a simple oscillating mirror galvanometer scanner. Other alternatives include fiber optics in single or multiple arrays or charge-coupled devices.
As previously noted in the introduction, with the present system, simple operator markable control sheets are utilized to control the various operations of the copier selected for selected documents. FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a portion of one such control sheet. The control sheet 203 illustrated in FIG. 4 is a conventional sheet of paper or other suitable material of the conventional document size, weight, and material of any other document sheet and appropriate to be fed in the same manner as any other document sheet through the document feeder. That is, it is not a "IBM card", tape, disc, or other special substrate. It is preferably the same business-sized cut sheet paper which is provided as copy paper for the copier. In fact, it is preferably generated by making a copy of a master original on the copier in a conventional manner.
The control sheet 203 has a plurality of defined operator selectably markable indicia areas 206 thereon which are identified by adjacent pre-printed locating and identifying indicia. Each of these selectable marking areas corresponds to different operator selectable operations of the copier. For example, in FIG. 4, the portion of the control sheet 203 there includes pre-printed directions and identifications to the operator for selectable operations numbered 12 through 17. Each numbered item includes a pre-printed conventionally operator readable identification of the item to be selected, as well as a machine readable code pattern 207. Examples of numbered items would be: the degree of magnification or reduction; whether or not screening is to be provided; whether or not, or to what degree to darken or lighten the document image; the number, type and position of cover sheets or inserts; etc.. The operator simply goes down the list and marks the selected operations by marking their respective selection areas 206 with a conventional dark pencil, pen, felt tipped marker, etc.. If a "box" 206 is not marked, it means that the function identified by its adjacent descriptive material is not selected.
Example item No. 17 on the control sheet 203 of FIG. 4 illustrates a "multiple choice" item which could be, for example, the sequence of selected inserts. For example, if boxes "4" and "6" are marked by the operator, this can be the selection for automatically feeding an insert sheet from one of the above-described alternate copy or insert trays immediately after the fourth and sixth pages in each document set. Additional multiple choice selectors like 17 may be provided for other inserts, or other special processing of selected documents. Further, operator markable selections can be provided for feeding selected inserts into only a selected number of the document sets, rather than all sets. The choice of functions or operations is not even limited by the convenient amount of information selection that can be printed on the control sheet. Different control sheets can be provided for different types of operations to provide an expanded choice, and more than one control sheet can be fed in sequence to provide the total control program selection, since the number of unique function codes is effectively unlimited.
As indicated, the control sheet will contain pre-printed encoding indicia thereon which is readable by the optical scanning means in addition to the operator marked indicia areas. In FIG. 4, a different bar pattern 207 is positioned adjacent each operator selectable marking area. Each bar pattern provides an electrically distinguishable pulse train (bit code word) signal to the controller just before the optical scanner scans across the operator markable area. It identifies to the controller logic the function which is about to be selected, or not selected, just before that selection is read by the next, and lengthy, pulse from the scanner reading the presence or absence of a dark (marked) area at the marking position 206. Trail bit codes can be used alternatively or in addition to lead bit codes 207.
It will be noted that with this system, that the copier operator simply conventionally marks boxes, similar to those familiar from machine-readable tests, examinations or ballots. Any literate person can simply fill in these boxes in response to specific written questions. No special training is required. The control sheet may even be marked in advance by someone other than the operator. All other information, including the identifying codes, instructions, and questions may be pre-printed on the master control sheet. Any number of copies can be made from such a master sheet and used as control sheets. The control sheet copies can be unmarked in all the indicia areas 206, or they can be partially or fully pre-marked in some of those areas for a particular job. Copies of pre-marked specific programs may be inserted at different locations within the same document stack, or for subsequent jobs. For example, if it were desired to print certain pages of a document with a selected different color or weight for various runs, a control sheet with appropriate boxes marked thereon could be copied and inserted before all the selected document pages in document sets for which this same copy feature is desired. Particularly where the control sheet is positioned to be fed before any of the other documents, i.e., at the top or bottom of the document stacks, or otherwise fed through before the other documents, the control sheet can be utilized to provide the entire and only control of the copier, including even the selection of the number of copy sets, to be made.
Preferably a lead edge area of the control sheet 203 includes a specific inhibit copying code indicia (illustrated by way of example in the marking provided on the document sheet 22 being fed in FIG. 2) pattern which instructs the controller (by comparison with a stored control code) to not copy the control sheet. This allows control sheets to be fed through the document handler in the normal manner, as if they were to be copied like any other document sheet, without their actually being copied. The controller 100 simply inhibits the normal copying operation for those sheets in response to receiving the inhibit signal from the optical scanner. This copying inhibition mode is accomplishable in various known ways. For example, copying can be prevented by inhibiting the document illumination system or by discharging the photoreceptor in the image area from the control sheet, etc.
If it is desired to save the document feeding time of recirculating the control sheets, means may be provided for ejecting or otherwise not circulating the control sheets from the document handler after the first document circulation. That is, the encoded instructions thereon may be read once and stored electronically in the copier controller to control all of the subsequent recirculations of that document set, or until another control sheet is read.
While the optical scanning means 200 or 201 is primarily adapted to simply visually "pre-scan" each document sheet being fed for the presence or absence of the above-discussed control information indicia, and not to actually read the visual information thereof, it can be utilized in an additional mode of operation to scan and control document sheets other than the control sheets 203. In this mode of operation, the same optical scanning means and the electronic controller 100 are further adapted to sense the presence or absence of any indicia at all on one side of an individual document sheet being fed by the document feeder, and in response to not sensing any indicia thereon, to automatically inhibit the copying of that indicia-free side of that document sheet by the copier. In other words, this system determines whether or not each document sheet is a simplexed document or a duplexed document, and controls its copying accordingly. If it senses a duplex document it will cause it to be processed by the document handler and copier in a known manner to copy both sides of the document sheet, and also control the operation of the copy sheet feeder system of the copier appropriately, and vice-versa for a simplex document.
In this mode of operation the presence of indicia of any form on the side of the document sheet being scanned will generate a series of pulses from the scanner corresponding to the light and dark areas of the information indicia. By storing segments of the output of the optical scanner in a controller buffer and counting the total number of generated pulses in a given time segment in comparison with the controller clock, it can be readily determined whether or not the document sheet is effectively optically blank, i.e., indicia-free, or not. That is, if there are a significant number of pulses (above a threshold count level selected to eliminate noise or other intermittent scan pulse inputs) the copier controller will proceed to automatically treat the document as a duplex document.
It will be noted that in the RDH of the type described herein, where the document may be selectively inverted, that a single sensor may be utilized to scan both sides of a document sheet on alternate circulations. Alternatively, two sensors or scanning systems on opposite sides of the document may be utilized. As another alternative a mirror system may be utilized to connect a single sensor to two different locations in the document path.
A further single sensor alternative is based on an assumption that a document sheet will normally only be blank on its even page numbered side. For example, a three page duplex document set will normally have pages 1 and 2 on opposite sides of the first document sheet, and page 3 on the first side of the second document sheet. Thus, the opposite, even page side, of the second document sheet will be the one blank, i.e., the second document sheet is simplexed on the odd page side. Thus, by positioning the documents to be fed in relation to a single optical scanner so that the even page sides are fed past that scanner, that single scanner will detect most simplexed documents.
With these detection systems it may be seen that simplex and duplex original documents can be freely randomly inter-mixed in a document set and automatically fed without interruption or special processing by the document feeder. The copier will automatically provide the requisite changes in copying, including any required inversion and refeedings of the duplex documents and copies, by automatically sensing and indicating to the controller whether each document sheet is simplex or duplex.
Numerous variations, modifications, and implementations using known encoding and electronic techniques will be obvious from the above to those skilled in that art. Numerous other controllable copier structures and functions will likewise be obvious to those skilled in the xerographic or other copier arts. The following claims are intended to encompass all of those falling within the true spirit and scope of this invention.


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About the Course
Economics and Management is a Joint Degree course which provides undergraduates with an opportunity to combine the traditional subject areas of Economics with a range of Management disciplines from accounting and finance to marketing and operations management. The management element of the course benefits from the facilities available at the Saïd Business School, where courses include the undergraduate BA, a postgraduate DPhil, and specialist masters courses.
During the first year there are three compulsory subjects: Introductory Economics, Financial Management, and General Management. Introductory Economics covers the basic tools of economic analysis and their applications in microeconomics, macroeconomics and international trade. The General Management paper provides an overview of the historical context of modern business and of major functional areas of management studies such as organisational behaviour; strategic management; technology and operations management; and marketing. Financial Management encompasses, among other topics, financial accounting; sources of finance; firm valuation; and corporate governance.
The first year lays the foundations for more advanced work to be done in the second and third years. There is a Preliminary Examination at the end of the first year. In the second and third years you take three compulsory Economics papers (Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, and Quantitative Economics) and five optional papers, of which at least two are in Management. This allows you to choose anywhere from six subjects in Economics and two in Management to three subjects in Economics and five in Management. The course thus caters for those seeking to specialise in Management, or in Economics, or to mix the two.
Subject notes
To see the latest subject notes for Economics and Management - which contain information about our tutorial fellows, the admissions process and the course itself - please consult the below link.


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Convention & Visitors Bureau
2440 Pearl Street, Boulder, CO 80302 | 303.442.2911
Click on a trip item for more information or click the 'X' to remove, or go directly to the Trip PlannerSee Your Trip
Looking for great food to go — or events and activities you can do from your couch?
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|Dining To Go
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Dec 032015
By Danica Lani
In Artist, Dance, Uncategorized
Tagsart Artist beauty dance do you remember Garth Ernstzen modelling photography structural language video
Do You Remember?
I'm thrilled to share this collaborative piece with you – a work of art with Garth Ernstzen. The presence of art, beauty and movement breathes life into the world. May this art find wings and visit you wherever you are, leaving you moved and perhaps a little more alive. If you have words for what you experience, I would love to hear them.
Featuring & Choreography – Danica Lani
Hair & Makeup – Katrina Villegas
Creative Direction, Direction & Editing – Garth Ernstzen, Garth Ernstzen Photography and Media
Song credit – Jarryd James – Do You Remember
Love Danica


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Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner (R-Wis.) today sent the following letter to Attorney General Loretta Lynch regarding the Justice Department's (DOJ) application of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and its potential impact on Wisconsin's school voucher program, which the Congressman strongly supports:
Dear Attorney General Lynch:
I understand that your agency is in receipt of my letter dated March 19, 2015, regarding the Department of Justice's (DOJ) years-long federal investigation into the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program (MPCP). It is my hope that your agency is working expeditiously to draft a response as promised by your predecessor.
As I said in my previous letter, the intent of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is clear and should not be misapplied. I continue to worry that the DOJ is inappropriately applying ADA standards intended for public schools against private institutions. The incorrect application of Title II ADA standards will have a devastating effect on the sustainability of MPCP, a program that serves 26,930 means-tested, low-income students. Congress crafted the dual standard explicitly to avoid these hardships.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter, and I look forward to a reply very soon.


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It was such a wonderful surprise to receive this card that had been stamped with this set and she used the Modern Mosaic TIEF folder and also used the corresponding Mosaic punch! Such a fun card!
by Judi
But what I really enjoyed was receiving the fun little notebook...if you know me you know I love notebooks of any kind! So this was right up my alley! It was a notebook that she altered...using the Gingham Garden Washi Tape, Hung Up Cute Clips, Pearl Basic Jewels and she made a flower...to cute!
by Judi
Be sure and check out the Late Night Stampers Fall Treasure Hunt! Click on the link below for the details!
Win FREE Stampin' Up! Product!!!
Thanks for stopping by and remember to subscribe to my email list to receive tips and exclusive information from me and you could also be selected for my happy mail of the day!
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Product Description
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