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Not just a better half
Education and financial inclusion for women hold the key to gender equality, writes Archana Dalmia.india Updated: Feb 07, 2013 22:57 IST
From time immemorial, women have been reminded of their position in society vis-à-vis men. We are either somebody's daughter, sister, wife, or mother.
We are told to make this plea to those who torment us, hoping they would be jolted out of their beastliness. Instead of continuing with this status quo, we must demand to be treated normally minus any 'relationship' tag.
That said, how can we achieve empowerment and what are the challenges?
First, empowerment has to be financial. The pay for any work has to be gender-neutral. That fight has been universal, a case in point is the Ford sewing machinists' strike of 1968 in Britain: the women who manned the sewing machines went on a strike demanding equal pay and brought the corporation to its knees. Their protest led to the passage of the Equal Pay Act in 1970.
Financial empowerment will come only through one door: education. Society has to put pressure on parents of girls that they must educate them.
The gossip at nukkads should not be "Do you hear their daughter has turned 18 and is still unmarried?" to "Do you know that so and so is not educating his daughter?" Families that discriminate against daughters should be shamed publicly.
The government had a brilliant idea to spread formal banking and encourage financial inclusion through self-help groups (SHG).
The concept has been a success with a low percentage of bad loans. That happened because of peer pressure. If one woman defaults, the SHG suffers.
The same system can work out for social change too. It's about how much pressure can be mounted to influence behaviour. Once that pressure is applied, families will start treating daughters on a par with sons.
Empowerment of women begins at home. The harshest truth is that unless it is desirable for her to exist, families will try to eliminate a woman at every stage. If the patriarchal system that runs our society can't foil her birth, it will do all it can to spoil her life.
The people who run our formal education systems like schools and colleges and the people who run the informal education systems like the media must understand that men need to be sensitised too.
Television shows, films, newspapers, magazines, advertisements and other forms of the media must make sure that what does appear before the public does not harm the cause of women in the country.
Archana Dalmia is chairperson, Grievance Cell, All India Congress Committee
The views expressed by the author are personal


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Moving the BLOG
Posted By Eli Mergel, April 10, 2013, in blog
I am moving the blog to http://blog.elimergel.com No particular reason but it allows me to share my photos a little easier then I have setup here. And Ill actually try and update it a little more. So head on over to see what I'm up to and Ill try and get a couple item reviews posted. I have some new camera toys coming and I'm excited to share my findings.
- Eli

subset: commoncrawl


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Pupil Parliament 2018-2019
Pupil Parliament at St Hilary School- Autumn Term Progress
The Parliament had been given the opportunity to speak with children across the school to decide how they think their school could be made even better, and this meeting was aimed at pulling these ideas together to make a plan.
The first thing that the children were really passionate about was the use of single use plastics in school. Zelah and Molly have decided to write to our school lunch providers to let them know of our concerns, and to see if we can ensure that playtime tuck and food coming into school can be as single-use plastic free as possible. Oliver, Cody and Joel have teamed together to write some articles and posters for children aimed at awareness raising and to try to encourage lunch boxes that contain as little single-use plastic as possible.
It was also suggested that whilst the children are happy with the range of school clubs offered, it would be really good to have an art club. Caitlin is planning to attend one of our staff meetings to speak to the staff about this to see what can be done.
The Parliament felt that it is really important that children have the opportunity to voice their opinions about the school and to have the opportunity to make suggestions. They decided that they would like to do some pupil interviews with 6 children from each class to find out what they like about the school, whether they feel safe (and if they don't where and why), what makes them happy at school, whether they enjoy their lessons and after school activities etc. This information can then be used to plan further ideas.
We explained to the children about how Mrs Butcher has been fortunate recently to be able to visit some other schools and that she had been able to collect some good ideas! One of these was to introduce 'Hot Chocolate Fridays' as an additional reward for children who have been highlighted as being particularly helpful, well mannered, making an extra effort with their work etc in a week. The children like the idea and decided that each week 10 members of staff would give a special invite to a child of their choice, with 10 different adults choosing each week. The children did point out that there should be a milkshake option and that they would need to consider any allergies and dietary needs. Next Friday will be our first 'Hot Chocolate Friday'!
We were really impressed with the maturity of the children's suggestions and with their practical ideas and passionate approach- they are already making a great team!


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US stocks took a historic tumble on Monday, with the blue-chip Dow Jones Industrial Average at one point losing almost 1,600 points, the biggest-ever dip during trading, before recovering somewhat to close down 4.6 percent.
While sending waves through the global financial system, Monday's swoon – which ended at 23,923.88, erasing all of this year's gains – was far from Wall Street's most devastating. Below are some of its worst crashes and corrections.
Black Monday
On October 19, 1987 – almost 58 years to the day after the Wall Street crash at the start of the Great Depression in 1929 – the Dow Jones Industrial Average lost a stunning 22.6 percent, falling 508 points to close at 1,738.74.
Analysts blamed the crash – which was the equivalent of more than 5,500 points in today's terms – on factors including selling in computerized trade, over-valuation and collapsing oil prices after markets had soared earlier that year.
Attacks of September 11, 2001
Stock markets were shut for a calendar week after terror attacks on New York and Washington left close to 3,000 people dead.
Wall Street fell precipitously in the week after the attacks, with the Dow sinking 7.1 percent, or 684 points on September 17, the first day trading resumed. By noon, financial giants JPMorgan Chase and Citigroup were both six percent lower.
The 2008 global financial crisis
At the start of the financial crisis, the Dow suffered what was then its biggest one-day point drop ever on September 29, 2008, losing seven percent, or 778 points, after lawmakers failed to adopt a $700 billion bailout plan – erasing more than $1 trillion in market value.
Investors dumped stocks on fears Congress would not be able to pass a rescue plan to unfreeze US credit markets, with banks hoarding cash as the effects of the sub-prime crisis cascaded through the financial system.
The Brexit shock
Wall Street got a serious case of the jitters the day after British voters' shock decision to exit the European Union. On June 24, 2016, amid uncertainty of the economic consequences of Britain's secession, all three major indices erased year-to-date gains by falling more than three percent, with the Dow falling 611.21 points, or 3.4 percent, to close at 17,399.86.
The Crash of 1929
The most devastating Wall Street crash occurred over several days in 1929 and preceded the start of the Great Depression. Markets had soared in the 1920s, based to a large extent on deceit, speculation and unsustainable margin-buying, before falling off a cliff.
On October 28, 1929, the Dow fell 12.8 percent, or 38.33 points, the height of the worst financial panic Americans had ever seen, feeding into misery that would last for years.
US stocks took a historic tumble on Monday, with the blue-chip Dow Jones Industrial Average at one point losing almost 1,600 points, the biggest-ever dip during trading, before recovering somewhat to close down 4.6 percent.


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I come across several articles everyday which are interesting to read, but cannot at that moment, due to lack of time. Thanks to services such as Instapaper, I am able to save that webpage URL and read it at a later time from anywhere. Of course, I could do that for pages with videos too, however, not the videos directly.
Today, I came across an interesting discovery on YouTube where they seem to be testing a new feature which will allow users to watch a video later on by queuing it to their profiles using a "Watch Later" option. The "Watch Later" option is seen as an overlay on the video itself.
When I clicked on "Watch Later", nothing out of the ordinary happened, except for + sign disappearing from the box. However, I looked high and dry through my YouTube profile but could not find the location where the video was saved so that I could watch it at a later time. I believe that Google is basically just testing this feature out right now to see how many people are keen on using it.
I will keep digging around and update this post when I come across more information on this and where the "Watch Later" videos are actually saved.
Update: It looks like Google is testing this for couple of days now. I saw a post on YouTube forums and Yahoo Answers on this topic. I also found that the new YouTube homepage does not seem to show you the "Watch Later" videos. However, if you switch back to the old homepage, you will see the video as seen in the screenshot above.


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Yankees president Randy Levine defended Yankee Stadium as a proper home for the Pinstripe Bowl as he rattled off the list of great college football moments at both versions of the venue. Knute Rockne coached in the old one. Notre Dame played in the new one.
"This bowl is a part of the holiday season now in New York."
So are temperatures in the low 20s at kickoff.
But even with the field chalked with hash marks instead of foul lines as Boston College and Iowa played Wednesday night, Yankees general manager Brian Cashman was in his office working on 2018. The offseason haul so far has been pretty good: the NL MVP in Giancarlo Stanton and a new manager in Aaron Boone.
"I think Cash and the baseball people did a great job. I know he's upstairs working. He's not finished. We're hopeful there's more stuff to be done before spring training and opening day."
The Yankees acquired Stanton from the payroll-shedding Marlins and new CEO Derek Jeter. He led the majors with 59 home runs and 132 RBIs last season, numbers dwarfed by the $295 million he's owed over the final decade of his record $325 million, 13-year contract.
"I think he's been a huge addition. He's the MVP of the National League. He's a great player and our fan base is excited. We're doing very well, selling a lot of tickets."
The Yankees could be a long ball and box-office smash: Stanton should form a potent 1-2 punch with AL Rookie of the Year Aaron Judge in the middle of the lineup. The retooled Yankees went 91-71 this season, their best record since 2012, and reached the ALCS before losing to Houston in seven games.
"This team has a lot of personality. There's a lot of great, great young players that really came together. We've got a great manager. I think Giancarlo Stanton will fit in really well with everybody."
The Stanton deal had some in baseball ready to resuscitate the "Evil Empire" moniker that was slapped on them in 2002. Levine laughed off the idea that it's fun to hate the Yankees again.
"As long as we're relevant and people are thinking about us, that's the best part."
The Yankees are already planning for 2019.
Owner Hal Steinbrenner repeatedly has said New York intends to get under next year's tax threshold of $197 million, which would reset the team's base tax rate from 50 percent to 20 percent in 2019, the first season after Bryce Harper and Manny Machado potentially become free agents.
"We're the Yankees. We always want to get better."


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Rails to Trails May 2011, a set on Flickr.
From my walk on the Rails to Trails project, I highly recommend people use it, walk it, and support the effort.
Rails to Trails May 2011, a set on Flickr.
From my walk on the Rails to Trails project, I highly recommend people use it, walk it, and support the effort.
O what a day!
We celebrate 30 years. Maddog, Abercrombie, me and the family which is the extended clan gather together on a beautiful April day. The real day was weeks before, but how great a friend, Maddog scheduled for the best possible day. He knew Pablo, me, would be suffering through school and homework, and scheduled it for the end of April.
Freakin' Fantastic!
I wake. I call I check if I can bring anything – – – Appetizer.
I nap.
I wake. I call again to check if I can bring anything else – – – Propane.
I gather Matteo, Steak Tips, and gun the engine. I'm ready, set and ready-to-go.
We head to Ipswich, and stop at the Coastal Green Grocer. I grab Vermont Cheddar, Cheese from the Pyrrenes, a German blue cheese and Humboldt Fog. I grab crackers, Cookies, and some beer. *(Just in case)
At this point I clearly ignored my phone, as I had a message asking if I could bring something else – – – iPod Touch-Me. It would have helped to know this 15 miles and 45 minutes ago. 😉
Matteo and I get to Maddog's mother's and head to the back. One Ipswich Ale Tap Truck, One Monster Truck, a lovely back yard, a kick butt roaster and a Birthday Man (once you hit 30 you are no longer a birthday boy) spot the landscape of the backyard. Marnie is one heck of a host, and a landscape architect.
The Young Ward, Maddog, Matteo and I shake hands and stare at the roasting pig. I see maddog eying the cheek, the spitting fat, and the roaster. The roaster is an amazing work, almost a work of art. The pictures are on the gallery.
I, lead by my cheese addiction, open the cheese, grab a cracker, and hand out the sweet slices of happiness. As we much on cheese and crackers, we help setup the party, and grab slices of cheese.
Friends and Family begin to arrive. Among the honored guests are two crazy parents, mine. They are big fans of Maddog, we talk food, paella, fun and of course roasting pig. Are you going to eat the ear? Are you going to eat the tail? Are you going to eat the eye? the brain!?
We all answer of course.
We continue to setup, stare at the pig, and wait.
Abercrombie arrives and the Party really gets going. The tap trucks springs are rebounding under the lightened load. We crack into the special stuff, and really begin to stare again.
More arrive, family, friends, Ryan, Claire, Tim, Parker, Stephanie and others. I see the anxious face of the expected eaters of the pork. We can all tell it's time.
Abercrombie, Tim and I unhook the beast, and we carry it to the table. Let the carving begin.
Tim grabs a knife. I grab a knife… a 95lb pig is carved. Cracklin, Tenderloin, and meat are served to the guests. Angus grabs a knife and helps continue the carving.
We grab root beer, summer pale, ipswich ale and more and big the toasting, the eating and the merriment. We all walk around, eating, chatting and reminiscing.
After dark, I see a sparkler flare up outside the corner of my eye. Jeez. It's time. I walk to the camera. I breathe in. I then belt out the words to Happy Birthday. (not necessarily on key)
Marnie, Jeff, Gina carry the cake to Maddog. The cake is a amazing, and of course in the shape of a Monster Truck with Donut Tires.
We all grab a piece and celebrate. Yummy.
We eat, talk, chat and stay merry.
Amazing… A great party, and a perfect time for a 1/8th of a life crisis 😉
A Blog Entry to Follow, it was great.


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Trips to the beach, playing in the park, a nice bowl of cold water on a hot day, there are lots of ways to help your pup keep cool in the hotter months. But the heat and sun pose unique risks to dogs of all breeds, meaning owners have to take extra care of their furry friends. To make the most of the summer sun – keep your canine companions happy and healthy by using these tips and tricks:
- When you're out and about, never, ever leave your pooch in the car. Temperatures rise rapidly, and can be lethal.
2. Your dog will love sunny walks in the park, but make sure to keep them safe by thoroughly checking your furry friend for ticks and seeds after a trip outside.
3.Make sure to always have fresh, clean, cool water available for your dog in order to prevent dehydration.
4. It's easy to forget, but concrete and sand can become extremely hot in the summer, making some surfaces painful for dogs to walk on. Avoid walking on hot surfaces, or consider getting some little boots or socks to prevent burnt paws.
5. Try not to exercise your dog during the hottest times of the day, instead walking your dog in the early morning or in the evening. Let your dog take breaks in shaded areas so they can cool down.
6. On hot days, your pooch will love lying on a cool, wet towel. Cooling down a dog's tummy quickly reduces their overall temperature.
7. Your pooch may think he wants a doggy paddle, but be careful. Keep close watch of your dog while they're swimming and watch out for powerful undercurrents and other swimmers.
8. We all know that dogs love playing on the beach, but did you know that dogs shouldn't drink salt water? Water from the ocean can cause dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
9. Longer coats, especially when matted or tangled, can lead to overheating, so take your dog for a quick groom once it starts getting hot.
10. Make sure to discard uneaten food quickly. The summer heat can quickly make food stale, which can not only attract flies, but also make your canine companion sick.


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You can add additional PDF profiles to CtrlPrint if you require PDFs in a different format, such as spreads or higher resolution, than the default provided. (A preset for clean PDFs is created automatically when TrackChanges is activated.)
To this you need to upload a ".joboptions" file to CtrlPrint. (.joboptions is the file format used by Adobe to define a PDFs settings.) Presets for spreads, high resolution PDFs and timestamps can be found here.
If you need to create a more custom .joboptions file you can do so in InDesign, instructions are found here.
How to add a custom PDF profile to CtrlPrint
Once you have downloaded, or created your .joboptions file, you will need to add it to CtrlPrint. To do this you must be an administrator.
1. Login first as a user and then as an administrator.
2. Select the project.
3. Click on the "Project" menu and select "Change PDF profiles". (See below.)
4. Click on the "Choose file" button and select the .joboptions (this cannot be in any other format, such as a zip file) file that you want to add to the system.
5. Give your new profile a name.
6. If you are using TrackChanges you can select whether or not you want these included.
7. Click "Add Profile".
Note that PDFs are created locally each time a user uploads a file to CtrlPrint, any new profile you add will not be available for download from CtrlPrint until a user has first downloaded each chapter and then saved them back to the server.


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All Over Lovely
All Over Lovely is a two-character play, which frames a furious debate about politicising feminism and sexuality and darts between the intellectual and the deeply personal.
Two women who grew up together meet before a funeral. One of them maintains defiantly that lipstick and a Porsche is not a betrayal of feminism; the other's anarchist principles have somehow turned into an organic fruit and vegetable company who supply to Sainsbury's. Their conversation – sometimes vicious, sometimes comic, sometimes loving – reveals a relationship composed of childhood jealousies, adolescent sexual awakening, politicised lesbianism and feminist compromise. Dowie's crackling, looping dialogue attacks constructions of femininity, love and success in this lithe and razor-sharp play.
All Over Lovely was first performed at the Traverse Theatre in 1996.


text: The campaign has been relatively free, but marred by propaganda and reprisals against the opposition[EPA] Political opponents of the Belarusian president are complaining of dirty tricks on the eve of the country's presidential election. Although the election campaign has been the most free seen since Alexander Lukashenko came to power in 1994, it has been tainted by vicious propaganda and mysterious reprisals against opposition candidates and their supporters. An unprecedented nine candidates are running against Lukashenko in the vote, which is set to take place on Sunday. They have been granted unusual freedom to campaign, including time to debate on state television and radio (the country has no independent broadcasters). The comparative openness apparently reflects Lukashenko's desire to improve relations with Europe and the United States amid troubled relations with longtime patron Russia. Yet there is little prove that Lukashenko is seeking a genuinely competitive election. Al Jazeera's Neave Barker reported from Minsk that there is little chance the election will be won by anyone other than Lukashenko. The Belarus central election committee said the combined score of all nine opposition candidates is unlikely to be even half of the number of votes they project to go to the incumbent, Barker reported. 'Nothing but lies' A recent documentary on Belarus' Channel One portrayed the campaign staff of a top opposition candidate, Vladimir Neklyayev, as a gang of homosexuals, paedophiles, drug addicts and swindlers. In the film, an unnamed bearded man identified as a member of Neklyayev's campaign was shown posing for photos in a purple bikini. The film also accused Neklyayev's activists of document forgery and possessing child porn and illegal drugs. Neklyayev says the movie is nothing but lies. "Government propaganda is trying to humiliate all democratic candidates in any possible way," Neklyayev said. Another opposition candidate, Andrei Sannikov, complained that voters in the city of Brest have been given fake leaflets purportedly from his campaign that argued in favour of NATO membership for Belarus - which he opposes. Sannikov holds Lukashenko supporters responsible. Even the sudden appearance of an ice-skating rink on one of the Belarusian capital's central squares raised questions about Sunday's presidential elections. The square is where opposition activists are planning to rally on Sunday to protest a vote count which they say will be fraudulent. Sannikov and Neklyayev on Saturday repeated their calls for protesters to assemble after the polls close on October Square, even though a slippery sheet of ice has been laid down across almost the entire expanse in the past couple of days. "We are going to stand for our rights there," Neklyayev said. In September, Oleg Bebenin, an activist close to Sannikov, died by hanging. An investigation into the circumstances of Bebenin's death has concluded it was a suicide. But activists dispute the finding, saying he showed no signs of depression and left no suicide note. Bebenin was one of the founders of the opposition organisation Charter 97. Playing all the right cards Lukashenko is courting both Russia and the West. He needs cheap oil and gas from Russia to keep the Soviet-style state-dominated economy functioning and Russia, for its part, wants a co-operative leader in a country that lies between its borders and three NATO members. "Lukashenko must make concessions to the West and create a democratic facade in these elections," Aleksandr Klaskovsky, an independent political analyst, said. "But in exchange, he has turned on the machine to discredit opponents to full capacity." The West, offended by Belarus' human rights record and repressive politics, is eager to see signs of reform. "[Lukashenko] has desperately been trying to improve his image in recent years, obviously he has been regarded by some as being the last dictator in Europe," Barker reported. "Being able to show that this election is free and fair … he could well end up gaining that degree of support and degree of legitimacy needed to secure power in the coming future." Yet whilst courting the European Union, the president hasn't forgotten his vital relationship with Russia. Belarus has signed a key trade agreement with Russia in the run-up to the election. SOURCE: Al Jazeera and agencies Politics Europe US & Canada Belarus Russia


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text: The total housing units in Boulder county in increasing as vacancy rates fall. According to the Colorado Division of Housing, the vacancy rate in Boulder has decreased .2% and the vacancy rate in Longmont has dropped .5%. These decreasing vacancy rates are showing that the housing market is improving and more families are starting to move-in to Boulder county, leading to a better real estate industry.


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A Dec. 25 car accident has resulted in two men facing DUI charges. The one-car wreck occurred at approximately 9:15 a.m. in Willimantic on Ash Street. As officials responded to the scene, they observed a 27-year-old man who was attempting to move the vehicle. They took the man into custody for operating a motor vehicle without a license and for drunk driving.
As officials investigated the situation, they also became aware that another man had been operating the vehicle when the accident occurred. The 30-year-old driver reportedly left the scene of the incident. He was later located and charged in connection with the crash. He faces charges of operating a vehicle without a license, incorrect driving, and driving under the influence.
The men have both been released on bonds of $750 and are scheduled to appear in court. Reports do not indicate how the accident may have occurred or what type of damage the vehicle sustained.
In facing several charges in a similar situation, a defendant might seek an opportunity to obtain reduced charges and penalties through a plea agreement. However, legal advice might be important in considering such options. It may be helpful to have a lawyer review a case to ensure that a defendant's civil rights have been preserved through the investigation. A lawyer may review issues such as the means by which a client has been deemed to be driving under the influence. If the blood alcohol content was measured via a method that is known for possible inaccuracy issues, results might be challenged.
A defendant has the right to present a defense, and a charge does not imply that a guilty verdict will be reached. A lawyer may advise a client to consider plea options if a case appears to be supported by strong evidence. In other cases, it may be more prudent to go to trial or endeavor to have charges dropped in the face of weak evidence.
Source: WFSB, "Two Willimantic men charged with DUI", Olivia Lank, December 25, 2014


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Sleep well, sleep deep
By Amir Yakobi
Amir Yakobi, the percussionist of Yoham, has created a wonderful album designed to guide you into blissful sleep. Glide into the dream-state in this safe space of music, angelic singing and sounds of nature. The calm beat of the shamanic drum stimulates the sub-consciousness, attuning the frequency of your body to state of deep relaxation.
Especially recommended for anyone wishing for a good night's sleep. This is a truly multidimensional creation, soothing mind and body while uplifting the spirit. Dive deep into the dreamworld and let your imagination fly!
1. Heartbeat Begins All
2. Deep Drum
3. Piano Touch
4. Angel's Song
5. Dreaming with Birds
6. Weaving Magic
7. Heavenly Harp
8. Desert Drum & Flute
9. Wave Drum
10. Journey of the Didgeridoo
Total Length: 1:11:32
Special Shaumbra price: $10 USD
- Ratings & Reviews
Write Your Own Review


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- BATSMENRBM4s6sSR032000.000.3 a hush falls over the Shere Bangla as Tamim departs for a duck. The ball was fuller and wider outside off stump and Tamim, who let the previous two go, chased this. He went really hard at the ball, aiming to lash it through cover, but ended up nicking it to second slip, where Sammy caught it. And look at those celebrations ... massive wicket 0/158150062.503.3 caught behind! Short of a length but closer to the body outside off stump. Kayes stays in his crease, moves on to the back foot and pokes at the ball with an open face. Tentative shot with no real purpose and the outside edge is taken by Thomas 16/22527334092.598.2 lbw! Siddique falls to another yorker. But he wants a review. Roach delivered a lethal yorker on middle stump, made more lethal by Siddique's decision to play across the line towards midwicket. The ball struck him full on the front shoe and that is hitting middle stump. That review was in hope more than anything else. Bangladesh tottering ... 36/4046000.005.1 caught at short midwicket! Sammy is on fire today, though the ball wasn't outstanding. Full ball on middle and leg, Mushfiqur wanted to flick and made very good contact, striking the ball hard. He flicked it in the air though and Sarwan barely had to move at short midwicket. That is a sharp catch. Mirpur falls silent for the third time. 25/3816231050.0010.2 bowled him! Another flighted delivery that dips on Shakib outside off stump, Shakib didn't really do anything. He should have come forward but he stayed in his crease and made a limp effort at defending. The ball pitched just outside off and spun into the left-hander, beat the bat and hit the stumps. Benn roars. 41/5417230023.5213.6 caught at point! Fuller ball, wide outside off stump. Raqibul leans forward to drive and plays far away from his body. A real loose shot. The edge travels in the air towards Pollard, who throws his huge body forward at point to take a sharp chance. Shambolic batting. 51/61121332052.3817.1 West Indies are screaming in joy. The Mirpur crowd don't know how to react. It was a full delivery outside off stump and Ash went for a big drive through the off side and getsa thin nick through to the delighted keeper. 56/814140025.0016.2 .Benn has been bowling beautifully and gets his reward. It was another teasingly flighted delivery on a good length, turning away from the off stump after landing on the middle and off line. Naeem tried to defend it but the ball turned, bounce, and clipped the outer edge. Benn is usually known for firing those deliveries but he has been a revelation today 56/70612000.0018.3 There is a gully in place and he steers it straight to him! What was he thinking there? It turned away from the off stump and he opened the bat face and steered it to gully where Pollard took a lovely catch. He leaned forward, got his big hands under the dying ball and pouched it so safely and cleanly. 58/9not out2690033.33022000.0018.5 Benn does a Afridi. He fires a yorker and the batsman had no chance. Bangladesh have folded up for their lowest score ever! Crazy crazy day at Mirpur. Benn roars. His team-mates have a laugh. Bangladesh are all out and and the home crowd is getting angry and restless. 58/10Extras2 (nb 1, w 1)TOTAL58 all out (18.5 Overs, RR: 3.07)Fall of wickets: 1-0 (Tamim Iqbal, 0.3 ov), 2-16 (Imrul Kayes, 3.3 ov), 3-25 (Mushfiqur Rahim, 5.1 ov), 4-36 (Junaid Siddique, 8.2 ov), 5-41 (Shakib Al Hasan, 10.2 ov), 6-51 (Raqibul Hasan, 13.6 ov), 7-56 (Naeem Islam, 16.2 ov), 8-56 (Mohammad Ashraful, 17.1 ov), 9-58 (Shafiul Islam, 18.3 ov), 10-58 (Rubel Hossain, 18.5 ov)
- BATSMENRBM4s6sSR612231050.005.1 good delivery! It was delivered from round the stumps, drifted in towards leg and middle line and turned just about enough to hit the middle. Smith was playing well inside the line; he thought it would move in towards the leg stump. Fooled by the drift and then by the turn 29/1not out37364460102.77not out926201034.61Extras7 (b 2, w 5)TOTAL59/1 (12.2 Overs, RR: 4.78)Fall of wickets: 1-29 (Devon Smith, 5.1 ov)
Bowling O M R W Econ 0s 4s 6s WD NB Shafiul Islam 2 0 11 0 5.50 7 2 0 0 0 Naeem Islam 6 1 14 1 2.33 27 1 0 1 0 Rubel Hossain 1 0 12 0 12.00 1 2 0 0 0 Abdur Razzak 1 0 8 0 8.00 5 1 0 2 0 Mohammad Ashraful 2 0 11 0 5.50 7 2 0 0 0 Shakib Al Hasan 0.2 0 1 0 3.00 1 0 0 0 0
Match Details
Player Of The Match
Match number
Hours of play (local time)
Match days
TV Umpires
Reserve Umpire
Match Referee
Match Notes
- Powerplay 1: Overs 0.1 - 10.0 (Mandatory - 40 runs, 4 wickets)
- Over 8.2: Review by Bangladesh (Batting), Umpire - SJ Davis, Batsman - Junaid Siddique (Struck down)
- Powerplay 2: Overs 10.1 - 15.0 (Bowling side - 11 runs, 2 wickets)
- Bangladesh: 50 runs in 13.4 overs (83 balls), Extras 2
- Drinks: Bangladesh - 56/6 in 16.0 overs (Mohammad Ashraful 11, Naeem Islam 1)
- Innings Break: Bangladesh - 58/10 in 18.5 overs (Abdur Razzak 2)
- Powerplay 1: Overs 0.1 - 10.0 (Mandatory - 49 runs, 1 wicket)
- West Indies: 50 runs in 10.1 overs (61 balls), Extras 6
- Attendance - 26,728
Match CoverageAll Match News
Shakib, Siddons hit back at criticism from former players
Bangladesh's captain and coach have hit back at the former players who have been criticising the team in newspaper columns and on talk shows on news channels
WIPA concerned after stone-pelting incident
WIPA has expressed concern claiming that the West Indies team was not provided a security consultant whilst other participating teams had been by their respective boards
A collapse too far provokes the fans to fury
While what followed outside the stadium was an unacceptable reaction to a terrible performance, it should not be forgotten that a vast majority of the people in Dhaka have been extremely well-behaved
Sammy thanks motivational Gayle
Darren Sammy has thanked Chris Gayle for giving West Indies' players a pep talk before their match against Bangladesh on Friday
West Indies team bus stoned in Dhaka
The West Indies team bus has been stoned on its way back to the team hotel
|Bangladesh BOWLING
|Shafiul Islam
|Naeem Islam
|Rubel Hossain
|Abdur Razzak
|Mohammad Ashraful
|Shakib Al Hasan


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Grantham and Stamford MP Nick Boles diagnosed with cancer
Grantham and Stamford MP Nick Boles has been diagnosed with cancer.
Boles, MP for the constituency since 2010, revealed the news of the cancerous tumour in his head on Twitter on Wednesday, October 26.
The former skills minister has previously successfully battled Hodgkin's lymphoma, before he became an MP.
In a post on Twitter, Boles said: "Doctors have found a cancerous tumour in my head. Some of you might think that explains a lot about my recent behaviour.
I fought cancer off nine years ago and I am sure I can do it again.
"Annoyed I can't join the Fighting 4 Grantham Hospital march on Sat. Fantastic 24/7 A&E team at King's College discovered my problem. Grantham deserves no less."
Lincolnshire Reporter welcomes your views. All comments are reactively-moderated and must obey the house rules. Please stay on topic and be respectful of other readers.


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When you pick something up and start saying
'oh my goshhhh'
under your breath as you admire it's perfection
using the #HomeGoodshappy
the color is pure awesome. love your styling and enthusiasm for vintage.
I think your finds are breathtaking. I had to keep going back for another look,the colour is amazing. xReplyDelete
I absolutely adore the roses!!! Lovely colur combination...truly breath taking!!ReplyDelete
Dearest Courtney,
Loving your Blog, you are a true INSPIRATION!!!!
Ania @ email@example.com
Gorgeous photo of such wonderful finds Courtney!!! I'm excited to join the contest too because I know exactly what you mean when you find something truly worth treasuring at the thrift store - you fell like 'its meant to be'! have a nice day!ReplyDelete
its gorgeous!ReplyDelete
Gorgeous dress, i love soft airy chiffon...
Tturquoise, my color! And in my favourite shade :-) you're a lucky one ;-)ReplyDelete
Oh...love that dress! The color is wonderful. Wish we had a Homegoods here. Word is we are getting one soon.ReplyDelete
Oh my...that dress is so exquisitely romantic...I can just imagine the person who owned the dress feeling so very beautiful in it...I always wonder what memorable event occurred when that person wore the dress...a grand ball, a wedding...Wonderful find Courtney.ReplyDelete
ROMANTIC ---PERFECTION ...........LOVEReplyDelete
That dress is beautiful, Courtney. What a find! It looks like it stepped right out of a Turner Classic Movie.ReplyDelete
What a wonderful dress.
Stunning color and just beautiful veil-good score day!ReplyDelete
What an incredibly elegant dress! Beautiful find! Life to the full! Melissa @ DaisyMaeBelleReplyDelete
What a find, Courtney! Just gorgeous.
Jeanette @ Creating a Life


text: Did you know that you can sort from thousands of practices with the world's best teachers? You can find your favorite teacher, a duration that suits your needs, or simply find a targeted practice for the body part that may be calling you to get on your mat. Check out the video to learn how!


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Service updates
Got questions?
Speak to our support teamContact Support
3:22pm The service is currently offline whilst we investigate a database error. We are already investigating the cause and should have service running again shortly.
3:40pm Issue caused by one of the storage arrays becoming unresponsive and causing the mail servers to hang. Server reboots are currently in process.
4:05pm One of the two mail servers is back online. Service should be fully restored shortly.
4:11pm Both mail servers are now fully online. Service fully restored. Report to follow.
Originally Written: 16-Jan-2009 15:28, Last Updated: 06-Nov-2014 12:29


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Adjustable Bracelet with Cultured Freshwater Pearls in Sterling Silver
DescriptionAdd the classic style of cultured freshwater pearls to your outfit with this adjustable sterling silver bracelet. Finished with a pearl on each end, it is a lovely choice.
Product Details
- Metal content Sterling Silver
- Metal colour Silver
- Gemstone Cultured Freshwater Pearl
Delivery & Returns
FREE delivery for all online orders.
Once your order has shipped, please allow 2-7 business days for delivery depending on your location. Orders requiring ring sizing take up to three (3) additional business days to complete.
If for any reason you are not 100% satisfied with your purchase, you may return it online or in-store within 60 days of delivery for an exchange or full refund. Subject to meeting the requirements of our refund policy.
For more information, visit our FAQ page.
Wear it With
Customer Reviews
7 Reviews
01 Jan 2020 S2019 Toronto
It's different than the website picture
I loved it once I saw on the website. I ordered it as gift, but I found when I received it, that the pearl sizes are smaller than the picture.
13 Oct 2019 Cassie123 Australia
It's perfect for my upcoming wedding.
I purchased this to go with my wedding gown and it's perfect. Elegant and beautiful. Everything I was looking for.
28 Oct 2018 ShariH
Lovely peice
Brought as a gift for my daughter and she loved it


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The Freya Idol Hipster Short in White offers a modest rear coverage, and sit low on the hips with wider side panels for a flattering look. The shorts are seamless which means that you should not have a VPL. The Hipster Short are decorated with the Pinstripe shine on the black base with a white stitch around the waist and the leg and they are finished with a cute bow to the center.
If you have any questions regarding the Freya Idol Hipster Short in White or any lingerie and swimwear from Bras and Honey please feel free to contact us.
At Bras and Honey we provide luxury Lingerie, Swimwear, Shapewear, Sportswear and Nightwear collections since 2007 with fast delivery and no quibble free returns.
- Be the first to review this product
Write your own review about Freya Idol Hipster Short, White
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High water prompts temporary closure of a WMA campground
MOORE HAVEN, FL. -- High water levels have prompted the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) to temporarily close Banana Grove Road, the boat ramp entrance road and the campground at the Fish Eating Creek Wildlife Management Area (WMA). At this time, other portions of the WMA remain open.
The closure goes into effect immediately and will be lifted as soon as conditions allow. This action is necessary to ensure the safety of those visiting the WMA.
If you have additional questions, please call the FWC's South Regional Office during normal business hours at 561-625-5122.
Update: As of July 9th, both facilities are now open again.


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There is more pressure than ever to cut major costs- and to keep your office running smoothly. Using the very latest technology is a must if you want to compete: but the cost and difficulties of upgrading old systems can put management teams off committing to a hardware upgrade. Nonetheless, the continued use of out-of-date systems can impact efficiency, performance, and morale, as well as leaving your company open to hacking or other cyber-attacks, and can lead to irretrievable data loss or file corruption from inadequate, obsolete software. Meanwhile, an upgrade to the latest IT systems can lead to a massive jump in productivity, staff morale improvements and boost performance, service quality and image. Above all, it gives you the edge over competitors and keeps your data secure.
With an increasing proportion of business and institutional management co-ordinated or taking place entirely online, keeping your company's systems running fast, securely and without problems means your hardware performance is now a serious consideration, whatever your field. However the costs of replacing this hardware, even when necessary, can be prohibitive, and the hassle of organising a replacement equipment across the board can be considerable.
Desktop and laptop recycling is fast becoming central to meeting the tech upgrade needs of companies everywhere. Modern IT recycling is both the environmentally & financially sensible route to a hardware upgrade for your organisation.
The tech recycle timeline
How office computer and laptop recycling can be used to fund your IT upgrade (and protect the earth)
Obsolete tech? IT recycling with Asset care covers costs, protects data and keeps the environment safe. Here are the steps your technology undergoes at our computer recycling facility:
- You send us a list of your redundant items or we can do a site assessment. The more information we can obtain, the more accurate our evaluation will be
- We discuss your IT reclycling options and make you aware of the value of your assets
- If you wish to proceed we arrange a collection via one of our AssetCare service options
- We list, data overwrite (Blancco), clean, test and perform a full identity removal from the equipment in preparation for resale
- All associated asset tags and manufacturer serial numbers are logged on our bespoke tracking software for reporting purposes
- Once processed, we will raise a self-billing invoice in line with our original assessment
Why choose AssetCare?
- We sell equipment using a multi-channel marketing system to remarket your assets with the maximum exposure. With 25 years of experience we have a proven track record of providing maximum financial returns to public and private sector organisations
- Safe and responsible Data Sanitisation using Blancco software that can produce individual certificates upon the eradication of data
- We have our own bespoke tracking software that will provide you with a report of all of your remarketed equipment. Reports can be customised to detail information specific to your business requirements (Make/Model/Asset Numbers/Serial Numbers/Specifications etc.)
- Nationwide Corporate IT Asset Management
- All electrical equipment is collected, transported and stored in a responsible and safe way, in full compliance with UK law including the WEEE Directive and Data Protection Act.
Yet computer recycling is not just about that all-important bottom line: it's also about being environmentally friendly
By pursuing a tech or computer recycling policy you're helping avoid the harmful dumping of potentially reusable, materials in landfill. By giving your used machinery a new lease of life to prevent needless waste of the often finite materials used in the manufacture of hard drives and circuit boards, you're promoting your company or institution as an environmentally friendly organisation. Desktop and laptop recycling prevents unnecessary waste and limits the amount of non-biodegradable waste going into landfill: something that
going into landfill: something that should give your staff a sense of pride.
This is why IT recycling increasingly features in the tech upgrade plans of successful companies and institutions. If you think a tech recycle programs could enhance the benefits of your IT system upgrade, speak to AssetCare today to discover more about the benefits of computer remarketing services.
It's Secure & Safe
IT recycling & computer remarketing services from AssetCare provide the perfect balance between cost-effective decision making, and fast & efficient upgrades in your IT, recycling the waste to avoid harming the environment. But in addition to this service we provide one of the most comprehensive and thorough specialist data protection procedures available as part of our IT recycling. Computer recycling that's not just balanced with security, but prioritises it, ensures your confidential data is always secure. Our team of security vetted
experts operate some of the most sophisticated physical destruction equipment available from within our secure facility- ensuring sensitive information is protected. We use a combination of Blancco data wiping software- as favoured by government agencies and major corporations in the UK and around the world- with a complete hard drive shred, meaning our tech recycle & refurbish procedures can get underway know that any secure data that had been stored will be irretrievable.
We have used AssetCare services for many years now, their service really is excellent and is tailored to meet our many diverse requirements. After a recent visit to their processing facility I am very impressed with their operation and how it has grown over the years.Environment Manager at Leeds Teaching Hospital


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From popcorn and ice-cream to sophisticated in-seat dining, food and beverage (F&B) in cinemas has come a long way. John Burrows is Vista's F&B Program Manager and he tells us that journey is reflected by the continual evolution of Vista's F&B module to meet the increasingly sophisticated needs of exhibitors and moviegoers alike.
Vista's new browser-based Film Programming application Film Manager rethinks circuit-wide holdover sheets, giving programmers greater flexibility over their bookings. Film Manager includes a seamless integration with Cinema Intelligence.
Vista Entertainment Solutions Ltd is proud to sign an agreement with leading French exhibitor Les Cinemas Pathé Gaumont.
Vista Entertainment Solutions has appointed Till Cussmann Senior Vice President Sales for EMEA and General Manager, Europe.
Cinema Manager is our beautiful intuitive one-stop destination for cinema managers that rethinks back office. It is also the first major release toward making our suite of cinema management products cloud-ready.
"Can I get ice?... Where are my onion rings?... I said I wanted a diet coke." Introducing Get Help! the latest innovation from the Vista Apps team that will take your overall guest experience to the next level.
Members of the Auckland Vista Cinema team went across the globe on an intrepid adventure to reinvent our Film Programming product... what happened?
MovieTeam is continually evolving and we have some super cool new features you should know about...
Subscribe to get monthly updates delivered to your inbox.


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Average client rating (based on 109 attendee reviews)
This course is designed for learning the basics of petroleum economics and project selection. Several key concepts that will be covered are the time value of money, cash flow basics, common economic indicators, fiscal systems and project selection fundamentals. An introduction to basic risk analysis will also be presented.
The participants will receive an overview of petroleum economics, including an introduction to basic cash flow and net present value. The main types and elements of fiscal regimes around the world will be presented. During this course participants will evaluate and make recommendations on potential oil and gas investments.
This course mainly uses Excel but can be taught with Merak Peep and Decision Tool Kit.
Day 1
Project Economics
Participants will learn why project economics are necessary and the methods for economic evaluation. They will also learn about the project lifecycle and who is involved. During the course, common types of oil and gas upstream projects will be presented. The concepts and methods of forecasting production, prices and operating expenses will also be reviewed.
Day 2
Cash Flow and Economic Indicators
On this day the cash flow stream will be constructed in detail, including company revenue, operating, and capital expenditures. In addition, the concepts of discounting and net present value will be presented and practiced. Multiple economic indicators will be discussed, including DPI, IRR, hurdle rate, WACC and more.
Day 3
Fiscal Regimes
Participants will be introduced to the main types and elements of fiscal regimes around the world. They will also learn to build cash flows for concessionary systems and simple production sharing contracts. The different types of service agreements will be reviewed, and then investments under different fiscal regimes will be compared.
Day 4
Project Investment Analysis
During this day participants will discuss and incorporate risk and sensitivity analysis in order to calculate EMV and ENPV. The purpose of incremental investment analysis will be presented. They will also review a general capital budgeting and the project selection process. Participants will then evaluate and make recommendations about potential oil and gas investments.
Anyone requiring a fundamental knowledge of Petroleum Economics and oil and gas project recommendations.
Intermediate knowledge of Excel.


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Portola Valley is a town in San Mateo County in California. Located at the eastern edge of the Santa Cruz Mountains, Portola Valley is known to be one of the wealthiest towns in the country. It is a mostly wooded area with some open spaces and is not far from the cities of Palo Alto and Los Altos, technology centers in the area. Stanford University is nearby to the town, giving the town a close proximity to one of the finest universities in the country. The town has a rural atmosphere and feel with many trails and natural views that are great for exploring. Portola Valley is a small town with just over 4,300 people residing in the town.
Portola Valley is an expensive community to live in but has a lot to offer those who reside there. Moving companies that service this area are accustomed to dealing with all types of specialty moves in the region and can work with you when you are moving to Portola Valley to make sure everything is handled correctly.
Portola Valley Moving Companies Directory
Mont/Rose Moving Systems, Inc. – Mont/Rose Moving Systems, affiliated with Mayflower, one of the largest moving companies in the world today, can help you with any type of relocation needed. They can move you to your new home or office whether it is local, long distance or interstate in nature. They also deal with all types of specialty moves to help with delicate items such as fine art, a pool table, piano, computer equipment, antique furniture or anything else that requires added care. Quotes are available regarding rates, prices and costs involved in your move.
1810 Dobbin Drive
San Jose, CA 95133
(408) 214-5333
Mont/Rose Moving Systems, Inc.
Partner Van Lines –Partner Van Lines works with residential, industrial and commercial moves of all kinds and will help move all of your belongings to your new house, apartment, condo, corporate park or office building with speed and efficiency. They use all the best supplies, equipment and tools for your move to make sure everything is handled correctly and offer full service moves to help with all of your packing and unpacking needs.
2500 Old Middlefield Way
Mountain View, CA 94043
(800) 966-8380
AVL Moving Systems – AVL Moving Systems are one of the most respected moving services in the area. Highly experienced and well-trained, the staff of movers is adept at dealing with any type of moving situation for a home or business. They have a variety of packages available to suit all of your relocation needs and free estimates are available so you can see the competitive cheap prices they offer for the costs of labor in your move are among the best around.
5201 Great America
Suite 520
Santa Clara, CA 95054
(800) 973-0919
Bluesky Express Trucking Inc. – Bluesky Express Trucking, with over ten years in the moving business, can help relocate your home or office to a new local, long distance or out of state address with great ease. They take the stress out of the moving experience for you by handling all aspects of your move, including packing, unpacking and transport to your new place.
45200 Industrial Drive #2
Fremont, CA 94538
(510) 468-6668
Portola Valley Wikipedia Page – A description of the history of the town and the important geography.
Portola Valley Craigslist Page – A listing of local services, classified ads and products available on Craigslist in the San Francisco Bay Peninsula area including the town of Portola Valley area.
Town of Portola Valley Website – The official website for the town of Portola Valley including the local history, government services and departments and a calendar of events of the city.


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I went to the Farmer's Market with Nana last weekend. They had soo many beautiful flowers, it was hard to resist not buying any.
My garden is still in complete shambles, so thats why I didn't buy any new plants.
My favorite picture of the whole day, Nana and Grandpy at our lunch date. : )
Hope your all having a great week!


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Published Articles
At-A-Glance | Executive Bios | History & Overview | Tanglewood Q & A | Articles | News | Press Releases
Custom Conservatories – Residential Design + Build
By Maureen Alley
Art has its place in many areas within a home, including the backyard. When Founders of Tanglewood Conservatories began their company, they provided a way to create unique outdoor works of art for any home.
"We are about setting up a collaborative venture with designers, architects and builders to find out what homeowners want, and designing something unique for each client, house and site. We aren't about producing the same room over and over again," says Alan, president and director of architecture of the Denton, Md.-based company.
Each conservatory is custom designed and built, and Tanglewood manages every aspect of the product's creation from design to construction. "We make everything — windows, doors, trimwork — so we have complete control over the design," Alan says. "We can do whatever we want and are not limited to someone else's capabilities."
Conservatories can include a range of different materials including maple, mahogany, steel, copper and more. "A lot of the details are historically based but adapted to each particular project," he says.
Many of the conservatories Tanglewood has produced feature traditional design, but it also has designed some modern projects. "Much of the work harkens back to 1900 traditional architecture because that's where the market is," Alan adds.
Designers and builders considering a Tanglewood conservatory should contact the company as early as possible for the best results, Alan says. "We have come to understand that the sooner we are involved, the better. Successful projects are built by successful teams. Bring in the experts and bring them in early, and you will be amazed at the difference in the project."
The lead time is approximately six months but can take a year or two for larger, more complicated projects.


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Regular price
Strips of marinated chicken or steak, sautéed bell peppers & onions and cheddar cheese are wrapped in 10-inch whole wheat tortillas. Served with salsa, guacamole and sour cream.
Includes your choice of salad and fruit or dessert.
KTC Express is corporate client focused. Visit Kiss the Cook for more information on special events, weddings, BBQ, holiday, etc.


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Staff directory Jose Antonio Garrido Ariza
Jose Antonio Garrido Ariza
ICREA Research Professor and Group Leader and Vice Director
Advanced Electronic Materials and Devices - Strategy Development Area
- Researcher ID: K-7491-2015
Crossover from ballistic to diffusive thermal transport in suspended graphene membranes
El Sachat A., Köenemann F., Menges F., Del Corro E., Garrido J.A., Sotomayor Torres C.M., Alzina F., Gotsmann B. 2D Materials; 6 (2, 025034) 2019. 10.1088/2053-1583/ab097d. IF: 7.343
We report heat transport measurements on suspended single-layer graphene disks with radius of 150-1600 nm using a high-vacuum scanning thermal microscope. The results of this study revealed a radius-dependent thermal contact resistance between tip and graphene, with values between 1.15 and 1.52 × 108 KW-1. The observed scaling of thermal resistance with radius is interpreted in terms of ballistic phonon transport in suspended graphene discs with radius smaller than 775 nm. In larger suspended graphene discs (radius >775 nm), the thermal resistance increases with radius, which is attributed to in-plane heat transport being limited by phonon-phonon resistive scattering processes, which resulted in a transition from ballistic to diffusive thermal transport. In addition, by simultaneously mapping topography and steady-state heat flux signals between a self-heated scanning probe sensor and graphene with 17 nm thermal spatial resolution, we demonstrated that the surface quality of the suspended graphene and its connectivity with the Si/SiO2 substrate play a determining role in thermal transport. Our approach allows the investigation of heat transport in suspended graphene at sub-micrometre length scales and overcomes major limitations of conventional experimental methods usually caused by extrinsic thermal contact resistances, assumptions on the value of the graphene's optical absorbance and limited thermal spatial resolution. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
High-resolution mapping of infraslow cortical brain activity enabled by graphene microtransistors
Masvidal-Codina E., Illa X., Dasilva M., Calia A.B., Dragojević T., Vidal-Rosas E.E., Prats-Alfonso E., Martínez-Aguilar J., De la Cruz J.M., Garcia-Cortadella R., Godignon P., Rius G., Camassa A., Del Corro E., Bousquet J., Hébert C., Durduran T., Villa R., Sanchez-Vives M.V., Garrido J.A., Guimerà-Brunet A. Nature Materials; 18 (3): 280 - 288. 2019. 10.1038/s41563-018-0249-4. IF: 38.887
Recording infraslow brain signals (<0.1 Hz) with microelectrodes is severely hampered by current microelectrode materials, primarily due to limitations resulting from voltage drift and high electrode impedance. Hence, most recording systems include high-pass filters that solve saturation issues but come hand in hand with loss of physiological and pathological information. In this work, we use flexible epicortical and intracortical arrays of graphene solution-gated field-effect transistors (gSGFETs) to map cortical spreading depression in rats and demonstrate that gSGFETs are able to record, with high fidelity, infraslow signals together with signals in the typical local field potential bandwidth. The wide recording bandwidth results from the direct field-effect coupling of the active transistor, in contrast to standard passive electrodes, as well as from the electrochemical inertness of graphene. Taking advantage of such functionality, we envision broad applications of gSGFET technology for monitoring infraslow brain activity both in research and in the clinic. © 2018, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Versatile Graphene-Based Platform for Robust Nanobiohybrid Interfaces
Bueno R., Marciello M., Moreno M., Sánchez-Sánchez C., Martinez J.I., Martinez L., Prats-Alfonso E., Guimerà-Brunet A., Garrido J.A., Villa R., Mompean F., García-Hernandez M., Huttel Y., Morales M.D.P., Briones C., López M.F., Ellis G.J., Vázquez L., Martín-Gago J.A. ACS Omega; 4 (2): 3287 - 3297. 2019. 10.1021/acsomega.8b03152. IF: 2.584
Technologically useful and robust graphene-based interfaces for devices require the introduction of highly selective, stable, and covalently bonded functionalities on the graphene surface, whilst essentially retaining the electronic properties of the pristine layer. This work demonstrates that highly controlled, ultrahigh vacuum covalent chemical functionalization of graphene sheets with a thiol-terminated molecule provides a robust and tunable platform for the development of hybrid nanostructures in different environments. We employ this facile strategy to covalently couple two representative systems of broad interest: metal nanoparticles, via S-metal bonds, and thiol-modified DNA aptamers, via disulfide bridges. Both systems, which have been characterized by a multitechnique approach, remain firmly anchored to the graphene surface even after several washing cycles. Atomic force microscopy images demonstrate that the conjugated aptamer retains the functionality required to recognize a target protein. This methodology opens a new route to the integration of high-quality graphene layers into diverse technological platforms, including plasmonics, optoelectronics, or biosensing. With respect to the latter, the viability of a thiol-functionalized chemical vapor deposition graphene-based solution-gated field-effect transistor array was assessed. © Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.
Flexible Graphene Solution-Gated Field-Effect Transistors: Efficient Transducers for Micro-Electrocorticography
Hébert C., Masvidal-Codina E., Suarez-Perez A., Calia A.B., Piret G., Garcia-Cortadella R., Illa X., Del Corro Garcia E., De la Cruz Sanchez J.M., Casals D.V., Prats-Alfonso E., Bousquet J., Godignon P., Yvert B., Villa R., Sanchez-Vives M.V., Guimerà-Brunet A., Garrido J.A. Advanced Functional Materials; 28 (12, 1703976) 2018. 10.1002/adfm.201703976. IF: 13.325
Brain–computer interfaces and neural prostheses based on the detection of electrocorticography (ECoG) signals are rapidly growing fields of research. Several technologies are currently competing to be the first to reach the market; however, none of them fulfill yet all the requirements of the ideal interface with neurons. Thanks to its biocompatibility, low dimensionality, mechanical flexibility, and electronic properties, graphene is one of the most promising material candidates for neural interfacing. After discussing the operation of graphene solution-gated field-effect transistors (SGFET) and characterizing their performance in saline solution, it is reported here that this technology is suitable for μ-ECoG recordings through studies of spontaneous slow-wave activity, sensory-evoked responses on the visual and auditory cortices, and synchronous activity in a rat model of epilepsy. An in-depth comparison of the signal-to-noise ratio of graphene SGFETs with that of platinum black electrodes confirms that graphene SGFET technology is approaching the performance of state-of-the art neural technologies. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Lipid Monolayer Formation and Lipid Exchange Monitored by a Graphene Field-Effect Transistor
Blaschke B.M., Böhm P., Drieschner S., Nickel B., Garrido J.A. Langmuir; 34 (14): 4224 - 4233. 2018. 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00162. IF: 3.789
Anionic and cationic lipids are key molecules involved in many cellular processes; their distribution in biomembranes is highly asymmetric, and their concentration is well-controlled. Graphene solution-gated field-effect transistors (SGFETs) exhibit high sensitivity toward the presence of surface charges. Here, we establish conditions that allow the observation of the formation of charged lipid layers on solution-gated field-effect transistors in real time. We quantify the electrostatic screening of electrolyte ions and derive a model that explains the influence of charged lipids on the ion sensitivity of graphene SGFETs. The electrostatic model is validated using structural information from X-ray reflectometry measurements, which show that the lipid monolayer forms on graphene. We demonstrate that SGFETs can be used to detect cationic lipids by self-exchange of lipids. Furthermore, SGFETs allow measuring the kinetics of layer formation induced by vesicle fusion or spreading from a reservoir. Because of the high transconductance and low noise of the electrical readout, we can observe characteristic conductance spikes that we attribute to bouncing-off events of lipid aggregates from the SGFET surface, suggesting a great potential of graphene SGFETs to measure the on-off kinetics of small aggregates interacting with supported layers. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
Photocurrent generation of biohybrid systems based on bacterial reaction centers and graphene electrodes
Csiki R., Drieschner S., Lyuleeva A., Cattani-Scholz A., Stutzmann M., Garrido J.A. Diamond and Related Materials; 89: 286 - 292. 2018. 10.1016/j.diamond.2018.09.005. IF: 2.232
The direct conversion of sunlight into chemical energy via photosynthesis is a unique capability of plants and some bacterial species. Aimed at mimicking this energy conversion process, the combination of inorganic substrates and organic photoactive proteins into an artificial biohybrid system is of a great interest for artificial bio-photovoltaic applications. It also allows to better understand charge transfer processes involved in the photosynthetic chain. In this work, single layer graphene (SLG) and multilayer graphene (MLG) electrodes are used as a platform for the immobilization of reaction centers (RCs) from purple bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a protein complex responsible for the generation of photo-excited charges. Electrochemical experiments with graphene electrodes and redox molecules reveal fundamental differences in the charge transfer processes for SLG and MLG films. We demonstrate that both graphene-based materials enable the immobilization of RCs without loss of functionality, attested by a photocurrent generation under illumination with IR-light at a wavelength of 870 nm. Furthermore, we report on the dependence of the generated photocurrent on the applied bias voltage, as well as on the presence of charge mediators in the surrounding electrolyte. This work demonstrates that SLG and MLG are a suitable platform for RC immobilization and subsequent photocurrent generation, suggesting a promising potential for graphene-based materials in bio-photovoltaics. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
Single-layer graphene modulates neuronal communication and augments membrane ion currents
Pampaloni N.P., Lottner M., Giugliano M., Matruglio A., D'Amico F., Prato M., Garrido J.A., Ballerini L., Scaini D. Nature Nanotechnology; 13 (8): 755 - 764. 2018. 10.1038/s41565-018-0163-6. IF: 37.490
The use of graphene-based materials to engineer sophisticated biosensing interfaces that can adapt to the central nervous system requires a detailed understanding of how such materials behave in a biological context. Graphene's peculiar properties can cause various cellular changes, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that single-layer graphene increases neuronal firing by altering membrane-associated functions in cultured cells. Graphene tunes the distribution of extracellular ions at the interface with neurons, a key regulator of neuronal excitability. The resulting biophysical changes in the membrane include stronger potassium ion currents, with a shift in the fraction of neuronal firing phenotypes from adapting to tonically firing. By using experimental and theoretical approaches, we hypothesize that the graphene–ion interactions that are maximized when single-layer graphene is deposited on electrically insulating substrates are crucial to these effects. © 2018, The Author(s).
Understanding the bias dependence of low frequency noise in single layer graphene FETs
Mavredakis N., Garcia Cortadella R., Bonaccini Calia A., Garrido J.A., Jiménez D. Nanoscale; 10 (31): 14947 - 14956. 2018. 10.1039/c8nr04939d. IF: 7.233
This letter investigates the bias-dependent low frequency noise of single layer graphene field-effect transistors. Noise measurements have been conducted with electrolyte-gated graphene transistors covering a wide range of gate and drain bias conditions for different channel lengths. A new analytical model that accounts for the propagation of the local noise sources in the channel to the terminal currents and voltages is proposed in this paper to investigate the noise bias dependence. Carrier number and mobility fluctuations are considered as the main causes of low frequency noise and the way these mechanisms contribute to the bias dependence of the noise is analyzed in this work. Typically, normalized low frequency noise in graphene devices has been usually shown to follow an M-shape dependence versus gate voltage with the minimum near the charge neutrality point (CNP). Our work reveals for the first time the strong correlation between this gate dependence and the residual charge which is relevant in the vicinity of this specific bias point. We discuss how charge inhomogeneity in the graphene channel at higher drain voltages can contribute to low frequency noise; thus, channel regions nearby the source and drain terminals are found to dominate the total noise for gate biases close to the CNP. The excellent agreement between the experimental data and the predictions of the analytical model at all bias conditions confirms that the two fundamental 1/f noise mechanisms, carrier number and mobility fluctuations, must be considered simultaneously to properly understand the low frequency noise in graphene FETs. The proposed analytical compact model can be easily implemented and integrated in circuit simulators, which can be of high importance for graphene based circuits' design. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Uniformly coated highly porous graphene/MnO2 foams for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors
Drieschner S., Seckendorff M.V., Corro E.D., Wohlketzetter J., Blaschke B.M., Stutzmann M., Garrido J.A. Nanotechnology; 29 (22, 225402) 2018. 10.1088/1361-6528/aab4c2. IF: 3.404
Supercapacitors are called to play a prominent role in the newly emerging markets of electric vehicles, flexible displays and sensors, and wearable electronics. In order to compete with current battery technology, supercapacitors have to be designed with highly conductive current collectors exhibiting high surface area per unit volume and uniformly coated with pseudocapacitive materials, which is crucial to boost the energy density while maintaining a high power density. Here, we present a versatile technique to prepare thickness-controlled thin-film micro graphene foams (μGFs) with pores in the lower micrometer range grown by chemical vapor deposition which can be used as highly conductive current collectors in flexible supercapacitors. To fabricate the μGF, we use porous metallic catalytic substrates consisting of nickel/copper alloy synthesized on nickel foil by electrodeposition in an electrolytic solution. Changing the duration of the electrodeposition allows the control of the thickness of the metal foam, and thus of the μGF, ranging from a few micrometers to the millimeter scale. The resulting μGF with a thickness and pores in the micrometer regime exhibits high structural quality which leads to a very low intrinsic resistance of the devices. Transferred onto flexible substrates, we demonstrate a uniform coating of the μGFs with manganese oxide, a pseudocapacitively active material. Considering the porous structure and the thickness of the μGFs, square wave potential pulses are used to ensure uniform coverage by the oxide material boosting the volumetric and areal capacitance to 14 F cm-3 and 0.16 F cm-2. The μGF with a thickness and pores in the micrometer regime in combination with a coating technique tuned to the porosity of the μGF is of great relevance for the development of supercapacitors based on state-of-the-art graphene foams. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Electrochemical characterization of GaN surface states
Winnerl A., Garrido J.A., Stutzmann M. Journal of Applied Physics; 122 (4, 045302) 2017. 10.1063/1.4995429. IF: 2.068
In this work, we present a systematic study of the electrochemical properties of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition and hybrid vapor phase epitaxy grown n-type GaN in aqueous electrolytes. For this purpose, we perform cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy measurements over a wide range of potentials and frequencies, using a pure aqueous electrolyte and adding two different types of redox couples, as well as applying different surface treatments to the GaN electrodes. For Ga-polar GaN electrodes, the charge transfer to an electrolyte is dominated by surface states, which are not related to dislocations and are independent of the specific growth technique. These surface states can be modified by the surface treatment; they are generated by etching in HCl and are passivated by oxidation. Different surface defect states are present on N-polar GaN electrodes which do not significantly contribute to the charge transfer across the GaN/electrolyte interface. © 2017 Author(s).
Frequency response of electrolyte-gated graphene electrodes and transistors
Drieschner S., Guimerà A., Cortadella R.G., Viana D., Makrygiannis E., Blaschke B.M., Vieten J., Garrido J.A. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics; 50 (9, 095304) 2017. 10.1088/1361-6463/aa5443. IF: 2.588
The interface between graphene and aqueous electrolytes is of high importance for applications of graphene in the field of biosensors and bioelectronics. The graphene/electrolyte interface is governed by the low density of states of graphene that limits the capacitance near the Dirac point in graphene and the sheet resistance. While several reports have focused on studying the capacitance of graphene as a function of the gate voltage, the frequency response of graphene electrodes and electrolyte-gated transistors has not been discussed so far. Here, we report on the impedance characterization of single layer graphene electrodes and transistors, showing that due to the relatively high sheet resistance of graphene, the frequency response is governed by the distribution of resistive and capacitive circuit elements along the graphene/electrolyte interface. Based on an analytical solution for the impedance of the distributed circuit elements, we model the graphene/electrolyte interface both for the electrode and the transistor configurations. Using this model, we can extract the relevant material and device parameters such as the voltage-dependent intrinsic sheet and series resistances as well as the interfacial capacitance. The model also provides information about the frequency threshold of electrolyte-gated graphene transistors, above which the device exhibits a non-resistive response, offering an important insight into the suitable frequency range of operation of electrolyte-gated graphene devices. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
GaN surface states investigated by electrochemical studies
Winnerl A., Garrido J.A., Stutzmann M. Applied Physics Letters; 110 (10, 101602) 2017. 10.1063/1.4977947. IF: 3.411
We present a systematic study of electrochemically active surface states on MOCVD-grown n-type GaN in aqueous electrolytes using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy over a wide range of potentials and frequencies. In order to alter the surface states, the GaN samples are either etched or oxidized, and the influence of the surface treatment on the defect-mediated charge transfer to the electrolyte is investigated. Etching in HCl removes substoichiometric GaOx, and leads to a pronounced density of electrochemically active surface states. Oxidation effectively removes these surface states. © 2017 Author(s).
Graphene in the Design and Engineering of Next-Generation Neural Interfaces
Kostarelos K., Vincent M., Hebert C., Garrido J.A. Advanced Materials; 29 (42, 1700909) 2017. 10.1002/adma.201700909. IF: 19.791
Neural interfaces are becoming a powerful toolkit for clinical interventions requiring stimulation and/or recording of the electrical activity of the nervous system. Active implantable devices offer a promising approach for the treatment of various diseases affecting the central or peripheral nervous systems by electrically stimulating different neuronal structures. All currently used neural interface devices are designed to perform a single function: either record activity or electrically stimulate tissue. Because of their electrical and electrochemical performance and their suitability for integration into flexible devices, graphene-based materials constitute a versatile platform that could help address many of the current challenges in neural interface design. Here, how graphene and other 2D materials possess an array of properties that can enable enhanced functional capabilities for neural interfaces is illustrated. It is emphasized that the technological challenges are similar for all alternative types of materials used in the engineering of neural interface devices, each offering a unique set of advantages and limitations. Graphene and 2D materials can indeed play a commanding role in the efforts toward wider clinical adoption of bioelectronics and electroceuticals. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Mapping brain activity with flexible graphene micro-transistors
Blaschke B.M., Tort-Colet N., Guimerà-Brunet A., Weinert J., Rousseau L., Heimann A., Drieschner S., Kempski O., Villa R., Sanchez-Vives M.V., Garrido J.A. 2D Materials; 4 (2, 025040) 2017. 10.1088/2053-1583/aa5eff. IF: 6.937
Establishing a reliable communication interface between the brain and electronic devices is of paramount importance for exploiting the full potential of neural prostheses. Current microelectrode technologies for recording electrical activity, however, evidence important shortcomings, e.g. challenging high density integration. Solution-gated field-effect transistors (SGFETs), on the other hand, could overcome these shortcomings if a suitable transistor material were available. Graphene is particularly attractive due to its biocompatibility, chemical stability, flexibility, low intrinsic electronic noise and high charge carrier mobilities. Here, we report on the use of an array of flexible graphene SGFETs for recording spontaneous slow waves, as well as visually evoked and also pre-epileptic activity in vivo in rats. The flexible array of graphene SGFETs allows mapping brain electrical activity with excellent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), suggesting that this technology could lay the foundation for a future generation of in vivo recording implants. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Protecting a Diamond Quantum Memory by Charge State Control
Pfender M., Aslam N., Simon P., Antonov D., Thiering G., Burk S., Fávaro De Oliveira F., Denisenko A., Fedder H., Meijer J., Garrido J.A., Gali A., Teraji T., Isoya J., Doherty M.W., Alkauskas A., Gallo A., Grüneis A., Neumann P., Wrachtrup J. Nano Letters; 17 (10): 5931 - 5937. 2017. 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01796. IF: 12.712
In recent years, solid-state spin systems have emerged as promising candidates for quantum information processing. Prominent examples are the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, phosphorus dopants in silicon (Si:P), rare-earth ions in solids, and VSi-centers in silicon-carbide. The Si:P system has demonstrated that its nuclear spins can yield exceedingly long spin coherence times by eliminating the electron spin of the dopant. For NV centers, however, a proper charge state for storage of nuclear spin qubit coherence has not been identified yet. Here, we identify and characterize the positively charged NV center as an electron-spin-less and optically inactive state by utilizing the nuclear spin qubit as a probe. We control the electronic charge and spin utilizing nanometer scale gate electrodes. We achieve a lengthening of the nuclear spin coherence times by a factor of 4. Surprisingly, the new charge state allows switching of the optical response of single nodes facilitating full individual addressability. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
Flexible graphene transistors for recording cell action potentials
Blaschke B.M., Lottner M., Drieschner S., Calia A.B., Stoiber K., Rousseau L., Lissourges G., Garrido J.A. 2D Materials; 3 (2, 025007) 2016. 10.1088/2053-1583/3/2/025007. IF: 9.611
Graphene solution-gated field-effect transistors (SGFETs) are a promising platform for the recording of cell action potentials due to the intrinsic high signal amplification of graphene transistors. In addition, graphene technology fulfills important key requirements for in-vivo applications, such as biocompability, mechanical flexibility, as well as ease of high density integration. In this paper we demonstrate the fabrication of flexible arrays of graphene SGFETs on polyimide, a biocompatible polymeric substrate. We investigate the transistor's transconductance and intrinsic electronic noise which are key parameters for the device sensitivity, confirming that the obtained values are comparable to those of rigid graphene SGFETs. Furthermore, we show that the devices do not degrade during repeated bending and the transconductance, governed by the electronic properties of graphene, is unaffected by bending. After cell culture, we demonstrate the recording of cell action potentials from cardiomyocyte-like cells with a high signal-to-noise ratio that is higher or comparable to competing state of the art technologies. Our results highlight the great capabilities of flexible graphene SGFETs in bioelectronics, providing a solid foundation for in-vivo experiments and, eventually, for graphene-based neuroprosthetics. © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd.
High surface area graphene foams by chemical vapor deposition
Drieschner S., Weber M., Wohlketzetter J., Vieten J., Makrygiannis E., Blaschke B.M., Morandi V., Colombo L., Bonaccorso F., Garrido J.A. 2D Materials; 3 (4, 045013) 2016. 10.1088/2053-1583/3/4/045013. IF: 9.611
Three-dimensional (3D) graphene-based structures combine the unique physical properties of graphene with the opportunity to get high electrochemically available surface area per unit of geometric surface area. Several preparation techniques have been reported to fabricate 3D graphene-based macroscopic structures for energy storage applications such as supercapacitors. Although reaserch has been focused so far on achieving either high specific capacitance or high volumetric capacitance, much less attention has been dedicated to obtain high specific and high volumetric capacitance simultaneously. Here, we present a facile technique to fabricate graphene foams (GF) of high crystal quality with tunable pore size grown by chemical vapor deposition. We exploited porous sacrificial templates prepared by sintering nickel and copper metal powders. Tuning the particle size of the metal powders and the growth temperature allow fine control of the resulting pore size of the 3D graphene-based structures smaller than 1 μm. The as-produced 3D graphene structures provide a high volumetric electric double layer capacitance (165 mF cm-3). High specific capacitance (100 Fg-1) is obtained by lowering the number of layers down to single layer graphene. Furthermore, the small pore size increases the stability of these GFs in contrast to the ones that have been grown so far on commercial metal foams. Electrodes based on the as-prepared GFs can be a boost for the development of supercapacitors, where both low volume and mass are required. © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Suppression of Photoanodic Surface Oxidation of n-Type 6H-SiC Electrodes in Aqueous Electrolytes
Sachsenhauser M., Walczak K., Hampel P.A., Stutzmann M., Sharp I.D., Garrido J.A. Langmuir; 32 (6): 1637 - 1644. 2016. 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04376. IF: 3.993
The photoelectrochemical characterization of silicon carbide (SiC) electrodes is important for enabling a wide range of potential applications for this semiconductor. However, photocorrosion of the SiC surface remains a key challenge, because this process considerably hinders the deployment of this material into functional devices. In this report, we use cyclic voltammetry to investigate the stability of n-type 6H-SiC photoelectrodes in buffered aqueous electrolytes. For measurements in pure Tris buffer, photogenerated holes accumulate at the interface under anodic polarization, resulting in the formation of a porous surface oxide layer. Two possibilities are presented to significantly enhance the stability of the SiC photoelectrodes. In the first approach, redox molecules are added to the buffer solution to kinetically facilitate hole transfer to these molecules, and in the second approach, water oxidation in the electrolyte is induced by depositing a cobalt phosphate catalyst onto the semiconductor surface. Both methods are found to effectively suppress photocorrosion of the SiC electrodes, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The presented study provides straightforward routes to stabilize n-type SiC photoelectrodes in aqueous electrolytes, which is essential for a possible utilization of this material in the fields of photocatalysis and multimodal biosensing. © 2016 American Chemical Society.
Surface State Mediated Electron Transfer Across the N-Type SiC/Electrolyte Interface
Sachsenhauser M., Sharp I.D., Stutzmann M., Garrido J.A. Journal of Physical Chemistry C; 120 (12): 6524 - 6533. 2016. 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11569. IF: 4.509
Understanding the mechanisms of charge transfer across the semiconductor/electrolyte interface is a basic prerequisite for a variety of practical applications. In particular, electrically active surface states located in the semiconductor band gap are expected to play an important role, but direct experimental evidence of surface states has proven to be challenging, and further experimental studies are required to verify their influence on the exchange of charge carriers between semiconductor and electrolyte. Due to its wide band gap, chemical stability, and controllable surface termination, silicon carbide (SiC) provides an excellent model system for this purpose. In this report, we provide a fundamental electrochemical study of n-type 6H-SiC and 4H-SiC electrodes in aqueous electrolytes containing the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox couple. Cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy measurements are performed over a wide range of potentials to determine the energetic positions of the SiC band edges and to investigate the electron-transfer kinetics between SiC and the ferricyanide molecules. For both polytypes, a broad distribution of surface states with energy levels close to the conduction band is found to mediate electron transfer, resulting in deviations of the observed charge transport characteristics from the predictions of well-established models. Moreover, a detailed evaluation of the impedance data allows for explicit correlation of the charge-transfer resistance associated with the ferricyanide reduction reaction with the potential-dependent distribution of surface states. In addition to the relevance of our studies for advancing the implementation of SiC in biosensing, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic applications, the presented methodology can also be adopted for fundamental electrochemical investigations of other semiconductor electrodes. (Figure Presented). © 2016 American Chemical Society.
α,ω -dihexyl-sexithiophene thin films for solution-gated organic field-effect transistors
Schamoni H., Noever S., Nickel B., Stutzmann M., Garrido J.A. Applied Physics Letters; 108 (7, 073301) 2016. 10.1063/1.4942407. IF: 3.142
While organic semiconductors are being widely investigated for chemical and biochemical sensing applications, major drawbacks such as the poor device stability and low charge carrier mobility in aqueous electrolytes have not yet been solved to complete satisfaction. In this work, solution-gated organic field-effect transistors (SGOFETs) based on the molecule α,ω-dihexyl-sexithiophene (DH6T) are presented as promising platforms for in-electrolyte sensing. Thin films of DH6T were investigated with regard to the influence of the substrate temperature during deposition on the grain size and structural order. The performance of SGOFETs can be improved by choosing suitable growth parameters that lead to a two-dimensional film morphology and a high degree of structural order. Furthermore, the capability of the SGOFETs to detect changes in the pH or ionic strength of the gate electrolyte is demonstrated and simulated. Finally, excellent transistor stability is confirmed by continuously operating the device over a period of several days, which is a consequence of the low threshold voltage of DH6T-based SGOFETs. Altogether, our results demonstrate the feasibility of high performance and highly stable organic semiconductor devices for chemical or biochemical applications. © 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.
Position-controlled growth of GaN nanowires and nanotubes on diamond by molecular beam epitaxy
Schuster F., Hetzl M., Weiszer S., Garrido J.A., De La Mata M., Magen C., Arbiol J., Stutzmann M. Nano Letters; 15 (3): 1773 - 1779. 2015. 10.1021/nl504446r. IF: 13.592
In this work the position-controlled growth of GaN nanowires (NWs) on diamond by means of molecular beam epitaxy is investigated. In terms of growth, diamond can be seen as a model substrate, providing information of systematic relevance also for other substrates. Thin Ti masks are structured by electron beam lithography which allows the fabrication of perfectly homogeneous GaN NW arrays with different diameters and distances. While the wurtzite NWs are found to be Ga-polar, N-polar nucleation leads to the formation of tripod structures with a zinc-blende core which can be efficiently suppressed above a substrate temperature of 870 °C. A variation of the III/V flux ratio reveals that both axial and radial growth rates are N-limited despite the globally N-rich growth conditions, which is explained by the different diffusion behavior of Ga and N atoms. Furthermore, it is shown that the hole arrangement has no effect on the selectivity but can be used to force a transition from nanowire to nanotube growth by employing a highly competitive growth regime. © 2015 American Chemical Society.
Role of grain boundaries in tailoring electronic properties of polycrystalline graphene by chemical functionalization
Seifert M., Vargas J.E.B., Bobinger M., Sachsenhauser M., Cummings A.W., Roche S., Garrido J.A. 2D Materials; 2 (2, 024008) 2015. 10.1088/2053-1583/2/2/024008. IF: 0.000
Grain boundaries, inevitably present in chemical vapor deposited graphene, are expected to have considerable impact on the development of graphene-based hybrid materials with tailored material properties.Wedemonstrate here the critical role of polycrystallinity on the chemical functionalization of graphene comparing ozone-induced oxidation with remote plasma hydrogenation.Weshow that graphene oxidation and hydrogenation occur in two consecutive stages upon increasing defect density: an initial step in which surface-bound functional groups are generated, followed by the creation of vacancies. Remarkably, we find that hydrogenation yields homogeneously distributed defects while ozone-induced defects are preferentially accumulated at the grain boundaries eventually provoking local cracking of the structure. Supported by quantum simulations, our experimental findings reveal distinct electronic transport regimes depending on the density and distribution of induced defects on the polycrystalline graphene films. Our findings highlight the key role played by grain boundaries during graphene functionalization, and at the same time provide a novel perspective to tailor the properties of polycrystalline graphene. © 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems
Ferrari A.C., Bonaccorso F., Fal'ko V., Novoselov K.S., Roche S., Bøggild P., Borini S., Koppens F.H.L., Palermo V., Pugno N., Garrido J.A., Sordan R., Bianco A., Ballerini L., Prato M., Lidorikis E., Kivioja J., Marinelli C., Ryhänen T., Morpurgo A., Coleman J.N., Nicolosi V., Colombo L., Fert A., Garcia-Hernandez M., Bachtold A., Schneider G.F., Guinea F., Dekker C., Barbone M., Sun Z., Galiotis C., Grigorenko A.N., Konstantatos G., Kis A., Katsnelson M., Vandersypen L., Loiseau A., Morandi V., Neumaier D., Treossi E., Pellegrini V., Polini M., Tredicucci A., Williams G.M., Hee Hong B., Ahn J.-H., Min Kim J., Zirath H., Van Wees B.J., Van Der Zant H., Occhipinti L., Di Matteo A., Kinloch I.A., Seyller T., Quesnel E., Feng X., Teo K., Rupesinghe N., Hakonen P., Neil S.R.T., Tannock Q., Löfwander T., Kinaret J. Nanoscale; 7 (11): 4598 - 4810. 2015. 10.1039/c4nr01600a. IF: 7.394
We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015.


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JSC Science Note2 2nd Chapter Increase of life and inheritance
JSC Science Note2 2nd Chapter Increase of life and inheritance. In object-oriented programming, inheritance is when an object or class is based on another object (prototypal inheritance) or class (class-based inheritance), using the same implementation. Inheritance in most class-based object-oriented languages is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of the parent object. Inheritance allows programmers to: create classes that are built upon existing classes [1], to specify a new implementation to maintain the same behavior (realizing an interface), to reuse code and to independently extend original software via public classes and interfaces. The relationships of objects or classes through inheritance give rise to a directed graph.
JSC Science Note2 2nd Chapter Increase of life and inheritance
An inherited class is called a subclass of its parent class or superclass. The term "inheritance" is loosely used for both class-based and prototype-based programming, but in narrow use is reserved for class-based programming (one class inherits from another), with the corresponding technique in prototype-based programming being instead called delegation (one object delegates to another).
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