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Chapter 2
In this paper, I examine shifts in popular Japanese discourse on Korea (kankoku-ron), and reassess the relation between the Korean Wave and anti-Korean Wave discourse. In order to do so, I trace a body of popular literature from the 1980s up to the emergence of the Korean Wave (hallyu) and the 2005 manga Hating the Korean Wave (Ken-kanry).1
In Japan there is a large body of popular literature on Koreans and Korean culture that includes such items as travelogues and personal accounts. These non-specialist writings are used as a handy introduction to Korea, and are the source of much popular Japanese discourse in the understanding of Korea; often they have a greater influence than specialist academic writing. The themes commonly found in these writings are the predecessors of the manga Hating the Korean Wave and various stances on the hallyu phenomenon.
A key expression in tracing this genealogy is 'ignorance of Korea'. In Japan, discourse on the Korea boom, and the analysis of this discourse, tends to stress this 'ignorance' (e.g. Hayashi 2005; Mizuta et al. 2006). For example media journalism researcher Kaori Hayashi (2005: 201–202), in analyzing the audience of Winter Sonata – broadcast by NHK and perhaps the most notable product in Japan's Korea boom – pointed out that one reason for the excitement surrounding this drama was that 'it was the first time a Korean drama had been popular in Japan. Korea as a signifier was completely new to female audiences, and aroused their curiosity. As a result this drama was more than just a TV drama'. Further, '[The Korea boom] was formed on the basis of audience ignorance'. Therefore, through this drama women skillfully constructed their own image of Korea, albeit a politically and socially naive one. Hayashi is here claiming that audience ignorance of Korea and the lack of any pre-existing image greatly influenced the reception of the drama.
However, is it really the case that Japanese ignorance of Korea was as great as the Korean Wave discourse suggested? If so, how does this claim of ignorance relate to the anti-Korea phenomenon typified by Hating the Korean Wave? (Certainly, the main character in this manga is made to realize 'that he knew nothing' about Korea.) What is more, both stances of heightened attention to Korea, whether pro- or anti-Korea, presuppose something that 'must be known'. What, then, 'must be known', and what has been forgotten?
Global media culture does not simply broaden people's awareness of the world, it also redraws the borders of a community's knowledge. Japan's Korea boom not only promoted the circulation and consumption of media products, but generated a desire to know the background of media products. This desire radically accelerated the reconfiguration of 'what should have been known' about Korea and Korea–Japan relations. In noting shifts in narratives that satisfy the popular desire to know, we can discover some of the dynamics involved in the redisposition and reconstruction of knowledge of the Other, caused by globalization.
In selecting representative examples of Korean discourse for discussion, I have been guided by the research of Chung Daekyun (Jeong Dae-gyun; J. Tei Taikin), and Hwang Seongbin. Chung is a zainichi Korean, a prominent academic at Tokyo Metropolitan University, and a prolific writer on ethnicity, nationalism and zainichi issues. His 1995 Images of Korea: Post-War Japanese Views of its Neighbour (Kankoku no imeeji: sengo Nihonjin no rinkoku-kan) discusses a number of books on Korea that attracted attention in Japan. Hwang is a Korean-born media studies researcher at Rikkyo University, whose co-edited volume Hallyu Inside and Out: Korea's Cultural Power and East Asia's Collective Response (Han-ry no uchi soto: Kankoku bunka-ryoku to Higashi Ajia no yg hann) introduces the books that he regards as having provided the basic material for the anti-Korean discourse of Hating the Korean Wave (Hwang 2007). I also deal with works by non-academic 'Korea hands' in Japan, pointing out the new perspectives that have emerged over the period from 1984 to 2005, that is, up to and including the Korea boom. In what follows, however, I limit discussion to books that are still readily obtainable and being read, and which thus maintain an ongoing influence.
DISCOVERY OF KOREA AS THE OTHER: SHIFT FROM POLITICAL CONCERNS IN THE 1980s
The unprecedent ed scale of Japan's recent Korea boom may make it seem that postwar interest in Korean culture has emerged only in the last few years, and many point to the significance of the two nations' co-hosting of the 2002 FIFA Soccer World Cup in generating interest in Korea. The apparent suddenness of the boom has had a role in convincing Japanese of the premise that 'we knew nothing about Korea' previously.
However, a boom of interest in Korean culture had occurred in the 1980s as well. The 1985 Publication Almanac (Shuppan Nenkan 1985) listing of the year's top-10 best-selling items, for example, points to the popularity of Hanguru Kza (the monthly NHK textbook accompanying the Korean language teaching program on radio and television) and a spate of other books on Korea. The 2002 version of the almanac notes 'an increase in books and special journal issues on North Korea due to the abductee issue', and in 2004, that 'the television drama Winter Sonata caused a Korean culture boom'. Surely, though, the 1984 boom should not be ignored. Why was the surge in Japanese interest in Korea only two decades earlier totally forgotten by the time the latter kanry boom occurred? In order to answer this key question, we need to scrutinize the historical context in which Japanese writings about Korea appeared, beginning with the 1980s boom and the manner in which it approached Korea. Chung (1995) argues in Images of Korea for three periods in Japan's recent imagining of Korea:
1. 1945–1965: a period of indifference and avoidance after Japan's defeat in the Pacific War and its withdrawal from Korea.
2. 1965–1983: a period of political interest in Korea dating from the normalization of diplomatic relations.
3. 1984 to the present: a period of cultural interest.
According to this periodization, Japanese interest in Korean culture started to develop in the 1980s, and this process is still continuing. Chung selects 1984 as a starting point because of a boom in interest spurred particularly by anticipation of the 1988 Seoul Olympics (Chung 1995: 18).2
Prior to the Olympics, in 1986, the Asian Games took place in Seoul. In 1987, a decision to hold democratic elections was proclaimed, essentially ending the military dictatorship. Up until then, the flow of capital, technology, information and tourism from Japan to Korea had been essentially monodirectional, but from that time flows began to move more freely in both directions. After the liberalization of overseas travel for Koreans in 1988, Korean tourists started to visit Japan, and the presence of Korean manufactured goods in Japanese markets increased. All of these things led to heightened Japanese interest in Korea. Already by April 1984, as a result of the growth in the number of Japanese who wanted to learn the language of their neighbour, the NHK Korean language program Annyeong hasimnikka? Hanguru kza (Learning Korean) commenced broadcasting on both television and radio.
Significantly, in this period many popular travelogues recounting intercultural experiences were published, from which I select for discussion Sekikawa Natsuo's Practice Drills in Seoul: X-ray Notes on a Different Culture (1984), and Kuroda Fukumi's Seoul, My Heart (1988). Both have gone through multiple printings and are still widely read.
According to Chung, a key challenge early in this period of cultural interest was for writers to establish discursive space by distancing themselves from the preceding years (1965–1983) in which interest was largely politically driven. This earlier period, especially from 1973, was coloured by such incidents as the abduction of Kim Dae-jung,3 after which claims surfaced that Korea had violated Japan's sovereignty. The media criticism of the Korean dictatorship was reinforced by the 1974 Tachikawa incident.4
In this period, debates about references to Korea in Japanese history textbooks also began to appear,5 as did protest movements over institutional discrimination against zainichi Koreans. Chung, however, remains highly critical of Japanese views of Korea in this period:
In the 1970s it was a cliché of those concerned about Korean politics to say 'the issue of Korea is the issue of Japan', or 'we shouldn't be silent about dictatorship in Korea', or 'take a strong position towards Korea'. This implies a lingering consciousness of a state that seeks to control another in international affairs, and believes that a neighbouring country is an area subject to its control. (Chung 1995: 17–18)
As what Chung defines as 'the period of cultural concern' began, this mood remained, reflecting Japan's inability to regard Korea as an independent Other. The leftist slogan of solidarity ran the risk of blurring boundaries between Korea and Japan. In that context, cooperation potentially denied Korean agency. Or, conversely, solidarity could lead to recognition of Korean agency but at the expense of abandoning prudent Japanese judgment.
Given the contemporary context in which Sekikawa and Kuroda were operating, what kind of understanding of Korea were they trying to achieve? Sekikawa is a popular novelist, non-fiction writer and manga artist. In the Afterword to Practice Drills in Seoul, he wrote: 'Something about Korea seems to incite a psychological ossification of sorts on the part of the Japanese. Regardless of what it is, it is utterly unproductive ... My intention in writing this book has been to report honestly on my own intercultural contact with Korea'.
Here Sekikawa was trying to demonstrate the significance of 'sincere intercultural contact' as an antidote to 'psychological ossification'. He made a practical attempt to treat Korea as a separate culture and escape from the usual blurring of borders between the two countries in the Japanese mindset. In a postscript to the 2005 edition of the book, he further clarified his stance:
When I wrote Practice Drills in Seoul in 1984, it was fairly widely read, perhaps because it was the first book on Korea by someone other than a newspaper reporter or a member of the so-called Atonement Faction [shokuzai ha]. Readers at the time were apparently tired of the stereotypes being purveyed about Korea in the media. (Sekikawa 2005: 282)
Sekikawa described Korea as a different culture, based on his own personal experience. By doing so he sharply criticized mainstream interest in Korea, according to which 'the Korea problem is a Japan problem'. Nonetheless he was equally critical of the 'Atonement Faction'. Although it might seem as if Sekikawa was taking a right-wing position critical of the left, in my view, opposition to the Atonement Faction in the 1980s would have meant distancing oneself from a political discourse of Japan–Korea relations altogether.
This discomfort with Japanese political attitudes to Korea, and the attempt to move away from it, can also be seen in Kuroda Fukumi's Seoul, My Heart (1988), which she also wrote based on her personal experience of Korea. Kuroda, a film actress who had developed an interest in Korea through her interest in Korean volleyball players, grew angry about the discriminatory treatment of zainichi Koreans, and wished to report on Korea.
She tells us that while reading to increase her knowledge about Korea, she was shocked upon coming across the statement 'we must begin by recognizing that Korea is a foreign country' in an academic book on Korea:
Historical circumstances oblige us to start anew from the proposition that Korea is a foreign country, which for me is a given. I could understand someone having made such a statement immediately after the war, but surely not now after such a long time. (Kuroda Fukumi 1995: 41)
Kuroda had a burning desire to talk to the Japanese about Korea, and in her account of her travels there she writes that she related this desire to every Korean she met:
I believe we need vivid reportage on contemporary Korea and Korean culture to enable Japanese people to understand Koreans better ... I want to report on neither politics and economics, nor ancient culture, but the Korean culture of today. I want to investigate what sort of people live in Korea, its actors, singers, and baseball players, the wonderful things that exist there. (Kuroda Fukumi 1995: 45)
For Kuroda, Korea's foreignness is self-evident; although she is critical of discrimination against Koreans resident in Japan, and she ardently wishes to improve Japan's understanding of Korea, she feels no need to internalize the 'Korean problem' as a 'Japanese problem'. Her interest in Korea is personal, and has nothing to do with Japan as a state. She tries therefore to understand Korea from the perspective of Korean daily life.
Sekikawa and Kuroda both attempt to depict Korea as having its own particular logic and stress that their discovery of the Other is part of a personal rather than collective Japanese project. In groping towards a narrative that does not pit Korea against Japan, they each settle on travelogues narrated in the first person.
It should be emphasized here that neither Sekikawa nor Kuroda use the phrase 'I did not know Korea'. Indeed, they relate that they felt uncomfortable about 'knowing too much' in political terms and were consciously trying to overcome the 'knowledge bias' surrounding Korea. In conveying their own experience of everyday life in Korea, they neither belabour 'what should be known about Korea' nor shrink from the history of the Japanese historical gaze towards Korea. Rather, they attempt to diversify this gaze.
THE GROWTH OF POPULAR CULTURE AND THE POPULAR-CULTURAL TURN OF NATIONALISM IN KOREA IN THE 1990s
The cultural interest of the 1980s started with a discourse, based on an understanding of Korean everyday life that developed from the domains of travel and language study, which invoked the discovery of Korea as Other. In order to understand how this discourse changed in the 1990s, we must look first of all at how changes in Korean society itself became the object of a new Japanese discursive understanding.
As noted above, after Korea began its democratization at the end of the 1980s, movements of people, goods and information between Japan and Korea became increasingly bi-directional. The 1990s saw the production in Korea of Japanese-style television dramas, so-called 'trendy dramas', portraying the lives of fashionable and well-off young people in a consumer society. Dance music and hip-hop also began to take hold as Korea's popular culture industries burgeoned.
At the same time, however, debates arose about how popular culture from other countries was to be controlled. Korean intellectuals frequently criticized the commercialism of popular culture and its manipulation of the masses as problematic tendencies against which mobilization through education was necessary. Intellectuals have had an influential voice in Korea and at that time propagated the view that popular culture's commercial basis meant that it lacked value. As a result, it took time for such intellectuals to recognize that Korean popular culture could be an export item. At last from the mid-1990s, in the wake of rapid economic growth, the fashion for postmodern thought and cultural studies, and the swift development of a consumer society, Korean intellectuals started to show interest in the power of popular culture. At the same time, however, they turned their critical gaze toward global cultural industries. Japanese popular culture became, of course, a major object of such criticism.
Even after the normalization of diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea in 1965, national sentiment required that the importation of Japanese culture be banned because it evoked the memory of colonization. In particular, given a framework of cultural imperialism and dependency theory, Japanese popular culture was considered a pernicious influence. With ongoing democratization during the 1990s, the opening of vigorous debate over removing restrictions on Japanese popular culture imports strengthened the discourse positing this importation as a threat. These debates occurred in conjunction with discussion of the necessity to protect Korea's own popular culture. For Korea, Japan had long been a special Other, functioning as the object of a virulent hatred that authorized collective historical memory, and thus the source of a reactive nationalism fanned and manipulated by successive Korean governments regardless of political persuasion.6
As the Korean economy surged and the ardently desired status of 'developed country' was achieved in Korea's accession to the OECD in 1996, attention toward Japanese popular culture grew. Against this background of the growth of Korea's cultural industries and the acquisition of economic confidence, a unique popular culture was born, characterized by a spate of novels, films, television dramas and documentaries stirring up 'anti-Japanese sentiment'. For instance, the 1993 novel by Kim Jin-myeong, Mugunghwa kkochi pieosseumnida (The Rose of Sharon Has Bloomed) and the personal memoir by Jeon Yeo-ok, a KBS Japan correspondent, Ilboneun eopda (literally, 'Japan Does Not Exist') sold four million and one million copies, respectively. The commercialization and consumption of representations of Japan based on anti-Japanese sentiment boomed in Korea.7
In response to these changes taking place in Korea in the 1990s, involving the simultaneous growth of cultural industries and the packaging of anti-Japanese nationalist discourse, Japanese cultural interest towards Korea moved in two directions. The first involved a trend towards consumption of Korean cultural commodities, as the fashion for Korean popular music (K-pop) and Korean films spread among young Japanese. Japan had already experienced a heightened interest in Asian pop culture, which spawned a fan base for Hong Kong films and movie stars, in the 1980s. K-pop and Korean films were introduced and consumed as a continuation of this trend. By the mid-1990s Japanese midnight radio programs and music magazines were introducing music from around Asia. This growing awareness of Korea through the consumption of media culture was, however, largely limited to younger people.
A second direction involved a fascination with the image of the Self (Japan) as seen by the Other (Korea). Korean consumption of anti-Japanese nationalist discourse in such forms of entertainment as novels, television dramas, film and essays also fostered a new kind of Japanese cultural interest in Korea. The Japanese began to interpret these unfamiliar depictions of themselves in the context of Korean history and Korean nationalism in order to decipher the image of their national self as seen by the Other.
These two trends worked in a complementary way to foster new interest in Korea. However, the themes chosen in Japan's Korean discourse as a result of the consumption of Korean popular culture led to an understanding of Korean cultural nationalism rather than an absorption of the content of Korean popular culture itself. And while reading this discourse may have been motivated by an effort to gain a deeper understanding of the Other, it actually created an irregular Japan discourse of discovering the Self through the eyes of the Other. The discourse surrounding Japanese consumption of Korean popular culture at that time lacked impact, an issue to be taken up in the context of hallyu.
To sum up: in the 1980s, Japan's cultural interest in Korea appeared as a rejection of a preceding political interest, and took as its starting point the private realm. Those who propagated this interest aimed at an understanding of Korea that was not entangled with Japan. In the 1990s, Japan's Korea discourse developed into two layers of reading: one that focused on understanding Korea, and an irregular one that ultimately had a self-reflexive interest in Japan.
Efforts to interpret Korean representations of Japan as Other were already being undertaken before the 1990s in various academic fields in Japan, especially Area Studies, which led to an awareness of the contexts in which anti-Japanese nationalism was put to use in Korea. However, in this paper I wish to draw attention to the increase in the number of books that deal with this theme as a subset of popular culture. Indeed, it is highly significant that an issue which was the object of academic area studies research came to provoke general interest in Japan from the 1990s.
As an example of a text dealing with Korean representations of Japan and images of the Self as seen by the Other, I have selected Kuroda Katsuhiro's Korean Views of History (1999). The author, who worked for several years from 1980 as the head of the Seoul office of the Kyodo Tsushin News Agency and Sankei Shinbun, became famous in Japan as a Korea expert, and was also well-known in Korea. He is generally regarded in Japan today as leaning towards the right. He has commented frequently on how to interpret anti-Japanese attitudes in Korea,8 emphasizing not only their formation within the context of Japan's colonial rule and later postcolonial relations, but their reconstruction in the context of contemporary Korean domestic politics. Although Kuroda titles his book Korean Views of History, he focuses much more on Korea's interpretation of history in relation to its attitudes towards Japan. His table of contents includes topics such as comfort women, Korea's myth of its own history as resistance against Japan, the necessity for anti-Japanese education in Korean identity formation, and the basis for Korea's seemingly never-ending demands for 'apology'. He positions his arguments as follows:
Mainstream postwar journalism in Japan espouses an 'atonement view of history', based on 'apology and self-reflection' ... To feel the need to atone for the past is not necessarily a bad thing. It is necessary not just out of consideration for the feelings of others but also in order to learn from history. However, to have a view of history clouded by a desire for reconciliation is counterproductive.
The Korean Peninsula remains fiercely nationalist. Both North and South mobilize their pre-1945 'past' with Japan to energize ethnic and national identity. If we attune our historical vision with theirs against the background of an 'atonement view of history', we will never really understand historical truth. (Kuroda 1999: 229)
Kuroda criticizes the naivety of some Japanese self-proclaimed progressives for their view of Japanese history as it relates to Korea. He claims to detect ignorance and hypocrisy in their blind espousal of atonement as a guiding principle and seeks a discussion that goes beyond the conventional Japanese view of Korea (as he assumes it to be), and incorporates one that understands the 'Image of the Self as seen by the Other' and recognizes Korean nationalism. He argues that such discussion is the only method of facing the Korean people honestly, and that it should not be evaded by talk of atonement.
Kuroda bases his argument on his experience of living and working in Korea, and his assertions are reminiscent of the writings of Sekikawa and Kuroda Fukumi in the 1980s, who also relied on personal experience and were critical of progressive calls for atonement. However, his argument about the image of the Self as seen by the Other has a more analytical bent, whereas Sekikawa and Kuroda Fukumi write solely from a first-person viewpoint, drawing entirely from the realm of personal experience, and avoid generalizations. Furthermore, his representation of Korea as Other rescues him from depicting Japan's self-image as monolithic. Arguments such as Kuroda's, which centre on an interpretation of the image of the Self as seen by the Other, share with the two earlier writers discomfort concerning Japanese attitudes to Korea, but he simplifies and attributes this dissonance to the culture that has arisen from Korea's anti-Japanese sentiment.
As a result, the cultural interest in Korea which opened up in the 1980s, instead of broadening into a multi-faceted accumulation of various individuals' experiences, converged into a single interpretive code by the end of the 1990s; understanding Korea became based on reading images of Japan in Korea as an expression of Korean nationalism.
During the rising tide of enthusiasm for Korea in the period preceding the Korea–Japan co-hosting of the 2002 World Cup, a number of books on Korea were published in which this interpretive code of understanding the image of the Self as seen by the Other became even further popularized, ironically driven by a desire to understand the Other.
In order to see what the popularization of this interpretive code has led to, let us take as an example Kanno Tomoko's (2000) The Country One Must Not Like (Suki ni natte wa ikenai kuni). This book's theme is the complex images of Japan held in Korea, especially those that surround an anti-Japanese nationalism. Upon its release, murmurings of 'we didn't know' first made their appearance broadly within Japan.
The book's author was a young woman who developed an interest in Korea after becoming friendly with Korean students while studying in Canada. Kanno was struck that many young Koreans were fans of such Japanese pop cultural icons as Amuro Namie and the Johnnies. She sensed that they faced a conflict between 'not liking Japan', because of their education about history, and 'liking Japan', nurtured through listening to J-pop. She subsequently went to study in Korea and carried out extensive interviews with young Koreans. Equipped with this interview data, she describes in meticulous detail the inner conflict felt by Korean fans of J-pop, and enriches this with ethnographic accounts of their everyday lives. In addition, Kanno laments the misfortune that the attitudes of both Japanese and Koreans are dominated by images that are most often not backed up with first-hand experience of each other's country. Kanno's essay is significant in that it focuses directly on the consumption of popular culture; she is alert to the presence of an interpretation of history and views of Japan founded on anti-Japanese values, while depicting carefully the feelings of young Koreans in everyday life.
The book, like Kuroda Katsuhiro's, deals with images of the Self held by the Other. However, it differs in that she does not situate her argument in opposition to an 'Atonement Faction', and does not claim that the conventional Japanese view is based on a perspective that demands atonement. Rather, she assumes that there is no fixed pre-existing image of Korea in Japan. For her, a conflict between Japan and Korea 'did not exist'.
If you ask the Japanese about Korea, perhaps a few associate it immediately with barbecue and kimchi. However, the overwhelming majority have no interest in Korea at all, or know nothing about it ... (I) never took an interest in Korea, even though I had a vague interest in 'Asia'. I only knew that Korea was a geographical neighbour. (Kanno 2000: 1)
Kanno's narrative uses a first-person perspective and in this respect might initially seem to resemble the writings of the 1980s discussed earlier. However, in her argument, opposition to political concern is effaced and her personal experience begins from a new starting point: it is 'reset at zero' from the position of ignorance. Whereas Sekikawa and Kuroda Fukumi had problematized Japanese avoidance of seeing Korea as Other, Kanno's gaze is imbued with an optimism that states, 'if you don't know about Korea, you should find out'.
It is important to consider why Kanno takes this position of ignorance as her entry point into understanding Korea. In the above quotation, she points out that many Japanese would profess ignorance about Korea. However, despite stating that 'I only knew that Korea was the country next to Japan', it is clear that her knowledge extends further. For example, she writes that, when listening to her father talk about his memories of living on the peninsula during the Pacific War, 'I would think that the sound of the Korean language had a countrified flavour' (Kanno 2000: 2). In other words, she is trying to avoid two things that 'should be known' when she states that she 'does not know about Korea': first, the existence of negative sentiments towards Korea, which permeate everyday life in Japan; and second, Japanese historical and political debates about Korea. By saying that she 'did not know' about Korea, when the things that 'should be known' were staring her in the face, her actual knowledge, derived from her father's memories, and her feelings towards the Korean language, are blotted out. In other words, the simple images of Korea held in Japan's everyday, whether political or cultural, become obliterated.
On the other hand, her murmuring that she did not know about Korea locates her own experience among 'things that should be known by those of us who did not know Korea'. What is uncovered among things that should be known by the Japanese is the agonizing experience of Koreans who possess an anti-Japanese nationalism, yet at the same time enjoy Japanese popular culture. Japan's postwar space in the gaze of the Other emerges: that is, the images of Japan held by Koreans in their everyday lives are regarded as important.
For Kanno, the declaration of ignorance about Korea becomes an attempt to separate her own discourse from an everyday Japanese postwar experience which is continuous with pre-war and wartime experience. Such a statement allows her to forget the historicity buried in everyday life and to attempt to recover it in the Other's everyday experience. Nonetheless, doing so runs the risk of reducing the Other to a means of representing Self.
As can be seen in Japanese writings of the 1980s, cultural interest in Korea emerged as resistance to oppression unintentionally created by Japan's postwar democracy. This interest and the way it was written about should have been inseparable from the everyday sense of history in Japan. However, as can be seen in Kanno's work, the debates after 2000 neither scrutinize the Japanese view of Korea (including Japan's dismissive view of Asia overall, and its distorted Atonement psychology), nor possess the will to overcome it. Moreover, these latter debates also build on the 1990s discourse about anti-Japanese nationalism as the interpretive code for understanding Korea. In forgetting one's own history, the catchphrase of 'not knowing Korea' becomes reified.
Of course, for the authors the historicity of their intellectual framework may have been self-explanatory. However, that historicity is not necessarily clear to readers. In fact, the more enthusiastically readers desire to understand Korea, the more they turn to these books, and essentialization is accelerated through the de-contextualization and de-historicization of the interpretive code.
Hallyu exploded in Japan with the immense popularity of Winter Sonata from April 2003. Not long after, in July 2005, Hating the Korean Wave was published and became the object of heated public discussion.
Hating the Korean Wave is a polemical story about the members of a university history circle, and their debates with those who hold differing historical views. The main characters describe their opponents as having a masochistic view of history and argue them down.9 Altogether, 780,000 copies, including sequels, had been sold by October 2007.10
The Japanese phrase ken-kanry itself has two possible meanings: one is to hate 'kanry', the Japanese reading of hallyu. A second refers to the wave or faction of people who hate Korea (a more literal translation might be, in fact, the 'Hate Korea Wave'). Judging by the content of the manga, and the response of readers, the dominant meaning in fact is the wave of those who hate Korea, including hating the Korean Wave per se.
The publication of the manga and the large number of copies sold became the topic of much comment, not only in Japan, but elsewhere, where discussion often focused on a revival of rightist tendencies and Japan's disdain for Asia. Many attempts to interpret the significance of the text and the reaction it spawned have followed.11
However, as Sakamoto and Allen (2007) point out in their article 'Hating The Korean Wave comic books: A sign of new nationalism in Japan?', it is necessary to ask why a rise of patriotism and right-wing tendencies in Japanese society would take South Korea, rather than North Korea or China, as a focus. Sakamoto and Allen note the importance played by the Internet and other communication media in propagating interest in the book, and point out the tendency of young people to try to counterbalance the discourse of mainstream media. They interpret the phenomenon surrounding Hating the Korean Wave as a multi-layered interaction in Japanese society, and do not reduce it simply to an expression of right-wing nationalist tendencies.
I prefer to locate the reason for the appearance of Hating the Korean Wave in the confluence of the (positive) interest in Korea that had been fostered in Japan, and a desire to understand the Other. By placing the theme and development of the manga in the lineage of 'understanding Korea/Other', we can see why only South Korea, and not the peninsula as a whole, became an issue. Japan's efforts towards understanding Korea as Other has in fact always been directed only at South Korea and its anti-Japanese tendencies. There has been no awareness of any bias in privileging South Korean attitudes, even if the peninsula as a whole is discussed. This is only the logical outcome of the Japanese popular interest in the Korean Peninsula since the 1980s.
Let me summarize the old and the new in the manga: Korea's anti-Japanese view of history touched on in Hating the Korean Wave is also a theme in Kuroda's 1999 book. The manga inherits Kuroda's method of criticizing the Atonement Faction. (In Hating the Korean Wave, however, such people are referred to not as the Atonement Faction, but as anti-Japanese Japanese.) The characters cast their gaze on anti-Japanese nationalism in Korea, and castigate especially those Japanese who apologize to Korea. The author expresses the opinion that 'true friendship with Korea' can in fact best be created by criticizing Korean nationalism. There is nothing new in this viewpoint as a Japanese understanding of Korea: it simply repeats Japan's Korea discourse up to that time.
What, then, is new or different here? To start with, this manga is not based on the author's personal experience of Korea and handles only information that is readily available in Japan. Such an account of Korea could indeed be formed at the height of Japan's Korean boom (2003–2005) while relying only on secondary sources, and thus the work becomes a successor to pre-existing Korea discourse; however, there is no longer a sense that the author (and, therefore, the Self) has encountered the Other.
Therefore, any pleasure (or discomfort or conflict) arising from 'understanding Korea' through this book is not an outcome of either facing the Other or experiencing contact with something different. After describing Korea's distorted image of Japan, Hating the Korean Wave points to Korean nationalism as the cause of this image and allows the reader a cathartic 'correction' of the distortion. In this way, the reader finds pleasure in semiotically tracing an understanding of Korea, and in the very consumption of this knowledge.
Another difference is that the manga appeared with the Korean Wave. Despite the appearance of other discourses, like this manga, that lost sight of Korea itself, they were overcome by the Korean Wave, and Japanese interest in discourse about Korea achieved more than a niche following. Thanks to the increased attention paid to both the Korean Wave and Hating the Korean Wave the number of new contributors to Japan's discourse about Korea grew conspicuously, and included media researchers and gender researchers. While acknowledging the Korea expertise of earlier writers, these latter authors produced voluminous writings on Korea from the perspective of their respective academic fields. Throughout this period the phrase 'we did not know Korea' exerted a powerful influence.
The Korean Wave gave rise to a practice whereby individuals could enjoy Korean media products without thinking particularly of any national identity at all, and this experience had the power to transform their everyday lives. For this reason, the narrative of hallyu should have involved the pleasurable act of consuming Korean popular culture and the creation of an audience culture that shared this pleasure. Indeed, such a narrative did appear in blogs and in an essayistic manga (Murata 2005), and could have been further propagated as an extension of the interest in Korean music and film that arose in the early 1990s. However, as I have argued above, the language of the consumption and enjoyment of Korean popular culture neither entered the mainstream of Japan's Korea discourse, nor found a sophisticated form of expression.
Therefore, merely telling of the consumption and production of Korean popular culture did not complete the hallyu narrative. Rather, an atmosphere was produced that implied that such pleasure had to be linked with 'knowing Korea', and a discomfort similar to that expressed by Sekikawa and Kuroda in the 1980s was evoked.12 However, the context of their Korea discourse had been totally forgotten.
To repeat, those who spoke about hallyu did not at first want to do so in terms of a 'Korea discourse'. However, it was impossible for them to ignore the pre-existing discourse, and the catch-phrase 'we did not know Korea' became indispensible once such people started to write about the Korea boom and the phrase was repeatedly invoked, especially in the analysis of the Winter Sonata phenomenon, possibly to obscure the contradictions implicit in their discussion.
Hallyu in Japan was taken to promote a 'new understanding of Korea' from the position of prior ignorance. In this way, the historicity and continuity of Japan's understanding and image of Korea were forgotten. It seems to me that, as a result, Japanese discourse about Korea in each period lost its temporal continuity and was instead interpreted synchronically, and classified as either coming from the right or the left.
With this new ahistorical disposition of knowledge, Hating the Korean Wave, rather than being connected with previous writings on understanding Korea, converged mainly with the controversial Textbook Reform Society (Tsukuru kai) and the craze for Kobayashi Yoshinori's manga about Japan's colonial past and war of aggression (such as Gormanism Sengen and Sensron).
Hallyu in Japan disseminated a discourse of ignorance about Korea, giving rise to an obliviousness of the historicity of the nation's images of Korea, and a loss of awareness of Korea as an Other whose historical experience differed from Japan's. There can be little doubt that Hating the Korean Wave depicted Japanese people as lost in the midst of that obliviousness.
After 2007, Japanese discourse on Korean popular culture including hallyu decreased considerably. Observers have interpreted this decrease variously as meaning that hallyu is either over or has become normalized as part of everyday life. The current state of affairs can be called a post-hallyu phase.
In this phase, exchange between Japan and Korea is unprecedented in its bilateral and continuous nature, and spans the movements of people, increased export and import of media software, increased co-productions, and vigorous academic exchange. Such a phase indicates a normalization in Japan of not only Korean popular culture, but also of a discourse of mutual understanding between the neighbouring countries. Furthermore, this discourse is being interpreted and debated on a global level. It is time now for Japan to reconsider what it means to understand Korea.
Hallyu caused many people to murmur that they 'did not know Korea'. However, academic research in the post-hallyu era is no longer able to start with surprise about such ignorance. Rather, a re-statement is necessary: 'In spite of the fact that we knew something about Korea, why did we think we did not?' Our debates should be positioned once more within a forgotten history. In this paper I hope to have taken a step towards aiding recognition of that history.
1 Translator's note: The Korean Wave is the commonly accepted translation for the Korean term hallyu. The Japanese reading of the same Sino-Korean elements is kanry, but the word is pronounced hanry by some commentators, in deference to the Korean pronunciation without the elision. In this chapter, Korean Wave, hallyu, hanry and kanry have all been used depending on the context. It should also be noted that in this chapter, unless otherwise indicated, Korea refers to South Korea.
2 Translator's note: Another major factor in this periodization is Prime Minister Nakasone's state visit to South Korea in April 1984, his first state visit after taking office. Usually this first visit was reserved for the United States. At least as striking was his delivering one-third of his speech in Korean.
3 On 8 August 1973, future president Kim Dae-jung, then the leading critic of the Park Chung-hee government, was abducted from the Tokyo hotel at which he was a guest. Although he was released five days later near his home in Seoul, the abduction was suspected to have been the work of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency.
4 In April 1974, several people involved in the democratization movement were arrested for plotting to overthrow the Park government. Those arrested included two Japanese, Hayakawa Yoshiharu and Tachikawa Masaki, who were then studying in Korea.
5 On 26 June 1982, all major Japanese newspapers reported that history textbooks authorized by the Ministry of Education had changed the sentence 'invaded Northern China' to 'advanced into Northern China', which led to a major diplomatic impasse.
6 Cf. Epstein elsewhere in this volume.
7 See Kim (1993); Jeon (1993).
8 For example, Shin Nikkan Shin-k [New Thinking on Japan–Korea], Sankei Shinbun News Service, Tokyo, (Kuroda 2002); South Korea's Anti-Japanese Syndrome, Tokyo: Aki shob (Kuroda Katsuhiro 1995).
9 The Textbook Reform Society applies the term 'masochistic view of history' to history influenced by Marxism, and emphasizes postwar Japan's guilt.
10 Sequels appeared: part 2 in February 2006, and part 3 in August 2007.
11 For example, Onishi 2005.
12 For example, at a symposium on the theme 'A Gendered Reading of Hallyu Culture', the organizers (Mizuta, Noriko; Kitada Sachie; and Josai International University Institute for Gender and Women's Studies) presented a number of interpretations of Winter Sonata, and discussed the attractions of the drama. However, it was apparently felt that the symposium should deal with more. Political scientist Kang Sang-jung was invited as a specialist on peninsula issues. This suggests that the organizers tried to link the pleasures of popular culture with statements about the future of Japan–Korea relations.
Chung, Daekyun. 1995. Kankoku no imeeji: sengo Nihonjin no rinkoku-kan [Images of Korea: Post-War Japanese Views of its Neighbour]. Tokyo: Chk shinsho, Ch kron.
Chung, Daekyun. 1998. Nihon (Ilbon) no imeeji: Kankokujin no Nihon-kan [Images of Nihon/Ilbon: Korean Views of Japan]. Tokyo: Chk shinsho, Ch kron.
Hayashi, Kaori. 2005. Fuyusona ni hamatta watashitachi: jun'ai, namida, masukomi – soshite Kankoku [Our Winter Sonata Addiction: Pure Love, Tears, Mass Media – and South Korea]. Tokyo: Bunshun shinsho, Bungei shunj.
Hwang, Seongbin. 2007. 'Shiry: hanrybon'. In Han-ry no uchi soto: Kankoku bunka-ryoku to Higashi Ajia no yg hann [Hallyu Inside and Out: Korea's Cultural Power and East Asia's Collective Response], edited by Suh, Sung; Hwang, Seongbin; Anzako, Yuka. Tokyo: Ochanomizu Shob: 251–287.
Jeon, Yeo-ok. 1993. Ilboneun eopda [Japan Does Not Exist]. Seoul: Jisik gongjakso. [Jap. Kanashii nihonjin. Tokyo: Tama shuppan, 1994).
Josai International University Institute for Gender and Women's Studies, ed. 2006. Jendaa de yomu hanry bunka no genzai [Reading the Korean Cultural Boom through the Perspective of Gender]. Tokyo: Gendai shokan.
Kanno, Tomoko. 2000. Suki ni natte wa ikenai kuni: Kankoku J-pop sedai ga mita Nihon [The Country One Must Not Like: How Korea's J-pop Generation Sees Japan]. Tokyo: Bungei shunj.
Kim, Jin-myeong. 1993. Mugunghwa kkochi pieosseumnida [The Rose of Sharon Has Bloomed]. Seoul: Haenam. [Jap. Mukuge no hana ga sakimashita. Tokyo: Tokuma shoten 1994].
Kuroda, Fukumi. 1995 [1988]. Souru mai haato [Seoul, My Heart]. Tokyo: Kodansha bunko.
Kuroda, Katsuhiro. 1995. Kankoku hannichisyokogun [South Korea's Anti-Japanese Syndrome]. Tokyo: Aki shob, 1995.
Kuroda, Katsuhiro. 1999. Kankokujin no rekishikan [Korean Views of History]. Tokyo: Bunshun shinsho.
Kuroda, Katsuhiro. 2002. Shin Nikkan shin-k [New Thinking on Japan–Korea]. Tokyo: Sankei Shinbun News Service.
Mizuta, Noriko; Kitada, Sachie; Hasegawa, Kei, eds. 2006. Hanry sabukarucha to josei [Korean Wave Sub-Culture and Women]. Tokyo: Shibund.
Murata, Junko, 2005. Kaitai: Kankoku entame: kanzen kryaku: onna no ai o namen nayo! Onna no tokimeki wa kokky o koeru!! [Dissection: Complete Guide to Korean Entertainment: Do Not Make Fun of Women's Love! Women's Passion Transcends National Borders!!]. Tokyo: Gijutsu Hyron-sha.
Onishi, Norimitsu, 2005. 'Ugly images of Asian rivals become best sellers in Japan'. [Internet]. The New York Times, 19 November 2005. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/19/international/asia/ 19comics.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1&hp&oref=slogin.
Sakamoto, Rumi; Allen, Matt. 2007. '"Hating 'The Korean Wave''' Comic Books: A Sign of New Nationalism in Japan?' [Internet]. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Available from: http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2535.
Sekikawa, Natsuo. 2005 [1984]. Seoul no rensh mondai [Practice Drills in Seoul]. Tokyo: Sheisha.
Shuppan Nenkan hensh-bu, ed. 1985; 2003; 2005. Tokyo: Shuppan News.
Yamano, Sharin. 2005. Manga Kenkanry [Hating the Korean Wave Manga]. Tokyo: Shinysha.
Cite this chapter as: Yamanaka, Chie. 2010. 'The Korean Wave and anti-Korean discourse in Japan: A genealogy of popular representations of Korea, 1984–2005'. In Complicated Currents: Media Flows, Soft Power and East Asia, edited by edited by Black, Daniel; Epstein, Stephen; Tokita, Alison. Melbourne: Monash University ePress. pp. 2.1–2.14.
©Copyright 2010 Chie Yamanaka
All rights reserved. Apart from any uses permitted by Australia's Copyright Act 1968, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission of the copyright owners. The fact that this book is published online does not mean that any part of it can be reproduced without first obtaining written permission: copyright laws do still apply. Inquiries should be directed to the publisher, Monash University ePress: http://www.epress.monash.edu/contacts.html.

subset: commoncrawl


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If you're in need of professional assistance training your puppy or dog, you've come to the right place. Sit Means Sit Tri-Cities WA Dog Training is one of the largest and fastest growing US-based dog training companies. We are nationally certified and are dedicated to the relationships we build with our clients and their dogs. When it comes to turning puppies and dogs into a well-behaved "man's best friends," we are the experts.
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Together with Asset Quality Review (AQR) by the ECB, the Stress Tests (ST) scenarios will be defined. The two analyses are preliminary tools to building an integrated banking system (European Banking Union), with common rules for all European banks and supervision which will be assigned to the ECB through a single supervisory mechanism (SSM).
The European Banking Authority (EBA) assessing the strength of the European Banking System
The Stress Test will be performed by the European Banking Authority (EBA) to assess the banks' soundness in case of crisis (as shown in Table 2) to estimate the need for additional capital. In particular, these tests will be performed by the EBA in conjunction with the national supervisory authorities of the Member States, with the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), the ECB and the European Commission.
Tab. 2: Stress Test (ST)
In 2011 Europe had started the risks assessment through the national supervisory authorities to proceed in a rapid reinforcement of capital. If because of the AQR and Stress Test liquidity shortage emerges, banks should increase their capital. In particular, the minimum capital required for banks in the event of adverse scenario to overcome the stress test is equivalent to a Common Equity Tier 1 of 5.5%, while the baseline scenario has a level of 8%.
The resilience of EU banks will be assessed over a period of three years (2014-2016), but the results of these stress tests will be available in October 2014.
Specifically, the stress scenarios include a number of risk factors that will influence the economic and financial indicators:
- Collapse of the global financial markets
- Collapse of domestic and foreign demand in EU countries;
- Devaluation of the currency in Eastern Europe countries;
- Collapse of property prices;
- Shock on bonds (banking, corporate and sovereign), with a corresponding interest rates increase;
- Stalemate on political and economic reforms and an interest rates increase in the short term of the EU Member.
BANCA D'ITALIA (2014) La recente analisi dei prestiti deteriorati condotta dalla Banca d'Italia: principali caratteristiche e risultati, Banca d'Italia (http://www.ilsole24ore.com/pdf2010/SoleOnLine5/_Oggetti_Correlati/Documenti/Finanza%20e%20Mercati/2013/07/Nota-Provisioni.pdf?uuid=1cf49f18-f87d-11e2-b0d2-9290ada7c4f9)
EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK (2014) Asset Quality Review Phase 2 Manual, ECB, March (http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/assetqualityreviewphase2manual201403en.pdf?e8cc41ce0e4ee40222cbe148574e4af7)
EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK (2013) La BCE da inizio alla valutazione approfondita in vista dell'assunzione delle funzioni di vigilanza, Comunicato stampa BCE, 23 Ottobre (http://www.bancaditalia.it/media/comunicati_bce/com_bce/2013/pr-20131023/PR_2013-10-23-comprehensive-assessment_it.pdf)
HENRY J. – KOK C. (2013) A macro stress testing framework for assessing systemic risks in the banking sector, ECB Occasional paper series no 152 / October (http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpops/ecbocp152.pdf)
OTTOLINI R. – UBALDI E. (2014) Liquidity Stress Test: da utili a necessari, FinRiskAlert.it (https://www.finriskalert.it/wp-content/pdf/Newsletter-5-2014.pdf)
QUAGLIARIELLO M. (2013) Dall'analisi della qualità degli attivi allo stress test europeo, Contributi Bancaria n.9 (http://www.bancaria.it/assets/PDF/2013-09.pdf)
Editor: Giovanni AVERSA


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Events at the MotoGP race in Austin Texas earlier this month and the previous round in Argentina have me thinking about top-level riders riders running into each other. I've been watching 500GP/MotoGP for years and seen many crashes, both solo and in pairs or more. Multi bike crashes are featured in today's story. Here are five that are special to me because they involve U.S. racers or Ducati motorcycles, or both.
CRASH 1 Assen 2006 – This one was a heartbreaker. Colin Edwards was in the lead and about to win his first MotoGP race. Nicky Hayden was following and made a lunge into the final chicane that put the pair side-by-side, with Hayden on the outside. If Hayden continued to turn right to follow the track he would have smacked into Edwards. Instead Nicky took a short cut through the gravel trap. Edwards entered the turn too quickly and ran off track when he missed the left hand part of the chicane. Colin crashed while Nicky made it through the gravel trap and back onto the track to take the win. You can see video of the hectic finish here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uq1lIah0cXw.
Colin Edwards, the Texas Tornado, recently retired from racing after a career that featured many podiums and top 5 finishes, but he never won a MotoGP race, which is not good. He deserved to.
CRASH 2. Estoril 2006 – One of the most notorious take-outs was also in the 2006 season. Nicky Hayden was in a tight battle with Valentino Rossi for the championship. At the next-to-last race Nicky started with a 12-point advantage over Rossi. On the 2nd lap the Yamahas of Rossi and Colin Edwards were taking 1st and 2nd place while the Hondas of Hayden and Pedrosa were 3rd and 4th. On lap 4 Pedrosa tried to pass his teammate, entered the corner too fast, lost the front, and knocked Hayden down.
With both Repsol factory Hondas out it looked like Rossi could cruise to the win, but it didn't work out that way. Tony Elias on the Fortuna Honda nipped Rossi at the line by .002 of a second. As I understand it that is the last time a non-factory rider won a MotoGP event. The crash video is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOmiax2KnEA.
With 20 points for Rossi's 2nd place , Hayden went from 12 points ahead to 8 points behind with only the Valencia race left of the 2006 season. If you want to know what happened go to http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2009/10/article/2006-motogp-valencia-results/.
CRASH 4. Argentina 2016 This was an odd race. Because of tire problems the race was shortened to 20 laps with a required stop to switch bikes near the half-way point. What a disaster for the Ducati team. On the last lap the two Ducatis of Dovizioso and Iannone were running 2nd and 3rd behind Marc Marquez, who was safely in front. Very close behind was Rossi. On the last turn Iannone tried to go inside Dovi, crashed and took them both out. Rossi was gifted 2nd place while Dani Pedrosa, who was in 5th place, nearly 30 seconds behind the leader, found himself on the podium. Dovizioso picked up his bike and pushed it across the finish line to earn 13th place and 3 championship points.
You can see a video of the crash here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0vklxrbVNI. (I recommend muting the sound, the video creator selected some bad music for the soundtrack.)
CRASH 5. Austin 2016.At first I thought Dani Pedrosa ran into Andrea Dovizioszo, but the replay clearly showed Pedrosa had crashed moments before the impact. What must be doubly frustrating is that Dovi missed his brake marker and ran wide. If he had negotiated the corner correctly he would not have been in the path of the sliding Repsol Honda. This official MotoGP video shows the crash from several angles: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zeEUbxWCJyY.
There have been more multi-bike crashes in MotoGP than these five, and there will be others in the future. You may have a different set of least favorite crashes, but I selected these because I'm a Ducati fan living in the U.S. Your criteria may vary.


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This morning, at the crack of dawn, I was headed for my weekly "remember not to eat everything that comes into your reach" meeting. I follow pretty much the same routine every Saturday morning. Alarm goes off, find the lightest clothing possible for the weigh-in, put on my flip flop crocs, quick look in the mirror, brush teeth, find my "activity monitor", pull out of the garage, get the dogs into the back of the car, prepare their breakfast, insert into crates, close the back hatch, hit the garage door "closer" and head for the freeway. Get off 3 exits south, make a left at the stop sign, make a left at the second signal along the frontage road, make a right at the first street swinging way over into the incoming traffic lane so i can manuever into Quick Fix in Encinitas for a cuppa.
Today, doors open wide, but no one there to make coffee. bummer. I wait 3 seconds (i'm already running late for the weigh in line and hate to get stuck standing in a queue for a half hour) and pull back onto the frontage road, left at the signal , pass by the place where they sell flowers under a pop up on the south side, then hit the red light approaching SDA.
Across the intersection, on the south side, there is an empty lot. I've often wondered who owns this, and why no one has ever built anything on it, as far as I can remember. There are always signs for garage sales, plant sales, poinsettia sales, christmas tree sales planted there, and a couple of cars are ususally parked adjacent to or along the curb line with obvious sale signs. I've never seen it full of weeds or trash, so someone must maintain it.
I've begun to notice that there are usually some people selling stuff on the lot. Not commercial stuff, things that are pretty well worn, clothing and all sorts of random stuff, obviously used. Today there were two tables, with a lady sitting on a chair behind them. A string was tied between the two tables and what looked like kids clothes on hangers drooped towards the blanket placed underneath them- a bit of protection from the bare earth.
There were 5 men standing there, chatting with the woman. And oh, by the way, no garage in sight.
Saturday, July 20, 2013
Invisible Garage Sales
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The Automobile Association of the Philippines officially announced yesterday that they will be hosting the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) Sport Conference in Manila this year in cooperation with the Department of Tourism (DOT). Manila will soon join Goodwood, Munich, Mexico City, Turin and Geneva as the cities to have hosted the annual FIA Sport Conference. The FIA, based in Paris, is the governing body of four-wheel motor sport worldwide.
The upcoming event slated on June 4 to 6 will be the sixth edition of the FIA Sport Conference and is attended by representatives from 245 FIA member organizations in 143 countries.
This year's event expects to gather some 400 delegates from FIA National Sporting Authorities (NSAs) and mobility clubs around the world. This is the first time the FIA SC will be held in Asia.
The 2018 FIA SC includes the MotorEx offering an industry-themed showcase and platform for the analysis of future trends and opportunities in motor sport and featuring key decision-makers, event promoters and leading figures from racing and rallying.
As the FIA's NSA in the Philippines, the AAP will host the Conference with the support of the Department of Tourism (DOT) and corporate sponsors including Petron as the official fuel partner, SMC Asia Car Distributors Corporation (BMW Philippines) and Hyundai Asia Resources, Inc. as logistics partners.
FIA Sport Conference Project Director Frederique Trouve formally turned over the hosting of the 2018 FIA Sport Conference to AAP President Gus Lagman in the presence of FIA Events Manager Martin Lalande , DOT Undersecretary Allan Canizal, and co-chairpersons of the 2018 FIA SC National Organizing Council Committee: Government Sector Chairperson/DOT Assistant Secretary Ricky Alegre, Private Sector Chairperson/AAP Trustee and Tourism and Travel Committee Chairperson Mina T. Gabor and Private Sector Co-Chairperson/AAP Trustee and Motor Sport Chairperson Mandy Eduque.
"AAP has been very active in participating in FIA conferences and we have seen their loyalty and motivation in promoting motor sport among the youth through efforts such as the Motor Sport Development Program," Trouve said.
"They have also organized many activities in terms of training in road safety," she added.
At this year's Sport Conference, the FIA plans to integrate road safety with motor sport. The FIA has also recognized the difficulty in educating the youth in both aspects and are looking for ways in order to conduct activities that can do both.
Other possible activities are an extrication demo and motor sport activities like drifting, auto cross, slalom, e-karting and/or the FIA-certified online Gran Turismo Asian Regional Finals Championship. The FIA also plans to invite school children to the extrication demo and some motor sport events aside from opening selected activities to the general public.


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Author – Tuhin A. Sinha
Rating – 3.5/5 stars
Number of Pages – 248
Publisher – Fingerprint Publishers
This is a story of two souls crossing paths again and again by fate and fell in love accidentally. Will destiny bring them together never to part them? This is a story of Vihaan Shastri and Zaira Bhat. Vihaan, a young and dynamic boy seeing his future in politics lost his heart to Zaira. Zaira never able to fall in love again lost her heart to Vihaan.
The love affair begins in 1990 to not end ever. It is a story of eternal love and what it takes to love someone eternally. Loving someone more than your life and losing them, again and again, seeing her go away from your hands when it was so near to get hold and stop. A love story tangled in political aspirations and dreams.
The story constitutes some real events supporting the plot and pushes the story further such as India's counter strike in 2016. The two leaps in the story are interesting to watch shaping their lives but did not change their feelings for each other. It is interesting to see the development of the story flowing smoothly through time and travel.
The plot is interesting with intriguing storyline settled in the backdrop of Kashmir and its troubled fortune. The story raises many questions and the protagonist as a young politician has ambitious plans to bring peace in the valley and to their people who deserve more than an unsettled life surrounded by the blooded fate of Kashmir. It also tells how a politician should be.
The poems are good and leave you wanting more of them. A simple story of love and its complications. A story that does not end on the last page of the book and goes beyond.
Author Bio
Tuhin A. Sinha is a best-selling author and politician.
Tuhin is acknowledged among the most prolific Indian writers with a maverick knack of experimenting with new genres. His first book came in 2006, That Thing Called Love and this is his tenth book in eleven and half years now.
Tuhin has also been a screenwriter of several popular TV shows, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai, being one of them, which he co-writes in 2011-12.
At present, Tuhin is involved as a special initiative advisor to Shri Nitin Gadkari for his ministries, with a special focus on designing newer communication strategies for Road Safety and Namami Gange. He is also a prominent face on prime-time debates on national television, representing the BJP.
Order your Copy Here: Amazon
'I received a copy from Writersmelon in exchange for an honest and unbiased review.'


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2 Corinthians 10:5 — We demolish arguments and every pretension that sets itself up against the knowledge of God, and we take captive every thought to make it obedient to Christ (NIV).
What does it mean to make every thought obey Christ, and how do we do it? First of all, you need to deal with your thoughts one at a time. (This should be especially easy for most men.) When a negative idea pops into your head, immediately search God's word for a counter.
Take depressing thoughts captive by meditating on a joyful verse. If you're struggling with your identity, search the Scripture to find out more about who you are in Christ. Perhaps your mind is stressed with a to-do list. Give attention to what His word says about peace and priorities.
Be proactive. The armed forces are strategic in planning and implementing their attacks on the enemy. Set yourself up for victory. Fill your mind with God's word continually. Study it. Memorize it. Speak it. Then, when something contrary to it enters your thoughts, you'll go on the offensive.
*My new book, Religiously Incorrect, is now available at http://www.amazon.com/author/mikejonker. Get it today!


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LG Q Stylus+ is Launched As Galaxy Note 9 Killer
If you desperately crave for a phone with a big screen and a stylus but don't want to spend more than $1000 for the Galaxy Note 9, it looks like LG has a phone for you. The company recently unveiled the new LG Q Stylis+ at an event.
The phone is basically a mid-range large screen smartphone that comes with a stylus.
On the front of the phone is a 6.2-inch screen which does not have a notch, a huge plus point for people looking for devices like Note 9. The phone is packed with an octa-core processor and 4GB of RAM which should be plenty for most users. There is a single 16-megapixel sensor on the back and the phone runs on Android 8.1 Oreo.
But enough about specs, let's talk about the USP of the phone -the stylus. The phone can record and recognize handwriting even when the display of the phone is off. The stylus can be used to manipulate videos and photos on the phone and just like Note 9, you can create GIFs from Videos.
The phone will sell for Rs 21,999 in India, which is roughly $306. Considering the fact that there is basically no competition on the market, at least in the mid-tier, the phone may be worth picking if you are a hardcore stylus user.
NEXT STORY: The Nokia X7 Has Leaked And It Will Come With A Notch


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Football Tours to Holland: South Wales to Amsterdam!
Burleigh Travel specialise in arranging high quality football tours to Amsterdam in Holland and are proud of the relationship we have built with our partners in Holland who, combined with the knowledge and expertise of our team, ensure that our football tourists enjoy positive experiences each and every time they tour with us.
One of the many teams recently visiting Holland for thier football tour are Porthcawl Football Club U18's and upon their return, they wanted to let us know how much they had enjoyed their weekend in the Dutch Capital:
We had a fabulous time and think that we have made a lot of friends at both Clubs who hosted us so well. I would like again to express my thanks for a well arranged Tour and I would have no hesitation in recommending Burleigh Travel!
If you would like to emulate Porthcawl Football Club and enjoy a similar football tour experience and want to find out more about Football Tours to Holland, please visit the Burleigh Travel website for more information or to fill out an enquiry form. For further information about Porthcawl Football Club's football tour to Amsterdam, Holland, please follow this link.


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Neon Lights 7-Inch Think Fast!
Critics once branded Ambitions as 'With Honor's side project,' but the band quickly silenced the crowd, as they've jumped to the frontlines and are singlehandedly bringing back a genre that has been overrun with constraints for many years. It's no surprise that the word quickly spread and Ambitions wasted no time taking their message to the road, teaming up for U.S. treks with everyone from Bane to Modern Life Is War. Featuring the three non-demo tracks from the 'Question' EP, now available on vinyl for the very first time, plus alternate artwork and an exclusive bonus track, 'Neon Lights' has an identity all its own. IGNITE fans take note.7-Inch, 4.50€


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Other Callsigns
WN2BXS 1969-71, WB2BXS 1971-85, N0DYR 1985-95, W2CO 1995-present, also GROL w/Ship Radar 1991
My Ham Radio Interests
Active in HF CW, HF Digital Modes, HF DXing, Satellite operations - VHF/UHF/MW now active on ISS APRS packet, Satellites worked in the past - AO-10 mode B, AO-13 mode B, AO-40 mode U/L/S.
Collins, Drake, Kenwood, Icom, Yaesu, Ten Tec, Hallicrafters, Alpha among others.
Other Interests
Classic Cars and Motorcycles, Original Music CompositionCheck out our music page at http://www.reverbnation.com/freelancew2co We're #2 for instrumental locallySome of our music has cw and other ham radio sounds incorporated into the songs. See if you can copy them.
From W2CO
8/14/2016 8:54:14 AM (0 comments) Add Comment
The 'Great broadband hope' it's not...Broadband over power-lines (BPL) has been hailed as the "great broadband hope" by FCC commissioners past and present who believe it will usher in a new age of competition. Others lean on world-wide trial failures as evidence the technology is doomed-for-obsolescence; during its run bringing plenty of trouble (and interference) to areas contemplating the option.BPL is a system that is being tested to provide broadband Internet service via powerlines to power outlets in homes and is a last mile technology. The system uses radio frequencies that will radiate into the air and cause interference to several licensed communications services including Amateur Radio. The frequencies BPL uses in general is 1 to 80 megahertz (MHz). Of particular interest is the band of frequencies known as HF, which is 1 to 30 MHz . This part of the radio spectrum has very special properties not found elsewhere. With this band, one can communicate around the world with very minute power levels. This is due to the fact that radio waves in this band can bounce off the ionosphere multiple times to get to a faraway destination. Other portions of the radio spectrum, like that used by 802.11 wireless LANs, are essentially line-of-sight. This means that the signals cannot bend or bounce off the ionosphere, but they can only propagate like light ? in a straight line and shorter distances.The medium of BPL, the powerline cable, unlike other broadband mediums such as copper twisted pair, fiber, and coaxial cable, is inherently unsuited for carrying the frequencies BPL uses. Power lines, twisted pair, and coaxial cable all act like natural low pass filters, meaning higher frequencies are attenuated more than lower frequencies when attempting to transmit them through the medium. The exact slope of the graph of attenuation depends on the specific construction of the material, but in general, twisted pair is suitable up to 100 MHz and coaxial cable can go up to about 3 GHz. Power lines are suitable for up to perhaps 350 kHz or so. The exact figure will vary and is unimportant for this discussion, but note that this is kilohertz, not megahertz or gigahertz. The medium of BPL is simply not suited for broadband data.The other property of the medium chosen for BPL is its radiating capability. Unlike all other broadband mediums, power lines are excellent radiators of the frequencies BPL uses. Copper twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber are all inherently non-radiating self-shielded mediums. Powerlines act like a natural antenna and ?lose? the BPL signal out into the air. The resulting interference can vary from a noticeable noise to a ?deafening roar? on radio equipment which drowns out all communications.BPL has been tested and deployed on a limited basis in other countries and was rejected in some places due to interference issues. BPL vendors may claim ?new technology? and advances have now made it possible, but the fact is they can?t change the laws of physics. High speed data must occupy a certain amount of ?bandwidth? and power lines which were designed to operate at 60 hertz will radiate radio frequency energy that is applied to them. Only changing power line construction (i.e. coaxial cable) would eliminate this radiation. BPL proponents reject this as being too costly, but that would be the cost to make this a real viable technology.Users of the affected radio spectrum cannot be relocated, or at least not economically or in a timely manner. All of the services that use HF bands require the characteristics that only HF spectrum exhibits. There would also be huge international treaty implications with any relocation. Relocating government and military services alone would take years as the FCC would have to structure a migration plan. Chances are it would be ten years before this could be completed and it?s likely that power companies will have run fiber to the home or DSL and cable will finally be ubiquitous. Perhaps the largest issue to tackle though is where to move these services in what is an already overcrowded spectrum.If it was determined that relocation was the way to go, this would be very irresponsible as HF radio bands are a unique natural resource. No other radio spectrum can provide worldwide communications without any supporting infrastructure. The military (and Amateurs for that matter) have had satellites at their disposal for years, but HF is still in use as it provides unique capabilities that satellites just can't. Internet technologies such as email, streaming media, and instant messaging, or cell phones simply cannot take the place of the wireless infrastructure-free communications capabilities that HF provides.Destroying a large portion of wireless spectrum is not justifiable because it benefits more people. There are many examples of this in society where reallocation of a resource would benefit more people, but it would be detrimental long term to the people and the resource itself. Right now, Amateur frequency allocations belong to the people internationally and can be enjoyed in nearly every country by simply passing a test and getting licensed. Once they are given to a business interest, they cease to be the public's and can only be used as a customer of that business. BPL impacts other groups including government, military, shortwave, aviation, maritime communications, and CBers, so this would have national security and international implications as well. BPL has been linked in some rhetoric with increasing ?homeland security?. BPL in fact takes spectrum away from government agencies directly tasked with protecting the country.To deploy BPL an up front investment must be made in BPL headend / injection point equipment and repeaters -- it's not as simple as the FCC Commissioner makes it sound, as if all powerlines can immediately be easily lit up. There's going to be significant recurring costs in backhauling the IP traffic from the numerous BPL injection points serving an area. Neither DSL or Cable has this recurring cost or need for multiple network origination points. These costs unique to BPL make it even less attractive for deployment in rural areas that Cable or DSL as customer densities and revenue potential is lower.The scalability of BPL is questionable. Chunks of HF spectrum must be reused between repeater/injection point segments. With customer bandwidth requirements going up, over subscription ratios going down, systems will need to be segmented in a cellular fashion. This exacerbates the interference issue as more frequency chunks are in use in a given area. More avoidance of frequencies will be needed, making less spectrum available for use by BPL. The frequency chunks in use will need to be smaller to enable tighter frequency reuse, and the available bandwidth per injection point will get to a point where it won't be sufficient.BPL is also lacking on the regulatory front. It has no protection from interference from licensed wireless services. This means your BPL provider has no recourse if a licensed wireless station knocks out your BPL service regularly. If BPL interferes with a licensed wireless station, the BPL provider must cease to operate the system if the interference problem cannot be solved. While on the surface one would think that this would inherently protect wireless communications, it places a huge burden on such services to expend time and money identifying and seeking resolution to interference issues. With such a weak regulatory basis and a system that is immediately at odds with incumbent services, why would anyone want to depend on BPL to provide reliable broadband?The FCC recently released Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) 04-29 which attempts to both encourage BPL deployment and address interference concerns. The NPRM basically proposes a national database of BPL systems and some interference mitigation techniques. Neither solve the interference problem. The database hopefully will aid in identifying BPL systems operating in a given area so that interference complaints can be filed more quickly with BPL carriers. While in general this is a good idea, it does little for mobile operations as it's impractical for such operators to research ahead of time before travelling into an area to determine if interference-free operation is possible. The interference mitigation techniques the FCC is proposing comes down to moving interference around in the HF spectrum until no one complains. The problem with this is that it's very difficult to find ?open space? in this spectrum that won't affect anyone. The NTIA alone has over 18,000 frequencies in use. BPL carriers will receive an interference complaint, reconfigure their system to use other frequencies, only to interfere with another service. As BPL systems need more spectrum to feed a growing number of customers, more cells, and an increased demand for bandwidth, this interference avoidance juggling act will become impossible.Radio Amateurs have been the most vocal in defending the radio spectrum, especially in Internet forums. Amateurs do not oppose broadband deployment, and in fact welcome it as most are born techies and use the Internet extensively. Some Amateur applications such as VHF repeater linking systems and position reporting systems actually use the Internet for connectivity and messaging. It is the ill effects of BPL on wireless spectrum which Amateurs vehemently oppose.In summary, power companies should be building for broadband dominance in the coming decades with viable technology such as fiber, not for the next year or two with doomed-for-obsolescence technology. Wireless spectrum should be used for wireless applications, not to accommodate a wired network that pollutes the spectrum. The risk to critical licensed communications services is too great, the technological and regulatory foundation of BPL is too weak, and when compared head-to-head with other technologies, BPL loses on both the business model and technical capability sides. BPL appears all glittery, but in reality it's nothing more then Broadband Fool's Gold.
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Early Physiotherapy Intervention is important as most healing (90%) occurs in the first 6 to 8 weeks following an injury.
A doctor's referral is required, after which we may obtain approval for treatment from your ICBC adjuster. Your treating therapist first evaluates the level of injury through a careful sequence of testing of movement, joint stability, muscle strength, and simple neurological tests. In most cases you can start simple exercises as early as a few days post accident.
Rehabilitation Program: When required we may recommend that you attend a rehabilitation program. Rehabilitation programs are administered jointly between Health First Physiotherapy at West 12th and Cambie and a local Kinesiology group. This combined approach ensures that you optimize your recovery time.
What is the long-term effect of an MVA injury?
The expected outcome of almost all soft tissue injuries related to motor vehicle accidents is a complete recovery. This will require that you take responsibility for and participate in your recovery. The importance of compliance with exercise prescription and recommendations from your Health First Physiotherapist or physician is directly related to the outcome of your injury recovery.


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This week on the A to Z Anime Podcast…
Zack starts with News about Tekkaman Blade and VR. Air takes over (30:31) with impressions of last week's new releases (All-Rounder Meguru, Giant Killing, Platinum End, Welcome to the Ballroom, and One Punch Man) and an update of her Rurouni Kenshin rewatch.
Then it's time for a special edition of New Release Tuesday–Gay Tuesday! (42:20)
**Air's Note: both of these volumes were read after the podcast was recorded. They were both really great and I recommend them. Hana & Hina especially exceeded my expectations.**
How about those Winter Simulcasts? (45:49) We cover Nanabaka, Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid, Naruto Shippuden, Interviews with Monster Girls, Saga of Tanya the Evil, Showa Genroku Rakugo Shinju, Blue Exorcist, All Out!!, Onihei, Iron-Blooded Orphans, elDLIVE, Gintama, Tiger Mask W, ACCA, and Ancient Magus' Bride.
We finish up with this week's Shonen Jump! (1:48:49)
Thanks for listening and we hope to see you next week!


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Garage Door Repair YPT - Garage Doors Installation ServicesWe are here to help you choose the perfect door for your house, then install it properly, and professionally together with full warranties, and guarantees in its place. Our company's certified technicians will give you the best suited components to satisfy your expectations. Our company is ready and prepared to provide you high quality garage doors installation whenever you want. Our company's good prices make it very easy to go with your allowance, and our time saving appointments allow you to go on along with your busy personal life.
Garage Door Installation Pasadena, CaOur company is fully committed when it comes to providing prime quality items in all our services because we want to make sure that our clients will feel satisfied and pleased from the job. In case it involves a garage door, we assure you that we are prepared for it, No matter what the issue and the product, we can absolutely get the job done. Feel free to give us a call at (626) 238-0887, we'll be able to offer you our service extremely quick. We have now the ability to provide extremely fast and high-quality service for you All the time every day.
Pasadena Garage Door InstallationOur highly-trained staff is equipped to set up systems combined with existing opener and even with no existing opener. Garage Door Repair YPT staffs have worked with various brands and producers, and are easily capable to set up your brand new garage door opener, in spite of the existing product. Our specialize is residential garage doors therefore we really are professionals in home garage door setups and improvements.
Arturo Allred - Google+


text: New Search Back to Search Results 12981 Share Profile Ehab Mady, DO Specialty Vascular Medicine Additional Language Spoken Arabic, English Medical Groups & Affiliations Hoag Affiliated Physicians Providence Phone (949) 631-6002 Address 351 Hospital Road Suite 401 Newport Beach, CA 92663 Get Directions Accepting New Patients Primary Office Address 351 Hospital Road Suite 401 Newport Beach, CA 92663 Get Directions Phone (949) 631-6002 Fax (949) 791-3112 More Information Website www.hoag.org/pages/PhysiciansDisplay.aspx?phyid=3445 The patient rating score is based on responses and comments from Press Ganey. Responses are measured on a 10 point scale, with 10 being the best score. These scores are then translated to a 5 point scale in order to display results in a 5 Star rating. Comments are also gathered from the same survey and displayed in their entirety with the exception of any language that may be considered libel, or may contain private health information, or is unrelated to the provider being reviewed. Learn more about Press Ganey star rating calculations Meet The Doctor Specialties & Education Primary Specialties Vascular Medicine Education & Training Medical School New York College of Osteopathic Medicine Fellowship Cleveland Clinic Residency Cleveland Clinic Biography Biography Biography Dr. Mady is a Vascular Medicine specialist at the Jeffrey M. Carlton Heart and Vascular Institute at Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian. Dr. Mady's training and expertise are in the non-invasive vascular laboratory and the medical management of vascular disease. He completed his Residency in Internal Medicine and Fellowship in Vascular Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. Dr. Mady is Board Certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Board of Vascular Medicine. He is also a Registered Physician in Vascular Interpretation by the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography. He earned his Doctor of Osteopathy degree from the New York College of Osteopathic Medicine. Dr. Mady's areas of interest are the treatment of: 1. Venous disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, hypercoagulable states, varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency and anticoagulation management. 2. Arterial disorders such as lower extremities, carotid, renal and mesenteric disease, fibromuscular dysplasia, entrapment syndromes, aneurysms, vascular risk assessment and risk modification, vascular disease in the young and athletes, Raynaud's and rare vascular disorders 3. Lymphedema and chronic leg swelling His professional associations include: Fellow of the Society for Vascular Medicine, American College of Phlebology, Society for Vascular Ultrasound, International Society for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, and International Union of Angiology. Back to Search Results


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Central Valley Board Adopts Updated Plan to Invest in Flood Protection
The Central Valley Flood Protection Board yesterday adopted the 2017 update to the Central Valley Flood Protection Plan (CVFPP).
Developed in partnership with the Department of Water Resources (DWR), the update incorporates the latest information and science to improve flood risk management throughout California's Central Valley, which includes the Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins.
The plan focuses largely on making statewide system recommendations to improve public safety, ecosystem conditions, and economic sustainability.
The 2017 CVFPP emphasizes the importance of investing in long-term, multi-benefit actions to improve flood risk management while improving ecosystem functions, modernizing operations and maintenance practices and strengthening institutional support for flood management.
It identifies the need to invest $17 billion – $21 billion in the Central Valley flood system over the next 30 years.
"California cannot afford to ignore our aging flood management systems. While we have made significant investments over the years, we need to push the limits to ensure a resilient and sustainable flood system," said DWR Director Grant Davis.
"This comprehensive plan will have a lasting impact on the entire state and is a result of a strong partnership between state agencies and the stakeholder community."
Development of the 2017 update to the CVFPP was a cooperative effort involving engineers, scientific and planning experts, counterparts in state, local and federal agencies and a robust network of stakeholders that includes residents, businesses owners, and government officials.
The next update to the plan will occur in 2022.


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The American Dream Scholarship helps the dream of higher education become a reality. This scholarship picks up where other aid and scholarships leave off, ensuring that bright, qualified students have the means to continue their education.
The scholarship is made possible by the generosity of members of the Greater Miami community. These benefactors recognize the importance of a college education and are pleased to support the quality education offered by MDC.
High school graduates who have earned a standard high school diploma, GED, or home school diploma in Miami Dade County during the May-July 2020 period (without a previous degree).
The in-state portion and eligible class fees remaining after all other scholarships, financial aid, and grants funds have been applied.
The scholarship covers up to 60 credits toward the completion of an AA or AS, whichever comes first.
In order to be eligible for the scholarship, you must be registered for a minimum of 12 credits by August 20th of each year. If you decide to enroll in additional credits during the semester, you must contact us at 305-237-8888 or at email@example.com to recalculate your payment award.
To remain an American Dream Scholar for next Fall term, you must:
Failure to meet these requirements by the deadlines will result in the loss of your status as an American Dream Scholar and you will not be awarded any funds you would otherwise be eligible for under this program. There are no provisions for reinstatement. Once you lose eligibility, you will not be able to regain your status as an American Dream Scholar. Remember that courses not passed or withdrawn after the 100% refund date count toward the 60-credit limit of the scholarship.


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RC Pet Bear Bellby RC Pet
Product has been added to cart
- Keep you and your pet safe while in the great outdoors
- Bell is plated with nickel
- Band made of soft, durable nylon webbing
- Hook and loop closure with velcro
- Reflective components
- Available in one size only
- Available in a variety of fun RC patterns: Pitter Patter Chocolate & Pitter Patter Pink
Keep you and your pet safe while in the great outdoors with the RC Pets Bear Bell. With a Velcro loop, this bell can easily be attached to a pack, clothing, or directly on your dog's collar. The constant movement causes a steady ringing, which warns nearby wildlife and hikers that you are approaching. There are also reflective components that increase visibility if you and your dog are out in the dark.
The RC Pet Bear Bell is plated with nickel and the band is a soft, durable nylon webbing. It comes in one size only and is very lightweight. Hand wash with a mild detergent. Lay flat to dry and do not use bleach or dry clean. Available in fun RC Pets patterns: Pitter Patter Chocolate and Pitter Patter Pink.


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Infant – Pre-Kindergarten Curriculum
The Creative Curriculum® is a comprehensive, research-based curriculum that features exploration and discovery as a way of learning.
The foundation of the curriculum helps teachers create a high-quality learning environment and build a thorough understanding of best practices. Learning is hands-on, individualized, engaging, and fosters social -emotional development while helping teachers build children's confidence, creativity and critical thinking skills, and promote positive outcomes.
MyTeachingStrategies™ brings together digital classroom tools and resources that teachers need to support their most important daily activities – teaching, assessing, reporting, and connecting with families, and developing their own knowledge and skills – onto one streamlined, user-friendly platform.
Teachers use real data to make assessments and plan instruction for the crucial social-emotional and language growth of each student.
Teachers can seamlessly interact with five key areas that support high-quality teaching practice and make navigating between digital classroom tools and resources easy and intuitive. The five key areas include:
- Teachers have access to digital curricular experiences that can be automatically linked with assessment data to support individualized instruction, and support for planning, including customizable weekly and monthly calendars.
- Teachers and administrators have access to GOLD® authentic, ongoing assessment, with tools and resources that allow our team to view and add documentation and complete milestone checkpoints.
- Teachers have support for growing their professional knowledge, refining their teaching practice, and strengthening their implementation into their classroom environment.
- Teachers access interactive reports that help to bring data to life, telling a story about each child's progress and providing actionable information that helps teachers understand and report out on what the children in their program are likely to do next.
- Teachers access support that is designed to engage and include families in meaningful ways, including family communication tools to help share information about children's learning and development and ongoing support for promoting regular dialogues between school and home.


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All things game and gun related.
Just got that rifle for the end of hunting season in a 270. Man it's accurate,...
I love this thing, I just picked it up.
So far it has the Trophy Ridge 3 pin fiber optic sight, trophy ridge rest, octane stabilizer
This bow...
Who plans on going?
Use this control to limit the display of threads to those newer than the specified time frame.
Allows you to choose the data by which the thread list will be sorted.
Order threads in...
Note: when sorting by date, 'descending order' will show the newest results first.
Forum Rules


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Brotherly love in playscale: finding diversity in fashion dolls and action figures from the 1960s to now: Barbie, Fashion Royalty, Momoko, Susie, GI Joe, Power Team, Mixis.
Sunday, December 15, 2013
Playscale Reindeer from Disney Movie Frozen
If you want a reindeer to act out parts of the Disney movie Frozen, you are in luck. Walmart has a playscale gift set with the two Frozen sisters, Anna and Elsa, Sven the reindeer, and Olaf the snowman. Walmart online is out of stock for this item so if you cannot find it at a Walmart near you, try Toywiz. Yes, Toywiz has this Walmart exclusive. BUT there is a BIG price difference. At Walmart, this set costs $39.97; at Toywiz, it costs $64.99.
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The Twelve
THE TWELVE is a character-driven crime mystery which revolves around a people's jury in a murder trial. Twelve citizens are called up for jury duty on a controversial murder case. They do not have an easy task ahead of them. They will decide on the guilt or innocence of the respected headmistress Frie Palmers, who stands accused of two murders. The trial is not only decisive for Frie's fate. The lives of the jury members also take new turns because of the sensational murder case. As time goes by, the murder trial becomes a trial not only for the accused but for the jury members themselves."
Best screenplay at CanneSeries 2019.
Genre: Psychological thriller/Drama
Format: 10x1h
Producers: Eyeworks
Original Broadcaster: VRT
Language: Flemish
Country: Belgium
Year of production: 2018
Status: Available
International sales: FEDERATION ENTERTAINMENT (Worldwide rights)