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The water industry is moving from an end-of-pipe approach consistent with the linear economic model to a circular approach consistent with the circular economy model. The economic dimension of wastewater circularity has not received the attention that other dimensions have; this study attempts to fill this research gap by studying the economic dimension, in order to estimate the net opportunity cost of a non-circular water industry The financial and environmental benefits of treating wastewater, along with the associated operating and capital costs, are calculated to arrive at the opportunity cost and the 'closing the loop charge'. The analytical results reveal an estimated net opportunity cost of 643 million Jordanian dinar (JOD) (907 million US$) if the option not to go circular is chosen, with JOD 212 million (US$ 299 million) of this amount currently squandered. Furthermore, this indicates an average 'closing the loop charge' of JOD0.70/m(3) ($1.0/m(3)), which represents the average shadow price of the associated environmental externalities. Having thus shown a strong economic case for the circular model in the water industry, movements in all economic sectors to adhere to this model appear to be highly desirable.
The occurrence of radon (222Rn) in environment (groundwater and indoor air) from geogenic sources is receiving an growing attention due to its adverse impact on human health worldwide including Jordan. Highlighting the current status of radon in Jordan, the present study of radon concentrations in ground waters in the Amman-Zarqa basin (AZB) was investigated. Groundwater samples were collected from fifteen wells located in three main areas of Ras Al-Ain, Al-Rsaifeh and Al-Hashemite. Radon concentration was measure using Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) Tri- Carb 3110 with discriminator and the highest values for radon concentration in water were observed in Al-Rsaifeh area and ranged from 4.52 up to 30.70 Bq/l with an average of 11.22 Bq/l, which were attributed to the decay of naturally distributed uranium in phosphate rock from Al-Rsaifeh mines. In Ras Al-Ain area, the radon concentration were noted ranged from 0.6 to 5.55 Bq/l with an average of 2.82 Bq/l, and also in Al-Hashemite area were ranged from 0.77 to 5.37 Bq/l with an average of 4.04 Bq/l. The overall average concentration of tested samples was 5.77 Bq/l and found within the acceptable international levels. Ground water samples of Ras Al-Ain area showed good quality as was tested of low salinity. It recorded the lowest average radon concentration of 2.82 Bq/l. Also, Radon indoor and building materials was reviewed. In conclusion, this study presented an urged need for developing national regulations and standards as well as awareness program concerning the radon status in Jordan.Elsevier B.V.
The steady supply of fresh water is, and has always been, one of the most important functions in human societies. Different users have been able to take advantage of this resource in different extents and for different purposes. The major areas for water usage are drinking water, water supply for industrial purposes and the usage in agricultural sector.
By dimensioning the supply- and sewer systems accordingly to the demand of the users a more sustainable and optimal system can be achieved. A proper dimensioning has six general factors it should to take in consideration. These are the size of the population, water consumption in residents, general water consumption in schools and offices, water consumption in industry, leakage and different water losses. With a background of these factors this reports main focus and purpose is analysing the variation in water consumption for different consumers (such as residential houses or apartment blocks) in different time intervals (in this report during days and years) and in respect to different factors. The factors that has been chosen to be examined is how water consumption depends on mean age of the consumers and the outdoor temperature. To complete this study water consumption data of different areas in Borås has been provided from the Swedish consultant firm Tyréns. Before analysing the data another study was made by Victor Eliasson, which included the revealing of different faults in the provided data. As a result of this study the most reliable data was chosen to further analysis with respect to the chosen aspects. During the project the calculation- and modelling program Matlab was used alongside the chart program excel. These two programs combined made it possible to handle large amounts of data and present it in different graphs and models. Conclusions could later be made by analyses and different statistical methods. The result from the comparison between areas with different mean ages of the residents showed that the area with high mean age (80 years) hade a higher water consumption than the other areas. The variation in water consumption differed as well between the area with the high mean age compared to the other areas. A regression- and correlation analysis between water consumption and temperature was performed to see if water consumption is depending on the outdoor temperature. The function of a regression analysis is to describe the relation between different parameters with a mathematic model (in this study a linear model). A correlation analysis is then performed to tell how well the mathematic model describes the relation. A conclusion could be made that the water consumption tends to increase with increasing temperature during parts of the year, since a correlation could be found during mars to September. The strongest correlation was in general during May and July for all the areas. No conclusion of how the variation i water consumption depends on different consumers could be made for the analysis during a day and a year. In contrast to the parameters that had a correlation with water consumption there was no visible connection between water consumption over a year or day depending on different users.
Operational forecasts of snow melt runoff in Sweden are currently running with precipitation and temperature as the main input variables and calibrated with runoff data, and there is an interest to make better use of new measurement systems for distributed snow data. At the same time, various data assimilation techniques are becoming more frequently used in hydrological modeling, in order to reduce uncertainties related to both model structure errors and errors in input and calibration data. Thus, it is important to address not only what type of snow data that can be used to improve the model predictions, but also what type of input data and model structures that are optimal in relation to the available snow data. The objective of this study is to investigate to what extent the runoff predictions can be improved by assimilation of temporal and spatially distributed snow data, and if the improvements depend on the choice of model structures, for instance the use of energy balance or day-degree snow models. In order to achieve these objectives a new distributed snow model has been implemented into the hydrological modeling framework HYSS/HYPE. This model can easily be setup with either an energy balance model or a day-degree model for the snow pack calculations, and it is easy to run the model with different spatial resolutions. In the fully distributed case, snow drift processes are implicitly included in the model through a precipitation distribution model, based on topographical information and wind direction. The model was applied to a mountain basin in northern Sweden used for hydropower production, where extensive snow measurements were taken during the last two winters 2007-2009. A climate station is located at the outlet of the regulation lake, including automated point measurements of snow depth, snow mass (snow pillow), snow wetness and snow temperature. Distributed snow cover data was sampled using ground-penetrating radar from snow mobiles. Measurements were taken at the time of the maximum snow cover, providing a data set with snow depth, snow density, snow water equivalent along 20 km long transects in representative areas of the basin. The precipitation distribution model was calibrated using the distributed SWE data from the GPR measurements. Application of the calibrated model to previous years without available snow data show that the runoff predictions was improved compared to calibrations without the distributed snow data, however the improvements were larger for the energy balance compared to the day-degree model. Further developments will include assimilation of the temporal and spatial snow data to adjust the distribution of various input variables, for instance air temperature and wind speed.
Arsenic in the groundwater of Bangladesh is a serious natural calamity and a public health hazard. Most groundwater from the shallow alluvial aquifers (<150 m), particularly in the Holocene plain lands, are vulnerable to As-enrichment. Delta plains and flood plains of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system are moderately to severely enriched and more than 60% of the tube wells are affected. Shallow aquifers in the Meghna river basin and coastal plains are extremely enriched with more than 80% of the tube wells affected. Aquifers in the Pleistocene uplands and Tertiary hills are low in As. The vertical lithofacies sequence of the sediments from highly enriched areas of the country show two distinct lithofacies associations-a dominantly sandy channel-fill association and a fine-grained over bank association. The sediments can be grouped into 4 distinct lithofacies, viz. clay, silty clay, silty sand and sand. Thin section petrography of the As-enriched aquifer sands shows that the sands are of quartzolithic type and derived from the collision suture and fold thrust belt of the recycled orogen provenance. Groundwater is characterized by circum-neutral pH with a moderate to strong reducing nature. The waters are generally of Ca-Mg-HCO3 or Ca-Na-HCO3 type, with HCO3- as the principal anion. Low SO42- and NO3-, and high dissolved organic C (DOC) and NH4+ concentrations are typical chemical characteristics of groundwater. The presence of dissolved sulfides in these groundwaters indicates reduction Of SO4. Total As concentration in the analyzed wells vary between 2.5 and 846 mug l(-1) with a dominance of As(III) species (67-99%). Arsenic(III) concentrations were fairly consistent with the DOC and NH4+ contents. The HNO3 extractable concentrations of As (As-NO3) in the sediments (0.5-17.7 mg kg(-1)), indicate a significant positive correlation with Fe-NO3, Mn-NO3, Al-NO3 and P-NO3. The concentrations Of S-NO3 (816-1306 mg kg(-1)) peaked in the clay sediments with high organic matter (up to 4.5 wt.%). Amounts of oxalate extractable As (As..) and Fe (Fe x) ranged between 0.1-8.6 mg kg(-1) and 0.4-5.9 g kg(-1), respectively. Arsenic(ox) was positively correlated with Fe-ox, Mn-ox, and Al-ox in these sediments. Insignificant amounts of opaque minerals (including pyrite/arsenopyrite) and the presence of high As contents in finer sediments suggests that some As is incorporated in the authigenically precipitated sulfides in the reducing sediments. Moreover, the chemical extractions suggest the presence of siderite and vivianite as solid phases, which may control the aqueous chemistry of Fe and PO43-. Reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxide present as coatings on sand grains as well as altered mica (biotite) is envisaged as the main mechanism for the release of As into groundwater in the sandy aquifer sediments.
Recently it has become more common in the construction of large dams to reuse diversion tunnels as flood discharge tunnels in the final structure. These tunnels handle large flows with the characteristics of open channel flow. When such large hydrological forces act upon a structure there are several problems to be expected. One of these is the occurrence of cavitation, which could have potential hazardous erosion as a consequence. Cavitation is the formation and collapse of bubbles that create a shockwave strong enough to erode the underlying material.
The Baihetan dam is one of the largest hydro power projects in China at present. It has three discharge tunnels that all run the risk of developing cavitation damages. By modelling one of the tunnels using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) it is possible to investigate where in the tunnel structure cavitation is likely to occur.
This degree project assesses the risk of cavitation erosion in the Baihetan tunnel using the static pressure distribution, the velocity distribution and modern cavitation theory. Several modifications of the tunnel – including alterations in the gradient and construction parameters – are simulated in order to investigate if changes in the design can mitigate the cavitation problem. None of the analysed modifications completely eliminate the problem and aeration is recommended to counteract the problem. This study indicates where cavitation might be a problem in the Baihetan tunnel and can be used as a basis for further research.
Storm water management in residential areas is facing tough challenges. Climate change, with its altered precipitation patterns, in combination with an increasing development rate, results in higher risk of flooding with its complications. EU-Water Framework Directive (WFD) and its environmental quality standards, set to achieve good chemical and biological status in all waters, got a more strict interpretation after the implementation of the ruling of Weserdomen. This means that no activity is allowed that cannot prove not to endanger prevailing environmental quality standards. This complicates the planning process and infrastructure development since some form of WFD assessment needs to be performed.
This master´s thesis is of importance since it identifies common occurring problems within the planning- and construction process and highlights ways to achieve a more sustainable storm water management, where environmental quality standards are not jeopardized, in the future. An evaluation is performed in terms of interviews, a literature review and by using a storm water model called StormTac applied on two case studies. Results of this thesis show that lack of communication, vague directives, inadequate design and maintenance of storm water facilities are reasons that a sustainable storm water management is not achieved.
Results from modeling the storm water situation prior to construction of the residential areas were set as benchmarks, which were not to be exceeded by results from modeling areas after construction. The purpose of this was to not endanger the current storm water state and thereby not risk violating prevailing environmental quality standards. The result from modeling the storm water situation after construction shows that both case studies exceed the flow and pollution load benchmarks. Because of this, solutions to the current storm water situation was created and modeled to achieve the study aim.
StormTac can be applied as a tool for comparison of flow and pollution load prior to and after construction, given that the same land uses are used in both cases. Land use choices should be evaluated and the degree of uncertainty should be considered when interpreting the results.
In many countries over the world (including Sweden), metal toxicity in freshwater resources causes a severe drinking water quality problem and poses a threat to the environment and human health. Among the different toxic metals in the water resources of Sweden, arsenic and uranium are the biggest threats to health. These elements, over long time consumption, may even lead to cancer and/or neurological disorder. Most of the wells are installed in crystalline and sedimentary bedrock and the received water comes from water bearing fractures in the bedrock. The handling of such water is an issue and there is a need to reduce the arsenic and uranium exposure by improving processes and technologies. It is a very serious problem demanding a safe, sustainable and eco-friendly arsenic and uranium removal technology prior to drinking water supply. Different treatment systems are available, but many of them are not suitable due to their high cost, operation complexity and waste management issues. Through this study, chitosan biopolymer the second largest abundant polysaccharide on earth after cellulose, was verified as a potential adsorbent for arsenic(V) and uranium(VI) removal from water solution. Adsorbent characterizations were also conducted by XRD, FTIR, SEM, UV-visible spectrum and TGA/DTA investigations. Bench-scale batch experiments were conducted using chitosan biopolymer (DDA-85%) as an adsorbent to determine the arsenic(V) and uranium(VI) removal efficiency, by allowing four important effective parameters e.g. chitosan dosages, pH, contact time and contaminant concentration. The adsorption data at optimum conditions were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkhevic (D-R) isotherm and Lagergren pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model to investigate the adsorption process. The characterization of materials assured the presence of effective amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups of chitosan. Another advanntage is that the materials are bio-degradable. The results show that the arsenic(V) and uranium(VI) removal efficiency was 100% and 97.45% after 300 minutes with optimum pH of 6.0 and 7.0 respectively. The optimum adsorbent dosages and initial concentration were 60 and 80g/L and 100 and 250 µg/L respectively. The adsorption process was suitably described by Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9933) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9858) correspondingly for arsenic(V) uranium(VI) compared to other isotherms. This is an important indicator of homogeneous monolayer adsorption of metals. For both of arsenic(V) and uranium(VI), pseudo-second-order explained the adsorption kinetics better than pseudo-first-order and the second-order kinetic regression coefficient (R2) were 0.9959 and 0.9672 correspondingly. Connecting to the above mentioned results, it can be summed up that the chitosan biopolymer (DDA 85%) can be used as an inexpensive, sustainable and environment-friendly treatment option for arsenic(V) and uranium(VI) contaminated drinking water.
CFD is today a big part of the design process in hydraulic engineering and is more economical and time efficient than traditional scale models. But, there are still issues concerning the agreement with scale models in large and complex geometries.
In this degree project a high head, five channeled, slotted flip bucket spillway system is analyzed with the CFD software FLUENT and compared with existing scale model results.
The sought hydraulic parameters in each channel were the discharge capacity, the pressure distribution and the throw distance from the flip buckets.
The discharge capacity and pressure distribution was practically equal for all five channels and only the throw distance from Channel 1 deviated from the others. The agreement with data from the scale model is quite low.
The biggest error sources behind the bad agreement may depend on the lack of computational power which led to bad choice of cell size, model delimitations and simplifications.
CFD models can easily be built up by people without experience in hydraulics which can lead to fatal errors when building up the model and interpreting results. Hence, long experience in CFD or verification of the numerical results with several different hydraulic parameters is the only way to guarantee qualitative results from CFD modeling.
Groundwater, wastewater, surface runoff and surface water samples from Lake Victoria basin, Uganda was assessed for trace metals contamination. Untreated, base-treated and peroxide-treated biosorbents from Albizia coriaria, Coffea canephora, Cyperus papyrus, Erythrina abyssinica and Musa spp were investigated for removal of selected trace metals from contaminated water in batch studies. The assessed shallow groundwater and surface water was contaminated with iron and manganese. Selected speciation studies using Visual MINTEQ showed that in leachates from Municipal dumpsites 74% of the metal ions were bound to DOM, 13% were free ions and 13% were in inorganic forms moreover for urban streams 37% of the metal ions were bound to DOM, 44% were free ions and 19% were in inorganic forms. The metal levels in surface water, landfill leachate and surface runoff showed elevated levels and revealed increased risks to environmental health. Risk analysis based on the Swedish EPA showed that varied risks of negative effects in 30% – 76% of the sample sites ranging from high to increased risk in surface water whereas the results from Bio-met tool showed potential risk to toxicity effects of Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ in 15.3% - 30.8% surface water samples and 8.3% - 62.5% groundwater samples. Batch sorption studies revealed that the optimal conditions for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake were; pH 3.5 – 5.0 for contact time 3.0 – 3.5 hours and biosorbent dosage 10 – 12.5 g/L. Base-treated biosorbents showed 10 – 17 % sorption enhancement for Cd2+ ions and 1.6 – 2.3 % uptake reduction for Pb2+ ions. The biomass negative potential for binding base cations was in the order; Musa spp. > A. coriaria > E. abyssinica and base treatment reduced DOC leaching from biosorbents in the order; E. abyssinica > A. coriaria > Musa spp. Speciation studies showed that more ions were complexed to DOC in solutions at various pH levels. The maximum sorption intensities for both Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake onto biomass occurred for low initial metal concentration; 5 mg/L. Freundlich model best fitted data for Pb2+ ions ions uptake whereas Temkin model fitted the sorption data for Cd2+ ions onto both treated and untreated biomass. For peroxide treated biomass, the maximum sorption efficiencies for both Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions were between 95.2 – 98.7% for C.canephora, 79.9 – 92.2% for Musa spp. and 42.0 – 91.3% for C.papyrus in non-competitive media and 90.8 – 98.0% for C.canephora, 56.4 – 89.3% for Musa spp. and 19.5 – 90.4% for C.papyrus in competitive media. The Langmiur model fitted non-competitive sorption data with 0.769 ≤ R2 ≥ 0.999 and the Freundlich model fitted competitive sorption data with 0.867 ≤ R2 ≥ 0.989. The pseudo second order kinetic model fitted the sorption data for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions for untreated, peroxide treated and base treated biomass with 0.917 ≤ R2 ≥ 1.000. The sorption of trace metals was a complex potentially monolayer chemisorption with heterogeneous surface properties exhibited. In competitive sorption, sorption suppression effects observed were greater for Cd2+ than Pb2+ ions. The comparative studies on sorption performance presented agreement and no significant difference between the untreated and base treated biosorbents.
Agricultural wastes; Albizia coriaria, Coffea canephora, Cyperus papyrus, Erythrina abyssinica and Musa spp were evaluated for uptake of aqueous Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions in single- and binary-component solutions. Untreated, base-treated and peroxide-treated biomasses were employed in batch studies. The optimal conditions for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions biosorption were pH 3.5 – 5 for contact time 3.0 – 3.5 hours and biosorbent dosage 10 – 12.5 g/L. Base-treated biosorbents showed a 10 – 17 % sorption enhancement for Cd2+ ions and a 1.6 – 2.3 % uptake reduction for Pb2+ ions. The sorption capacities for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions for base-treated biosorbents were between 1.738 and 1.760 mg g-1 compared to 1.415 – 1.539 mg g-1 for untreated materials. The maximum biosorption of peroxide treated materials in single component media was between 0.819 and 1.595 mg/g for Pb2+ ions and between 0.044 and 1.343 mg/g for Cd2+ ions while in binary component media it was between 0.472 and 1.303 mg/g for Pb2+ ions and between 0.008 and 0.195 mg/g for Cd2+ ions. The pseudo-second order kinetic model suitably fitted the Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions biosorption data with regression coefficients (R2); 0.892 – 1.000 for peroxide-treated materials and 0.9784 – 0.9999 for base-treated biosorbents which implied that the biosorption was mainly a chemisorption process. The base treated biosorbents had better sorption performance for Cd2+ ions than peroxide treated materials and untreated biomass whereas the order for Pb2+ ions biosorption was untreated > base treated > peroxide treated materials. All materials showed superior selectivity for Pb2+ ions biosorption in comparison to that of Cd2+ ions in single- and binary-component media. A. coriaria performed best of the base treated biosorbents while C. canephora performed best amongst peroxide treated materials for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions biosorption in single-and binary-component media. In the competitive biosorption, Cd2+ ions showed higher synergistic effects than Pb2+ ions although Pb2+ ions were preferentially sequestered even when the Cd2+:Pb2+ ions ratio was increased through 3:2, 2:1, 3:1 and 5:1. Of the three isotherm models evaluated against the experimental data, the Langmuir model generally fitted the sorption data for both metals. Regression coefficients for the Langmuir model were; 0.983 ≤ R2 ≥ 1.000 for single-component and 0.939 ≤ R2 ≥ 1.000 for binary-component solutions which revealed that the biosorption was potentially monolayer. The biosorption equilibrium coefficient values and change in Gibbs' free energy values showed that Pb2+ ions biosorption was more thermodynamically favoured than that of Cd2+ ions in single-component and binary-component media. The materials studied displayed potential for use as biosorbents for remediation of aqueous Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions.
Untreated and chemically treated Albizia coriaria, Erythrina abyssinica and Musa spp were studied in batch for uptake of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions at pH 2.0–9.0 and agitation time; 30–390 min. Optimum biosorption conditions were; pH 4 for Pb2+ ions and pH 5 for Cd2+ ions, contact time was 3.5 hours at 24 ± 1 °C for 10 mg/L biosorbent dosage and initial metal ions concentration of 20 mg/L. Chemical treatment had a 10–17% biosorption efficiency enhancement for Cd2+ ions and a 1.6–2.3% reduction effect for Pb2+ ions. The sorption capacities for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions for treated biosorbents were between 1.760–1.738 mg g−1 compared to 1.415–1.539 mg g−1 for untreated materials. The pseudo second order model suitably fitted the Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions biosorption data with regression coefficients (R2) between 0.9784–0.9999. Fitting of the Ho model to the experimental data showed that the biosorption mechanism for both metal ions studied was mainly a chemisorption process. Therefore, treated A. coriaria, E. abyssinica and Musa spp were potential biosorbents for remediation of Cd2+ ions and the untreated materials suitable for removing Pb2+ ions from contaminated aqueous media.
Hydrological drainage/river basins constitute highly heterogeneous systems of coupled natural and anthropogenic water and pollutant flows across political, national and international boundaries. These flows need to be appropriately understood, quantified and communicated to stakeholders, in order to appropriately guide environmental water system management. In this thesis, various uncertainties about water and pollutant flows in drainage/river basins and their implications for effective and efficient water pollution abatement are investigated, in particular for mine-related heavy metal loadings in the Swedish Dalälven River basin and for nitrogen loadings in the Swedish Norrström drainage basin. Economic cost-minimization modeling is used to investigate the implications of pollutant load uncertainties for the cost-efficiency of catchment-scale abatement of water pollution.
Results indicate that effective and efficient pollution abatement requires explicit consideration of uncertainties about pollution sources, diffuse contributions of the subsurface water system to downstream pollutant observations in surface waters, and downstream effects of different possible measures to reduce water pollution. In many cases, downstream load abatement measures must be used, in addition to source abatement, in order to reduce not only expected, but also uncertainties around expected pollutant loads. Effective and efficient environmental management of water systems must generally also consider the entire catchments of these systems, rather than focusing only on discrete pollutant sources. The thesis presents some relatively simple, catchment-scale pollutant flow analysis tools that may be used to decrease uncertainties about unmonitored water and pollutant flows and subsurface pollutant accumulation-depletion and diffuse loading to downstream waters.
The zinc load from the Dalalven River to the Baltic Sea is greater than for any other watercourse in Sweden. This paper investigates zinc mass flows into and through the Dalalven River from major mining areas within its drainage basin. Reported zinc mass flow data for this river are re-analyzed using an input-output flow analysis approach. Results show major inconsistencies in previous data interpretations which totally neglected possible zinc mass load contributions from the groundwater system to the river. This paper quantifies significant subsurface zinc load contributions that are consistent with all independently available data. Furthermore, a possible explanation for why these subsurface contributions may have been missed in previous studies and by the prevailing Swedish environmental monitoring system is provided. The study indicates that the input-output flow analysis approach may be generally useful for identifying and quantifying diffuse, unmonitored and uncertain pollutant load contributions from ground- to surface water systems.
We use input-output analysis of nitrogen flows between various sources-sectors and natural waters in the Swedish Norrstrom drainage basin for investigating and bounding the implication range of some uncertainty sources for results of subsurface nitrogen accumulation-depletion in this basin. We quantify different possible base and extreme assumptions of nitrogen discharges and transport pathways from agriculture to surface and groundwater in the basin. The results are robust in showing considerable nitrogen accumulation-depletion flow interactions taking place between the basin's mobile water and accumulated nitrogen pools in soils, sediments and/or relatively immobile subsurface water zones for all different scenario assumptions. Similar scenario robustness is also found in resulting relative contributions of different active nitrogen source-sectors to nitrogen flows in natural water systems. In the Norrstrom basin, and possibly more generally, nitrogen accumulation-depletion flows to and from accumulated legacies for the future or from the past appear therefore to be more important for water quality than current nitrogen discharges from active source-sectors.
Human water use and anthropogenic water pollution and ecosystem deterioration have increased so much that it is now a strategic challenge to maximize benefits from various possible water uses, while ensuring that basic human needs are met and the environment is protected. We propose and develop a novel use of input-output flow analysis as a relatively simple, compact and powerful tool for quantification of coupled natural and cross-sectoral flows of water, nutrients, and pollutants in catchments. The tool quantifies implications of various environmental regulation and management scenarios for both natural water systems and engineered-economic systems and sectors that use and impact natural waters for meeting human needs. Specific case study application to water and nitrogen flows in the Swedish Norrstrom drainage basin indicates considerable nitrogen load contributions to surface and coastal waters from slow groundwater flow paths and legacies of accumulated nitrogen in subsurface and immobile water pools. This implies that effective nitrogen load abatement cannot focus only on active sources but must also include downstream measures, which can capture and abate nitrogen/pollutant loading from different types of known and yet unknown point and diffuse sources within associated catchments.
Environmental policies for water quality and ecosystem management do not commonly require explicit stochastic accounts of uncertainty and risk associated with the quantification and prediction of waterborne pollutant loads and abatement effects. In this study, we formulate and investigate a possible environmental policy that does require an explicit stochastic uncertainty account. We compare both the environmental and economic resource allocation performance of such an uncertainty-accounting environmental policy with that of deterministic, risk-prone and risk-averse environmental policies under a range of different hypothetical, yet still possible, scenarios. The comparison indicates that a stochastic uncertainty-accounting policy may perform better than deterministic policies over a range of different scenarios. Even in the absence of reliable site-specific data, reported literature values appear to be useful for such a stochastic account of uncertainty.
In mine water pollution abatement, it is commonly assumed that known mine waste sites are the major pollution sources, thus neglecting the possibility of significant contribution from other old and diffuse sources within a catchment. We investigate the influence of different types of pollution source uncertainty on cost-effective allocation of abatement measures for mine water pollution. A catchment-scale cost-minimization model is developed and applied to the catchment of the river Dalalven, Sweden, in order to exemplify important effects of such source uncertainty. Results indicate that, if the pollution distribution between point and diffuse sources is partly unknown, downstream abatement measures, such as constructed wetlands, at given compliance boundaries are often cost-effective. If downstream abatement measures are not practically feasible, the pollution source distribution between point and diffuse mine water sources is critical for cost-effective solutions to abatement measure allocation in catchments. In contrast, cost-effective solutions are relatively insensitive to uncertainty in total pollutant discharge from mine water sources.
The aim of this project was to study the leakage of CO2 in a Geological Carbon Sequestration (GCS) system. To define the GCS system, a tool that is known as an FEP database was used. FEPs are the features, processes and events that develop scenarios for the goal of the study. Combinations of these FEPs can produce thousands of scenarios. However, among all of these scenarios, some are more important than others for leakage. The FEPs that were used as scenario developers were the formation of the liquid flow, the salinity of the formation liquid, diffusion as a process for gas bubble transport and the depth of the reservoir layer. In this study, the leakage path is considered as the presence of a fracture in sealed caprock. The fractures can be modeled using various approaches. Here, I represented the influence of fracture modeling by applying the Equivalent Continuum Method (ECM) and the Dual-Porosity and Multi-continuum methods to leakage. This study suggests that considering groundwater in the aquifer would reduce the leakage of CO2 and that a shallower formation leads to higher leakage. This study can be expanded to future studies by including external FEPs that are related to the FEPs that were used in this study.
The goal of this study was to estimate the daily fluoride intake for residents of Bushehr province in southern Iran by determining their exposure to fluoride through consumption of drinking water, dates and wheat. The fluoride concentration of drinking water in this region varies between 0.5 and 3.0mg/L, with an average of 1.6mg/L; and 44.4% of the drinking water exceed the guideline value of 1.5mg/L recommended by WHO. The average fluoride content of dates is 10.0mg/kg; whereas wheat roots and shoots contain an average of 30.0 and 19.0mgF-/kg, respectively. The estimated intake from drinking water is 0.12mg/kg/d for children (20kg body weight) and 0.05mg/kg/d for adults (70kg body weight). The total estimated fluoride intake (from drinking water and dates) for children is 0.17mg/kg/d. Thus, dates contribute an average 30% to the daily fluoride intake in the population. The maximum estimated fluoride intake (from dates and drinking water) for children and adults are 3.4 and 1.6 times higher, respectively, than the minimum risk level of 0.05mg/kg/d calculated by Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
In the last decade, several novel and cost-effective biological nitrogen removal technologies have been developed. The discovery of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox), about 15 years ago, has resulted in new opportunities for research and development of sustainable nitrogen removal systems. Compared to conventional nitrification/denitrification, Anammox eliminates necessity of external organic carbon source, has a smaller production of excess sludge, reduces energy demand for aeration (up to 60-90%) and CO2 emissions (up to 90%). Systems based on Anammox can be of great help to comply with stricter wastewater discharge regulations and reduce environmental problems caused by nutrients discharges (e.g. eutrophication).
This thesis investigates the partial nitritation/Anammox in one stage system under oxygen limited condi-tions (also called CANON or Deammonification) and with the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR™) technology. Anammox process coupled with partial nitritation can be particularly suitable to treat ammo-nium-rich wastewater with low content of biodegradable organic matter, such as the reject water from dewatering of digested sludge, which is usually recirculated back to the main stream of wastewater treat-ment plants, accounting for the 15-20% of the total nitrogen load.
Partial nitritation/Anammox process was successfully tested on a pilot plant scale for four months at 25°C, in a 200 L Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR), filled with 40% of Kaldnes media (model K1). At an Ammonium Surface Load (ASL) of 3.45 gN m-2d-1, the removal rate was about 2.85 gN m-2d-1. Removal efficiencies of 95%, 85% and 83% were respectively achieved for NH4+-N, inorganic nitrogen, and Total Nitrogen (TN). Bacteria activity was followed by batch tests such as Specific Anammox Activity (SAA), Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) and Nitrate Uptake Rate (NUR), which revealed an increase in activi-ty for Nitrosomonas and Anammox bacteria within the biofilm. Dissolved oxygen concentration in the bulk liquid was a crucial parameter, whereas pH and conductivity turned out to be two useful monitoring tools.
Two laboratory-scale reactors were previously run for two months each, in order to evaluate the one-stage partial nitritation/Anammox process with a lower ASL. One reactor was fed with diluted reject water, whereas the other one treated the effluent from UASB (Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor after sand filtration. Fairly good efficiency (>75%) were reached but, however, in the last case the low ammo-nium nitrogen load could represent a problem for a stable full-scale installation and long-term growth of Anammox bacteria.
Some suggestions for full-scale implementation and further research are proposed in the last chapter of this master thesis.
A comparative hydrogeochemical study was carried out in West Bengal, India covering three physiographic regions, Debagram and Chakdaha located in the Bhagirathi-Hooghly alluvial plain and Baruipur in the delta front, to demonstrate the control of geogenic and anthropogenic influences on groundwater arsenic (As) mobilization. Groundwater samples (n=90) from tube wells were analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. The low redox potential (Eh=-185 to -86mV) and dominant As(III) and Fe(II) concentrations are indicative of anoxic nature of the aquifer. The shallow (<100m) and deeper (>100m) aquifers of Bhagirathi-Hooghly alluvial plains as well as shallow aquifers of delta front are characterized by Ca2+HCO3 - type water, whereas Na+ and Cl- enrichment is found in the deeper aquifer of delta front. The equilibrium of groundwater with respect to carbonate minerals and their precipitation/dissolution seems to be controlling the overall groundwater chemistry. The low SO4 2- and high DOC, PO4 3- and HCO3 - concentrations in groundwater signify ongoing microbial mediated redox processes favoring As mobilization in the aquifer. The As release is influenced by both geogenic (i.e. geomorphology) and anthropogenic (i.e. unsewered sanitation) processes. Multiple geochemical processes, e.g., Fe-oxyhydroxides reduction and carbonate dissolution, are responsible for high As occurrence in groundwaters.
Saliva is a biological fluid that has not been used extensively as a biomonitoring tool in epidemiological studies. This study presents the arsenic (As) concentrations in saliva and urine samples collected from populations of West Bengal, India who had been previously exposed to high As levels in their drinking water. We found a significant (p < 0.05) association between the Log transformed Daily Ingestion of As (mu g day(-1)) and the As concentration in saliva (r = 0.68). Additionally, As concentration of saliva and urine also had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.60, p < 0.05). Male participants, smokers, and cases of skin lesion were independently and significantly associated with an increase in salivary As. Thus our findings show that saliva is a useful biomarker of As exposure in the study population. The study also advocates that measurement of the forms of As in saliva may additionally provide insight into the internal dose and any individual differences in susceptibility to As exposure.
Patchy occurrences of elevated As are often encountered in groundwater from the shallow aquifers (<50 m) of the Bengal Delta Plain (BDP). A clear understanding of various biogeochemical processes, responsible for As mobilization, is very important to explain this patchy occurrence and thus to mitigate the problem. The present study deals with the periodical monitoring of groundwater quality of five nested piezometeric wells between December 2008 and July 2009 to investigate the temporal changes in groundwater chemistry vis-a-vis the prevalent redox processes in the aquifer. Geochemical modeling has been carried out to identify key phases present in groundwater. A correlation study among different aqueous redox parameters has also been performed to evaluate prevailing redox processes in the aquifer. The long term monitoring of hydrochemical parameters in the multilevel wells together with hydrogeochemical equilibrium modeling has shown more subtle differences in the geochemical environment of the aquifer, which control the occurrence of high dissolved As in BDP groundwater. The groundwater is generally of Ca-HCO3 type. The dissolved As concentration in groundwater exceeded both WHO and National drinking water standard (Bureau of Indian Standards; BIS, 10 mu g L-1) throughout the sampling period. The speciation of As and Fe indicate persistent reducing conditions within the aquifer [As(III): 87-97% of As-T and Fe(II): 76-96% of Fe-T]. The concentration of major aqueous solutes is relatively high in the shallow aquifer (wells A and B) and gradually decreases with increasing depth in most cases. The calculation of SI indicates that groundwater in the shallow aquifer is also relatively more saturated with carbonate minerals. This suggests that carbonate mineral dissolution is possibly influencing the groundwater chemistry and thereby controlling the mobilization of As in the monitored shallow aquifer. Hydrogeochemical investigation further suggests that Fe and/or Mn oxyhydroxide reduction is the principal process of As release in groundwater from deeper screened piezometric wells. The positive correlations of U and V with As. Fe and Mn indicate redox processes responsible for mobilization of As in the deeper screened piezometric wells are possibly microbially mediated. Thus, the study advocates that mobilization of As is depth dependent and concentrations of As in groundwater depends on single/combined release mechanisms.
The aim of this master's thesis was to investigate if defattening of Parkinsonia aculeata (in
swahili "mkeketa") and Vigna unguiculata (in swahili "choroko") would enhance the capacity of the seed's properties in removing suspended particles from surface water. The seeds are used in local traditional treatment of drinking water in Tanzania. The aim was also to investigate the possibility to reduce high concentrations of fluoride with the seeds. The seeds contain proteins that act as coagulants. Coagulated particulate matter can be flocculated and separated from the water. A purification of the coagulants by defattening was expected to enhance the coagulating capacity. Experiments were conducted in jar-tests with dosages of coagulant solutions of undefattening and defattened seed solutions and alum (aluminium sulphate). The experiments showed that both Parkinsonia aculeata and Vigna unguiculata seeds can compete with alum in drinking water treatment of surface water, reaching the same or better final results in turbidity removal. Both seeds also produce less sludge volumes than alum and functions in turbidity removal together with alum. The seeds may be used as coagulant aids to reduce the usage of chemicals and sludge production. They were not able to clarify turbid waste water and did not reduce high concentrations of fluoride in groundwater. Further, the turbidity-removal capacity of the coagulants had reduced capacities in water with low pH-values.
Il trasporto di soluti nei corsi d'acqua è controllato dall'idrodinamica superficiale e da scambi di massa con distinte zone di ritenzione. La propagazione a valle delle sostanze trasportate è generalmente ritardata dall'immagazzinamento temporaneo in zone morte superficiali, tipicamente zone vegetate o sacche di ritenzione laterali, e nei sedimenti sottostanti, nella cosiddetta zona iporeica. In questo articolo viene presentato un modello concettuale per il trasporto di soluti nei corsi d'acqua (STIR, Solute Transport In Rivers) nel quale i singoli processi di scambio sono rappresentati separatamente da una probabilità di "uptake" e da un'appropriata distribuzione dei tempi di residenza. Ciò rende il modello flessibile e modulare, e consente di incorporare l'effetto di una varietà di processi d'immagazzinamento e reazioni chimiche in modo dettagliato. La capacità del modello di rappresentare situazioni reali è qui dimostrata dall'applicazione al fiume Yarqon, in Israele.
This thesis is a part of the water development project conducted by Svenskt Vatten, which is the Swedish Water and Wastewater Association (SWWA) as well as Tyréns, a consultancy company with offices based in Stockholm, Sweden. Prior to this thesis work, a quality assessment was conducted for some of the locations provided by municipalities in Sweden. This thesis builds upon the revised water consumption data, and also continues to work with validating and modifying the water measurement data in order to proceed with the next step of the water development project, which is to identify any trends in the temporal variation of water consumption. The main objective of this thesis work is to investigate the influence of climatic, time-related and categorical factors on water consumption data collected for different regions in Sweden, and includes a number of different sectors such as residential, industrial and agricultural water user sectors. For the analysis of data, spectral analysis and sinusoidal modelling will be applied in order to find the periodicity of the data, and then simulate the fitted sinusoidal equation to the observed water consumption data for the hourly interval period. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to assess what independent variables such as climate, time-related and categorical variables can explain the variation in water consumption over hourly and daily periods of time.
Spectral analysis identifies high peaks in the spectral density of the data at 12 and 24 hour cycles, for the hourly water consumption data. For the total daily consumption of water, there is a peak at 7 days, which clarifies that there is a weekly pattern occurring throughout the year. The results from the simple linear regression analysis, where the linear relationship between temperature and water consumption was determined, reveals that the water consumption tends to increase within an increasing temperature, where in Lönashult, Alvesta municipality the water demand increased by 5.5% with every 2 ºC rise in temperature, at a threshold of 12 ºC. For Kalix municipality the three areas selected have around 1-2 % increase in water demand with every 2 ºC rise in temperature for the period of May to December. In Gothenburg, areas that were mixed villa areas or areas with summer homes there was a rise of around 2-12 % in water demand, however areas that are situated in the inner city Gothenburg, or that have majority student housing, the water consumption tends to decrease by 2-7% in water demand with every 2 ºC rise in temperature, with a threshold of 12 ºC.
In multiple regression analysis, the hourly water consumption results in adjusted R2 values were in the range from 0.58 to 0.87 (58-87%) for the best model approach and therefore has a significant relationship between water consumption and the explanatory variables chosen for this study. For the daily water consumption, the adjusted R2 values were in the range of 0.22-0.83 (22-83%). The adjusted R2 values are lower for certain areas and can be explained by a number of factors, such as the different variables used for the daily water consumption analysis, as variables that explain more the periodicity of the data such as the sinusoidal fitted variable and hourly or night/day changes in consumption are not included. As well as this, not all independent variables such as the climate variables were available or complete for particular time periods, and also errors in the data can lead to a significantly lower R2 value.
As a consequence of the urbanization the groundwater in the area of Stockholm has been polluted since many years. The quality of the groundwater affects the surface water providing the inhabitants of the city with drinking water. To reach the environmental goals concerning groundwater further knowledge about the impact on surface water caused by polluted groundwater steams is necessary. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to contribute with further information about the impact on surface water ecosystem in the discharge area of groundwater streams caused by elevated contents of metals in groundwater. A survey commissioned by Miljöförvaltningen Stockholmsstad (the municipal environmental administration) constitutes a basis for this study. The metals presented in this report are relevant due to their toxic characteristics and by their frequent occurrence in elevated content in groundwater samples. The groundwater content of these 9 metals determined which geographical positions would be of interest when evaluating potential ecosystem effects. The result indicates varying consequences for the ecosystems in the studied areas, but most of them seem to be at risk of being negatively affected. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and also to provide with more information about groundwater quality generally.
In this work, current information about the contamination of ground- and surface-water resources by arsenic from geogenic sources in Latin America is presented together with possible emerging mitigation solutions. The problem is of the same order of magnitude as other world regions, such as SE Asia, but it is often not described in English. Despite the studies undertaken by numerous local researchers, and the identification of proven treatment methods for the specific water conditions encountered, no technologies have been commercialized due to a current lack of funding and technical assistance. Emerging, low-cost technologies to mitigate the problem of arsenic in drinking water resources that are suitable for rural and urban areas lacking centralized water supplies have been evaluated. The technologies generally use simple and low-cost equipment that can easily be handled and maintained by the local population. Experiences comprise (i) coagulation/filtration with iron and aluminum salts, scaled-down for small community-and household-scale-applications, (ii) adsorption techniques using low-cost arsenic sorbents, such as geological materials (clays, laterites, soils, limestones), natural organic-based sorbents (natural biomass), and synthetic materials. TiO2-heterogeneous photocatalysis and zerovalent iron, especially using nanoscale particles, appear to be promising emergent technologies. Another promising innovative method for rural communities is the use of constructed wetlands using native perennial plants for arsenic rhizofiltration. Smallscale simple reverse osmosis equipment (which can be powered by wind or solar energy) that is suitable for small communities can also be utilized. The individual benefits of the different methods have been evaluated in terms of (i) size of the treatment device, (ii) arsenic concentration and distribution of species, chemical composition and grade of mineralization in the raw water, (iii) guidelines for the remaining As concentration, (iv) economical constrains, (v) complexity of installation and maintenance, and infrastructure constraints (e.g. electricity needs). (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Geochemical modeling is an important tool in environmental studies, and in the areas of subsurface and surface hydrology, pedology, water resources management, mining geology, geothermal resources, hydrocarbon geology, and related areas dealing with the exploration and extraction of natural resources. The book fills a gap in the literature through its discussion of geochemical modeling, which simulates the chemical and physical processes affecting the distribution of chemical species in liquid, gas, and solid phases. Geochemical modeling applies to a diversity of subsurface environments, from the vadose zone close to the Earth's surface, down to deep-seated geothermal reservoirs. This book provides the fundamental thermodynamic concepts of liquid-gas-solid phase systems. It introduces the principal types of geochemical models, such as speciation, reaction-path or forward, inverse- and reactive-transport models, together with examples of the most common codes and the best-practices for constructing geochemical models. The physical laws describing homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions, their kinetics, and the transport of reactive solutes are presented. The partial differential or algebraic equations representing these laws, and the principal numerical methods that allow approximate solutions of these equations that can provide useful solutions to model different geochemical processes, are discussed in detail. Case studies applying geochemical models in different scientific areas and environmental settings, conclude the book. The book is addressed to students, teachers, other professionals, and to the institutions involved in water, geothermal and hydrocarbon resources, mining, and environmental management. The book should prove useful to undergraduate and graduate students, postgraduates, professional geologists and geophysicists, engineers, environmental scientists, soil scientists, hydrochemists, and others interested in water and geochemistry.
To counteract one of the most urgent environmental issues in the Baltic Sea; eutrophication, excessivealgal blooms and hypoxia, a proposal to use wave energy to pump oxygen-rich surface water towardsthe sea bottom is investigated. Proposals have suggested that 100 kg of oxygen per second is needed tooxygenate bottom water and enhance binding of phosphorus to bottom sediments. This corresponds to 10 000 m3/s of oxygen-rich surface water. This thesis investigates a wave-powered device to facilitatethis oxygen ux. Results give expected water flow rates between 0.15 - 0.40 m3/s and meter breakwater.The mean specic wave power for the analyzed wave data is calculated to be between 3 - 4 kW/m wavecrest and the median to 1 kW/m. This study indicate, however, that the energy uxes in the BalticProper are signicantly higher. The study gives that the wave climate of the Baltic Sea is suffciently intense to facilitate vertical pumping with a feasible number of breakwaters. A full-scale implementationin the Baltic Sea would require some 300 to 1 200 oating breakwaters of a length of 50 m each. Thetotal cost is roughly estimated to 170 - 680 million EURO. The study also concludes that the interleavingof surface water should be constrained to a relatively small vertical distance from the outlet depth(20 - 30 m) and not stir up deep water to the surface. Wave modelling for the proposed pilot locationKanholmsfjärden indicate that this bay is not large enough to permanently produce a favorable waveclimate. It is, however, still an interesting location consistently to its vicinity to Stockholm and relativelylong measurement series.
Eutrophication is one of the key environmental problems of today, both in terms of complexity and magnitude. For the Baltic Sea (BS), eutrophication is an acute problem, leading to hypoxic conditions at the bottom; a situation that is sustained and amplified, when phosphorus is released from hypoxic sediments. Reducing nutrient loading is a top political priority but the present situation is believed to require active measures within the catchments and recipients to reduce both loading and adverse effects. Implementation of effective and cost-efficient abatement methods requires understanding of natural processes in watersheds, streams and recipients as well as technological expertise in order to compare the effects of measures of different kinds and locations. This thesis tries to combine process understanding of catchment transport behaviour, especially in coastal zones, and feasibility of certain technologies for reducing nutrient loading and effects of eutrophication in-situ. The over-arching theme is the fate of the individual contaminant, from injection to removal. Transport and dispersion in catchments are investigated, combining physically-based, distributed, numerical groundwater models with Lagrangian stochastic advective reactive solute (LaSAR) transport modelling. The approach is powerful in the sense that it incorporates catchment structural, geomorphological dispersion in the numerical model with hydrodynamic and sub-scale dispersion as well as uncertainty in the LaSAR framework. The study exemplifies the complex nature of transport time distributions in catchments in general and when varying source size and location, importance of dispersion parameters and retention due to molecular diffusion. It is shown that geomorphological control on dispersion is present even for relatively heterogeneous systems and that neither the mean residence time nor a statistical distribution may provide accurate representations of hydrological systems. To combat internal loading of P from sediments in-situ, large-scale aeration of deep waters, halocline ventilation, has been suggested. This study further investigates the feasibility of wave-powered devices to meet the energy demands for such an operation. It is shown that the required amount of oxygen needed to keep the sediments at oxic conditions could be provided, cheaply and efficiently, through the use of wave power.
Traditional nitrification/denitrification is not suitable for nitrogen removal when wastewater contains high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and low concentrations of biodegradable carbon. Recently, a deammonification process was developed and proposed as a new technology for treatment of such streams. This process relies on a stable interaction between aerobic bacteria Nitrosomonas, that accomplish partial nitritation and anaerobic bacteria Planctomycetales, which conduct the Anammox reaction. Simultaneous performance of these two processes can lead to a complete autotrophic nitrogen removal in one single reactor. The experiments where nitrogen was removed in one reactor were performed at a technical-scale moving-bed pilot plant, filled with Kaldnes rings and supplied with supernatant after dewatering of digested sludge. It was found that a nitrogen removal rate obtained at the pilot plant was 1.9 g m(-2) d(-1). Parallel to the pilot plant run, a series of batch tests were carried out under anoxic and aerobic conditions. Within the batch tests, where the pilot plant's conditions were simulated, removal rates reached up to 3g N m(-2) d(-1). Moreover, the batch tests with inhibition of Nitrosomonas showed that only the Anammox bacteria (not anoxic removal by Nitrosomonas) are responsible for nitrogen removal.


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200 Gallon Spill Containment Tray
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200 Gallon Spill Containment Tray
200 Gallon Spill Containment Tray - Limit your liability and conserve the environment by using a Poly-Mart Spill Containment Tray in your chemical storage application. Federal Government, State and Local agencies are enforcing rules and regulations regarding spills, leaks and overflows from storage tanks in the Industrial and Oil & Gas Industries. Spills and leaks can be hazardous to the environment and costly to your organization. With those concerns in mind, we have designed this Spill Containment Tray to fit our 145 Gallon Horizontal Containers and our 100, 125 and 150 Gallon Plastic Storage Containers. We also manufacture a 300 Gallon Spill Containment for our 250 Gallon Horizontal Storage Container and our 200 and 250 Gallon Plastic Storage Containers.
Our 200 Gallon Spill Containment Basin is made from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and also has built-in UV inhibitors to avoid color fading and break down from harsh sunlight. Spill Containment Trays are designed to be an Eco-Friendly way of storing chemicals. The primary Chemical Storage Tanks are positioned inside the Containment Tank for added protection in case of a leak or a spill in the Storage Tank. In case of a chemical spill, the 200 gallon capacity on this unit allows for all the chemical in the Storage Tank to empty in it's entirety and still have room to take on accumulated rainfall in case of a rain event during the spill.
These Spill Containment Trays stack nicely on a pallet for effective shipping on bulk orders. Each nested Spill Containment Tank adds 5" to the shipping height of the order. Our molded-in recessed stacking blocks keeps nested Spill Containment Tanks from getting stuck inside one another when unpacking your shipment.
***Our site will not calculate accurate freight rates on 200 gallon containment trays in quantities of 2 or larger. Please call 877-333-TANK (8265) or email firstname.lastname@example.com for a Freight Quote. If you prefer to finish your order without freight, a representative will contact you the next business day with a freight quote. Your card will only be pre-authorized NOT charged. If you want to pick up your tank(s) at Poly-Mart, select Will Call at checkout. We'll beat any written freight quote on a Poly-Mart Tank!
200 Gallon Spill Containment Tray by Poly-Mart Features:
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Mesquite insects and treatment9/27
This is my first Mesqute project and I have found pinholes with fine sawdust deposits on some of the lumber.
Check out BORA-CARE concentrated
Thanks Pete. I looked up BOROCARE and think it would kill the insects but my real concern is how it would effect the finish.
You will need to wait for the water-based treatment to dry before oiling.
Around here I leave pieces in the freezer for 6 months to a year - we have tough, winterized insects.
It is likely that these are the lyctid powder post beetles. They can live in the wood for two years , eating tunnels, but no external evidence. Freezing does not kill them. They tend to hatch when them warm up.
There is more...search the site here.
What you have are indeed powder post beetles. They will only eat at the sapwood of mesquite. If you can, I suggest cutting all the sapwood off of the boards. If you can't get rid of the sapwood and they are small enough, you can put them in the oven on it's lowest temperature setting long enough to heat the wood to about 180 for an hour or so.
My experience has been that even if you leave the sapwood on, they can still find it years later and will start eating it off again ruining whatever you have already built. Hope this helps.
Goodness, I had no idea that it would be so complicated to get rid of an insect or pest problem from my wood. I mean, I would sooner take out some insect spray from my cupboard and douse the wood. But obviously I need a better storage solution and chemical treatment in order to make sure that the piece of material I've got is still okay to work with!
Hi All,
We use a lot of mesquite, well north of 1000 bd ft/yr and have had powder post beetle problems before. We solved the problem by instructing the sawmill to spray heavily with Boracare after milling before the mesquite goes in the kiln. Occasionally we spray again after drying.
I use a little mesquite that is kiln dried. Is this a concern with KD material?
To answer the question about whether kiln dried mesquite is susceptible to powder post beetles:
Theoretically, kiln drying will kill powder post beetles. That said, mesquite sapwood is a gourmet item for the little buggers. If you store your lumber where insects can get at it, there is always a chance that the beetles can reinfect the wood.
Remember that Boracare is a water solution, so when you get penetration of the borate chemical, you also get penetration of the water, so you need to remove this excess water prior to using the treated wood. If you sell the wood as "treated" wood, you also need to be licensed in most states. Further, when planing the wood, this can remove most of the protection. The proper, safe disposal of the treated wood planer shavings can be an issue. Also, do you want to use borate wood for children's toys or furniture (like a crib) that might be chewed on sometimes, or for food handling uses like a cutting board or bowl, etc.? Will borates interfere with finishing.
Bottom line is that immediately after kiln drying, it might be better to have storage that does not have the lyctid powderpost beetle opportunities...the only PPB that gets in KD wood is the lyctus PPB...meaning the storage facility is closed, does not have non-KD wood or wood dried at under 150 F or wood dried by someone else, and has no wood debris including sawdust.


text: Outdoor living not being directly exposed to natures elements can come in the form of a 3 season room, screen porch or pergola. Screen porches can be designed & built for the homeowner who wants very little maintenance other than the occasional cleaning. Screen porches can also be designed & built for the homeowner who enjoys the natural surrounding of wood, usually cedar.


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It's Friday (yay!). So yesterday I edited and I got through Chapters 1-6. Today I will do more. It's been interesting, how I initially viewed the characters and how I view them now, as I've gotten to know them better. So I've been fixing and adding and deleting. The book will be fine and on time on Monday.
Lately I've been reading all these travel blogs - not big corporate ones - but apparently there is an entire group of people (mostly young and single) who worked at corporate jobs making tons of money and saving, saving, saving. Then they quit and set out solo to travel the world. It's fascinating. And their blogs are interesting. This gives me an idea because next year (fingers crossed), Lonnie and I are going to either hook up our camper or buy a motorhome and spend a large chunck of time traveling the country, including Canada and Alaska. I will definitely set up a blog about it - or continue it here on this blog.
I love this idea!
Friday, March 30, 2012
Friday Again? March 30, 2012
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I'm Enra from Class First. Yeah, that's right—THE Class First. Jealous?Enra
Enra is a non-player character from Final Fantasy Type-0. He is an Agito Cadet who attends Class First of Akademeia. He is found around the academy and also supports Class Zero and the Dominion of Rubrum with his Enra Unit during The Reclamation of Eibon. Afterward he thanks the cadets for saving him during the mission.
Enra has short light brown hair. Attending Class First, he wears the typical Akademeia uniform with an azure blue cape.
Enra is proud of his status as a Class First cadet, the class considered best in Akademeia.
Enra has fallen for Rem Tokimiya from Class Seventh who was recently transferred to Class Zero with her childhood friend Machina Kunagiri. Enra bemoans his bad luck in falling in love in the thick of war, but laments it gives him something to fight for, though he is frustrated as he deems Machina stands in his way to Rem's heart even if the two are not even dating. He asks the other Class Members cadets if they've seen Rem, and when she comes talk to him a flustered Enra gives her a small present.
After Togoreth is obliterated in a clash between l'Cie, Enra laments that being in love gives one something to live for, and says there is nothing more frightening than "being forgotten by the one you care about the most." After the Kingdom of Concordia joins forces with Milites Empire against Rubrum, Enra reminisces the that day he arrived in Akademeia he was overwhelmed and he couldn't find his classroom. Once he had found his portal to his homeroom, it wouldn't activate. Rem had helped him by checking with the administration, and it turned out to be a clerical error. Enra sights that though Rem probably doesn't remember, he will never forget.
During Tempus Finis Enra is upset Rem has collapsed, but vows to fight the Rursus for her sake.
Free Time EventsEdit
In Chapter 2 after liberating McTighe during the second Free Time Period, the cadets can make their acquaintance with Enra at the Main Gate and talk with him for a free time event. What he says changes who the player character is: Machina, Rem or someone else. Talking to him yields a Hi-Potion.
Enra appears at various locations of Akademeia offering a series of tasks called "Mad about Ms. Tokimiya," always asking about the whereabouts and well-being of Rem, hinting an affection towards her.
His first appearance is in chapter two during the third break, where he waits at the Fountain Courtyard, wanted to talk to Rem thus offering the first Task of the series. In chapter three, during the third break he waits in the Ready Room, wanting to drink a potion made by Rem. In the first free time of the fifth chapter, he waits at the Fountain Courtyard again, wanting Rem to perform according to her excellent reputation.


text: A newborn volcanic island, which rose from the sea in November 2013, has swallowed it's neighbor whole. Some thought the baby island, called Niijima, would slip back into the ocean but the island continued to grow until it joined with the older island, Nishino-shima. The landmass has tripled in height since December, according to NASA's Earth Observatory. More at LiveScience.


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Handmade Chinese Sword Double Edge Jian Brass Fittings Feather Pattern Blade--rsj202
Item Introduction
The blade is made of folded steel, it is specially folded during forging to create a beautiful, feathery hada. The blade has double edges as traditional Chinese jian, both edges are clary tempered. The scabbard and handle are made of high-density ebony. The fittings are brass and hollow-cutting, red and blue gems are used as decoration.
|Shipping Weight : 2.5kg
|Blade Material : Feather Grain Folded Steel
|Blade Length : 76cm
|Handle Length : 20cm
|Width at Handguard : 3.6cm
|Thickness at Handguard : 6.0mm
|Width near Tip : 3.0cm
|Thickness near Tip : 3.5mm
|POB : 11cm
|Weight without Scabbard : 1190g
|Fitting Material : Brass+Gem
|Scabbard : Ebony
The swords are handmade, slight difference exists. We appreciate your understanding.
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West Brom have rejected a fourth bid from Tottenham for Saido Berahino on Tuesday, prompting the striker to voice his anger at his treatment at the Hawthorns.
The offer was only marginally better than Spurs' previous bids, which would have only risen to £21million with clauses and add-ons.
The Baggies have instantly dismissed Tottenham's third approach and remain determined to keep the England Under-21 striker at The Hawthorns.
The Burundi-born frontman had a transfer request rejected by Albion chairman Jeremy Peace late last week and on Tuesday he tweeted: "Sad how i cant say exactly how the club has treated me but i can officially say i will never play Jeremy Peace (sic)."
Sad how i cant say exactly how the club has treated me but i can officially say i will never play Jeremy Peace.
— Saido Berahino (@SBerahino) September 1, 2015
Albion boss Tony Pulis admitted last week that Berahino's future was up in the air.
Pulis said: "I never say never about anything until it's closed and factual.
"I don't know, we have to wait and see. I wasn't in the discussions the chairman had with Saido. I'll have a chat with the lad when he comes in.
"It's not just about football it's about the person, about the lad and what he's going through."


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The London Borough of Newham has an ambitious plan to support 40,000 new homes between 2011 and 2027. It has received grant funding from the GLA and is seeking to use its land and resources in innovative ways to subsidise development. However, the borough has identified a significant shortage of development activity in the private and housing association sector, meaning the acute demand for new homes is unlikely to be met without more council involvement.
The borough has established its own company to develop, deliver and acquire new homes for private rent. Red Door Ventures has recently completed a pilot development at the Leather Gardens estate of 36 new two-bedroom homes.
Red Door Ventures will operate as a business, commercially developing and delivering homes which will be let on market rent terms. It plans to build 3,000 new properties over the next decade and to acquire 518 properties, with a mixture of market rent and affordable homes. Acting commercially as a developer means it can support mixed communities and scheme viability through private sales where appropriate.
While the new homes built by Red Door Ventures will go some way towards tackling housing shortages in Newham, the continued shortage of wider development activity in the borough means there is likely to continue to be a shortfall in supply unless activity can be increased across the market.
Westminster City Council has used innovative methods to support the delivery of additional affordable homes with little grant funding, while simultaneously attracting further investment. The borough acts as both developer and development partner, with its part-owned subsidiary Westminster Community Homes (WCH) undertaking new-build schemes, infill development and residential conversions.
WCH began trading in 2009 and now has a portfolio of more than 400 affordable homes (a mixture of new-build and existing stock purchases). The council's ALMO, CityWest Homes, provides development management services to the council and WCH to support the delivery of new housing. This income also cross-subsidises its core housing management service.
The borough established an Affordable Housing Fund in 2009 – drawing on housing receipts and planning obligation contributions where it is not practical to deliver new housing onsite – which has created 1,400 new affordable homes and committed a total of £87.6 million. The borough is also using the Affordable Housing Fund for estate regeneration.
Westminster is also renewing existing estates, such as at Ebury Bridge and Church Street, where it has developed 1,000 new homes (of which 500 will be affordable). Additionally, the borough is developing affordable housing which will be held in its investment portfolio.
The exceptionally high cost of land and property in Westminster sometimes threatens the viability of new affordable housing and scheme delivery. With a very high proportion of leaseholders on some estates, the cost of buying back their properties can be a barrier to redevelopment. Westminster has established a development team with commercial expertise to deliver the programmes, but the borrowing cap remains a barrier to increasing the pace of delivery.
Wandsworth Council has delivered nearly 250 new homes through its 'hidden homes' initiative, which identifies disused or problematic spaces on the borough's estates and redevelops them as new housing for rent or shared ownership. As well as increasing housing supply, the initiative supports the delivery of new community facilities and reduced anti-social behaviour through the elimination of disused space.
The borough's new housing delivery strategy focuses on the need for an increase of all tenures. Wandsworth's vision is for a 'high volume' effect, delivering thousands of homes a year for low- or middle- income households and providing more options for rented housing.
Wandsworth aims to support the delivery of at least 18,000 new homes in the borough over the next decade and to provide 5,000 homes prioritised to meet resident demand. A key part of the strategy is the 'Wandsworth Rent Model', which will deliver low-cost rental housing and develop structured forms of private rental housing. The borough is also considering establishing up a Wandsworth Housing Company which will deliver private and intermediate rented homes.
The council is committed to improve its existing estates, including new housing. It was one of the first boroughs to be given the GLA's housing zone status, for the development of a 57-acre site between Clapham Junction and Battersea Riverside. This is set to attract £1.4 billion of investment to deliver 5,000 new homes – including over 1,500 new affordable homes.
Wandsworth has identified the need to reduce unnecessary financial regulation to allow boroughs to use available resources to increase supply (for example: restrictions on combining right-to-buy receipts with HRA capital receipts, which could be relaxed as part of housing zone agreements). The council also wishes to see a greater recognition and flexibility in the way that HRA resources could be used for community benefit. Finally, the council supports government plans to bring public land holdings forward for development and supports potential requirements for public bodies to cooperate at a local level in development and regeneration.
Local background
In recent years the London Borough of Lambeth has pioneered a new community-driven approach to public service delivery, styling itself as "the co-operative council". As one of the largest stock-owning authorities in the capital it has sought to extend this principle to its housing services. It is also supporting new housing delivery on its own land, which comprises around 14% of all land in the borough. This resulted in a commitment to build 1,000 new homes at council rent levels over the next four years, through development on small sites and estate regeneration.
Local solutions
Somerleyton Road, Brixton, is the council's plan to for new housing and associated development which incorporates 300 new homes, as many as possible renter at council rent levels. There will also be a new theatre and provision for training and job opportunities.
To support a community solution for Somerleyton Road, the Brixton Green community benefit society was set up and has worked closely with the council to develop proposals for the redevelopment of the site.
On completion, the development will be owned and managed by a community body in which the residents, community and business occupiers and the wider community have their say. If the scheme at Somerleyton Road is a success, Lambeth intends to repeat the model on other sites in the borough.
Local challenges
The growing scale of the housing crisis means that the borough needs to go beyond its pledge to deliver 1,000 new council homes and ensure there are homes to meet the broad spectrum of housing needs in the borough. This includes more intermediate homes, more temporary accommodation and homes for young families and young professionals in the private rented sector.
Additionally, there is a shortage of available and developable land in the area to meet the borough's housing need. This means that the council's ambitions are currently focused towards the regeneration of existing council-owned sites, particularly housing estates.
Local background
The London Borough of Hackney has undergone significant demographic and economic change in recent years, but continues to be one of the biggest social housing landlords in London with stock estimated at 22,500 homes.
Until recent years, Hackney's redevelopment and regeneration focus had been on site-specific solutions usually involving joint ventures or land disposal. However, individual schemes often proved unviable because of upfront repurchase costs for homes bought under the right to buy scheme.
Local solutions
Since the Local Authority New Build programme and the introduction of self-financing, the borough become a national frontrunner in direct new housing delivery through estate regeneration, to the point where it has a concrete programme to deliver 2,000 new council homes by 2018.
A particularly notable element of the council's estate regeneration programme has been its 'portfolio approach', giving it an opportunity to combine the finances of schemes with potential to generate a surplus with those that require net investment. To provide confidence that the programme is financially deliverable, a consolidated viability assessment has been carried out. Each of the projects that make up the programme has individual financial assessments.
Hackney is also distinctive in that it has placed an emphasis from an early stage on securing the in-house expertise to ensure that projects are successfully delivered. This has included the appointment of senior leaders, project managers and legal professionals.
Local challenges
The borough intends to maximise housing revenue account (HRA) borrowing to the cap level through its development programme, but has said that it would do more with extra capacity. The necessity to remain below the cap level in all years means that even schemes with a moderate risk of breaching the cap in their peak debt years are restricted within the HRA.
As Hackney's development programme is centred around estate regeneration, resident engagement is of particular importance. Schemes such as Woodberry Down have provided an exemplar of tenant participation. In some cases, the cost and bureaucracy associated with buying back leasehold properties have added risk to estate regeneration and can reduce viability.
Local background
As with most London boroughs, Sutton has seen a significant increase in private renting in recent years. Its proportion of socially rented housing is lower than the London average and households on lower incomes have found the private rented sector to be increasingly unaffordable.
Local solutions
Sutton has decided to adopt a 'twin-track' approach to new housing. It uses borrowing headroom and right to buy receipts to support new homes in the housing revenue account, through three major sites and a range of garage sites.
It also intends to develop using general fund resources through the creation of a housing company named Opportunity Sutton. The company is financed through prudential borrowing to deliver new housing in a range of tenures, with a particular focus on market rented accommodation.
The company is also intended to help unlock development through its connection with Sutton's bid for Housing Zone status. Through this, the company may seek to purchase homes off plan to de-risk and accelerate the delivery of housing.
Local challenges
Unlike some London boroughs, Sutton has limited land under its direct control, so is looking to acquire private sector sites for development. This adds risk to its development objectives given the bureaucracy involved in land acquisition.


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One of the best things about the colder months is the beauty trends that come with them. Smoldering eyes and dark lips have their time to shine during the autumn and winter and I for one am so excited to get wearing dark lipsticks all day, every day. I've been cracking out some of my favourite dark lip liners and lipsticks recently and, let's be honest, who isn't excited about reading about autumnal lip shades so I wanted to share my most loved at this time of year.
-MAC Diva-
My all time favourite dark lip shade. Ever. I'm not going to lie, the formula of this lipstick is a little bit too dry for me and does cling to my fine lines but I can forgive it because the colour is just to die for. Diva is a very dark red shade and it leans slightly more towards purple red rather than brown red, but only very slightly which, to me, is the perfect shade. The formula of the lipstick is matte and like I said it is a little bit too drying for me, but it's no unbearable, I just need to layer on the chap stick before application and check up on it throughout the day to make sure it's not looking too flaky or needing reapplying. To me though this is a small price to pay for this absolute stunning colour, this is my autumn/winter number one and one of my favourite ever dark lip shades generally.
-Wet n Wid Mochalicious-
How cute is the name of this lipstick? It makes me want to sing Fergalicious at the top of my voice I'm not going to lie. Aside from having a fabulous name, this is a fabulous lipstick and a stunning shade for every day during this season. We all love a Kylie Jenner lip and this is perfect for creating an autumn/winter version as it is the perfect 90's style nude brown. This lipstick is a matte finish but to me it's the perfect finish as it's super nourishing and the longwear is fantastic, the only gripe I have with these lipsticks is the structure of the actual lipstick stick. It's flat topped rather than slanted which I find really awkward for defining my cupids bow or getting close to the edge of my lips without making a mess. Apart from that petty point, these lipsticks are absolutely gorgeous both in colour and formula.
Right to Left: Black Heart, Smoked Purple, Diva, Cinnamon Spice and Mochalicious
-Wet n Wild Cinnamon Spice-
Another beauty from Wet n Wild. For the price of these lipsticks, I think the quality is absolutely amazing! You can't get these in UK stores but I buy mine from Amazon for under £5 and when the colours and finish are as beautiful as they are, that is a steal. Cinnamon Spice is a lovely red, which is perfect for a classic red lip. The colour is slightly muted rather than being neon bright which I definitely prefer when it comes to red lipstick as it's more wearable for every day and more sultry rather than blaring bright red. The formula is exactly the same as Mochalicious; if there's something I like in a brand it's consistency so hats off to Wet n Wild for getting that spot on.
-MAC Smoked Purple-
I'm literally obsessed with all makeup purple right now. I think I wore purple lipstick 4 out of 7 days last week and at the moment I only wear makeup a few times a week so that is saying something! Like Diva this is a matte finish lipstick but I find it more nourishing and less drying on my lips than Diva. It's a gorgeous extremely deep purple and although the formula is matte I actually find it really comfortable to wear and the finish is almost like velvet which y'all know is what we want when it comes to lips. I honestly think this is such a great lipstick because I can see it suiting every skintone. I'm medium toned and even when I'm working a bit of a tanned look this compliments it so well, but similarly I know this would look ah-mazing on someone with fairer skin.
-Makeup Revolution Black Heart-
I've spoken many a time about how I hate the formula for these lipsticks and whole heartedly stick with that; I rarely wear any of the Makeup Revolution lipsticks I own and I definitely won't be buying more in the future, but I know a lot of people do like them and if you are one of those people then this is a great colour for this time of year. I adore dark, sultry lips and Black Heart is nearly black which I absolutely love for an ultimate stand out lip. Although the colour is stunning, I find this lipstick drying and the long wear is absolutely crap but every now and then I will mix this lipstick with a super nourishing one to wear. Black Heart has definitely inspired me to find myself a gorgeous black lipstick that I can fall in love with, and fortunatley it wasn't too much of a loss because it was only £1. But, if you do get on with the Makeup Revolution lipstick formulas then definitely add this beauty to your collection for a stand out look this season.


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Earlier this month, Siminoff Daylight Lodge No. 850 – located on the campus of the Masonic Home at Union City – celebrated the first degree ceremony in their newly constructed outdoor lodge site.
More than 65 Masons attended the ceremony, which was held to induct Bro. Ali Hifai of Fremont.
Two California past grand masters, Tony Wordlow and Ron Sherod, joined the celebration, along with several district inspectors and masters of nearby lodges. Siminoff Lodge Master Mitch Franceschini joined with Past Master Jack McClellan to lead the ceremony. The "outer lodge" – which is comprised of the hills surrounding the lodge site – was tiled by members of the Ahmes Mounted Patrol.
Siminoff Daylight Lodge is seeking donations to assist in the continued construction and maintenance of the outdoor lodge. In particular, members hope to make the site accessible to those in wheelchairs. For more information, contact Jim Leggate, lodge secretary.
To learn more about about the Masonic Homes of California, please visit masonichome.org.
Photo: Members of Siminoff Daylight Lodge No. 850 celebrate the first outdoor degree ceremony on the campus of the Masonic Home at Union City.


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For instance, you could get the concept of an expensive trendy front room as characterized by maximized use of daylight, glass panels, pure wooden and cubism-like decor. This progressive front room inside design throws out the normal yellows and oranges of Miami designs in favor of vibrant blues, greens, and whites, to represent the water, palm trees, and white sands that draw so many vacationers to the town each year. You don't desire your sofa or armchairs to overcrowd your living room but you need there to be enough seating space to accommodate everybody that will be using the room regularly.
The world is stuffed with magnificence, and lots of international locations have most popular aesthetics for residence design that may inspire your individual choices on front room designs. Choose from kinds reminiscent of up to date, traditional, cultural or absolutely anything else that may enable you to specific your self and compliment the overall magnificence and design of your property's unique decor. While having a small front room presents more challenges than a bigger space, the design can typically turn into higher resolved and better deliberate due to the size restrictions.
If you will have the space, you can create clustered seating spaces that make for little pockets of intimacy, with sufficient room to navigate between the clusters. A modern style for a lounge has very impartial colors and components with a couple of pops of color and design here and there. Modern front room designs for paints are also targeted on utilizing matte or flat paint end.
The social kitchen connected with the yard, the beautiful dining house that opens up into the patio or the spacious lounge related visually with the sparkling metropolis skyline within the distance – it is one other year where outdoor will outside the interiors. The living room is simply one of the rooms in the home that's at all times below cautious scrutiny and in main renovations almost every couple of years.
Whatever your lounge design, whether you will have concepts for a grey, crimson, inexperienced or white living room, traditional or up to date, you're bound to seek out some inspiration on Houzz. These types of designs are nonetheless fairly standard and are nonetheless a huge design component in new building properties. Make the design in a manner that you will be happy with it. If you are not glad with it, nobody can.


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A San Diego State University student who was walking home from a carnival held near the campus Thursday night was beaten and robbed, San Diego police said.
The teen was walking south on 51st Street, near Trojan Avenue, about 11:30 p.m. in the Colina del Sol neighborhood when he was confronted by two young men, police Sgt. Ray Battrick said.
Both men started punching him and took his wallet. The victim was knocked out. Two women started yelling at the assailants, who then fled.
Both robbers were believed to be in their 20s. One was described as white, 6 feet tall, with short hair and dark pants. The other was described as black, about 6 feet tall with a thin build. Both were wearing black pants.
The victim was taken to a hospital. He had a cut on his head and two black eyes.


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Pleo is a robot toy modeled after a dinosaur believed to have lived during the late Jurassic period. The toy is manufactured by Ugobe Labs, a company based in Emeryville, California that specializes in the design and manufacture of lifelike robots. Pleo is intended for use by adults and children nine years of age or older.
Camarasauraus could grow to 60 feet in length and weigh more than 15 tons. Pleo, on the other hand, is scaled-down to roughly the size of a small iguana or a large tropical gecko, although -- unlike a lizard -- Pleo is equipped with numerous sensors and servos.
Here's an overview of Pleo:
- A camera in the nose provides machine vision .
- Audio transducer s allow the machine to respond to sounds and utter lifelike noises.
- Several internal motors produce realistic movements.
- Multiple microprocessor s deal with the input from the sensors, control the robot's motions and provide a moderate level of AI (artificial intelligence).
- A flash memory card slot lets the user program Pleo with various "personalities."
- A USB (Universal Serial Bus) port allows the user to download "personalities" from an online site.
- The user can create custom traits with a "personality editor."
As one aspect of Pleo's AI capacity, the machine can learn from the user or from other Pleo robots and can use information about interactions to guide its future behavior.


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Arts Therapies: an introduction
"The four Arts Therapies comprise of Art Therapy, Dance Movement Therapy, Drama Therapy and Music Therapy, each of which has developed as a distinct discipline in this country, with its own professional association.
Everybody has the capacity to respond to the arts. People may find, in one of the Arts Therapies, a creative experience leading to a greater sense of self and others. A trusting, safe environment is created in which clients can acknowledge and express conscious and unconscious emotions. By working with and where appropriate verbalising these emotions, clients may develop ways of coping with them. A basic assumption is that the ways in which people use the arts media in therapy reflect how they are thinking and feeling. As this process is acknowledged and supported by the therapist, there may be a development and integration of hidden or forgotten aspects of self. Each art medium can enable clients to communicate in their own way with the therapist and, in-group context, with the other group members. As personal symbolism and metaphor evolve and become interwoven, therapist and client can begin to explore the client's world."
Extracted from The Arts Therapies in Education - 1993, CATE Publication.
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"J. is 9 years old and a very angry boy; he was out of control, kicking, punching, biting and spitting. All the teachers felt at our wits' end as to how to work with him. Now after nine months of working with the Dramatherapist in BCAT, J`s stories are beginning to speak of hope, of togetherness and of ' happy safe places ' rather than desperation. His challenging behaviour has considerably lessened. He is much more approachable and able to relate to other children."
Primary School Teacher