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Succession certificate is granted by the court to legal heirs of a person after his death. Succession certificate is required to administer movable properties of person. This includes debts and securities. It is a court order which gives rights to the beneficiary to either make payment of any debt or to transfer any financial security which belonged to the deceased. So for example, wife of a deceased claims life insurance offer husband on his death. In such a circumstance she will require succession certificate from the court to get the insurance amount in India. Similarly succession certificate is required to operate any bank account, locker or two in cash and fixed deposit of the deceased.
To get certificate of succession from the court, one has to approach district court in whose jurisdiction the deceased person used to decide at the time of his or her death. The same case may also be filed where any part of the property of the deceased is situate. The court case for succession certificate must mention the time of death, residence of the deceased, location of the properties or a part of properties, details of other family members, details of rights of the person filing the case. The relevant section of the Indian succession act is section 372.
Section 372 in The Indian Succession Act, 1925 – Application for certificate. –
(1) Application for such a certificate shall be made to the District Judge by a petition signed and verified by or on behalf of the applicant in the manner prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) for the signing and verification of a plaint by or on behalf of a plaintiff, and setting forth the following particulars, namely:—
(a) the time of the death of the deceased;
(b) the ordinary residence of the deceased at the time of his death and, if such residence was not within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the Judge to whom the application is made, then the property of the deceased within those limits;
(c) the family or other near relatives of the deceased and their respective residences;
(d) the right in which the petitioner claims;
(e) the absence of any impediment under section 370 or under any other provision of this Act or any other enactment, to the grant of the certificate or to the validity thereof if it were granted; and
(f) the debts and securities in respect of which the certificate is applied for.
(2) If the petition contains any averment which the person verifying it knows or believes to be false, or does not believe to be true, that person shall be deemed to have committed an offence under section 198 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860).
(3) Application for such a certificate may be made in respect of any debt or debts due to the deceased creditor or in respect of portions thereof.
Important judgments on Succession Certificate are:-
C.K. Prahalada v. State of Karnataka 2008(7) SCR 852
A succession certificate is granted for a limited purpose. A Court granting a succession certificate does not decide the question of title. A nominee or holder of succession certificate has a duty to hand over the property to the person who has a legal title thereto.
S.B. Sinha, J. – Leave granted.
2. This appeal is directed against the orders dated 24.10.2005 and dated 1.12.2005 passed by the High Court of Kanataka at Bangalore whereby and whereunder delay of 2487 days in filing the appeal has been condoned and the said appeal has been allowed.
3. The basic fact of the matter is not in dispute.
The brother of Madwaramanachar, father of the appellant, was admitted to S.D.S. TB Hospital at Bangalore. All the articles from the body of his brother were removed by the father of the appellant. After his death, the father of the appellant requested the hospital authorities to hand over the obsquecies seized wherefor a written request was made on 9.6.1981.
The Superintendent of the said hospital passed an order that the articles kept by the father of the appellants must be delivered back to the hospital authorities for being kept in a safe custody so as to enable them to deliver the same to the persons entitled therefor. Delivery of the articles was insisted before handing over the dead body. The said articles were handed over to the hospital authorities wherefor an acknowledgment was issued.
4. An application for grant of succession certificate was filed by the father of the appellants on 24.8.1981. In the said proceedings, one Gowramma, wife of the deceased, was impleaded as a party. She expired during the pendency of the said proceedings. She, allegedly left behind one S. Basavarajappa, who is said to be her adopted son. By an order dated 5.7.1991, succession certificate was granted in favour of the appellant in respect of the following :
1. Amount in vijay Bank, Togarsi, S.B. Account No.309, with interest Rs. 5-00.
2. Amount in Syndicate Bank, Shimoga, S.B. Account No.27717, Ledger Folio No.30, with interest Rs. 318-65.
3. Amount in syndicate Bank, Shimoga Koppa, S.B. Account No.7/89 folio 4289/17, with interest Rs. 19379-59.
Gold Articles belonging to deceased in deposit in the Hospital at Bangalore.
GRAM. Mgs
One Sudarshan ring. 11 – 700
One Ring with red Stones. 5 – 300
One Finb sing shigd stones. 6 – 600
One Bar. 46 – 800
39 – 450
Cash 16 – 000
5. Despite production of the said succession certificate, the hospital authorities did not return the said articles and documents to the appellant's father, whereupon a suit in the court of Additional City Civil Judge, Bangalore seeking a direction to the hospital authorities-defendants to hand over the articles to the appellants or in alternative pay the value thereof which was assessed at Rs. 45,000/- was filed
6. No notice under Section 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure , however, was served upon the State. An application under sub-section (2) of Section 80 of the Code was filed which is said to have been allowed. Before the learned Trial Judge, no written statement was filed by the State. It was decreed ex parte on decree was passed on 31.10.1997.
7. An execution case was filed in the year 2003 for execution of the said decree. Upon receipt of the summons from the executing court, a first appeal was preferred by the State of Karnataka. As indicated hereinbefore, the same was barred by 2487 days.
An application for condonation of delay was filed in the said appeal being IA No.1 of 2005 which, by reason of a judgment dated 24.10.2005 was allowed. The High Court by reason of its judgment dated 1.12.2005 pointed out various deficiencies in the said decree and opined that the judgment and decree passed by the learned Trial Judge was not sustainable in law, stating :
(i) No urgency was shown for filing the suit in terms of sub-section (2) of Section 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure ;
(ii) Smt. Gowramma was a necessary party in the suit; and
(iii) The value of the articles was not mentioned in the succession certificate. There was nothing to show that the plaintiff was the only heir of the deceased.
It was directed :
"The appeal is allowed an the impugned judgment and decree dated 31.10.1997 made in O.S. No.3830/1994 on the file of II Additional City Civil Judge at Bangalore City, is set aside and the matter is remitted back to the Trial Court, with a direction to the parties to appear before the Trial Court for further proceedings on 23.12.2005, without notice. Further, the Trial Court is directed to afford an opportunity to the defendants to file the written statement within 30 days from 23.12.205 and dispose of the suit in accordance with law."
8. Ms. Kiran Suri, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, would submit that the High Court committed a serious error in condoing the delay of 2487 days in preferring the appeal by the State. It was furthermore urged that the appellant has failed to prove any cause far less any sufficient cause therefor. The learned counsel contended that the High Court should not have remitted the matter back to the trial court keeping in view the fact that the short question which arose for its consideration was as to whether the hospital authorities having asked the appellants' father to obtain a succession certificate was bound to return the articles to him him on production thereof.
9. Mr. Hegde, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents, however, supported the impugned judgment.
10. One Gowramma, as noticed hereinbefore, was impleaded as a party in the proceedings for grant of succession certificate. She claimed herself to be the wife of the deceased. Appellant knew that the hospital authorities had handed over the documents and goods to her. She was, therefore, a necessary party. As she expired during the pendency of the proceedings, her heirs and legal representatives should have been impleaded as parties in the said proceedings.
The decree might have been passed ex parte but when the same has been brought to the notice of this Court, in our opinion, in exercise of our discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India, we should not interfere therein.
It is now a well settled principle of law that this Court would not exercise its extraordinary jurisdiction only because it is lawful to do so. (See M/s. Tanna & Modi v. C.I.T. Mumbai XXV & Ors. [2007 (8) SCALE 511] This Court has the power to pass necessary orders for doing complete justice to the parties. The High Court, in our opinion, has rightly held that in the aforementioned situation, Gowramma was a necessary party.
A succession certificate is granted for a limited purpose. A Court granting a succession certificate does not decide the question of title. A nominee or holder of succession certificate has a duty to hand over the property to the person who has a legal title thereto.
By obtaining a succession certificate alone, a person does not become the owner of the property.
11. In Vidhyadhari & Ors. v. Sukhrana Bai & Ors. [(2008) 2 SCC 238], this Court held :
"14. Therefore, though we agree with the High Court that Sukhrana Bai was the only legitimate wife yet, we would choose to grant the certificate in favour of Vidhyadhari who was his nominee and the mother of his four children. However, we must balance the equities as Sukhrana Bai is also one of the legal heirs and besides the four children she would have the equal share in Sheetaldeen's estate which would be ⅕th. To balance the equities, we would, therefore, choose to grant succession certificate to Vidhyadhari but with a rider that she would protect the ⅕th share of Sukhrana Bai in Sheetaldeen's properties and would hand over the same to her. As the nominee she would hold the ⅕th share of Sukhrana Bai in trust and would be responsible to pay the same to Sukhrana Bai. We direct that for this purpose she would give a security in the trial court to the satisfaction of the trial court."
(Emphasis added)
12. It may be true that there was enormous delay in filing the appeal. Ordinarily, this Court would not have condoned the said delay in filing the appeal but in this case, the First Appeal filed by the State has also been allowed by the High Court.
Keeping in view the nature of the order passed by the High Court, we are of the opinion that it is not a fit case where we should interfere with the judgment of the High Court dated 24.10.2005 which will have the effect of setting aside its order dated 1.12.2005 also. We, however, are of the opinion that the State must pay a sum of Rs. 10,000/- by way of costs to the appellant. We further direct that Basavarajappa should be impleaded as a party in the suit. It will also be open to the appellant to pray for such other relief or reliefs in the suit as she may be advised in the matter.
13. The appeal is dismissed with the aforementioned directions. In the facts and circumstances of the case, however, there shall be no order as to costs.
Madhvi Amma Bhawani Amma v. Kunjikutty Pillai Meenakshi Pillai, (SC) 2000(6) SCC 301
The enquiry in proceedings for grant of succession certificate is to be summary, and the Court, without determining questions of law or fact, which seem to it to be too intricate and difficult for determination, should grant the certificate to the person who appears to have prima facie the best title thereto. In such cases the Court has not to determine definitely and finally as to who has the best right to the estate. All that it is required to do is to hold a summary enquiry into the right to the certificate, with a view, on the one hand, to facilitate the collection of debts due to the deceased and prevent their being time-barred, owing (for instance) to dispute between the heirs inter se as to their preferential right to succession, and, on the other hand, to afford protection to the debtors by appointing a representative of the deceased and authorising him to give a valid discharge for the debt. The grant of a certificate to a person does not give him an absolute right to the debt nor does it bar regular suit for adjustment of the claims of the heirs inter se.
A.P. Misra, J. – This appeal is directed against the High Court order dated 26th September, 1989 in second appeal. The short question raised in this appeal is, whether an order granting Succession Certificate under Section 373 of the India Succession Act, 1925 would operate as res judicata to the suit for partition filed in a civil court between the same parties.
2. The short facts are the appellants are the defendants in suit No. 20 of 1974 which is filed by respondent No. 1 Velu Pillai since deceased claiming to be the only legal heir as brother to the estates of one Kizhangumvilayil died intestate. The suit was for declaration, partition and recovery of possession of the plaint schedule properties. The said respondent also filed O.P. No. 33 of 1974 in the same court for obtaining Succession Certificate for receiving money from Life Insurance Corporation. The plaintiff's case in the suit is that he along with Ramakrishna Pillai and the said deceased Thankappan Pillai were the children of one Parameswaran Pillai and Karthyayani Amma. Since the deceased Thankappan Pillai had no other legal heir to succeed his estates, he is entitled to be declared as a legal heir to the estates of the said deceased.
3. Defendants-appellants contested the said case. They pleaded that plaintiff was only their uterine brother and thus was not entitled to succeed as legal heir. In fact, they are in possession of the suit property which could not be disturbed except by any legal heir. Both the suits and the said proceeding under the Indian Succession Act were tried together and decided by a common judgment by the trial court. The trial court held, there was no evidence to show that the marriage between Karthiyayani Amma and Parameswaran Pillai had been dissolved. The presumption is that Thankappan Pillai was born to Karthiyayani Amma and Parameswaran Pillai. The plaintiff being the real brother of the deceased Thankappan Pillai is entitled to inherit his property. Thus the trial court decreed the suit declaring the plaintiff as a sole heir and also allowed the said application O.P. No. 33 of 1974 by granting the Succession Certificate to the plaintiff. The appellate court set aside both the judgment of the trial court in suit and grant of the Succession Certificate, holding the there was no valid marriage between Karthiyayani Amma and Parameswaran Pillai. The High Court in second appeal set aside this appellate court judgment as findings were not supported by pleadings in the case hence remanded the case back for reconsideration. After remand, the appellate court dismissed the appeal of the appellant by confirming the trial court judgment. Thereafter the appellant filed the second appeal.
4. Submission for the respondent-plaintiff before the High Court was that since appeal was not preferred against the order of the appellate court arising out of the proceeding for the grant of the Succession Certificate, it became final, thus it operates as res judicata. The High Court by its impugned order, upheld this contention. Thus High Court dismissed the second appeal on this limited ground which is impugned before us.
5. The learned counsel for the appellants submits that proceedings for the grant of Succession Certificate is a summary proceeding and the same cannot operate as res judicata to a proceedings in a regular suit filed in the civil court even if, it is between the same parties or issues are the same. The grant of Succession Certificate under Section 373 has only the effect that it is conclusive as against the person owing such debts or liability on such securities (as in the present case LIC) and it affords full indemnity to such debtor against all such future claimants, when it tenders the amount to such person holding Succession Certificate. The submission is, this is merely a summary proceeding in which adjudication is made prime facie as to whom such payment is to be tendered by such debtor. In other words leaves the battle if any inter se between claimants to be adjudicated in a regular proceeding. Thus any decision under it has this limited effect, but it in no way puts any legal embargo on the parties to prove to the contrary in any subsequent suit or proceedings. On the other hand learned counsel for the plaintiffs-respondents submits, as both, the suit and the application for the grant of Succession Certificate were heard and decided by the same court, both at the trial stage and the first appellate stage and when the appellant did not prefer any appeal against the order passed by the first appellante court in the connected proceeding arising out of the proceedings for the grant of Succession Certificate, the said decision becomes final and it would operate as res judicata to the pending proceedings in the second appeal arising out of the suit. The learned counsel for the respondents also placed strong reliance on Explanation VIII to Section 11 of C.P.C. which is quoted hereunder :-
"Explanation VIII – An issue heard and finally decided by a Court of limited jurisdiction, competent to decide such issue, shall operate as res judicata in a subsequent suit, notwithstanding that such Court of limited jurisdiction was not competent to try such subsequent suit or the suit in which such issue has been subsequently raised."
Submission thus is even the court deciding the question of grant of Succession Certificate, may have limited jurisdiction and also may not have jurisdiction to decide the regular suit for partition yet issues decided therein should fall within the ambit of res judicata in view of the Explanation VIII.
6. Within the said parameter now we proceed to examine the question raised in this appeal. The principle of res judicata as enshrined in Section 11, is evolved from the maxim "nemo debet bis vexari prouna et eadem causa". This principle enunciates that no man should be vexed twice over for the same cause. This principle gradually developed further by bringing within its compass more such litigations. Thus with the passage of time this principle gradually expanded. This shows that sphere of res judicata as enshrined in Section 11 C.P.C. is not exhaustive, it is ever growing. One such example of its growth is exhibited by the incorporation of Explanation VIII in Section 11 by means of Amending Act in 1976. The submissions made are broadly under two heads. Firstly under the broad and general principle of res judicata in view of Explanation VIII and secondly, whether in a proceeding for the grant of Succession Certificate, any adjudication or issue decided therein would operate as res judicata to a suit proceeding. In order to apply the general principle of res judicata court must first find, whether an issue in a subsequent suit, was directly and substantially in issue in the earlier suit or proceeding, was it between the same parties, and was it decided by such court. Thus there should be an issue raised and decided, not merely any finding on any incidental question for reaching such a decision. So if no such issue is raised and if on any other issue, if incidentally any finding is recorded it should not come within the periphery of the principle of res judicata.
7. In Pawan Kumar Gupta v. Rochiram Nagdeo, 1999(4) SCC 243 : 1999(2) RCR(Civil) 646 (SC) this Court observed that the rule of res judicata incorporated in Section 11 of the Civil Procedure Code (CPC) prohibits the court from trying an issue which has been directly and substantially in issue in a former suit between the same parties, and has been heard and finally decided by that court. It holds, it is the decision on an issue, and not a mere finding on any incidental question to reach such decision, which operates as res judicata.
8. For the respondent, reliance was placed in Kalipada De v. Dwijapada Das and others, AIR 1930 PC 22. The reliance is that this decision holds, where a question of relationship between the parties has been decided in a court of limited jurisdiction also operates as res judicata to a subsequent suit between the same parties involving the same question of relationship. Though we shall be referring later, the effect of various provisions of the Indian Succession Act on this question, but suffice it to say that this decision renders no help to the respondent as in our case there was no issue, in the earlier proceeding, whether uterine brother would ber entitled to inherit the estate of the deceased in the proceeding under Section 372 of the Indian Succession Act, which is the foundation of challenge by the appellant to the claim of the plaintiff as the legal heir of the deceased. Even for applying this decision it has to be shown that the claim of the plaintiff to inherit the questioned property in the suit was raised through such an issue in earlier proceeding i.e. in Succession Certificate proceedings. No such issue could be pointed by the learned counsel for the respondent.
9. As this Court has held in the case of Pawan Kumar Gupta (supra), it is only the decision on an issue and not mere finding on any incidental question to reach such decision, which operates as res judicata. So, even if there be any finding regarding any relationship for grant of such certificate in the absence of any issue it would be of no help to the plaintiff.
10. Next we proceed to examine the other head of submission viz. whether decision on any issue in a proceeding to grant Succession Certificate would operate as res judicata to the issue raised in the subsequent suit. First we proceed to examine the various provisions under the Indian Succession Act. Section 372(1) refers to the application to be made for the grant of Succession Certificate. Sub-section (1) gives the detail and the manner of making such an application. Sub-section (3) gives the sphere of such application viz. it to be in respect of any debt or debts due to the deceased creditor or in respect of portions thereof. Sub-section (3) is quoted hereunder :-
"Sub-section (3) : Application for such a certificate may be made in respect of any debt or debts due to the deceased creditor or in respect of portions thereof."
Under sub-section (1) of Section 373 if the court is satisfied that there is ground for entertaining the application, he fixes a date of hearing after notice. Sub-section (2) decides the right of the applicant, whether entitled for a grant of the certificate. Under sub-section (3), if such Judge cannot decide such right, as the questions raised both on fact or law are intricate and difficult then in a summarily proceeding it can still grant such certificate, if it appears to the court, that the person making such application has a prima facie title thereto. Sub-section (3) of Section 373 is quoted hereunder :-
"Sub-section (3) : If the Judge cannot decide the right to the certificate without determining questions of law or fact which seems to be too intricate and difficult for determination in a summary proceeding, he may nevertheless grant a certificate to the applicant if he appears to be the person having prima facie the best title thereto."
11. This sub-section reveals two things, first adjudication is in a summarily proceedings and secondly if the questions of law and fact are intricate or difficult, it could still grant the said certificate based on his prima facie title. In other words the grant of certificate under it is only a determination of prima facie title. This as a necessary corollary confirms that it is not a final decision between the parties. So, it cannot be construed that mere grant of such certificate or a decision in such proceeding would constitute to be a decision on an issue finally decided between the parties. If that be so how could principle of res judicata be made applicable to a case in a subsequent suit ? The effect of such certificate is also laid down in Section 381 which is quoted hereunder :-
"Section 381 :
Effect of certificate : Subject to the provisions of this Part, the certificate of the District Judge shall, with respect to the debts and securities specified therein, be conclusive as against the persons owing such debts or liable on such securities, and shall, notwithstanding any contravention of Section 370, or other defect, afford full indemnity to all such persons as regards all payments made, or dealings had in good faith in respect of such debts or securities to or with the person to whom the certificate was granted." (Emphasis supplied)
12. So, this certificate merely affords full indemnity to the debtor for the payment he makes to the person holding such certificate. Thus when the debtor pays the debts or the securities as specified in the certificate, to the holder of such certificate, then on such payment, he is absolved from his obligation to pay to any one else as it conclusively concludes his part of his obligation and such payment is construed to be in good faith. This safeguards such debtor or person liable to pay that he may not be later dragged into any litigation which may arise subsequently inter se between the claimants. The use of words "good faith" in Section 381 reinforces that decision in these proceedings are not final. When statute recognises such payment to be in good faith gives clear under current message that there may be in future better claimant but that would not effect the indemnification of the debtor. Thus we find accumulatively because of the grant of Succession Certificate being for a limited purpose, limited in its sphere, the declaration of title being prima facie, payment tendered is declared to have been made in good faith, leads to only one conclusion that any decision made therein cannot be treated to be final adjudication of the rights of the parties, except such declaration being final for the purpose of these proceedings. If that be so, the amount received by the holder of such certificate can yet be questioned, and in subsequent proceeding it may hold it to belong to other claimant, including the contesting party.
13. This can be examined from another angle. The grant of Succession Certificate falls under Part X of the aforesaid Act. Its range is between Sections 370 to 390. It is significant to refer here Section 387. This declares the effect of decisions made under this Act and the liability of holder of such certificate. It lays down that any decision made under this Part (Part X) upon any question of right between the parties shall not bar the trial of the same question in any suit or other proceedings between the same parties. It further records that nothing in this Part shall be construed to affect the liability of any person who may receive the whole or any part of any debts or security to account therefor to the person lawfully entitled thereto. Section 387 is quoted hereunder :-
"Section 387 :
Effect of decisions under this Act, and liability of holder of certificate thereunder : No decision under this Part upon any question of right between any parties shall be held to bar the trial of the same question in any suit or in any other proceeding between the same parties, and nothing in this Part shall be construed to effect the liability of any person who may receive the whole or any part of any debts or security or any interest or dividend on any security, to account therefor to the person lawfully entitled thereto." (Emphasis supplied)
14. This leaves no room for doubt. Thus any adjudication made under Part X of this Act which includes Section 373 does not bar the same question being raised between the same parties in any subsequent suit or proceeding. This provision takes the decisions under Part X of the Act outside the preview of Explanation VIII to Section 11. This gives protective umbrella to ward off from the rays of res judicata to the same issue being raised in a subsequent suit or proceedings.
No doubt Explanation VIII to Section 11 enlarges the field of res judicata, by including in its field the decisions on the same issue, between the same parties even by a court of limited jurisdiction even though such court may not have the competence of deciding such an issue in a suit. But as we have held above this grant of certificate would not fall within the field of explanation VIII to Section 11.
15. As far back as in 1937, this principle was upheld and recognised. In Mt. Charjo v. Dina Nath and others, AIR 1937 Lahore 196(2)
"The enquiry in proceedings for grant of succession certificate is to be summary, and the Court, without determining questions of law or fact, which seem to it to be too intricate and difficult for determination, should grant the certificate to the person who appears to have prima facie the best title thereto. In such cases the Court has not to determine definitely and finally as to who has the best right to the estate. All that it is required to do is to hold a summary enquiry into the right to the certificate, with a view, on the one hand, to facilitate the collection of debts due to the deceased and prevent their being time-barred, owing (for instance) to dispute between the heirs inter se as to their preferential right to succession, and, on the other hand, to afford protection to the debtors by appointing a representative of the deceased and authorising him to give a valid discharge for the debt. The grant of a certificate to a person does not give him an absolute right to the debt nor does it bar regular suit for adjustment of the claims of the heirs inter se."
So we have no doubt to hold that any decision made in proceeding under Section 372, for the grant of Succession Certificate under the Indian Succession Act, would not bar any party to the said proceeding to raise the same issue in a subsequent suit. Hence, the High Court fell into error in applying the principle of res judicata to the second appeal of the appellant arising out of the aforesaid suit. Thus even if no appeal is preferred by the appellant against the decision of the trial court arising out of proceedings for the grant of Succession Certificate, the principle of res judicata would still not apply. But we further record, and accept the contention of the learned counsel for the appellant that the memorandum of second appeal itself reveals that he has preferred appeal against both the appellate orders where it records both appeal case No. 237 of 1977 and 93 of 1978. Hence High Court was not right in holding that no appeal was preferred. Learned counsel for the respondents could not dispute this but submits that no second appeal lies against the appellate order in the proceedings for the grant of Succession Certificate, only a revision lies. However, it is not necessary for us to go into this question as this is for the appellants to make such submission as permissible under the law and it is for the respondent to raise such objection, as he deems fit and proper in this regard.
In view of the aforesaid findings we set aside the High Court order dated 26th September, 1989 and remand the case to it for deciding afresh on merits, the second appeal, in accordance with law. The present appeal is allowed. Costs on the parties.
Appeal allowed.
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Our pain free treatments combine the effectiveness of surgical procedures and injections with all the benefits of non-invasive skin care. We apply professional organic and homeopathic skin products that are naturally derived and nourish your skin. Ourprocedures maximize your skin's ability to absorb these amazing nutrients and use them to repair and maintain healthy skin. We can now perform a wide variety of laser procedures for women and men to help your skin look its very best. Theseare brief, virtually painless treatments that can overcome signs of aging, sun damage, many different types of blemishes, skin rejuvenating,spider vein removal, scar revision, fungus. Aerolase Cosmetic Laser is safe for all skin types and skin colors.
a licensed chiropractor and neuromuscular therapist practicing homeopathyand clinical nutrition.This allows us to provide natural health care services to benefit your health and well-being. Dr. Seven-Sky has special expertise in: allergies and asthma, weight management, gastrointestinal disorders, circulatory problems, Candida, hormonal imbalance, female health issues (PMS, menopause, hot flashes, infertility), neuromuscular problems (back pain, neck pain, headaches, and accumulation of toxins/heavy metals.


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The entire PG (Two-year) course
of studies in different subjects shall be equally divided into four semesters
as per the relevant approved syllabi. A student who has been admitted
to M.A. /M.Sc./M.SW/LL.M courses of studies, and has prosecuted a regular
course of studies in the subject at the P.G. Depts. of this University may be
admitted to the Semester(s) examinations at the end of course work of each
Semester subjects stipulated in these Regulations and the rules as may be
framed there under.
Guidelines relating to Semester Course of Studies and Examinations
There shall be one written and one practical examination (where applicable) at the end of the course work of each semester as per the prescribed syllabus in the subject concerned. Internal Assessment (during the semester) will be conducted. There shall be no qualifying marks for Internal Assessment, but the candidates shall have to appear at the said part of the examinations.
Project Report/Term Paper/Field Work report, where applicable , is to be submitted by the examinees during the fourth Semester as a part of the Special/Optional Paper(s).
Attendance at the classes for all semesters shall be governed by the rules framed by the University.
The Pass marks for each Theoretical/Practical Paper/Project Paper & Terms Paper including allied Viva-voce, if any, shall be 35%. Credit will be retained paper –wise within the prescribed chances in each semester.
The provisional result of each semester will be published stating only the total marks obtained by a candidate and the mark sheet would be issued showing the marks obtained in each paper. However, if a candidate fails to secure Qualifying (Pass) marks in a particular semester examination his/her result of next semester examination(s) will be declared as 'SNC' (i.e. , Semester Not Cleared).
The final result of a candidate shall be determined on the basis of total marks obtained in all the semesters taken together.
Subject to the fulfillment of the conditions stipulated a candidate who (a) secures 40% marks or more but less than 60% marks in aggregate on the combined result of all the semesters shall be declared to have passed M.A/M.Sc./M.SW/LL.M examination in the Second Class.(b) secures 60% or above in the aggregate on the combined result of all the semesters shall be declared to have passed M.A./M.Sc./M.SW/LL.M examination in the First Class.
A candidate shall get three consecutive chances including the original one , to appear in a semester ,within a total period of four years calculated from the year of admission to the course during which he/she has to complete the course. The chance not availed of by the candidate shall be deemed to have lapsed. The results of 4th Semester examination shall be kept withheld unless a candidate has cleared all the previous semesters.
Subject to the fulfillment of the conditions stipulated ,a student who, after prosecuting a regular course of studies, does not register himself/herself for it or fails to appear at the examination , or appears at but fails to secure the minimum qualifying marks , as stipulated in any semester examinations may be permitted to continue studies in the next semester(s) as well as to appear at his/her due semester(s) examination within the prescribed chances.
If a candidate after qualifying his/her 4th (final) semester examination , clears his/her any previous back semester examinations within the prescribed chances , he/she would be declared to have passed the final examinations in the year in which he/she clears his/her back semester.
A student who, after undergoing a regular course of studies , appears at any semester examination , in part , or in full , and intends to seek for cancellation of the same may apply for the said purpose to the University within fifteen days from the last date pf completion of the theoretical papers of the said examination. In that case the entire examination including practical paper(s), if any, would be treated as cancelled. He/ She may be permitted to appear at the relevant semester examinations afresh in the succeeding year(s) if chance remains after obtaining permission from University.
A candidate may avail of the benefit of re-appearing in a maximum number of 50% of the theoretical papers in any semester examination for improvement of result once in the immediately succeeding year provided chance remains and the marks of the said examination would be final and binding. The prayer for Post Publication Review of answer-scripts of re-appeared semester examinations (improvement)will not be allowed. However , in 4th Semester (Final) Examinations any lowering of marks as a consequence of the results of the candidate i.e. 1st Class/ 2nd Class/55%in aggregate declared earlier.
There will be no scope of re-appearing in Term Paper(s)/Project Paper(s)/Internal assessment/Viva-voce/Field Report/Survey Report, if any, for improvement of results.
A candidate may apply for Post Publication Review of his/her answer-scripts in a maximum number of 50% of theoretical papers in each semester examination as per rules to be framed by the appropriate authority in due course.
To qualify for position in the merit list a candidate shall have to pass all the semesters in his/her due first original chances.
Marks awarded in the Internal Assessment/Viva-voce portion will be credited to a candidate's performance in subsequent chances.
The entire PG (Two-year) course of studies in different subjects shall be equally divided into four semesters as per the relevant approved syllabi.
A student who has been admitted to M.A. /M.Sc./M.SW/LL.M courses of studies, and has prosecuted a regular course of studies in the subject at the P.G. Depts. of this University may be admitted to the Semester(s) examinations at the end of course work of each Semester subjects stipulated in these Regulations and the rules as may be framed there under.
Copyright © 2015 - All Rights Reserved - Bankura University


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What is the UEFA Champions League? A Brief Review.
In the qualifying stage of the UEFA Champions League, clubs play two home and away matches against each other. The clubs that have accumulated the most aggregate goals qualify for the next round. In the event of a draw, away goals and penalties are used to determine the winner between the two teams. In the group stage, ten winners from the playoff rounds join 22 automatic entrants in the 32 team group stage. The clubs are then split into 8 groups of four teams each, who play against each other in pool play. The two teams from each pairing proceed to the first knock out round, while the third finishers enter UEFA Europa League as a consolation prize.
The knock out phase features the remaining 16 teams who battle out for a place in the semi-finals. Clubs play home and away matches as well at this stage of the tournament. Group winners play the runners up of all teams other than those from their pool. The draw is free from the quarterfinals onward.
The final is decided by a single match which is referred to as UEFA Champions League Final. The final is decided by a single match, which this season will be played at Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica on Saturday, the 24th of May 2014.
So this is the essence of the UEFA Champions League tournament played every year from the fall until the end of May the following year.
At present the following teams are still alive in the semi-finals for a chance at hoisting the trophy and claiming themselves to be champions in just a little over a month – Chelsea (Premier League), Atletico Madrid (La Liga), Real Madrid (La Liga), and Bayern Munich (Bundesliga).
What makes the Champions League exciting is not only watching the games of the TV with friends at the local bar but placing money on who you think will come out victorious. I'm a punter over at bet365 based in Stoke, UK. I get asked a lot about how to register at bet365 and what I can tell you is that it is really as easy as pie. But obviously the most important question I get asked is is withdrawing from bet365 hassle-free? All I can say is that it couldn't be any simpler especially after coming across this online bookmaker review site. I've even won more than 20,000 pounds before and was able to withdraw it all in one day straight to my bank account. So, if I can play, win and enjoy my earnings, so can you. By all means, give bet365 a go especially with the Champions League ongoing right now. You won't regret it.


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Have you ever driven yourself near mad just trying to find the absolute right piece of patterned paper to go with your scrapbook layouts or handmade cards? Let me share a secret with you....I am having a love affair with paper...especially patterned paper and handmade paper. Believe me, I have A LOT of it! However, from time to time I just can't find exactly what it is that I want in my stash nor do I have the time to run out and look for something at my local store. So, out of the love of craftiness, I have started making my own papers to coordinate with whatever I am working on. (yes, I have a HUGE stamp pad collection, too!)
The sample above is a piece of background paper I made using a few simple supplies. You will need:
- White or a fairly light colored piece of card stock or scrapbook paper
- Permanent Ink (I like to use StazOn by Tsukineko)
- Dye based ink (I like to use Tim Holtz's Distress Inks)
- Stipple brushes
- An assortment of rubber stamps
The first thing you will want to do is take your largest images and begin to stamp those randomly onto your solid colored piece of paper. To make it interesting, stamp some of the images off the page.
**Something important to note....when using this technique, you want to make sure you are using PERMANENT ink. If you try to use dye inks to stamp your background, they will smudge when you go to colorize it later.
|Start with your largest stamps.
Next, stamp your medium and smaller stamps to fill in some of the white space. Again, use a random pattern and stamp some of the images so they are "hanging" off the page. Also, overlap your stamps. It looks really cool!
|Add your medium, then small stamps.
|The checkered image here fills in some of the white space.
|Create texture by randomly stamping this type of image over stark white areas of your paper.
If you don't have a textured stamp in your arsenal, that is just fine! You can create texture in other ways. You can "stamp" with the following:
- a stipple brush and tap the bristles onto the paper
- a crumpled piece of wax paper or even tin foil
- a piece of steel wool
- the scrubby side of a sponge
- a sea sponge (which will be right by the sea shells in your local craft store)
Once you have added the texture, your paper will look like this.
I think this is really pretty. In some circumstances I would leave it just like this, however, this paper was going to be used in a vintage style layout, so I added some color using Tim Holtz's Distressed Inks.
Using my stipple brushes (ya know I can't help myself!), I stippled the lightest color first using a sweeping motion. Then I highlighted specific areas with the middle color. Finally, I used the darkest color just at the edges of the paper for some contrast.
When I was done, it looked just like this:
I hope you are inspired to make some of your own background paper. I have been doing this a lot lately and have more ideas to share. So check back for part 2 very soon!
Just a heads up to you...soon I will be moving this blog to another space along with a new URL. I will keep you posted. I hope you will join me there. I'm very excited about it.
Artfully yours....


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It's difficult to resist a perfectly ripe strawberry, but did you know just how good they are for you?
Packed with vitamins, fiber and particularly high levels of antioxidants, strawberries are a sodium-free, fat-free, cholesterol-free, low-calorie food. They are among the top 20 fruits in antioxidant capacity and are a good source of manganese and potassium, according to Timaree Hagenburger, aka The Nutrition Professor.
Timaree is a registered dietitian with a master's degree in public health. She also is a nutrition professor at Cosumnes River College in Sacramento and a food lover who likes sharing tips and tricks on how to enjoy fresh California fruits and vegetables—such as strawberries.
For more information, visit www.TheNutritionProfessor.com.
• Strawberry dessert sauce


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Hello ChrisFreytag,
Really good advice. The "baby steps" approach makes reaching a goal attainable. It is how we all learned to walk and talk. One step at a time keeps us on track. Thank you for sharing.
When you think of where you want to be in terms of total weight loss, dress size, pant size or how you will look on your next tropical vacation, you may feel overwhelmed by obtaining that goal. Maybe your vision feels insurmountable or out of reach. Feeling overwhelmed often breeds inaction. Why even bother, you think. That's where baby steps come into play. Here are 3 ways you can baby step your way to your optimal health.
1) Make your goal smaller. Say what? Yep, you heard me right. The key to overcoming the obstacle of feeling overwhelmed or defeated is to make your goal smaller. For example, write down a goal to lose three pounds. Don't think about the looming 30 pounds you want to lose and how you are going to make that happen. Instead, think about the next three pounds and that's it. Don't let your mind go beyond the next three pounds. When you are three pounds down, take time to be happy about it and congratulate yourself on what you have accomplished, and then set your next small, immediate goal.
2) Add a new healthy habit each week. Just add one each week. Every Sunday, come up with a new, small habit you are going to adopt. Think about how much change you could create in your life if every week you ADD a new healthy habit. That's about four new habits per month, 48 new healthy habits per year! You can pretty much guarantee those weekly habits will add up to an improved you! Some habits you could add include: drinking more water, introducing strength training, or starting a food journal. Try freezing a smoothie and then take it to the office for lunch. Or begin eating yogurt and fruit as your dessert, pack your lunch, try a new workout, or up your intensity of your exercise. There are numerous ideas you can try each week. Just remember to keep adding habits—because it's your compounded efforts week to week that will bring about real change.
3) Take away a bad habit each week. What habits can you get rid of? Your health also can be vastly improved by things you stop doing. Can you give up soda? Eat a little less sugar each week? Stop buying foods that tempt you while you are at the store? Stop eating directly out of a bag or box? Eliminate a few processed food items from your grocery list? Stop avoiding workouts. Stop having second helpings? Each week, select one thing to stop doing to improve your health!
These three steps can trick you into a healthier lifestyle by slowly introducing change into your life. Before you know it, the majority of your habits will be healthy and you will love the changes you see and feel! Yeah you! Weight loss success!
Hello ChrisFreytag,
Really good advice. The "baby steps" approach makes reaching a goal attainable. It is how we all learned to walk and talk. One step at a time keeps us on track. Thank you for sharing.
All user-generated information on this site is the opinion of its author only and is not a substitute for medical advice or treatment for any medical conditions. Members and guests are responsible for their own posts and the potential consequences of those posts detailed in our Terms of Service.


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The deadline is fast approaching for a three-judge Superior Court panel to respond a request made by the state Supreme Court to provide further details in a battle between the Governor and the legislature over the State Board of Elections and Ethics Enforcement.
The Supreme Court ordered Sept. 1 that the Superior Court panel explain the basis for its earlier determination that it lacked jurisdiction to reach the merits of the claims advanced by Gov. Roy Cooper and address the issues that he raised on the merits. The deadline for that response is Tuesday.
Cooper is suing lawmakers for the second time over legislation that merges the State Board of Elections and the State Ethics Commission into one entity.
In the first lawsuit over Senate Bill 4, the three-judge Superior Court panel ruled mostly in favor of Cooper. Instead of appealing that ruling, lawmakers recrafted legislation to still merge the boards, but in a way that addressed some of the courts' points.
The second lawsuit Cooper filed over Senate Bill 68 was dismissed by the panel for lack of jurisdiction. Cooper appealed to the state's highest court.
Once the Superior Court files the order about its recent decision, the case will immediately be certified back to the Supreme Court for a final decision.
In it's order, the Supreme Court also wrote that any county board of elections with a vacancy while litigation is ongoing may continue to meet and conduct business with a quorum and unanimous assent of two members.


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The first step is to create a 2-D bar chart using data for two series (lets say, Total and Current): Continue reading
Creating a progress bar using MS Excel charts
While writing complex VBA programs, or programs that take a lot of time to run (e.g. calculating country/region-wise sales from third-party data), it is useful to give the end-user some sense of the task completed/remaining. I am essentially talking about the progress bar that we see in most software, websites and operating systems. Excel does not have a built-in progress bar that one can use for programming purposes. However, there are several ways of creating one. In this post I am going to use an Excel chart to create such a progress bar–please note that this is not the only way or the best way of creating a progress bar, but definitely one of the easy and effective ways. The end product will look like the one shown in the GIF image below:


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In the closing arguments in the two suits Croatia and Serbia filed against each other, the head of the Serbian legal team Sasa Obradovic urged the Court to find it lacked jurisdiction to hear Croatia's case. Alternatively, Obradovic asked the Court to reject Croatia's argument on Serbia's responsibility for genocide. At the same time, Obradovic asked the judges to find Croatia responsible of genocide in Operation Storm, order it to pay reparations, to take measures to ensure unobstructed return of the refugees and to stop celebrating the Day of Victory and Thanksgiving
In the afternoon hearing at the International Court of Justice, Serbia replied to Croatia's response to Serbia's allegation that genocide was committed in and after Operation Storm. Canadian law professor William Schabas's presentation took most of the time today. After Schabas completed his presentation, British lawyer Wayne Jordash addressed the judges. Sasa Obradovic, the head of the Serbian team, presented the closing arguments.
Professor Schabas dedicated the first part of his presentation to the former Croatian president Franjo Tudmjan. According to Schabas, Tudjman played the 'central role in planning and implementing' Operation Storm in August 1995. Croatia had claimed that Tudjman's words were 'taken out of context' in Serbia's arguments, and now Schabas insisted that Tudjman's public appearances and statements at various meetings made it clear that Tudjman held 'racist views' about Serbs, Jews and Muslims. Tudjman had a positive opinion of various organizations with fascist roots, Schabas noted. The Canadian professor said that Tudjman's idea was not only to liberate Croatia in Operation Storm but to settle Croats in Krajina in order to prevent the Serbs from returning.
Schabas recalled the Trial Chamber's conclusion in the judgment against generals Gotovina and Markac which described the specific acts, including administrative measures to prevent the return of Serbs after Operation Storm and to reduce their number in Krajina 'to a minimum'. The judges concluded that this was a 'strong indication of the genocidal intent'. According to Schabas, Croatia failed to draw attention to that aspect in its arguments.
Speaking about the trial of the Croatian generals at the Tribunal, Schabas noted that the judges' findings were important but they 'don't reflect' all the aspects of the Serbian genocide counter-suit. There are 'substantial differences' between the 'narrow picture' in the Gotovina and Markac trial and the public hearing on Serbia`s counter-suit, Schabas stressed. The acquittal of the Croatian generals on appeal left a 'glaring void' because no one was convicted for the evident crimes against Serbs and the permanent shift in the ethnic structure of that part of Croatia.
Schabas urged the International Court of Justice to fill that void by paying attention to other indicators of genocide, such as the attacks on refugee columns and murders of Serbs who had not been able to flee. Croatian soldiers killed every Serb civilian they found, and that 'was not destruction of a group in part or as a whole, that was destruction as a whole', Schabas said, alluding to the definition of genocide.
As for the claims of the Croatian team that the Serbs had left Krajina for various reasons, the Canadian professor allowed this might well be true. However, it didn't reduce Croatia's genocidal intent. Just as the fact that some Jews left Germany voluntarily for various reasons and thus escaped the Holocaust didn't mean that the Nazi authorities did not intend to destroy them. When the Croatian legal team responded to the Serbian counter-suit, they were particularly scathing when they addressed the part of Schabas's presentation where he drew a 'clumsy and inappropriate parallel' between the Nazi meeting in Wannsee and the Brioni meeting. The decision on the 'final solution' of the Jewish question in Germany was made in Wannsee, while Operation Storm was planned during the Brioni meeting. Today Professor Schabas remarked that Croatia obviously 'didn't listen carefully' to what he was saying: he didn't compare the two meetings but the way in which what had happened there was misrepresented and relativized.
Schabas concluded by saying that the allegations of the Serbian team in their genocide suit were 'much stronger' that the arguments presented in the Croatian suit. Wayne Jordash then took the floor to explain in detail the 'strength' of the Serbian suit in comparison to Croatian suit.
Completing the Serbian presentation, the head of the Serbian legal team Sasa Obradovic urged the judges to decide that the Court lacked jurisdiction over any crimes committed before 27 April 1992 when Serbia was formally constituted as a state, and before 8 October 1991, when Croatia became a state, when it considered Croatia's suit. If the judges do not accept this suggestion, the Serbian team wants them to dismiss all the arguments concerning Serbia's responsibility for genocide against Croats.
At the same time, Serbia called the Chamber consisting of 17 judges to conclude that Croatia violated the Genocide Convention in and after Operation Storm as killings and other crimes were committed with the intent to destroy the Krajina Serbs as a group, in part or as a whole. Obradovic urged the judges to order Croatia to fulfill its obligation to punish all acts of genocide committed in Operation Storm, to pay reparations to the victims, to secure the return of the refugees and normal life in their homes. Serbia wants judges to order Croatia to urgently amend its Act on Holidays, Memorial Days and Non-Working Days by removing the Victory and Thanksgiving Day, on 5 August, because, as Obradovic noted, the successful completion of the 'genocidal Operation Storm' is celebrated.
The public hearing on the two suits filed by Croatia and Serbia will be completed on Tuesday with the closing arguments of the Croatian side.


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Central England Co-op opens revamped funeral home in Loughborough following £125k investment
Central England Co-operative Funeralcare has officially opened a revamped Funeral Home in Loughborough following a major investment.
Swanns Funeral Home is based in Bridge Street and a total of £125,000 has been invested in the upgrades. The home now boasts a vastly superior look and feel for families with improvements including new furniture, decoration, and energy efficient LED lighting, as well as refreshed signage at the front of the Home and improved air conditioning.
The Home's canteen area has also been improved to provide better facilities for colleagues.
Funeral Director Neil Finn said: "This is a very exciting time for my team and we are proud to be part of the community in Loughborough. Our first priority is to enhance memories and love for all of our families and we are very pleased to offer that at Swanns.
"We feel it reflects our commitment to providing excellent standards of care for our families during their time of bereavement.
"The home now offers a brighter and friendlier environment to arrange funerals and visit loved ones, as well as improved facilities to better look after those in our care."
The funeral home offers a 24-hour service, seven days a week. In addition to arranging funerals, Neil and his team are also able to offer advice on floral tributes, monumental masonry, funeral stationery, pre-paid funeral plans and probate advice. The team can be contacted on 01509 809643.
Notes to editors
About Central England Co-operative
Central England Co-operative is one of the largest independent retail co-operative societies in the UK.
It is a modern, forward-looking organisation employing over 8,000 staff, with the Society's principal areas of activity being food, funeral services, and property.
The company's funeral business consists of over 120 funeral homes across 16 counties, nine florists, masonry production and administration, Bretby Crematorium and Terry Smiths coffin factory.
Central England Co-operative has more than 430 trading outlets across 16 counties including; West Midlands, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Nottinghamshire, Northamptonshire, Lincolnshire, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire.
The Society has an ambitious food store and funeral home development programme for 2019.
Central England Co-operative is proud of its reputation for ethical business practices and corporate responsibility. It is a member of Business in the Community, the membership organisation that stands for responsible business, and has also won many business awards for excellence. The Society supports a number of charities including Dementia UK and invests a percentage of its trading profit into local communities.
Becoming a member of Central England Co-operative offers a whole host of benefits ranging from collecting points every time you spend in store to earn a share of the profits, access to members activities and community initiatives including the Community Dividend Fund, which hands out grants of up to £5,000 to charities and good causes across the Society's trading estate.
Find out how to become a Central England Co-operative member by calling 0800 0501 601, emailing firstname.lastname@example.com or visiting https://www.members.coop
For more information visit www.centralengland.coop, follow Central England Co-operative on Twitter: @mycoopfood, @mycooplife and on Facebook: facebook.com/centralenglandcooperative
Rob Smyth and James Brindle at Central England Co-operative on 01543 414140
Email – firstname.lastname@example.com


text: Clinical data captured through electronic case report forms (eCRFs) has always required conversion and delivery to data consumers, such as biostatisticians, for subsequent downstream processing. The volume and variety of clinical data is ever increasing as are the stakeholders and systems that want to consume it. It would be fabulous if our data consumers could all accept the data they need in the same format. Alas the real world dictates that many of these consumers have their own preferences for both content and structure. The once simple data exports of tables for biostatisticians have increased in complexity. Industry standards such as CDISC SDTM have added the need to transpose and manipulate clinical data in the process of data export, not just provide simple tables per unique eCRF in the trial. The ability to link with other complimentary technologies such as pharmacovigilance systems introduces additional file formats (ICH E2B R2 and R3). This requires yet another specialized export that maps data from the eCRF to a unique, complex data standard. This necessitates an intelligent export to provide relevant clinical data at the time a specific adverse event (AE) occurs. Data Safety Monitoring Boards may require safety-specific cuts of data. Site personnel may want targeted consolidated views of data across eCRFs and patients such as AE summaries or key-endpoint variables for review. Central or on-site monitors may also need targeted, consolidated views of clinical data summarized across sites to review key risk indicators (KRIs) in a world of risk-based monitoring (RBM). It makes sense then that the eCRF system used as the source of so much clinical data is equipped with the capability to aggregate, manipulate, transpose, export, and visualize the data it collects in any of these scenarios or in anticipation of future scenarios that will no-doubt arise. To that end, OmniComm has consistently expanded its TrialMaster® EDC Custom Data Export Utility into what is today a more holistic and comprehensive data delivery solution that supports the granular control of data to diverse consumers. This novel utility removes the need for downstream data wrangling and conversion required by more generic data exports and places traceability for data exports within the EDC design environment. Users can now manage all their diverse data delivery needs from within a single solution that reduces complexity of their operations with associated cost savings.


text: Home - Friends The Whitten-Newman Foundation was created by Reggie Whitten, his wife Rachelle, and his brother-in-law Robert Newman. Unfortunately, the foundation was born of tragedy. Reggie's son, Brandon, an "all-American" kid, became addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol. When Brandon died in a motorcycle accident in 2002, at the age of 25, Reggie was devastated. "I was a walking dead man," he explained. "I was just trying to find a reason to live." It was his wife, Rachelle Newman Whitten, who helped him find that reason. Central to the mission of the Whitten-Newman Foundation is helping put a stop to drug and alcohol abuse among young people like Brandon who often consider themselves "bullet proof" and don't believe they can ever become an addict. "I think the worst problem this country has is drug and alcohol addiction," Reggie said. "If we had an act of terrorism that killed as many people, we would be quick to launch a war against our enemy. When we formed the foundation, we asked ourselves 'How can we prevent drug and alcohol abuse?' One way is to get kids involved in science." Whitten Burrage Law Firm is one of the most accomplished and experienced trial law firms in Oklahoma. Whitten Burrage is a full service law firm which provides a wide range of legal services. The firm handles federal and state litigation and appellate practice in a broad spectrum of legal arenas including insurance law, products liability, wrongful death, professional malpractice, class actions, drug and device litigation, oil & gas, water rights, commercial litigation, tribal law, complex litigation, libel/slander, civil rights, Title VII actions, employment litigation and commercial transactions. Native Explorers has partnered with The Chickasaw Nation to create the Chickasaw Nation Native Explorers Program for Chickasaw students in Ada and Ardmore. To learn more, please visit the website by clicking here The Whitten-Newman ExplorOlogy® Program is a series of programs through the Sam Noble Museum forOklahomans of all agesto "do science" by getting outside and experiencing theworld we share. The Whitten-Newman ExplorOlogy® Program makes science exciting and relevant to Oklahoma youth by engaging them in authentic science experiences. These programs are generously funded by theWhitten-Newman Foundationand are part ofthe Sam Noble Museum's educational programs. F.A.T.E. (Fighting Addiction Through Education) is a non profit organization with a mission to educate the general public on substance abuse and addiction in Oklahoma and to significantly reduce the incidence of abuse and addiction in the state. We focus our educational efforts through the following mediums: FATE website (for young people, parents, veterans, policy makers and others who want to know more about the issues relating to substance abuse) In mid high and high schools and on college campuses through rallies and other events involving notable sports personalities Through media outlets/billboards/twitter/FB Through personal and group contact with governmental agencies, policy makers and legislators. We strive to educate both public and private sector leaders about the issues of substance abuse and addiction so they can thoughtfully address those issues through programs, funding and legislation where appropriate. Through media communications and events involving the general public that will increase awareness of the substance abuse problem in Oklahoma and motivate Oklahomans to do something about it. Through programs and research conducted at the Brandon Whitten Institute located at East Central University in Ada, Oklahoma FATE is an alliance partner with The Partnership at drugfree.org. Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences is home to the OSU College of Osteopathic Medicine, which was recognized by U.S. News & World Report as America's Most Popular Medical School. OSU-CHS also houses the School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Forensic Sciences and School of Health Care Administration. The Sam Noble Museum at The University of Oklahoma inspires minds to understand the world through collection-based research, interpretation, and education. As one of the finest museums, it is at the heart of our community, collectively working to inspire understanding, appreciation, and stewardship of the earth and its peoples.


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The fact still remains though that f anyone searches for SEO in Yorkshire they're more likely to get a recipe on Yorkshire puddings than SEO !
That said, curiously I decided to lookup just how many people look for SEO services in the Yorkshire area and you might be surprised. While 33,100 searches a month are executed for SEO in the UK there are over half a million made for the same term worldwide. Yorkshire...? Specifically Yorkshire SEO...? A mere 110 !
That's appaling I think. There are other long tail searches of course, you could even be more specific and mention town names and other location specific information but 110 searches a month was a bit of a shock.
So, if you're one of those 100 folk that are performing that search why not get in touch and see what can be done for your SEO...
Paying a Web Designer a Retainer
Share This Post !


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I do not know what this structure is, but I am strangely tempted to go inside* with my companion and see what happens.
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A calling card
On this trip, I also learned that it is a Midgardian custom to bring one's host and hostess a greeting present. It is a custom in Asgard as well, but I was unprepared this day. Lacking a suitable gift, I at least made sure to leave a calling card.*
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* I was informed that the spot upon which I stood is a delivery point for ice. I am Frost Giant–bring it on! (Also, I have no idea why humans prefer to leave messages upon food stasis-storage units. Granted, they spend a lot of time eating, so a message left here is sure to be seen, but still…)
This confection pleases me
Sigyn and I have accompanied the humans on a short trip to another city to celebrate the birth anniversary of one of their infant friends. Apparently it is customary in this realm to observe such occasions with cake. This is a tradition I can heartily endorse! There is no such thing as too much cake.
I must confess, I have never before seen a plaid cake. I am not certain that cakes should be plaid. However, the border around the edge (Sigyn informs me that this is called "piping"– I do not know why. I don't hear anything) is green. I approve.
I also approve of the fine old Midgardian custom known as "Licking the Bowl"
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Eeny, Meeny, Miney, Mo… Where'd the stuff she ordered go?
I have determined that my mischievous influence can span the continent. Score! Let me see if I can condense the tale…
The human female frequently makes purchases of various goods as part of her "work." On the fifteenth of May, she ordered two liters of chloroform. (I don't know what she wanted it for; possibly she uses it to keep the rowdier students under control.) The chemical shipped from Illinois promptly on May 16 and began its journey toward Texas. It vanished in a town called Austin on May 23 and was given up for lost.
As there was an urgent need for the chloroform (students rowdier than usual?), the female purchased a small quantity from a local source as a stop-gap and called the vendor to initiate a reshipment of the missing two liters.
Still with me? On June 11, replacement chloroform was shipped from California, with a projected delivery date of June 16. The package was mis-routed, put off the truck, put back on the truck, and given a tour of the western half of the nation. June 16 merrily came and merrily went, and I enjoyed watching the human female rant and froth at the mouth.
On June 20, the *first* shipment showed up, with nothing to say for itself except, "Sorry I drooled and melted the packing styrofoam."
Meanwhile, the second shipment arrived in a place called Dallas. Where it languished. For nearly a week, while the delivery date continued to show as June 16. (My magical abilities are great, but even I can't go back in time!) It was at last delivered on June 26, in a stove-in box and no explanation.
So now she is swimming in confusion and chloroform. (Well, not actually, because that would be most unhealthy.) I consider this one of my finest pranks, and I have left her wondering not only what happened (I could make the boxes talk to satisfy her curiosity, but of course I will do no such thing) but also why in the Nine Realms one two liter shipment was billed as weighing 8 pounds and the other–identical!– was billed at 15!
Ehehehehe! I had fun with this one!
>|: [
Forensics lab
The Biology students where the human female works are doing a unit on Forensic Science. They are given a "crime" to solve and evidence to evaluate. Everything is strictly by the book.
What do you mean, "Uh oh. There goes the case"?
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Cleanliness is next to Norse godliness
Of course, after "working" in the yard, I need to clean up, carefully washing and drying my hands on the human female's fluffy white towel.
I don't know why, but in this household, yard work day always seems to be followed by laundry day. Humans are so predictable.
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More seeds
The burrs were nice, and should be properly annoying, but the flower beds will need something else. I have found these fluffy seeds, which I hope will grow into plants that will make MORE fluffy seeds. If each of those grows into a plant that makes fluffy seeds, inside of three years, the humans' garden should look like a feather mattress exploded. The air conditioning filter and the window screens will clog up, and everyone will sneeze continuously. If I'm *really* lucky, the city will issue a citation for a messy, weedy lawn, and the homeowners' association will send the humans a nastygram. Never let anyone say I don't think things through.
>|: [


text: French police are hunting for a gunman who shot dead four people, including three children, at a Jewish school in the city of Toulouse, prompting President Nicolas Sarkozy to put the region on its highest terrorism alert. More than a 100 officers were dispatched to the area on Monday to search for the gunman, who is also a prime suspect in the killing of three soldiers in two seperate shootings last week. As thousands held vigils for the latest victims, a police source told the AFP news agency that the same weapon and the same stolen scooter appeared to have been used in all three attacks. All three attacks were carried out by the rider of a powerful, dark-coloured scooter, using a .45-calibre weapon, who witnesses described as calmly shooting his victims at point-blank range. In carrying out the killings outside the Ozar Hatorah school on Monday, the shooter opened fire with a 9mm calibre weapon, which jammed. He then produced a second weapon, a pistol of the same .45 calibre as that used in the other attacks, and chased children into the school to continue his spree. Possible pattern Al Jazeera's Jacky Rowland, reporting from Toulouse, said that people were particularly concerned by the sense that a pattern of killings was emerging. "[The gunman] shot at everything he could see, children and adults, and some children were chased into the school" - Michel Valet, local prosecutor "It would seem to be a huge coincidence otherwise; over the space of eight days you have three attacks, all of which involve an attacker on a motorcycle wearing a black helmet and the same sort of gun. So the evidence is starting to stack up." Patrick Rouimi, the father of a child at the school, told the AFP news agency that the attacker opened fire on a group of people standing at a spot where children were picked up for school. "He shot at everything he could see, children and adults, and some children were chased into the school," Michel Valet, the local prosecutor, told journalists. Nicole Yardeni, president of the Council of Jewish Institutions in France, told Al Jazeera that the children who were killed were younger siblings of those who attend the school. "There is an eight-year-old, a six-year-old and a three-year-old that are dead and a 17-year-old that [attends] the school, that is between life and death at the hospital," Yardeni said. "He was shooting at them, even catching them and shooting them in their heads." 'National tragedy' Sarkozy rushed to the school, ordering increased security at Jewish and Muslim buildings around Toulouse, while his prime minister ordered officials to "secure" all schools and religious buildings. The Israeli prime minister described the attack as "despicable murder of Jews" [AFP] France has Europe's largest Jewish community, estimated at up to 700,000 people. Speaking after meeting security officials, Sarkozy said "exceptional security measures" would be taken in the Midi-Pyrenees region and that it was being put on "scarlet" terror alert, the highest possible level. "It is a national tragedy," said Sarkozy, denouncing the "savagery" of the attack, and vowing to find the killer. Binyamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister, described the attack as "despicable murder of Jews". "It is too early to determine exactly what the background to the murderous act was, but we certainly cannot rule out the option that it was motivated by violent and murderous anti-Semitism," he said. Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, the White House, and the Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erakat also issued statements condemning the attack. SOURCE: Al Jazeera and agencies Poverty & Development Europe


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87th Pa. living historians release 2018 schedule
Military history took up residence at Fort Indiantown Gap Friday, Feb. 2, for the 2018 Battle of the Bulge Living History Commemoration. The annual event features living history demonstrations, troop movements and a WWII flea market.
The 87th Pennsylvania, Company C, living history group has released its 2018 schedule of events. The public is welcome to come out and chat with the reenactors and learn more about this family hobby.
2018 Schedule 87th PA Volunteer Infantry
(FVB) These events are maximum attendance and designated as Brigade Events
February 10th Recruiter Reenactment, U. S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA
March 10th Company Drill @ John Rudy Park, York, PA - 9:30 a.m.
March 17th St. Patrick's Day Parade, York, PA - 11:00 a.m.
April 6 -8 Officers & NCO School – Waynesboro, PA – Brigade Drill on Saturday 9:00 a.m.
May 4 -5 Carroll County 61st PA – Westminster, Maryland
May 19 – 20 New Market, VA (FVB Event) http://www.vmi.edu/museums-and-archives/virginia-museum-of-the-civil-war/
May 28th Memorial Day – Fawn AME Zion Church 10:00 a.m.
June 3rd Ma/Pa Railroad Preservation, Muddy Creek Forks, Airville, PA, 8:00 a.m.
June 9 – 10 Wax Museum – Heritage Center Gettysburg, PA – living history
July 5 – 8 155th Gettysburg – www.gettysburgreenactment.com/ (FVB Event)
July 21 – 22 Union Mills, MD
July 28 – 29 Wax Museum – Heritage Center, Gettysburg, PA
August 3 - 5 Society of Civil War Surgeons weekend, Gettysburg, PA
August 10 – 12 Waynesboro, PA - (139th PA) http://renfrewreenactment.com/
August ? 27th Annual 93rd PA event – Old Union Canal Tunnel
September 15 – 16 PA Monument, Gettysburg National Military Park
October 20, 21 Cedar Creek, Middletown, VA (FVB EVENT)
November 17th Remembrance Day, Gettysburg, PA (FVB EVENT)


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18 Mar 2020
Chancellor Rishi Sunak has set out a package of temporary, targeted measures to support public services, people and businesses through the period of disruption caused by COVID-19.
12 Mar 2020
The Chancellor Rishi Sunak presented his first Budget on Wednesday 11 March 2020.


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I'd love to visit this place.
I'd love to visit this place.
I like a cam that pans. It's worth the wait.
Looking at the European cameras, this weekend seems to be a popular time for markets and festivals.
I like the 7hrs ago picture.
Another lovely day.
Great views again.
Soooo pretty.
Busy at the moment.
Hi NQ.... I always like this cam but even better with a christmas tree. :)
another town square with an xmas tree :)
yes... I like this cam.
Nice clear cam and always an interesting view.
WOW!! I just notice that it's cobblestones. That must have taken forever to do.
yes it is beautiful...
Trix, I finally got to see the top of the statue. It looks more like the sun to me, than a star. Absolutely beautiful.
Obviously I can't see the gold star but I love this cam.
it has 2 fountains...
what a pretty place...the cam moves...
crap...they moved the cam...on top of the fountain is a huge gold star....
WOW...look at the top of the pole thingy....
To view more comments and suggest corrections for the camera information, please log in.


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The economic, and cultural center of the state of Queensland, the attractive and highly livable city of Brisbane is Australia's third largest, with a metro population of greater than 2 million. This popular destination both with national and international visitors is known for its smartly planned Central Business District, which abounds with cafes, distinctive retail, and world-class arts venues. The city has a large and active GLBT scene. The city's well-attended Brisbane Gay Pride Festival takes place throughout September, but the biggest events - the Rally, March, and Fair Day - are on September 17, 2016.
The main Pride event is the Brisbane Pride Fair Day, is held on Saturday, September 17, starting at 11 am and taking place throughout the afternoon in the lovely New Farm Park, on the Brisbane River, a 10-minute drive from the City Center. The day consists of Mr. and Ms. Pride competitions, food stalls, entertainment, and more. Right in the City Center, on the same day at 11 am, the Brisbane Pride Rally and Brisbane Gay Pride Parade kicks off at the corner of Brunswick and Ann streets and then proceeds to the Fair Day grounds at New Farm Park.
Other Brisbane Pride events taking place that same weekend include a Friday night "Balls Out Bingo" party, the Fair Play Fair Day After Party (presented by Poof Doof and Girlthing) on Saturday night, a Fair Day Foam Party, and Out on Sunday. In fact, throughout the entire month of September, there are dozens of related Brisbane Pride gatherings, arts presentations, and parties.
Brisbane Gay Resources
Numerous bars as well as gay-popular restaurants, hotels, and shops have special events and parties throughout Pride Weekend. Check the Q News, a GLBT newspaper serving Queensland, for for details, as well as SameSame.com's Brisbane section. Also take a look at the excellent Brisbane visitor site produced by the region's official tourism organization, Destination Queensland and the Visit Brisbane website.


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