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Air National Guard Offers Opportunities as Part Time Fighter Pilots
The Air National Guard
In a previous Hub I discussed, in general terms, what is required to become a fighter pilot.
That article dealt with the general attributes and requirements for joining the fraternity of elite aviators serving in aerial combat wings of various armed forces around the world.
Space considerations limited that Hub to a general discussion of what it takes to join this elite fraternity of aviators.
As a result, I was not able to include detailed information describing the specifics of where to go to enlist as a fighter pilot candidate in one of the various branches of the military in the different nations of the world
However, a recent comment on that Hub asked how to go about becoming a fighter pilot in the Air National Guard in the United States.
USAF KC-97 Air Tanker
This is a much narrower and more specific request so I will be able to provide more direct information for this.
Also, as I did serve in the Air National Guard a number of years ago I do have some first hand knowledge here.
Admittedly, I was a navigator on a KC-97 tanker whose mission was mid-air refueling of fighter planes.
My job was to find the fighters with my radar and direct them to us so that we could refuel them and allow them to remain airborne longer, thereby enabling them to fly longer and farther.
Air National Guard is the Air Arm of State Militias
The Air National Guard is the Air Force counterpart of the fifty state militias. As such there are one or more Air National Guard units located within each of the fifty U.S. states as well as in the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. territories of Guam and the Virgin Islands.
Like the Army National Guard, Air National Guard units are state units and each state unit has the governor of the state, not the President of the U.S. as their commander in chief. Officers in the National Guard receive their commissions from their respective state legislature and not the U.S. Congress (although all pilots and most other officers also receive commissions as reserve officers in the USAF from Congress).
While Army and Air National Guard units are under the command of their respective state governors, Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution (which reads: The President shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States;) allows the President of the United States to temporarily take over a state Army or Air National Guard unit and place it under his command during a war or other national emergency. Because of this, most officers in the Air National Guard have both a state commission and a Federal commission as a reserve officer in the U.S. Air Force.
Current Air National Guard Fighter Aircraft
According to the Air National Guard's recruiting information website, GoANG.com, the Air National Guard currently flies four types of fighter aircraft and these are:
F-15 Eagle
F-16 Falcon
F-22 Raptor
The Air National Guard also flies the following other types of military aircraft:
KC-135 Air Tankers
C-5 Airlift
C-17 Airlift
C-130 Airlift
UH-60 Special Missions aircraft
C-21 Special Missions aircraft
B2 Bombers
Since individual units only have one type of aircraft, a person wishing to become a fighter pilot in the Air National Guard, will find their choice of units limited to those which are assigned one of the four types of fighter aircraft listed above.
If the unit near where you live is not a fighter unit you will have to seek another unit in your state or in another state that is a fighter unit. Unless there is such a unit nearby you would probably have to relocate in order to be able to perform you duties without having to commute extensively. Since Air National Guard service is part-time reserve service, having to move would be contingent upon being able to find a job in your civilian career field in the new area.
A second hurdle here is that you can only get into specific job, such as fighter pilot, in a unit if there are openings in that job category.
Only a Few Openings in Air National Guard for Officer Candidates
Assuming that you can find a fighter unit with open positions for pilots in an area where you live the next step, for a non-prior service applicant, is to apply to join that unit as an officer and pilot candidate.
According to the GoANG.com website most Air National Guard officer candidates are selected from the pool of enlisted personnel in the unit. However, the site goes on to state that there are opportunities for outsiders to apply for a commission.
Basic Requirements for Admittance
The basic requirements needed in order to receive an appointment as an officer in the Air National Guard are:
- First be accepted for officer training by the state in which the Air National Guard unit you are trying to join is located and then meet the general requirements set by the U.S. Air Force for commissioning as a USAF officer which are:
- Be a U.S. citizen
- Be a college or university graduate
- Take the Air Force Officer Qualifying Test (AFOQT)
- Pass the Air Force Physical Fitness Test
- Be between the ages of 18 and 35 (however pilot candidates must be no older than 28 1/2)
Since you will be accepted into the unit as a pilot candidate, you will also have to meet the minimum Air Force requirements for pilot training before being admitted into the unit and these include all of the above plus:
- Be under age 28 1/2
- Have a score on the AFOQT that qualifies for pilot training
- Meet the Air Force pilot vision requirement of 20/50 (this changes and is 20/70 on some USAF websites) and the vision must be correctable to 20/20. The vision requirement also excludes from pilot training anyone who has had Photo Refractive Keratectomy (PRK), Radial Keratotomy (RK), or Laser In-Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) eye surgeries.
Flying With the Air National Guard Following Commissioning and Training
After meeting these requirements the candidate will be sent to the ANG Academy of Military Science which is located at McGhee-Tyson Air Force Base in Knoxville, Tennessee to complete a six week officer training course.
Upon successful completion of the ANG Academy of Military Science, you will be sent to one of the Air Force's Undergraduate Pilot Training Schools for basic flight training. After successfully completing undergraduate pilot training and receiving your wings as a pilot you will be sent to advanced flight training in the aircraft flown by your unit.
Finally, after successfully completing this process you will be a member of the small, but elite, fraternity of Air National Guard fighter pilots.
As a pilot in the Air National Guard you will be required to attend once monthly weekend drills along with two to three weeks annual training with your unit either at your unit's location or another, usually Air Force, base in the U.S. or abroad. You will also have additional required flying time.
When I was in the Air National Guard we had a certain number of 4 hour slots which we selected from a schedule in advance to fly training missions with others in the unit. In my unit these were generally in the evening and on weekends and we could choose the ones we wanted which fit within our civilian work schedules. To maintain our flying status we had to fly a certain minimum number of hours per month.
We were also able to volunteer for additional flying assignments with our unit or neighboring units flying the same aircraft when these were available and so long as such assignments did not exceed 180 continuous days which would have put us into active duty status which would have resulted in making us eligible for various GI Bill benefits.
I was in graduate school at that time so this was a great opportunity for me to earn some extra money. It was also a good opportunity for many of our pilots to make some extra money as many of them were laid off from their civilian jobs as airline pilots.
May Be Called to Fight Overseas
While there are many financial and other benefits to flying for the Air National Guard, it should be remembered that, despite being civilian or part-time soldiers, you are in the military and have sworn an oath to respond when called to fight.
From colonial times to the present, with the exception of the Vietnam War, it has usually been the National Guard (Army and Air) and reserves that have been called up first when the nation goes to war.
In the present War on Terror, much of the burden of fighting the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan has fallen upon the National Guard with many units having been called up more than once for tours at the front.
While members of the National Guard have willingly responded to these calls to duty, this has resulted in heavy sacrifices to their families and civilian careers.
While they may be known as weekend warriors in peacetime, when the nation is threatened, members of the Army and Air National Guard become full time warriors at the front lines of war.
This article is accurate and true to the best of the author's knowledge. Content is for informational or entertainment purposes only and does not substitute for personal counsel or professional advice in business, financial, legal, or technical matters.
Questions & Answers
© 2009 Chuck Nugent
Wonderful hub. Really enjoyed it. GBY
I was in indian air force school for a year and loved being there. :-)
Very Cool. Thanks! Great Photos too!
It is most important hub for those who have interest to be a pilot. It is an enthusiastic work to collect such beneficial factors of knowledge. I think that this habpage had served the people in multiple manners. Pictures appended therein are really very acquit.
very cool , thank you for the info
Very informative hub about national army. Can you clear my doubt about the requirement for fighter pilot is it comes every year or specific?
Lots of great information. The Air National Guards may soon change their laser eye surgery restriction, as even NASA now allows astronauts who have had LASIK surgery. - Carol
Good stuff for those interested, lots of great info.
good to see the requirements are not as flexible as you'd think. I think they may alter the age though since most cities upped the age limits for police and firefighters recruits. Maybe age is a factor here since they are in the air but then that argument is put to rest with the NWA pilots..LOL


text: BIMOTA DB3 MANTRA (1995-2002) Review Published: 22 November 2006 Updated: 21 November 2014 MCN Review Owners' Reviews Photos Facts & Figures History & Versions "Underneath the tribute to Buck Rogers sci-fi there's a sensible Ducati-engined roadster" "Underneath the tribute to Buck Rogers sci-fi there's a sensible Ducati-engined roadster" At a glance 904cc - 86 bhp 40 mpg - 120 miles range Insurance group: 16 of 17 Compare insurance quotes now Medium seat height (780mm) Overall Rating 3 out of 5 "What the hell is that?" is likely to be the first comment from anyone who sees you ride into town on a Bimota Mantra. But don't be scared, underneath designer Sacha Lakic's tribute to Buck Rogers sci-fi there's a sensible Ducati-engined cruiser/roadster. A claimed 85bhp from the old 904cc Duke motor, plus classy suspension and chassis detailing make the Bimota Mantra surprisingly easy to ride. Ride Quality & Brakes 4 out of 5 Again, the Bimota Mantra is a surprising bike, because although it looks bizarre, it actually handles very well, with a stiff trellis frame, meaty Paioli 43mm forks and a firm monoshock at the back. The brakes are excellent and a 24 degree fork angle gives the Bimota Mantra real agility in town, or on very twisty roads. In a word, it's classy. Engine 4 out of 5 The Bimota Mantra's 904cc Ducati engine appeared in the first generation Monster 900 bikes, the Paso, 900SS as well as the Cagiva Elefant 900, making it a mainstay of the Italian bike industry during the fist half of the 1990s. It's a reasonably punchy unit and so long as you look after it, you'll cover many miles in a relatively zen-like state. Build Quality & Reliability 3 out of 5 Not may Bimotas from the 1990s have 100% reliability records and the Mantra is likely to suffer the same electrical niggles and various bodywork blemishes as an SB or YB series Bimota. For all their faults however, owners, especially those who bought them new tend to lavish thousands on them, so buying a Bimota Mantra used might not be too risky - so long as you don't plan on riding it very far, or requiring any unobtainable spares. Insurance, running costs & value 3 out of 5 Priced at £13,500 back in the mid 1990s the Mantra, indeed most Bimotas, were for the seriously rich biker. Few were sold obviously, as the oddball looks and high price ticket tended to put off all but the most determinded extroverts. Now, they fetch about £4000-£5000 used and are sought out by collectors in the main, as their sheer rarity means the value of the Bimota Mantra will probably rise in the future. Find a Bimota mantra for sale.Insurance group: 16 of 17 – compare motorcycle insurance quotes now. Equipment 3 out of 5 There's some classy bits of engineering on the Bimota Mantra, with top notch Italian suspension and braking components for the era on show. The tiny screen doesn't offer much wind protection however and the motorcycle's oddball bodywork shapes more or less rule out practical duties like slinging luggage on the bike and touring on it. Definitely more show than go. Compare and buy parts for the Bimota Mantra. By MCN Staff Facts & Figures Model info Year introduced 1995 Year discontinued 2002 Original price - Used price - Warranty term (when new) Two year unlimited mileage Running costs Insurance group 16 of 17 Annual road tax £91 Annual service cost £200 Performance Max power 86 bhp Max torque 67 ft-lb Top speed 125 mph 1/4-mile acceleration 12.5 secs Average fuel consumption 40 mpg Tank range 120 miles Specification Engine size 904cc Engine type V-twin, four stroke, 6 gears Frame type Aluminium oval trellis Fuel capacity 16 litres Seat height 780mm Bike weight 172kg Front suspension Preload, rebound, compression Rear suspension Preload, rebound, compression Front brake Twin 320mm disc Rear brake 230mm disc Front tyre size 120/70 x 17 in Rear tyre size 180/55 x 17 in History & Versions Model history 1995: Bimota Mantra launched.2002: Bimota in administration.2003: Handful of Bimota Mantras find their way out of Italy in receivership sale. Other versions None. Owners' Reviews 2 owners have reviewed their BIMOTA DB3 MANTRA (1995-2002) and rated it in a number of areas. Read what they have to say and what they like and dislike about the bike below. Review your BIMOTA DB3 MANTRA (1995-2002) Summary of Owners' Reviews Overall Rating 3.5 out of 5 Ride Quality & Brakes 3.5 out of 5 Engine 3.5 out of 5 Build Quality & Reliability 2 out of 5 Value & Running Costs 3 out of 5 Equipment 3 out of 5 4 out of 5 Be a transformer ... with a fake wooden dash 01 April 2020 by MIS UK LTD Year : 1996 Annual servicing cost : £200 OK so if you want to look different and require a bike with a (fake) wooden dash and two into FOUR exhaust ..really this is the bike for you Ride Quality & Brakes 4 out of 5 when its on song its a nice bike good riding position and you look like a transformer what could be cooler Engine 4 out of 5 Great (when it runs) so only great occasionally Build Quality & Reliability 1 out of 5 Its a Ducati (basically) what more do you need to know Value & Running Costs 3 out of 5 It will be of the road most of the time so not that expensive Equipment 3 out of 5 - Buying experience delightful 3 out of 5 Nice 17 August 2007 by pcoberly Nice Ride Quality & Brakes 3 out of 5 - Engine 3 out of 5 - Build Quality & Reliability 3 out of 5 - Value & Running Costs 3 out of 5 - Equipment 3 out of 5 - Photo Gallery Advertisement How much is it to insure? Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Riding Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Side view Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Side view Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Riding Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Side view Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Riding Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Side view Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Exhaust Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Brakes Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Instruments Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Side view Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Riding Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Riding Bimota Mantra motorcycle review - Riding Other pages you might like ... NewsArticles VideoVideos ReviewsBike reviews The shape of things to come: 3D-printed Morlaco heralds a revolution in specials building This Fireblade-powered, 'funny-front-end' superbike has become one of the very first to have its... 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subset: commoncrawl


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Legend of Gangotri
The mythological story that goes behind River Ganga is perhaps the most interesting and powerful legend. It says that King Bhagirath carried out severe penance for several centuries to please Goddess Ganga to absolve the sins of his predecessors. Finally Goddess Ganga, daughter of heaven, agreed to his wish and decided to take form of river and flow on earth. But earth could not sustain the immense flow of Ganga and soon it was water everywhere. Lord Shiva then took the flowing Ganga in his hair locks to reduce the impact, henceforth, it flowed down in 12 streams of water. The stream at the source came to be known as Bhagirathi (named after Bhagirath), flowing like this since centuries, absolving the sins of mankind. The Submerged Shivling A submerged Shivling in water here stands reinforcing the legend that goes with River Bhagirathi here. It is said that the place where Shivling is submerged in water, Lord Shiva stood to receive Ganga in his locks. The Shivling submerged in water presents a mystical sight, though it is more visible in early winters when the water level goes down. The Temple The Templa at Gangotri, a shrine dedicated to Goddess Ganga stands on the banks of River Bhagirathi.
The three century old temple was made by Gorkhas here, their Commander Amar Singh Thapa, got it constructed here in the 18th century. The temple is open for pilgrims from October to May. In the months of winter when the area goes under a cover of snow, it is believed that the goddess retreats to Mukhba, 12 kilometres down. The main temple complex was renovated in early twentieth century. Made of white granite, the twenty feet tall temple stands beautifully reflecting in the sunshine and snow peaks in the backdrop. Close to the temple is a stone, or it is said that the temple was built close to this stone purposely. This is known as Bhaigirath shila, shila meaning rock. This is believed to be the place where Bhagiratha meditated for penance and Ganga first touched earth here.


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The Los Angeles County District Attorney is reviewing a sex crimes case against Kevin Spacey, officials tell CNN.
The case was presented to prosecutors on April 5 by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, according to a spokesperson for the Los Angeles District Attorney.
No additional information was made available.
An attorney for Spacey did not immediately return CNN's request for comment.
The news comes nearly six months after Spacey was accused of making a sexual advance on actor Anthony Rapp when Rapp was only 14.
Rapp, now 46, shared his account of the alleged 1986 incident with a then-26-year-old Spacey in an interview with Buzzfeed back in October.
In response to the allegations, Spacey tweeted that he was "beyond horrified to hear [Rapp's] story," adding that he did not remember the encounter.
"But if I did behave then as he describes, I owe him the sincerest apology for what would have been deeply inappropriate drunken behavior, and I am sorry for the feelings he describes having carried with him all these years."
Days later, members of the "House of Cards" production staff detailed sexual harassment and an alleged instance of sexual assault to CNN.
A former TV news anchor also came forward with an allegation that Spacey sexually assaulted her son in 2016.
An attorney for Spacey did not respond to CNN's request for comment at the time.
Netflix cut ties with Spacey as a result of the allegations, a move that cost the streaming service roughly $39 million.
The next season of "House of Cards" is set to debut in fall, with Robin Wright leading the cast.
In London, 20 allegations of inappropriate behavior by Spacey were unearthed during an investigation commissioned by officials at The Old Vic Theatre, where Spacey served as artistic director from 2004-15.
The Old Vic said the allegations spanned from 1995 to 2013, with most of the claims taking place before 2009. The theater added that it had not been possible to verify any of the allegations.
At the time, Spacey's representatives did not respond to a request for comment from CNN.
Spacey sought unspecified treatment following the allegations made by Rapp, but has not made a public appearance since.
CNN's Megan Thomas and Chloe Melas contributed to this report.
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PETER Houston is convinced Falkirk are building momentum again after admitting his players 'took things for granted' at the start of the season.
The Bairns opened the campaign slowly, suffering an opening-day defeat to Hibs in the Championship and failing to qualify for the knock-out phase of the Betfred Cup following a shock defeat to Stirling Albion.
A meagre haul of just one point from their first three league games sparked some straight talking in the Westfield squad.
However, a hat-trick of consecutive victories secured with Saturday's 2-0 away win against Raith Rovers is an indication they are back to their old selves.
Houston said: "I think the momentum is building. There's a bit about the boys and the spirit is back in many ways after a slow start.
"If you look at the results elsewhere, Queens are on fire, Dundee United have won and Hibs have won.
"They're teams we're looking at to try to get into at least the play-offs.
"People expect a lot, especially after how well we did last season and the way we finished.
"We can't take anything for granted but I thought at the beginning of the season we were taking things for granted.
"But we've got that knocked out of them and the guys themselves have realised you don't get anything in this game unless you work really, really hard in every single game."
Goals from John Baird and Tom Taiwo earned a vital three points against a Raith team who had not been beaten before the match.
Falkirk are still eight points adrift of league leaders Hibs and three behind Saturday's opponents, but Houston was thrilled with a hard-earned victory.
He added: "If I'm being honest, I thought we went ahead against the run of play. Raith Rovers were brighter than us until we scored the goal.
"But if you're away from home and you keep a clean sheet and score a couple of goals then naturally you can be delighted.
"This is a tough place to come and that's the first time they've been beaten this season.
"That's three wins on the trot and a couple of clean sheets – I'm happy with that.
"If someone had said before the game we would win 2-0 at Raith Rovers I'd have taken that."


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Finest Assam tea grown in the Brahmaputra Valley, North East India. selected are the finest quality second flush teas. Rich flavor with a distinctive malty taste. Use one tea bag. Add freshly boiled water and infuse for 4-5 minutes. Serve with or without milk.
By appointment to HRH The Prince of Wales.


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For the First Time in Europe FPT Industrial Showcases its New Natural Gas Engine for Off-Road Applications at FPT Tech Day 2017
Performance, at the same time, is identical to that of an equivalent Diesel engine, particularly in terms of maximum power and torque. Its durability matches that of a standard power unit, and is complimented by running cost savings of up to 30%. The NEF Natural Gas prototype is an in-line 6 cylinder engine, developing 180 hp peak power and 740 Nm maximum torque. It uses specifically developed FPT Industrial technology that minimizes fuel consumption to provide day-long autonomy.
FPT Industrial's Natural Gas engines can run on compressed (CNG), liquefied (LNG) or renewable forms of natural gas, that can lead to near zero CO2 emissions. Biomethane can be produced from both farm-grown energy crops and from waste products and crop residues. These engines are used for commercial vehicles and buses. Natural Gas engines are available on the F1C, NEF 6 and Cursor 9 engines ranges. These engine families offer solutions ranging from 136 to 400 hp, making FPT Industrial the brand with the widest Natural Gas engine range on the market. All these products enable ultra-low emissions, low noise and high efficiency, and are driven by the principles of environmental sustainability, reduced Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), and diesel-like performance, elements that facilitate interchangeability with diesel applications.
|In-Line 6 Cylinder Engine
|Injection System:
|Electronic Stoichiometric Multi Point Injection System
|Air Handling:
|Water cooled Wastegate Turbocharger
|Peak Power (hp):
|Max Torque (Nm):
|Tier4B/StageIV Aftertreatment:
|Three Way Catalyst
Turin, October 30, 2017
Fabio LeporeMedia firstname.lastname@example.com-


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Here's Nielsen data on US ad spending in the first half of 2009:
According to the blog post that exposed these figures:
Cable Television ad spending was the only medium to show growth through the first six months of the year (+1.5%). The increase is especially significant since Nielsen reported Cable TV ad spending was down 2.7% through the first quarter this year. Spanish Language Cable TV also saw ad spending tick up 0.6%.
It's important to note that the Internet figure in the table above is only online display and does not include:
[P]aid search advertising, text only, paid fee services, performance-based campaigns, sponsorships, barters, in-stream ('pre-rolls') players, messenger applications, partnership advertising, promotions and email campaigns, compound image/text ad or house advertising activity.
Here are Nielsen's top product categories by ad spend:
In all but "direct response products" in the table immediately above the overwhelming number of purchases will happen in stores or specific locations, offline. Most of the ad spending however is "brand" spending targeting a national or perhaps regional audience.
Related: see MediaPost analysis: Internet Grows 37.5%, Traditional Media Declines 30%, 2006-2009


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Stopping Adani this QLD Election: Launch & Fire Up
We're fired up and ready to go.
The QLD election has been called! We've got 25 days to Stop Adani and so we're firing up the #StopAdani movement to make sure that QLD MP's and candidates know they must speak out against Adani and veto the $1bn NAIF loan to get elected.
Join us to hear our strategy, get connected and start taking action to keep Adani's coal in the ground and push for a rapid transition to 100% renewable energy this election
WHEN: Thursday 9th November, 6pm-8pm
WHERE: Battery Station. Shop 1 / 608 Wickham Street, Fortitude Valley, Brisbane.
WHAT: A campaign launch and opportunity to get involved in the election campaign to Stop Adani
WHY: We want to ensure that the decision to veto the $1bn NAIF loan is bipartisan to Stop Adani
Join us for a night of inspiring speakers, planning and getting active.
See you there.
P.s thanks to Battery Station for having us
Authorised by K Mackenzie, Australian Youth Climate Coalition, 60 Leicester St, Carlton, VIC, 3053
Shop 1 / 608 Wickham Street
Brisbane, Queensland 4000
Google map and directions


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Use Electrolytes to replace the minerals lost during physical exertion instead of isotonics which are mainly sugar water. Give your body what it really needs - Electrolytes - to replenish those lost minerals it's screaming for!
Electrolytes is a chelated, multi-mineral formula designed to provide key minerals in the most scientifically valid form (citrated ascorbates) for highest absorption. The minerals in Electrolytes are known to help with muscle cramps, dehydration, elevated blood pressure and can help lift depression.*
Contains: 12 oz. powder
Suggested Use: Take five tablets or one heaping teaspoon prior to physical exertion or immediately after.
Five Tablets or one heaping teaspoon contains:
Sodium Chloride - 10 mg.
Potassium (Potassium Citrate) - 45 mg.
Potassium (Potassium Ascorbate) - 44 mg
Calcium (Citrate, Ascorbate, Lactate) - 300 mg.
Magnesium (Citrate) - 100 mg.
Magnesium (Ascorbate) - 100 mg.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - 1000 mg.
Disclaimers: *These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.


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GE Predix
GE Aviation Takes Flight with Automated Data Testing and Collaboration
The Customer GE Aviation is a global provider of jet engines, components and integrated systems for commercial and military aircraft. The Challenge The GE Coatings team simulates different flights in the lab by heating and cooling samples of the coated parts thousands of times. That testing process collects data points from multiple sensors every second…Read More


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For the month of June the Wildlife Trusts were holding a '30 Days Wild' campaign to get people to do at least one wild thing every day to (re-)connect with nature.
We're generally pretty wild and outdoorsy, but we tried to note our outdoor adventures throughout 30 Days Wild. We didn't manage to keep a full record (life with two kids is a busy affair!), but we did pretty well and a fair number of the things on our list were repeated.
Of the 30 Days we did the following (in no particular order):
- Dedicated one third of the garden as the 'Wild Side'
- Found newts and rolled up earthworms in the garden
- We supported Jo doing her first aquathlon in an abandoned quarry
- We made a 'Gruffalo Den' in the garden under a large, weeping cotoneaster tree
- We decorated our 'Gruffalo Den' in the garden with bunting
- Mowed a path through the long grass in the 'Wild Side' of the garden
- Found more newts while re-shaping one of the garden borders
- Made a newt pond from an old basin and sunk it into the border ensuring we placed stones to create a 'newt ladder'
- Made a herb garden from used water bottles
- Did a kettlebell workout in the garden among the rampant midgies
- Went home from work/nursery via the woods and play park for some pre-bedtime adventure in woodland dens
- Watched in awe at the bird feeders in our garden – our best ever day at our bird feeders: greater spotted woodpecker, siskins, goldfinches, greenfinches, jackdaws, wood pigeons, sparrows, dunnocks, coal tits and great tits.
- I did my first ever 3km swim in Loch Lomond
- Went for a family adventure round Loch Ardinning
- Joined the Scottish Wildlife Trust, the Woodland Trust and the John Muir Trust (equivalent to giving up one and a bit lattes per week)
- Took photos of otter prints in the mud at Mugdock Country Park
- Took a photo of a wild garden in the centre of Glasgow
- We looked at the fungi growing in our lawn
- Jo and I went canoeing and cliff jumping in Loch Ard
- We looked for beasties in our newt pond
- We had our tea in the garden
- We went open water swimming at Bardowie Loch
- We went for our first 'date' since the birth of Rosa – a run up Dumgoyne. True love.
- I put a constant reminder on my wallet
- 30 Days Wild was never just a 30-day affair. Our love of nature and the outdoors is a major part of our lifestyle and we remain committed to raising our children to love, respect and enjoy the great outdoors.
30 Days Wild = A Lifetime Wild


text: Fort Bend County Luncheon RSVPPlease fill out the form below to RSVP to the Fort Bend County Luncheon on Tuesday, September 11 at 11:30am. Name* First Last Email Church Affiliation*Number of Guests*Please Select12NameThis field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms.


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|This is NOT the Fréjus railway tunnel. It is not a tunnel at all.
As we drove up the old road out of the frontier town of Modane, we came across this magnificent monument. I assumed it to be the first entrance to the railway tunnel but when I looked at its alignment I could not see how the trains could possibly have turned on so tight a curve as would have been necessary to avoid their plunging off the side of the mountain.
Further research revealed that this is not a tunnel at all and never had railway tracks in it. It is a museum installation which is a complete fabrication. I had to ask somebody in the town for this information for the museum is only open in July and August.


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Farmers' Market
Wednesdays 3pm-7:30pm
Our market runs from May 1st until December 18, 2018, and provides our residents with fresh fruit & produce, fresh baked goods, frozen meals, pre-cooked meals and a variety of other goods and services.
Join us for entertainment every first Wednesday.
Every third week is Pop-Up-Wednesday for vendors with non-food crafts, artwork, and goods. There will also be fun activities for kids.
How to get here via public transit:
Hamilton Park is directly accessible by NJ Transit Bus No. 126 and easily accessible on foot from PATH stations located at Grove Street and Newport (about a 10 minute walk from either). Two stops along the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Newport and Harsimus Cove) are even closer. Bike friendly neighborhood as well.
Featured Returning Vendors: Stony Hill Gardens, Carmine's Pizza Factory, El Chilango Taqueria, Farmer & Chickpea, Hoboken Farms, Vesco Foods, Bone-In, Uncle Bud's Hot Sauce, Koro Koro Riceballs, America's Kettle Corn
New Vendors: Women's Health.
Stop by every third Pop-Up-Wednesday to see who will be there!


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How to Make Individual Transferable Quotas Work Economically, Socially, and Environmentally
Summary and Keywords
The economic tool of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) gives their owners exclusive and transferable rights to catch a given portion of the total allowable catch (TAC) of a given fish stock. Authorities establish TACs and then divide them among individual fishers or firms in the form of individual catch quotas, usually a percentage of the TAC. ITQs are transferable through selling and buying in an open market. The main arguments by proponents of ITQs is that they eliminate the need to "race for the fish" and thus increase economic returns while eliminating overcapacity and overfishing. In general, fisheries' management objectives consist of ecological (sustainable use of fish stocks), economic (no economic waste), and social (mainly the equitable distribution of fisheries benefits) issues. There is evidence to show that ITQs do indeed reduce economic waste and increase profits for those remaining in fisheries. However, they do not perform well in terms of sustainability or socially. A proposal that integrates ITQs in a comprehensive and effective ecosystem-based fisheries management system that is more likely to perform much better than ITQs with respect to ecological, economic, and social objectives is presented in this article.
Keywords: economic incentive, property rights, fish quotas, ecosystem-based fisheries management, auctions
There is general consensus that the world's wild fish stocks are susceptible to overfishing (Bolster et al., 2012; Pauly et al., 2002) and that many are indeed currently overfished (FAO, 2012; Pauly & Zeller, 2016; Worm et al., 2006). The consequences of such overfishing are devastating for biodiversity, food security, revenues, incomes, and jobs (Sumaila et al., 2012; Teh & Sumaila, 2013). This situation has led to many proposals over the years that seek to arrest the unsustainable use of wild fishery resources, including the implementation of limited entry schemes, licenses, total allowable catches (TACs), seasonal and area closures, gear restrictions, marine protected areas (MPAs), and individual transferable quotas (ITQs) or, more broadly, catch shares (Costello, Gaines, & Lynham, 2008).
Over time it has become increasing clear that none of these measures alone can stop the trend toward the total ecological and economic waste of major fish stocks around the world. Thus, this makes it more and more difficult to meet the generally accepted objectives of fisheries management, that is, to manage fisheries with the goal of achieving ecological, economic, and social sustainability.
The focus of this contribution is on the use of ITQs as a fisheries management tool. ITQs give their owners exclusive and transferable rights to catch a given portion of the TAC of a given fish species. Authorities establish TACs and then divide them among individual fishers or firms in the form of individual catch quotas, usually as a percentage of the TAC. ITQs are transferable through selling and buying in an open market.
This article provides, first, a summary of the current understanding of the state of global fisheries and then presents a short history of fisheries management. This is followed in section "ITQ and Its Discontents" with a description of the main discontents of ITQs, that is, the usual issues that scientists, policymakers, managers, fishers, and indeed the public are concerned about. Section "A Proposal: An Integrated Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management That Includes ITQs" presents a proposal that would make it possible to benefit from the merits of ITQs while mitigating its discontents. This proposal is based on a comprehensive, inclusive, and ecosystem-based fisheries management system. Finally, section "Conclusion" concludes the article.
State of Global Fisheries
Fishing effort has seen rapid increases following World War II when most was still concentrated in coastal waters. These increases have led to a number of concerns regarding their environmental and economic impacts, with a growth in overall fish catches since 1950 until 1996, when they peaked at about 86 million tonnes. The expansion of the geographic extent of fishing has been accompanied by a 10-fold increase in global fishing effort since 1950, a figure that rises to 25-fold for Asia over the same period (Watson et al., 2013). Overall, the decline in global catch per unit effort suggests a decrease in the biomass of many fished populations, likely by over 50% (Watson et al., 2013). The reasons for this large increase in fishing effort are many: open access, ineffective and non-cooperative management of common property resource, technological innovation in the face of ineffective management, and policy failures such as the provision of subsidies chief among them (Sumaila, 2016). The consequence of this overcapacity and the depletion of fish stocks is a substantial net economic loss to the global economy to the tune of an estimated 50 to 80 billion USD annually (Kelleher, Willmann, & Arnason, 2009; Sumaila et al., 2012; World Bank, 2017).
Fisheries Management Over Time
Up until the 20th century, not much attention was paid to fisheries management, except by a few local fisheries. This was because before then it was thought that humans could never overfish. This view of ocean fisheries and their inexhaustibility is captured by the following 1883 quote from the British government top fisheries scientist at the time, Thomas Huxley—"Probably all the great sea fisheries are inexhaustible." The folly of this assumption became apparent in the 20th century, when it became obvious that the combination of rising demand for fish, increasing trade, as well as the subsidized development of huge fishing capacity and rapid technological progress, could indeed result in massive overfishing. This in turn led to the development of management and governance systems for fisheries, whose aim was and still is to counteract the tendency to overexploit "common pool" nature of fisheries (Sumaila, 2016).
To this end, fisheries are managed by local, national, regional, and global institutions, depending on whether fish stocks are domestic, transboundary, or highly migratory, using a combination of management instruments. Hence, different levels of governance institutions, ranging from international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) to local management arrangements by fishing communities (e.g., customary fishing-rights areas known as qoliqoli in Fiji) have been established in countries around the world to manage fisheries (Sumaila, 2016).
Nationally, fisheries are managed by a set of institutions that are either full-fledged ministries such as the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources in Namibia or a government department, for example, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans in Canada. As is to be expected, countries have different objectives and capabilities when it comes to managing fish stocks and marine ecosystems. When evaluating how well countries are doing, two approaches immediately come to mind. First, the approach of Pitcher, Kalikoski, Pramod, and Short (2009), which uses the Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO's) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries could be a good basis for evaluating how successful maritime countries are in managing their fisheries resources. Pitcher et al. undertook a detailed evaluation of 53 maritime countries, which together landed about 96% of the global marine catch reported for 1999. The authors found that compliance by many of these countries falls short of what is needed.
ITQ and Its Discontents
One of the key justifications for the implementation of ITQs is that by assigning property rights to fishers in the form of transferable quotas, the "race to fish" is eliminated and fishers are thereby provided with an incentive not to overfish (Arnason, 1990). The main discontent with ITQs in this respect is that they do not create full property rights in a fishery (Bromley, 2009; Copes, 1986), since a full property right should provide its holders with: (a) complete security, (b) full exclusivity, (c) permanence, and (d) unrestrained transferability—these are not all conferred to ITQ owners (Copes, 1986; Sumaila, 2012). In practice many ITQ management systems are not permanent as they have sunset clauses embedded in them; examples of such ITQs can be found in the United States and Namibia. The inability to assign full property rights to marine fish resources is due to their inherent common property and ecosystem nature. As a result, short-term benefits—from actions such as high grading; discarding; quota busting and misreporting; illegal fishing; and the use of fishing vessels, for example, bottom trawlers, that are harmful ecologically (via bycatch and scraping the ocean bottom) but less costly to fish with, will accrue to the individual fisher, while long-term costs will be spread over all participants (Copes, 1986).
This tendency is particularly evident via the phenomenon of high grading and discarding, where less valuable species of fish caught are thrown back into the sea, dead or alive. The goal of the ITQ owners in engaging in high grading is to make sure that their quotas are filled with the most valuable fish available. High grading is detrimental to conservation (Alverson, Freeberg, Murawski, & Pope, 1994, Pauly et al., 2002). The incentives to discard or high-grade fish are reported to be high under ITQ schemes (Vestergaard, 1996). Thus, the extra cost of monitoring and enforcement that may be needed to curb this tendency may undermine the efficiency benefits that ITQs are supposed to create. With regard to managing species-rich and data-poor artisanal fisheries, which are typical of, but not exclusive to, tropical waters, there are doubts about the usefulness of ITQ schemes (Pauly, 1996). This is partly because such fisheries are highly multispecies, resulting in the catch of non-targeted species in the form of bycatch (Baulch & Pascoe, 1992).
ITQs are based on catch quotas, which in turn rely on top quality estimates of the abundance of fish stocks. These estimates are subject to uncertainty and often times suffer politically motivated interference, which, if not properly addressed, can lead to stock collapse irrespective of the quality of the ITQ scheme in place (Walters & Pearse, 1996). The reliability of stock abundance data in ITQ schemes decreases as ITQs encourage quota busting, that is, where quota holders catch more than their allocation (Squires et al., 1998). Also, with significant illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing worldwide, the possibility of errors in stock assessment is magnified (High Seas Task Force, 2006; Sumaila, Alder, & Keith, 2006).
An ITQ is primarily an instrument for promoting economic efficiency, rather than conservation or equity (Hannesson, 1996). Many studies of ITQ systems in operation around the world show that economic efficiency does indeed improve with the implementation of ITQ schemes (Arnason, 1997; Costello et al., 2008; Dewees, 1998; Grafton, 1996; Grafton et al., 2006; Munro, Turris, Clark, Sumaila, & Bailey, 2009). Hence, if economic efficiency were the only concern of fisheries management, then ITQs are a great tool for achieving objectives. However, from policy statements by governments around the world, and the ongoing debate in the literature, it is clear that for fishers, fisheries managers, the public, and fisheries scientists, such as biologists and anthropologists, fisheries management is not only about economic efficiency. It is also about the conservation and sustainable use of the resources and the ecosystems that support them over time, and ensuring equity and social justice in the use of these resources.
Uncertainty (e.g., stock assessment information) may prevent ITQs from solving the efficiency problem (e.g., Asche, Salvanes, & Steen, 1997; Walters & Pearse, 1996). It is worth noting that some of the efficiency gains from the implementation of ITQs derive from fishing-season elongation. But, it is often forgotten that this gain can be at the expense of the processing sector of the fishery chain (Bromley, 2009; Matulich, Mettelhammer, & Reberte, 1996). To determine the real economic efficiency gains from ITQs, it is important to avoid double counting and include all the costs and benefits throughout the fish chain. One positive effect of ITQs with respect to stock assessment is that they encourage better monitoring and enforcement and more precise total allowable catch (TAC) setting (Munro et al., 2009).
ITQs and Discounting
The source of discontent here is the human tendency to want to discount future benefits more heavily than current benefits. The question then is: Does an ITQ system in and of itself stem this tendency to front-load benefits while back-loading costs? There is literature that shows that even if we assume that ITQs provide full property rights, if the objective of ITQ owners is solely to maximize the discounted economic rent from the fishery, it is possible under certain conditions to "empty" the ocean of a given fish species and use the proceeds to invest in other sectors of the economy depending on the discount rate and the intrinsic growth rate of the fish (Ainsworth & Sumaila, 2005; Clark, 1973; Sumaila, 2004; Sumaila & Bawumia, 2000; Sumaila & Walters, 2005). Clark, Munro, and Sumaila (2010, p. 216) concluded that "There is a nontrivial number of resources that cannot be safely entrusted to complete private control and management." Therefore, it appears that the answer to the question posed here is no. Figure 1 illustrates how discounting may have contributed to the crash of cod stocks off Newfoundland in the early 1990s.
ITQs and Fisheries Subsidies and Taxes
A prudent use of taxes and subsidies could support the efficient and sustainable use of fishery resources (Clack et al., 2007). Unfortunately, however, governments are currently using this important economic instrument in ways that negatively impact the ecology and economics of fisheries (e.g. Sumaila, Lam, Le Manach, Swartz, & Pauly, 2016; see Figure 2). To drive this point home, it is worth noting that of the estimated $35 billion of fisheries subsidies provided by governments around the world, $20 billion are classified as boosters of overcapacity and overfishing (Sumaila, 2010, 2016). This means that at least 20% of the gross revenues of global fisheries are overfishing subsidies, serving as a significant pressure on even ITQ management fisheries to cut corners (e.g., by engaging in quota busting).
Social and Equity
Social scientists other than economists argue that whatever the potential economic benefits of ITQs, they act contrary to principles of equity and social justice in fishing communities wherever they have been tried and therefore are not appropriate for managing certain fisheries (Davis, 1996; McCay, Apostle, & Creed, 1998). An important issue in this connection relates to the initial allocation of ITQs to fishers (Bromley, 2009; Macinko & Bromley, 2002; Matulich & Sever, 1999). Concentration of fishing power has been noticed in many fisheries in which ITQ schemes have been introduced (Eythorsson, 1996; Grafton, 1996; Haas, Edwards, & Sumaila, 2016). In economic terms, this is not considered a problem because proponents of ITQs expect concentration to take place. In fact, this is one of the channels through which economic efficiency is to be achieved (Hannesson, 1996). More efficient fishers buy out their less efficient counterparts and, in so doing, increase the returns to the fishery, it is argued. This phenomenon can be beneficial in that the job structure might change from fewer part-time jobs to more full-time jobs even though the total number of full-time equivalent jobs may decrease.
Nevertheless, concentration of ITQs in the hands of a few large fishing companies has attracted a lot of debate, even among economists. Some of the main concerns include: (a) fear of monopoly power developing in a fishery, (b) increased social inequity, and (c) big players becoming big mainly because they have more effective lobbying machinery, not because they are more economically efficient than small-scale operators (Sumaila & Watson, 2002). Pinkerton and Edwards (2009), in analyzing the B.C. halibut ITQ fishery, came to the conclusion that issues of concentration are very important and cannot be ignored. Compounding the issues of concentration and social inequity are public policies such as the provision of subsidies, the bulk of which go to large-scale industrial fisheries to the disadvantage of their small-scale counterparts (Schuhbauer, Chuenpagdee, Cheung, Greer, & Sumaila, 2017). This contributes to making small-scale fishers less economically viable (Schuhbauer & Sumaila, 2016), turning them into easy prey for large-scale fishers using ITQ systems. The consequence of all of this is to increase conflicts between small- and large-scale industrial fisheries in the context of ITQs.
A Proposal: An Integrated Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management That Includes ITQs
Given these discontents, the relevant question here is to what extent the privatization of fishery resources, via the implementation of ITQs, is socially desirable. Some argue that ITQs are the answer while others maintain they are not. Here, we provide a proposal building on Sumaila (2012) that essentially suggests the answer is mostly somewhere between these two positions. Thus, the big question at this point is how can ITQs be used within a comprehensive, ecosystem-based management system to tackle these challenges.
It is clear to many in this field that to help overcome the "open access" problem in fisheries, there is a need for the introduction of more effective ownership structures at different levels, from the local to the national, and beyond, in the case of shared, straddling stocks and high sea fisheries (Bailey, Sumaila, & Lindroos, 2010; Munro, 1979; Sumaila, 1997, 2013; Sumaila et al., 2015; White & Costello, 2014). The Law of the Sea turned what used to be global commons into the property of coastal nations. But clearly, the law does not solve the problem of domestic "open access" or of "open access" in most of the high seas (Norse et al., 2012), or the problem that comes about due to the transboundary (Munro, 1979) or shared, that is, common property nature of fishery resources (Sumaila, 1997). Hence, in many cases fisheries are still effectively "open access." Game theory studies have shown that shared fish stocks need to be managed cooperatively to avoid both biological and economic waste in a fishery (Munro, 1979), because it is cooperative management of shared stocks that actually removes the incentive to race for the fish, thus avoiding the economically rational tendency to overexploit fish stocks by each fishing entity (Sumaila, 2013).
The evidence points strongly toward the importance of taking an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management so that negative effects such as those described in this article can be taken into account when setting catch limits (Pikitch et al., 2004; Sumaila, 2005). The impact of fishing on the ocean's ecosystems is not fully known, and the effects for which we have evidence may only reflect a small proportion of the real impacts of fishing. This underlines the importance of respecting the precautionary approach when assessing the impact of human activities on the natural environment.
It is clear from the literature that ITQs have their merits but also their problems (Clark et al., 2010; Essington, 2010; Gibbs, 2009; Pinkerton & Edwards, 2009; Townsend, McColl, & Young, 2006). In addition to the fact that they do not confer to ITQ owners' full property rights, we have seen that even if they were to provide such rights, there are still conservation and social concerns to worry about. Hence, ITQ management, where implemented, needs to be part of a broad management system that will ensure that ITQ shortcomings are mitigated. Measures are needed to ensure that ITQs work to improve economic efficiency, while ensuring the sustainable and equitable use of fishery resources and the ecosystems that support them.
A list of strategies that need to be part of a fisheries management system which incorporates the merits of ITQ without imposing its problems on the ability to achieve economically, ecologically, and socially desirable outcomes (Sumaila, 2012) follows:
1. ITQs must be supported by an arm's-length stock assessment unit and backed with strong arm's-length monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) to deal with the effect of ITQs not bestowing full property rights and the potential of "emptying" the ocean of fish under certain conditions. This point is crucial because it has been argued that well-functioning ITQ schemes encourage fishers to collect and disseminate relevant biological and catch quota data. While such moves by fishers are laudable, it is important for sustainability that independent stock assessment (validated with local ecological knowledge) and MCS are maintained.
2. Some restrictions on the ownership of ITQs to people who actually fish the stocks may be needed to mitigate against diluting ITQ performance when quota owners differ from those who fish.
3. Measures to ensure resource sustainability by taking an ecosystem-based management approach, including paying special attention to the management of essential habitat, use of safe minimum biomass levels, application of input controls, elimination of destructive fishing gear (e.g., bottom trawlers) and fishing methods (e.g., dynamite fishing), need to be put in place. Networks of reasonably large marine protected areas (MPAs) need to accompany the implementation of ITQs to deal broadly with the ecosystem effects of overfishing, to allow for recovery, and to recognize the effects of uncertainty on the performance of ITQs. In implementing this network, it would be useful to ensure that MPAs are designed to make them compatible with conservation and ITQ goals and objectives.
4. The concept and use of ecological and/or environmental quota needs to be in place to ensure ITQ schemes are capable of functioning properly in the context of the ecosystem-based management of fisheries. That is, quotas need to be allocated to the "ecosystem" first before catch quotas are set. It is another way of expressing the safe minimum biomass level idea, or mandating an ecosystem management goal whereby policy stipulates the level of biomass of each species it wants to maintain in the ecosystem to enable it to continue to function and evolve. All other allocations of biomass (as catch) to the various sectors of a fishery will be made only after the mandated ecosystem goal has been attained.
5. Limits to quota that can be held by each quota owner to mitigate the social problem of concentration of fishing power should be imposed. It is worth noting that this is already a feature of many existing ITQ systems. In some fisheries, equity concerns may be alleviated by allocating ITQs to "communities" or to residents of a territorial area in the form of community transferable quotas (CTQs) and territorial user rights in fisheries (TURFS), respectively (Christy, 1982; Wingard, 2000). With such schemes in place, the economic efficiency benefits of ITQs may be captured while minimizing their negative social impacts.
6. Auctioning of quotas could be used in some fisheries (Bromley, 2009; Macinko & Bromley, 2002) to deal with the problem of initial allocation of quota and its equity implications. In the Falkland Islands, for example, most fish resources are auctioned on an annual basis (Barton, 2002). Similarly, the rights to fish the Washington State geoducks from specified "tracts" are sold at annual auctions (Orensanz et al., 2005). It is important to note that auctions will not work everywhere because of equity and social concerns, as fishers need significant equity to buy into the fishery in an auction. Ways to mitigate this concern could be through the allocation of community quotas, establishment of license banks, and other community fishing association funding mechanisms.
7. It is important not to implement economic policies that intensify negative externalities which lead to overcapacity and overfishing, such as the provision of harmful subsidies, while at the same time disadvantaging small-scale fishers. Rather, public funds should be used to support fishing communities in ways that ensures a sustainable use of fish stock and enhances communities' quality of life.
8. Economic incentive schemes that make illegal fishing unprofitable should be designed.
Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) are clearly no panacea for ensuring the sustainable management of ecosystems and fish stocks. In fact, it appears that there is no silver bullet in fisheries management, and the struggle to govern the commons continues unabated (Dietz, Ostrom, & Stern, 2003). ITQs can only be expected to be part of the toolkits available to fisheries managers. With regard to managing fisheries, ITQs need to be designed carefully as part of a broad ecosystem-based fisheries management scheme so that they meet the three generally accepted pillars of modern fisheries management objectives, that is, ecological, economic, and social sustainability.
Further Reading
Arnason, R. (1990). Minimum information management in fisheries. Canadian Journal of Economics, 23, 630–653.Find this resource:
Bromley, D. (2009). Abdicating responsibility: The deceits of fisheries policy. Fisheries, 34(6), 280–302.Find this resource:
Clark, C. W., Munro, G. R., & Sumaila, U. R. (2010). Limits to the privatization of fishery resources. Land Economics, 86(2), 209–218.Find this resource:
Copes, P. (1986). A critical review of the individual quota as a device in fisheries management. Land Economics, 62, 278–291.Find this resource:
Costello, C., Gaines, S., & Lynham, J. (2008). Can catch shares prevent fisheries collapse? Science, 321, 1678–1681.Find this resource:
Grafton, R. Q., Arnason, R., Bjørndal, T., Campbell, D., Campbell, H. F., Clark, C. W., . . . Kirkley, J. E. (2006). Incentive-based approaches to sustainable fisheries. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 63(3), 699–710.Find this resource:
Pikitch, E., Santora, C., Babcock, E. A., Bakun, A., Bonfil, R., Conover, D. O., . . . Houde, E. D. (2004). Ecosystem-based fishery management. Science, 305(5682), 346–347.Find this resource:
Sumaila, U. R. (2010). A cautionary note on individual transferable quotas. Ecology and Society, 15(3), 36.Find this resource:
Ahrens, R. (1999). Heritable risk sensitive foraging in juvenile fish: Potential implications for the dynamics of harvested populations. (Unpublished M.Sc. thesis). Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia.Find this resource:
Ainsworth, C. H., & Sumaila, U. R. (2005). Intergenerational valuation of fisheries resources can justify long-term conservation: A case study in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62(5), 1104–1110.Find this resource:
Alverson, D. L., Freeberg, M. H., Murawski, S. A., & Pope, J. G. (1994). A global assessment of bycatch and discards. FAO Technical Paper No. 339.Find this resource:
Arnason, R. (1990). Minimum information management in fisheries. Canadian Journal of Economics, 23, 630–653.Find this resource:
Arnason, R. (1997). Property rights as an organizational framework in fisheries. In B. L. Crowley (Ed.), Taking ownership: Property rights and fishery management on the Atlantic coast (pp. 99–144). Halifax, NS: Atlantic Institute for Market Studies.Find this resource:
Asche, F., Salvanes, K. G., & Steen, F. (1997). Market Delineation and Demand Structure. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79, 139–150.Find this resource:
Bailey, M., Sumaila, U. R., & Lindroos, M. (2010). Application of game theory to fisheries over three decades. Fisheries Research, 102(1), 1–8.Find this resource:
Barton, J. 2002. Fisheries and fisheries management in Falkland Islands conservation zones. Aquatic Conservation, 12, 127–135.Find this resource:
Baulch, K., & Pascoe, S. (1992). Options for bycatch management in the South East fishery. Australian Fisheries, 51, 10–11.Find this resource:
Bolster, J., Chavez, F., Cournane, J., Erlandson, J., Field, D., Hardt, M. J., . . . McClenachan, L. (2012). Shifting baselines: The past and the future of ocean fisheries. Washington, DC: Island Press.Find this resource:
Bromley, D. (2009). Abdicating responsibility: The deceits of fisheries policy. Fisheries, 34(6), 280–302.Find this resource:
Christy, F. T., Jr. (1982). Territorial use rights in marine fisheries: Definitions and conditions. FAO Technical Paper No. 277.Find this resource:
Clark, C. W. (1973). The economics of overexploitation. Science, 181, 630–634.Find this resource:
Clark, C.M., Munro, G., & Sumaila, U.R. (2007). Buyback, subsidies, the time consistency problem and the ITQ alternative. Land Economics, 83(1), 50–58.Find this resource:
Clark, C. W., Munro, G. R., & Sumaila, U. R. (2010). Limits to the privatization of fishery resources. Land Economics, 86(2), 209–218.Find this resource:
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Grafton, R. Q. (1996). Individual transferable quotas: Theory and practice. Review of Fish Biology and Fisheries, 6, 5–20.Find this resource:
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Haas, A. R., Edwards, D. N., & Sumaila, U. R. (2016). Corporate concentration and processor control: Insights from the salmon and herring fisheries in British Columbia. Marine Policy, 68, 83–90.Find this resource:
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Kelleher, K., Willmann, R., & Arnason, R. (2009). The sunken billions: The economic justification for fisheries reform. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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Matulich, S. C., Mettelhammer, R. C., & Reberte, C. (1996). Toward a more complete model of individual transferable fishing quotas: Implications of incorporating the processing sector. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 31, 112–128.Find this resource:
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Pauly, D., & Zeller, D. (2016). Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining. Nature Communications, 7, 10244.Find this resource:
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text:
Release date: 05.01.2003
Since releasing his SA NO1 indie Pop Hit Single FALL INTO THE SUN at the
end of 2002, singer, songwriter & performer Ike Moriz has created an exciting
new, colorful E.P.
It has already been played worldwide and reached No.5 in the NL Top10
(Halo Radio) and stayed at No.1 for four weeks in the UK Top10 (Matchbox
Radio 24)! It was recently (18.3.03) voted SONG OF THE WEEK by
David Bowie at davidbowie.com!
The fresh and bright title song YOU COULD (thrill me, kiss me, kill me, ...) is
followed by the heavy and grave indie anthem VISIONARY and the romantic
Britpop tribute DROWNING (in London Town) recorded at Tin Pan Alley Studios
& Motion Studios, London.
Involving his new relations from working with George Michael & Toby Bourke
producer Steve Kent on Ike's last single, the same musicians accompanied Ike
on this melodious journey (versatile: Jim Barnes (electric guitar) & Alan van Kleef (drums, percussion & mix).
As enigmatic and hooky as ever, the three songs on this CD are theatrical
pop tales displaying the multicolored image of Ike's musical vision.
Based in London since 1999, Ike is of South African/German origin. His new
style has emerged from his diverse musical experiences, fronting bands in
London, Cape Town, Rotterdam and Hamburg, performing his own material.
For interviews, live sessions, press shots contact Ike Moriz.
Further information on Ike and his work - including reviews, videos,
photos and lyrics - can be found at www.ikemoriz.com


text:
- Online Games
- Puzzle Games
- Skyminog
Related Games - continue your journey on Abroy.com with one of these games!
Download the free Flash Player. now!
Skyminog - Guide the little creature to the empty world and make it a lovely place. Do not hit anything on your way. It starts easy, but then it becomes an hard task to do.


text:
"Eric J. Bowman" wrote: > > just trying to understand why everyone says I'm doing it wrong, by > not using a library that doesn't do what I want in the first place. > Well, not *everyone*, just the HTML 5 crowd. Some folks like how I code websites, as they're very easy to upgrade/restyle later, being a simple matter of editing an .xsl file or two. Why re-architect a site whose content and linking remain the same, just to change how it looks/ works? I guess I could use PHP/smarty instead of XSLT, but those don't run in the browser, whereas XSLT allows all template markup to be cached at the client, providing a dramatic boost to user-perceived performance. From where I sit, using XSLT in such fashion amounts to "doing it right" as it results in less work, faster sites, and happier clients. -EricReceived on Tuesday, 9 October 2012 19:46:27 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.4.0 : Friday, 17 January 2020 22:56:48 UTC


text:
Pediatric Services We Provide
Check Ups, Sick Child Visits & More in Raeford and Fayetteville NC
Kids First Pediatrics of Raeford and Fayetteville has created a professional and caring medical environment for infants, children, adolescents and their families. We provide complete pediatric and adolescent care, including allergy injections, support for asthma, evaluation, and treatment related to developmental and behavioral concerns, and adolescent medicine including gynecologic care.
Our Pediatric Services Include:
- Well Child Visits
- Sick Child Visits
- Vaccines & Immunizations
- Flu Shots
- Meningococcal Vaccine
- Annual Sports & School Physicals
- Allergy Treatment
- Evaluation & Treatment Related:
- Developmental
- Behavioral
- Chronic Medical Conditions
- ADHD Testing & Treatment
- Asthma Testing & Treatment
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Cerebral Palsy Treatment
- Acute Illness Management
- Strep Throat
- Prenatal Visits and Newborn Care
- Premature Baby Care
- Breastfeeding Support
- Dosage Guidance
- Routine Laboratory Testing
- Anemia Screen
- Urinalysis
- Flu and RSV Testing
- Strep and Mono Screen
- Vision and Hearing Screen
- Lead Screen
- Complete Blood Count (CBC) Test
- Spirometry
- Adolescent Medicine
- Gynecologic Care


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Business intelligence (BI) is a term that gets thrown around a lot in the business world, but what does it really mean?
First of all, BI isn't just a pile of information, it's actually a whole set of theories and processes that help professionals sort through and analyze the information they collect.
A lot of information passes through a company's internal network, but this information must be organized and presented in a relevant, contextualized way before it is useful in the decision-making processes of an organization.
Good BI is instrumental in making businesses successful. The information gathered and sorted by BI analysts helps companies better understand their history, where they stand and how they might grow in the future.
Software and tools
Most companies use a range of software and tools — collectively known as an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system — to process and manage information as it passes through each department.
The information gathered by the ERP system is gathered in a company's database, which is usually housed in a data warehouse. BI analysts use a range of tools and software to access the information stored in the data warehouse.
Databases are usually accessed through what's known as a BI portal, which is simply a user-friendly interface connected to the database. Through the BI portal and its accompanying software tools, analysts perform queries, create reports, analyze data and create forecasts.
Most BI software includes three basic tools: data extraction, data architecture and query development.
Data extraction is facilitated by an extract, transform and load (ETL) tool, which selects data that matches the criteria determined by analysts.
When analysts aren't extracting data, they may be organizing it using data architecture tools. Such tools help analysts reorganize the ways in which data is stored so that it will be more useful to the company.
Query development tools help analysts interact with data by translating queries into a language that a database can understand. Most databases in the United States use Structured Query Language (SQL), a special programming language.
BI analysts
There are a lot of different options for BI tools and software packages, but none of them would be of much use to companies without the know-how of BI analysts. These analysts are the link between the information on a computer screen and a company's decision makers.
BI analysts typically work in the IT department of a company, where they use the tools at their disposal to sort data and generate reports. Most analysts have a background in statistics or data management and exhibit superior computer skills.
The data analyzed varies depending on the company an analyst work for, but a BI analyst at a retail company, for example, may deal with information regarding inventory, sales and customers.
BI analysts may perform specific queries against the database on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. They may also be asked by managers to generate ad hoc reports with the use of custom queries.
Business intelligence vs. market intelligence
Business intelligence helps a company's leaders improve internal processes and make sound decisions. But not all the information a company collects has to do with what's going on inside the business.
Information regarding the competition, as well as data collected from distributors and clients is used to form the basis of what's known as market intelligence.
Market intelligence, which often includes marketing research, can help companies put BI in context.
Where should a company devote more resources? Which markets should it try to infiltrate next? These are some of the questions that market intelligence analysts try to answer.
Follow BusinessNewsDaily @BNDarticles. We're also on Facebook.


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Amazing Winter Staycation IdeasSave money by taking a relaxing staycation this winter.
Staycations are a great option if money is tight or if you simply don't have time to jet off to a faraway land. Take a few days to indulge in your favorite activities and press reset before charging through the rest of the season.
Turn the phone off, put the "out of office" message up and treat your time off as if you are on a distraction-free vacation. Here are some of the best staycation ideas and activities to try this winter.
Dive Into a Good Book
When is the last time you actually had time to sit down and read next to a roaring fire? Engrossing yourself in a good novel is one of the best and cheapest ways to mentally transport yourself to a different place and time.
If you're looking for page-turner suggestions, peruse the local bookstore, or better yet, get lost in the library. You never know what gems you might stumble upon.
Visit a Museum or Art Gallery
It's easy to overlook winter attractions in your own city because you consider it your home base. But try to view your neighborhood with fresh eyes, as an outsider would. Some of the best museums and galleries might be right around the corner.
Even if you're a culture vulture and frequent your local institutions regularly, there likely is a new or rotating exhibit to experience.
Take a Cooking Class
Food is one of the best ways to forget about work. If you aren't a natural Rachael Ray in the kitchen, you still can learn to prepare a five-star meal with a little help.
Whether you want to dish up homemade pasta or go straight for the dessert tray, culinary schools throughout the country are waiting to turn you into the next "Top Chef."
Dine Out on the Town
Don't like to cook? You still can treat yourself by sampling a new dish out or by hitting the hottest new restaurant. Get adventurous, and try unfamiliar cuisine. Or, return to an old staple you know hits the spot for comfort food.
What a View: Dine at the Best Scenic Restaurant in Your State
Throw a Party
It has been scientifically proven that being around loved ones makes us happier. If you're looking to raise your spirits this winter, invite friends and family over for a shindig. You can throw a tea party, cocktail party or even a brunch get-together without needing any real excuse to celebrate.
Don't want to do all the prep work for hosting? Make it a potluck and have everyone contribute.
Binge on Netflix
Sometimes all you want to do is cozy up on the couch and mindlessly binge on your favorite shows. It can feel indulgent and completely unproductive, yet so satisfying. Grab the popcorn or the hot cocoa and settle in for a night of reality TV and guilty pleasures.
Book a Hotel Room
The best way to feel like you're really on vacation in your own town is to get out of the house. You can book a cute B&B, ski lodge, luxury hotel or boutique property to truly live like a tourist in your own city. You might even sleep better after splurging on the room service.
Find One Near You: Cozy, Budget-Friendly Bed-and-Breakfasts in Every State
Indulge in a Spa Treatment
Staycations are all about "me time," and there simply is nothing better than a little pampering. Book a massage or facial and watch your cares melt away. There always are deals on Groupon, so you don't have to make it an extravagant expense if finances are tight.
Get Outside
It's easy to feel cooped up during winter, so don't completely give in to hibernating. Depending on where you live, snowshoeing, ice skating and cross-country skiing are great ways to get your blood pumping.
Hit the Slopes
Powder hounds, rejoice! There are almost 500 ski resorts in the United States, so chances are there is a mountain or hill within driving distance of your home. Skiing and snowboarding are two of the most popular wintertime activities, but if kicking it slopeside isn't your thing, the hot tub and apres-ski activities waiting at the lodge might be.
Get in a Workout Routine
After the holidays and resolutions, it's time to make yourself a priority. Start the new year off right with a new routine. You finally can try that kickboxing or yoga class that interests you.
A good gift for yourself is an app such as ClassPass, which allows you to take fitness classes around town without committing to a membership at any particular gym.
Get Crafty
Looking for something to get your mind off work? Bring your Pinterest board to life by taking up a fun new hobby such as crocheting or knitting. There are painting and wine classes across the country, along with venues that offer unique art projects such as terrarium design, leatherworking and jewelry making.
You don't have to wait for spring cleaning to make your home feel new again. Sometimes it's as easy as rearranging the furniture or picking out some new decor pieces to give your space a facelift. Mix and match patterns and prints to bring visual interest to different areas and hit up HomeGoods or Houzz for inspiration.
Call the Babysitter
It's hardly a staycation when the kids are around. Bring a little romance back into your life by planning a night on the town sans children. You won't have to worry about shuttling anyone to soccer practice or anyone saying "What's for dinner?"
If you don't want to pay for a babysitter, you can always call in a favor to Mom or Dad. Or, leave the kids at a friend's house for a sleepover.
Plan Future Travel
Relaxing at home is great, but there's nothing like exploring a new town or city. Many think of winter as the offseason, but many destinations are just hitting their stride, turning into magical winter wonderlands in the colder months.
Spend some time researching future getaways, and you just might find that traveling in winter is almost as affordable as staying home.
Up Next: Beautiful Winter Wonderlands Worth the Visit
About the Author
Lauren Monitz
Lauren Monitz is a travel writer and social media influencer specializing in approachable adventures and offbeat explorations. With a BS in Advertising from the University of Colorado and an MS in E-business from Depaul, she has over 10 years of experience in content and social strategy for leading tourism destinations, publications, and hospitality clients. She has bylines around the web from Fodor's and Huffington Post to MSN and AOL, has done Snapchat diaries for the Food Network, and Instagram takeovers for Forbes. From becoming a certified Viking in Iceland to blackwater rafting in New Zealand, she is on a perpetual mission to seek out the most insane adventures she can find and introduce you to things you never even knew you wanted — or needed — on your bucket list. With a goal of visiting all 50 states and at least 50 countries by 50, she is an expert at experiential travel across the globe and close to home. A Chicago native, a Denverite by choice, and perpetually on the go, her mantra is, "Life is short and the world is Wide, Eat, sleep, travel, repeat." You can follow her (mis)adventures on http://thedownlo.com or on Instagram (@lmonitz @anadventurestory and @onetastytrip).
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Iran bans English from being taught in primary schoolsTuesday, January 9th, 2018
The education ministry "envisages strengthening Persian language skills and Iranian Islamic culture of pupils at the primary school stage", its secretary told state media.
This move is in line with the supreme leader's anti-Western, isolationist view of the world. He has repeatedly said that teaching English to children from an early age could lead to "western cultural infiltration".
He says the language of science is not necessarily English and that children should be taught other languages like Spanish, French, or eastern languages.
President Hassan Rouhani disagrees with him, and has said that knowing English will help young people join the job market. But he had little power to stop the ban.
Posted in AP Iran | Comments Off on Iran bans English from being taught in primary schools


text:
Stainless Steel Metal Casting
Casting parts,sand casting parts,casting parts,carbon steel casting,casting,metal casting
1. Ductile Iron Castings:
Molding process: Resin sand/Green Sand
Material: EN-GJS-400-15/EN-GJS-500-7/EN-GJS-600-3/EN-GJS-700-2
Molding: Hand molding/Molding machine Z145/146/148/Molding line.
Possible Heat Treatment: Annealing
Industry involved: Municipal Construction / Fluid
Part unit weight range: 0.5kg-2000kgs
Max/Min wall thickness requirements: 4mm-250mm
Manufacturer Certification: ISO9001(2000)/ TS16949
2. Grey iron castings:
1) molding process: Green sand/Resin sand
2) Material: EN-GJL-150/DIN 1691 GG-15, EN-GJL-200/DIN 1691-GG20, EN-GJL-250/DIN1691-GG25
3) Molding: Hand molding/ Molding machine Z145/146/148/Molding line.
4) Industry involved: Municipal industry/Construction Fluid industry/Automotive industry
5) Part unit weight range: 0.5kg-2000kgs
6) Max/Min wall thickness requirements: 4mm
7) Manufacturer Certification: ISO9001(2000)/ TS16949
Production capacity:
1. Casting classification: Sand casting; Precision casting; Vacuum process casting etc.
2. Gray iron, ductile iron, stainless steel, carbon steel, alloy steel, etc.
3. Adoption standard: BS, DIN, ASTM GB etc.
4. Weight range: 0.5~5000kg.
5. Producing capacity: 2, 000 tons per month.
6. Main application: Metallurgy; Machinery; Plastics; Rubber; Pharmaceutical;
Textiles; Mining; Paper-making; Packaging.
7. Main equipments: Furnaces; Heat treatment furnaces; Direct-reading spectrometer; Shot -blasting equipments, etc.
8. Surface treatment: Polishing, plating, shot blasting, heat treatment, etc
9. Inspection and test: Foundry in home, third part inspection, Material report, UT, MT, RT, and PT, etc…
10. Packing and shipping: Stand export packing; 20day make modul & sample; Delivery time against your quantity.
11. Casting service: Your logo, character, trade name, number etc can be casted on the surface clearly.