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Islam in Azerbaijan
|Part of a series on
|Traditional areas of settlement
|Islam in Azerbaijan
|Shi'a, Islam
|Sunni Islam
Over 90.30% of the population of Azerbaijan is nominally Muslim. (Estimates include 96.9% Muslim,[2] 93.4% (Berkley Center, 2012),[3] 99.2% (Pew Research Center, 2009).[4]) The rest of the population adheres to other faiths or are non-religious, although they are not officially represented. Among the Muslim majority, religious observance varies and Muslim identity tends to be based more on culture and ethnicity rather than religion. The Muslim population is approximately 85% Shi'a and 15% Sunni; differences traditionally have not been defined sharply.[5] Azerbaijan has the second highest Shia population percentage in the world after Iran.[6]
Most Shias are adherents of orthodox Ithna Ashari school of Shi'a Islam. Other traditional religions or beliefs that are followed by many in the country are the orthodox Hanafi school of Sunni Islam. Traditionally villages around Baku and Lenkoran region are considered stronghold of Shi'ism. In some northern regions, populated by Sunni Dagestani (Lezghian) people, the Salafi movement gained some following. Folk Islam is widely practiced.
According to a 2010 Gallup Poll found 49% of Azerbaijanis answering no to the question "Is religion an important part of your daily life?", one of the highest rates among any Muslim-majority country.[7] A 1998 poll estimated the proportion of ardent believers in Azerbaijan at only 7 percent.[8][9]
Islam arrived in Azerbaijan with Arabs in the seventh century, gradually supplanting Christianity and pagan cults.
In the sixteenth century, the first shah of the Safavid Dynasty, Ismail I (r. 1486-1524), established Shi'a Islam as the state religion, although a portion of people remained Sunni. The population of what is nowadays Iran and what is nowadays Azerbaijan were converted to Shia Islam at the same moment in history.[10] As elsewhere in the Muslim world, the two branches of Islam came into conflict in Azerbaijan. Enforcement of Shi'a Islam as the state religion brought contention between the Safavid rulers and the ruling Sunnis of the neighboring Ottoman Empire.
In the nineteenth century, many Sunni Muslims emigrated from Russian-controlled Azerbaijan because of Russia's series of wars with their coreligionists in the Ottoman Empire.[citation needed] Thus, by the late nineteenth century, the Shi'a population was in the majority in Russian Azerbaijan. Antagonism between the Sunnis and the Shi'a diminished in the late nineteenth century as Azerbaijani nationalism began to emphasize a common Turkic heritage and opposition to Iranian religious influences.
Russian Empire and Soviet Union[edit]
In 1806, what is now Azerbaijan became occupied by the Russian Empire as the latter invaded Qajar Iran during the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813). In the aftermath, Iran was forced to cede therefore almost all of what is nowadays Azerbaijan according to the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 to Russia. However, all this only came to be confirmed in the aftermath of the next and last war between Russia and Iran, the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828. In 1918, what is now Azerbaijan declared independence from Russia and established the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic under its leading Musavat party, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920?
Before Soviet power was established, about 2,000 mosques were active in Azerbaijan. Most mosques were closed in the 1930s, then some were allowed to reopen during World War II. The Soviet rule promoted an Azerbaijani national consciousness as a substitute for identification with the world Islamic community.
During World War II, Soviet authorities established the Muslim Spiritual Board of Transcaucasia in Baku as the governing body of Islam in the Caucasus, in effect reviving the nineteenth-century tsarist Muslim Ecclesiastical Board. During the tenures of Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev, Moscow encouraged Muslim religious leaders in Azerbaijan to visit and host foreign Muslim leaders, with the goal of advertising the freedom of religion and superior living conditions reportedly enjoyed by Muslims under Soviet communism.
During the Azerbaijani SSR, there were 17 mosques functioning in the country. In the 1980s only two large and five smaller mosques held services in Baku, and only eleven others were operating in the rest of the country. Supplementing the officially sanctioned mosques were thousands of private houses of prayer and many secret Islamic sects.
The lone center of conservative Shia Islam, was the town of Nardaran, 25 kilometers northeast of central Baku, and was renowned for its thirteenth-century Shia shrine. Unlike the rest of the country which was staunchly secular and which can be considered religiously progressive, Nardaran was the only place in the whole of Azerbaijan where its inhabitants are devoutly religious and fundamentalist, where its streets display religious banners and where most women wear chadors in public. The now banned Islamic Party of Azerbaijan was founded in this town and its base was centered there.
There is some evidence of Sufism in Azerbaijan.[11]
Islamic revival[edit]
Gradually, during the Soviet imperial twilight, signs of religious reawakening not only multiplied but surfaced into the open. According to Soviet sources, during the late 1970s around 1,000 clandestine houses of prayer were in use, and some 300 places of pilgrimage were identifiable. This growth proved the prelude to the public openings of hundreds of mosques in the following decade.[citation needed]
Beginning in the late Gorbachev period, and especially after independence, the number of mosques rose dramatically. Many were built with the support of other Islamic countries, such as Iran, Oman, and Saudi Arabia, which also contributed Qur'ans and religious instructors to the new Muslim states. A Muslim seminary has also been established since 1991. The growing number of religious Muslims resulted in the establishment of more than 2,000 mosques by 2014.[12][13]
After independence, the laws regarding religion are quite clear. In Article 7 of the constitution, Azerbaijan is declared a secular state. This point is driven home in Article 19 with the statement of the separation of religion and state and the equality of all religions before the law as well as the secular character of the state educational system.
Azerbaijan has been a secular country.[14] A 1998 survey estimated the proportion of ardent believers in Azerbaijan at close to 7 percent, slightly more than the number of declared atheists — almost 4 percent — with the largest numbers falling into the category of those who consider Islam above all as a way of life, without strict observance of prohibitions and requirements, or as a fundamental part of national identity.[9] In a 2010 survey only half of Azerbaijanis answering yes to the question, "Is religion an important part of your daily life?"[7]
Secular politicians in Azerbaijan have raised concerns about the rise of political Islam, but others argue that Islam in Azerbaijan is a multifaceted phenomenon. Islam plays only a very limited role in the political sphere and only a small part of the population supports the idea of establishing an "Islamic order". This is due to the long tradition of secularism in Azerbaijan and to the fact that the nationalistic opposition movement is secular in character. Yet, according to some analysts, on the longer run, if the politicians do not manage to improve the conditions of life of the vast majority of the people, the population may express its discontent through political Islam.[citation needed]
Radical Islam[edit]
There is a certain rise of religious extremism across Azerbaijan as a result of continued problems such as corruption, poverty, and government rule, combined with disillusionment with the West and support of religious sects from different countries.[15][16][17][18] However it works against a headwind of traditional secularism. According to Svante Cornell:
Azerbaijan can rightly claim to be among the most progressive and secular Islamic societies. Aside from having been the first Muslim country to have operas, theater plays, and a democratic republic, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim countries where support for secularism is the highest, and where radical ideologies have met only very limited interest.[14]
Svante Cornell believes that the radical groups remain weak, but have a potential to grow under the current domestic and international circumstances. To confront this, the Azerbaijani state needs to address the diarchy in terms of supervision of religious structures.[14] He writes, that the Government policies toward Islam in general and Islamic radicalism in particular have been inadequate.[14]
According to researchers Emil Souleimanov and Maya Ehrmann, there is "a trend among Dagestani minorities in the north of Azerbaijan to engage in insurgent activities". The Salafi movement has been "spurred by missionary activities using external funds and the establishment of mosques", and found support from those who the desire a return to more traditionalist values. As authorities have repressed Salafis in the north they have become more radical.[19]
Citizens of Azerbaijan have joined terrorist organizations in Syria.[20][21][22][23]
In Nardaran, a deadly incident broke out between Azerbaijan security forces and religious Shia residents in which two policemen and four suspected Shia Muslim militants were killed.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][35][36][excessive citations]
As a result of this incident, the Azerbaijani parliament passed laws prohibiting people with religious education received abroad to implement Islamic rites and ceremonies in Azerbaijan, as well as to preach in mosques and occupy leading positions in the country; as well as prohibiting the display of religious paraphernalia, flags and slogans, except in places of worship, religious centers and offices.[37] Ashura commemorations in public have also been banned.[38] The Azerbaijani government also passed a law to remove the citizenship of Azerbaijani citizens who fight abroad.[39]
See also[edit]
- Religion in Azerbaijan
- State Committee for Work with Religious Organizations of Azerbaijan Republic
- Islam by country
- 2007 Baku terrorist plot
Further reading[edit]
- Bedford, Sofie (2009). Islamic activism in Azerbaijan: repression and mobilization in a Post-Soviet context (Ph.D.). Stockholm University.
- Collins, Kathleen (October 2007). "Ideas, networks, and Islamist movements: Evidence from Central Asia and the Caucasus". World Politics. 60 (1): 64–96. doi:10.1353/wp.0.0002. JSTOR 40060181. Pdf.
- Cornell, Svante E. (October 2006). "The politicization of Islam in Azerbaijan". Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program. Pdf.
- Dragadze, Tamara (1994), "Islam in Azerbaijan: The position of women", in Fawzi El-Solh, Camillia; Mabro, Judy (eds.), Muslim women's choices: Religious belief and social reality, Providence, Rhode Island New York: Berg Distributed in North America by New York University Press, pp. 152–163, ISBN 9780854968367.
- Karagiannis, Emmanuel (2010). "Political Islam in the former Soviet Union: Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan compared". Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, Pathways Toward Terrorism and Genocide. 3 (1): 46–61. doi:10.1080/17467586.2010.514937.
- Motika, Raoul (July–September 2001). "Islam in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan". Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions. 46 (115): 111–124. JSTOR 30127240.
- Sattarov, Rufat (2009). Islam, state, and society in independent Azerbaijan: between historical legacy and post-Soviet reality with special reference to Baku and its environs. Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 9783895006920. Online
- Tohidi, Nayereh (January–April 1996). "Soviet in public, Azeri in private: Gender, Islam, and nationality in Soviet and post-Soviet Azerbaijan". Women's Studies International Forum. 19 (1–2): 111–123. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(95)00074-7.
- ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Research Center. 12 April 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ^ "The World Factbook". CIA. May 18, 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ^ "Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs". Georgetown University. July 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ^ MAPPING THE GLOBAL MUSLIM POPULATION Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine| PEW FORUM| October 2009
- ^ Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Presidential Library - Religion
- ^ Juan Eduardo Campo,Encyclopedia of Islam, p.625
- ^ a b Religiosity Highest in World's Poorest Nations August 31, 2010 - data accessed on 22 May 2015
- ^ Fereydoun Safizadeh, "On Dilemmas of Identity in the Post-Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan," Caucasian Regional Studies, vol.3, no.1 (1998).
- ^ a b Tadeusz Swietochowski Azerbaijan: The Hidden Faces of Islam. World Policy Journal, Volume XIX, No 3, Fall 2002
- ^ Akiner, Shirin (2004-07-05). The Caspian: politics, energy and security, By Shirin Akiner, pg.158. ISBN 9780203641675. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ ALESKEROVA, Nesrin (2007). "SUFISM IN AZERBAIJAN". CA & CC Press. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ^ "Allahşükür Paşazadə: "Sovet dövründə Azərbaycanda 17 məscid olub, bu gün isə 2000-ə yaxın məscid, habelə kilsə və sinaqoqlar var"". az.apa.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 18 October 2014.
- ^ "Vəhhabilər Komitə sədrinə". politika.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 18 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Svante E. Cornell. The Politicization of Islam in Azerbaijan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
- ^ "Azerbaijani Jews worried over increasing radical Islamists, By Amiram Barkat, Haaretz - 02.15.2006". Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
- ^ "BBC NEWS - Europe - Azeri poverty fuels rise of Islam". Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ^ Thomson Reuters Foundation. "Thomson Reuters Foundation". Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ^ "Azerbaijan: Does Wahhabism Pose A Threat?". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ^ Souleimanov, Emil; Ehrmann, Maya (Fall 2013). "The Rise of Militant Salafism in Azerbaijan and Its Regional Implications". Middle East Policy Council. XX (3). Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ^ "The Clear Banner: The Forgotten Fighters: Azerbaijani Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq". JIHADOLOGY. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ "GUEST POST: Azerbaijani Foreign Fighters in Syria". JIHADOLOGY. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ Suriyada azərbaycanlı vəhhabilər kütləvi şəkildə öldürüldü. YouTube. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ Meydan TV. ""Ərim Suriyaya 5 manatla gedib" [ VİDEO ]". Meydan TV - Alternativ və Azad Media Kanalı. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ http://ru.oxu.az/society/105085
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-27. Retrieved 2015-12-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-27. Retrieved 2015-12-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-02-11. Retrieved 2015-12-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-27. Retrieved 2015-12-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/273728/
- ^ http://ru.oxu.az/society/105587
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-02-13. Retrieved 2010-04-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)[tt_news]=44846&cHash=c3ba7363d698036659ab0e10c671aeaf
- ^ http://ru.oxu.az/society/104967
- ^ NorthCaucasus Caucus [@NCaucasusCaucus] (3 December 2015). "Situation in Nardaran reportedly remains tense. Access to city blocked by interior troops, entrance allowed only with official registration" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ a b https://twitter.com/NCaucasusCaucus/status/672042097122365440
- ^ NorthCaucasus Caucus [@NCaucasusCaucus] (2 December 2015). "Such a misleading headline: "'A Syrian Echo in Azerbaijan'? Shiites, Police Clash in Nardaran"" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "В Азербайджане запретят мулл, обучавшихся за границей (Azerbaijan has banned mullahs studying abroad)" (in Russian). Oxu.az. 2 December 2015.
- ^ "В Азербайджане запрещают различные представления в дни Ашура (Azerbaijan will forbid various representations in the days of Ashura)" (in Russian). Oxu.az. 2 December 2015.
- ^ "Террористов будут лишать азербайджанского гражданства (Terrorists will be deprived Azerbaijani citizenship)" (in Russian). Oxu.az. 2 December 2015.
- This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.


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As announced on the new programme's website, the first calls for proposals, covering the programme's four priorities, are expected to be launched on 26 April 2016. The total budget earmarked for these first calls is €35 million. The selection process will be divided into two stages: the applicants will first have to submit Expressions of Interest (by 27 May), which will be assessed by September; the shortlisted applicants will then be allowed to submit full project applications between mid-September and November. Information to applicants will be reported in January 2017 and selected projects will start during the first quarter of 2017.
An official event should be organised before summer 2016 to present the new programme and its priorities to all Atlantic Stakeholders. The open priorities are: "Stimulating innovation and competitiveness", "Fostering resource efficiency", "Strengthening the territory's resilience to risks of natural, climate and human origin" and "Enhancing biodiversity and the natural and cultural assets".
Due to lengthy negotiations, the Interreg Atlantic Area 2014-2020 Programme was only adopted in November 2015, causing delays in the launching of the first calls for proposals. The Atlantic Arc Commission has been waiting for the launch of the programme for more than two years and is now prepared to submit project proposals in line with its Working Groups, namely the "Innovation", "Fisheries and Aquaculture", "Atlantic Tourism and Culture" and "Marine Renewable Energy" Working Groups in particular. These Working Groups have already identified priority actions or sectors in which the members would like to pool efforts and deliver actions at the transnational level.
More information: http://www.atlanticarea.eu/.

subset: commoncrawl


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WBA Sustaining members voluntarily contribute an additional $150 to sustain and support the mission of the WBA. Sustaining members receive:
As always, thank you to our current Sustaining Members!
Click here to become a Sustaining Member. You must be logged into your WBA account - if you are not logged in, click here.
Thanks to Our Corporate Partners


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Change phone model:
A growing number of users around the globe use their Androids not only to call and text but also to connect to the web. Among those who do take their mobile web browsing seriously, the choice of browser app is very crucial. UC Browser is simply the best browser for 3G data packs.
UC Browser is the leading mobile internet browser with more than 400 million users across more than 150 countries and regions. This product is currently available on all major operating platforms in 7 different languages.
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Huawei Ascend D1 Quad XL is an non-touchscreen phone manufactured by Huawei, with a resolution of 720X1280.Huawei Ascend D1 Quad XL users can download the latestUC browserfor Huawei Ascend D1 Quad XL via UCWeb's official website.


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Census 2021 consultation – call for topic suggestions
Is the Census missing something?
If you follow our blog, it's likely you read and enjoy the fruits of the Census. But do you think the Census is missing something? Is there a part of our community that's being overlooked? Is there an emerging issue you're aware of, that Census data would shed light on, help quantify, and therefore address?
Now's the time to speak up.
I previously wrote about the ABS consultation on new topics to go into the 2021 Census. This consultation asks for public input about how Census questions should be changed, and we are keen to put in a submission.
We provide Census data to over 300 Local Government Areas Australia-wide, presenting it in an easy-to-use format to help you tell the story of your area, advocate for and engage with your community.
As such, we are able to represent our clients in interactions with the ABS, so there is an opportunity for us to put in a submission. While you can put in your own submission (and we encourage this), we would like to consolidate the experiences and knowledge of our clients into our own submission as well.
On that basis, we are calling for any of our clients to suggest new topics or changes to topics you'd like to see on the 2021 Census. What are the burning issues you really need data to inform? Please contact us either through a comment to this blog, or directly via firstname.lastname@example.com.
A few topics which the ABS are already looking at for 2021:
- Secondary home ownership
- Shared parenting
- Long-term health conditions
- Journey to Education
- More detail on sex/gender identification
- Reviewing the need for assistance/disability question
Are any of these going to be useful in informing Local Government policy? If they are relevant to your work, please comment and let us know how you would use it (particularly at the local area level). Are there other topics you really need info for? Please also let us know.
Vote to keep a question
The ABS have flagged (again – this comes up every Census) the possibility of removing the "Number of motor vehicles" question as they believe it's collected elsewhere. I know that many of our council clients use this, so if you'd like to argue for the retention of this topic, please say so!
While we encourage any and all feedback to this call for input, the submission itself will ultimately need to address the following criteria:
- the topic is of current national importance
- there is a need for data from a Census of the whole population
- the topic can be accurately collected in a form which the household completes themselves
- the topic would be acceptable to Census respondents
- the topic can be collected efficiently
- there is likely to be a continuing need for data on the topic in the following Census
- there are no other suitable alternative data sources or solutions that could meet the topic need
We can answer these – but if you are suggesting a topic to us, have a think about some of the arguments for including it in the Census (bearing in mind that there is little scope to change the length of the form, so when something is added, usually something has to be dropped off).
We look forward to hearing from you!


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With Love and In Love,
Helena Petrovna BlavatskyAdv wrote:SuiG,
Have you read the book ? If so, I'd be interested in your perspective on it.
Nebula wrote:SuiGeneris wrote:He smiled back and asked me: "Do you have questions?" I told him: "Yes, many!" and then he started answering all my questions.
SuiG, I would love to meet and conversate with a shaman one of these days and Ask Many Questions :)
Blessed Love,
Hi dear Spregovori, yes, it is true that if you look at the world and its current state of affairs, it might seem very hard to implement any of the points Jiddu gave; mostly because the Matrix is designed to keep you encased in a box, unaware of your true potential.Spregovori wrote:Interesting videos, useful content and i was just 1 year old when this was tapped....and even at that time he saw things going down the drain.... A lot of good points were made...hard to implement all of them...
Smart kids...most of the kids are...but TV and dumb down parents tend to neglect them...
Hi Welcome Raven!!:Raven wrote:Sui, this is absolutley facinating. I haven't finished watching all of the krishnamurti videos yet, but I was impressed by how he acted with the children. He truely tapped into their genius and allowed them to figure things out for themselves, so POWERFUL. Thank you for sharing this. Love, Raven
malletzky wrote:SuiGeneris wrote:
The Krishnamurti videos I shared were just to show the lifepath of the teacher, but I did feel it kinda said he was against theosophy and that is not how i see it. He wasn't against anything at all. Could never be. By the time Jiddu was supposed to take his stance as the "leader" of the Society, he had realized there was a "force" turning it into yet another religion...and this he just wasn't going to tolerate.
Having said that, he never said their philosophy was utterly wrong or was misleading, he simply saw it as yet another piece of a grand puzzle in his overall vision of Oneness. Did he believe in "Ascended Masters" or saints or ghosts or Et's? Considering he actually may have been taken to the US to try to communicate with one in real life...I dare say yes...only because after having examined his life, I found out he had a very profound Gnosis Event where he saw "The face of God" after which he was never the same. After that happens to you, there is no room for "believing" anymore....You KNOW!!
I could give you my perspective yes of course, if you ask me a specific question. An overall thesis on these two volumes is very difficult to say the least.
With much Love and in Love, [/size]
Hi, to you Sui...and to all other contributors on this thread and thank you so much for your time and efforts.
I'm injoying the brilliant postings here and I'm amazed to find out that yes, my learning curve is yet just scratching the surface of the wholeness. And this makes so much fun
btw Sui...would you please elaborate short about the event in Krishnamurti's life which you mentioned in one of your posts above (red & bold letters in the quoute above) ? Many, many thanks in advance...
Hi Malletzky!! Sure!! First let me give you some background...malletzky wrote:
btw Sui...would you please elaborate short about the event in Krishnamurti's life which you mentioned in one of your posts above (red & bold letters in the quoute above)? Many, many thanks in advance...
Hi Raven!! I'm glad you liked them!Raven wrote:SuiG, I watched the introduction to Krishnamurtis life all 10 of them. What a great teacher he is. I learned a great many things in the 60 mins I watched and I am humbled by his simple honesty and directness with life. Thank you for taking the time to post them here and share with us. I know doing this takes a lot of personal time of yours, I am grateful that you do this for us so un-selflessly.
Loving you always, Raven
malletzky wrote:Sui, thank you for your reply about Krishnamurti. I guess, that expirience must have been a kind of "connecting" with the source.
No wonder that after this event which he called "mystical union" (I just found out this has happened in 1922) and especially after the sudden death of his brother in 1925 his faith in the leaders of the Theosophical Society was shooked. He didn't quite rejected the theosopical teachings, but he started with radical critic of all religious communities.
He rejected all authority in matters of faith and declared that only the individual wears the key to liberation in him/herself and no other could give him the key.
And exactly this is how I see the process of unification. No authorities, no hieratic and inflexible rules, but just me...the creator...and no one in between. Oh, this makes so much sense...
I'm so glad I discovered Krishnamurti and I will take some time now to study his life and his work. I know now, it will be a great journey in the next weeks.
Sui, thank you so much again for this.
with much love and respect


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Charities 2017-2018
Bangor Central Integrated Primary School supports many local charities and raises money for those in need. This term we are supporting a number of local and national charities.
Children generously donated essential food items to fill 3 trolleys for the North Down Storehouse Appeal.
This year we have supported the Wings Appeal. Children brought a donation to school to receive a sticker in support of the charity.
Once again the children of Bangor Central Integrated Primary School generously donated money to the Poppy appeal through the poppy shop. All stock in the poppy shop was sold and 2 containers were filled with donations.
We are showing our support for Children in Need by wearing something 'Spotty' with our school uniform. Children can wear socks, head bands, accessories or spotty t shirts with their school uniform. We kindly asked for a £1 donation for Children in Need.
In December Year 7 children and members of the School Council will meet to decide on a charity to support during our Key Satge 1 Nativity on Thursday 14th December and our Key Stage 2 Carol Service on Tuesday 19th December.
The charities we have supported this year so far are:
The Wings Appeal
The Poppy Appeal


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Social media is one of the key factors that shape today's digital age. Whether you're an individual looking for a job, or a business looking for clients, tapping into these platforms can really help you achieve great things. But as in any other business framework, you still have to work hard to fulfill these successes.
Let us narrow it down to the single, most powerful online platform of all time– Facebook. Everyone is on this platform because:
(1) Keeping in touch has never been easier;
(2) It is a major marketing force in every niche and industry;
(3) It gives you the freedom to share, engage, and interact with your social network, and much more! In order to maximize these benefits, you must first gain enough likes and followers first. Otherwise, your online presence won't be felt.
Here are 5 ways to help you gain more likes and followers on the world's leading online platform.
Think like a visitor.
If you have a business, you'll want to harness the platform's great influence as a marketing boost, but this is easier said than done. While the platform is certainly a powerful tool to establish your online presence and extend your reach, there are certain unspoken marketing rules you have to consider. When posting, for instance, people don't want to see a fresh new post from your handle per minute. This is also known as "spamming one's newsfeed," and it can get annoying really quick. There are other ways to annoy people on social media, and the best way to avoid this is to think like a visitor. This technique is also great for when you want to try out certain marketing campaigns.
Create share-worthy content.
One of the quickest ways to grow your business is to create share-worthy content. Your posts won't reach your desired number of views if they don't get distributed across networks. In the digital age, you want to aim for "viral" if you want to gain overnight success. One way to do this is by being relatable. Incorporate today's biggest trends into your content. You can even toss in a few memes to get people's attention. The platform doesn't only award interesting content creators their 15 minutes of fame. It could extend to way beyond just that.
Read Also: How to Increase you facebook page fans
Invest on paid ads.
Needless to say, Facebook is the number one platform for businesses. In fact, it even has its own advertising platform that you can take advantage of to boost your online presence. By shelling out a few dollars on paid ads, you can appear in the newsfeeds of people who may be interested in your brand. The great thing about this platform is that you can easily customize your ad campaigns for a more narrowed or broadened target reach. You can even include common interests into the equation to get a better chance at achieving likes, followers, and shares.
Take advantage of analytics.
Not every marketing campaign works, but you can always study certain analytics to improve your future campaigns. The platform's Page Insights feature is a good way to start. You'll also identify which types of posts are the most effective in obtaining likes, shares, and followers. If you want a better understanding of your page in terms of other KPIs, you may use third-party analytics and marketing tools such as Kissmetrics and Hootsuite to your advantage.
Build a community.
One of the most crucial steps in developing your business on the platform is to interact with your followers and be as responsive as possible. Create marketing campaigns based on your existing following and encourage people to spread the word. People want a more personalized approach when it comes to responses, so have your social media managers respond in the most human way possible for maximum follower retention.
Also Read: How to 5000 Facebook Friend Request in Few Clicks
Conclusio: As a final note, don't ever quit your marketing efforts. Facebook can be a very unpredictable platform, and what might not work today may do tomorrow. We hope you use these 5 top strategies to your advantage. If you know someone who might be in dire need of these tips, then share this article with them now.
Led Instructor online digital marketing trainer, a consultant and an affiliate marketer with over 8+ years of experience View Course Details if you want to grow your business online or want to learn digital marketing online from anywhere.


text: Leprosy Review Volume 86, Number 1, March 2015 CONTENTSEditor's choice - Paul SaundersonEditorial1 Leprosy ad before Buruli ulcer: similarities suggest combining control and prevention of disability strategies in countries endemic for both diseases D.S. Walsh, B.C. De Jong, W.M. Meyers and F. PortaelsOriginal Papers6 What stops people completing multi-drug therapy? Ranked perspectives of people with leprosy, their head of family and neighbours - across four Indian states M.S. Raju, A.S. John and P. Kuipers21 The patient perspective of the diagnostic process for leprosy in Brazil. An exploratory study K. Teasdale, G. De Wildt, P.K. Das, M.D.C.L. Virmond, N.G. De Almeida Galan, R.B.R. Prado, M. Henry and H. Amar37 Lay and peer counsellors to reduce leprosy-related stigma – lessons learnt in Cirebon, Indonesia M. Lusli, R.M.H. Peters, M.B.M. Zweekhorst, W.H. Van Brakel, F.S.S.E. Seda, J.F.G. Bunders and Irwanto54 Comparing the perception of community members towards leprosy and tuberculosis stigmatisation S. Sermrittirong, W.H. van Brakel, N. Kraipui, S. Traithip and J.F.G Bunders-Aelen62 Dehabilitation in the era of elimination and rehabilitation: a study of 100 leprosy patients from a tertiary care hospital in India D. Seshadri, B.K. Khaitan, N. Khanna and R. Sagar75 Survey on child leprosy patients and problems resulted from the disease in China Y. Liangbin, S. Jianping, Z. Min and Z. Guocheng80 Profile of oxidative stress in response to treatment for Type 1 leprosy reaction N. Chhabra, S.N. Bhattacharya, A. Singal, R.S. Ahmed and P. VermaShort Paper89 Mozambique Country Profile A. De KruijffCase Reports96 Bullous erythema nodosum leprosum manifesting in the post partum period with unusual features R. Verma, B. Vasudevan, V. Pragasam, N. Moorchung, D. Mitra and M. Gopal102 Chromoblastomycosis in a resident of a leprosarium D. Dashatwar, S. Kar, N. Gangane, V. Pol, B. Madke, S. Kulkarni and N. Singh108 The deportation of two Ethiopian migrant workers with leprosy S.M. Lambert and S.L. Walker112 Lymph node abscess and cardiac involvement in a patient with nodular lepromatous leprosy (LL) with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL): A rare occurrence T. Goyal, A. Varshney, S.K. Bakshi and V. Sharma117 Cost effective cosmetic prosthesis for lost digits G. Manivannan, G. Karthikeyan, P. Das and G. BabuLetters to the Editor124 Reply to the role of contact tracing and prevention strategies in the interruption of leprosy transmission D.N.J. Lockwood, P. Krishnamurthy, V. Pannikar and G. Penna126 Contact management is an essential component of leprosy control W.C.S. Smith and A. Aerts128 Chemoprophylaxis: sufficient evidence for starting implementation pilots J.H. Richardus130 Obituary – Dr. Robert C. Hastings (1938–2014)131 Obituary – Dr. Margaret Elizabeth Brand (1919–2014)134 News and Notes


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Funding of $67.5M Announced For Army Corps projects in Mississippi
U.S. Senator Thad Cochran, chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, today announced the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will allocate an additional $67.5 million in FY2017 appropriations funding to support flood control, navigation and other projects throughout Mississippi.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017 provided funding above the budget request for the Army Corps to use at its discretion to advance ongoing Civil Works projects and ensure continued improvements to the national economy and public safety. The new funding for Mississippi is outlined in the Army Corps FY2017 Work Plan.
"The Army Corps of Engineers Work Plan invests additional funding provided by Congress on projects that were not included or insufficiently funded in the 2017 budget request. I am pleased the Army Corps will direct significant resources to Mississippi to improve the management and operation of waterways, levees, and public works," Cochran said.
Cochran serves on the appropriations subcommittee with jurisdiction over the Army Corps, and advocated Mississippi projects for Work Plan funding.
The Work Plan directs funding toward flood control projects in the Yazoo basin and other tributary basins, including the Delta Headwaters, Upper Yazoo, Big Sunflower River and Yazoo Backwater Area projects. The plan funds maintenance dredging at Mississippi harbors on the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast. It also provides funding to support wastewater projects for Jackson County and the cities of Jackson and Crystal Springs.
The additional $67.5 million brings total Army Corps funding in the state to more than $136.9 million this fiscal year, when combined with $70 million for Mississippi-specific Army Corps projects funded in the recent FY2017 Consolidated Appropriations Act (PL.115-31). The state will also benefit from $22 million provided in the legislation for research activities primarily carried out at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) in Vicksburg.


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Ballscrew drives efficiently convert rotary motion to linear motion to provide smooth and accurate positioning of linear motion systems. Precision rolled ballscrew drives are available in a variety of metric sizes with nominal diameters from 16 - 63 mm and leads from 5 - 50 mm. Ballnuts are … [Read more...]
Demystifying Ball Spline Specs
Place a recirculating-ball bushing on a shaft and what do you get? Frictionless movement of the shaft. But, create grooves along the axial length of the shaft that correspond to the radius of the bushing's ball elements and you've got frictionless linear movement coupled with two important … [Read more...]
The truth about actuator life: Screw drive survival
How do you determine the life of a screw actuator and make comparisons that are truly "apples to apples?" While the fatigue life of a screw actuator is heavily influenced by the load being applied to its rolling components, screw life also can be affected by wear, corrosion, contamination and other … [Read more...]


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After teaching your dog to take a single jump, you can change the angle of approach, varying your position from 1 through 6, as shown below. This exercise comes from "Your Handling at Severe Angles" on page 271 of Agility Right from the Start by Eva Bertilsson and Emelie Johnson Vegh, an excellent agility foundation
April 2012
The first sequence I introduce to young dogs is the tunnel-jump, shown below. I begin with a recall through both obstacles and then alternate repetitions of acceleration with deceleration. Prior to this, a puppy has already done at least one session of accel/decel work on a single jump, so when you add the tunnel, it's
The threadle maneuver intimidates many competitors; double threadles are the stuff of nightmares. Most handlers can stumble through one threadle, but find themselves in poor position to make the second threadle, especially when there is wide spacing. In the diagram below, jumps 1 and 2 are 10 feet apart from each other and 10 feet
The diagram below shows a common sequence often seen at national and international competitions. While there are three general ways to handle this, most people will opt for a front cross between 1 and 2. However, a tricky judge will often place several off course traps between the 2nd and 3rd obstacles. In this
This past weekend, my border collie Rook and I travelled to Reno, Nevada for the 2012 AKC National Agility Championship, where she had some nice runs and made an appearance in the exciting Challenger's Round! The AKC has recently shortened the length of the chute, and many handler-dog teams struggled with the tight turn after


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You are hereHome ›
Candidate filing closes, setting up local races
Candidate filing closed Aug. 13 for the handful of local elections taking place in the north suburbs this fall.
All three school boards covered by the Roseville Review and Bulletin newspapers will elect new members this November.
The Mounds View Public School Board has four open seats for which three incumbents are running, along with two challengers.
Board chair Jonathan Weinhagen and member Sandra Westerman are seeking re-election, while Heidi Danielson, who was appointed to the board this summer, is running to retain her seat. Jim DeMay and Derek Whitcomb round out the field.
Current board member Bob Helgeson is not seeking re-election.
For the other two school boards, filing for candidacy may be all it takes to get a seat. Both the Roseville Area School Board and the New Brighton-St. Anthony School Board have three seats up this fall; for each race, three candidates are running.
Roseville incumbents Todd Anderson and Mike Boguszewski appear set for their second terms, while Rose Chu seems poised for her first.
Current Roseville board member Erin Azer is not seeking re-election.
There's a bit more action on the New Brighton-St. Anthony side, if only with regard to the likely number of new board members. Cassandra Palmer is the sole incumbent running; she'll be joined on the ballot by Ben Phillip and Lynne Penke Valdes.
Longtime board member Mike Volna is stepping away after more than two decades with the body. Andrea Scamehorn is also not seeking re-election.
City council races
It's a two-way race for Falcon Heights mayor with challenger Dave Thomas taking on incumbent Mayor Randy Gustafson. Gustafson was appointed to the position this year after his predecessor, Peter Lindstrom, was appointed to the Metropolitan Council.
For the two open seats on the Falcon Heights City Council it's a three-way race with no incumbents running. The candidates are Kay Andrews, Adam Sychla and Yakash Wehyee. Current council member Pam Harris, appointed to the council last year, is not running to hold her seat.
Beginning next year St. Anthony will have a new person in the mayor's office for the first time in a long time — four-term Mayor Jerry Faust is not seeking re-election.
Council member Randy Stile, whose council term runs through 2021, is making a bid for mayor against Nancy Robinett.
It's a three-way race for two St. Anthony City Council seats, with incumbent Hal Gray seeking re-election, while council member Thomas Randle, who was appointed to his seat in 2017, is running to hold it. The two are being challenged by Bernard Walker.
There will be more elections coverage in upcoming editions of the paper.
Election Day is Nov. 5. Early voting at a number of sites in Ramsey County opens Oct. 29. For more information about voter registration and polling places, go to www.ramseycounty.us/residents/elections-voting.
— Mike Munzenrider


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Located on the 12th floor, Panorama Restaurant offers a unique view of Saigon complemented with luxurious design and fantastic Western- Asian cuisine. The restaurant is an ideal place for business meetings or gatherings with friends and our professional Chefs are dedicated to delight even the dedicate palates.
Buffet over 30 dishes - with a special medley program
18:00 to 22:00 24/12/2016 - Camellia Restaunrant
299,000 VND / adult - 149,000 VND / Children
Buy 10 tickets get 1 ticket to the end of the day 12/18/2016
Hot line: 0903 827 544


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Shopping from United States? Please visit the correct site for your location.
Julia Donaldson Pack Pack
by Julia Donaldson (author) and Axel Scheffler (illustrator)
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Rhyming fun with the current Children's Laureate and her trusty sidekick, the one and only Axel Scheffler. Delivering absolute classics time and time again, this multi-award-winning pair should be the first stop on your picture book shop! Told in bouncing, comical rhymes which vividly explore important life lessons, Julia Donaldson's bestselling stories are adored by children and grown-ups alike. In this pack you'll meet an array of colourful characters, including caterwauling Tabby McTat and plucky little dragon Zog!
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Landmark Homes is Medina's Premier Custom Home Contractor
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4.1. The Pectoral Muscles
Several muscles of the thoracic wall, including the most superficial ones that create some of the contours of the thoracic wall, are muscles that act on the upper extremity. Some of these muscles form important surface landmarks on the thorax, and others have relationships to vessels that communicate with the thorax. In addition to moving the upper extremity, some of these muscles also can play a role in movement of the thoracic wall and participate in respiration. The pectoralis major muscle forms the surface contour of the upper lateral part of the thoracic wall (Fig. 4). It originates on the clavicle (clavicular head) and the sternum and ribs (sternocostal head) and inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus. The lower margin of this muscle, passing from the thorax to the humerus, forms the major part of the anterior axillary fold. The pectoralis major muscle is a powerful adductor and medial rotator of the arm.
The pectoralis minor muscle is a much smaller muscle and lies directly beneath the pectoralis major muscle (Fig. 4). It originates on ribs 3-5 and inserts on the coracoid process of the scapula. This muscle forms part of the anterior axillary fold medially. It acts to depress the scapula and stabilizes it when upward force is exerted on the shoulder.
The anterior part of the deltoid muscle also forms a small aspect of the anterior thoracic wall. This muscle has its origin on the lateral part of the clavicle and the acromion and spine of the scapula (Fig. 4). It inserts on the deltoid tubercle of the humerus and is the most powerful abductor of the arm. The deltoid muscle borders the pectoralis major muscle. The depression found at the junction of these two muscles is called the deltopectoral groove. Importantly, within this groove the cephalic vein can consistently be found. The muscles diverge at their origins on the clavicle, creating an opening bordered by these two muscles and the clavicle known as the deltopectoral triangle. Through this space the cephalic vein passes to join the axillary vein.
The subclavius is a small muscle originating on the lateral inferior aspect of the clavicle and inserting on the sternal end of the first rib (Fig. 4). This muscle depresses the clavicle and exerts a medial traction on the clavicle that stabilizes the ster-noclavicular joint. In addition to these actions, the subclavius muscle provides a soft surface on the inferior aspect of the clavicle that serves to cushion the contact of this bone with structures passing under the clavicle (i.e., nerves of the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery) when the clavicle is depressed during movement of the shoulder girdle, especially when the clavicle is fractured.
The serratus anterior muscle originates on the lateral aspect of the first eight ribs and passes laterally to insert on the medial aspect of the scapula (Fig. 5). This muscle forms the "serrated" contour of the lateral thoracic wall in individuals with good muscle definition. The serratus anterior forms the medial border of the axilla and acts to pull the scapula forward (protraction) and to stabilize the scapula against a posterior force on the shoulder.
Each rib is connected to the ones above and below by a series of three intercostal muscles. The external intercostal muscles are the most superficial (Fig. 5). These muscles course in an obliquely medial direction as they pass from superior to inferior between the ribs. Toward the midline anteriorly, the external intercostal muscle fibers are replaced by the external intercostal membrane. Deep to the external intercostals are the internal intercostals (Fig. 5). The direction of the internal intercostal muscle fibers is perpendicular to the external intercos-tals. On the posterior end of the ribs, the internal intercostal muscle fibers are replaced by the internal intercostal membrane.
The deepest layer of intercostal muscles is the innermost intercostal muscles (Fig. 6). These muscles have a fiber direction similar to that of the internal intercostals, but form a separate plane. The intercostal nerves and vessels pass between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles.
There are two additional sets of muscles in the same layer as the innermost intercostals: the subcostals and the transversus thoracis muscles. The subcostal muscles are located posteriorly and span more than one rib. The transversus thoracic muscles are found anteriorly and are continuous with the innermost muscle layer of the abdomen, the transversus abdominus, infe-riorly. The transversus thoracis muscles pass from the internal surface of the sternum to ribs 2-6.
The intercostal muscles, especially the external and internal intercostals, are involved with respiration by elevating or depressing the ribs. The external intercostal muscles and the anterior interchondral part of the internal intercostals act to elevate the ribs. The lateral parts of the internal intercostal muscles depress the ribs. The innermost intercostals most likely have an action similar to that of the internal intercostals. The subcostal muscles probably help to elevate the ribs. The transversus thoracis muscles have little, if any, effect on respiration.
The respiratory diaphragm is the musculotendinous sheet separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities (Fig. 7). It is also considered the primary muscle of respiration. The diaphragm originates along the inferior border of the rib cage, the xiphoid process of the sternum, the posterior abdominal wall musculature, and the upper lumbar vertebra. The medial and lateral arcuate ligaments are thickenings of the investing fascia over the quadratus lumborum (lateral) and the psoas major (medial) muscles of the posterior abdominal wall that serve as attachments for the diaphragm (Fig. 7). The vertebral origins of the diaphragm are the right and left crura. The crura originate on the bodies of lumbar vertebrae 1-3, their intervertebral discs, and the anterior longitudinal ligament spanning these vertebrae.
The diaphragm ascends from its origin to form a right and left dome; the right dome is typically higher than the left. The muscular part of the diaphragm contracts during respiration, causing the dome of the diaphragm to descend, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. The aponeurotic central part of the diaphragm, called the central tendon, contains the opening for the vena cava. The esophagus also passes through the diaphragm, and the hiatus for the esophagus is created by a muscular slip originating from the right crus of the diaphragm. The aorta passes from the thorax to the abdomen behind the diaphragm, under the median arcuate ligament created by the intermingling of fibers from the right and left crura of the diaphragm. The vena cava, esophagus, and aorta pass from the thorax to the abdomen at thoracic vertebral levels 8, 10, and 12, respectively.
The scalene muscles and the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck also contribute to respiration, especially during deep respiration (Figs. 4 and 5). The scalene muscles have their origin on the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 4 to 6. The anterior and middle scalenes insert on the first rib and the posterior scalene on the second rib. As its name suggests, the ster-nocleidomastoid has its origin on the mastoid process of the skull and inserts on the medial aspect of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum. When contracting with the head and neck fixed, these muscles exert an upward pull on the thorax and assist in respiration.
The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall are also involved with respiration. These muscles, the rectus abdominus, external and internal abdominal obliques, and transversus abdominus, act together during forced expiration to pull down on the rib cage and to increase intra-abdominal pressure, forcing the diaphragm to expand upward. The mechanics of respiration are explained in detail in Section 11.3.
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If you are suffering from headaches, you can make the pain stop just by following some basic but little known principles. Take 15 minutes browsing through this guide and you'll find dozens of tips to gain control in the battle against headache pain.
What muscles are involved in respiration looking in posterior?
What are the different structures of the muscles of thoracic wall?
What are the muscles of thorax?
Where is the deep right subcostal?
What is diaphragm and its images?
What are the muscles of the anterior thoracic cavity?
What are the superficial thoracic muscles?


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Thuppakki Vijay Hair Style by Dr. Khari O'Connell
This image posted by Dr. Khari O'Connell on . 4.9 / 5 (2841 votes )
Trend fashion is always changing from clothes to hairstyle. Want inspiration for your hairstyle? This Thuppakki Vijay Hair Style images are incredibly popular because it's very nice with beautiful apperance. So, we hope this Thuppakki Vijay Hair Style pictures will give you an extra ideas to remodel your hair! Get inspired by more ideas below! We have carefully handpicked a selection of 7 Of the worlds most Thuppakki Vijay Hair Style for your enjoyment!
www.getref.club is a collection of Thuppakki Vijay Hair Style which are collected from various sources so that you can use and share. Browse Thuppakki Vijay Hair Style images and see which one suits you most, try to choose a hairstyle that will reflect your character and bring out the dominating traits of your personality. If you're thinking of playing around with your hair, Thuppakki Vijay Hair Style pictures perfect for you, your choice of hairstyles is endless! Here you will find the best hair do pattern for your hairstyles photos. So you like this Thuppakki Vijay Hair Style photos? Feel free to download it on your device and try this hairstyle at home. If you like this website please share it with friends! You are looking more for permanent, brush or gossip hairstyles designs meet your needs.
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Star Pose
Definition - What does Star Pose mean?
Star pose is an active yoga pose that opens and energizes the chest, and facilitates deep breathing. Star pose is a common transition pose and is commonly preceded by mountain pose.
In star pose, the body is upright with both legs spread wide. The arms are outstretched evenly to the sides, palms facing forward and fingers outstretched.
Star pose is also referred to by its Sanskrit name, utthita tadasana.
Yogapedia explains Star Pose
Star pose can be performed by yogis of all levels of experience. Some common poses that are often done in sequence with star pose are include warrior two pose, mountain pose and triangle pose.
Benefits offered by this pose include:
- Alignment of the spine
- Opening of the chest
- Improved circulation and respiration
- Reduced back pain
- Strengthened leg muscles
- Engages the whole body
Finally, if a yogi suffers from chronic headaches, dizziness or trouble balancing, he/she should move slowly into this pose.


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Business Development, Preconstruction & Operations
BRET SILVESTRI got his start in the construction industry in 1989 then helped a large general engineering contractor expand into the Bay Area. Building on that success, Bret founded Silvestri Construction, completing numerous projects of all sizes in and around the Monterey, CA, area, and in the process, built a strong reputation for quality, rigorous management, innovative construction solutions, and excellent customer service. This reputation led to many other opportunities, including being an integral part of the project team that renovated Monterey Peninsula College, helping a large general contractor expand into Monterey, and founding a construction management firm.
Bret now splits his time between advising contractors on growing their businesses and helping facility owners manage their construction projects from concept through project delivery and ongoing maintenance. Bret's diverse experience gives him a unique perspective when advising contractors on business development, preconstruction services, organizational structure, and all aspects of operations.
In addition, Bret is the Past Board Chair of the Monterey Peninsula Chamber of Commerce, serves on the Monterey Peninsula College Foundation Board, is past Director for Sacramento chapter of CFMA, and is a proud Rotarian.


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MakeMeChic Pink Dress
Pink Dress: C/O Makemechic S/O Available HERE // Suede Sandals: Sam Edelman Happy Friday Friends! I had quite a few questions on where I got the dress that I wore to the Create and Cultivate cocktail party, so I thought I'd share it here with you. Have a great weekend!


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On Thu, Apr 23, 2009 at 12:04 AM, Arthur Barstow <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > A shorter counter-proposal below ... > > On Apr 21, 2009, at 9:56 AM, ext Marcos Caceres wrote: > >> On Tue, Apr 21, 2009 at 3:31 PM, Frederick Hirsch >> <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: >>> >>> ISSUE-83 states: >>> Instantiated widget should not be able to read digital signature >>> http://www.w3.org/2008/webapps/track/issues/83 >>> >>> The following is a proposal of text to add to P&C to address this issue, >>> based on text from Marcos and adding the notion of allowing policy and >>> access control mechanisms to be used: >>> >>> "Where a user agent that implements this specification interacts with >>> implementations of other specifications, this user agent MUST deny other >>> implementations access to digital signature documents unless an access >>> control mechanism is in place to enable access according to policy. The >>> definition of such a policy mechanism is out of scope of this >>> specification, but may be defined to allow access to all or parts of the >>> signature documents, or deny any such access. An exception is if a user >>> agent that implements this specification also implements the OPTIONAL >>> [Widgts-DigSig] specification, in which case the user agent MUST make >>> signature documents available to the implementation of the >>> [Widgets-DigSig] >>> specification." >> >> Added under "Digital Signatures" section. If Mark is happy, then we >> should close this issue. > > Proposed text: > > [[ > A user agent MUST prevent a widget from accessing the contents of > a digital signature document unless an access control mechanism > explicitly enables such access e.g. via an access control policy. > The definition of such a policy mechanism is out of scope of > this specification, but may be defined to allow access to all or > parts of the signature documents, or deny any such access. > ]] > I've added the above text to the spec. -- Marcos Caceres http://datadriven.com.auReceived on Thursday, 23 April 2009 07:46:07 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.4.0 : Friday, 17 January 2020 18:12:53 UTC


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Designer Revival
Nestled into a cozy corner of the Upper East Side, Designer Revival, formally known as Designer Resale has been a neighborhood mainstay for almost 25 years. The boutique has been dressing the savviest women in New York City, and was founded by consignment pioneer Myrna Skoller, author of Miracle on 81st Street: Designer Resale a Girl's Dream. In 2015 new owner Tiffany Keriakos brings a fresh and exciting new look to the boutique, all while adhering to the vision the boutique has instilled for many years: making women feel beautiful.
Designer Revival is a high end consignment boutique that specializes in selling new and gently used designer and vintage clothing and accessories. Our style comes at an accessible price point, so everyone has the chance to feel glamorous. We have beautiful new pieces coming into the boutique every day, so with each visit, our clients have the chance to embark on a new treasure hunt. Each item at Designer Revival is hand-picked for its mint condition, quality, and style.
At Designer Revival, our team of stylists will work with clients to create luxurious looks whether they want on trend pieces or to keep with the classics. We offer fashion consulting services and are available to help style all occasions, from head to toe. Shop the boutique here online or come visit us at 324 East 81st Street!
United States
|324 East 81st Street New York, New York 10028
|View Map
Cream Marni Enamel Pendant Necklace
Product details: Cream enamel pendant necklace by Marni. Adjustable closure. Leather string. Goldtone and red hardware. 20" adjustable length.
Condition: Pre-owned. Very good.


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Using Stellarium to make an animation / video
(I don't have a solution yet.)
I just wanted to show what the sky looks like over the course of a week.
On a Mac with Stellarium installed, I ran the following
/Applications/Stellarium.app/Contents/MacOS/stellarium --startup-script stellarium.ssc
with the following
// -*- mode: javascript -*- core.clear('natural'); // "atmosphere, landscape, no lines, labels or markers" core.wait(5); core.setObserverLocation('Ujjain, India'); core.setDate('1986-08-15T05:30:00', 'utc'); core.wait(5); for (var i = 0; i < 2 * 24 * 7; i += 1) { core.setDate('+30 minutes'); core.wait(0.5); core.screenshot('uj'); core.wait(0.5); } core.wait(10); core.quitStellarium();
It took a while (some 10–15 minutes) and created those 336 images in
~/Pictures/Stellarium/uj*, occupying a total size of about 550 MB. This seems a start, but Imagemagick etc. seem to choke on creating a GIF from such large data.
Giving up for now; would like to come back in future and figure out something better, that results in a smaller GIF.
Is hard.
Just dumping some links here for now:
Feynman on "cargo cult science": http://www.lhup.edu/~DSIMANEK/cargocul.htm
Feynman on "what is science": http://www.fotuva.org/feynman/what_is_science.html
Ioannidis, Why Most Published Research Findings Are False: http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
On how subtle it is: http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/04/28/the-control-group-is-out-of-control/
Reinhart, http://www.statisticsdonewrong.com
Another well argued summary: http://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/05/scientific-regress
The state of static analysis on Python
Here is a program that fails with UnboundLocalError three out of four times:
"""Module to demonstrate an error.""" import random def zero_or_one(): """Returns either 0 or 1 with equal probability.""" return random.choice([0, 1]) def main(): """Function to demonstrate an error.""" if zero_or_one(): first = 42 for _ in range(zero_or_one()): second = 42 print first, second if __name__ == '__main__': main()
Note that line 15 uses the variables first and second, which are defined only if zero_or_one() returned 1 both times.
(Condensed from a real bug where, because of additional indentation, a variable assignment happened as the last line inside a loop, instead of the first line after it.)
I know of three tools that are popular: pychecker, pyflakes, and pylint. None of them say a single thing about this program. It is questionable whether ever (and if so, how often) code like the above is what the programmer intended.
The first of these, pychecker, is not on pip, and requires you to download a file from Sourceforge and run "python setup.py install". Anyway, this is the output from the three programs:
/tmp% pychecker test.py Processing module test (test.py)... Warnings... None /tmp% pyflakes test.py /tmp% pylint test.py No config file found, using default configuration Report ====== 12 statements analysed. Statistics by type ------------------ +---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+ |type |number |old number |difference |%documented |%badname | +=========+=======+===========+===========+============+=========+ |module |1 |1 |= |100.00 |0.00 | +---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+ |class |0 |0 |= |0 |0 | +---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+ |method |0 |0 |= |0 |0 | +---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+ |function |2 |2 |= |100.00 |0.00 | +---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+ Raw metrics ----------- +----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+ |type |number |% |previous |difference | +==========+=======+======+=========+===========+ |code |11 |73.33 |11 |= | +----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+ |docstring |3 |20.00 |3 |= | +----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+ |comment |0 |0.00 |0 |= | +----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+ |empty |1 |6.67 |1 |= | +----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+ Duplication ----------- +-------------------------+------+---------+-----------+ | |now |previous |difference | +=========================+======+=========+===========+ |nb duplicated lines |0 |0 |= | +-------------------------+------+---------+-----------+ |percent duplicated lines |0.000 |0.000 |= | +-------------------------+------+---------+-----------+ Messages by category -------------------- +-----------+-------+---------+-----------+ |type |number |previous |difference | +===========+=======+=========+===========+ |convention |0 |0 |= | +-----------+-------+---------+-----------+ |refactor |0 |0 |= | +-----------+-------+---------+-----------+ |warning |0 |0 |= | +-----------+-------+---------+-----------+ |error |0 |0 |= | +-----------+-------+---------+-----------+ Global evaluation ----------------- Your code has been rated at 10.00/10 (previous run: 10.00/10, +0.00) /tmp%
Bhavabhuti on finding a reader
Bhavabhūti, the 8th-century author of the very moving play Uttara-rāma-carita, has in one of his other works these lines, any author's consolation that even if your work receives not enough praise today, someday the right sort of reader will come along, who will derive great joy or meaning from it.
ये नाम केचिदिह नः प्रथयन्त्यवज्ञां जानन्ति ते किमपि तान्प्रति नैष यत्नः । उत्पत्स्यते तु मम कोऽपि समानधर्मा कालो ह्ययं निरवधिर्विपुला च पृथ्वी ॥
ye nāma kecit iha naḥ prathayanti avajñām
jānanti te kim api tān prati na eṣa yatnaḥ |
utpatsyate tu mama ko api samāna-dharmā
kālo hi ayaṃ niravadhiḥ vipulā ca pṛthvī ||
Those who deride or ignore my work —
let them know: my efforts are not for them.
There will come along someone who shares my spirit:
the world is vast, and time endless.
This verse has become a favourite of many. It appears already in the first known anthology of Sanskrit verses (subhāṣita-collection), Vidyākara's Subhāṣita-ratna-koṣa. (It's numbered 1731 (= 50.34) in the edition by Kosambi and Gokhale, and translated by Ingalls.) Ingalls writes and translates (1965):
Of special interest are the verses of Dharmakīrti and Bhavabhūti, two of India's most original writers, which speak of the scorn and lack of understanding which the writings of those authors found among contemporaries. To such disappointment Dharmakīrti replies with bitterness (1726, 1729), Bhavabhūti with the unreasoning hope of a romantic (1731). If the souls of men could enjoy their posthumous fame the one would now see his works admired even far beyond India, the other would see his romantic hope fulfilled.
Those who scorn me in this world
have doubtless special wisdom,
so my writings are not made for them;
but are rather with the thought that some day will be born,
since time is endless and the world is wide,
one whose nature is the same as mine.
A translation of this verse is also included in A. N. D. Haksar's A Treasury of Sanskrit Poetry in English Translation (2002):
The Proud Poet
Are there any around who mock my verses?
They ought to know I don't write for them.
Someone somewhere sometime will understand.
Time has no end. The world is big.
— translated by V. N. Misra, L. Nathan and S. Vatsyayan [The Indian Poetic Tradition, 1993]
Andrew Schelling has written of it in Manoa, Volume 25, Issue 2, 2013:
Critics scoff
at my work
and declare their contempt—
no doubt they've got
their own little wisdom.
I write nothing for them.
But because time is
endless and our planet
vast, I write these
poems for a person
who will one day be born
with my sort of heart.
"Criticism is for poets as ornithology is for the birds," wrote John Cage. Bhavabhūti has scant doubt that future generations will honor his work. The reader who will arise, utpalsyate [sic], is somebody of the same faith, heart, or discipline, samānadharmā.
Just now also found it on the internet, here (2014) (misattributed to Bhartṛhari):
There are those who
treat my work with
studied indifference.
Maybe they know something,
but I'm not writing for them.
Someone will come around
who feels the way I do.
Time, after all, is limitless,
and fortune spreads far.
Finally, in Sadāsvada, written by my friend Mohan with some comments from me, this was included in one of our our very first posts (2012):
In his play Mālatīmādhava, he makes a point that deserves to be the leading light of anyone wishing to do something of value and
isput off by discouragement. Standing beside the words attributed to Gandhi ("First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.") and Teddy Roosevelt ("It is not the critic who counts…"), Bhavabhūti's confidence in the future stands resplendent:
"They who disparage my work should know that it's not for them that I did it. One day, there will arise someone who will truly know me: this world is vast, and time infinite."
It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes short again and again, because there is no effort without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds; who knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends himself in a worthy cause; who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who neither know victory nor defeat.
[Note on the text: in Vidyākara's compilation the verse ends with "विपुला च लक्ष्मीः" (vipulā ca lakṣmīḥ) instead of "विपुला च पृथ्वी" (vipulā ca pṛthvī), but the actual source work Mālatī-mādhava has the latter, as do all quotations of this verse elsewhere (e.g. the काव्यप्रकाशः of Mammaṭa, the Sahityadarpana of Viśvanātha Kavirāja, the रसार्णवसुधाकरः of श्रीसिंहभूपाल), and that is what Ingalls uses: "For lakṣmīḥ, which utterly destroys the line, read pṛthvi with the printed texts of Māl." Actually, most quotations have "utpatsyate 'sti" in place of "utpatsyate tu": "either will be born, or already exists…".]
Printing floating-point numbers
Everyone knows that floating-point numbers, being discrete, cannot possibly exactly represent every real number. In particular, the usual binary (IEEE 754) floating point numbers cannot even exactly store all numbers exactly representable in decimal (e.g. 0.3 or 0.1, which are not dyadic rationals).
But what about printing them?
Just because the number stored internally is not 0.1 but the closest approximation to it (say as 0.100000001490116119384765625) doesn't mean it should be printed as a long string, when "0.1" means exactly the same number.
This is a solved problem since 1990.
TODO: Write rest of this post.
Bryan O'Sullivan (of Real World Haskell fame):
Steel & White paper How to Print Floating-Point Numbers Accurately: https://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/gcl-devel/2012-10/pdfkieTlklRzN.pdf
Their retrospective: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/email/pdfq3pavhBfih.pdf
Burger & Dybvig:
Florian Loitsch:
Russ Cox: http://research.swtch.com/ftoa
Edit (Thanks Soma!): Printing Floating-Point Numbers: A Faster, Always Correct Method from POPL'16. Revised to Printing Floating-Point Numbers: An Always Correct Method (see github).
Edit: An example in a programming language. Even though this is a problem solved since 1990 (albeit with developments until this year 2016), even Python until 2.6 had suboptimal printing of floating-point numbers, e.g. it would print float('2.2') as '2.2000000000000002'. It was fixed only in Python 2.7. See https://docs.python.org/2/whatsnew/2.7.html#python-3-1-features and https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/2.7.html#other-language-changes (specifically https://bugs.python.org/issue7117 and discussion at https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2009-October/092958.html).
Kalidasa's Deepashikha
(Another example of good vs bad translations from Sanskrit. Previously see here and here.)
One of Kālidāsa's famous similes is in the following verse from the Raghuvaṃśa, in the context of describing the svayaṃvara of Indumatī. The various hopeful suitors of the princess, all kings from different regions, are lined up as she passes them one by one, her friend doing the introductions.
संचारिणी दीपशिखेव रात्रौ यम् यम् व्यतीयाय पतिंवरा सा । नरेन्द्रमार्गाट्ट इव प्रपेदे विवर्णभावम् स स भूमिपालः ॥ ६-६७
saṁcāriṇī dīpa-śikheva rātrau
yam yam vyatīyāya patiṁvarā sā |
narendra-mārga-aṭṭa iva prapede
vivarṇa-bhāvam sa sa bhūmipālaḥ || 6-67
Only today did I discover a decent translation into English. It's by John Brough (1975/6):
As if a walking lamp-flame in the night
On the king's highway, flanked with houses tall,
She moved, and lit each prince with hopeful light,
And, passing on, let each to darkness fall.
Every other translation I have seen really falls short. Witness the misunderstandings, and the killing of all feeling.
Here is Ryder (1904), who is usually good:
And every prince rejected while she sought
A husband, darkly frowned, as turrets, bright
One moment with the flame from torches caught,
Frown gloomily again and sink in night.
The idea is there, but requires too much effort to understand.
This is P. de Lacy Johnstone (1902):
Now as the Maid went by, each suitor-King,
Lit for a moment by her dazzling eyes,
Like wayside tower by passing lamp, sank back
In deepest gloom. …
Every king, whom Indumati passed by while choosing her husband, assumed a pale look as the houses on a high way are covered with darkness in the absence of lamps.
Whatsoever king the maiden intent on choosing her husband passed by, like the flame of a moving lamp at night, that same king turned pale, just as a mansion situate on the highway, is shrouded in darkness when left behind (by a moving light).
67. pati.m varA sA= husband, selector, she – she who has come to select her husband, indumati; rAtrau sa.mcAriNI dIpa shikha iva= in night, moving, lamp's, [glittering] flame, as with; ya.m ya.m= whom, whom; [bhUmi pAlam= king, whomever]; vyatIyAya= passed by; saH saH bhUmipAlaH= he, he, king – such and such a king; narendra mArga= on king's, way; aTTa= a turret, or a balustrade; iva= like; vi+varNa bhAva.m= without, colour, aspect – they bore a colourless aspect; prapede= [that king] obtained – that king became colourless, he drew blank.
Princess indumati who came to choose her husband then moved like the glittering flame of a lamp on a king's way, and whichever prince she left behind was suffused with pallor just like a turret or balustrade on the king's way will be shrouded in darkness and becomes dim when left behind by the moving light on the king's way. [6-67]
And this is representative of the average quality of Sanskrit-to-English translations, and how much beauty is lost.
Some playing with Python
A long time ago, Diophantus (sort of) discussed integer solutions to the equation
(solutions to this equation are called Pythagorean triples).
Centuries later, in 1637, Fermat made a conjecture (now called Fermat's Last Theorem, not because he uttered it in his dying breath, but because it was the last one to be proved — in ~1995) that
has no positive integer solutions for . In other words, his conjecture was that none of the following equations has a solution:
… and so on. An nth power cannot be partitioned into two nth powers.
About a century later, Euler proved the case of Fermat's conjecture, but generalized it in a different direction: he conjectured in 1769 that an nth power cannot be partitioned into fewer than n nth powers, namely
has no solutions with . So his conjecture was that (among others) none of the following equations has a solution:
… and so on.
This conjecture stood for about two centuries, until abruptly it was found to be false, by Lander and Parkin who in 1966 simply did a direct search on the fastest (super)computer at the time, and found this counterexample:
(It is still one of only three examples known, according to Wikipedia.)
Now, how might you find this solution on a computer today?
In his wonderful (as always) post at bit-player, Brian Hayes showed the following code:
import itertools as it def four_fifths(n): '''Return smallest positive integers ((a,b,c,d),e) such that a^5 + b^5 + c^5 + d^5 = e^5; if no such tuple exists with e < n, return the string 'Failed'.''' fifths = [x**5 for x in range(n)] combos = it.combinations_with_replacement(range(1,n), 4) while True: try: cc = combos.next() cc_sum = sum([fifths[i] for i in cc]) if cc_sum in fifths: return(cc, fifths.index(cc_sum)) except StopIteration: return('Failed')
to which, if you add (say)
print four_fifths(150) and run it, it returns the correct answer fairly quickly: in about 47 seconds on my laptop.
if cc_sum in fifths: line inside the loop is an cost each time it's run, so with a simple improvement to the code (using a set instead) and rewriting it a bit, we can write the following full program:
import itertools def find_counterexample(n): fifth_powers = [x**5 for x in range(n)] fifth_powers_set = set(fifth_powers) for xs in itertools.combinations_with_replacement(range(1, n), 4): xs_sum = sum([fifth_powers[i] for i in xs]) if xs_sum in fifth_powers_set: return (xs, fifth_powers.index(xs_sum)) return 'Failed' print find_counterexample(150)
which finishes in about 8.5 seconds.
But there's something unsatisfying about this solution, which is that it assumes there's a solution with all four numbers on the LHS less than 150. After all, changing the function invocation to
find_counterexample(145) makes it run a second faster even, but how could we know to do without already knowing the solution? Besides, we don't have a fixed 8- or 10-second budget; what we'd really like is a program that keeps searching till it finds a solution or we abort it (or it runs out of memory or something), with no other fixed termination condition.
The above program used the given "n" as an upper bound to generate the combinations of 4 numbers; is there a way to generate all combinations when we don't know an upper bound on them?
Yes! One of the things I learned from Knuth volume 4 is that if you simply write down each combination in descending order and order them lexicographically, the combinations you get for each upper bound are a prefix of the list of the next bigger one, i.e., for any upper bound, all the combinations form a prefix of the same infinite list, which starts as follows (line breaks for clarity):
1111, 2111, 2211, 2221, 2222, 3111, 3211, 3221, 3222, 3311, 3321, 3322, 3331, 3332, 3333, 4111, ... ... 9541, 9542, 9543, 9544, 9551, ... 9555, 9611, ...
There doesn't seem to be a library function in Python to generate these though, so we can write our own. If we stare at the above list, we can figure out how to generate the next combination from a given one:
- Walk backwards from the end, till you reach the beginning or find an element that's less than the previous one.
- Increase that element, set all the following elements to 1s, and continue.
We could write, say, the following code for it:
def all_combinations(r): xs = [1] * r while True: yield xs for i in range(r - 1, 0, -1): if xs[i] < xs[i - 1]: break else: i = 0 xs[i] += 1 xs[i + 1:] = [1] * (r - i - 1)
else block on a
for loop is an interesting Python feature: it is executed if the loop wasn't terminated with
break.) We could even hard-code the
r=4 case, as we'll see later below.
For testing whether a given number is a fifth power, we can no longer simply lookup in a fixed precomputed set. We can do a binary search instead:
def is_fifth_power(n): assert n > 0 lo = 0 hi = n # Invariant: lo^5 < n <= hi^5 while hi - lo > 1: mid = lo + (hi - lo) / 2 if mid ** 5 < n: lo = mid else: hi = mid return hi ** 5 == n
but it turns out that this is slower than one based on looking up in a growing set (as below).
Putting everything together, we can write the following (very C-like) code:
largest_known_fifth_power = (0, 0) known_fifth_powers = set() def is_fifth_power(n): global largest_known_fifth_power while n > largest_known_fifth_power[0]: m = largest_known_fifth_power[1] + 1 m5 = m ** 5 largest_known_fifth_power = (m5, m) known_fifth_powers.add(m5) return n in known_fifth_powers def fournums_with_replacement(): (x0, x1, x2, x3) = (1, 1, 1, 1) while True: yield (x0, x1, x2, x3) if x3 < x2: x3 += 1 continue x3 = 1 if x2 < x1: x2 += 1 continue x2 = 1 if x1 < x0: x1 += 1 continue x1 = 1 x0 += 1 continue if __name__ == '__main__': tried = 0 for get in fournums_with_replacement(): tried += 1 if (tried % 1000000 == 0): print tried, 'Trying:', get rhs = get[0]**5 + get[1]**5 + get[2]**5 + get[3]**5 if is_fifth_power(rhs): print 'Found:', get, rhs break
which is both longer and slower (takes about 20 seconds) than the original program, but at least we have the satisfaction that it doesn't depend on any externally known upper bound.
I originally started writing this post because I wanted to describe some experiments I did with profiling, but it's late and I'm sleepy so I'll just mention it.
python -m cProfile euler_conjecture.py
will print relevant output in the terminal:
26916504 function calls in 26.991 seconds Ordered by: standard name ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) 1 18.555 18.555 26.991 26.991 euler_conjecture.py:1() 13458164 4.145 0.000 4.145 0.000 euler_conjecture.py:12(fournums_with_replacement) 13458163 4.292 0.000 4.292 0.000 euler_conjecture.py:3(is_fifth_power) 175 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {method 'add' of 'set' objects} 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}
Another way to view the same thing is to write the profile output to a file and read it with
python -m cProfile -o euler_profile.out euler_conjecture.py cprofilev euler_profile.out
and visit http://localhost:4000 to view it.
Of course, simply translating this code to C++ makes it run much faster:
#include <array> #include <iostream> #include <map> #include <utility> typedef long long Int; constexpr Int fifth_power(Int x) { return x * x * x * x * x; } std::map<Int, int> known_fifth_powers = {{0, 0}}; bool is_fifth_power(Int n) { while (n > known_fifth_powers.rbegin()->first) { int m = known_fifth_powers.rbegin()->second + 1; known_fifth_powers[fifth_power(m)] = m; } return known_fifth_powers.count(n); } std::array<Int, 4> four_nums() { static std::array<Int, 4> x = {1, 1, 1, 0}; int i = 3; while (i > 0 && x[i] == x[i - 1]) --i; x[i] += 1; while (++i < 4) x[i] = 1; return x; } std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, std::array<Int, 4> x) { os << "(" << x[0] << ", " << x[1] << ", " << x[2] << ", " << x[3] << ")"; return os; } int main() { while (true) { std::array<Int, 4> get = four_nums(); Int rhs = fifth_power(get[0]) + fifth_power(get[1]) + fifth_power(get[2]) + fifth_power(get[3]); if (is_fifth_power(rhs)) { std::cout << "Found: " << get << " " << known_fifth_powers[rhs] << std::endl; break; } } }
clang++ -std=c++11 euler_conjecture.cc && time ./a.out
runs in 2.43s, or 0.36s if compiled with -O2.
But I don't have a satisfactory answer to how to make our Python program which takes 20 seconds as fast as the 8.5-second known-upper-bound version.
Edit [2015-05-08]: I wrote some benchmarking code to compare all the different "combination" functions.
import itertools # Copied from the Python documentation def itertools_equivalent(iterable, r): pool = tuple(iterable) n = len(pool) if not n and r: return indices = [0] * r yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices) while True: for i in reversed(range(r)): if indices[i] != n - 1: break else: return indices[i:] = [indices[i] + 1] * (r - i) yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices) # Above function, specialized to first argument being range(1, n) def itertools_equivalent_specialized(n, r): indices = [1] * r yield indices while True: for i in reversed(range(r)): if indices[i] != n - 1: break else: return indices[i:] = [indices[i] + 1] * (r - i) yield indices # Function to generate all combinations of 4 elements def all_combinations_pythonic(r): xs = [1] * r while True: yield xs for i in range(r - 1, 0, -1): if xs[i] < xs[i - 1]: break else: i = 0 xs[i] += 1 xs[i + 1:] = [1] * (r - i - 1) # Above function, written in a more explicit C-like way def all_combinations_clike(r): xs = [1] * r while True: yield xs i = r - 1 while i > 0 and xs[i] == xs[i - 1]: i -= 1 xs[i] += 1 while i < r - 1: i += 1 xs[i] = 1 # Above two functions, specialized to r = 4, using tuple over list. def fournums(): (x0, x1, x2, x3) = (1, 1, 1, 1) while True: yield (x0, x1, x2, x3) if x3 < x2: x3 += 1 continue x3 = 1 if x2 < x1: x2 += 1 continue x2 = 1 if x1 < x0: x1 += 1 continue x1 = 1 x0 += 1 continue # Benchmarks for all functions defined above (and the library function) def benchmark_itertools(n): for xs in itertools.combinations_with_replacement(range(1, n), 4): if xs[0] >= n: break def benchmark_itertools_try(n): combinations = itertools.combinations_with_replacement(range(1, n), 4) while True: try: xs = combinations.next() if xs[0] >= n: break except StopIteration: return def benchmark_itertools_equivalent(n): for xs in itertools_equivalent(range(1, n), 4): if xs[0] >= n: break def benchmark_itertools_equivalent_specialized(n): for xs in itertools_equivalent_specialized(n, 4): if xs[0] >= n: break def benchmark_all_combinations_pythonic(n): for xs in all_combinations_pythonic(4): if xs[0] >= n: break def benchmark_all_combinations_clike(n): for xs in all_combinations_clike(4): if xs[0] >= n: break def benchmark_fournums(n): for xs in fournums(): if xs[0] >= n: break if __name__ == '__main__': benchmark_itertools(150) benchmark_itertools_try(150) benchmark_itertools_equivalent(150) benchmark_itertools_equivalent_specialized(150) benchmark_all_combinations_pythonic(150) benchmark_all_combinations_clike(150) benchmark_fournums(150)
As you can see, I chose inside the benchmarking function the same statement that would cause
all_combinations to terminate, and have no effect for the other combination functions.
When run with
python -m cProfile benchmark_combinations.py
the results include:
2.817 benchmark_combinations.py:80(benchmark_itertools) 8.583 benchmark_combinations.py:84(benchmark_itertools_try) 126.980 benchmark_combinations.py:93(benchmark_itertools_equivalent) 46.635 benchmark_combinations.py:97(benchmark_itertools_equivalent_specialized) 44.032 benchmark_combinations.py:101(benchmark_all_combinations_pythonic) 18.049 benchmark_combinations.py:105(benchmark_all_combinations_clike) 10.923 benchmark_combinations.py:109(benchmark_fournums)
- Calling
itertools.combinations_with_replacementis by far the fastest, taking about 2.7 seconds. It turns out that it's written in C, so this would be hard to beat. (Still, writing it in a
tryblock is seriously bad.)
- The "equivalent" Python code from the itertools documentation (
benchmark_itertools_combinations_with_replacment) is about 50x slower.
- Gets slightly better when specialized to numbers.
- Simply generating all combinations without an upper bound is actually faster.
- It can be made even faster by writing it in a more C-like way.
- The tuples version with the loop unrolled manually is rather fast when seen in this light, less than 4x slower than the library version.


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Many old Android phones are having internal memory of only 181MB and Google maps, Gtalk, Gmail, Navigation etc. applications are already installed in it. After subtracting other internal memory usage by phone, you are left with only 80-100mb of memory to install 3rd party applications and how many applications can you install to that from 10 million of applications worldwide? Not fair enough. Sometimes phone also starts working slower as we go on installing apps because they are stored on phone memory only. So Performance is also one of the issue.
Items Needed
Instruction to Follow For change the Default "Move to SD Card"
2. Once finally installed the SDK Manager, and then open a Command Prompt in Windows (to get into the Command Prompt, click Start - All Programs - Accessories - Command Prompt), this is done to enter the platform tools folder in the SDK Manager,
- After that go to CMD.EXE in Windows (click the C: \ Windows \ system32 \ cmd.exe) and type the command adb devices to make sure that the android devices has really connected, if connected would look like this
- Then the program is still on Cmd.exe, type the command adb shell pm setInstallLocation 2 (note the caps lock), which is the final step that will override the default storage applications installed to an external memory (SDCard).
Once the process is completed, those applications that can not be moved before to the SDcard as inactive buttons were going to be active, as shown below.


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Contour, Comfort, Custom.
Let the Southern Motion Shimmer Recliner mold into your own personal work of art complete with comfort and style. The Shimmer Recliner not only has contour in the poly arm pad, but in the contoured wings as well, and even more contour in the seat cushions.
The contour combines with comfort to make the Southern Motion Shimmer Recliner one of a kind. That contoured seat cushion combined with Southern Motions patented power headrest feature allows you to reach a new level of comfort.
Customize your recliner with a variety of options. Choose the rocker recliner, wall hugger recliner, of the layflat recliner. The Wall Hugger and Layflat also come with a power headrest. Choose from any of Southern Motion's 380 stylish fabrics and leathers, to make your Southern Motion Shimmer SHINE in your own personal way.


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We have put the Hok Mountain Package together based on our rather unexpected use (and pleasure) of the Hok for more mountain and downhill skiing. This peaked on a backcountry hut trip in British Columbia where a bunch of us went out the last day with Hoks and about 16 inches of new cold snow. There was a lot of shorter terrain near the lodge that we were restricted to because of time, so the Hoks made sense as the turnaround was so quick. We all used Tiaks, the single poles used by skiers in the Altai mountains and used by all skiers (yes, all) before the 20th century. The Tiaks give the rather short Hoks excellent fore/aft stability, something short skis generally lack. Turning and skiing was effortless and SO MUCH FUN…..
So here is our mountain package. It's not exclusive to the
mountains – I use this setup for general use – but it has proven the best for aggressive skiers and learning skiers alike in a world that has some downhill mixed in or is full on downhill focused.
What the Package includes:
– The Hok ski, either 125cm or 145cm – updated to the new 2016 versions.
– Our HD 3pin binding with all screws and custom heel pieces (no drill mounting)
– A Tiak (single pole) either Medium or Large
Normal price for this combination would be $332.85 (with Tiak shipping cost), Package price is $299.00
– The option of the Scarpa T4 boot, our favorite lightweight all plastic shell and removable liner. SOLD OUT
- Look for the package with the Scott Excursion coming soon!
All prices includes shipping – we waive the normal $8 dollar oversized box charge for the Tiaks in this package.
select the "No binding/Insert only" option on the binding option and this will get you the 3 pin binding


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Old Rydon Lane, Exeter, Devon, EX2 7JY
01392 873672
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01392 876281
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