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Are you in the middle of a family dispute regarding your elderly family member's long-term care? Do you wish to obtain guardianship over this individual but fear the remaining family members are going to be in disagreement? If this is a current issue you are facing, have you considered hiring a well-versed elder law attorney in Massachusetts to step in and assist?
Problematic issues such as this are often brought before an elder law lawyer simply because a senior citizen has reached a point in their life where they are considered incompetent and can no longer make informed decisions. When this happens, many members of their family want to step in as each believes their way of thinking is what is going to be best for their loved one. Unfortunately, with everyone being on a different page, it can make the process of providing the elderly individual with the proper care and assistance difficult. This is where an elder care attorney can step in and rectify the situation.
When families are in disagreement and can't seem to make one decision together, a lawyer specializing in elder law specifically can be used as a mediator to help the family come to an agreement. The fact is, these professional understand how to handle intense conversations and the many emotions that everyone is experiencing. They can lay down the facts for all to see and help everyone understand what type of care your loved one can afford and what may be most suitable for them given their current circumstances.
How Can a Massachusetts Elder Care Lawyer Help me and my Family?
When an elder care lawyer is called upon, it is generally for one of two reasons. The first is something similar to the above scenario, and the second is when a senior citizen themselves wants to create their own long-term care plan that addresses all of their concerns and any uncertainties that may arise. An elder law lawyer in Massachusetts can provide their legal expertise with a number of different matters including:
- Management of estates, trusts and wills
- Elderly Abuse
- Age discrimination
- Asset protection
- Disability
- Estate planning
- Guardianship
- Long-term care
- Medicare
- Medicaid
- Mental health issues
- Power of attorney
- Retirement and pensions
- Social Security
Although a lawyer specializing in elder law specifically works with senior citizens, they can help anyone who is dealing with a matter that also involves an elderly individual as well.
Now has never been a better time to speak with a skilled and knowledgeable elder law legal representative. They can provide you with the necessary guidance and advice, or help you even further by preparing legal documents you aren't sure on how to get filed. So, give us a call today and learn about how we can help you find the perfect attorney to assist with your matter.


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Thanks for your interest in contacting me !
You can book me for:
- Food Photography & Food Styling
- Creative recipe development
- Product reviews
- Recipe videos
- Global exposure for your product or brand, my readers are mainly from the USA, Australia, Great Britain, Germany and Spain.
- Social Media Consulting
- Advertisement
If you are interested I will send you more information and my full Media Kit with rates, I am looking forward to hear from you! please contact me here: email@example.com
I will respond as quick as possible.
Have a great day!
Beli x

subset: commoncrawl


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Letter from the Board
The global financial crisis, Cayman's
struggles to balance its budget, the sequential financial meltdowns among
Europe's PIIGS, and the turmoil in the Middle East's impact on energy prices
(let alone the question of whether countries like Egypt will end up better off
or not) could all make one gloomy about the future. Although there's nothing I
like better than indulging my natural pessimism on matters of economics (my
last Letter was headlined Night of the Living Dead), we also ought not forget
how successful Cayman and the offshore financial world generally have been.
As part of my academic life, I spent a
week last fall buried in the British Archives in Kew, looking for material for
a work in progress (with CFR tax columnist Craig Boise) on the historical
development of Cayman's offshore financial industry. Among the materials I
found were a series of "Monthly Intelligence Reports" sent by the Administrator
(in those days, Cayman didn't even have its own governor) to the Foreign and
Colonial Office during the 1960s. We can use these to remind us how far Cayman
has come in a short time and put current problems in perspective. CFR is
seeking permission from the Archives to reprint selections from the thousands
of pages of material I located and we hope to bring readers a regular "From the
Archives" item in future issues. Here's a sample from those 1963 reports.
The first report of the year opened with
discussion of the 1962 election results, a report of an unsuccessful attempted
arson in a government building (concerning which "public opinion places the
responsibility … with disgruntled politicians".) The Administrator worried
about imports of "ganja" from Jamaica. More seriously, an attempted murder of a
police constable with an ice pick followed an "outbreak of disorder" and the
arrests of "a few drunken and disorderly men". Resignations from the
Legislative Assembly, the resulting by-elections, and litigation over the
by-elections made up most of the news for February, although the governor also
reported "a record tourist month" due to the easing of tensions between the US
and Cuba, a particularly cold winter in the US, and efforts at mosquito control
the previous year.
Tourism fell off in March, as the
weather warmed up in North America. Coming out of a social function that month,
the Administrator found his car treated with "cow itch". Recognising that the
FCO mandarins across the Atlantic were unlikely to be familiar with the
practice, he noted that plant involved was defined in the Oxford Dictionary
(under "cowage") as a "tropical plant with stinging hairs on the pod" which
caused "intense irritation and a rash". He suspected "a politician with a
grudge" as this was one of the "traditional Cayman weapons of revenge".
The economic report in April noted that 258
tourists had visited during the month, up from 204 the prior year. More
economic good news was National Bulk Carriers of New York was continuing to
employ Caymanian seamen and that the thatch rope industry, which had suffered a
"severe set-back" in 1962 was cheered by news from Jamaica that buyers there
were ready to resume purchases. May was "quiet" and the one page report
mentioned only the conviction and sentencing of the men who attacked the police
constable (five years each).
The return of "troublesome numbers" of
mosquitoes in the West End and two shootings (one fatal) made up the
July-August report; both shootings were the result of romance. Since the last
recorded murder had been in the 1920s, this was a major shock to the community.
The arrival of several Cuban planes at Owen Roberts Field, to offload
passengers to connect to flights to elsewhere, led to a demonstration against
such traffic. "The demonstrators, led by a number of influential politicians,
virtually took over the Airfield, blocking the runway and eventually the plane
was forced to return to Havana with all the passengers."
The arrival of a new Medical Officer for
Cayman Brac, a position that had been vacant for "many months", was top news in
the September-October report. Even better, the new doctor was reported to be
"of a pleasant disposition and a lover of the sea and fishing" and so forecast
to "fit in well in this small community". "Quiet" on the political front was
contrasted with the news of a second killing, this one by a constable during an
attempted arrest of a man with a "lethal weapon". On the economic front,
"steady purchases" of rope continued and hopes for a good winter tour season
were the main news.
The final report of the year noted the arrival of 170
tourists in November and 344 in December. The sale of the Galleon Beach Hotel
and the potential sale of the Coral Caymanian Hotel, both to a Canadian firm,
were reported. The senior British naval officer for the Caribbean arrived to
discuss a possible future visit by a navy ship. The legislative assembly passed
a budget with an £8,000 surplus (approximately US$210,000 today) although an
on-going problem of Cuban refugees arriving by boat, and costing 10s. 6d. per
day to feed while awaiting transfer to Jamaica was "creating a heavy burden on
the finances of the islands". The report closed by noting the return for
Christmas of many of the seamen employed off island.
It would be easy to romanticise 1963 –
life in Cayman was undoubtedly a slower pace, and crime – despite the unprecedented
assaults and two deaths during 1963 – was more likely to take the form of
rubbing cow itch on an opponent's car than something more serious. But the real
message of these reports is the almost complete absence of economic activity on
the islands. Tourism was minimal – a few hundred visitors a month during the
winter – and the only other activities noted were the sale of thatch rope to
Jamaican fishermen and Caymanian seamen's service off-island. A slow pace might
sound good while you stew in George Town traffic, late for a meeting and
bemoaning the arrival of multiple cruise ships, but it was the result of the
absence of on-island economic opportunities that slowed life, not a desire to
Families missing husbands, fathers, brothers and sons off serving on
ships and dependent on creating thatch rope would likely have been delighted to
know the next generation would have opportunities to earn a living on Cayman.
Moreover, before we idealise the past we need to remember that the arrival of a
single doctor on the Brac was major news. Whether Cayman goes forward with the
proposals for medical tourism or not, that such a project could even be
considered feasible represents an astonishing change from just a few decades
ago. Caymanian politics might still produce heated exchanges at the LA, but no
one has tried to burn down the Glass House recently. Things have gotten much
better in many ways.
Just a few years after these reports,
Cayman took the first steps toward its modern economy, passing modern company
and banking laws and improving its communications and transportation
infrastructure. Within twenty years, Cayman had surpassed Britain in GDP per
capita. Had any Administrator suggested that this could ever happen – much less
within two decades – the mandarins in London would have likely shaken their
heads over the impact of too much tropical sun on a formerly sensible man.
There are challenges ahead, to be sure.
Cayman's most pressing government finance problem in 1963 was covering the 10s.
6d (approximately US$13.70 today) daily cost of a few dozen Cuban refugees. No
doubt Premier Bush would find having a problem of comparable size as his most
important agenda item a welcome relief from the more serious public finance
questions today. Whether to allow Cuban passengers to interconnect to other
flights was an issue that prompted great public passion in 1963 but was still
far less thorny than today's officials' need to be constantly negotiating with
the US, UK, OECD and EU over financial services issues.
Pondering how to keep
tourism levels at growing from their then record levels of 350 per month would
be simpler than the strategic challenges facing tourism officials today. But we
should remember that today's more numerous and complex problems reflect the
astonishing development of the Cayman Islands from a place where many of the
men had to leave to find work and the mainstay of the economy was bartering
thatched rope to a world class financial centre, where trade in financial
services creates opportunities for both Caymanians and the rest of the world.
There is much work to be done, but let's not lose sight of Cayman's astonishing


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Graduate Certificate in Theology and Ethics (18 Credits)
The graduate certificate in theology and ethics introduces students to biblical sources, historical traditions, and contemporary construction in theology and ethics. By engaging texts in their historical and cultural contexts, students will be assisted in developing their own theological interpretations and ethical positions surrounding current issues.
|Historical theology
|3 credits
|Contemporary theology
|3 credits
|A course in ethics
|3 credits
|A Bible course
|3 credits
|Additional courses in theology and ethics
|6 credits


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Five Questions: Laura Escudé
You'd be hard-pressed to find an artist who embodies the term "electronic musician" more wholly than producer, controllerist, performer, and technology futurist Laura Escudé.
A classically trained violinist who gravitated toward electronic music through the rave scene, Escudé took a deep dive into technology some time around 2000 that ultimately led her to become recognized as one of the world's leading experts in Ableton Live. Over the next decade, her work evolved into designing and programming high-tech live shows for Platinum artists such as The Weeknd, Garbage, Herbie Hancock, Drake, and Kanye West.
Suzanne Strong
She is also the CEO of Electronic Creatives, which employs a squad of expert show designers, software developers, and music programmers to build cutting-edge performance systems for touring artists.
Somehow, Escudé also finds time to record and perform her own music: As Alluxe, she dazzles live audiences with dynamic performances that marry improvisation on violin and vocals, live looping, manipulation of hybrid controllers, and high-tech visuals. We caught up with Escudé in L.A. after she wrapped a European tour supporting her newest EP, Contrast.
You were Ableton's first certified trainer, almost a decade ago. How did that impact your career trajectory?
It's definitely helped my career just being at the forefront and being involved with the software before this whole explosion of music technology, artistry, and creation that's happened on the Internet and with music technology in the past couple of years. I was really into the technology at a time when a lot of people were still into other types of things; the industry has come a long way since then.
How has the tech evolution informed the ways you collaborate with artists on tour?
With artists like Miguel, whom I got to DJ for and be onstage with, I was able to use some of the newer controller technology. And that allowed me to be able to manipulate sound on-the-fly and to be more part of the actual performance, whereas ten years ago, people were playing along to the tracks more. With the technology being more flexible, I've been able to be more improvisational with certain artists, and to push their live shows forward and to make it more interesting than just pressing play.
When you're constructing your own music in the studio, are you thinking about how it will evolve live and how you're going to be using those tools onstage?
Absolutely. And now more than ever. I do a lot of live looping with violin and when I'm creating, I just can't help but think, "Okay, live, I'm going to loop this section and then I'm going to add this on to it, and then add this on to it." So, I try to make the music evolve more than live show looping would and not have it sound loopy. There's a difference, obviously, between listening to the recorded music and hearing it performed live. But definitely, they inform one another.
When I'm performing live, sometimes I'll get an idea and then I'll record it. Then, I'll come back in the studio and incorporate it into the actual song. So, it goes both ways.
You are a very physical performer. How intentional is that visibility of the interaction between you and your rig onstage?
Nicole Poulos (Sideways Media Team)
I'm really into emotion and doing improvisational things onstage that can lead to moments that are amazing and sometimes moments that aren't so amazing. As I've been evolving and maturing, it means more to me to have those human elements in there. So, I'm pushing myself to do more vocals now, even though that's not my strongest suit. But it helps me to express a little bit more about where I am as a human in my life, and as an artist, and to bring it all together to make something compelling. I'm definitely moving more toward performance art and blurring the lines between controllerism, electronic music, live shows, and theater.
Your studio rig is laptop-based with hybrid controllers like the Roli controller. How does working with new instrument interfaces like the Roli Seaboard Rise inform the way you're experimenting in the studio and how that all translates live?
I've started bringing the Roli out live, as well. It's wonderful to use those sounds that can modulate and sound more live and real, and also to create more virtuosic runs and slides and things that you wouldn't be able to do on a regular keyboard.
I'm using technology like that, and of course the Ableton Push, quite a bit in the studio and live. All of these controllers help me create my own unique vibe onstage and in the studio. I've streamlined my setup over the years; I used to put everything and anything into the mix, and now I'm keeping it minimal.
There are so many cool things coming out; the iOS stuff, there's the pressure-sensitive stuff. I've been a big fan of wireless and Bluetooth technology for a while. I use a Wii controller in every show and Kinect and it's awesome to be able to explore all of these different pieces of technology in live performance and introduce other people to them as well, and to help them create their live shows based on what I do and what I've been learning.
It's an exciting time because all of the new technology that's coming out is very easy to use, and it's unique. And every single person can have a unique live show that expresses exactly what their specific vibe is and the emotion they're trying to translate to the world.
Below is a video of Escudé performing in New York City.


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In Horizon:
Tuesday 15th January, 9pm, BBC2
Former Conservative MP, Michael Portillo pushes his body to the brink of death in an investigation into the science of execution.
As the American Supreme Court examines whether the lethal injection is causing prisoners to die in unnecessary pain Michael sets out to find a solution which is fundamentally humane. To do so he examines the key methods of execution available today: he discovers why convicts can catch on fire in the electric chair, learns how easy it is to botch a hanging and inhales a noxious gas to experience first hand the terror of the gas chamber.
Armed with some startling evidence Michael considers a completely new approach. Will it be the answer? There is only one way of finding out - to experience it himself.
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external websites


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Vital Facts Which Will Allow You Select A Reliable Personal Injury Attorney
Car accident or accidents which happens on construction areas are typical and most of the time they cause damages and injuries on the people involved. When you find yourself stuck in such a situation, then it is essential to look for the right personal injury lawyer. It is right to know that handling personal injury issue is not an easy task which is why one needs to look for a competent injury lawyer. Getting a personal injury lawyer is smooth as there are various ways which can link you with the best experts in the law industry. Getting the help of a personal injury lawyer is essential as most of the insurance firms are looking for every chance to reduce the payment meant for the victims of the accident. It is wise to stress on various tips when you are searching for a personal injury lawyer as this will help you make an informed decision.
Most of the injury lawyers are having websites which allow them to serve as many customers as possible. The process of hiring a personal injury lawyer is not complicated in that one can get their services by visiting their sites to access them. You need to be thorough when you are using the web as your channel to get the right one as the increased number on the internet make it hard to identify a verified and approved lawyer. Make sure that you have gone through the online reviews and comments that are left on their sites by various clients as it will help you determine if they can serve your interest in the best way possible. Ensure that you are working with a personal injury attorney who is reputed in his services as most of them are experienced and skilled in this sector.
It is essential to base your search for a personal injury lawyer on their experience. Ask the injury lawyer on the year of establishment as it will give you a perfect chance to know if they have the necessary expertise to cater to your needs. You should learn that personal injury lawyers who have been in the law filed for many years are known to be the excellent selection to represent you. It is imperative to understand that the personal injury attorneys who have enough experience can link you with the right personal injury doctor.
Look for a lawyer who is familiar with the type on injuries that you have as they are capable of getting adequate settlement for your pains. Make sure that you have taken into account the rates of being represented by a personal injury attorney. Consider your finances when you are looking for a personal injury lawyer as this will help you to filter your search and get a lawyer who offers discounted rates.


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Gunnerkrig Court Or why can't I teach there.
Gunnerkrig Court by Tom Siddell is familiar territory, a supernatural school story but it is far superior to Harry Potter and its ilk. For a start this is definitely not an influence as the comic has an edgier darker tone than anything produced by Rowling. Despite Antimony, the main character, initially looking like a bratz doll this title has more in common with the game Ico. Only in the sense that it shares a vast castle like setting and strange shadow creatures do make an appearance. Antimony draws you into this comic, she is a smart and empathetic heroine who's personal tragedy and curiosity endear her to the reader. As a side note the protagonists head seems to have returned to more normal dimensions. This comic turns cliche's on their head and creates a cast of compelling characters backed by an intriguing sense of mystery. And what characters, they range from the comic Doctor Disaster to the sinister Reynardine, who is one of my favourites. I can't wait to see how he'll try to get out of his current predicament.
If you like a good mystery and compelling writing coupled with cool artwork you can't go wrong with Gunnerkrig Court.


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Now Available to pre-order in the Elektor Store is our brand new book: Piccolino, 30 Projects, Mods, Hacks and Extension Boards. This book contains 30 projects based on the Piccolino, a rapid development board that can be used to quickly design microcontroller circuits. The Piccolino has a fast 16f887 PIC Microcontroller, voltage regulator and communication modules, and can be easily extended using its four headers.
The book will show you how to analyze components, design your own circuits and adapt and extend the Piccolino to fit your own requirements. The clear descriptions along with circuit diagrams and photos will make the building of these projects a very enjoyable experience.
Not only are we releasing this enjoyable read, but we are also offering a bundle offer. If you purchase the book AND a Piccolino Rapid Development Board (129001-91) you will get 10% off the total order, equating to a €6.95 bundle discount!


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- Job Search
- Digital Media Jobs
- PR Jobs in Multan
Job Search
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Save your search & Create Alert
Be the first to know! how often would you like to be notified?
pr jobs in multan, PAKISTAN
If you are impatiently struggling for the right prospect of public relation jobs in Multan? Then you must cheer up now. Because consulting with our professional job network providing you an opportunity to find out all latest and updated jobs in all segments of public relations like PR jobs, public relations officer jobs, jobs in PR department and freelance public relations jobs in Multan. You may also explore part-time or full-time jobs. Females can also easily seek out most suitable jobs opportunities in PR sector. Self-assured and determined graduates or experienced professionals needs to sign-up today to walk around all kinds of public relation jobs in Multan.


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Although 'Generation Y' and 'Millennials' are the most commonly used names for the generation born between 1980 and 1996, they are also known as the Digital Natives. Digital Natives, as the name already indicates, form the first generation to really grow up with the internet and technology. They use technology to communicate with each other and embrace different social media to do so. This VIACOM infographic gives us an insight into the communication of Millennials in a digital world.
Most Millennials were around 11 years old when they first set up an account on a social medium and are active on 3 social media websites on average. GenYers feel social media has a beneficial effect on relationships with friends (75%), brothers and sisters (50%) and parents (40%). 68% of Millennials even say they keep up friendships because of the internet!
The favorite way of 15-to-30-year-old Millennials to communicate with each other in the digital world is by using e-mail (92%), followed by social media (85%) and instant messaging (68%). Instant messaging is also the least favorite way of communicating amongst 9-to-14-year olds (49%), followed by social media at 60% and e-mail at 68%.
15-to-24-year-old GenYers have the most digital conversations (19 each day), followed by 25-to-30-year olds (18 per day) and 12-to-14-year olds (15 digital conversations every day):


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American Century Celebrity Golf Championship
Each summer, Edgewood Tahoe hosts a week of golf, action and excitement at Lake Tahoe as 80 professional athletes and Hollywood celebrities compete for their share of a $600,000 purse and the coveted American Century Championship Cup. The 54-hole competition tests the golf skills of these celebrities and has donated over $4 million to charity since it began in 1989. Celebrities who have previously participated include Steph Curry, Alex Smith, Justin Timberlake and Jerry Rice. Edgewood Golf Course is a Golf Digest Top 100 rated course.
Tickets go on-sale online April 1, 2020
American Century Celebrity Golf Championship Dates:
July 7 – 12, 2020
TUESDAY: Lake Tahoe Visitors Authority & Tahoe South Celebrity-Am
WEDNESDAY: Practice Round
THURSDAY: American Century Celeb-Am Tournament
FRIDAY-SUNDAY: American Century Celebrity Golf Championship
You can get up close and personal with these golf professionals and celebrities on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. Guests will have the opportunity to receive autographs and take photos. Two children, 10 years and younger, can enter for free per each paid adult.
American Century Celebrity Golf Championship Location:
Edgewood Tahoe Golf Course
100 Lake Parkway
Stateline, NV 89449
About the LTVA and Tahoe South Celebrity-AM:
This event partners four amateurs with a celebrity from the field of stars in a test over Edgewood Tahoe's tournament tough layout. A limited number of amateur spaces are available. More than just a round of golf, the package includes an exclusive breakfast for participants, a gift bag valued at over $250, and an awards luncheon following play. Players also receive a framed souvenir photo of their group and two passes good for entry to the tournament for the rest of the week.
American Century Celebrity Golf Championship Tickets:
Daily tickets and patron badge season passes will be available online beginning in April. Tickets purchased at the gate must be paid by either cash or credit card and no checks will be accepted. Tickets will be available at will call at the Front Gate of Edgewood Tahoe. Please pick up your tickets by 4 pm, Tues – Thurs and by 2 pm Fri – Sun. No memorabilia or collectibles allowed on the course Tuesday through Sunday.
Specially Priced Tickets on Sale beginning in June 2020, at Raley's, Bel Air and Nob Hill Foods. (Raley's ticket vouchers must be redeemed at the gate). Find a store nearest you: www.raleys.com/www/storelist
PLEASE NOTE: Only clear bags will be allowed on the golf course. List of prohibited items
List of approved items
To learn more about this year's American Century Celebrity Golf Championship event visit the Events page.
Click here to download the Official App of the American Century Celebrity Golf Championship.
More Top Events


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About Jennifer Marie Bereza
Jennifer Marie Bereza is a recognized leader within the WBDC (Women's Business Development Council) receiving the Deb Ziegler award for Entrepreneurial Excellence. With unmatched customer service skills, Jennifer has the natural ability to maintain strong relationships with her clients.
Jennifer is an optimistic, creative individual whose passion for real estate and technology really shine when marketing your home. No stranger to the public eye, Jennifer has an enormous social media following allowing her to promote your home in an unparalleled way.


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Commercial HVAC Installations and New Construction
Commercial buildings throughout the Dallas Fort Worth area are continually being built, renovated, and expanded. New construction projects of commercial buildings involve many skilled professionals from multiple industries, including the HVAC industry. Each commercial HVAC new construction installation is unique, due to the size of the building, type of electrical system, type of duct work, and the proper design and size of the entire HVAC system. Proper design is a key first step to a successful commercial HVAC installation for every building throughout Dallas Fort Worth.
Tom Durbin AC & Mechanical has a team of commercial HVAC technicians that specialize in the design of new construction heating and cooling systems for commercial buildings. When constructing a new commercial building or expanding an existing commercial building, each step in the process is important to ensure the new building is what the business owner is expecting and it is completed on time.
Tom Durbin AC & Mechanical understands the importance of completing your commercial building construction project accurately and on schedule, so you can continue business and production without delay. We specialize in new construction HVAC installations for industrial, institutional, retail, and utility commercial buildings and we install and service all major commercial brand air conditioner and heater units.
Our commercial HVAC technicians will sit down with you, the building contractor, and the construction company to design and plan each step of the installation processes, to ensure successful operation of your new commercial HVAC system.
If you or your business is planning a commercial building expansion or new construction project, contact the Dallas Fort Worth commercial HVAC experts at Tom Durbin AC & Mechanical.


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Let's get one thing straight -I absolutely adore my girlfriends. And I am HORRIBLE at keeping in touch with them, but the one's that can tolerate my downfalls are remarkable. The bond we ladies share is just something I could never live without and I feel extremely blessed by all of my beautiful friends. This picture speaks volumes to me. I mean, these ladies are having fun and getting silly just like any other bunch of gals would do today (and they don't even have to bare their chests!). Of course, the swimsuits--are they swimsuits or are these ladies just jumping in the sea in their clothing? If they are swimsuits, they sure were a bit cumbersome, wouldn't you agree? Swimsuit Illustrated - Watch Out!!! I love the girl at the top, sitting upon the shoulders of her girls... you know you have a friend like that--petite and adorable, always ready for a bit of fun. I don't want to think about what would happen if I sat upon my friends' shoulders (I am laughing aloud and cringing at the same time as I type this!) What a fabulous memory these girls created that day on the shore--a bit controversial, maybe? Even scandalous? I cherish my scandalously controversial times with my girlfriends...at least the ones I can remember!!! Oh, how I love the days "When Good Fellows Get Together".
Tuesday, June 23, 2009
Saturday, June 20, 2009
A Doe, Adieu, a Free Vintage Graphic...Ray...A Drop (you get the picture)
This is such a pretty French postcard. It is embellished with ribbon and victorian scrap. Is that someone's name in glitter? I googled (oh, come on! Everybody does it!) EAEN and it is listed as an English boy's name meaning "God is gracious". Just a little interesting info for you and me. I love cards, you just can't convey a message like this via email, my little addicts!!
Now for the flipside...The possibilities of this image are endless. If you use it for your art, please share!! I would love to see what y'all are coming up with.
I bid you adieu, mes amis...Maybe more tomorrow
at 5:45 PM 2 comments: Links to this post
A Collection of Vintage... Calling cards, Victorian Scrap, Vintage Postcards
Thursday, June 18, 2009
The Big Ribbon! Mum? Neti Pot? Free Vintage Graphics
Being that I am not from around these parts, the homecoming mum was new to me. This is what the top image reminds me of. The red victorian chair was an afterthought. I wish I had a lovely image of a nose...as that is all I can think of right now. I am fighting a sinus infection (hence the mention of the neti pot-gross, but fabulous!) after my trip to CO. This is traveling to my ear which only makes me more deaf than I already am. My kids are not sympathetic. I just love summer. Enjoy the images, there are many more to come! *sniff sniff*
at 4:59 PM 1 comment: Links to this post
Vacation Make Up Days!! Free graphic treasures-a-plenty
Wow! I sure have missed y'all! I just returned from my Colorado Vay-kay (I never ever talk like that!) and had the best time EVER with my family! I also bought a whole stack of "Godey's" from the 1800's with some fantastic images to share. So, please be patient as I work my magic scanning and touching up and you will be rewarded!!
at 12:26 PM No comments: Links to this post
A Collection of Vintage... My Family
Wednesday, June 3, 2009
Miniature Sheep?!!! I have died and gone to heaven. Oh! and free graphics!
No, this isn't your free graphic but dontcha just want to grab that face and kiss kiss kiss it?!!! And don't even get me started with those ears...I am a follower of Blah, Blah, Blahg and Miss B over there has some very fine ideas, one being her own miniature farm. (I think that is the best. Idea. EVER.) She asked for suggestions, and well... would you just look at them? I mean, can you see their little smiles?? You can see more about them at this fabulous wonderland.
On to your free graphic, a section of classifieds from the Evening Auburnian, Auburn, N.Y.
Thursday, June 13th, 1878. YES! 1878. This little scrap has about seen its day. (not me, the paper, silly!)
at 9:04 AM 5 comments: Links to this post
A Collection of Vintage... Advertisements, Animals
Tuesday, June 2, 2009
Free Graphics make up days!!
A post card from 1913 for our June brides
A lovely Spanish lady bridge tag (you can make lots of goodies with her OLE'!
A frame to frame out all of your fabulous works of art!
The good old days at Santa Monica Beach, my stomping grounds for many summers
A lovely Spanish lady bridge tag (you can make lots of goodies with her OLE'!
A frame to frame out all of your fabulous works of art!
The good old days at Santa Monica Beach, my stomping grounds for many summers
Come back for more tomorrow or something. I am BWO (Blogging Without Obligation) I have freed myself from apologies! I actually was freed by someone else who I need to find again so I can give you the link. I hope you like the images. OOOOH! By the way, I am going to Colorado so that is why I am posting so many images at once. I hope to find many graphic delights on my travels.
at 9:34 PM No comments: Links to this post
A Collection of Vintage... Ornate, Post Cards, Tags, Wedding
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What are milestones?
Milestones are significant steps in your child's spiritual journey. As a family ministry, we have discovered three milestones in a child's spiritual growth. They are:
Child Dedication
This is unique to our infants, it is a chance for the parents to stand before the community at Mill City and dedicate their child to the Lord. This is a wonderful celebration that will partner the family with a pastor at Mill City. A verse will be read, and then a blessing will be spoken over the child as the whole community prayers in support. It is an amazing milestone that you can talk about with your child for years to come!
Learn more:
Podcast Letter to your child Article
If you are interested in dedicating your child please fill out the form below:
Child Dedication Form Parent Letter
Baptism is a milestone that is taken after one has asked Jesus to be their Lord and Savior. It is declaring to the world that one believes in Christ.
Please read this blog post to determine if your child is ready for baptism:
Talking to Your Kid About Baptism
This is an amazing milestone and one we encourage our children to take when they are ready! If interested in Baptism contact Sharon ( ) .
Communion is the act of coming to a table and remembering what Christ did for us. He not only died on the
Communion is celebrated at Mill City every Sunday. We invite everyone who has trusted Jesus as their savior and the leader of their life to participate. If your child has made that decision they are welcome to participate.
For more on how to prepare your child for communion, please read this blog:


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Hire a REALTOR®
Obvious advice, maybe. But you'll want a real estate professional on your side to help negotiate, investigate the ins and outs of local areas, ask about local schools, help navigate the maze of closing requirements, answer questions about your financial options ....This is one time "doing it yourself" could be a very costly mistake.
Get mortgage pre-approval.
A pre-approval is an ideal way to get a close-up look at "how much home" you will realistically be able to afford. It will also give you leverage later on when the time comes to make an offer on the perfect home! Ask your Realtor whom they might recommend if you do not already have a relationship with a lender in the area.
Shopping is the fun part!
There are an overwhelming number of homes on the market. This is a good time to consult with your Realtor to narrow the field a little. You may want to ask about home values and trends in communities that interest you. But, on the other hand, no one can predict what will happen in the real estate market. So, our best advice would be to give priority first to homes that meet your own personal needs.
Shop for your financing, too.
It may not be as much fun as shopping for homes, but knowing the types of financing out there and being able to compare fees, interest rates and closing costs between multiple lenders could potentially save you thousands of dollars.
Make an offer.
Use the counsel of your Realtor to come up with an offer on the home you want. You don't want to start out with an unreasonable offer, but remember, it's not always just about the price. Terms can have a role to play in what you are prepared to pay and can be worth significant money—in your favor or the seller's.
Prepare for closing.
Closing is generally the most confusing part of the process. It's called "settlement" or "escrow" in different parts of the country. Your Realtor will help with all the documentation that you'll need. As well as coordinate the different parties—title company, homeowner's insurance, legal representation, etc.—that have a part to play in your real estate transaction.
Price it right.
Sellers are often tempted to start out pricing their home on the high side, to give themselves room when a potential buyer offers a price far below their asking price. But start too high and sellers are likely to conclude you are not serious or motivated about selling and that negotiations are likely to be difficult. Again, this is where the wise input from a real estate professional can help protect both your investment and your ability to make the sale.
Spruce it up.
This is so obvious it shouldn't even need mentioning. How much you need to do to get your home in "sell shape" will depend on its current condition, of course. Think like a buyer seeing your home for the first time. How will they feel walking up to the front door? Will it be a welcoming experience or will it generate a "to do list" before you even open the front door?
Much as your dog or cat may be a beloved part of your family, they will not help you sell your home. Depending on how a potential buyer may feel about dogs or cats, they mat even hurt your chances. Hide the food and water dishes. Stash the doggie toys. Get rid of all evidence of a cat box—all evidence. Have your pets sequestered in a back room or the backyard. Or best of all, especially if you're having an "open house," take them to a pet spa for the day.
Lighten up.
"Light" and "airy" are the two most popular descriptions buyers use nowadays when describing their dream homes. It's up to you to deliver. That means changing out curtains if necessary, to let in more sunlight. Clean the windows. Trim shrubs around your home that may be blocking light. Increase the brightness in ceiling fixtures and the wattage of the bulbs in your lamps if necessary. And when a buyer arrives—lighten up.
Paint if necessary.
You know where your home could benefit from a fresh coat of paint—outside and inside if necessary. If you don't, your Realtor will drop a few hints. Nothing cleans and brightens up a home like new paint. Use neutral tones that will allow a buyer to easily picture their style and their furniture in your home.
Take yourself out.
The goal is to de-personalize your home as much as you can—make it a house, not a home—to give a buyer room to imagine themselves living there. That means pack up the family photos, all the knickknacks, clean the shelves, and take the pictures off the walls. If possible, store about a third of your furniture to open up your floor plan. Clean your closets and pack away half your clothes—people will open your closet doors and you want those closets to look huge.
Be ready.
You never know when a buyer may want to see your home, so you need to be ready. Kitchen and bathrooms need to shine. Beds need to be made. A good strategy for many is to clean out as much stuff as they can, hire a cleaning service to really do a deep clean—then keep it clean. Have a plan—a place you can go—on short notice so a buyer and agent can look at your home without feeling like intruders.
Be more credit-worthy.
Your credit will impact almost everything about your potential new home—from the size of it, the likelihood you'll qualify to purchase it, the terms you'll be able to get from a lender, the size of the down payment you'll need....Find out what your credit profile looks like. If it could use some sprucing up, start yesterday. Pay your bills on time. Go beyond mere minimum payments to get balances lower. Chip away at your debts to get your debt to income ratio around 36%—or less.
Save for the down payment.
The size of your down payment will vary from lender to lender. Some may require the standard 20%. Some may take less—the FHA will accept 3.5% for instance. If necessary, you can look into what down payment assistance programs may be in your area. The larger the down payment you bring to closing, the more equity you'll have in your new home from the very first day.
Get pre-approved.
Not only will this be a big help with financing, contract negotiation and the closing in your future. As a practical matter, it lets you know right away what your budget will be and will help focus your house hunting only on homes that fall within your price range.
Know the different loan types.
A classic 30-year fixed rate loan may be your first inclination. But there are many other loan vehicles on the market that may suit you better. If you don't plan to live in your new home beyond ten years, an Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM) may be a better choice. If you have your eye on a luxury home on the beach or in a golf course community, you may need to look into a jumbo loan.
Shop lenders.
Compare interest rates, of course. But don't forget the fees and terms you'll be asked to pay. No two lenders are alike and it will literally pay you to find out as much as you can when comparing financial institutions.
The "B" word (Budget).
Your house payment will not be your only monthly expense. Take a moment to factor in all the bills you'll face, from homeowner association dues and property taxes to utilities and maintenance costs, food and gas. Be sure you can be comfortable and truly live in your new home.
Will your employer help with expenses?
If you are relocating because of a job transfer, or even if you are accepting a new job with a new employer in another town, ask if they have a policy about providing moving expenses. It can't hurt, right? And it may provide a bit of a cushion to help take some of the sting out of the cost of relocating.
List your home with a Realtor.
If you plan on selling your present home prior to relocating, a Realtor is your ticket to a faster, easier sale. Ask for referrals from neighbors who've sold in your neighborhood or look for a Realtor familiar with your area. Ask for their suggestions on what you can do to get the price you need, in the time you have available.
New Realtor—new home.
You will want a Realtor who knows your new home town for all the reasons mentioned earlier—from where the "best places to live" are, to what home values are locally, to what area will best fit your lifestyle, to finally, where the home you have in mind can actually be found. You do not want to go into a new hometown "blind."
Moving Companies.
Choosing a reputable moving company does not have to be a harrowing experience. Start by asking for the names of moving companies your Realtor may be familiar with. Try to settle on three companies, in your local area, who have been in business at least ten years. Set up appointments for them to visit your home and give you an estimate. If they won't come to your home, move on to the next company. Ask for references from each company—and call them. Ask about their insurance. And when you're done asking what questions you can think of, use the Internet to find out more.


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|Let's start with the reason that kept me away from my blog: Assignments :(
|A cute gift from a co-worker: handmade hand cream with tangerine, wax and almond oil
|Help! To buy or not to buy?
|Loving my KEM bag
|Next to the fireplace, enjoying the warmth
|New in: H&M bracelet and necklace
|Attending GREAT premieres with my boyfriend
|Raining for days
|Already in the Christmas mood
|Christmas shopping
|Handmade Christmas trimmings
|Cool place for coffee
|Getaway with my love
|Listening my favorite CD at the moment
|Bradshaw speaking...


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In a string of boroughs across the capital, between 20 and 25 per cent of all families do not have anyone who regularly speaks the language and in thousands of others only children do so.
Findings released by the Office for National Statistics earlier this week showed a transformation in the make-up of British society over the last decade, with the number of foreign-born residents rising by 50 per cent.
In London itself less than half the population described themselves as white in the national headcount conducted last year.
Headline figures showed that there are around a million households in which no one speaks English as a "main language" – just over four per cent of the total.
But a detailed breakdown of the figures published with alongside the main census data show that in some areas the proportion is more than five times this level.
In Newham, the east London borough which hosted the Olympics, 24.3 per cent of all households have no one who speaks English as a main language.
A further 5.1 per cent of households in the area have no one over the age of 16 from whom English is a main language.
In Brent, north-west London, 22.4 per cent of households do not mainly speak English, the same rate as in Westminster and just ahead of Ealing in the west of the capital.
In Newham, which claims to be the most ethnically diverse area in western Europe, the council has already taken steps to encourage people to use English including stopping all foreign language newspapers from local libraries.
Translation services have been cut and the council has banned all funding for community groups or events aimed exclusively at a single ethnic or religious group, as part of a policy designed to promote integration and "Britishness".
Sir Robin Wales, the major of Newham, said: "There is a challenge about isolation and we are very concerned about women being isolated in homes and sometimes older people [because of the language barrier].
"We are concerned about it and we are giving support.
"People have chosen to come to this country, they want to be part of it and we try to encourage it."
Analysis of census figures also shows that Blackpool is the divorce capital of Britain with one in 10 households headed by a divorcee.
Meanwhile in the area around Bexhill, Sussex, 10 per cent of households consist of a widow or widower, three times the level on parts of London.
But the capital establishes itself firmly as a "singleton" city. In some areas of London well over half the population has never been married or in a civil partnership.
In Lambeth single people account for 46.5 of all households and nearly 60 per cent of the entire population.
The picture is similar in Hackney, Islington and Hammersmith where young single people all dominate. By contrast in East Dorset, the Chilterns and Rutland amomg other areas – almost 60 per cent of households are made up of married couples.


text: Lady Sonia is known as the England's most famous unfaithful wife and the English lady in high heels . This UK MILF offers you her impressive hardcore and fetish collection of photos and videos which you can find at Lady Sonia.com. The content includes a great mix ranging from solo action to hardcore interracial and fetish play. There are over 220 videos and 325 Hi res image galleries. If you are looking for high quality kinky content you will definitely enjoy Lady Sonia.com!JOIN NOW!


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Right before bed last night, I asked Danny what he felt like for dinner tonight. Sometimes I get a classic like, "something good," but I was fortunate to hear "Chinese" come out of his mouth. I ok'ed the idea, but really had no clue what to make since I had no beef or chicken breast in the freezer to do a nice stiry fry with. I did remember that I had two bone-in chicken breasts with the wing and decided to do something "chinesey"...I think it worked out well ;)
1/4 c. sugar
1/4 c. canola oil
1/8 c. soy sauce
1/8 c. rice wine vinegar (recipe did not call for this, but it was waaay to soy saucy without it)
Oven Fried Sesame Chicken: This recipe comes from the Mother & Daughter Jewish Cooking cookbook and is actually quite involved. I simplified it alot...if you want the entire recipe, let me know.
1 large egg
1 tbsp. sesame oil
1 c. flavored bread crumbs
20 grinds pepper
1/2 tsp salt
3/4 c. sesame seeds
1/2 tsp. paprika
I cut the chicken off the bone and into large chunks. 400F until they look done...really! Parchment paper is a dream for anything breaded. Love it!
Fried Rice: really easy recipe from Spice and Spirit (this is from memory, so cross your fingers)
1 onion, diced and sauteed until translucent
2 eggs, stirred around until totally done
1 Tbsp soy sauce
2 1/2 c. cooked rice
I added peas (for Danny) and some extra soy sauce at the end
I am a wife, a mom of three, and the kitchen is my favorite place in the house. I read cookbooks in my spare time and enjoy getting kitchen appliances for presents :) I love preparing delicious and healthy food for my family and here are a some of what graces our table each week.
Email Me for any of the recipes :)
Email Me for any of the recipes :)
Thursday, September 11, 2008
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Whichever direction you decide to go, naughty or nice, this pumpkin pie dip is an absolute hit! And it's so simple to make!
This is gooooood stuff. I promised you something delicious that you could making with your homemade pumpkin pie spice, and here it is!
I made two versions of this pumpkin pie dip: Naughty and Nice. Or you could call them amazing and amazing. I can't even choose a favorite, I really like how they both turned out. I made the first one. And then added dark rum. Dark rum makes everything better: popcorn, caramel, and bad days.
If you don't like dark rum, or don't want to include alcohol (there isn't much in it but it isn't cooked out in this recipe), you'll still love the "nice" version. In fact, I think I might prefer that version. I really can't decide. I better go give them another taste….
*licks fingers*
Yup. Both amazing. Can't decide.
Here are some dipping suggestions:
- sliced apples
- graham crackers or graham cracker sticks
- animal crackers
- gingersnap cookies
- fingers
- large spoons
Pumpkin Pie Dip: Naughty and Nice
Whichever direction you decide to go, naughty or nice, this pumpkin pie dip is an absolute hit! And it's so simple to make! Recipe on RachelCooks.com!
- 8 ounce block of cream cheese, softened (I used reduced fat)
- 1 cup pumpkin purée (canned)
- 1 teaspoon pumpkin pie spice
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- 3 cups powdered sugar
- 2 tablespoons dark rum (optional for "naughty" version)
- Using an electric mixer, blend together cream cheese, pumpkin, pumpkin pie spice, rum (optional) and vanilla until smooth.
- One cup at a time, add in powdered sugar and blend until smooth, scraping down sides of the bowl with a rubber scraper.
- Store in refrigerator and serve with animal crackers, graham crackers, gingersnaps or sliced apples. I garnished mine with a little extra pumpkin pie spice, which is optional.
Verdict: A little too good. I'm sure I could eat this off a spoon. The "nice" version tastes just like pumpkin pie, and the "naughty" version? Well, you can definitely taste the rum–and that is a good thing. Dark rum always brings back fond memories of our Jamaican honeymoon.
Husband's take: "Good is an understatement."
Changes I would make: Double, triple, quadruple batch?
Difficulty: Easy!


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Cookie Art Workshop 26 Jul 09
Somehow, I think I have. Or at least, I thought I have. Heehee... Anyway, the workshop was rather smooth except for some very minor mishaps, which was under good control in no time. The fortunate thing was, there was no class after my workshop as my workshop had over-run! Good gracious! I think I must've been too long-winded and shared too much! Good? Not very I would think. By the time the participants left was an hour later.
As I was busy helping the participants, I didn't have the time to capture them in action. Only when they were decorating the cookies, then did I steal some time to catch them in action, after having done some washings on. This group of participants were very helpful as I conducted the demonstration, and were very eager to learn.
I must say, for first timers in royal icing decoration, they were pretty good! I hope they have found the workshop useful and learnt the correct techniques in baking the cookies, the royal icing preparation and the decoration. I had a good time sharing with them what I've learnt.
If anyone is interested, there are still limited vacancies available, check out Sugar Inc Workshop Details for more information.
9 comments:
- Anonymous said... July 27, 2009 at 10:39 PM
hi jane...yes i would say i have seen n learned wat i wished :) nw is to re-create it @ home :D
cheers, lena
- Passionate About Baking said... July 28, 2009 at 7:57 AM
Hi Lena,
I'm glad you enjoyed the class. Have fun recreating! :)
- Anonymous said... July 28, 2009 at 10:06 AM
hi Jane!!
I didn't know it's your 1st time teaching!
yup the cookie class is fun and I learnt alot of tips :D
but the decorating part is really back breaking for my old bones! hehah
I love the chocolate cookies recipe *yumyum* and actually with the icing, the whole cookie isn't overly sweet as I thought it will be though. just nice i thought. But my cookies is still soft when I ate them, is it because we didn't bake them slightly longeR? or cos we iced them when they are still warm??
Hui Xian.
- Yuri said... July 28, 2009 at 1:09 PM
Congrats J on your first lesson. I am still considering, just waiting to see when I can attend, been busy lately...
- Passionate About Baking said... July 28, 2009 at 9:10 PM
Hi Hui Xian,
Thanks for your feedback. I'm glad you like the cookies too!
Yes, the cookies were slightly underbaked because it was slightly thicker than usual. I should have baked them slightly longer considering the thickness. My apology for this. Hope you can try them out yourself at home!
Hi Yuri,
Thanks a lot! I'm also learning through the experience. No worries, take your time. I know you are really bz lately. We'll catch up again! Take care!
- Missy said... July 29, 2009 at 9:28 PM
Your cookie workshop sure looks fun and very happening!!
I have given you an award on my blog do check it out :)
- Passionate About Baking said... July 29, 2009 at 9:36 PM
Hi Missy,
Thank you very much for your award. I've already put up mine. Do check my earlier post. I'm very flattered to be given this award again!
- felicia said... July 29, 2009 at 9:45 PM
omg. sugar cookies are always very pretty!
but i always find it very tiring to make.
esp the royal icing of different colours and consistencies.
looks awesome btw!
- Passionate About Baking said... July 29, 2009 at 9:47 PM
Hi felicia,
Yes, decorated cookies are pretty. It might not necessarily be tiring. When you attend the workshop, the colours are already mixed for you. When you're home, you can make and keep the royal icing in the fridge. This was what I told the participants. Royal icing can be kept and re-use, no worries! It's not tiring at all!


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Johannesburg Roads Agency (JRA) has restored boom gates it took down at Hurlingham Manor.
Residents applied for an urgent court application which forced JRA to pay for legal costs and restore the gates.
Last week the City of Johannesburg said illegal boom gates were taken down because some residents to do not comply with the procedures for security access restrictions.
Gary Duke, the lawyer representing Hurlingham residents, says the City should have provided written notice to give residents 35 business days to respond to their complaint.
The lesson to be learnt is that if somebody comes to you, tell them you need it in writing and you need to know what the problem is. You will be given time to respond.— Gary Duke, lawyer representing Hurlingham residents
If you don't respond within that time period or if your response doesn't meet the requirements of the law and the policy, then they are entitled to take the structure down.— Gary Duke, lawyer representing Hurlingham residents
Listen to the audio below to hear more about the law around security and freedom of movement...


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Alternative Gout Treatment: Ways and Efficiency
Most individuals take the refuge of painkillers to get relief from the terrible pain of gout and thereby have to incur a huge expense regularly. There's however, various simpler and inexpensive way of treating gout. The following article is aimed at figuring out what those natural remedies are. Even if the treatment is done with the help of other medications, there is no doubt that there will be side effects of these drugs. Gout experts, however opine that a few dietary changes and alterations in the approach to life of men gout can actually be removed from its roots. These remedies need no assistance and can be practiced by the patient himself.
On the very first hand, before one begins treating gout naturally, it is important that he is aware of the reason behind gout. When the uric acid level of human body goes up, beyond normal, it forms accumulates in the joints and start forming crystals. These crystals tend to be the reason behind the pain that a gout individual feels.
Thus the gout treatment basically is aimed at a couple of things, low consumption of products high in uric acid, i.e. purine and also flushing out of the crystallized uric acid. The Natural Remedies.
As discussed earlier uric acid is the main cause behind gout symptoms as well as purine consumption enhances the uric acid level. Food items such as seafood, red meat, peas, lentils, alcoholic beverages, other meat products such as kidneys, brains etc. one will need to avoid them to bid adieu in order to gout.
All-Natural Gout Treatment - Relief for GoutGoutezol Gout Relief is formulated with calming botanical ingredients developed to gently support healthy uric acid metabolism. Goutezol's active ingredients have been used for hundreds of years to support healthy uric acid metabolism, helping in reducing high uric acid levels. Now they are all combined into this special gout formula. Lowering uric acid and supporting uric acid metabolism has been proven to eliminate the pain and flare-ups associated with gout.
Click Here to Purchase »
- One needs to keep his body moisturized so that the water flushes out the excessive uric acid.
- Besides getting rid of the crystals, water also helps by not allowing uric acid to form, the crystals at all.
Vitamin Complexes are Also Very Useful in Fighting Uric Acid
Regular consumption of Complete B intricate, at a serving of about 1 - 350 mg allows the body to convert uric acid crystals to be able to harmless substances which can be easily flushed out of the body.
Treatment For Acute Gout Attack - Manipal Hospital
The video begins by describing uric acid metablism in the body and the conditions that lead to gout. The effects of gout on the body are then discussed followed ...
The Baking Soda Remedy is an Additional Quite Effective Alternative Gout Treatment
By dissolving into the uric acid crystals, baking soda makes them more soluble and thereby easy to be removed from the body. One needs to be able to drink a solution of the tsp of preparing soda pop, in 8 ounces of water regularly.
- Herbal remedies in order to fight gout are also becoming quite popular these days.
- Alfalfa is one such herb.
- It nullifies the effects of uric acid in human body.
- They work really fast and thus give quick relief.
Today One Has the Internet At His Service, to Provide Him With Any Kind of Information
The above mentioned 5 steps are obviously few of the most efficient natural remedies, which offer 100% remedy. With regard to other kinds of cures one will need to investigation in the sites. It is quite unbelievable that the items suggested with regard to an alternative gout treatment can be acquired easily from the cupboards or grocery corner of your respective room. Thus, on concluding note one might say that it is time that you leave your painkillers behind and fight gout inside a much simpler but effective way.
Author's Biography Mary Watson, the well known author writes on gout problem and Generic Colcrys. He or she regularly writes for http://www.colchicine.ca/.


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Creation of mechanism reducing the negative effects of propaganda, increase of NATO and EaP state cooperation in deterring new hybrid wars, and granting a visa-free regime for Georgia and Ukraine. These and other recommendations were presented, and incorporated, in the recommendation paper of the EU Eastern Partnership Civil Society Conference. These recommendations were presented to the Foreign Minister of Latvia, Edgars Rinkevics, and Johannes Hahn, the European Commission for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, and will later be presented to the Riga Eastern Partnership Summit.
Recommendations conclude that Russia's military aggression in Ukraine has left deep and negative effects on the Eastern Partnership's region, and therefore it is essential to continue and strengthen the policies of the European Union's Eastern Partnership, with a specific focus on supporting civil society. Furthermore, the recommendations also note the negative effects of Russian propaganda on its neighboring states. The necessity to strengthen European values, establish mechanisms to constrain the negative effects of propaganda at state and public level, was also noted in the paper.
The need for a more proactive EU Common Security and Defense Policy was also raised, along with new challenges facing the regional security. To deter threats of new hybrid war, closer cooperation between NATO and EaP is encouraged. The recommendations also included a list of practical steps for civil society groups in furthering democratization of Eastern Partnership states. The conference emphasized the need to use more instruments in aiding civil society groups in the region.
As one of the most important issues, raised in the conference, was mobility and trans-border cooperation, as it is mobility and visa-regime liberalization between the Eastern Partnership and European Union states that would strengthen and intensify the exchange of ideas, values, and experience. The Eastern Partnership summit in Riga should propose a visa free regime for Georgia and Ukraine from January 1, 2016, whilst still demanding these two states to finalize the implementation of reforms.
The participants of the conference also call upon the Riga Eastern Partnership Summit to declare a clear position regarding EU membership perspectives for the states that have begun the implementation of Association Agreements. The European Union should be open and inclusive in policy making for Eastern Partnership, thus reaffirming its commitments to be "United in Diversity", the recommendations said.
These recommendations will also be distributed to the European Union institutions, as well as the governments of the European Union and Eastern Partnership member states, with the aim of developing a more effective framework to achieve the aims of the Eastern Partnership.
The recommendations in their entirety are available here.
The Conference, which is part of the Eastern Partnership's Summit's line of events, gathered more 300 representatives of the civil society and experts from different countries, providing a platform for debate on multiple Eastern Partnership's pressing questions, with the participation of civil society's, nongovernmental organizations and think tank representatives. Experts from the European union (EU) and from all six Eastern Partnership's countries – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine – attended The Conference. The goal of the Conference is to help strengthen civil society and involve it in the planning and implementation of the Eastern Partnership policy.
The Conference was held on May 20-21, in Riga. The Conference was organized in cooperation with the Latvian Institute of International Affairs (LIIA), the Centre for East European Policy Studies (CEEPS) and the Latvian Transatlantic Organization (LTO), with the participation of the Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum. The conference is supported by the European Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, the Secretariat of the Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union, the Black Sea Trust, a Project of the German Marshall Fund of the US and the National Endowment for Democracy.
More information on EU EaP Civil Society Conference can be found here: www.appc.lv, www.easteurope.lv, of Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia.
Information prepared by:
Ieva Dzelme-Romanovska
Communications Manager
Eastern Partnership Civil Society
Conference 2015
E-mail: email@example.com
Phone: +371 2926828


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Lizzieboro Baptist Chruch Presents; PREPARING the WAY for JESUSDecember 16, 2017
Time: 6:00 PM
Price: FREE
Douglass Theatre
355 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd.
Macon, GA
A celebration of the birth of Jesus where Mary has undertaken to draw up an account of the things that have been fulfilled among us as it was handed down by eye witnesses to the birth of Jesus.
What's nearby


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If you're a camping enthusiast, or regularly have to create shelters outdoors within the scope of your job, you're well aware of how quickly weather conditions can change. Fortunately, we have a full range of camping gear that will keep you well protected from the elements.
Shop for warm sleeping bags that zip up securely to help seal in your natural body heat, plus find cots that fold up easily and prevent you from having to sleep on the ground. We also carry survival blankets that are excellent for using in urgent situations. Also, be sure to check out our full range of supplies that can keep you well fed and hydrated during extended excursions. In addition to ready-to-eat meals, we carry hydration bladders from top brands.
You can also find items that make it easier to manage the potential challenges of preparing food in the wilderness. From can openers to utensils and water filters, we've got you covered. Don't forget to check the products we carry to keep you safe, too. Flashlights and multi-tool knives are just two examples of items in our inventory that are specially made to keep you safe in tough outdoor conditions. Start shopping today and browse the full selection of specialty items we offer.


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X, Gen Tres or Hold TSLA
X, Gen Tres or Hold TSLA
All, Half, or Nothing?
It is certainly good to have a strategy. I would suggest... That at a certain multiple of your own choosing... You only take out the amount of the initial investment, plus 20%, plus an additional amount to cover capital gains taxes... Then let the rest 'ride'. Your kids, or grandkids, can get free cars as graduation presents some day. You should pay for your own.
DISCLOSURE: Of course, I am not a lawyer, I am not a financial advisor, I am just some guy on the internet, and you should probably just ignore me entirely, so please, pretty please, with sugar on top, don't like, sue me and stuff.
After all, once you earn all the profit, what can profit do for you?
Elon said if he wants profit he wouldn't get into a car business.
He also said that "Profits are not our primary goal."
In the last Annual Stock Holder, he was challenged by a stock holder questioning his fiduciary duty to maximize profits.
And what did he do about that challenge? He opened up ALL patents to all companies.
Kramer of CNBC Mad Money calls TLSA "a cult" stock.
The problem is how can you predict 2016?
Are you still going to be alive to spend money on this earth in 2 years?
How do know Elon will still be here by then?
Stocks go up and stocks go down!
Remember TSLA was flying high about $194.23 on 10/01/2013 then it traded down as low as $116.10 next month on 11/26/2013?
Every one is all different. I am not qualified to give you an answer.
You've got to know what you want in life.
You've got to evaluate risks versus benefits.
What I find in most people, myself included, is a lack of commitment. We're more worried about not making the wrong decision instead of just picking a good reason to make any decision.
Just make the best choice you can and run with it. If it's right, great. If it's wrong, you can say, "Well, I made the best choice based on the information I had at the time."
But what if you still don't know which one is the best choice at the time? Guess. That's right: Guess. Pick one and go with it. If you're right, great. If not, you can still stay, "I had no clue what I was doing, but I made a choice and ran with it." Even if you decide to wait, that's still a viable decision.
There will always be a better idea or plan or choice that you didn't make. And that shouldn't discourage anyone from trying something. Instead, it should encourage everyone to try anything.
Sounds good. As NetWatchR explained, it's a good decision :)


text:
Wednesday, August 30, 2006
I had been on a roll this summer painting everyday several hours, completely innumerable paintings. Now as I have been preparing for the fall, registering for a drawing class at the university, preparing to teach my own classes, preparing for the work of exhibition chair, and setting up my son's half days homeschooling subjects, while I oversee as he scrambles to complete his Biology before summer ends, my head spins and Duh ….I find it hard to focus on painting. I squared away time to work yesterday morning, but all I could do was pace or yawn in my upstairs studio. I was disgusted with myself and my lethargy, when I had looked up and noticed that the clouds and rain had dissipated. The sun is shinning. On the spot I realized I could finish my lagoon painting. Still a bit sluggish, I packed my gear into the back of the van, picked up something to drink and drove off.
The moment I unloaded the car and started walking down to the site, everything changed. I felt alive. This painting spot is a blessing. The world is good. Thank God I am a painter and can be surrounded by this teeming life and beauty. I set up and began painting, for several hours.
Many people walked by, asking the usual, making comments, and giving me the oohs and ahs. It was amazing the number of people yesterday who lived in the area 20 years but had never been in this park until their walk yesterday. They were like kids who had just seen their first fireworks. They were dizzy with exuberance.
As for my painting it is nearly done. I need to watch how far I push the detail. I am working on simplifying and getting the striking essence of the scene, not a photographic image. I want to keep the brush strokes loose and organic to the movement I see in the scene as well as motion record of brushing the paint. I was in a rut in my studio. I think I need to get out of my studio to paint, when I feel like I can't focus at home. Trying to avoid become too detailed with the site in front of me, this morning I will finish the piece in my studio giving myself a 45min limit. Then I think I will work on anatomy drawing for several hours until lunch.
I am not going to touch my computer today again till after 3pm after I post this reflection.
Wednesday, August 30, 2006
Thursday, August 24, 2006
Choice in the Rain
I seem to like to write when it rains. I enjoy the sound of the patter on the roof window overhead. There is a distant rumble of thunder. All this sentiment does not meet the bottom line of political correctness. We Americans pride ourselves in being practical, get the "job done" kind of people. It's either political progression and social justice or meeting the region's sales quota. It's all about doing not listening. As a Congolese Doctor once expressed, "Americans have much to learn about listening. We in the Congo rather have you come alongside to listen, than to come and do." I think he did not know it know it but he was talking about gratitude within a relationship.
Whether we listen to the rain or one another it is about time and choice. What do you value and choose?
Whether we listen to the rain or one another it is about time and choice. What do you value and choose?
Posted by Judith Reidy at 7:21 AM
Friday, August 18, 2006
Plein Aire Painting this Summer for Judith Reidy
This painting, Summer Stroll, is one of three paintings I made and sold at the June Cedarburg , Wisconsin Plein Aire Event. All three of the pieces were made with pastel. This is the only one I had time to capture the image of before it was sold.
These following paintings are made in oil, a media I returned to after years sabatical. This Arched Trellis is located on my front yard.
This view of my neighbors patio was a study in light and reflection. As I travel through the series of plein air painting I see my brush stokes loosen and and color explode.
These following paintings are made in oil, a media I returned to after years sabatical. This Arched Trellis is located on my front yard.
This view of my neighbors patio was a study in light and reflection. As I travel through the series of plein air painting I see my brush stokes loosen and and color explode.
Posted by Judith Reidy at 12:31 AM
Thursday, August 17, 2006
More Summer Paintings from around my home.
This is a continuation of the experimenting with oil painting. This view is from my back patio.
This was a challenging morning to paint because the weather alternated between sunny and torential rain and mist. I painted this looking out from inside my garage to our neighbors across the street. I call this Across the Way.
The previous paintings were relatively small all around 10 x12 or 8 x10 inches. This unfinished piece is about three times that size. I have some questions about the buildings and the "veriticals" in this piece. Any critical comments would be appreciated.
This View from the Hammock gives you some idea of the lush greens in my shade garden in the front of the house.
I feel like I am growing in my use of paint and structuring form with color. I really feel a need to explore my "imagery." I have ideas about the power of the figure set in various settings. I would like to include the figure more in my painting. however, my neighborhood is very suburban and empty during the day. Studying the figure in various ways, anatomically, through gesture drawing and finally developing figure work from my imagination is one way I conceive of developing my work further. One of the reasons I took the CIVA workshop session Figure in the Environment was to get my visual mind immersed in the figure. I still feel a need to work with the figure. My sketchbook is developing into a place where I experiment with inventing figures in various postions and settings.
Posted by Judith Reidy at 11:53 PM
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The modern
African country of Chad
is directly south of Libya, taking
in large swathes of the Sahara Desert in its northern territories.
Sudan is to the east and
Niger to the west, while
the Central
African Republic is to the south. Small tribal kingdoms began to coalesce
into large states from around AD 900 onwards, and it was the
Bornu empire which formed the basis
for modern Chad.
Zaghawa / Duguwa Kingdom
c.AD 900 - c.1400
Zaghawa was a medieval kingdom in northern Chad (on
Sudan's western border and
Libya's southern border), in
the Tibesti Highlands beyond the Bodele Depression, which was established by
Berber nomads and was especially influential from circa 1000 to
circa 1350. There exists almost no data about the region, although the
Zaghawa exist to this day as an identifiable Berber ethnic group. Zaghawa
was important in the Islamicisation of
Kanem, to the south, in 1085.
? - c.850
Kanem is part of the Zaghawa
c.900 - c.1080
Unknown rulers
Names and the number of rulers not recorded.
? - 1086
Last Duguwa king of the Sayfawa dynasty.
Hummay, a member of the Sayfawa establishment who is already a Muslim,
discards the last Duguwa king and establishes the new Sayfuwa dynasty.
c.1086 - c.1400
Zaghawa power is broken by the rise of the
Bornu empire, and the Sayfawa are
reduced to controlling desert regions to the east.
Kanem Empire
c.AD 900 - 1389
The Kanem empire was situated in modern
Chad and
Libya. Originating at an
unknown period in the north-east of Lake Chad, it was known to the
Arabian geographers as the Kanem-Bornu empire from the ninth century
AD onwards and it lasted, in one form or another, until 1893. At its
height it encompassed an area covering not only much of Chad, but
also parts of modern southern Libya and eastern
Niger. The rulers
were known as mais.
The extremely sketchy history of the empire from the thirteenth century
onwards is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle, or Girgam,
which was discovered in 1851 by the German traveller Heinrich Barth.
There is the suggestion of a pre-Christian origin of Kanem in connection
with the
expansion into Africa, although this is unconfirmed.
Part of the Zaghawa kingdom.
fl c.785
Sayfawa dynasty rulers govern the empire.
fl c.835
fl c.893
fl c.942
fl c.961
fl c.1019
fl c.1035
fl c.1077
fl c.1081
Abd al-Djelfl
The kingdom converts to Islam under the influence of
1085 - 1097
1098 - 1150
Dunama I
1150 - 1176
Biri I
1176 - 1193
1193 - 1210
Abd al-Djel Selma
1210 - 1224
Dunama II Dabbalemi
1224 - 1242
1242 - 1262
Kachim Biri
1262 - 1281
1281 - 1301
Ibrahim I Nikale
1301 - 1320
Abdullah I
Increased aggression from
Egypt and internal discord leads to the collapse of the neighbouring
kingdom of Dongola in Nubia.
1320 - 1323
1323 - 1325
Kure Gana
1326 - 1327
Kure Kura
1327 - 1329
Mohammed I
1329 - 1353
Idris I
1353 - 1356
1356 - 1369
Othman I
1370 - 1389
Internal struggles and external attacks tear Kanem apart. Six mais reign in
this period, but Bulala invaders (from the area around Lake Fitri to the
east) kill five of them. This proliferation of mais results in numerous
claimants to the throne and leads to a series of internecine wars.
1369 - 1371
Othman II
1371 - 1372
Abu Bakr Lagatu
1372 - 1380
Idris Dunama III / Umar Idrismi
Moved the capital to Bornu.
The Bulala force Mai Umar Idrismi to abandon Njimi and move the Kanembu
people to Bornu on the western edge of Lake Chad.
1380 - 1388
Omar I
1388 - 1389
Kade Alunu
Kanem-Bornu Empire
The once strong Sayfawa dynasty was forced out of
Kanem and back into the nomadic
lifestyle they had abandoned nearly 600 years ago. Around 1396, the
Kanembu finally overcame attacks from their neighbours (Arabs and Berbers,
and the Hausa of modern
Nigeria), to found a
new state in Bornu. After a shaky start which saw a total of fifteen
mais on the throne during the course of the fifteenth century,
they succeeded in re-establishing domination over their former territory
in Chad, eastern Niger
and southern Libya, as well as north-eastern Nigeria and northern
The capital was located on the western edge of Lake Chad. Over time,
the intermarriage of the Kanembu and Bornu peoples created a new people
and language, the Kanuri.
(Additional information from Ba Karim: An Account of Rabeh's Wars,
Michael Horowitz (African Historical Studies 3, 1970), from La vie du
sultan Rabah, Gaston Dujarric (Paris, 1902), and from External Link:
Encyclopaedia Britannica.)
1389 - 1421
Biri II
1421 - 1422
Othman Kalinuama
1422 - 1424
Dunama IV
1424 - 1432
Abdullah II
1432 - 1440
Ibrahim II
1440 - 1446
1446 - 1450
Dunama V
1450 - 1451
Mohammed II
1451 - 1453
1453 - 1458
Mohammed III
1458 - 1463
1463 - 1473
Othman III
1473 - 1474
Omar II
1474 - 1479
Mohammed IV
1479 - 1507
'Ali Gazi
1507 - 1529
Idris II Katakarmabe
1529 - 1544
Mohammed V
1544 - 1548
'Ali I
1548 - 1566
Dunama VI
1566 - 1573
Abdullah III
1573 - 1589
Aissa Kili N'guirmamaramama
1580 - 1617
Idris III Alaoma / Idris Aluma
The empire peaked at this time.
1617- 1632
Mohammed VI Bukalmarami
1632 - 1639
Ibrahim III
1639 - 1657
Hadj Omar
Sustained by the reforms of Idris III (1580-1617), the empire now begins to
1657 - 1694
'Ali II
1694 - 1711
Idris IV
1711 - 1726
Dunama VII
1726 - 1738
Hadj Hamdan
1738 - 1751
Mohammed VII
1751 - 1753
Dunama VIII Gana
1753 - 1793
'Ali III
late 1700s
Bornu's rule now extends only westwards, into the land of the Hausa of
modern Nigeria.
1793 - 1808
1808 - 1811
Dunama IX Lefiami
1811 - 1814
Mohammed VIII
1814 - 1846
When the semi-nomadic alliance of Muslim tribesmen take over the empire
under Mohammed, the Sayfawas return to the old capital of Kanem under Dunama IX
to remain titular monarchs.
1814 - 1835
Mohammed el Amin I al-Kanemi
Non-Sayfawa dynasty ruler.
1814 - 1817
Rival Sayfawa ruler restored at Kanem.
1817 - 1846
Ibrahim IV
Rival Sayfawa ruler at Kanem.
1835 - 1853
Omar / Umar
Son of Mohammed el Armin al-Kanemi. Deposed by his
'Ali IV Dalatumi
Rival Sayfawa ruler at Kanem. Last of the Sayfawas.
Ali V takes part in a civil war in league with Ouaddai tribesmen. He is
defeated by Omar and one of the longest ruling dynasties is ended. The title
of mai is dropped for the more modest one of shehu (sheikh).
1853 - 1854
Abdul Rahman
Brother of Omar. Usurper. Defeated.
1854 - 1880
1880 - 1884
Bukara Kura
The Sudanese revolt
is led by Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah, the Mahdi (the Guided One), against
administration. It quickly gains popularity amongst the disaffected and
fractured Sudanese people.
1884 - 1885
Ibrahim Kura
Brother. Gained throne through bribery.
1885 - 1893
Hashimi / Ashimi
Brother. Fled and
1893 - 1894
Nephew. Captured
and executed.
1890 - 1893
The empire is conquered by
Great Britain.
Sanda Limananbe
Captured and executed. No successor until 1902.
Rabih az-Zubayr, a warlord from eastern
Sudan who has
subjugated the nearby Ouaddai-Chari sultanate, turns his attentions
towards the fading Bornu empire. He makes short work of capturing the
minor sultanate of Karnak Logone, which catches the attention of the
Bornu emperor, Hashimi. He sends 15,000 men to confront Rabih but they
are routed not once but twice. Hashimi, instantly broken, flees to the
north of the empire where he is assassinated under the orders of his
nephew, Kyari. Kyari himself is soon defeated (in 1894) and Rabih's
Zobeir dynasty has the diminished
empire for itself.
Kyari's official successor, Sanda Limananbe, is also captured and
executed, this time by one of Rabih's henchmen. The Bornu succession
remains vacant until 1902 when the shehus are re-established,
although now they hold little real power and their empire is a thing
of history.
Zobeir Dynasty of Ouaddai-Chari & Bornu
The Zobeir formed a short-lived dynasty in territory
to the east of Lake Chad, much of which had formerly belonged to the
Bornu empire. A
Sudanese slave
trader and warlord called Rabih az-Zubayr served as the lieutenant of
the notorious Sebehr Rahma, the 'Slaver King' who provided
British Governor-General Charles George Gordon with some opposition
in Sudan in the 1870s. Rahma's son, Suleyman, led a revolt against the
British in 1878, but he was defeated by a native governor and surrendered
in 1879. By that time Rabih had already retreated southwards, having
suffered heavily losses to his own forces. With a command that totalled
about fourteen hundred men he spent the next few years carving out a
brutal and violent domain in territory between the Nile basin and that
of the Ubangi, in the lands of Dar Benda and Kreich.
By 1885 those lands had been laid waste, so Rabih attempted to return
to Sudan at the invitation of Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah, 'The Mahdi'.
Learning of a plot to assassinate him, he turned away, invading Darfur
instead. There he was defeated by the sultan of Ouaddai, being deflected
instead into Ouaddai-Chari (Ubangi-Shari, named after the two rivers
between which it lay and later part of French Equatorial Africa). This
time he was successful, deposing the Muslim chieftain there and
installing the chieftain's nephew as his puppet. To seal the arrangement,
Khadija, the daughter of the new chief, Al-Mahdi al-Senoussi, was married
to Rabih's son, Fad el Allah. Rabih went on to lead attacks on neighbouring
provinces and kingdoms before invading the Bornu empire in 1893. In the
end, having stirred up a hornet's nest of trouble with the colonial
French, Rabah's forces were overwhelmed by them in 1900.
(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information from Ba
Karim: An Account of Rabeh's Wars, Michael Horowitz (African Historical
Studies 3, 1970), from La vie du sultan Rabah, Gaston Dujarric (Paris,
1902), and from External Link:
Encyclopaedia Britannica.)
Having set himself up in the minor territory of Ouaddai-Chari, Rabih
az-Zubayr leads attacks on a number of local regions, including Dar Runga,
Kreich, Goula, and then Banda Ngao. With the colonial
French showing an interest in the region, an expedition of theirs is
attacked in 1891. The expedition's French leader is killed and the weapons
are collected to rearm Rabih's own forces. The Baguirmi kingdom to the
south-east of Lake Chad is attacked in 1892. The capital is besieged and in
1893 is completely destroyed.
Also in 1893, Rabah turns his attentions towards the fading
Bornu empire. He makes short work
of capturing the minor sultanate of Karnak Logone on the empire's eastern
border, which catches the attention of the Bornu emperor, Hashimi. He sends
15,000 men to confront Rabih but they are routed not once but twice. Hashimi,
instantly broken, flees to the north of the empire where he is assassinated
under the orders of his nephew, Kyari. Kyari himself is soon defeated (in
1894) and Rabih has the diminished empire for himself and his puppet sultan,
Al-Mahdi al-Senoussi.
1893 - 1900
Rabah the Conqueror
/ Rabih az-Zubayr
Sudanese warlord who
captured the Bornu empire. Killed.
Rabih has spent seven years rebuilding the Bornu empire in his image,
re-equipping the army and founding new forts. However, his troops are
still primitively armed by Europeans standards. Talks with the
French lead to the explorer Ferdinand de Béhagle being arrested and
hanged, and the commander of a French unit being killed in action. In
response, three French columns are sent against him, and on 22 April 1900
Rabih's forces are overwhelmed and Rabih killed during an attempted escape.
Fad el Allah
/ Fadlallah
Defeated and killed by the
1901 - 1960
Fad el Allah attempts to hold together the splintering forces of his father,
but he is quickly defeated and killed. Chad is taken by
while Borno goes to
Great Britain to be incorporated into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate,
neighbouring the Southern Nigerian Protectorate and its defeated
Benin empire
territory (merged in 1914 to form the beginnings of modern
Nigeria). In 1903 the
French also gain Ouaddai-Chari, adding it to French Equatorial Africa.
French control of Chad is fully secured by 1920 as part of French
Equatorial Africa, and remains in place until 11 August 1960, when
Chad gains independence and a republic
is formed.
Modern Chad
AD 1960 - Present Day
The modern republic of Chad is a landlocked semi-desert
country in central sub-Saharan Africa. It is bordered to the north by
Libya, to the east
by Sudan, to the south
by the
Central African Republic, to the south-west by Cameroon, and to the
west by Nigeria and
Niger. The capital
is at N'Djamena.
The republic was created on 11 August 1960, when independence was gained
France after forty years of colonial rule. A president was elected, but
this quickly turned into a dictatorship and civil war followed in what
was always a poor country. Since then the country's history has been
marked by instability and violence, stemming mostly from tension between
the mainly Arab-Muslim north and the predominantly Christian and animist
south. The civil war has largely been a north-versus-south affair, with
the fertile south being backed by France and the desert north and arid
centre by Libya.
Despite its overal reputation as a dry and dusty country, southern Chad
is home to many forests. But over the years these have systematically
been chopped down, first by people seeking firewood and then for charcoal
which burns for longer and produces less smoke. This makes it cheaper than
wood, but it is also less efficient, so more trees need to be felled to
produce it. As well as it being illegal to chop down trees in Chad, making
charcoal is also forbidden, although they does not stop hundreds of trees
being felled every week. However, Chad is rich in gold and uranium and
stands to benefit in the twenty-first century from its recently-acquired
status as an oil-exporting state.
(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information from the
Encyclopaedia Britannica, and from External Links:
News, and
BBC Country Profiles, and
Time: Chad, Death of a Dictator, and from the official
of the Republic of Chad website.)
1960 - 1962
Tombalbaye, the first president of the republic, quickly introduces dictatorial
rule with the banishment of the multiparty system. It takes just two years to
get from independence to dictatorship. In 1965, Muslims in the country begin a
civil war against him (he being a Christian southerner), but this initially
takes the form of relatively ineffective guerrilla warfare and is combined
with a severe drought.
1962 - 1975
François 'N'Garta'
president. Killed.
Signs of liberalisation appear, with Tombalbaye admitting that he has made
mistakes in his presidency and rule of the country. Reform is initiated, and
France withdraws the last of its troops from the country. Later in the
same year a coup attempt is uncovered, with links to
Libya's Muammar al-Gaddafi.
The reforms come to a shuddering halt, the border with Libya is closed, and
Tombalbaye allows anti-Gaddafi rebels to operate from northern Chad.
The war continues, and Tombalbaye lashes out at his own military. Seemingly
arbitrary promotions and demotions, and also arrests to prevent a perceived
(but probably non-existent) coup, lead to him being assassinated during a
very real coup by a group of officers. General Noël Milarew Odingar leads
the country during a short transition between the coup and the selection of
another southerner as the new leader - Felix Malloum.
Noël Milarew
officer who oversaw the transition period.
1975 - 1979
Felix Malloum
Resigned after failing to unite north and south.
Libya has become directly
involved in the war, with the northern neighbour hoping to take control now
France has lost any influence. It backs a northern Chadian, Goukouki
Oueddei, who replaces Malloum when the north conquers the capital at
N'Djamena. The country's infrastructure collapses completely, and the fighting
continues with armed factions, many of them formerly part of the north's civil
war against the south, contending for power. Once the warlords of the defeated
south have fought it out to see who will lead them, a former defence minister,
Hissène Habré, emerges as their new commander.
1979 - 1982
Goukouki Oueddei
Deposed and fled to the north.
1980 - 1981
Not content with supporting rebel groups,
Libyan forces now invade
and occupy the Aozou Strip. This is followed later in the same year with the
occupation of much of northern Chad, but the Chadians under Hissène Habré force
them out in 1981.
With continued
French support, Hissène Habré reaches the capital and is able to capture
it. Goukouki Oueddei is able to escape by fleeing to the north of the country
where he forms a rival government. Habré's term of office quickly turns into
another dictatorship, with corruption and violence seemingly endemic in
everyday life.
1982 - 1990
Hissène Habré
/ Hissen Habre
Deposed by his own general.
1983 - 1987
The Libyans return in 1983
to take northern Chad above Koro Toro. The presence of the Libyans in Chad is
almost universally disliked. With extremely unusual levels of support from
fellow Chadians, Hissène Habré's forces eject them from the country,
although it takes until 1987 to achieve this feat.
Hissène Habré's regime of violence and discrimination against his former
allies has worn out the patience even of his supporters. In his turn he is
ousted, this time by another
Libyan-backed candidate
in the form of Idriss Déby, one of Habré's own generals. This northern
candidate for dictatorship effectively replaces the shadow government of
Goukouki Oueddei.
1990 - 1996
Idriss Déby
general who introduced free and fair elections.
The general responsible for overthrowing Habré, Idriss Déby, has overseen a
stabilisation of events in the country and also the introduction of a multiparty
political system. In 1996 he wins free and fair elections to become the country's
first legitimate, democratically elected leader since 1960. He also wins a second
term of office five years later, in 2001.
1998 - 2002
An armed insurgency begins in the north, despite President Déby himself
being from the north. His former defence chief, Youssouf Togoimi, is the
insurgency's leader. A
Libyan-brokered peace
deal in 2002 fails to put an end to the fighting.
2003 - 2005
February 2003, rebels in the western region of Darfur in
Sudan rise up against the
government, claiming that the region is being neglected by Khartoum. In
January the following year, the army moves to quell the rebel uprising and
hundreds of thousands of refugees flee to neighbouring Chad. In 2005 a peace
deal is agreed which ends the Second Sudanese Civil War, but Chad and
Sudan accuse one another of backing and harbouring rebels, and the dispute
leads to a four-year break in relations between 2006-2010.
2006 - 2009
Internal dissent springing from recent oil drilling delivers renewed conflict.
Following his removal of the two-term limit on his presidency, Déby enjoys
victory in a third election that is boycotted by the rebels. Full-blown civil
war is the expected result, but no side is able to gain decisive control. By
2009, after two failed attempts to take the capital, the rebel attacks are
little more than minor firefights.
2006 - Present
for an unlimited period. Effectively a dictator.
2013 - 2015
late in 2013 Chad begins to play host to tens of thousands of refugees who
flee the fighting in the neighbouring
African Republic. In 2015 the country pledges military support to
Cameroon and Nigeria in
repelling the Islamist Boko Haram insurgency. Boko Haram respond by attacking
the Chadian shore of Lake Chad, raising fears that the insurgency may spread
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