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Going on holiday – abroad or at home can be a stressful time. Especially financially. It can easily and quickly all add up. Granted Center Parcs may not be the 'cheaper' option for a family holiday. However I do believe that you get what you pay for and in most ways and terms, this rings true with Center Parcs. Though that's not to say that saving money here and there wouldn't go amiss and there's definitely the opportunity to.
I am no way claiming to be an expert. Neither is this post in association with Center Parcs. These are purely the thoughts of my husband and me through what we have learnt over our three visits, which I thought would be helpful to share. So here are our 5 top tips for Center Parcs.
Book a year in advance.
This may be something you already do. As I mentioned above, I'm aware Center Parcs isn't the cheapest place to visit, however with the ability to book near a year in advance, it surely makes me a little more possible. As with most holidays, a deposit is paid at the time of booking and then you have up until two months before your visit to pay the remaining balance. We chose to pay monthly. Dividing the amount into the months left. This made it easier to pay than one large lump sum.
Book restaurants in advance.
I wouldn't say this is an imperative one for the length of your stay, as there's always the possibility of enquiring in places whilst you're out and about. However, I would suggest in booking your first night, especially if you plan to visit The Lake House, at Whinfell Forest, as they do get booked up pretty quickly. As we've found in the past.
Shop before you arrive.
This is something we've done from our first visit. We have shopped at the Parc Mart once, but never again. Not for the big shop. It's great for forgotten items, or you've run out of milk etc, but the prices are considerably more than what you'd pay at the nearest supermarket. For us, we always stop at Morrisons in Penrith, with a written shopping list that we put together before we set off.
Unless it's a seasonal visit/school holiday, don't panic on booking all activities.
Having visited at Christmas we were very aware of supply and demand of activities. Everyone wants to see Santa right! So it was a no-brainer that we had to book such activities pretty sharpish to get slots that we'd like over slots we'd work with. However, our other visits to Center Parcs have been during term time. Although still busy with children we've never found an activity full booked. Just booked up for particular days. If you're looking to make an itinerary then book in advance. If there's an activity that you 100% want to do, then book it. Failing that, just play it by ear.
Download the app.
The Center Parcs app is something we became aware of on our visit last year. After downloading, simply entering your booking details gives you access to a sitemap, your itinerary (if you've booked things), the ability to book activities and restaurants, take pictures and general Parc information. It was great to just have quick and easy access to booking activities and also see day to day what we had booked to plan our day around.
Have you visited Center Parcs? – Do you have any tips of your own? –
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8 Comments
Definitely with you on doing the big shop somewhere else, the shops in centre parcs are so expensive!
I wouldn't say there pounds and pounds more expensive, but if you were to do your weekly shop there, it would definitely add up! x
Chloe - New Girl in Toon
We were so lucky when we visited Whinfell because the weather was beautiful. It meant we just paid for bike hire and then spent our days racing round on our bikes. Such a bargain considering how long we spent on them, the lovely weather meant we didn't book any other activities at all!
I've never been to centre packs, I'd love to visit one day as it looks like such a cool holiday.
Corinne x
I do really want to visit Centre Parcs, and I look every year, but the price has always put me off. I'm determined to go one day though, just to see what all the fuss is about! 😀
With school aged kids we are tied to school holidays which I know can make a big difference to price, but I might just have to keep my eyes peeled for a bargain! x
It can be pricey. Especially during school holidays, as with most places, their prices go up. But it's definitely somewhere you need to try once! x
Can't find the App you mentioned earlier, it doesn't appear on the App Store
I've had a look myself and it seems they've removed it. Such a shame as it was a great tool to use.


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With just a few strokes, the perfect mascara can do wonders for your eyes. But no matter how long and strong our lashes may be, we're always looking for ways to make them look bolder, thicker and lusher. After all, who can resist a little drama — even in the daytime. Enter volumizing mascaras, beauty's best friend.
It seems every year, brands release a new and improved mascara designed to give you the bold lashes of your dreams. But not all volumizing mascaras are created equal. It's important to find a formula that promises flirty, seductive, yet natural-looking lashes that won't flake off or run a few hours later.
For thick, smudge-proof lashes, you can't beat a dual-sided product that contains an eyelash primer on one side and volumizing mascara on the other. If two steps are too much for you, look for a standard thickening mascara formula that offers buildable volume in one or more coats. Read on for some of the best volumizing mascaras available right now.
[ Next: The Best New Drugstore Mascaras of 2017 ]

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Cervical Collars
Extrication collars lay flat for easy storage assembles easily with just a few adjustments. Since proper sizing is critical for good patient care, the collar features easily identifiable color-coded sizes. The large trachea hole offers excellent access to the neck for pulse check and advanced airway techniques. The low angle design of the chin piece ensures stable support, and it also prevents hyperextension.
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Jim French Diaries: The Creator of Colt Studio
Jim French Diaries: The Creator of Colt Studio by Jim French
2011, Hardcover
One thing is for sure: The world of gay porn wouldn't be what it is today without Jim French, the founder of legendary Colt Studio. The multi-faced styles of his movies and photo works influenced many directors and photographers.
His models have always been a perfect example of hunky maleness; Jim French's pictures of them are always stunning, no matter whether he shoots them in beefy porn style or in the classic vintage look of the 50s.
Jim French Diaries illuminates the many faces of Colt Studio not only with countless photos but also with a lot of informative text revealing the exciting history behind the label.


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This page has been updated and replaced as part of the DNREC Web Reboot Project.
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This page offers a full list of resources, taken from the Green Infrastructure Primer, about green infrastructure in Delaware and how it can be incorporated or enhanced in your area. We encourage interested parties who have read and interacted with the Green Infrastructure Primer to seek further information from the resources provided.
Resources include contacts for:
Resources also include selected documents that provide technical guidance for planning and site scale practices, as well as several mapping resources.
Full List of Green Infrastructure Resources for Delaware


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The first question people ask me when looking to jump on the wellness-wagon is almost always, "What should I eat?" That question usually sends my excitable nutrition nerdy brain into a tailspin. Instinctively, I want to immediately ask them a series of questions about their home life, their career, their relationship with a power/energy greater… Continue reading Food Prep Like a Champ!
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On the First Date, True Love
Here I am. Reading. Sipping tea named "comfort". Finally, taking on this book that has taken up dusty residence on my nightstand for over a year. Eating a delicious piece of chocolate recommended by my new favorite barista. What got me to this place was pretty synchronistic. I'm supposed to be on a girls trip… Continue reading On the First Date, True Love


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Add extra custom WordPress widget ID and classes for better customization and other purposes.
No need to add Widget CSS Classes Plugin when using Widget Options. If you are in need of adding custom widget ID and classes for CSS or javascript purposes you can fully rely on this plugin.
Widget Options also provides predefined classes option so that you can create a bulk default classes and just select them on each widgets, no need to write them again and again. Simple and powerful, no need for coding functions and filters for simple solutions.


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St. Barts / St. Barth: Travel Insurance
Some reasons to consider travel insurance include: travel during hurricane season, travel when your departure or connecting city could experience severe weather, and travel by those whose medical condition, small children or elderly relatives could cause an emergency change of plans. Travel insurance is not inexpensive but may be worth the extra investment.
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Contact us to discover how easy it is to promote your company right here.
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Contact us to discover how easy it is to promote your company right here.
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Since 1994, French Caribbean International has been the premier guide to the French West Indies. In addition to providing helpful travel information, we are an exceptional resource for accommodations including St. Barthélemy (St. Barts, St. Barth, St. Barths) villa rentals and hotels, St. Martin / St. Maarten villa rentals and hotels, Martinique villa rentals and hotels, Guadeloupe villa rentals and hotels, Les Saintes villa rentals and hotels, and Marie-Galante villa rentals and hotels.


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The Earth is constantly changing. Some changes are natural and occur quickly, like a passing storm, or very slowly, like the retreat of the great glaciers that once covered much of Canada during past Ice Ages. Other changes are the direct result of things people are doing with purpose and forethought, like the harvesting of a forest for timber, or the damming of a river. But sometimes people do things for good reasons (like burning fossil fuels for energy to power our cars, homes and factories), which produce unintended effects such as climate change.
The Arctic is warming faster than any other region on earth. New development opportunities are being pursued and community populations are changing dramatically. All of these factors may result in rapid changes to northern eco systems. People who live in the region depend on these ecosystems to provide clean air and water, plants to harvest, animals to hunt, and permanently frozen solid ground on which to build roads and houses.
Permafrost thawing, changes to snow, ice and river flow, and changes in timing of arrival and departure of migratory animals, are having direct impacts on the people who live in communities along rivers, among boreal forests or on the Arctic tundra. These people, and people around the world, depend on deep frozen soils to stay frozen to keep our planetary climate stable by storing carbon for long periods of time and preventing it from moving into the atmosphere.
The Terrestrial Ecology Program of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is organizing the Arctic-Boreal vulnerability Experiment, or ABovE. The ABovE Field Campaign will focus on studies across northwestern Canada and Alaska (Figure 1). While NASA is known for its manned space flight program, it also has a mission "to understand and protect our home planet". Thus, since the late 1960s, NASA engineers and scientists have designed, launched, and operated a large number of Earth observing satellites, and have used data from these satellites for research to develop a deeper understanding of the processes causing changes to Earth's oceans, atmosphere and land surfaces. A "field campaign" involves a large group of scientists who join together to collect and analyze data from satellite and aircraft remote sensing, along with observations from field studies on the ground to investigate a variety of topics within a region.
research during ABovE will focus on how and why Arctic and boreal ecosystems are changing in response to global climate change, human development, and other environmental changes. ABovE will include a four- to five-year long period of collection of data on the ground in conjunction with airborne and satellite data. In addition, ABovE research will focus on developing the information people need to plan for and respond to these changes, especially for the Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups who call this region home.
A key goal for ABovE will be to develop new satellite and airborne remote sensing information products. For example, a common use of satellite remote sensing data is to map the amount of live vegetation present in a region. regular collection of these data over time allows for monitoring seasonal patterns of vegetation growth.
Using satellite data collected from the late 1970s into the 21st century, scientists have determined that vegetation in some areas in northwestern North America has seasonally experienced increased growth, while other areas have experienced a decrease (Figure 1). The increases in vegetation have mainly occurred in tundra where increased shrub growth has been observed, while decreases have mostly occurred in boreal forests, and have been attributed to water stress. While some of the reasons for the changing vegetation growth are known, many questions remain.
Changes in hydrology can also be mapped with satellite remote sensing systems. The extensive areas of small lakes and ponds in the ABovE region provide habitat for a range of fish and wildlife species, and are important for winter transportation. Due to changes in climate, thawing permafrost, and human activities, some lakes and small ponds are draining, while in other cases, they are increasing in size (Figure 2).
As part of ABovE, NASA is developing an expansive, detailed map of small lake and ponds for the region for the years 1990, 2000, and 2010. On-the-ground research during the ABovE field campaign will help scientists understand the processes that are causing changes to lake area over the past two decades observed in the satellite imagery (Figure 3).
In addition to providing data that can be used to analyze long-term changes in environmental characteristics, remote sensing data are also used to routinely generate information that is vital for management of natural resources.
For example, satellites easily detect forest and tundra fires with thermal infrared sensors. This has allowed the U.S. Forest Service's remote Sensing Applications Center to develop a system to produce maps of active wildland fires for Canada and the United States three times each day — a valuable information source for monitoring burning in remote areas that experience extensive wildland fires, such as Alaska, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories (Figure 4). Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) system fire maps for different regions of Canada can be downloaded at http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/activefiremaps.php?sensor=modis&extent=canada.
In addition to studies of the factors that are causing changes in the patterns of wild land fires, during ABovE scientists will use satellite observations and field studies to understand how and why forests are changing as they regrow after fires (Figure 5). The extensive fires in the Northwest Territories last summer will provide an ideal opportunity to study factors controlling forest recovery in this region during ABovE. In other areas of the ABovE study region, more severe wildfires and northward migration of tree species are leading to complex patterns of recovery in black spruce forests across the ABovE study region.
In planning the ABovE research activities, NASA is actively working on developing partnerships with a range of organizations in Canada, including federal agencies (e.g., Natural resources Canada, Environment Canada, the Canadian Space Agency, and Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada) and territorial governments (Yukon, Nunavut, and the Northwest Territories). A high priority for NASA is the active engagement of Aboriginal groups and members of local communities throughout the ABovE campaign. This will include consulting with groups with land ownership/usage rights in areas where the research will take place, learning about local and regional scientific information needs to support planning, incorporating traditional knowledge into ABovE research, and meetings to inform members of local communities about the planned research activities and results.
For more information about ABoVE, visit the ABoVE website at: above.nasa.gov and follow us on twitter at: @NASA_ABoVE.
Eric S. Kasischke, Elisabeth K. Larson, and Peter C. Griffith


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The Australian Defence Science and Technology Group (DST) has today (23 January) released details of a new acoustic signature prediction tool, which has been developed in partnership with Frazer-Nash Consultancy over several years.
The Australian Rapid Assessment Tool (AusRAT) is an extremely powerful tool used to model the acoustic signatures for all classes of naval vessel. A world first, it is capable of being applied to naval platforms including both surface ships and submarines.
DST Defence Scientist Dr Stephen Moore, who played an instrumental role in the AusRAT project, said:
"The ability to predict the acoustic signature during design and construction is critical to achieving the low signature requirements of a modern naval fleet.
"External benchmarking has demonstrated that DST has world-class expertise in this area and identified AusRAT, in particular, as being a world-class capability."
The tool will be used to predict the acoustic signature of the proposed designs for the Australian Future Submarine programme (SEA1000) and the Future Frigate programme (SEA5000), to confirm they meet Australia's requirements.
DST has also confirmed that the Ministry of Defence has evaluated AusRAT through a series of case studies, endorsing its capabilities and exploring opportunities to partner with Australia and DST in further development.
Read the full story here.


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By Bernard Bujold (LeStudio1.com)
The pleasure of golf is the science of knowing accurately to measure the distance between the ball and the target field and then assess the necessary strike on the club to direct the ball on target. Obviously on paper everything is easily explained but in real life… that's another story. Sometimes the calculation works but sometimes not…
Fortunately, there is the cottage to rest!
Cheers for holiday season 2014!
Photo 1 and 2: Bernard Bujold (LeStudio1.com);
Photo 3 and 4 Golf Club;
See pictures LeStudio1.com album;
THE PLEASURE OF GOLFJuly 29, 2014
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL – 125 years of existence…July 9, 2014
Bernard Bujold (LeStudio1.com) –
I read a lot of newspapers in my life, but I never appreciated much a publication as The Wall Street Journal. I read The WSJ since the age of 18 years and I have never ceased since the first time.
I appreciated their Centenary in 1989 and I even went visit the newsroom at the time when it was located at 10 Wall Street in New York (neighbor of the Stocks Exchange).
The anniversary edition of Tuesday, July 8, 2014 was very special because it highlights 125 years of publication. This paper began as a simple four pages distributed by hand to few hundred readers (brokers) and today it is published at more than 2.2 million copies distributed worldwide.
Congratulations to THE WALL STREET JOURNAL!
Photo 1: Bernard Bujold and The Wall Street Journal;
Photo 2 and 3: Special Edition of the Wall Street Journal;
Photo 4: Distribution Box WSJ;
See website The Wall Street Journal;
THE ART OF BIKE IN 2014 – Helmet bike …July 7, 2014
By Bernard Bujold (LeStudio1.com) –
My friends often ask me if I wear a bicycle helmet?
Until last year, I did not wear one but since this spring I adopted one!
This is not so much the bike that has become a dangerous and life threatening activity, but people on the bike paths. We must deal with the other cyclists (some too fast, others too slow …), walkers walking occasionally in four broad without moving to bicycles, skateboards teenagers gang, many electric wheelchairs and even small motorcycles with motor gasoline…
Finally, there is often the cracks and crevices on the aging tracks.
In fact, wearing a helmet is almost a need for single pedestrians in the streets of the city…
Have you try walking in a street of the city downtown around 8 o'clock in the morning or at 5 pm. It is as if we were in the middle of a stampede of wild animals. People are in a hurry and they do not hesitate to hit other people who block their passage. Or try to cross the boulevard de Maisonneuve! The bike path on this boulevard is worse than rail, cyclists being the trains… Conclusion: A good bike helmet is an urban necessity for those who want to survive in the city!
I would add that the only safe place for cycling, and still a bit fun, is in an underground garage…
Have a nice ride!
Photo 1 and 2: Bernard Bujold and his bike helmet;
Photo 3: Bike in a underground garage;
See LeStudio1.com site
READINGS FOR THE SUMMER SEASON 2014 …July 1, 2014
By Bernard Bujold (LeStudio1.com) –
The summer holiday season is the season for reading! Here are my six suggestions of book I just finished or that I will read in over the next few weeks. I recommend them!
1- CAPITAL by Thomas Piketty (French or English) – The bedside book of many modern politicians and which seem to influence the program and the actions of Philippe Couillard or Stephen Harper…;
2- THE NEWS – A fascinating analysis of the meaning of information in our daily lives. The book is timely especially with the transformation of paper media (LaPresse +) and the deadly crisis at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation;
3- JFK JR, GEORGE AND ME – Memories of the man who was the artistic director for George magazine created by John Kennedy jr. in 1995. A book that will appeal to both fans of John Jr. and to all those interested the creation and operation of a large paper magazine (this was before the Internet)…;
4- THE KEY OF SOLOMON – Volume 3 of the books by Jose Rodrigues Dos Santos. A novel polar style that resembles those of Dan Brown with historical and scientific context. A book that will appeal to those who liked the first two books in the series by Dos Santos or the works of Dan Brown;
5- NO PLACE TO HIDE (Edward Snowden) – Here is the story of the journalist who published the records unveiled by Edward Snowden about espionage by the Government of the United States around the world. A book that makes us discover that the world has become a public space or nothing is secret from governments about their citizens or those elsewhere including various political leaders ;
6- HITLER MY NEIGHBOR – The story of a teenager who grew up in a residence in front of the apartment (condo) of Adolph Hitler where he lived before and during the War of 1940. Hitler did not show then any evidence or sign of the tyrant that he became and even many citizens everywhere admired Hitler and hoped that he be one that would end unemployment and economic crisis affecting Europe. A history lesson whose conclusion is clear: "We must be wary of politicians who promise miracles … ".
Happy reading all and especially Happy Holidays!
Photo 1: Coverage of works mentioned in the text;
See page suggestions LeStudio1.com books;


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As the name suggests, Family Day is an event that is intended to allow loved ones to take a respite from their daily lives and spend quality time together. One of the best things about this occasion is that there is no single "requirement" for the activities to be celebrated; Family Day is flexible as it is relaxing.
Unsurprisingly, this day is held at different times of the year within different parts of the world. Still, the overall intention is the same. As all of us are leading increasingly hectic schedules, this day is intended to give us a bit of leisure time outside of the "hustle and bustle" of our routines.
Some may choose to have a festive meal together while others can instead attend a religious event or simply take a picnic. Either way, this day is one of the best ways to remind us of the importance of family in our lives.


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The Atom
|The basic particle from which all elements are made: the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of the element.
|A tiny, negatively charged particle that moves around the outside of the nucleus of an atom.
|In cells, a large oval organelle that contains the cells genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cells activities.
|Small, positively charged particles that are found in the nucleus of an atom.
|Energy level-
|A region of an atom in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found.
|A small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical chagre.
|Atomic Number-
|The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
|An atom with the same number of protons and a different number number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.
|Mass Number-
|The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
|Atomic Mass-
|The average mass of all the isotopes of an element.
|Chemical Symbol-
|A one or two letter representation of an element.
|A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.
|Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table: also called family.
|A class of elements characterized by physical properties that include shininess, malleability, ductility, and conductivity
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Who We Are
We are the two permanent members of staff for the Courts and Tribunals Service. We work in the court offices in the Town Hall, Stanley.
For further information regarding the judiciary please see the drop down menu "judiciary".
Head of Courts and Tribunals Service - James Brooks
James moved to the Falkland Islands in 2016. Having grown up on the Isle of Wight and attended university in London, James qualified as a barrister in 2001 and then worked for two years in legal publishing. In 2003 James joined the magistrates' courts service, initially in Devon, and then in Essex and Humberside, dealing with adult and youth criminal, and family, matters. He also provided training to lay justices on a wide range of subjects having successfully completed a training qualification.
James also provides a programme of in house legal adviser training to the Court Assistant to ensure that in due course she will be able to take on the role of providing legal advice to the lay justices in the summary court.
James lives in Stanley with his wife and young daughter.
Court Assistant - Laura Clarke
Laura moved back to the Falkland Islands in 2011 after completing her A-levels in the UK and degree in Criminology with Applied Psychology at the University of Brighton.
Laura was appointed to the position of court assistant in May 2013. Since this time, Laura has been actively encouraged to develop her skills and has commenced a distance learning Law Degree with Northumbria University. Her studies started in September 2014 and are due to take place over a three year period. Laura returns to the UK to take exams at the end of each study year.
With the support of the Falkland Islands Government and her colleagues, Laura's role has been successfully succession planned, meaning that it is hoped that, once legally qualified and upon gaining sufficient experience within the court service, Laura will take on the role of Head of Courts and Tribunals. This will enable her to provide the court service with continuity and stability in future years.
In addition to her full time job as court assistant and her distance learning degree, Laura is also undertaking in-house Legal Adviser training provided by the Head of Courts and Tribunals Service, meaning she will be able to provide legal support to the lay justices in due course.


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ELNOS Corporation for Business Development is a full-service business development corporation that was established to stimulate economic growth in the ELNOS Region through new business development and investment. ELNOS provides creative and flexible solutions to advance the development and growth of businesses in the ELNOS Region. We favour growing businesses that will provide long-term income and employment opportunities in the ELNOS Region.
The ELNOS Region is comprised of: The Corporation of the City of Elliot Lake, The Town of Blind River, The Town of Spanish, The Township of the North Shore, and the Serpent River First Nation.


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Read 442-881_pdf.pdf text version
publication 442-881
Jactone Arogo Ogejo, Extension Specialist, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech Zhiyou Wen, Extension Specialist, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech John Ignosh, Extension Area Specialist, Agricultural By-product Utilization, Northwest District Eric Bendfeldt, Extension Area Specialist, Community Viability, Northwest District E.R. Collins, Jr., Professor Emeritus, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech
Biomethane Technology
This publication provides a general overview of anaerobic digestion and the current status of biomethane technology on livestock farms in the United States. It is part of the Bioenergy Engineering Education Program (BEEP) of the Biological Systems Engineering Department at Virginia Tech. Most of the discussion uses dairy manure as an example of feedstock for an anaerobic digester. Resources which provide more detailed information on anaerobic digesters are listed.
effluent can be separated into solids (fiber) and liquids. The solids can be composted prior to sale for use as a compost or animal bedding. The liquid still contains nutrient that can be sold or used on the farm as a liquid fertilizer as part of a crop nutrient management plan.
Gas handling Gas utilization: Electricity generation and/or heat
Biogas Technology
Manure source and collection
Manure handling
Manure handling
Biomethane (biogas) is an alternative and renewable energy source produced through the anaerobic (oxygen free) digestion of organic matter whereby the organic matter is converted into a combustible biogas rich in methane (CH4) and a liquid effluent (Figure 1). In general, biogas consists of 55 percent to 80 percent methane and 20 percent to 45 percent carbon dioxide (CO2). However, depending on the source of the organic matter and the management of the anaerobic digestion process, small amounts of other gases such as ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and water vapor (H2O) may be present. It is the methane component of the biogas that will burn or produce energy. The gas can be used to generate heat or electricity or both. It can be burned in a conventional gas boiler to produce heat for nearby buildings or to heat the digester, or used in a gas engine to produce electricity. As the organic material (feedstock) is added to the system, the digested effluent is pumped from the digester. The effluent can be stored in a tank and later applied to the land at an appropriate time as a fertilizer without further treatment. Or, the
Manure storage
Land application
Figure 1. Basic material flow in an anaerobic digestion system.
Sources of organic matter that have been used to produce biogas include animal manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, food-processing wastes, and industrial wastes. A typical biogas system consists of manure collection, anaerobic digestion, storage for digester effluent, and gas handling and gas use equipment (Figure 2). Anaerobic digesters have been used successfully in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and on a number of livestock farms for many years. However, the use of anaerobic digestion technology on livestock farms in the U.S. for manure treatment and energy production has increased over the past few years (EPA AgStar 2006). According to the EPA AgStar program, some of the factors influencing the increased
Produced by Communications and Marketing, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2009
Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. RIck D. Rudd, Interim Director, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Alma C. Hobbs, Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State, Petersburg.
Manure Source and Collection System
Effluent Storage
Electric Generation System
Gas Handling System
Figure 2. Components of a typical biogas digester. (Source: EPA AgStar)
Flare or Heat Source
demand for anaerobic digesters are increasing technical reliability of anaerobic digesters through the deployment of successful operating systems; growing concern of farm owners about environmental quality; increasing numbers of state and federal programs designed to share costs in the development of these systems; spiraling energy costs; the need for energy security; and emerging new energy policies (federal and state) designed to expand growth of reliable renewable energy and green power markets.
the following benefits to an animal feeding operation and the surrounding communities: · Electric and thermal energy. · Stable liquid fertilizer and high-quality solids for soil amendment. · Odor reduction. · Reduced groundwater and surface water contamination potential. · Potential revenue from sales of digested manure (liquid and solids) and excess electricity and/or processing off-site organic waste. · Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; methane is captured and used as a fuel. · Revenue from possible reuse of digested solids as livestock bedding. · Potential revenue from green energy and carbon credits. The cost of installing an anaerobic digester depends on the type and size of system, type of livestock operation, and site-specific conditions (EPA AgStar, 2006). In general, consider the following points when estimating installation/operating costs: · Estimate the cost of constructing the system. · Estimate the labor and cost of operating the system. · Estimate the quantity of gas produced. 2
Properties of Methane
Pure methane is an odorless gas made up of one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen. It occurs naturally as a component of "natural gas" and is lighter than air and highly flammable. Methane can form mixtures with air that are explosive at concentrations of 5 percent to 15 percent. Methane is not toxic, but it can cause death due to asphyxiation by displacing oxygen in confined environments or spaces. The heating value of pure methane gas is 1,000 BTU per cubic foot. Additionally, methane is considered to be a powerful greenhouse gas that can remain in the atmosphere for up to 15 years, and is about 20 times more effective in trapping heat in Earth's atmosphere than carbon dioxide (EPA AgStar 2006).
Benefits and Challenges of Biogas Technology
Anaerobic digestion can convert organic wastes into profitable byproducts as well as reduce their environmental pollution potential. Anaerobic digestion offers
· Estimate the value of the gas produced. · Compare operation costs to benefits from operation (include value as a waste-treatment system and the fertilizer value of the sludge and supernatant). The main financial obligations associated with building an anaerobic digester include capital (equipment and construction and associated site work), project development (technical, legal, and planning consultants; financing; utilities connection; and licensing), operation and maintenance, and training costs. In making a decision to install a digester, one must realize that the system will require continuous monitoring and routine maintenance and repair that should not be underestimated. Components should be maintained as recommended by the manufacturers because manure and biogas can be corrosive on metal parts. In fact, the majority of digester failures over the past few decades were the result of management, not technological, problems.
electrical grid. Details concerning the distribution of excess power through the electrical grid vary considerably among regions, utility providers, and with changing regulations.
Methane Production by Anaerobic Digestion
Potential problems with an anaerobic digester
Anaerobic digestion involves several different types of bacteria working together to break down complex organic material in stages to produce biogas (Figure 3). Step 1 is hydrolysis, which involves bacteria that can convert insoluble carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and peptides. Step 2 is a fermentation process where acid-forming bacteria, also known as acidogens, convert the products of hydrolysis into simple organic acids, alcohols, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas. Volatile acids longer than two carbons are converted to acetate and hydrogen gas by acetogenic bacteria that only produce hydrogen. Finally, Step 3, methane-forming bacteria (methanogens) produce biogas from acetic acid or hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Complex Organic Compounds
(Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats) Hydrolysis
All the problems of an anaerobic digester can be minimized or removed completely with a good design and proper operation and management. Anaerobic digester projects have significant capital and operating costs and, therefore, may not be financially viable. Potential emissions of gas and the release of digester effluent to the environment, traffic movement, noise, health and safety, as well as visual impact are some of the potential problems associated with anaerobic digesters.
Simple Organic Compounds
(Sugars, Amino Acids, Peptides) Acidogenesis Methanogenesis
Long Chain Fatty Acids
(Propionate, Butyric, etc.)
Types of Digester Facilities
Hydrogen (H2) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Digester facility types differ in size, location, feedstock, and process used. Three common facility types are on-site, centralized, and co-digestion plants. On-site digestion technology can be used by single farms or a co-operative enterprise (among several farms); centralized systems are used to process organic waste supplied from various sources within a geographical area. Co-digestion involves use of animal manure with other organic wastes. Co-digestion has the primary advantage of enhancing biogas yield per cubic foot of reactor, more efficient digestion of certain organic material, and can help achieve better nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratios. Facilities or operations that produce electricity can sell excess electricity through the local 3
Figure 3. Steps involved in the breakdown of organic materials to produce biogas.
The acid-forming bacteria can reproduce rapidly and are not very sensitive to changes in their environment compared to methane-forming bacteria. Methaneforming bacteria reproduce more slowly and are much more sensitive to environmental conditions. They will cease activity or die when conditions in the digester are not right. When the methane-forming bacteria die, the acid-formers may continue to grow and produce high
concentrations of volatile acids, leading to a decrease in the pH of the digester contents, resulting in what is commonly known as digester failure. Although anaerobic digestion is a natural process, managing the digester to obtain the proper breakdown of organic matter and yield the maximum amount of biogas can be complex. The digester requires careful management to maintain optimal temperature, water content, acidity (pH), and feedstock composition and volumes. Additionally, it is critical to address any toxic elements that may be inherent to a particular feedstock or that are produced through the anaerobic digestion process.
tent act as filler and reduce the capacity of the digester to produce gas. Materials that float to the top of the digester or sink to the bottom of the digester are undesirable. Floating materials form scum, and those that sink may clog the bottom of the reactor. In short, materials that are highly degradable produce more biogas. Manure and water are the major ingredients of digester feed. The amount of water added to the digester is controlled by the solids content of the manure and the type of digester used (Figure 4). High solids-content manure requires more dilution. The quality and age of manure also matters. Old manure will not produce as much gas as fresh manure. Manure exposed to the air will dry out and may lose fertilizer value, especially nitrogen, due to the volatilization of ammonia.
Factors Influencing Biogas Production from Manure
Bacteria must have suitable food and environment in order to grow and develop. The factors that influence the quantity and quality of biogas production include: manure quality, temperature, retention time, composition, loading, and toxicity.
Digester temperature
Quality and characteristics of manure
Anaerobic digestion is applicable to manure that is collected fresh or generally less than seven days old. Ideally, manure should be free of soil, sand, stones, and fibrous bedding material. The quality of the manure is affected by animal diet, manure handling, and storage method. Manure from animals fed with higher energy feed (e.g. grain-based diets) has the potential to yield more methane gas compared to manure from animals fed a roughage diet. Materials with high cellulose do not digest well. In fact, materials with high cellulose conFigure 4. Appropriate manure characteristics and handling systems for specific types of biogas digester systems. (Source: AgStar Managing manure with biogas recovery systems)
Bacteria can form methane gas at temperature ranges of 40° to 167°F. In general, methane production increases with increasing temperature. The three temperature regimes used in anaerobic digesters are psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic with optimum temperature ranges for the growth of methane-forming bacteria of 41° to 77°F, 86° to 104°F, and 122° to 144°F, respectively. Different bacteria dominate at different temperatures. Imbalances between different bacteria groups may develop, causing methane production to be reduced and other gases to be given off. The bacteria give up heat from respiration as they work. However, this heat is usually not adequate to keep the liquid warm, and supplemental heat has to be added. Uniform temperature is desired throughout the digester and should be maintained to prevent localized zones of depressed
Total Solids (%)
5 Water Added
Bedding Added As Excreted
Classification Handling Options Biogas Production Digester Type
Liquid Pump
Semi-Solid Scrape
Solid Scrape and Stack Not Recommended
Covered Lagoon
Complete Mix
Plug Flow
temperature and undesired bacterial activity. Temperature fluctuations in the digester will affect the activity of the methane-forming bacteria.
Retention time
The number of days the organic material stays in the digester is called the retention time. There are two significant retention times in an anaerobic digester: solids retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). The SRT is the average time the bacteria (solids) are in the anaerobic digester. The HRT is the time the liquid is in the anaerobic digester. SRT is the more important retention time, and should be determined correctly because it indicates the potential of bacteria washout. If a significant washout of bacteria occurs, the digester can fail. The advantages of high SRT values in anaerobic digesters include maximizing the gas recovery capacity and the buffering capacity to protect against the effects of shock loadings and toxic compounds in feedstock, as well as permitting the bacteria to acclimate to toxic compounds.
acids are produced. However, as the methane-producing bacteria consume the acids, alkalinity is produced and the pH of the digester will increase and then stabilize. Note that the initial acid production may drop pH to 6.0 or lower, accompanied by high production of carbon dioxide (CO2). In a properly operating anaerobic digester, a pH of 6.8 to 7.2 occurs as volatile acids are converted to methane and carbon dioxide. Digester stability is enhanced by alkalinity concentration. An acceptable pH, by itself, does not provide assurance that the digester will work properly. In the event that rapid production of excess acids occurs through the slug loading of a waste (e.g., loading of large volumes of material in one single batch), the methane-formers may not reproduce fast enough to utilize the volatile acids being produced. Rapid changes in pH can be moderated if the digester liquid contains enough buffering capacity. Once the system has become well buffered, it should be possible to add the organic material for which it was designed on a regular basis with good results.
Loading rate
Alkalinity and pH
Alkalinity serves as a buffer that prevents rapid change in pH. Maintaining an acceptable pH in the digester is important for the system to work well. Acid-forming bacteria prefer a pH above 5.0 and methane-forming bacteria prefer a pH above 6.2. Most anaerobic bacteria will perform well in the pH range of 6.8 to 7.2. The pH of the digester will decrease initially when organic material is first loaded into the digester and volatile
The ability of a digester to convert organic material into methane is related to its loading rate. Loading rate is commonly defined as the amount of volatile solids fed to the digester per day per unit volume of the digester. Volatile solids are a measure of the amount of digestible organic material in a feedstock. Table 1 shows the characteristics of dairy, beef, swine, and poultry manure as excreted and the probable biogas yield per pound of volatile solids fed to the digester. In general, materials with high volatile-matter content produce more biogas if digested properly.
Table 1. Characteristics of manure production and methane production potential from different animal species. (Source: ASABE Standard D384.2 Manure production characteristics; NCSU EBAE 071-80)
Dairy (lactating) Total manure and urine (gal/day-animal) 18 Total solids content (lbs/day-animal) 20 Total volatile solids (lbs/day-animal) 17 Moisture content (% wet basis) 87 Retention time, days 15 Probable volatile solids destruction (%) 35 Biogas yield per lb volatile solids 11 destroyed, ft3/lb Biogas yield per animal per day (ft3) 66 Parameter
Poultry (Broiler) 0.027 0.058 0.044 74 22.5 60 13 0.34 5
Animal Type Turkey Swine Beef (Males) (Grow-Finish) (Finishing Cattle) 0.073 1.25 7.82 0.150 1 5.10 0.120 0.825 4.18 74 90 92 20 12.5 50 45 12 13 5 24
Substances that inhibit microbial activity should be kept out of the digester. Digesters treating municipal wastewater have failed on occasion because of the presence of copper, zinc, chromium, and nickel. High concentrations of alkali metals like magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium can be toxic to anaerobic bacteria. The digestion of livestock waste containing high nitrogen to carbon ratios is more likely to result in toxic conditions for bacteria arising from the concentration of free ammonia.
Covered lagoon
Anaerobic Digester Configurations
Anaerobic digesters are engineered containment vessels designed to exclude air and promote the growth of methane bacteria. Several different types of anaerobic digesters are used worldwide for municipal, industrialfood, and agricultural waste treatment. The digester may be a tank, a covered lagoon, or a more complex design, e.g., a tank provided with internal baffles or with surfaces for attached bacterial growth. This section will focus only on digesters currently used to generate biogas from animal manure. Some common anaerobic digester configurations used on farms include covered lagoons and complete-mix, plug-flow, and fixed-film digesters. Manure total solids and collection technique determine the type of anaerobic technology to use (Figure 4). A summary of the characteristics of digesters commonly used on livestock farms is provided in Table 2.
An anaerobic lagoon is a biological treatment system designed to break down the organic matter in animal wastes to more stable end products. Lagoons generally are constructed by excavating and building an embankment or a berm around the top edge. They are usually covered with synthetic fabric (Figure 5). This system works best with flush manure systems of less than three percent solids (Figure 4). The lagoons are mixed reactors, but are not heated and work under ambient temperatures. The production of methane will vary with temperatures and may cease entirely without supplemental heating in colder regions. It may be necessary to separate the coarse solids from manure before feeding it to the digester. Digesters that use ambient temperature for energy recovery are only feasible in moderate to warm climates. Suitable locations for biogas production using covered anaerobic lagoons generally fall below the 40th parallel in the U.S. (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Covered lagoon. (Source: Jay Cheng, North Carolina State University)
Table 2. Summary characteristics of digester technologies. (Source: EPA AgStar Handbook)
Characteristic Digestion Vessel Level of technology Supplemental heat Total solids
Covered Lagoon Deep Lagoon Low 0.5 to 3% Fine 40 to 60 Temperate and Warm Climates Dairy, Hog No
Round/Square In-/ Aboveground Tank Medium 3 to 10% Coarse 15 + Dairy, Hog All Climates 6 Yes
Complete Mix
Digester Type
Rectangular Inground Tank Low 11 to 13% Coarse 15 + Dairy Only All Climates Yes
Plug Flow
Fixed Film Aboveground Tank Medium 3% No
Solids characteristics Hydraulic retention time (days) Farm type Optimum location
Very Fine 2 to 3 Temperate and Warm Climates Dairy, Hog
Flare Only
with a gas-tight cover to collect and direct gas to the gas utilization system. This system generally is considered to be the most robust in terms of the variety of manures that can be processed. A supplemental effluent storage usually is required.
Mixer Digester Feed Biogas
Energy or Flare
Energy or Flare Flare Only
Digester Effluent
Figure 6. Locations suitable for biogas production using covered anaerobic lagoons. (NRCS 2005)
Figure 8. Schematic of a complete-mix reactor.
Depending on how manure is handled in the barns, it may be necessary to separate solids before it is introduced into the lagoon. A two-cell lagoon system (Figure 7) is preferred with the primary cell being the anaerobic digester and the secondary cell the storage for effluent from the digester. Covered lagoons require large land areas, gas-tight covers, and careful sealing to prevent nutrients from leaching into the groundwater.
Plug-flow digester
Feed Manure
Cell I
Cell II
A typical plug-flow digester design consists of a covered reactor where the material to be digested enters at one end of the reactor and exits at the opposite end (Figure 9). Manure is added daily to one end of the digester and an equal volume of digested manure is forced out at the other end. Plug-flow digesters work best for dairy manure with 11 percent to 14 percent total solids (Figure 4). Plug-flow systems are subject to stratification; heavier materials settle to the bottom while the lighter materials float to the surface. In general, a horizontal plug-flow digester's length to width ratio is between 3.5:1 and 5:1. The ratio of the flow-path width to fluid depth should be less than 2.5:1.
Biogas Digester Feed
Figure 7. Schematic of a two-cell lagoon system. Cell I is covered for biogas production and Cell II is for effluent storage.
Complete-mix digester
A complete-mix digester is a controlled-temperature, constant-volume, mechanically mixed unit (Figure 8) designed to process slurry manure with a solids concentration of from 2 percent to 10 percent (Figure 4). The digester contents should be continuously or intermittently mixed to prevent separation. Therefore, an appropriate mixing device should be provided to assure a complete mixing process. A complete-mix digester can be an above- or in-ground tank that is circular, square, or rectangular in shape. The digester should be heated and insulated. The digester should be covered 7
Digester Effluent
Figure 9. Schematic of a typical plug-flow digester system.
Fixed-film digester
These units contain a plastic packing that serves as a structure on which bacteria attach, grow, and create a biofilm (Figure 10). They are designed to treat manure with less than 3 percent total solids (Figure 4), usually, systems where manure is subjected to dilution water
for transport or processing. The biofilm serves as a medium to encourage and keep the methane-generating bacteria in the system while processing a high volume of liquid manure. Fixed-film digesters are a relatively new design, and as a result fewer farms are currently using these systems.
Biogas Digester Effluent
and manufacturers' recommendations. As a minimum, the biogas digester should include a flare to burn off the collected gas. Biogas may be burned for space heating, drying, cooking, or water heating. It can also be used to fuel an engine generator to produce both heat and electricity. Converting biogas to electrical energy is convenient, but it requires additional management and capital expense. In some instances, biogas has been further refined or processed to produce a transportation fuel. A comparison of biogas containing about 60 percent methane with other heating-fuel sources is provided in Table 3. Biogas has a lower energy density than the comparable fuels. Natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) appliances will run on biogas without modification, but their heat output will be reduced to about half that of natural gas and about one-third that of LPG.
Digester Feed
Biogas storage
Figure 10. A typical fixed-film digester showing the media on which bacteria grow.
The fixed-film systems have a much smaller retention time than the other digester types, typically two to five days, depending on the biodegradability of material to be digested. No agitator is needed in the tank, so there are fewer moving parts, and there is less chance that the bacteria will be washed out of the digester.
On most livestock farms, biogas generally is used to produce both heat and electricity. The biogas is usually used soon after generation without storage. However, should gas storage be necessary to balance the mismatch between gas production and its use, some primary gas storage options include: · The space between the manure and the flexible top cover of the digester. The cover will deflate as the gas is used, so the digester will need to be sheltered to some degree to protect its cover from wind damage. · Low-, medium-, or high-pressure containers. By doubling the pressure of the gas, the volume can be cut in half. However, fabrication of high-pressure storage containers requires skills and fabrication equipment not usually available to most farmers. Pressurization equipment may consume as much energy as is contained in the gas being stored. Low-pressure storage generally will be the most practical alternative. Old water tanks or other salvaged containers should not be used; a weak tank at high pressure can be dangerous. It is important to ensure that the storage tank is safe at the pressure being used. · If the gas is used as it is generated (no storage), any excess should be flared off.
Products of Anaerobic Digestion and Their Utilization
A properly operating digester will convert most of the volatile solids into biogas. The remaining volatile solids and other solids that are not biodegradable become part of the supernatant liquid and sludge in the digester. There is very little volume reduction of the feedstock in an anaerobic digester. Although the digested material will be more stable with a relatively non-offensive odor, it will still contain most of the original nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. Storage and handling facilities similar to those used in manure management are still required to handle the effluent. The nitrogen in the digester effluent will be in a more readily available form, so the digester sludge and liquid are excellent fertilizers.
Biogas utilization
Biogas cleaning
Gas utilization equipment should be designed and installed according to the standard engineering practice 8
In addition to the relatively large amount of methane gas produced in anaerobic digesters, there is a small percentage of hydrogen sulfide, water vapor, carbon
dioxide, and other gases. Hydrogen sulfide is highly corrosive, corroding the digester, gas pipes, gas storage, and gas burner or engine. Removing hydrogen sulfide is desirable for biogas used in engines or piped long distances. Scrubbing the biogas with iron-impregnated wood chips has been used in anaerobic digesters in municipal waste treatment plants to remove hydrogen sulfide in the gas line. Removing water vapor may also be necessary to prevent condensation that fouls the burners and other control devices in biogas utilization. Water will increase the rate of corrosive attack on metals. Water traps or water absorption media such as calcium chloride or organic absorbents can be installed in the line before the point of biogas utilization. Additionally, it may be necessary to remove carbon dioxide if the gas is to be sold commercially.
Safety Requirements
Safety is of paramount importance. The digester should be located away from farm buildings. As mentioned earlier, methane can cause explosions even at concentrations as low as 5 percent to 15 percent in air. It is desirable to install a gas detector (to monitor either the level of oxygen or methane in the room or space) and alarm devices in buildings with potential explosion hazards. Apart from being explosive, methane can displace the oxygen in a confined space and may result in injuries or even death due to asphyxiation. Fire traps should be placed in the gas line between the digester and the gas storage system. Discuss detailed safety measures specific to your unit and gas management with the consultant or engineer designing the digester.
Biogas meters
Status of Anaerobic Digesters on Livestock Farms in the U.S.
A standard gas meter can be used to measure the quantity of gas produced, provided all the water has first been removed.
The EPA AgStar program (www.epa.gov/agstar/) reports that in 2006, there were approximately 100 operating digesters in the U.S. with an additional 85 digesters planned (Figure 11). Some of the incentives for anaerobic digesters include grants awarded under
1/2,523 1/4,380
2/964 5/15,584
13/8,935 15/17,506
21/72,927 23/47,243
1/1,402 1/613
5/3,066 2/6,132
11/9,986 17/14,454
4/3,154 3/7,840
2/3,504 2/1,358
1/44 3/19,447
Number Operating / Total Energy Production Number Planned / Total Energy Production
Data on operating capacity were unavailable for several digesters.
Figure 11. Locations of operating biogas digesters on livestock farms. (Source: EPA AgStar)
Section 9006, Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, of the 2002 Farm Bill. Since 2003, over $25 million has been awarded for the anaerobic digestion of livestock manures. State programs such as the California Energy Commission, Pennsylvania Energy Harvest Program, Wisconsin Focus on Renewable Energy, and New York State Energy Research and Development Authority have also provided funding opportunities. The success rate of anaerobic digesters is high because of the maturation of the technology and the involvement of consulting engineering and equipment supply companies in the installation and management of the digesters. European-designed systems are emerging and becoming more popular in the U.S. market. The majority of commercially available operating systems are conventional plug-flow, vertically mixed plug-flow, and complete-mix reactors (including covered lagoons) operating at mesophilic temperatures, and covered lagoons at ambient temperatures. The majority of digestion systems are farm-owned and operated using livestock manure. However, innovative approaches are emerging that include commingling of high-strength organic wastes such as from food processing plants to increase production per unit volume of the reactor, and third-party owned or operated centralized digester plants.
Manure handling and collection frequency
Biogas digester systems can accommodate a wide variety of manure handled as a liquid, slurry, or semisolid (i.e. with little or no bedding added). The total solids content of the manure (a measure of manure thickness) determines these classifications. Figure 4 shows the manure total solids and handling systems that are appropriate for specific types of biogas digester systems. Systems that handle manure as a slurry are better suited for biogas production. As the manure solids content increases, the manure will need to be diluted before being used in anaerobic digesters. There are ongoing studies on systems that produce biogas from high solids content feedstock. Dairies using sand for bedding may not be suitable for anaerobic digestion because of challenges associated with manure handling and equipment maintenance. Farms best suited for biogas digester systems typically have stable year-round manure production, and collect at least 50 percent of the manure daily.
Biogas use
Biogas and Your Farm
Several gas-use options are available, including engines, chillers, and boilers, or gas can simply be flared. When choosing a use for the gas produced, consider economics, the labor requirements associated with the option, and the skills needed to maintain and repair energy producing equipment.
A list of 100+ questions to ask when considering an on-farm anaerobic digester operation has been published for dairy farmers by the Dairy Practices Council (Weeks et al. 2007). Though this publication is specific to dairy operations, other interested groups can use the information it contains. Consider the following factors to determine if a biogas recovery system is the best choice for your farm.
System Management and Economics
Are you or the digester operator mechanically inclined? The operator will need to dedicate some time every day for system maintenance. In addition, the digester will require a long-term financial commitment.
Quantity and quality of manure
The aim of managing the quantity and quality of the feedstock for the digester is to maximize biogas production to get the most economic and environmental benefits from the feedstock. Do you have enough manure or other organic material to feed the digester all year round? A digester will require a stable supply of manure. How old is the manure or how much volatile organic matter is in the feedstock? Old manure or feedstock may have undergone some degradation and therefore lost some of its biogas production potential. Anaerobic digesters work best when the digestion process is stable and the feed is consistent.
Technology currently exists to enable individuals to adopt and install methane generation systems for onfarm processing of livestock manure and organic materials. However, an anaerobic digester is sensitive to the specific operating conditions and management of individual farms. Therefore, an on-farm, site-specific economic feasibility analysis is always necessary. As other forms of energy become increasingly expensive, private businesses and innovative farmers are developing and operating reliable systems for on-farm methane generation as an alternative and renewable energy source. A list of some references is provided below for the reader interested in further study of anaerobic digesters. 10
Acetogenic bacteria: single-cell organisms that generate acetate as a product of anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic digestion: the process by which biological material is broken down by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. Biochemical reaction: a chemical change that occurs inside a living cell. Biodegradable volatile solids: the fraction of volatile solids that can be degraded by bacteria.
Collins, E.R., and H.A. Hughes. 1976. Methane production from livestock wastes. Energy Management Series Publication 718, Virginia Cooperative Extension. EPA AgStar Website: www.epa.gov/agstar/ Gerardi, M.H. 2003. The microbiology of anaerobic digesters. Wiley-Interscience. N.J. Manure Management Program, Cornell University: http://www.manuremanagement.cornell.edu/HTMLs/ Anaerobic Digestion.htm Methane Digesters for Fuel Gas and Fertilizer with Complete Instructions for Two Working Models. New Alchemy Institute Newsletter No. 3. Spring 1973. P.O. Box 432, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Meynell, P.J. 1976. Methane: Planning a digester. New York: Shocken Books. NRCS. 2005. Anaerobic digester Ambient temperature. Conservation Practice Standard, Code 365. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Parsons, R.A. 1984. On-Farm biogas production. NRAES-20. Cooperative Extension Northern Regional Agricultural Engineering Service. Ross, C.C., T.J. Drake III, and J.L. Walsh. 1996. Handbook of Biogas Utilization. Second Edition. U.S. Department of Energy, Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program. Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala. Speece, R.E. 1996. Anaerobic biotechnology for industrial wastewaters. Archae Press. Nashville, Tenn. Weeks, S.A., R. Achilles, M. Brugger, T. Funk, P. Garrett, C. Gooch, R. Graves, J. Porter, D. Scruton, P. Topper, J. Tyson, and P. Wright. 2007. On farm anaerobic digesters "100+ questions to ask". The Dairy Practices Council®, Publication DPC 106
Biogas: the gas produced by anaerobic bacteria in the anaerobic digestion process. It is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide, with low levels of other gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and water vapor. BTU: British Thermal Units: one BTU is the amount of heat required to raise one pound (one pint) of water by 1ºF. Flare: a device for burning off excess biogas without recovery of heat or any other form of energy. Greenhouse gas: a gas that traps heat in the atmosphere.
Effluent: the liquid end product of a treatment process.
Hydraulic retention time: the average length of time the liquid manure remains in the digester. Hydrolysis: the biochemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a chemical bond and the addition of water.
Solids retention time: the average amount of time that a solid particle of manure remains in the digester.
Total solids: the amount of dry solids or dry matter in a material.
Volatile solids: the organic or carbon containing fraction of total solids. Washout: process that reduces the concentration of bacteria in a digester to levels that cannot sustain the desired reactions or activities.
Resources and Selected Material for Further Reading
Barker, James C. 2001 "Methane Fuel Gas from Livestock Wastes: A Summary" EBAE 071-80 www. bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/wqwm/ ebae071_80.html Biogas and anaerobic digestion: www.biogas.psu.edu/ 11
The authors would like to express their appreciation for the review and comments made by Robert E. Gates, professor and Extension specialist, agricultural and biological systems engineering, Penn State; Robert Grisso, professor and Extension specialist, biological systems engineering, Virginia Tech; Martha Walker, community viability specialist, Virginia Cooperative Extension; Amber Vallotton, crop and soil environmental sciences Extension agent, Virginia Cooperative Extension; and Mathew Benson, community viability specialist, Virginia Cooperative Extension.
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The rumor mill is churning again. "Grand Theft Auto 5" may launch for the PC, Xbox One and PS4 this June. A Czech game retailer has listed the title for sale, showing availability for Sony and Microsoft's next-gen consoles as well as the PC.
SuperGamer.cz shows the title being available on June 13. Though many eager gamers are hoping for a PC and next-gen release, the PC cover art appears to be somewhat suspicious. On the top of the cover, it says "Games For Windows Live," the collective name for a set of services and software Microsoft no longer uses. Kind of a major mistake, don't you think?
Though Rockstar Games hasn't made any official announcements, leaked footage of the game may have appeared online in mid-January. User warrockteam1 posted the clip, claiming it showed gameplay from a PC version of "GTA V." The video was quickly removed, with YouTube claiming copyright infringement from NYC-based Take-Two Interactive, the publisher which owns Rockstar.
While some users suspected the clip was fake, others wondered if the gameplay could be an early version of a PC edition of "Grand Theft Auto V." Thiago Diniz, CEO of Rio de Janeiro-based electronic distributor Nuuvem, confirmed that the title was coming to the PC in March. "I see no problem talking. I think until now been confirmed. Is scheduled for March on PC, if I'm not mistaken, for the 12th," he said to Brazilian web site Condigo Fonte.
An additional "GTA V" PC rumor began when a retailer in Norway stated that the game would be released on March 18 this year and was already available for pre-order. The same launch date was mentioned by an Amazon rep, who promised Rockstar would make an announcement by the end of 2013. When the game developer remained tight-lipped, many fans began to doubt the rumored launch date.
Demand to bring the game to PCs is high. Recently, a petition to make the title available to PC gamers garnered more than 660,000 signatures. Mike Julliard, who created the petition, is hoping to eventually gather 1 million signatures.
"Grand Theft Auto V" launched last October for the Xbox 360 and PS3 and is an open-world action game developed by Scotland-based Rockstar North and published by NYC-based Rockstar Games. "GTA V," which received highly favorable reviews, was the 15th installment in the "GTA" series and the first game since 2008's "GTA IV." The Spike Video Game Awards gave the title the Most Anticipated Game award in 2012. Following its release, the game received the Game of the Year award at the 2013 Golden Joystick Awards. Only three days following its release, IGN listed "GTA V" as second on its list of "Top 25 Xbox 360 Games."
Within just 24 hours of its release, "GTA V" generated more than $800 million in revenue, equating to around 11.21 million copies sold. Three days after its release, the title had surpassed $1 billion in sales. By October 7, nearly one month after the game's September 17 release date, "GTA V" became the largest digital release in the PlayStation Store for the PS3. The game also received a score of 8/10 on Gamespot.com.
Are you looking forward to "GTA 5" on the PC, Xbox One or PS4? Leave a comment below.


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There, we were taught to cook Miso soup. Firstly, you're not supposed to add the Miso paste into the hot (below boiling point) Dashi stock. Only then, the supposedly biologically active Miso paste won't 'die' and thus ending the health benefits of it.
You're supposed to scoop the hot Dashi into another container and then add the Miso paste to dissolve them together.
Once dissolved, switch off the fire for the Dashi stock and add the dissolved Miso mixture, stir and then serve. When re-heating, do not bring to a boil because then the taste will change and you loose the "friendly bacteria" supposedly good for the flora of your intestines. Check out the last line of the extract below on Miso nutrition from Wikipedea (Lactobacillus acidophilus [3]).


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Reflux disease results when acid gets past the one-way valve at the bottom of the esophagus and escapes the stomach. Small amounts of acid in the esophagus or throat can cause injury to the lining of these structures and cause symptoms of heartburn, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, excessive mucous in the throat, chronic cough, chronic throat clearing, sensation of a lump in the throat, etc. Laryngopharyngeal Reflux refers to acid coming all the way up into the throat and causing symptoms due to injury of the voice box or throat.
The following nutrition guidelines for Reflux disease and LPR are recommended to lessen the likelihood of reflux and to avoid irritation of sensitive or inflamed esophageal tissue and throat injury. Listed below are recommendations that may help to manage Reflux disease and LPR:
Other lifestyle modifications that can help manage reflux disease/LPR include:
It is important to note that there is not one specific diet that will prevent all symptoms of reflux disease or LPR. The best way to design a meal plan that is appropriate for you is to discover which foods you tolerate well and which foods aggravate your reflux. One way to identify these "trigger" foods is through journaling. The dietitian will provide you with a food journal.
Food Group
Recommended Foods
Foods to Avoid
Milk and Milk Products
Skim/1% milk
Soy milk
Nonfat/lowfat yogurt
Lowfat cheeses
Lowfat ice cream
2% and whole milk
High-fat cheeses
Chocolate Milk
Regular ice cream
Meat and other protein foods
Tender, well-cooked lean meats prepared without fat (poultry, fish, eggs)
Dried beans and peas
Nuts and nut butter
Fried/breaded meats
Bacon or Sausage
Salami or Bologna
Hot dogs
Buffalo wings
Whole Grains prepared without added fat
Any prepared with whole milk or high fat
All other vegetables
Deep fried or cream style vegetables
Onions (raw)
Apples, berries, melons, bananas, peaches, pears
Heart-healthy vegetable oils such as olive or canola oil
More than 4 tsp of oil or butter per day
Creamy salad dressings
Caffeine free herbal teas (no mint)
Juice (no citrus or tomato)
Coffee if causes symptoms
Cola/caffeinated or carbonated beverages
Hot Cocoa
Low fat desserts
Doughnuts, pastries and other high-fat desserts
Chocolate / Brownie
All condiments except pepper
Low fat soups
French Fries
Cream based soups
Corn or potato chips
Mint chewing gum
1 cup oatmeal w/ raisins
1 cup skim or 1% milk
Caffeine-free herbal tea (no mint)
Chicken salad (made with low-fat mayo) and lettuce on whole grain bread
1 cup skim or 1% milk
6 oz apple juice
1 ounce lowfat cheese
4 whole wheat crackers
Evening Meal (Eat at least 3 hours before bedtime)
½ cup Green Salad
1 Tbsp Vinegar and oil dressing
Baked, skinless chicken breast (4oz)
½ cup herbed brown rice
½ cup steamed broccoli
½ cup lowfat frozen yogurt
½ cup Fresh fruit salad (no citrus)
Time of Day
American Dietetic Association. ADA Nutrition Care Manual. "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Nutrition Therapy". Available at: nutrition care manual.org. Accessed December 2009.
McKinley Health Center. "The GERD diet". Available at: http://www.mckinley.illinois.edu/Handouts/pdfs/gerd_diet.pdf. Accessed December 2009.
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR): Information Sheet. Available at: http://www.lahey.org/PDF/VoiceCenter/VoiceCenter_LPRFactSheet.pdf. Accessed April 2010.


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Upcoming Workshops
Allied Woodshop Blog
Laura Zahn Wins '40 Under 40' Award
Woodworking Network recently named Laura Zahn of Allied Woodshop as one of '40 Under 40' who are destined to make an impact on the wood products manufacturing industry in North America. You can see Laura's '40 Under 40' profile, along with 39 others, here. Thank you for the honor!
Allied Woodshop's Holiday Gift Guide
Here's what's on our list. We guarantee you'll find something for everyone on your list too. Live Edge Table woodworking workshop at Allied Woodshop Tite-Mark marking gauge by Glen-Drake Toolworks Lie-Nielsen No. 102 Low Angle Block Plane Frog Blocks by Monroe Workshop Toys White Oak Carabiner Baby Rattle by Knotwork LA Spalted sycamore from Angel City...
Allied Woodshop partners with Would Works
We're pleased to partner with Would Works for the 2017 holiday season. Would Works is a social enterprise that puts men and women who are living in poverty in Los Angeles to work sanding and finishing wooden homewares. In exchange for their work, the Would Works Artisans receive credit toward...
Allied Woodshop Receives a CERF+ Get Ready Grant
CERF+ awarded twenty Get Ready Grants to individuals and groups in craft disciplines to implement safety measures, safeguard studios, and protect careers. Allied Woodshop is pleased to have received a $1,500 grant to improve fire safety in our shop. We will use the funding to purchase flammables cabinets, fire-safe trash...


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German air defense frigate FGS Sachsen deploys to operation Sophia
F124 air defense frigate FGS Sachsen will become the first German Navy vessel to deploy in 2018, getting underway from her homeport of naval base Wilhelmshaven on January 5.
The lead ship of the F124 frigates is joining the EU-led operation Sophia in the Mediterranean Sea.
The goal of the mission is to prevent human and arms smuggling through the monitoring of the Mediterranean Sea between the coasts of Italy and Libya.
FGS Sachsen is replacing F123 frigate FGS Mecklenburg-Vorpommern which deployed to the operation in August 2017. Sachsen and the crew will be led by Frigate Captain Mirko Wilcken who took over as FGS Sachsen commander five months ago.
FGS Sachsen is the first of three F124, Sachsen-class frigates. Germany planned to build four but eventually settled with three ships, with FGS Hamburg and FGS Hessen being the other two ships in the class.
Sachsen was laid down at the Blohm+Voss shipyard in February 1999 and delivered to the navy in November 2002. The 143-meter ship displaces 5.800 tonnes and is powered by one gas turbine and two diesel engines.


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AUDI A1 headlights
AUDI A1 headlights have undergone multiple transformations considering that Audi as a company is obsessed with innovating the lightning options for its vehicles. The restyled rear and front ends of Audi A1 are fitted with the ever-updated and modern headlamps. Audi A1's renovated Xenon Plus headlamps come in the form of a pair of LED lights at the rear end with the horizontally placed graphic as well as a customized rear bumper. The auto-levelling of AUDI A1 dynamic headlights enables the headlamps to mechanically level while loading as well as while moving down/up the hill.
Headlight washer jets play the role of ensuring that the headlight lenses are moderately clean and do not have any unnecessary mud. The headlamp washer jets also become activated the first time the driver utilizes them along with the lights. Afterwards, they become activated almost every 3-5 times the driver utilizes the windscreen washer jets. It is necessary to remember that this happens only as the headlights remain active. Thus, AUDI A1 headlights are multi purpose. These cars with magnetic ride or air suspension have an auto-levelling suspension built in, which decreases the price of headlamp auto-levelling.
If it occurs that Audi A1 bi-xenon headlamps are experiencing some problems, you should consider changing or replacing the factory xenon parts. Sometimes in AUDI A1 headlights fail, they may become darker, milky, flickering, etc. Specifically, check out the ballast, and then take a look at the gas discharge bulb. If the issue is not there, your AUDI A1 headlights' igniter, cable or wire harness may require repair. If the HID is in fine condition, then there is no need worry about high costs of purchasing the whole new headlight assembly, because your car dealer may advise you to do that in case your Audi headlights have broken down.
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Xenonled.eu can offer several payment methods, such as: Credit Cards or Bank transfer.
The worldwide shipping can be accomplished by Standard post office delivery (1-3 weeks)
or by UPS delivery service (2-7 days).
When the order is completed, the delivery tracking number and the invoice
for purchased item are provided to the customer.
If a module ballast inserted to the headlight does not work, it is required to adapt it by programming
the headlight or to consult a car light specialist to do this work in your country.
Have a question? Contact us firstname.lastname@example.com
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To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control. - HENRI FAYOL
Strategy is a subject that has exercised the minds of political, military and business leaders for centuries. The earliest recorded attempts to define strategy emanate from Roman military commanders who sought to document the strategic options available on the battlefield. The acceptance of the need for strategic behavior in business is evidenced by the volume of literature dedicated to the subject. Much of the knowledge base has been developed by researchers and theorists; practitioners have had to apply critical judgments on how such theories can be applied to their own industry. This is particularly so in the construction industry where little material in the strategic management field has been available despite the efforts of authors such as Newcombe, Channon and Grinyer who have done much to bring strategic management theories to the attention of construction management practitioners.
Strategic management is a systematic approach to major and increasingly important responsibility of general management to position and relate the firm to its environment in a way which will ensure its continued success and make it secure from surprises.
Strategic management is concerned with deciding on strategy, and planning how that strategy is to be put into effect. It can be thought of as having three main elements within it. There is strategic analysis, in which the strategist seeks to understand the strategic position of the organization. There is strategic choice which is to do with the formulation of possible courses of action, their evaluation and choice between them. Finally there is strategic implementation which is concerned with planning how the choice of strategy can be put into effect. The three elements of the the strategic management are often seen as sequential in traditional texts, but actually they overlap and interact so that partial implementation may modify strategic choices for example.
There are common themes in the definition of strategy. Strategy is concerned with the means to meet ends, that is it is concerned with achieving objectives. A strategy is also a set of rules for guiding decisions about organizational behavior. Strategies may be explicit or implicit., kept within the senior management team or pervading the organization to produce a sense of common direction
Two views have emerged on the nature of strategy:
The strategic management role can be filled by an internal individual or team or an external consultant or executive director. A combination of both internal and external modes is sometimes used.
The timing of the strategic management is crucial to its success. Finding time time to do it is also vital.
There is no "best" strategy which is applicable in all circumstances. A contingency approach to strategic management is essential, based on the objectives of strategic managers.


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Posts Tagged 'blogging'
Armand's 50 Things: Thing 3
Build a Blog From Day One The most efficient way to do this is to have WordPress installed on my own hosting account underneath my own domain name. This is very key, because all my traffic is going to go to that ultimately as I build it out. If I didn't know how to install…Read More
Put Your Blog on The Kindle
The name says it all. Get paid for people to read your blog. Yup it's true! All you have to do is enter your blog into Amazon to be read by the million of Kindle users.Read More


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Beren and I have a big day today so I can't stay online for long, have to beautify myself before our post-wedding party this afternoon. Yes, you'll be seeing pics and hearing all the details later on..smile..but in the meantime, I've got to share a recipe with you. I made this soup yesterday and oh. my. goodness. This might be the best freakin' soup I have ever eaten. Seriously, it's that good. And so healthy, filled with fresh veggies! I don't have the nutritional breakdown yet (sorry!) but when I do so I'll pass along that info. For now, copy down the ingredients and run to your supermarket for whatever you're missing. Tonight when you're oooh-ing and ahhh-ing over this fabulousness, I'm sure you'll be thanking me.
|photo snatched fromthedomesticvegan.com
Chickpea and Wild Rice Soup for the Slow Cooker
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 2 carrots, sliced
- 2 stalks of celery (leaves included – they're great for flavor), sliced
- 8 ounces fresh mushrooms, sliced (approx 2 cups)
- 4 garlic cloves, minced
- ¼ cup fresh parsley, chopped
- 1 cup wild rice, dry/uncooked
- ¾ cup flour
- 2 Tbsp nutritional yeast
- 2 tsp dry rubbed sage
- 1 tsp dried thyme
- ½ tsp mustard powder
- ½ tsp curry powder
- Lots of fresh black pepper
- 8 cups broth (I use 8 cups water + 3 not-chick'n bouillon cubes)
- 2 Tbsp Earth Balance nondairy butter (can be omitted but adds a nice richness)
- 2 generous cups cooked chickpeas
- ½ cup slivered almonds
- 1-2 cups unsweetened nondairy milk
- Add all ingredients, except nondairy milk, to slow cooker. Cover & cook on LOW for 8-10 hours. About 30 minutes before serving, stir in milk & let warm through. (Depending on how much water has soaked into the rice & evaporated during cooking, you will have to add the amount of milk you like for desired soupiness.)
- Taste for seasoning, and add salt & pepper as desired. Garnish with fresh parsley & serve with your favorite crusty bread.
- Yield: 6-8 servings (leftovers freeze very well)
Have a Beauty-Full Day,


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English as an Additional Language
The 16+ is sat by students wishing to enter the sixth form of an independent school. Most often students will sit exams in their desired A Level subjects, so usually between three and five subjects. The 16+ exams generally require a good understanding of the subjects' GCSE syllabi but as the schools are testing for potential, candidates will be pushed and be given questions where their knowledge is stretched.
If a student has English as a second language, the 16+ EAL exam is important as it determines whether a school feels the student can fulfil their academic potential during their school life and beyond. It also assesses whether the student has the capability to become an independent learner over time, as the majority of students wish to progress to either British or American universities.
There are usually two sections to the 16+ EAL exam: a reading comprehension and a writing part. One-to-one EAL tuition can help build a student's knowledge and confidence as well help them with exam technique.
A tutor working through Osborne Cawkwell can prepare a student for the 16+ entrance exams, as well as provide support once the student has started their new school.
Tutors working through Osborne Cawkwell have prepared students for day and boarding schools all over the UK, as well as the top London schools, including: Bradfield College, Charterhouse, Cheltenham Ladies' College, City of London School, City of London School for Girls, Clifton College, Highgate School, Rugby School, Sevenoaks School, St Paul's School and Westminster School.
Do call us on 020 7584 5355 or email us to discuss your needs further.


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FunHouse Pinball
This game is in the category of top 20 rated electronic pinball machines of all time.
FunHouse is a pinball game designed by Pat Lawlor. It was released in 1990 by Williams Electronics. As its title suggests, the game is themed after the concept of a funhouse, a walk-through amusement park featuring many attractions.
FunHouse pinball machine together with The Addams Family, are one of the most popular pinball machines.
FunHouse game offers a full house of non-stop action and excitement! There is a bewitching hour at this FunHouse pinball as players advance the clock by hitting various targets and features on the playfield. At the stroke of the midnight, Rudy closes his eyes and falls asleep, but it is not a restful sleep with his snoring, open mouth the starting point for 3-ball multi-ball play.
|27"W x 55"L x 76"H
|120v AC, 5amps
Share this game with your friends or colleagues:


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Wine Walls, Rooms & Pods
Storage Options For Your Wine Collection
According to Knight Frank 2016 Wealth Report, in the last 12 months there has been a 241% increase in investment from high-net-worth (HNW) and ultra-high-net-worth (UHNW) individuals in fine wines.
Whether purchasing for pleasure or as an investment, it's essential to store wines correctly in order to keep them in their best condition.
Over the years our team's experience designing the ultimate in wine cellars has endowed us with some valuable insights, for anyone who's serious about their grape juice. In this feature we provide an overview of the differences between wine walls, rooms and pods.
A wine pod combines features of wine walls and rooms.
A wine room is for true connoisseurs with a large wine collection.
A wine room can showcase your collection, without impeding on living space.
Wine Walls
An option that typically occupies the least space at home and therefore is very effective at beautifully displaying small wine collections. Mirrored paneling, integrated backlighting and seamless framing can make such cabinets particularly elegant when placed on show in kitchens, under the stairs or within a tall atrium. Whilst these cabinets can be made to be climate controlled, their typical positioning in homes often exposes them to daylight and may always be suitable for housing any investment wines.
Wine Rooms
Dedicating an entire room of your home to a wine room is surely reserved for those with suitably large bottle collections. With this option connoisseurs might enjoy the opportunity to house tasting and entertainment space within the climatic-controlled walls of the wine room, so that the full experience can with least risk of exposing valuable wines to the outside atmosphere. Furthermore unless a wine room features a light well, wine rooms are typically cut off from natural light and this often benefits the preservation of wines over the long-term. The spatial luxuriousness that a wine room provides allows maximum levels of comfort and luxury to be built in to the design.
Wine Pods
A halfway house option that between a full wine room and an elegant wine wall. Wine pods create climatic-controlled enclosures within the confines of part of an existing room, without occupying it entirely. There are plenty of examples of studies, dining rooms and kitchens that have all been partitioned typically with a custom cut piece of glass to separate wine pod from the remaining space. Glass' transparency allows the pods to feel more like a feature of the room, as opposed to a separate room that impedes on the sense of spaciousness.
Final Thoughts
Whilst the archetypal wine cellar comes complete with stone walls and arches that are buried deep below the foundations of the building, modern day designs and construction materials vary considerably and are made bespoke by utilizing the expertise of many different design disciplines. Architects and designers can help their client's make informed choices about the different routes open in storing for consumption and investment their wine collection.


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You will get a notification to your email address.
If you have any questions feel free to contact us anytime.
From EUR 49
+2 Additional options
Alhambra is the most visited monument of Spain and a must for those who travel to Granada. If you decide to visit it with an official guide telling you all the secrets and legends of the monument, the tour becomes an unique experience in life.
We invite you to join our daily 3 hours tour and skip the long lines at the entrance. Discover the history and art of one of the most beautiful places in the World by the hand of an offical tour guide.
Nasrid palaces, Generalife, Alcazaba, the palace of Charles V and the hamman included in this tour
Ticket for the Alhambra and the Generalife gardens + Official tour guide + Headphones
-Duration: 3 hours aprox
-Languages: English
-Schedule: The starting time of the Alhambra and Generalife tour can change from one day to other. You will see the starting time while making the reservation.
-Meeting point: Paseo del Generalife 1F, Alhambra mural map, located by the box office of the monument (main entrance) Once the reservation is made, we will send you a picture of the exact location of the meeting point.
To recognize us, look for a white umbrella.
-Do I have to collect my ticket before the tour starts? No, you don't need to collect your ticket. Your guide will give it to you at the beginning of the tour.
Do you have any other question?
You can contact us here:
+34 958 28 14 99
- email@example.com
-Plaza San Agustín, 3. Granada. CP 18001


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Category Archives: All About Sleeping
Tips for Sleep Training Clocks
How to Create a Positive Sleep Environment for your Baby
Vlog on Bedtime Routines
How to develop the best routine for YOUR baby.
Sadly, babies aren't born with user manuals – how simple life would be if they were! Many parents (myself included) struggle with the unpredictability of babies and aim to set up a routine and structure to their day. For many babies this can be a really positive change. Babies often thrive on routine and parents can find that once a routine is established, their babies nap better, settle better and improve their night-time sleeping. Continue reading
The Myth of "Normal" Baby Sleep Patterns
On meeting a new baby for the first time, one of the most common questions asked to new parents is: "Are they good? Do they sleep?" My response to this question would be: "Yes, of course she is good, she's a baby." And: "No, of course she doesn't sleep, she's a baby!"
Sadly, I fear that the frequency of these questions has caused parents today to equate good parenting with babies who sleep. As a sleep consultant I am constantly faced with parents feeling insecure about their abilities. Statements such as: "I know I have broken her" and "I know it's my fault he doesn't sleep well" make me really sad.
Wind-Down Time : The Key To Successful Naps
We all know that feeling – when you come home from a night out or a work event and you are really shattered but your brain just won't switch off. Most of us would find it impossible to go straight to bed and sleep. We need to unwind first, to calm our active brains. Our babies need this time too.