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The following is a list of characters from Beverly Hills, 90210, an American drama series which aired from October 4, 1990, to May 17, 2000, on the Fox television network, before entering syndication. It is the first show of the Beverly Hills, 90210 franchise.
Throughout its decade-long run, the series had substantial cast changes.
Main characters
- = Main cast (credited)
- = Recurring cast (4+)
- = Guest cast (1-3)
|Brandon Walsh
|Jason Priestley
|Main 1
|Brenda Walsh
|Shannen Doherty
|Kelly Taylor
|Jennie Garth
|Steve Sanders
|Ian Ziering
|Andrea Zuckerman
|Gabrielle Carteris
|Dylan McKay
|Luke Perry
|Main 2
|Special Guest Star
|David Silver
|Brian Austin Green
|Scott Scanlon
|Douglas Emerson
|Donna Martin
|Tori Spelling
|Cindy Walsh
|Carol Potter
|Jim Walsh
|James Eckhouse
|Valerie Malone
|Tiffani-Amber Thiessen
|Main 4
|Jesse Vasquez
|Mark Damon Espinoza
|Nat Bussichio
|Joe E. Tata
|Clare Arnold
|Kathleen Robertson
|Ray Pruit
|Jamie Walters
|Carly Reynolds
|Hilary Swank
|Main 6
|Noah Hunter
|Vincent Young
|Janet Sosna
|Lindsay Price
|Matt Durning
|Daniel Cosgrove
|Gina Kincaid
|Vanessa Marcil
|Main 7
note: "Guest" refers to a previous main character returning for only one or two episodes in that season.
- ^ Jason Priestley leaves in "Brandon Leaves" (episode 9.05)
- ^ Luke Perry leaves in "One Wedding and a Funeral" (episode 6.10)
- ^ Perry returns in "You Say Goodbye, I Say Hello" (episode 9.07)
- ^ Tiffani-Amber Thiessen leaves in "You Say Goodbye, I Say Hello" (episode 9.07)
- ^ Jamie Walters leaves in "Courting" (episode 6.13) and returns for one episode as a guest: "Ray of Hope" (season 6.30)
- ^ Hilary Swank left the series in "The Elephant's Father" (episode 8.17)
- ^ Vanessa Marcil first appears in "You Say Goodbye, I Say Hello" (episode 9.07) and departs from the series in "Doc Martin" (episode 10.17)
Brandon Walsh
Jason Priestley portrays Brandon Andrew Walsh (main, season 1–9; special guest, season 10), the moral center of the show and the glue that holds the gang together (and Priestley was the group's off-screen "quarterback").[1] After his initial difficulties with Beverly Hills, he became loved by many and liked by all. In Season 1, after one of his drinks was spiked at a party, he briefly experienced a problem with drinking which led to the demise of his first cherished car (which he called 'Mondale'), and a night in jail. In Season 3, Brandon developed a serious gambling problem, which Nat, his boss at the Peach Pit, bailed him out of after he got into trouble with a mobster bookmaker after Brandon placed a few too many sports bets that he could not cover. Throughout the entire series, Brandon was involved in different journalism projects, from sports editor and co-chief of the Beverly Blaze in high school to co-editor of the CU Condor, a brief stint as news director at CUTV, and a year as student-body president (sophomore year). After graduation from college, he and Steve spent a year cultivating the Beverly Beat, a small newspaper given to Steve by Rush. He finally accepted a position with the Washington, D.C., bureau of the New York Chronicle. He was the person many turned to when the chips were down— Donna's expulsion from high school, Brenda's many problems, Kelly's drug problem, Andrea's getting into Yale, Valerie's suicide attempt, Ray's lawsuit against Joe, Steve's constant stunts, and even Dylan's battle with drugs and alcohol and the murder of his wife. Brandon is mentioned in the spin-off 90210 as having a family. Although Priestley didn't reprise his role as Brandon in the spin-off 90210, he directed the episode where Tori Spelling's character Donna Martin returns to town.[2][3]
Jason Priestley was the last to be cast for the show.[4][5]
Brenda Walsh
Shannen Doherty portrays Brenda Walsh (main, season 1–4), twin sister of Brandon. She felt very lonely when she first arrived in Beverly Hills, but soon became friends with Donna, Kelly, Steve, David, and Andrea. She met and dated her twin brother's friend Dylan McKay. She was the nice girl until around the second season when her character began to progress into being more rebellious and devious. She went to Europe during the summer after her junior year of high school and had a short-lived romance with Rick (played by Dean Cain), and eventually met and almost married Stuart, the son of one of Jim's business partners. Later, after she ended this relationship, she got the lead role in a production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and a subsequent spot in a London summer acting program. She was able to get admission to the program and departed Beverly Hills. A letter Brandon received from Dylan revealed that he and Brenda got back together during his time in London. They would eventually split up, and Brenda would continue touring as an actress. She was mentioned from time to time after Doherty was fired from the series (especially in Season 5) but never appeared again after that point. Brenda appeared in the first season of the spin-off series 90210. Brenda returns to Beverly Hills to star in a play and takes the opportunity to spend time with Kelly after gaining success as a theater actress and stage director in London. She subsequently agrees to direct a high school musical at West Beverly Hills High when the original director is no longer available. Her relationship with Kelly along with both women's lingering feelings for Dylan have become focal points for the two best friends. Brenda then finds out that she can never become pregnant. She tries to hide this fact from Kelly by trying to push her away. She later tells Kelly that she slept with Ryan. The two eventually reconcile. In the season finale, Brenda returns and offers her support to Adrianna who is having a baby. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Brenda had adopted a baby girl from China.
Kelly Taylor
Jennie Garth portrays Kelly Marlene Taylor, the gradual main character who appears throughout the entirety of the series (and the premiere episodes of spin-offs Melrose Place and 90210), maturing from "spoiled teen vixen to grounded 25-year-old."[6] Kelly endured several personal battles, including a drug-addicted mom, and an absent father who was later sent to jail for embezzlement. She lost her virginity to Ross Weber and was almost raped. She was almost burned alive at a rave, and later developed a coke habit from her boyfriend, which she went to rehab for, then was stalked and almost killed by her roommate. Kelly became unexpectedly pregnant before having a miscarriage and told she may never carry a child to term. She was shot during a drive-by shooting at LAX and suffered amnesia. She was raped in an alley and later shot the rapist, with the police clearing her on grounds of self-defense. She had difficulty choosing between Brandon and Dylan. When Dylan offered her a trip around the world, Brandon responding by proposing marriage, but she walked away from both offers. Erin is her half sister and David is her stepbrother. She eventually reunited with Brandon and moved in with him, nearly marrying him. They called off the marriage at the altar, expressing a lack of being ready (just prior to Jason Priestley's departure from the series). Kelly and Donna opened their own clothing store in a mall, and Kelly started dating a lawyer from another floor of the mall, Matt Durning. The return of Dylan McKay and Matt's mentally ill wife were roadblocks in their relationship, but they did get engaged in Season 10. Later on, Kelly decided she loved Dylan most of all, and Matt decided their connection was real, so he ended the engagement and left town. She left the clothing store to get into public relations. In the spin-off 90210, she and Dylan are shown to have broken up, although they share a son. She became the temporary caretaker for younger sister Erin and a guidance counselor at her alma mater, West Beverly Hills High School. Garth departed the spin-off following the second season.
Steve Sanders
Ian Ziering portrays Steven "Steve" Sanders.[7][8][9] Steve is a light-hearted, brash, rich kid.[10] He drove a Corvette, had money, girls, and popularity. He began to slowly reveal a more mature side of his personality through his friendship with Brandon Walsh because they're best friends through high school, college, and later housemates. Throughout the series, he was involved in several scams and wild activities, from obtaining a school "legacy key" to parties in rented homes, to the creation of the After Dark club in Season 5, to numerous fraternity stunts. Steve was romantically involved with Clare Arnold in Seasons 6 and 7 but Clare moved to France, and he and Clare broke up. Through his father's assistance, he eventually purchased and ran his own newspaper, first with Brandon, then with a woman named Janet Sosna. In Season 10, he married Janet and they had a child. Afterwards, they sold the Beverly Beat and decided to start a new newspaper company. Ziering did not appear in the new 90210 series; after the producers of the show publicly mocked his career doldrums and said that he was certain to beg them for a Steve Sanders cameo, Ziering responded with some anger that while he wished the new show well, he had no interest in making any cameos on it.[citation needed]
Andrea Zuckerman
Gabrielle Carteris portrays Andrea Zuckerman (main, season 1–5; guest, season 6, 8, and 10).[11] Andrea was introduced as a focused student who was socially shy all through high school, with a huge crush on Brandon, but their relation remained platonic. She was valedictorian, was accepted to Yale but decided go to CU to be near her friends & family. She was romantically involved with Dan Rubin: her resident adviser, and met Jesse at the Walsh's 20th anniversary, where he was tending bar. When she saw him again at the Rubin's Thanksgiving dinner, they hit it off, and then started dating. She found out later he was a law student at Berkeley. She got pregnant and initially decided to get an abortion, but was forced to wait a day to have the procedure and changed her mind. They were later married. The baby, born premature, was named Hannah, and required time in the hospital after birth. Eventually, marital problems arose, and they both cheated on one another. They later mended their problems and moved away to Connecticut, where she attended Yale. Andrea would later appear at Steve's birthday bash and the gang's high school reunion, where it is revealed she and Jesse are getting divorced. Andrea made a cameo appearance at Donna's bachelorette party, while her daughter, Hannah (played by Hallee Hirsh), was briefly shown on the spin-off 90210.
Dylan McKay
Luke Perry portrays Dylan Michael McKay (main, seasons 1–6; special guest star, seasons 9–10), a loner in high school until he found "the gang." He had various relationships with Brenda and Kelly in high school. He felt alone, until his father got out of prison in Season 3 and they reconciled. Then Jack was apparently killed by Mafia hitman with a car bomb. It took him a long time to get over his father's death, and then in Season 4 he met Erica (Noley Thornton), his half-sister, Jack's daughter, and her mother, Suzanne, and Kevin, her fiancé. Kevin spent many months convincing Dylan and Jim Walsh to invest in Kevin's environmental research company, and then he and Suzanne stole the cash and ran to Brazil, taking Erica with them. Dylan had lost all his money. In Season 5, he started drinking and doing drugs again, and alienated all of his friends while having an empty sexual relationship with Valerie Malone. After a near-fatal car crash, he began to recovery by going through rehab, and an oddball ex-FBI agent later helped him recover $7.5 million of his stolen funds, after which he rescued Erica. Afterwards, he made a major play for Kelly, convinced they were soulmates. When she turned both him and Brandon down, he decided to avenge his father's murder. In Season 6, he made friends with Antoinette "Toni" Marchette, the daughter of his father's killer, Anthony Marchette. He fell in love with her, gave up his quest, and married her. Her father couldn't stand them together, and tried to have Dylan killed, but the hitman killed Toni instead. After that, Dylan gave the condo to Brandon to keep an eye on, and left town. He returned several years later in Season 9 and spent time living with David, until he found a place. Unfortunately, Dylan's substance abuse problem returned with him, and it would take an injury to Donna caused by himself to get him to kick his habit again. In Season 10, Dylan learned that his father was actually alive, with a wife and young son, and living under FBI protection with the alias Eddie Waitkus. The two were briefly reunited soon afterwards, but they finally decided that Jack would be murdered by his old criminal associates if his former identity was revealed; Jack said he loved Dylan and Dylan responded in kind, and they parted ways forever. He and Gina, a new friend within the group, became romantically involved for a time. In the series finale, Kelly and Dylan reunited romantically, despite her discovery that Dylan covered up for an indiscretion by Matt and didn't tell her. In the spin-off 90210, it was revealed that they'd gone their separate ways, although they share a son, Sammy.
David Silver
Brian Austin Green portrays David Silver. David always wanted to be part of the popular crowd.[12] During Season 1, David and his best friend, Scott Scanlon, spent hours trying to be seen as cool by their peers. David succeeds by the first season, but Scott was left behind. He seemed to be on top of his life by taking a double load of classes to graduate with the gang, being the boyfriend to Donna, being the school DJ, and trying to have a social life, while he and the socially handicapped Scott grew apart. When Scott accidentally shot himself it was a huge blow for David, and a source of immense guilt at the state the friendship ended in. After his father Mel and Kelly's mom Jackie married and welcomed their daughter Erin, David was fully part of the gang. After a rocky start, Kelly and David eventually grew to be almost as close as blood relatives, each one helping the other through their respective drug problems. David is especially protective of Kelly during her struggle with addiction, threatening to beat her then-boyfriend Colin if he hears about him giving her drugs again. His and Donna's relationship went through several breakups and reconciliations, and he had an active romantic life during his college years that included everyone from Claire Arnold to Valerie Malone and many other guest characters. He has cheated on Donna more than once and she lost her virginity to him in the season 7 finale, where the gang graduates from university. He kicked his drug habit and managed to avoid becoming an alcoholic. The club did poorly under his management and he discovered he had a mild but dangerous form of depression that his mother suffered from, which he successfully dealt with via therapy and reducing his drinking. In the later seasons, following a brief music career where he had a hit song, but quit in disgust when he learned that only happened because of record company payoffs. He also hosted a radio show broadcast from the Peach Pit. He dated Sophie, then Gina, then Camille, and finally reunited with Donna, whom he married in the series finale. In the new series 90210 episode "Okaeri, Donna!" Donna reveals that she and David separated shortly after the birth of her daughter while they were living in Japan, but he sends her a card saying "Thinking of you". It is unknown what happens after she leaves.
Scott Scanlon
Douglas Emerson portrays Scott Scanlon (main, season 1; recurring, season 2), a character that starred during season one as David's nerdy best friend. Initially, they are both unpopular among the gang, but starting in Season 2, as David becomes part of the gang, the immature Scott becomes gradually more of a stranger to him as David spends less time with Scott, who becomes a recurring character rather than a regular. The only time David spends time with Scott in Season 2 is when David leaves a Halloween party to meet with Scott to talk about their "good old times." During Season 2, Scott develops an odd fascination with guns and country music after spending the summer in between Seasons 1 and 2 visiting his grandparents in Oklahoma. In the Season 2 episode "The Next 50 Years," Scott's fixation with guns ends up accidentally killing him when he spins one on his finger gunslinger-style and it discharges at him during his birthday in front of a horrified David. His last words were "Check this out." Also, in this episode, it is revealed that Scott had been the fifth-grade boyfriend of a West Beverly Hills High girl named Denise, who is embarrassed by it. But after Scott's death, and filled with remorse for the way she treated him, Denise admits it to Donna at a memorial to Scott on campus two days after the tragedy. The gang buries a time capsule in Scott's memory at the episode's end. Some time later in Season 3, David and Donna help his younger sister Sue denounce her sexually abusive uncle. Although it was never declared explicitly, Sue suggested that Scott may have been molested himself. The genesis for Scott's sudden and final departure from the show was based on Emerson's decision that he did not enjoy acting and no longer wanted to do it and, in fact, Emerson has not appeared in any TV shows or movies since his time portraying Scott.
Donna Martin
Tori Spelling portrays Donna Marie Martin. She is very ditzy and sweet. She began dating David Silver in high school. David respected her decision to abstain from premarital sex, until he cheated on her with Ariel. She found out that she had a learning disability, which, undiagnosed, had caused her to have a tough time in school. After high school, she was in an abusive relationship with Ray Pruit, who was mean and manipulative, almost from the start. She later dated Joe Bradley, a quarterback at CU. She was beaten and almost raped by Garrett Slan and was held hostage at the CU television studio by a deranged stalker. She lost her virginity to David at the end of her senior year of college. She has had continued difficulty with her domineering mother, Felice, although she was close to her father, John. After college, where she studied fashion design, she opened a boutique with Kelly Taylor. She was in a long-term relationship with Noah Hunter, although it went south because of his drinking and her affair with Wayne. She began taking multiple pills a day after she injured her back in a car accident with David; Noah's brother Josh gave her the pills. In the next episode, Law and Disorder, Noah finds her passed out on her living room floor. She continued running the boutique, Now Wear This, alone after Kelly left to pursue public relations and finally married David in the series finale. Donna's birthday is Christmas Day. She is allergic to chocolate. In the spin-off 90210 it is revealed that Donna continued as a fashion designer, working internationally after closing her boutique in Los Angeles. Also it is revealed that Donna and David are getting separated, but he sends her a card saying "Thinking of you." It is unknown what happens after she leaves.
Jim and Cindy Walsh
James Eckhouse and Carol Potter played Jim and Cindy Walsh (main, season 1–5; special guests, seasons 7–8; 6 and 8), Brandon and Brenda's parents who later moved to Hong Kong when Jim was promoted. During the first five seasons, they were Brenda and Brandon's main source of stability and guidance. They always keep an open door and a place at their table for whomever might need it. The Walshes' house is often used for holidays and celebrations (like Mel and Jackie's wedding). Down-to-earth Cindy is a loving and sympathetic mother to her children, but also to her children's often-troubled friends, especially Dylan and Kelly. As a couple, they are stable, although not without their issues (Jim and Cindy are both tempted to have extra-marital affairs in season one). Though Jim has a strong sense of morality, he is very committed to his work and loyal to his employers—so much that he finds himself at odds with Brandon, who often defends causes important to him, even at the expense of his father's business interests. Jim also serves as Dylan's trust fund manager/business manager off and on, despite rocky relations between the two of them, often over Dylan's relationship with Brenda. They remained a presence on the show with regular guest roles after Season 5, but were not regular characters themselves after a storyline where Jim received a promotion and huge raise in exchange for him and Cindy moving to the firm's offices in Hong Kong.
Nat Bussichio
Joe E. Tata portrays Nat Bussichio, (main, season 6–10; recurring, season 1–5), a former Hollywood character actor who is Brandon's boss and the owner and operator of the Peach Pit, a 1950s-styled diner where the gang always gathers. He often serves as a moral compass for the gang, particularly after Jim and Cindy Walsh leave the show. He loves the main cast, and often comes to the rescue of the characters. He is also a Little League baseball coach in a poor neighborhood. Initially Nat is a recurring character, but after season 5, he becomes part of the cast. In season 4, it is revealed that Nat has a brother, Joey, who helps Brandon run the Peach Pit while Nat recovers from a heart attack and surgery. Joey and Jim Walsh decide that the Peach Pit should be sold due to Nat's condition, but Brandon protests, knowing it would kill him. The matter is resolved when Dylan buys the Peach Pit, becoming Nat's business partner. During the sixth season, Nat rekindled his romance with his former girlfriend, Joan Diamond, whom he hadn't seen in over two decades. Joan became pregnant, and she and Nat got engaged. She went into labor in the middle of the wedding ceremony and, at the hospital, insisted on completing the marriage vows before going into the delivery room. She gave birth to Nat's only child, a son named Frankie.
Nat also escorted Donna Martin down the aisle at her wedding to David Silver in the series finale. Donna's father, Dr. John Martin, died of a stroke midway through the final season of the series. In 90210, he returns as a recurring character and the boss of Dixon Wilson.
Jesse Vasquez
Clare Arnold
Kathleen Robertson portrays Clare Arnold (main, season 6–7; recurring, season 4–5), who met the group while she was a senior in high school and they were college freshman. She stayed through a few middle seasons. She is known for her high IQ and for being the somewhat-wild daughter of a wealthy diplomat and CU chancellor. She first appeared midway through Season 4 when she aggressively, yet unsuccessfully, pursued Brandon while she was still a high school student and he was in college. In Season 5, she became Kelly and Donna's roommate in the beach apartment and started CU as a college freshman. Clare evolved throughout the show; at first she was wild-child bad girl, but she eventually matured and became an integral part of the gang. She was romantically involved with David in Season 5 and Steve in Seasons 6 and 7, becoming the first girl to nail Steve's feet to the ground. The two almost moved in together, but the relationship fell apart due to Clare's anger over Steve's mother breaking up with her father. Graduating a year early, Clare soon received an offer to attend an exclusive graduate school in France and the couple reluctantly split up for good after their CU graduation.
Valerie Malone
Tiffani-Amber Thiessen plays Valerie Malone, (main, season 5–9; special guest, season 10) an unwholesome and emotionally troubled family friend of the Walshes back in Minnesota.[13][14] Brenda, Brandon, and Valerie grew up together in Minnesota until she and her parents moved to Buffalo, New York, when she was around ten years old, and she lived there for most of her teenage years. Problems in the Malone family had been escalating for many years, mostly in secret, but it wasn't until Valerie's father was found dead in the bathroom of his home, an apparent suicide via gunshot wound to the head, that the family's issues seemed to come to light. This marked the catalyst that led to Valerie's move to Beverly Hills, where she would live with the Walshes. Valerie came off to the gang as a naive young woman; however, at the end of the episode in which she first appeared she was seen rolling a joint. She was also seen and talking to a friend (later revealed to be Ginger) over the phone back in Buffalo, about the possibility of getting involved with Steve Sanders for his money, as well as insulting the gang and boasting of her natural-born ability to lie and act more innocent than she actually is. Romantic interest in Valerie came quick, often, and usually all at once, leading to many situations where male members of the series became contentious over their similar affections for her. Valerie became involved with Dylan, then Steve, then Ray, Brandon, David, Noah, and many others during the course of the show, the most meaningful of them being her romance with David Silver. By Season Six, Valerie got into business with David, and they become co-owners of the Peach Pit After Dark. Among the group, only Kelly took an immediate dislike to Valerie when they first met because Kelly quickly became aware that Valerie was not who she appeared to be. While Brandon and the rest of his friends usually gave Valerie the benefit of the doubt, and ultimately remained friends with her (particularly when Valerie ceased her malicious ways or appeared to atone for them), she and Kelly remained constant enemies throughout the entire series, save for a few instances where both women were to be cordial with each other. It was later revealed that prior to coming to Beverly Hills, Valerie's father had sexually assaulted her and she was forced to kill him in self-defense, and Valerie's mother was going to turn her in to the police before finally telling Valerie she was blameless and begging her to forgive herself. Valerie subsequently joins her mother in Buffalo. Valerie returns as a guest at Donna's bridal shower and wedding in the series finale and appears on good terms with everyone there. She reveals that she is in a committed relationship back in Buffalo and that she and her mother have reconciled after going through therapy together. At the wedding reception, she also gets the last upper hand with Kelly when she relays Matt Durning's request for Kelly to come talk to him while Kelly and Dylan are figuring out their relationship; Kelly asks in an irritated tone what Matt wants and Valerie coolly says "As usual, I'm just the messenger here" and Kelly gets up and walks away from their final interaction as Valerie shares an unrelated laugh with Dylan after asking him if he missed her. Gina Kincaid replaced her after her departure.
Ray Pruit
Jamie Walters portrays Ray Pruit (main, season 6; recurring, season 5; guest, season 7), a talented musician with a violent temper whom Donna met while she was doing interviews for CUTV. She was dating Griffin at the time but quickly fell for Ray's charm and talent and dumped Griffin for Ray on Halloween. Ray's background—his mother was an alcoholic and his absent father used to abuse her and Ray, leaving them poor when they fled him—led Donna's mother to distrust him and try to break them up. Later on, Ray became increasingly violent towards Donna, culminating with two ugly incidents when he pushed her against a wall in Oregon and knocked her down a flight of stairs in Palm Springs. Donna forgave/overlooked this violence, but broke up with him when she learned he cheated on her with Valerie, and Ray nearly attacked her again before Joe Bradley defended her. Ray then filed charges against Joe, but some straight truth from Brandon led Ray to both admit on the stand he was trying to hurt her (and having Joe's charges dismissed) and to apologize to Donna before leaving L.A. to try out his music. Ray returned late in Season 6 when the video company Donna and David were working for assigned them to do his video; Donna was terrified of him, but soon met his new fiancée and learned he was in therapy to deal with his anger issues, and they parted on friendly terms. Ray made one appearance in Season 7, called in by the friends when David had a breakdown in Las Vegas, and was critical of them for not stepping in and helping him during his downward spiral.
Carly Reynolds
Hilary Swank portrays Carly Reynolds (main, season 8), who was a waitress and single mom who had some unfriendly first meetings with Steve Sanders (getting angry when he tried to help her son from getting pushed around at a soccer game, and later insulting his bimbo date and getting fired in the process).[15] Later she accepted his help in getting a job at the Peach Pit, and soon after realized he was a nice guy who was good with her son. They began dating and all was well until midway through the season when Carly's father suffered a heart attack in her Montana hometown, and Carly decided she had to leave L.A. to be with him, and thus departed from the series for good. They broke up and Steve was heartsick for a while, though he later decided that he would have joined her in Montana if he was truly in love with her.
In an interview given shortly after her Best Actress Oscar win for Boys Don't Cry, Swank revealed that she had been fired from the show because the producers didn't think that Carly was connecting with the show's audience.[citation needed]
Noah Hunter
Vincent Young portrays Noah Hunter (main, season 8–10), who met the gang during their Hawaiian vacation in Season 8. He was originally smitten with Valerie, who liked him but assumed he was a poor boat worker, and he broke things off with her when he found out she was also dating a rich guy. It was later revealed that his family was very wealthy, and he used his money to buy out the PPAD (Peach Pit After Dark) club, around the same time that he began dating Donna. He was not close to his unhappy, workaholic father (Ray Wise), who revealed in the Season 9 premiere that the family-owned company, Hunter Oil & Chemical, was bankrupt resulting from Noah's father's many years of mismanagement and underpayment of federal and corporate income taxes. His father later committed suicide in the next episode, unable to bear the thought of living in poverty or going to prison for income tax evasion. After this, the IRS then confiscated all of his family's assets (including Noah's yacht, his parents house, cars, bank accounts and his father's entire life insurance policy) and leaving his widowed mother in destitute. Having lost everything (save for the PPAD club), Noah descended into a drunken depression that led to reckless driving charges and other acts which almost cost him Donna's love, before he cleaned himself up and focused on running the PPAD. It was assumed he went to Harvard, but in Season 10 he admitted that his acceptance there was withdrawn after he drove drunk and had a crash where his girlfriend was killed, only escaping jail because of his father's connections. Noah and Donna ended things for good after this, and he resumed heavy drinking until he was kidnapped and nearly killed. He ended the series by committing to AA and falling in love with a troubled young single mom he met there.
Janet Sosna
Lindsay Price portrays Janet Sosna (main, season 9–10; recurring, season 8), who joined the Beverly Beat as the new editor after her predecessor got married and left without notice. She liked Steve from the start, but he thought she was too conservative, and ignored her on their disastrous first date at West Beverly's 5-year reunion. She ignored Steve's entreaties until they began sleeping together and then turned the Beat into a tabloid, and by later in Season 9 they started seriously dating, even though Janet's conservative Japanese parents cut her off for being with a non-Japanese man. Janet learned she was pregnant in Season 10, and refused to be with Steve at first, but he won her over and she accepted his marriage proposal. Their daughter Madeline was born after a protracted struggle around Thanksgiving, and Steve later brought Janet's parents back into their lives as well. Near the series end, a New York-based investor bought out the Beat for $750,000, with Steve stepping away while Janet took on editorial duties that left her exhausted and away from her family; she happily agreed to Steve's plan that they would take their windfall and use it to create and jointly run a new publication.
Matt Durning
Daniel Cosgrove portrays Matt Durning (main, season 9–10), an attorney who became the legal go-to guy for various issues with the group, including Valerie's self-defense murder of her molesting father, Noah's drunken driving, and David's statutory rape charge. Although he and Donna were interested in each other while she was disgusted with Noah's behavior, their reunion turned his attention toward Kelly, and they began sleeping together as she got over Brandon's departure. Matt had a secret, though: his wife had been in an institution in New York due to severe mental illness, and later found medication that helped her enough that she could head to L.A. to be with him. Kelly broke up with him, but the medication later failed, and Matt's wife told him she loved him but was getting a divorce so he could have a life with Kelly. He and Kelly then reunited, but Matt was thrown at first by Kelly's one-night stand with Dylan (when they went to Mexico to illegally buy drugs that would have helped Matt's then-wife) and then by not knowing at first that Kelly was raped. He got a weapons charge against her dismissed after she shot and killed the rapist in self-defense, and they drifted apart for a while, until Matt's handling of a death penalty appeal helped bring them back together. Matt and Dylan had a mostly-unfriendly rivalry over their shared love for Kelly, with Matt successfully proposing to Kelly, but also having serious professional difficulties. Matt planned to move to Seattle as the series ended, but when his brother died in a car crash (Matt had provided a sperm sample so his infertile brother and his wife could have a child through artificial insemination), Matt moved to New York instead, breaking up with Kelly on civil terms, and admitting that he saw the bond between her and Dylan was real.
Gina Kincaid
Vanessa Marcil portrays Gina Kincaid (main, season 9–10), a former ice skating champion with a bad attitude and an unfairly traumatic past who got fired from her ice show position and stayed with her cousin Donna. Gina's manipulative ways made her Kelly's new post-Valerie enemy, and drove a wedge between Donna and Noah, as well. Gina and Dylan soon began a sexual relationship, but Dylan's attentions toward Kelly made Gina angry and bereft. Gina was resentful of Donna because of the Martins' wealth, while she grew up poor with a mean-spirited, bullying stage mother. She also suffered from bulimia, and bonded with David Silver over his efforts to help her through her problems. They dated briefly after Gina had enough of Dylan treating her like an ornament, but David ended things with her because she was still hung up on Dylan. The character seemed to bounce between being treated badly by people for valid reasons (Donna due to her fake fling with Noah and later her cruel comments on Kelly's self-defense shooting, the ice show manager she was rude to) and being treated badly for no valid reason (preppy snobs in a bar who insulted her, Oksana Baiul's rude manager, and even Noah when he blamed her for a mistake the bakery made with Donna's birthday cake). She was stunned to learn that Donna's father was actually her father as well, having had a drunken fling with her mother that was covered up. Dr. Martin tried to bond with her and they were making progress, until he died of a stroke that everyone blamed Gina for. She planned to leave town with Dylan, before her strong words at the funeral led to her finally being accepted by Donna and Felice, and she was neither surprised nor very hurt when Dylan bailed on their travel plans. It was later revealed that Gina had found new professional success after leaving L.A., working as a skating commentator.
Other characters
Jackie Taylor
Ann Gillespie plays Jackie Taylor, Kelly's mother (recurring, season 1–10). A former model, married multiple times, appeared occasionally during the series entire run in every season. During the first season of the show, Jackie was addicted to drugs and alcohol, which led to her making a scene at the mother/daughter fashion show. Jackie then entered rehab and remained clean throughout the rest of the series. Married David's father, Mel, in the second season and had a baby girl, Erin, with him. They divorced when Mel was caught cheating, but later got back together and broke up again. Kelly sometimes found her to be overbearing. Jackie continued to make appearances throughout all 10 seasons of the show. She also guest-starred in two first-season episodes of the spin-off series 90210, which features Erin as a regular character. It was revealed that Jackie was again abusing alcohol, and Kelly steps in to take Erin away from her. She returns in season two of the spinoff with a lot more serious storylines than the first season. It was later revealed that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer and had three months to live. She managed to come to peace with both her daughters before her death. Jackie Taylor appeared in 55 episodes.
Emily Valentine
Christine Elise plays Emily Valentine (recurring, season 2; guest, season 4 and 5), a troubled newcomer to West Beverly who appeared during the first half of Season 2.[16][17] She became romantically involved with Brandon. She drugged Brandon with a drug called euphoria (4-methylaminorex) at a rave, although the effects were much more akin to MDMA. She spent time at a mental hospital after threatening to torch herself, along with a parade float, and writing threatening letters to West Beverly and leaving obscene phone messages on the Walshes' answering machine. She met up with Brandon years later while she was living in San Francisco during Season 4, before moving to study marine biology in France. She briefly returned during Season 5 and almost had an affair with Brandon on the same night Kelly Taylor was burned in a fire. Emily Valentine appeared in 12 episodes.
Nikki Witt
Dana Barron plays Nikki Witt (recurring, season 3), Brandon's younger girlfriend during his senior year in high school in Season 3. She flirted with David while Donna was in Paris, until she learned he had a girlfriend. Nikki later became friends with the group, due to being partnered with Donna for the Senior Buddy project. She wore down Brandon's defenses, then began dating him. She was almost raped by an ex-boyfriend, and Brandon came to her aid. She moved back to San Francisco after reconciling with her parents, thus ending her relationship with Brandon (Like many of the cast, Barron was considerably older than the character she was portraying). Nikki Witt appeared in nine episodes.
Stuart Carson
David Gail plays Stuart Carson (recurring, season 4), Brenda's wealthy, 20-something suitor shortly after starting college in Season 4. He proposes to Brenda after knowing her for a short time, and they almost wed in Las Vegas before coming to their senses. Brenda later breaks up with him when she realizes that Stuart is a negative person who cares more about impressing his overbearing father than doing what is right or treating her nicely. After the breakup, she tells Dylan she's still in love with him. In season 1, Gail portrayed Tom, a bellhop working at a Palm Springs hotel who helps Brenda find a place to sleep after she gets lost. Stuart Carson appeared in seven episodes.
D' Shawn Hardell
Played by Cress Williams (recurring, season 4–5), D'Shawn is a talented basketball player for CU. Brandon's sociology professor asks Brandon to tutor him so he can make grades and play basketball. D'Shawn is friends with the gang. He keeps Brandon's affair with Lucinda a secret and they later become friends after he studies and earns his own grades. In season 5, he votes for Brandon as student body president and helps Donna Martin over her decision to become a debutante. D'Shawn Hardell appeared in 13 episodes.
John Sears
Paul Johansson plays John Sears (recurring, season 4), who is introduced as a student of California University, where he, Steve Sanders, and several others shared a prestigious fraternity, KEG House. John Sears is a minor antagonist and nemesis to Dylan Mckay and Steve Sanders. John had known Kelly Taylor before she enrolled into California University, and began romancing her as they became reacquainted. Kelly's feelings for John led her to separate from her boyfriend Dylan, stating that she no longer wanted to go steady. However, Kelly eventually found out that John only wanted to sleep with her. He almost immediately took a disliking to Steve, and tried to get him kicked out of the fraternity by setting him up to be caught during an initiation prank, but Sears stupidly told the KEG President he had set Steve up, and after this was revealed prior to a "vote out" Sears was ousted by a wide margin. At the end of the semester, John and Steve met again at a carnival, engaging in a joust match over a mud pit. At the carnival, Steve finds out that John is dating Steve's ex-girlfriend, Celeste Lundy. Celeste, Brenda and Donna then assist Steve in humiliating John. Celeste then breaks up with John and reunites with Steve. John Sears appeared in 13 episodes.
Joe Bradley
Cameron Bancroft plays Joe Bradley (recurring, season 6), an all-star quarterback at California University introduced in Season 6. He came to Donna's aid after Ray became abusive to her. He had surgery for a heart condition and ended up leaving the football team; dated Donna and had no problem with her vow of celibacy, but his plan to move to his Pennsylvania hometown and coach football after asking Donna to marry him wasn't what she was looking for, and they cordially parted ways. Joe Bradley appeared in 23 episodes.
Antonia "Toni" Marchette
Rebecca Gayheart plays Antonia "Toni" Elizabeth Marchette (recurring, season 6), daughter of Dylan's father's supposed killer, mobster Tony Marchette introduced in Season 6. She became romantically involved with, and eventually married to, Dylan, after he initially tried to use her to get to her father. He later truly fell in love with her. She was accidentally killed by a hitman who was hired by her father to kill Dylan the day after their wedding. Toni Marchette appeared in eight episodes.
Colin Robbins
Jason Wiles plays Colin Robbins (also starring, season 6), A New York artist who meets Kelly during her internship in New York in Season 6. He moved to L.A. to begin a relationship with her, and was also an old boyfriend of Valerie's. Colin's lifestyle is secretly supported by a female gallery owner in exchange for physical favors. He has a cocaine problem and drags Kelly into it. He jumps bail after Valerie (who he began sleeping with after Kelly cut ties to him) posts her club assets for his bond but was tracked down and sent to prison to serve his sentence of at least two years in prison for drug possession and fleeing arrest, with Valerie breaking up with him when he's brought to justice. Colin Robbins appeared in all 32 episodes in season 6.
Susan Keats
Emma Caulfield portrayed Susan Keats (recurring, season 6), editor of the college paper (The CU Condor), self-proclaimed feminist, and love interest of Brandon in Season 6; was impregnated by ex-boyfriend Jonathan Caston, had an abortion, and later won an award for her article on the right to choose. She moved to Washington, D.C., to work on the Clinton/Gore presidential campaign. Brandon broke up with her because she insisted he pass up a prestigious internship in Boston to travel for the summer with her, while she accepted the campaign job. Susan Keats appeared in 30 episodes.
Tracy Gaylian
Jill Novick plays Tracy Gaylian (recurring, season 7; guest, season 8), a news anchor for the TV station at CU. She dated Brandon for most of Season 7, but Brandon broke up with her when he realized his true feelings for Kelly. She later met up with the gang during their trip to Hawaii and learned that she is happy, engaged, and has no ill feelings toward Brandon or Kelly. Tracy Gaylian appeared in 22 episodes.
Camille Desmond
Josie Davis plays Camille Desmond (recurring, season 10), David's final girlfriend before he realized his true feelings for Donna in Season 10. Camille worked as a fashion magazine writer, and later worked for Donna at the boutique. When David told Camille his true feelings about Donna, Donna sold a share of the boutique to Camille so she wouldn't have to face the torment of seeing David and Donna together again. Camille Desmond appeared in 10 episodes.
Dr. John and Felice Martin
Michael Durrell & Katherine Cannon played John & Felice Martin (recurring, season 2–10), Donna's parents. Personified wealthy, conservative, social-climbing Beverly Hills socialites who appeared occasionally through the series entire run. Straight-laced mother Felice, who was caught by Donna having an affair, more often than not proved to be an obstacle in her daughter's ambitions. For example, Felice disapproved of her daughter mixing with the likes of Kelly and David and once even supported West Beverly's decision to suspend her daughter prior to graduation. Overprotective and controlling, she often tried to sabotage Donna's relationships with David, Ray, and Noah. However, John, an experienced heart surgeon, was generally more accepting of Donna's life choices and offered her his support. John is usually the straight man next to Felice's antics. During the seventh season, John suffers a stroke, which Donna initially blames on David (who was present because he was getting advice on how to win over Felice), but she realizes that he wasn't responsible. Following the stroke, the Martins' marriage deteriorates to the point where John asks for a separation from Felice, but he reconsiders after talking with Noah at Donna's request. John finally admitted that he was Gina Kincaid's biological father and died from a second stroke a few episodes later. At this point, Felice finally accepted Donna's relationship with David and even helped get them back together at the end of the series. John Martin appeared in 30 episodes, while Felice Martin appears in 41 episodes.
Abby Malone
Michelle Phillips plays Abby Malone (recurring, season 7–9), who is Valerie's mother, from whom Valerie is estranged after her father dies. She was friends with Jim and Cindy Walsh before the Malone family moved to Buffalo. She almost ends up marrying Kelly's father Bill, but is left at the altar. Valerie later breaks up her mother's relationship with a cop to punish her for not stopping her father from molesting her. At first, Abby denies knowing that Valerie was molested by her father, but later admits that she knew and that he had promised to get help, not seeming that concerned that he lied to her and continued to sexually assault Valerie. She initially blames Valerie for her husband's death and threatens to turn her in after Val confesses to killing him (in self-defense, while he was trying to molest her); when she initially decides not to go to the cops, she tells her daughter she doesn't forgive her, basically claims that Valerie was dating her father rather than being raped by him, and simply wants to keep the secret. Valerie later goes to the cops to turn herself in, and Abby finally forgives her, saying nothing that happened to her was her fault and Valerie can and must forgive herself too. Valerie tells the group in the series finale that Abby has joined her for therapy to deal with Bill's actions and their relationship is now much better and stronger than before. Abby Malone appeared in nine episodes.
Gil Meyers
Mark Kiely plays Gil Meyers (recurring, season 3; guest, season 4 and 5), an AP English teacher and journalism advisor during the gang's senior year at West Beverly in Season 3. He becomes friends with Andrea, Brandon, and Dylan. Andrea accuses him of sexism when he decides Brandon should be editor-in-chief of the Blaze. They later make peace when Andrea and Brandon become co-editors of the paper. Sue Scanlon accuses him of molesting her, but she later reveals that Gil is innocent and that her uncle is the molester. He made a deal with Andrea if she gets accepted to Yale University he would shave his beard. Andrea got accepted and he shaved his beard. Andrea reveals she has a crush on him at the beginning of the fourth season but never tells him once she sees he has a girlfriend. He is last seen during Andrea's farewell party at the end of the fifth season. At the time, he reveals that he now has a child. Gil Meyers appeared in 13 episodes.
Lucinda Nicholson
Dina Meyer plays Lucinda Nicholson (recurring, season 4), who was a sexually aggressive and married university anthropology professor who became romantically involved with Brandon Walsh—a student at her school. In time, she also shared a kiss with Dylan McKay, who later suspected that she merely wanted to seduce him in order for him to fund a movie project of hers. Eventually, certain brash actions on her part met with disapproval from Brandon, who calmly ended the relationship. Her husband, Corey, took their divorce badly, and attempted to take it out on Brandon, and later on Steve Sanders, who tried to pass off an essay of Brandon's as his own. He failed both times, and was fired after his attempt to get Steve and Brandon thrown out of California University. Lucinda Nicholson appeared in 13 episodes.
Other characters' parents
Kelly's absent father Bill (John Reilly) was shown occasionally at events, such as high school graduation. He was arrested for embezzlement at Kelly's lavish college graduation party, which he threw for her. He almost married Valerie's mother Abby, but stood her up at the altar. David's unfaithful father Mel (Matthew Laurance) was shown in the middle of the series when he married and divorced Jackie Taylor, then lived with her again until Gina blew the whistle on Mel's unfaithfulness, causing Jackie to tell him they're finished for good. David's mother Sheila (Caroline Lagerfelt) was shown as sweet and loving, but suffers from manic depression. She attempted suicide, and she later would come to David's aid when he is hospitalized. Dylan's father, Jack McKay (Josh Taylor) had a brief run after being released from prison, but was then apparently killed, only to later reappear after secretly being enrolled in the Witness Protection Program. Dylan's negligent New Age-following mother Iris (Stephanie Beacham) occasionally appears, but lives in Hawaii. Steve's adoptive mother Samantha (Christine Belford) is an actress and the former star of the Hartley House TV program; she later comes out as a lesbian. Steve's father Rush (Jed Allan) is shown as an abrasive, overbearing, but doting and ultimately caring parent. Although it was thought for years that he was his adoptive father, Steve learns that Rush is indeed his biological father.
- ^ "Jason has been our quarterback, keeping everybody on an even keel." (Aaron Spelling, quoted in Rovin, Jeff (1991) Luke mania! Jason fever! Fantail, London, p 58)
- ^ Iqbal, Nosheen (25 February 2014). "Jason Priestley: 'I'm surprised I made it out of Beverly Hills 90210'". Retrieved 12 August 2017 – via The Guardian.
- ^ Katie McLaughlin. "Jason Priestley: I regret leaving '90210'". CNN. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "When Teenage Angst Had Its Own ZIP Code". The New York Times. 31 August 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "DARREN STAR, creator, 'Beverly Hills 90210'". The New York Times. 31 August 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "Jennie Garth:Biography". MSN. Archived from the original on May 10, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ Tropiano, Stephen (1 May 2002). "The Prime Time Closet: A History of Gays and Lesbians on TV". Hal Leonard Corporation. Retrieved 17 July 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ MISSY. "Ian Ziering plays Steve Sanders on ``Beverly Hills, 90210. By Melissa Danielson The Post-Bulletin". Retrieved 4 July 2018.
- ^ "Ian Ziering steps back to reminisce about 90210". Ew.com. 10 April 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ Charlebois, Justin (18 August 2017). "The Construction of Masculinities and Femininities in Beverly Hills, 90210". University Press of America. Retrieved 18 August 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Gabrielle Carteris Lied About Being 29 When Cast In 'Beverly Hills, 90210'". Access Hollywood.
- ^ Charlebois, Justin (18 July 2018). "The Construction of Masculinities and Femininities in Beverly Hills, 90210". University Press of America. Retrieved 18 July 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Oppliger, Patrice A. (19 September 2013). "Bullies and Mean Girls in Popular Culture". McFarland. Retrieved 14 August 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ MENDOZA, N. F. (4 September 1994). "WITH AN EYE ON . . . : Tiffani-Amber Thiessen zips into '90210' ready to defy expectations". Retrieved 13 August 2017 – via LA Times.
- ^ "Why getting fired from Beverly Hills, 90210 didn't put Hilary Swank off TV". Stuff. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- ^ "90210: Cast member Christine Elise, the original Beverly Hills bad girl". www.news.com.au. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
- ^ "The legacy of Emily Valentine: 90210's bad girl". Retrieved 10 July 2018 – via The Globe and Mail.


text:
Sept. 21, 2011 -- A new report shows we've come a long way in cancer care and research in the last 40 years -- but we still have a ways to go, and a re-commitment from government may help lead the way.
Advances in cancer research will face threats if Congress goes ahead with budget cuts to federally funded research, a report from the nation's leading cancer research organization warns.
The report from the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) details decades in progress against cancer since the National Cancer Act became law in 1971.
The law created the National Cancer Institute and also launched what politicians, beginning with President Nixon, termed the "War on Cancer."
Advances in Cancer Treatment
The group's report laid out some of the progress researchers have achieved against cancer over the last 40 years. Key areas include:
- The discovery of more than 290 genes related to cancer, its growth, and what happens when the body's ability to repair damaged cells goes off course, possibly leading to tumor growth. Tumors can also have a wide range of genetic profiles, often making effective cancer treatment a frustrating moving target.
- Early detection through routine screening has helped increase the survival rate for many cancers. Screening recommendations have helped push the five-year survival rate to above 90% for cervical, breast, and prostate cancers, when they're detected early.
- Improvements and advances in chemotherapy have driven up survival rates of other cancers, including lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and testicular cancers.
- Advances in genetics have given rise to entirely new classes of cancer drugs. Some of the drugs target tumor receptors. Others go after tumor genes to disrupt growth. That's allowed the development of more than 30 targeted cancer drugs that can go after tumors while sparing surrounding healthy cells.
- Genetic testing has given doctors and patients more tools in understanding cancer risk. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two genes that are now known to greatly increase a woman's risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancers. The genes are associated with the risk of breast cancer and aggressive prostate cancer in men.
Fight Over Funding
Cancer researchers warned on Tuesday that advancements in diagnosis and treatments, especially in the area of genetic tumor typing and personalized cancer therapy, will suffer if congressional budget cutting continues.
With some cancers, there is now the potential to "understand the nuance of every patient and tailor-make their treatment," said William Dalton, PhD, MD, director and CEO of the Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Fla.
"Now is not the time to lose momentum," said Dalton, who also chairs the science policy and legislative committee at the American Association for Cancer Research.
Congress is currently in the throes of a months-long fight over federal budgets and deficits. The deficit reduction plan passed by lawmakers over the summer cut 1% from the budget at the National Institutes of Health. That translated to cuts of about $320 million across the agency.
It's all part of efforts to control the nation's $14.3 trillion debt.
In addition, millions in research funds funneled through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, also known as the stimulus bill, are beginning to wind down.
The Obama administration asked Congress to increase the NCI budget by 13% in 2012. The White House says increasing spending will have beneficial effects throughout the economy. And that's largely the message cancer researchers are pushing in their lobbying efforts.
New Challenges Ahead
About 570,000 Americans die from cancer each year, according to federal statistics. Many are preventable, particularly lung cancers, which are overwhelmingly caused by smoking. But the number of cancers is expected to increase drastically over the next three decades as the U.S. population ages.
"We can't afford to tolerate this level of human suffering," said Elizabeth Blackburn, PhD, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 for research on the structure of chromosomes.
A committee of 12 lawmakers is trying to come up with $1.5 trillion in additional debt savings by Thanksgiving. Congress is supposed to vote on the savings by Dec. 23. Those efforts could include deeper cuts to discretionary programs, including those at the NIH and NCI.
Neither the House nor the Senate has yet approved funding levels for those agencies for the 2012 Fiscal Year.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
List of applications/Other
zh-CN:List of Applications/Other Template:List of Applications navigation
- 1 Others
- 1.1 Note Taking Organizers
- 1.2 Time Management
- 1.3 Translation and localisation
- 1.4 Work environment
- 1.5 System Monitoring
- 1.6 Terminal emulators
- 1.7 Text editors
- 1.8 Integrated Development Environments
- 1.9 Pagers
- 1.10 Application Launchers
- 1.11 Amateur radio
- 1.12 Finance
- 1.13 Emulators
Note Taking Organizers
- hnb (hierarchical notebook) — Program to organize many kinds of data (addresses, to-do lists, ideas, book reviews, etc.) in one place using the XML format.
- BasKet — Application for organizing, sharing, and taking notes. It can manage various types of information such as to-do lists, links, pictures, and other types, similar to a scrapbook.
- Cherrytree — Hierarchical note taking application, featuring rich text and syntax highlighting, storing data in a single xml or sqlite file.
- Gnote — Experimental port of Tomboy to C++.
- KeepNote — Cross-platform GTK+ note-taking application with rich text formatting.
- KJots — Small program which is handy for keeping and organizing miscellaneous notes, part of kdepim.
- NoteCase — Portable hierarchical note manager, coded in C++ using bindings to the GTK+ toolkit.
- Tomboy — Desktop note-taking application for Linux and Unix with a wiki-like linking system to connect notes together.
- zim — WYSIWYG text editor that aims at bringing the concept of a wiki to the desktop.
Time Management
- Calcurse — Text-based ncurses calendar and scheduling system.
- Doneyet — Ncurses-based hierarchical To-do list manager written in C++.
- Pal — Very lightweight calendar with both interactive and non-interactive interfaces.
- Remind — Highly sophisticated text-based calendaring and notification system.
- Taskwarrior — Command-line To-do list application with support for lua customization and more.
- Todo.txt — Small command-line To-do manager.
- TuDu — Ncurses-based hierarchical To-do list manager with vim-like keybindings.
- When — Simple personal calendar program.
- Wyrd — Text-based front-end to Remind, a calendar and alarm program used on UNIX and Linux computers.
- etm (Event and Task Manager) — Simple application with a "Getting Things Done!" approach to handling events, tasks, activities, reminders and projects.
- Glista — Simple GTK+ To-do list manager with notes support.
- GTG (Getting Things GNOME!) — Personal tasks and To-do list items organizer for the GNOME desktop.
- http://gtg.fritalk.com || gtgAUR
- Hamster — Time tracking application that helps you to keep track on how much time you have spent during the day on activities you choose to track.
- KOrganizer — Calendar and scheduling program, part of kdepim.
- Lightning — Extension to Mozilla Thunderbird that provides calendar and task support.
- Orage — GTK+ calendar and task manager often seen integrated with Xfce.
- Osmo — GTK+ personal organizer, which includes calendar, tasks manager and address book modules.
- Rachota — Portable time tracker for personal projects.
- Task Coach — Simple open source To-do manager to manage personal tasks and To-do lists.
- Tasque — Easy quick task management app written in C Sharp.
- TkRemind — Sophisticated calendar and alarm program.
- wxRemind — Python text and graphical frontend to Remind.
Translation and localisation
- Apertium — Free and open source rule-based machine translation platform with available language data. It supports the following formats: HTML, Microsoft Office 2007 XML, OpenDocument, TMX, MediaWiki and others.
- http://apertium.org/ || apertiumAUR
- Gtranslator — Enhanced gettext po file editor for the GNOME. It handles all forms of gettext po files and includes very useful features.
- Lokalize — Standard KDE tool for software translation. It includes basic editing of PO files, support for glossary, translation memory, project managing, etc. It belongs to kdesdk
- Moses — Statistical machine translation tool (language data not included).
- http://statmt.org/moses || not packaged? search in AUR
- OmegaT — General translator's tool which contains a lot of translation memory features and can give suggestions from Google Translate. It supports the following formats: HTML, Microsoft Office 2007 XML, OpenDocument, XLIFF/Okapi, MediaWiki, plain text, TMX and others.
- http://omegat.org || omegatAUR
- Poedit — Simple gettext/po-based translation tool.
- Pology — Set of Python tools for dealing with gettext/po-files.
- Virtaal — Editor for translation of both software and other text, based on Translate Toolkit. It supports the following formats: gettext, XLIFF , TMX, TBX, Wordfast, Qt Linguist , Qt Phrase Book, OmegaT glossary and others. It can also show suggestions from Apertium, Google Translate, Bing Translator, Moses and others.
Work environment
The default installation of Arch provides Bash as shell interpreter and does not contain any Desktop Environment, therefore forces users to choose one themselves. Most Arch boxes run some X11 Window Manager and/or Desktop Environment, but of course there are still people who prefer doing everyday tasks in bare console.
Command shells
Desktop environments
Window managers
- dvtm — dwm-style window manager in the console.
Support applications
Login managers
Terminal multiplexers
- dtach — Program that emulates the detach feature of screen.
- GNU Screen — Full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal.
- tmux — BSD licensed terminal multiplexer.
System Monitoring
- adesklet SystemMonitor — Collection of modular stackable system monitors for adesklets.
- Conky — Lightweight, scriptable system monitor.
- GKrellM — Simple, flexible system monitor package for GTK+ with many plug-ins.
- htop — Simple, ncurses interactive process viewer.
- LXTask — Lightweight task manager for LXDE.
- dstat — Versatile resource statistics tool.
Terminal emulators
Power users use terminal emulators quite often, so unsurprisingly lots of X11 terminal emulators exist. Most of them emulate Xterm that emulates VT102, which emulates typewriter, so you will have to read the Wikipedia article and other sources to get a hold on these things.
- aterm — Xterm replacement with transparency support.
- Eterm — Terminal emulator intended as a replacement for xterm and designed for the Enlightenment desktop.
- http://eterm.org || etermAUR
- Mrxvt — Tabbed X terminal emulator based on rxvt.
- rxvt — Popular replacement for the xterm
- st — Simple terminal implementation for X.
- http://st.suckless.org || stAUR
- terminator — Terminal emulator supporting multiple resizable terminal panels.
- Terminology — Terminal emulator by the Enlightenment project team with innovative features: file thumbnails and media play like a media player. It belongs to e17-extra.
- Tilda — Terminal inspired by many classic terminals from first person shooter games such as Quake, Doom and Half-Life.
- urxvt — Highly extendable (with Perl) unicode enabled rxvt-clone terminal emulator featuring tabbing, url launching, a Quake style drop-down mode and pseudo-transparency.
- xterm — Simple terminal emulator for the X Window System. It provides DEC VT102 and Tektronix 4014 compatible terminals for programs that can't use the window system directly.
- Yakuake — Drop-down terminal (Quake style) emulator based on Konsole.
VTE (Virtual Terminal Emulator) is a widget developed during early GNOME days for use in the GNOME Terminal. It has since given birth to many terminals with similar capabilities.
- evilvte — Very lightweight and highly customizable terminal emulator with support for tabs, auto-hiding and different encodings.
- GNOME Terminal — A terminal emulator included in the GNOME desktop with support for Unicode and pseudo-transparency.
- Guake — Drop-down terminal for the GNOME desktop.
- LilyTerm — Very light and easy to use X Terminal Emulator
- LXTerminal — Desktop independent terminal emulator for LXDE.
- mt (multi-terminal) — Terminal emulator written as more lightweight replacement for Sakura while keeping most of its functionality.
- ROXTerm — Tabbed terminal emulator with a small footprint.
- sakura — Terminal emulator based on GTK+ and VTE.
- Stjerm — GTK+-based drop-down terminal emulator that provides a minimalistic interface combined with a small file size, lightweight memory usage and easy integration with composite window managers such as Compiz.
- Terminal — Terminal emulator included in the Xfce desktop with support for a colorized prompt and a tabbed interface.
- Termit — Simple terminal emulator based on the vte library that includes tabs, bookmarks, and the ability to switch encodings.
- Termite — A keyboard-centric VTE-based terminal, aimed at use within a window manager with tiling and/or tabbing support.
Text editors
- dex — Small and easy to use text editor with support for ctags and parsing compiler errors.
- ed — Line-oriented text editor, the original editor for Unix.
- GNU Emacs — Somewhat intimidating but famously extensible text editor with hundreds of tricks and add-ons.
- JED — Text editor that makes extensive use of the S-Lang library.
- http://jedsoft.org/jed/ || jedAUR
- Joe (Joe's Own Editor) — Terminal-based text editor designed to be easy to use.
- mg — Small, fast, and portable Emacs-compatible editor.
- nano — Console text editor based on pico with on-screen key bindings help.
- Vim (Vi IMproved) — Advanced text editor that seeks to provide the power of the de-facto Unix editor 'vi', with a more complete feature set.
- Zile — A lightweight Emacs clone.
- Acme — Minimalist and flexible programming environment developed by Rob Pike for the Plan 9 operating system.
- Beaver — A GTK+ editor designed to be modular, lightweight and stylish.
- cssed — GTK+-based Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) editor.
- http://cssed.sourceforge.net/ || not packaged? search in AUR
- emendo — Simple Gtk+3 text editor with syntax highlighting written in Vala
- Edile — PyGTK code and scripting editor implemented in one file.
- Gedit — GTK+ editor for the GNOME desktop with syntax highlighting, automatic indentation, matching brackets, etc., and a number of add-ons to increase functionality.
- gVim — Graphical interface for Vim.
- JuffEd — Simple tabbed text editor with syntax highlighting, written in Qt.
- Kate — Full-featured programmer's editor for the KDE desktop with MDI and a filesystem browser.
- KWrite — Lightweight text editor for the KDE desktop that uses the same editor widget as Kate.
- Leafpad — Notepad clone for GTK+ that emphasizes simplicity.
- medit — Programming and around-programming text editor.
- Mousepad — Fast text editor for the Xfce Desktop Environment.
- PyRoom — Great distractionless PyGTK text editor, a clone of the infamous WriteRoom.
- http://pyroom.org/ || pyroomAUR
- QSciTE — Qt clone of the SciTE text and code editor.
- QXmlEdit — Simple Qt XML editor and XSD viewer.
- Sam — Minimalist text editor with a graphical user interface, a very powerful command language and remote editing capabilities, developed by Rob Pike.
- SciTE — Generally useful editor with facilities for building and running programs.
- Sublime Text 2 — Closed-source C++ and Python-based editor with many advanced features and plugins while staying lightweight and pretty.
- Tea — Qt-based feature rich text editor.
Integrated Development Environments
- Anjuta — Versatile IDE with project management, an application wizard, an interactive debugger, a source editor, version control support and many more tools.
- Aptana Studio — IDE based on Eclipse, but geared towards web development, with support for HTML, CSS, Javascript, Ruby on Rails, PHP, Adobe AIR and others.
- Bluefish — GTK+ editor/IDE with an MDI interface, syntax highlighting and support for Python plugins.
- Bluej — Fully featured Java IDE used mainly for educational and beginner purposes.
- http://bluej.org/ || bluejAUR
- Code::Blocks — Open source and cross-platform C/C++ IDE.
- Cloud9 — State-of-the-art IDE that runs in your browser and lives in the cloud, allowing you to run, debug and deploy applications from anywhere, anytime.
- https://c9.io/ || cloud9AUR
- Eclipse — Open source community project, which aims to provide a universal development platform.
- Editra — Multi-platform text editor with an implementation that focuses on creating an easy to use interface and features that aid in code development.
- http://www.editra.org || editraAUR
- Eric — Full-featured Python 3.x and Ruby IDE in PyQt4.
- Gambas — Free development environment based on a Basic interpreter with object extensions.
- Geany — Text editor using the GTK+ toolkit with basic features of an integrated development environment.
- IntelliJ IDEA — IDE for Java, Groovy and other programming languages with advanced refactoring features.
- KDevelop — Feature-full, plugin extensible IDE for C/C++ and other programming languages.
- Lazarus — Cross-platform IDE for Object Pascal.
- MonoDevelop — Cross-platform IDE targeted for the Mono and .NET frameworks.
- NetBeans — Integrated development environment (IDE) for developing with Java, JavaScript, PHP, Python, Ruby, Groovy, C, C++, Scala, Clojure, and other languages.
- PyCharm — IDE used for programming in Python with support for code analysis, debugging, unit testing, version control and web development with Django.
- QDevelop — Free and cross-platform IDE for Qt.
- http://biord-software.org/qdevelop/ || not packaged? search in AUR
- Qt Creator — Lightweight, cross-platform C++ integrated development environment with a focus on Qt.
- more — A simple and feature-light pager. It is a part of the util-linux package.
- less — A program similar to more, but with support for both forward and backward scrolling, as well as partial loading of files.
- less-mouse — less with mouse scrolling support. It is present in the AUR as less-mouseAUR.
- most — A pager with support for multiple windows, left and right scrolling, and built-in colour support
- mcview — A pager with mouse and colour support. It is bundled with midnight commander.
- vimpager — A script that turns vim into a pager. As a result, you get various vim features such as colour schemes, mouse support, split screens, etc.
Application Launchers
- ADeskBar — Easy, simple and unobtrusive application launcher for Openbox.
- dmenu — Fast and lightweight dynamic menu for X which is also useful as an application launcher.
- Fehlstart — Small GTK+-based application launcher.
- Gmrun — Lightweight GTK+-based application launcher, with the ability to run programs inside a terminal and other handy features.
- GNOME Do — Application launcher inspired by Quicksilver with many plugins, originally developed for the GNOME desktop.
- Kupfer — Convenient command and access tool for the GNOME desktop that can launch applications, open documents and access different types of objects and act on them.
- Launchy — Very popular cross-platform application launcher with a plugin-based system used to provide extra functionality.
- Synapse — Synapse is a semantic launcher written in Vala that you can use to start applications as well as find and access relevant documents and files by making use of the Zeitgeist engine.
Amateur radio
Template:Wikipedia Template:Box
- esniper — Simple, lightweight tool for sniping eBay auctions.
- GnuCash — Financial application that implements a double-entry book-keeping system with features for small business accounting.
- Grisbi — Personal finance system which manages third party, expenditure and receipt categories, as well as budgetary lines, financial years, and other information that makes it suitable for associations.
- http://www.grisbi.org/ || grisbiAUR
- HomeBank — Easy to use finance manager that can analyse your personal finance in detail using powerful filtering tools and graphs.
- KMyMoney — Personal finance manager that operates in a similar way to Microsoft Money. It supports different account types, categorisation of expenses and incomes, reconciliation of bank accounts and import/export to the "QIF" file format.
- Skrooge — Personal finances manager for the KDE desktop.
- openerp — Open source erp system purely in python.
- http://openerp.com/ || openerpAUR
An emulator is a program which serves to replicate the functions of another platform or system so as to allow applications and games to be run in environments they were not programmed for.
- DeSmuME — Nintendo DS emulator.
- Dolphin — Very nice GameCube and Wii emulator.
- epsxe — Emulator for the PlayStation video game console for x86-based PC hardware.
- http://www.epsxe.com/ || epsxeAUR
- fakenes — NES (Nintendo Famicom) emulator.
- FCEUX — NTSC and PAL 8 bit Nintendo/Famicom emulator that is an evolution of the original FCE Ultra emulator. It is accurate, compatible and actively maintained.
- Gens2 — Emulator for Sega Genesis, Sega CD and 32X that is written in assembly language and no longer actively developed.
- activate OpenGL, set video resolution per custom to 1024x600 for streched full-screen or 800x600 for non-streched;
- use "Normal" renderer, I couldn't find a visible advantage with the other ones.
- Gens-GS — Gens2, rewritten in C++, combining features from various Gens forks.
- gngeo — Command-line NeoGeo emulator.
- higan — Multisystem emulator focusing on accuracy, supporting SNES, NES, GB, GBC, GBA.
- mednafen — Command line driven multi system emulator.
- Mupen64Plus — Highly compatible Nintendo 64 emulator with plugin system.
- http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ || mupen64plus and m64pyAUR (graphical frontend)
- pSX — A not plugin-based PlayStation emulator with fairly high compatibility.
- PCSXR — PlayStation emulator; Debian fork of the abandoned original PCSX
- PCSX2 — PlayStation 2 emulator. It is still being maintained and developed. It requires BIOS files.
- snes-9x — Portable, freeware Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) emulator.
- Visual Boy Advance — Game Boy emulator with Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Color, and Super Game Boy support.
- ZSNES — Highly compatible Super Nintendo emulator.
- DOSBox — Open-source DOS emulator which primarily focuses on running DOS Games.
- DOSEmu — Open-source DOS emulator.
- MAME — Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator.
- ResidualVM — Cross-platform 3D game interpreter which allows you to play LucasArts' Lua-based 3D adventures.
- RetroArch — Frontend to libretro (emulation library, using modified versions of existing emulators as plugins).
- ScummVM — Virtual machine for old school adventures.
- X Neko Project II — PC-9801 emulator.


text:
Fastcoin? Peercoin? Bitcoin Opens Door to New Currencies
As the Bitcoin phenomenon reaches new heights, developers are rolling out dozens of competing virtual currencies with colorful names like Litecoin, Peercoin, Namecoin and Feathercoin. Joseph Light reports on digits. Photo: Getty Images.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... employee in the spotlight in the Senate but it's not the only digital currency now ... will commit Digits I'm Simon call's well Joe White has more on this ... show we would ... all that almost all the support of a decline that it will continue for an amount ... on one ... write a mean they ... do software developers are launching literally ... hundreds of new current season aam you know the Bush team two or three new currencies almost every day knowing all these are kind of bitcoin derivatives the work on the scene basically Teana ... unique slight alterations and the developers that people who mind and hope that they'll explode in the same reason ways Bitcoin and make them to lots of sodomy Citadel when you are not multiple Cohen tells about that ... write soon so I'm to do this several alternative currencies ... the biggest Bitcoin competitor rate now is called ... likely has a market cap of about a hundred million dollars ... and actually the last couple days ... is extremely volatile like bitcoin in doubled in price cut in half by for its ... release in July corn and I mean ... they're all sorts of strange occurrences out there was one called BBQ Korean BBQ corn ... is one called feather calling mean Cohen pure Korean girls pointy toe sticking out and put in a decline in and ... it wants to ... know ... also in the current season have ... been around for awhile sometimes they can get you into trouble with the with the government to step to demands doesn't read like of the people competing with it ... these have managed to avoid that problem and that they have a laugh a floating value and don't seem to ... ALM stack up against things one if they become popular now ... oh well that the reason the old ... alternative currencies in the compartment of the altars of the coin ... is basically that the Clintons are successful so so most like and for some people in the ways can a get rich quick ... your speculative bubbles are hoping to write the coins coattails in a lot of money ... and the reason that ... the current season in general become popular and all sorts of reasons people see him as a store of value ... as the federal government can inflate them away ... I'm people like that there ... is very easy to send large amounts of them digitally without there being any sort transaction Fees By cutesy ... with out with with the Western Union for example ... and it's easier when you make purchases but the scope of current easy don't face the same sorts of ... appease Alec record companies from now will one-on-one of Take two big holes in all of this is that beat these are companies with with the product to ALM and ... a route that and they're offering you something ... they could go bust and disappear and how much I guess so which you can see right ... he always currencies only as good as the next person who's willing to take that lying down annualized loss of these currencies have launched ... and either been hacked and were overpowered and has appeared in and out of the delegates is zero for some of them the Tigers zero simply because ... other people who were previously willing to exchange the currency was interested in top it that way ... so anybody anybody who's looking at the news ... as an investment I'm you know they're they're gonna be disappointed ... is this when beanie babies time ... I mean Beanie babies ... beating anybody needs peak of the Currency supporter was the comparison Compare beanie babies or collectible ... aam ... up but ... he has to do anything if you would have to file the game fad right now we need to look if you look at the at the tulip mania in Bakken sixteen hundreds the Dutch tulip bulb looking now to talk about ... um for a short period of time people sell those is a store of value ... and then all the sudden you know somebody was like wait a minute you were just on flowers here and and that they were ... worth nearly as much as they were before completely disappeared ... but the key the key point here is you don't understand that it was a special evening Alcatel efforts over the blocks all your money and benefits of some effect very much Joan Mysore Wall Street John all read more on ... the beest ah com ...


text: Virginia Al Kalema TV - LyngSat Stream Advertisements Al Kalema TV Main | Pacific | Asia | Middle East | Europe | Africa | South America | North America TV Channel: LyngSat | LyngSat Stream United States Latest additions from United States:200331: KQCK-TV200327: WRXY-TV200325: UEL TV200318: Bulldog Shopping Network200315: Tapesh 2200313: Smart LifeStyle TV200305: People TV200302: Cutlery Corner Network Latest World additions:200331: KQCK-TV200331: Ukraïna 24200330: Mh 1 Music200330: Jan-Tantra TV200329: Patrika Rajasthan200329: TV P200329: Bflix Movies200329: M Cine Channel News at LyngSat Stream: KQCK-TVWRXY-TV News at LyngSat: Alkarma Family on Eutelsat 7 West AJesus Wonderful TV on Eutelsat 7 West A Linear Streaming This channel was last checked to be streaming in November 2019. Satellites:Optus D2 The content on this website is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. LyngSat is a registered trademark, owned by Lyngemark Satellite. You are welcome to send updates, corrections and report broken streams to email@example.com Logotypes provided by LyngSat Logo Advertisements News at LyngSat: Alkarma Family on Eutelsat 7 West ATMH TV on NSS 12Jesus Wonderful TV on Eutelsat 7 West AICC on Eutelsat 7BDidgah TV on Eutelsat 7BSupreme Master TV on Yamal 401 News at LyngSat Stream: KQCK-TVWRXY-TVUEL TVBulldog Shopping NetworkTapesh 2Smart LifeStyle TV


text:
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text:
from Tuesday's Bruce Levine's chat:
Q: Bruce-If we see the Sox drop off next month and Kenny starts to trade people , like Mark Buehrle, is there a chance we could see him comeback to the team after the season?
A: Buehrle if traded will not be back. You're not going to bring back a guy making $14 million if you've already made a decision to move a lifelong Sox player. He wouldn't come back. His choice would be St. Louis. He's always said he wanted to play for his hometown team at least for one year.


text:
BlackBerry Bringing Security Feature to iOS, Android
Soon you won't need a BlackBerry smartphone to take advantage of some of the company's mobile security products.
Come June, BlackBerry will ship Secure Work Space for iOS and Android, a security solution that allows enterprise customers to separate and secure both work and personal data on employee smartphones. Similar to the company's BlackBerry Balance technology, Secure Work Space essentially containerizes devices, securely separating work email and apps from personal ones. Not only does it remove the need for employees to carry individual devices for work and personal needs, it frees up companies from managing the virtual private networks needed to provide secure access to workers in the field. And it can all be managed through BlackBerry Enterprise Service 10 (BES).
That last bit may be the most important of all, because Secure Work Space will almost certainly make BES that much more appealing to the enterprise market that has long been BlackBerry's stronghold. And, crucially, it allows the company to sell high-margin services to enterprise customers, even if some of their employees are using devices built on Android or iOS.
BlackBerry's service revenue had been expected to drop this year. Perhaps, BES 10 and Secure Work Space can temper that decline.


text:
We offer free returns on all our products. You can return the products you have purchased within 30 days of receiving the item(s) for a full refund.
Products purchased directly from our website can be returned to our warehouse or returned/exchanged in the following Daniel Wellington stores:
- London: 24 Carnaby Street, 12 Market Building, 111A Commercial Street and Westfield Stratford Shopping Centre
- Cambridge: Saint Tibbs Road
Read more in our Returns policy.


text:
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text:
This was what I wore yesterday but I decided not to post it in the end as I felt it was a little weird after the subject of yesterdays post. I cant even begin to start replying to everyones comments and thoughts (I promise I am giving it a go!) It really means a lot knowing that people understand where I'm coming from and it's honestly the best and most comforting feeling in the world knowing that my video has helped people in some sort of way. It just reinforces the message that we aren't alone in feeling lonely sometimes. So many people from all walks of life feel sad or alone at some point! I just cant begin to express how much it means to me that you guys are all such loyal and amazing followers. I'm so glad I decided to speak up and talk about my feelings as it's helped me come to terms with how I feel and to be honest, for the first time in a long time I actually felt like I really wasn't alone and was connecting with people on a whole new level.
The outfit was just a bit of a throw on and go outfit. Although Im pretty I say that about all of the outfits I've ever posted. I bought the Batman top from Primark last weekend, I think it was around £8. Im not a huge Batman fan if I'm honest but I'm into the sporty kinda fit of baseball tops and I like bold graphic prints. Oh dear, I've become one of those people who wear t-shirts of bands/things I don't actually like that much. At least I haven't quite got to the stages of wearing one of those t-shirts with "Totes Amaze" quite yet! (although I did consider it) I just wore some jeans I've had from Primark for about 3 years and really need to be replaced. These were the only trousers I had during a long period of time but that has changed rather quickly. I think I've worn trousers everyday this week so far! And finally of course I had to get some more wear out of my new favourite Topshop Coat so threw it on over it. I just cant get over how much I like the fit and the cool vibes. It's just something else. Love.
I went to Ikea yesterday to get new things for my bedroom. I've decided to redecorate it a bit because it's not quite how I want it. It currently is a bit too miss matched. I might do some sort of room decor haul/tour at the weekend if anyone is interested. Gotta put all the furniture and stuff together first! DIYMLRS is my alter-ego, because believe it or not I'm really good at building things and fixing things. I have a lot of skills when it comes to making stuff!
I also have a new iMac on it's way to me as my Macbook Air has given up on me. I've only had it a year but it's slow, bloated and the screen doesn't work any more throwing colours off. I've had to get it on an interest free credit card with the hopes of spreading the cost over a period of time (I have a Barclay Card Interest Free Credit card & disclaimer: Do your research before getting a interest free card! I don't recommend getting credit cards unless you can afford to pay back at least the minimum and understand how they work). I did this when I bought my current Macbook and literally have just finished paying it off. Sigh. At least my Macbook has served me well over the past year! Stupid Apple making desirable products yet never last. Silly me for getting sucked into the hype. Oh well, I'm hoping it'll help me be able to make better content, edit better and learn new skills. I've been really getting into videos and video editing and I'm determined to get a new hobby. Film maker Melrose? Maybe!


text:
|Working Group I: The Scientific Basis
|Other reports in this collection
7.3.3 Interior Ocean Mixing
Diapycnal mixing across density surfaces provides the main way to warm the cold deep waters which are formed by convection and sink at high latitudes, thus allowing them to rise through the thermocline and complete the lower limb of the "conveyor belt". Diapycnal mixing is an essential part of the ocean circulation, in particular the THC, and can affect surface conditions and climate change on decadal to centennial and longer time-scales.
The processes leading to mixing in the main thermocline involve random internal wave breaking (Gregg, 1989; Polzin et al., 1995), and to some degree also double-diffusive mixing (St. Laurent and Schmitt, 1999). Diffusivities in most of the main thermocline are typically of the order 10-5 m2s-1 or less (Gregg, 1989; Ledwell et al., 1993), whereas diffusivities of an order of magnitude larger are required to close the THC (Munk, 1966). Recent observations in the deep ocean have, however, found that turbulence is greatly enhanced 1,000 to 2,000 m above the bottom in regions of rough bottom topography (Polzin et al., 1997), with mixing rates reaching values of 1 to 3 x 10-4 m2s-1 (Ledwell et al., 2000). The most likely cause is internal waves generated by tidal flows over kilometre-scale bathymetric features. In addition to tidal-driven mixing, the calculations of Munk and Wunsch (1998) indicate that wind-driven mixing in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current contributes substantially. Preliminary estimates of mixing rates based on the internal wave parametrization suggest that the wind-driven mixing is more uniformly distributed throughout the water column (Polzin and Firing, 1997). Whereas the classical assumption of uniform mixing and upwelling led to an expectation of poleward interior flow in the deep ocean, the new data suggest downwelling in the interior, with upwelling confined to the many ocean bottom fracture zone valleys perpendicular to the ridge axis (Ledwell et al., 2000).
Evidence for a significant role for double diffusion in ocean mixing has emerged. The "salt finger" and "diffusive convection" processes transfer heat and salt at different rates resulting in a density transport against its mean gradient. New data suggest that salt fingers may have a somewhat subtle role over widespread areas of the sub-tropical gyres (St. Laurent and Schmitt, 1999). The implications of widespread double diffusion for the general circulation are, however, controversial. Gargett and Holloway (1992) found in a model study with a simplistic representation of double-diffusive mixing that there were dramatic changes in the circulation and water masses. Recent studies using a more conservative parametrization of double-diffusion suggest modest though still significant changes in the circulation (Zhang et al., 1998).
Diapycnal mixing in the ocean is usually associated with energy conversions, and parametrizations are often based on energy arguments. In their most simple form, these suggest formulating mixing coefficients in terms of stability frequency and/or Richardson number. Double-diffusive mixing has been included in a few models only to very a limited extent. The higher mixing rates found in the abyssal ocean over rough topography have so far not been included in the vertical mixing scheme of coupled climate models, but have been used with some effect on the deep circulation in ocean models (e.g., Hasumi and Suginohara, 1999).
The sensitivity of climate model results to the mixing parametrization is not fully clear. In a state of thermohaline equilibrium, the intensity of the meridional overturning circulation should be strongly dependent on the average internal mixing rate, and in ocean-only models the meridional overturning circulation often varies with a certain power of the average mixing rate (Zhang et al., 1999a). Some models indicate, however, that significant transports may be involved in wind-driven flows along isopycnals which outcrop in different hemispheres. The buoyancy changes are confined to the surface mixed layers, and little or no interior mixing is required. The scaling laws and dynamics of such flows have yet to be clarified, but they do raise the possibility of a meridional heat transport independent of the interior mixing rate.
In summary, the uncertainties associated with interior ocean mixing parametrizations are likely to be small for climate projections over a few decades but could be considerable over longer time scales.
Other reports in this collection