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To have grub write its EFI image to {{ic|/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.efi}}, which the boot firmware will be able to find without any UEFI boot entry, use {{ic|--removable}} when you run {{ic|grub-install}}.
To have grub write its EFI image to {{ic|/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.efi}}, which the boot firmware will be able to find without any UEFI boot entry, use {{ic|--removable}} when you run {{ic|grub-install}}.
===== Install to partition or partitionless disk =====
===== Install to partition or partitionless disk =====
Revision as of 21:47, 21 February 2017
GRUB — not to be confused with GRUB Legacy — is the next generation of the GRand Unified Bootloader. GRUB is derived from PUPA which was a research project to develop the next generation of what is now GRUB Legacy. GRUB has been rewritten from scratch to clean up everything and provide modularity and portability [1].
- 1 Preface
- 2 BIOS systems
- 2.1 GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions
- 2.2 Master Boot Record (MBR) specific instructions
- 2.3 Installation
- 3 UEFI systems
- 4 Generate the main configuration file
- 5 Configuration
- 5.1 Additional arguments
- 5.2 Dual-booting
- 5.2.1 "Shutdown" menu entry
- 5.2.2 "Restart" menu entry
- 5.2.3 "Firmware setup" menu entry (UEFI only)
- 5.2.4 GNU/Linux menu entry
- 5.2.5 FreeBSD menu entry
- 5.2.6 Windows installed in UEFI-GPT Mode menu entry
- 5.2.7 Windows installed in BIOS-MBR mode
- 5.5 Multiple entries
- 5.6 Encryption
- 6 Using the command shell
- 7 Troubleshooting
- 7.1 Intel BIOS not booting GPT
- 7.2 Enable debug messages
- 7.3 "No suitable mode found" error
- 7.4 msdos-style error message
- 7.6 Invalid signature
- 7.7 Boot freezes
- 7.8 Arch not found from other OS
- 7.9 Warning when installing in chroot
- 7.10 GRUB loads slowly
- 7.11 error: unknown filesystem
- 7.12 grub-reboot not resetting
- 7.13 Old BTRFS prevents installation
- 7.14 Windows 8/10 not found
- 8 See also
A bootloader is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control to the Linux kernel. The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the operating system. The name GRUB officially refers to version 2 of the software. See [2]. If you are looking for the article on the legacy version, see GRUB Legacy.
GRUB has a few root file system-specific limitations:
- F2FS is not supported
If your root partition is on an unsupported file system, you must create a separate
/boot partition with a supported file system. In some cases, the development version of GRUB grub-gitAUR has native support.
BIOS systems
GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions
On a BIOS/GPT configuration a BIOS boot partition is required. GRUB embeds its
core.img into this partition.
- Before attempting this method keep in mind that not all systems will be able to support this partitioning scheme. Read more on GUID partition tables.
- This additional partition is only needed on a GRUB, BIOS/GPT partitioning scheme. Previously, for a GRUB, BIOS/MBR partitioning scheme, GRUB used the Post-MBR gap for the embedding the
core.img). GRUB for GPT, however, does not use the Post-GPT gap to conform to GPT specifications that require 1_megabyte/2048_sector disk boundaries.
- For UEFI systems this extra partition is not required, since no embedding of boot sectors takes place in that case. However, UEFI systems still require an ESP.
Create a mebibyte partition (
+1M with fdisk or gdisk) on the disk with no file system and with partition type BIOS boot. Select
BIOS boot and partition type number
4 for fdisk,
ef02 for gdisk, and
bios_grub for parted. This partition can be in any position order but has to be on the first 2 TiB of the disk. This partition needs to be created before GRUB installation. When the partition is ready, install the bootloader as per the instructions below.
The post-GPT gap can also be used as the BIOS boot partition though it will be out of GPT alignment specification. Since the partition will not be regularly accessed performance issues can be disregarded, though some disk utilities will display a warning about it. In fdisk or gdisk create a new partition starting at sector 34 and spanning to 2047 and set the type. To have the viewable partitions begin at the base consider adding this partition last.
Master Boot Record (MBR) specific instructions
Usually the post-MBR gap (after the 512 byte MBR region and before the start of the first partition) in many MBR (or 'msdos' disklabel) partitioned systems is 31 KiB when DOS compatibility cylinder alignment issues are satisfied in the partition table. However a post-MBR gap of about 1 to 2 MiB is recommended to provide sufficient room for embedding GRUB's
core.img (FS#24103). It is advisable to use a partitioning tool that supports 1 MiB partition alignment to obtain this space as well as to satisfy other non-512 byte sector issues (which are unrelated to embedding of
Install the grub package. It will replace grub-legacyAUR, where already installed.
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img file and the GRUB modules in
/boot/grub/i386-pc. You need to update them manually using
grub-install as explained below.
Install boot files
There are 4 ways to install GRUB boot files in BIOS booting:
- Install to disk (recommended)
- Install to external USB stick (for recovery)
- Install to partition or partitionless disk (not recommended)
- Generate core.img alone (safest method, but requires another BIOS bootloader like Syslinux to be installed to chainload
Install to disk
/boot/grub directory and its first stage code installed to the 440-byte MBR boot code region (not to be confused with MBR partition table). To signal grub-install to install files to a different location, such as when migrating to new drives, use the
--boot-directory flag, such as in #Install to external USB stick.
The following commands will:
- Set up GRUB in the 440-byte Master Boot Record boot code region
- Populate the
- Generate the
- Embed it in the 31 KiB (minimum size - varies depending on partition alignment) post-MBR gap in case of MBR partitioned disk
- In the case of a GPT partitioned disk it will embed it in the BIOS Boot Partition, denoted by
bios_grubflag in parted and EF02 type code in gdisk
# grub-install --target=i386-pc /dev/sdx # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
If you use LVM for your
/boot, you can install GRUB on multiple physical disks.
Install to external USB stick
Assume your USB stick's first partition is FAT32 and its partition is /dev/sdy1
# mkdir -p /mnt/usb # mount /dev/sdy1 /mnt/usb # grub-install --target=i386-pc --debug --boot-directory=/mnt/usb/boot /dev/sdy # grub-mkconfig -o /mnt/usb/boot/grub/grub.cfg
Optionally backup configuration files of
# mkdir -p /mnt/usb/etc/default # cp /etc/default/grub /mnt/usb/etc/default # cp -a /etc/grub.d /mnt/usb/etc
# sync; umount /mnt/usb
To have grub write its EFI image to
/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.efi, which the boot firmware will be able to find without any UEFI boot entry, use
--removable when you run
Install to partition or partitionless disk
To set up grub to a partition boot sector, to a partitionless disk (also called superfloppy) or to a floppy disk, run (using for example
/dev/sdaX as the
/boot partition):
# chattr -i /boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img # grub-install --target=i386-pc --debug --force /dev/sdaX # chattr +i /boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img
/dev/sdaXused for example only.
grub-installto install for BIOS systems only. It is recommended to always use this option to remove ambiguity in grub-install.
You need to use the
--force option to allow usage of blocklists and should not use
--grub-setup=/bin/true (which is similar to simply generating
grub-install will give out warnings like which should give you the idea of what might go wrong with this approach:
/sbin/grub-setup: warn: Attempting to install GRUB to a partitionless disk or to a partition. This is a BAD idea. /sbin/grub-setup: warn: Embedding is not possible. GRUB can only be installed in this setup by using blocklists. However, blocklists are UNRELIABLE and their use is discouraged.
--force you may get the below error and
grub-setup will not setup its boot code in the partition boot sector:
/sbin/grub-setup: error: will not proceed with blocklists
--force you should get:
Installation finished. No error reported.
The reason why
grub-setup does not by default allow this is because in case of partition or a partitionless disk is that GRUB relies on embedded blocklists in the partition bootsector to locate the
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img file and the prefix directory
/boot/grub. The sector locations of
core.img may change whenever the file system in the partition is being altered (files copied, deleted etc.). For more info, see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=728742 and https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=730915.
The workaround for this is to set the immutable flag on
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img (using
chattr command as mentioned above) so that the sector locations of the
core.img file in the disk is not altered. The immutable flag on
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img needs to be set only if GRUB is installed to a partition boot sector or a partitionless disk, not in case of installation to MBR or simple generation of
core.img without embedding any bootsector (mentioned above).
Unfortunately, the
grub.cfg file that is created will not contain the proper UUID in order to boot, even if it reports no errors. see https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1294604#p1294604.
In order to fix this issue the following commands:
# mount /dev/sdxY /mnt #Your root partition. # mount /dev/sdxZ /mnt/boot #Your boot partition (if you have one). # arch-chroot /mnt # pacman -S linux # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Generate core.img alone
To populate the
/boot/grub directory and generate a
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img file without embedding any GRUB bootsector code in the MBR, post-MBR region, or the partition bootsector, add
--grub-setup=/bin/true to
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --grub-setup=/bin/true --debug /dev/sda
/dev/sdaused for example only.
grub-installto install for BIOS systems only. It is recommended to always use this option to remove ambiguity in grub-install.
You can then chainload GRUB's
core.img from GRUB Legacy or syslinux as a Linux kernel or as a multiboot kernel (see also Syslinux#Chainloading).
UEFI systems
- It is recommended to read and understand the UEFI, GPT and UEFI Bootloaders pages.
- When installing to use UEFI it is important to start the install with your machine in UEFI mode. The Arch Linux install media must be UEFI bootable.
Check if you have GPT and an ESP
An EFI System Partition (ESP) is needed on every disc you want to boot using EFI. GPT is not strictly necessary, but it is highly recommended and is the only method currently supported in this article. If you are installing Arch Linux on an EFI-capable computer with an already-working operating system, like Windows 8 for example, it is very likely that you already have an ESP. To check for GPT and for an ESP, use
parted as root to print the partition table of the disk you want to boot from. (We are calling it
# parted /dev/sda print
For GPT, you are looking for "Partition Table: gpt". For EFI, you are looking for a small (512 MiB or less) partition with a vfat/fat32 file system and the boot flag enabled. On it, there should be a directory named "EFI". If these criteria are met, this is your ESP. Make note of the partition number. You will need to know which one it is, so you can mount it later on while installing GRUB to it. In the following of this section
esp must be substituted by it in commands.
Create an ESP
If you do not have an ESP, you will need to create one. See EFI System Partition
This section assumes you are installing GRUB for x86_64 systems (x86_64-efi). For i686 systems, replace
x86_64-efi with
i386-efi where appropriate.
Make sure you are in a bash shell. For example, when booting from the Arch ISO:
# arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash
Install the packages grub and efibootmgr. GRUB is the bootloader, efibootmgr creates bootable
.efi stub entries used by the GRUB installation script.
The following steps install the GRUB UEFI application to
esp/EFI/grub, install its modules to
/boot/grub/x86_64-efi, and place the bootable
grubx64.efi stub in
First, tell GRUB to use UEFI, set the boot directory and set the bootloader ID. Mount the ESP partition to e.g.
/boot or
/boot/efi and in the following change
esp_mount to that mount point (usually
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=esp_mount --bootloader-id=grub
--bootloader-id is what appears in the boot options to identify the GRUB EFI boot option; make sure this is something you will recognize later. The install will create a directory of the same name under
esp/EFI/ where the EFI binary bootloader will be placed.
boot as your bootloader-id then you will have the additional ability of being able to boot from the drive in case EFI variables are reset or you move the drive to another computer. Usually you can do this by selecting the drive itself similar to how you would using BIOS. If dual booting with Windows, be aware Windows usually has a folder called boot inside the EFI folder of the EFI partition, but the only purpose this serves is to recreate the EFI boot option for Windows.
After the above install finished the main GRUB directory is located at
Remember to #Generate the main configuration file after finalizing #Configuration.
- While some distributions require a
/boot/EFIdirectory, Arch does not.
--bootloader-idare specific to GRUB UEFI.
--efi-directoryspecifies the mountpoint of the ESP. It replaces
--root-directory, which is deprecated.
- You might note the absence of a <device_path> option (e.g.:
/dev/sda) in the
grub-installcommand. In fact any <device_path> provided will be ignored by the GRUB install script, as UEFI bootloaders do not use a MBR or partition boot sector at all.
See UEFI troubleshooting in case of problems.
Further reading
Below is other relevant information regarding installing Arch via UEFI
Alternative install method
Usually, GRUB keeps all files, including configuration files, in
/boot, regardless of where the EFI System Partition is mounted.
If you want to keep these files inside the EFI System Partition itself, add
--boot-directory=esp to the grub-install command:
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=esp --bootloader-id=grub --boot-directory=esp --debug
This puts all GRUB files in
esp/grub, instead of in
/boot/grub. When using this method, make sure you have grub-mkconfig put the configuration file in the same place:
# grub-mkconfig -o esp/grub/grub.cfg
Configuration is otherwise the same.
UEFI firmware workaround
Some UEFI firmware requires that the bootable
.efi stub have a specific name and be placed in a specific location:
esp/EFI/boot/bootx64.efi (where
esp is the UEFI partition mountpoint). Failure to do so in such instances will result in an unbootable installation. Fortunately, this will not cause any problems with other firmware that does not require this.
To do so, first create the necessary directory, and then copy across the grub
.efi stub, renaming it in the process:
# mkdir esp/EFI/boot # cp esp/EFI/grub_uefi/grubx64.efi esp/EFI/boot/bootx64.efi
Create a GRUB entry in the firmware boot manager
grub-install automatically tries to create a menu entry in the boot manager. If it does not, then see UEFI#efibootmgr for instructions to use
efibootmgr to create a menu entry. However, the problem is likely to be that you have not booted your CD/USB in UEFI mode, as in UEFI#Create UEFI bootable USB from ISO.
GRUB standalone
This section assumes you are creating a standalone GRUB for x86_64 systems (x86_64-efi). For i686 systems, replace
x86_64-efi with
i386-efi where appropriate.
It is possible to create a
grubx64_standalone.efi application which has all the modules embedded in a tar archive within the UEFI application, thus removing the need for having a separate directory populated with all of the GRUB UEFI modules and other related files. This is done using the
grub-mkstandalone command (included in grub) as follows:
# echo 'configfile ${cmdpath}/grub.cfg' > /tmp/grub.cfg # grub-mkstandalone -d /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-efi/ -O x86_64-efi --modules="part_gpt part_msdos" --locales="en@quot" --themes="" -o "esp/EFI/grub/grubx64_standalone.efi" "boot/grub/grub.cfg=/tmp/grub.cfg" -v
Then copy the GRUB config file to
esp/EFI/grub/grub.cfg and create a UEFI Boot Manager entry for
esp/EFI/grub/grubx64_standalone.efi using efibootmgr.
--modules="part_gpt part_msdos" (with the quotes) is necessary for the
${cmdpath} feature to work properly.
grub.cfg file is not loaded due to
${cmdpath} missing a slash (i.e.
(hd1,msdos2)EFI/Boot instead of
(hd1,msdos2)/EFI/Boot) and so you are dropped into a GRUB shell. If this happens determine what
${cmdpath} is set to (
echo ${cmdpath} ) and then load the config file manually (e.g.
configfile (hd1,msdos2)/EFI/Boot/grub.cfg).
Technical information
The GRUB EFI file always expects its config file to be at
${prefix}/grub.cfg. However in the standalone GRUB EFI file, the
${prefix} is located inside a tar archive and embedded inside the standalone GRUB EFI file itself (inside the GRUB environment, it is denoted by
"(memdisk)", without quotes). This tar archive contains all the files that would be stored normally at
/boot/grub in case of a normal GRUB EFI install.
Due to this embedding of
/boot/grub contents inside the standalone image itself, it does not rely on actual (external)
/boot/grub for anything. Thus in case of standalone GRUB EFI file
${prefix}==(memdisk)/boot/grub and the standalone GRUB EFI file reads expects the config file to be at
Hence to make sure the standalone GRUB EFI file reads the external
grub.cfg located in the same directory as the EFI file (inside the GRUB environment, it is denoted by
${cmdpath} ), we create a simple
/tmp/grub.cfg which instructs GRUB to use
${cmdpath}/grub.cfg as its config (
configfile ${cmdpath}/grub.cfg command in
(memdisk)/boot/grub/grub.cfg). We then instruct grub-mkstandalone to copy this
/tmp/grub.cfg file to
${prefix}/grub.cfg (which is actually
(memdisk)/boot/grub/grub.cfg) using the option
This way, the standalone GRUB EFI file and actual
grub.cfg can be stored in any directory inside the EFI System Partition (as long as they are in the same directory), thus making them portable.
Generate the main configuration file
After the installation, the main configuration file
grub.cfg needs to be generated. The generation process can be influenced by a variety of options in
/etc/default/grub and scripts in
/etc/grub.d/; see #Configuration.
If you have not done additional configuration, the automatic generation will determine the root filesystem of the system to boot for the configuration file. For that to succeed it is important that the system is either booted or chrooted into.
grub.cfg has to be re-generated after any change to
/etc/default/grub or files in
Use the grub-mkconfig tool to generate
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
By default the generation scripts automatically add menu entries for Arch Linux to any generated configuration. See Multiboot USB drive#Boot entries and #Dual-booting for custom menu entries for other systems.
- The default file path is
/boot/grub/grub.cfg, not
/boot/grub/i386-pc/grub.cfg. The grub includes a sample
/boot/grub/grub.cfg; ensure your intended changes were written to this file.
- If you are trying to run grub-mkconfig in a chroot or systemd-nspawn container, you might notice that it does not work, complaining that grub-probe cannot get the "canonical path of /dev/sdaX". In this case, try using arch-chroot as described in the BBS post.
This section only covers editing the
/etc/default/grub configuration file. See GRUB/Tips and tricks for more information.
Remember to always #Generate the main configuration file after making changes to
Additional arguments
To pass custom additional arguments to the Linux image, you can set the
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT variables in
/etc/default/grub. The two are appended to each other and passed to kernel when generating regular boot entries. For the recovery boot entry, only
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX is used in the generation.
It is not necessary to use both, but can be useful. For example, you could use
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="resume=/dev/sdaX quiet" where
sdaX is your swap partition to enable resume after hibernation. This would generate a recovery boot entry without the resume and without quiet suppressing kernel messages during a boot from that menu entry. Though, the other (regular) menu entries would have them as options.
By default grub-mkconfig determines the UUID of the root filesystem for the configuration. To disable this, uncomment
For generating the GRUB recovery entry you also have to comment out
#GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY=true in
You can also use
See Kernel parameters for more info.
The best way to add other entries is editing the
/etc/grub.d/40_custom or
/boot/grub/custom.cfg. The entries in this file will be automatically added when running
After adding the new lines, run:
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
or, for UEFI-GPT Mode (As per #Alternative install method):
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/GRUB/grub.cfg
to generate an updated
menuentry "System shutdown" { echo "System shutting down..." halt }
menuentry "System restart" { echo "System rebooting..." reboot }
menuentry "Firmware setup" { fwsetup }
Assuming that the other distro is on partition
menuentry "Other Linux" { set root=(hd0,2) linux /boot/vmlinuz (add other options here as required) initrd /boot/initrd.img (if the other kernel uses/needs one) }
Alternatively let grub search for the right partition by UUID or label:
menuentry "Other Linux" { # assuming that UUID is 763A-9CB6 search --set=root --fs-uuid 763A-9CB6 # search by label OTHER_LINUX (make sure that partition label is unambiguous) #search --set=root --label OTHER_LINUX linux /boot/vmlinuz (add other options here as required, for example: root=UUID=763A-9CB6) initrd /boot/initrd.img (if the other kernel uses/needs one) }
menuentry "Other Linux (Encrypted)"{ insmod luks cryptomount (hd0,2) set root=(crypto0) linux /boot/vmlinuz cryptdevice=/dev/sda2:cryptroot root=/dev/mapper/cryptroot (add more options if required) initrd /boot/initrd.img (If the other kernel uses/needs one) }
The following three methods require that FreeBSD is installed on a single partition with UFS(v2). Assuming the nested BSD partition table is on
Loading the kernel directly
menuentry 'FreeBSD' { insmod ufs2 set root='hd0,gpt4,bsd1' ## or 'hd0,msdos4,bsd1', if using an IBM-PC (MS-DOS) style partition table kfreebsd /boot/kernel/kernel kfreebsd_loadenv /boot/device.hints set kFreeBSD.vfs.root.mountfrom=ufs:/dev/ada0s4a set kFreeBSD.vfs.root.mountfrom.options=rw }
Chainloading the embedded boot record
menuentry 'FreeBSD' { insmod ufs2 set root='hd0,gpt4,bsd1' chainloader +1 }
Running the traditional BSD 2nd stage loader
menuentry 'FreeBSD' { insmod ufs2 set root='(hd0,4)' kfreebsd /boot/loader }
This mode determines where the Windows bootloader resides and chain-loads it after Grub when the meny entry is selected. The main task here is finding the EFI partition and running the bootloader from it.
if [ "${grub_platform}" == "efi" ]; then menuentry "Microsoft Windows Vista/7/8/8.1 UEFI-GPT" { insmod part_gpt insmod fat insmod search_fs_uuid insmod chain search --fs-uuid --set=root $hints_string $fs_uuid chainloader /EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi } fi
$hints_string and
$fs_uuid are obtained with the following two commands.
$fs_uuid command determines the UUID of the EFI partition:
# grub-probe --target=fs_uuid $esp/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
Alternatively one can run
blkid (as root) and read the UUID of the EFI partition from there.
$hints_string command will determine the location of the EFI partition, in this case harddrive 0:
# grub-probe --target=hints_string $esp/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
--hint-bios=hd0,gpt1 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt1
These two commands assume the ESP Windows uses is mounted at
$esp. There might be case differences in the path to Windows's EFI file, what with being Windows, and all.
Windows installed in BIOS-MBR mode
bootmgr directly and chainload of partition boot sector is no longer required to boot Windows in a BIOS-MBR setup.
/bootmgr, not your "real" Windows partition (usually C:). In
blkid output, the system partition is the one with
LABEL="SYSTEM RESERVED" or
LABEL="SYSTEM" and is only about 100 to 200 MB in size (much like the boot partition for Arch). See Wikipedia:System partition and boot partition for more info.
Throughout this section, it is assumed your Windows partition is
/dev/sda1. A different partition will change every instance of hd0,msdos1. First, find the UUID of the NTFS file system of the Windows's SYSTEM PARTITION where the
bootmgr and its files reside. For example, if Windows
bootmgr exists at
For Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10:
# grub-probe --target=fs_uuid /media/SYSTEM_RESERVED/bootmgr 69B235F6749E84CE
# grub-probe --target=hints_string /media/SYSTEM_RESERVED/bootmgr --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1
bootmgr with
NTLDR in the above commands. And note that there may not be a separate SYSTEM_RESERVED partition; just probe the file NTLDR on your Windows partition.
Then, add the below code to
/etc/grub.d/40_custom or
/boot/grub/custom.cfg and regenerate
grub.cfg with
grub-mkconfig as explained above to boot Windows (XP, Vista, 7, 8 or 10) installed in BIOS-MBR mode:
For Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10:
if [ "${grub_platform}" == "pc" ]; then menuentry "Microsoft Windows Vista/7/8/8.1 BIOS-MBR" { insmod part_msdos insmod ntfs insmod search_fs_uuid insmod ntldr search --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 69B235F6749E84CE ntldr /bootmgr } fi
For Windows XP:
if [ "${grub_platform}" == "pc" ]; then menuentry "Microsoft Windows XP" { insmod part_msdos insmod ntfs insmod search_fs_uuid insmod ntldr search --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 69B235F6749E84CE ntldr /ntldr } fi
In both examples 69B235F6749E84CE is the partition UUID which can be found with command lsblk --fs.
\boot\bcd (error code
0xc000000f). You can fix it going to Windows Recovery Console (cmd from install disk) and executing:
x:\> "bootrec.exe /fixboot" x:\> "bootrec.exe /RebuildBcd".
Do not use
bootrec.exe /Fixmbr because it will wipe GRUB out.
Or you can use Boot Repair function in Troubleshooting menu - it won't wipe out GRUB but will fix most error.
/etc/grub.d/40_custom can be used as a template to create
/etc/grub.d/nn_custom. Where
nn defines the precendence, indicating the order the script is executed. The order scripts are executed determine the placement in the grub boot menu.
nn should be greater than 06 to ensure necessary scripts are executed first.
If you use LVM for your
/boot, make sure that the
lvm module is preloaded:
GRUB provides convenient handling of RAID volumes. You need to add
insmod mdraid09 or
mdraid1x which allows you to address the volume natively. For example,
/dev/md0 becomes:
set root=(md/0)
whereas a partitioned RAID volume (e.g.
/dev/md0p1) becomes:
set root=(md/0,1)
To install grub when using RAID1 as the
/boot partition (or using
/boot housed on a RAID1 root partition), on devices with GPT ef02/'BIOS boot partition', simply run grub-install on both of the drives, such as:
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --debug /dev/sda # grub-install --target=i386-pc --debug /dev/sdb
Where the RAID 1 array housing
/boot is housed on
/dev/sda and
Multiple entries
For tips on managing multiple GRUB entries, for example when using both linux and linux-lts kernels, see GRUB/Tips and tricks#Multiple entries.
Root partition
To encrypt a root filesystem to be used with GRUB, add the
encrypt hook or the
sd-encrypt hook (if using systemd hooks) to mkinitcpio. See dm-crypt/System configuration#mkinitcpio for details, and Mkinitcpio#Common hooks for alternative encryption hooks.
If using the
encrypt hook, add
cryptdevice to
/etc/default/grub. In the example below, the
sda2 partition has been encrypted as
If using the
sd-encrypt hook, add
where UUID is the UUID of the LUKS-encrypted device.
Be sure to #Generate the main configuration file when done.
For further information about bootloader configuration for encrypted devices, see Dm-crypt/System configuration#Boot loader.
/boot either as a separate partition or part of the
/ partition, further setup is required. See #Boot partition.
/boot/grub/menu.lst.pacsave for the correct device/label to add. Look for them after the text
kernel /vmlinuz-linux.
Boot partition
GRUB can be set to ask for a password to open a LUKS blockdevice in order to read its configuration and load any initramfs and kernel from it. This option tries to solve the issue of having an unencrypted boot partition.
/boot is not required to be kept in a separate partition; it may also stay under the system's root
/ directory tree.
To enable this feature encrypt the partition with
/boot residing on it using LUKS as normal. Then add the following option to
Be sure to #Generate the main configuration file while the partition containing
/boot is mounted.
Without further changes you will be prompted twice for a passhrase: the first for GRUB to unlock the
/boot mount point in early boot, the second to unlock the root filesystem itself as described in #Root partition. You can use a keyfile to avoid this.
- If you use a special keymap, a default GRUB installation will not know it. This is relevant for how to enter the passphrase to unlock the LUKS blockdevice.
- In order to perform system updates involving the
/bootmount point, ensure that the encrypted
/bootis unlocked and mounted before performing an update. With a separate
/bootpartition, this may be accomplished automatically on boot by using crypttab with a keyfile.
- If you experience issues getting the prompt for a password to display (errors regarding cryptouuid, cryptodisk, or "device not found"), try reinstalling grub as below appending the following to the end of your installation command:
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=$esp --bootloader-id=grub --modules="part_gpt part_msdos"
Using the command shell
Since the MBR is too small to store all GRUB modules, only the menu and a few basic commands reside there. The majority of GRUB functionality remains in modules in
/boot/grub, which are inserted as needed. In error conditions (e.g. if the partition layout changes) GRUB may fail to boot. When this happens, a command shell may appear.
GRUB offers multiple shells/prompts. If there is a problem reading the menu but the bootloader is able to find the disk, you will likely be dropped to the "normal" shell:
If there is a more serious problem (e.g. GRUB cannot find required files), you may instead be dropped to the "rescue" shell:
grub rescue>
The rescue shell is a restricted subset of the normal shell, offering much less functionality. If dumped to the rescue shell, first try inserting the "normal" module, then starting the "normal" shell:
grub rescue> set prefix=(hdX,Y)/boot/grub grub rescue> insmod (hdX,Y)/boot/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod rescue:grub> normal
Pager support
GRUB supports pager for reading commands that provide long output (like the
help command). This works only in normal shell mode and not in rescue mode. To enable pager, in GRUB command shell type:
sh:grub> set pager=1
Using the command shell environment to boot operating systems
The GRUB's command shell environment can be used to boot operating systems. A common scenario may be to boot Windows / Linux stored on a drive/partition via chainloading.
Chainloading means to load another boot-loader from the current one, ie, chain-loading.
The other bootloader may be embedded at the starting of the disk(MBR) or at the starting of a partition or as an EFI file in the ESP in the case of UEFI.
Chainloading a partition
set root=(hdX,Y) chainloader +1 boot
For example to chainload Windows stored in the first partiton of the first hard disk,
set root=(hd0,1) chainloader +1 boot
Similarly GRUB installed to a partition can be chainloaded.
Chainloading a disk/drive
set root=hdX chainloader +1 boot
Chainloading Windows/Linux installed in UEFI mode
insmod ntfs set root=(hd0,gpt4) chainloader (${root})/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi boot
insmod ntfs used for loading the ntfs file system module for loading Windows. (hd0,gpt4) or /dev/sda4 is my EFI System Partition (ESP). The entry in the chainloader line specifies the path of the .efi file to be chain-loaded.
Normal loading
See the examples in #Using the rescue console
Using the rescue console
See #Using the command shell first. If unable to activate the standard shell, one possible solution is to boot using a live CD or some other rescue disk to correct configuration errors and reinstall GRUB. However, such a boot disk is not always available (nor necessary); the rescue console is surprisingly robust.
The available commands in GRUB rescue include
set, and
unset. This example uses
set and
set modifies variables and
insmod inserts new modules to add functionality.
Before starting, the user must know the location of their
/boot partition (be it a separate partition, or a subdirectory under their root):
grub rescue> set prefix=(hdX,Y)/boot/grub
where X is the physical drive number and Y is the partition number.
/boot from the path, (i.e. type
set prefix=(hdX,Y)/grub).
To expand console capabilities, insert the
linux module:
grub rescue> insmod i386-pc/linux.mod
or simply
grub rescue> insmod linux
This introduces the
linux and
initrd commands, which should be familiar.
An example, booting Arch Linux:
set root=(hd0,5) linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda5 initrd /boot/initramfs-linux.img boot
With a separate boot partition (e.g. when using EFI), again change the lines accordingly:
set root=(hd0,5) linux (hdX,Y)/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda6 initrd (hdX,Y)/initramfs-linux.img boot
error: premature end of file /YOUR_KERNEL_NAME during execution of
linux command, you can try
linux16 instead.
After successfully booting the Arch Linux installation, users can correct
grub.cfg as needed and then reinstall GRUB.
To reinstall GRUB and fix the problem completely, changing
/dev/sda if needed. See #Installation for details.
Intel BIOS not booting GPT
Some Intel BIOS's require at least one bootable MBR partition to be present at boot, causing GPT-partitioned boot setups to be unbootable.
This can be circumvented by using (for instance) fdisk to mark one of the GPT partitions (preferably the 1007 KiB partition you have created for GRUB already) bootable in the MBR. This can be achieved, using fdisk, by the following commands: Start fdisk against the disk you are installing, for instance
fdisk /dev/sda, then press
a and select the partition you wish to mark as bootable (probably #1) by pressing the corresponding number, finally press
w to write the changes to the MBR.
fdisk or similar, not in GParted or others, as they will not set the bootable flag in the MBR.
With cfdisk, the steps are similar, just
cfdisk /dev/sda, choose bootable (at the left) in the desired hard disk, and quit saving.
More information is available here
EFI path
Some UEFI firmwares require a bootable file at a known location before they will show UEFI NVRAM boot entries. If this is the case,
grub-install will claim
efibootmgr has added an entry to boot GRUB, however the entry will not show up in the VisualBIOS boot order selector. The solution is to place a file at one of the known locations. Assuming the EFI partition is at
/boot/efi/ this will work:
mkdir /boot/efi/EFI/boot cp /boot/efi/EFI/grub/grubx64.efi /boot/efi/EFI/boot/bootx64.efi
This solution worked for an Intel DH87MC motherboard with firmware dated Jan 2014.
Enable debug messages
set pager=1 set debug=all
"No suitable mode found" error
If you get this error when booting any menuentry:
error: no suitable mode found Booting however
Then you need to initialize GRUB graphical terminal (
gfxterm) with proper video mode (
gfxmode) in GRUB. This video mode is passed by GRUB to the linux kernel via 'gfxpayload'. In case of UEFI systems, if the GRUB video mode is not initialized, no kernel boot messages will be shown in the terminal (atleast until KMS kicks in).
/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 to ${GRUB_PREFIX_DIR} (
/boot/grub/ in case of BIOS and UEFI systems). If GRUB UEFI was installed with
--boot-directory=$esp/EFI set, then the directory is
# cp /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ${GRUB_PREFIX_DIR}
/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 does not exist, install bdf-unifont, create the
unifont.pf2 file and then copy it to
# grub-mkfont -o unicode.pf2 /usr/share/fonts/misc/unifont.bdf
Then, in the
grub.cfg file, add the following lines to enable GRUB to pass the video mode correctly to the kernel, without of which you will only get a black screen (no output) but booting (actually) proceeds successfully without any system hang.
BIOS systems:
insmod vbe
UEFI systems:
insmod efi_gop insmod efi_uga
After that add the following code (common to both BIOS and UEFI):
insmod font
if loadfont ${prefix}/fonts/unicode.pf2 then insmod gfxterm set gfxmode=auto set gfxpayload=keep terminal_output gfxterm fi
As you can see for gfxterm (graphical terminal) to function properly,
unicode.pf2 font file should exist in
msdos-style error message
grub-setup: warn: This msdos-style partition label has no post-MBR gap; embedding will not be possible! grub-setup: warn: Embedding is not possible. GRUB can only be installed in this setup by using blocklists. However, blocklists are UNRELIABLE and its use is discouraged. grub-setup: error: If you really want blocklists, use --force.
This error may occur when you try installing GRUB in a VMware container. Read more about it here. It happens when the first partition starts just after the MBR (block 63), without the usual space of 1 MiB (2048 blocks) before the first partition. Read #Master Boot Record (MBR) specific instructions
Common installation errors
- If you have a problem when running grub-install with sysfs or procfs and it says you must run
modprobe efivars, try Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#Mount_efivarfs.
- Without
--directoryoption, grub-install cannot determine for which firmware to install. In such cases
grub-installwill print
source_dir does not exist. Please specify --target or --directory.
- If after running grub-install you are told your partition does not look like an EFI partition then the partition is most likely not
Drop to rescue shell
If GRUB loads but drops you into the rescue shell with no errors, it may be because of a missing or misplaced
grub.cfg. This will happen if GRUB UEFI was installed with
--boot-directory and
grub.cfg is missing OR if the partition number of the boot partition changed (which is hard-coded into the
grubx64.efi file).
GRUB UEFI not loaded
An example of a working EFI:
# efibootmgr -v
BootCurrent: 0000 Timeout: 3 seconds BootOrder: 0000,0001,0002 Boot0000* Grub HD(1,800,32000,23532fbb-1bfa-4e46-851a-b494bfe9478c)File(\efi\grub\grub.efi) Boot0001* Shell HD(1,800,32000,23532fbb-1bfa-4e46-851a-b494bfe9478c)File(\EfiShell.efi) Boot0002* Festplatte BIOS(2,0,00)P0: SAMSUNG HD204UI
If the screen only goes black for a second and the next boot option is tried afterwards, according to this post, moving GRUB to the partition root can help. The boot option has to be deleted and recreated afterwards. The entry for GRUB should look like this then:
Boot0000* Grub HD(1,800,32000,23532fbb-1bfa-4e46-851a-b494bfe9478c)File(\grub.efi)
Invalid signature
If trying to boot Windows results in an "invalid signature" error, e.g. after reconfiguring partitions or adding additional hard drives, (re)move GRUB's device configuration and let it reconfigure:
# mv /boot/grub/device.map /boot/grub/device.map-old # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
grub-mkconfig should now mention all found boot options, including Windows. If it works, remove
Boot freezes
If booting gets stuck without any error message after GRUB loading the kernel and the initial ramdisk, try removing the
add_efi_memmap kernel parameter.
Arch not found from other OS
Some have reported that other distributions have trouble finding Arch Linux automatically with
os-prober. If this problem arises, it has been reported that detection can be improved with the presence of
/etc/lsb-release. This file and updating tool is available with the package lsb-release in the official repositories.
Warning when installing in chroot
When installing GRUB on a LVM system in a chroot environment (e.g. during system installation), you may receive warnings like
/run/lvm/lvmetad.socket: connect failed: No such file or directory
WARNING: failed to connect to lvmetad: No such file or directory. Falling back to internal scanning.
This is because
/run is not available inside the chroot. These warnings will not prevent the system from booting, provided that everything has been done correctly, so you may continue with the installation.
GRUB loads slowly
GRUB can take a long time to load when disk space is low. Check if you have sufficient free disk space on your
/boot or
/ partition when you are having problems.
error: unknown filesystem
GRUB may output
error: unknown filesystem and refuse to boot for a few reasons. If you are certain that all UUIDs are correct and all filesystems are valid and supported, it may be because your BIOS Boot Partition is located outside the first 2TB of the drive [3]. Use a partitioning tool of your choice to ensure this partition is located fully within the first 2TB, then reinstall and reconfigure GRUB.
grub-reboot not resetting
GRUB seems to be unable to write to root BTRFS partitions [4]. If you use grub-reboot to boot into another entry it will therefore be unable to update its on-disk environment. Either run grub-reboot from the other entry (for example when switching between various distributions) or consider a different file system. You can reset a "sticky" entry by executing
grub-editenv create and setting
GRUB_DEFAULT=0 in your
/etc/default/grub (don't forget
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg).
Old BTRFS prevents installation
If a drive is formatted with BTRFS without creating a partition table (eg. /dev/sdx), then later has partition table written to, there are parts of the BTRFS format that persist. Most utilities and OS's do not see this, but GRUB will refuse to install, even with --force
# grub-install: warning: Attempting to install GRUB to a disk with multiple partition labels. This is not supported yet.. # grub-install: error: filesystem `btrfs' doesn't support blocklists.
You can zero the drive, but the easy solution that leaves your data alone is to erase the BTRFS superblock with
wipefs -o 0x10040 /dev/sdx
Windows 8/10 not found
A setting in Windows 8/10 called "Hiberboot", "Hybrid Boot" or "Fast Boot" can prevent the Windows partition from being mounted, so
grub-mkconfig will not find a Windows install. Disabling Hiberboot in Windows will allow it to be added to the GRUB menu.
See also
- Official GRUB Manual - https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html
- Ubuntu wiki page for GRUB - https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2
- GRUB wiki page describing steps to compile for UEFI systems - https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFIBooting
- Wikipedia's page on BIOS Boot partition
- Quite complete description of how to configure GRUB (Original link down)


text:
- Product description
- About the brand
- Review
Product description Catrice Velvet MattCharacteristics
The Catrice Velvet Matt lipstick emphasises your lips beautifully and highlights day and evening makeup perfectly.
- lips look full and healthy
- high pigmentation
- washes out easily
How to use:
Apply lipstick to lips from the centre to the corners using gentle strokes.
- Shade
- nude
- Consistency
- cream
- Effect
- Matt
About the brand Catrice
Catrice makeup is ideal for any woman who loves the daily ritual of using colour to accentuate her best features. Quality products in elegant packaging for affordable prices - that's Catrice, a brand inspired by latest trends in the world of makeup. Thanks to the wide selection of shades, you can create an extravagant as well as subdued and natural look. The brand's philosophy is to help women achieve their desired style every day without fuss or great expenses.
Catrice is very popular for is limited editions, designed according to the most coveted makeup looks and trends of the season. That means that with Catrice, you can discover something new practically every month. All Catrice products are dermatologically tested and contain high-quality ingredients which are constantly being innovated and updated. Catrice doesn't test on animals.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Store Cupboard Chocolate Orange Cake
125g of unsalted butter
100g of dark chocolate
300g of good quality orange marmalade
150g of sugar
a pinch of salt
2 large eggs
150g of self-rising flour
Melt the butter slowly in a heavy-bottom saucepan. When it's almost melted, add chocolate pieces, stir and take off the heat. Stir with a wooden spoon, until chocolate has melted. Add the marmalade, sugar, salt and eggs. Stir thoroughly (it's okay to leave small visible chunks of marmalade in the batter). Add sifted flour, stir and pour into a buttered and floured 20-22 cm loose bottomed cake tin or 2lb loaf tin. Bake at 180˚C/350.F/Gas 4 oven for 45-50 minutes, until the cake has set (test with a knife or wooden stick). Leave to cool in the tin for about 10 minutes and transfer to a cooling rack. Once cooled dust with a layer of icing sugar.
Six Word Memoir
My sweet friend Rosie from Rosie Bakes a Peace of Cake has tagged me for a 6 word memoir. So here goes:
I am going to be a rebel and tag 6 people (as it seems fitting with it being a 6 word memoir tag) and will be choosing the following:
Mrs B from Mrs B Baking
Gigi from Gigi's Cakes
Ruth from Ruth's Kitchen Experiments
Pixie from You say Tomato I say Tomato
Jules from Domestic Goddess in Training
Emiline from Sugar Plum
1. Write your own six-word memoir.
2. Post it on your blog and include a visual illustration if you'd like.
3. Link to the person who tagged you in your post.
4. Tag five or six (choice is yours) more blogs with links.
5. Remember to leave a comment on the tagged blogs with an invitation to play.


text:
Metalsmith, birth worker, knitter and artist. This is where I get to talk about the reality and all that.
Also, I really love earrings. Big love. Big. If you hang around, you'll probably see a lot of them.
ShopEmerging soon... find us on Etsy
I'm a full spectrum doula when I'm not in the art studio. I offer compassionate and professional support to all families for all the possible outcomes of pregnancy. My practice is 100% inclusive of traditional, LGBT, poly, surrogate parents, adoptive parents, birth parents, and single parents. Because the last thing you need during a major life transition is judgment about your choices.
Copyright. Respect it.All works of art, jewelry and photographs within this website are protected under U.S. copyright laws and international conventions. No portion of the artists' works or statements may be duplicated, downloaded, reproduced or altered in any way without prior permission.
Tag Archives: EZ
There are times when you look at something you've been knitting and it is so lopsided, so wrong, so completely NOT the way it obviously was intended to look, that you can only mutter something dire under your breath and … Continue reading
Have embarked on Baby Surprise Jacket. Stop. Am dubious. Stop. Not sure, but think I am knitting origami. Stop. Y'all… I'm going to get a sweater out of this, right? It's not like some huge cosmic Elizabeth Zimmerman knitting joke, … Continue reading
Posted in knitting, Strings, Sticks and Wheels Tagged EZ, knitting 3 Comments


text: Updated 2016 Congratulations! Just by making it to this page you know more about Moldova than 99% of the people in this world. To say that Moldova is an obscurity to most people is an understatement. The former Soviet Republic - wedged in between Ukraine and Romania like a piece of corn stuck in your teeth - doesn't see too many tourists. If you do make it to Moldova, you will visit a land that most people have never heard of, let alone even thought of visiting. Moldova is a poor country, the poorest in Europe. If you leave the capital Chisinau and go to the rural villages you will be transported back in time. People still get around by riding in carts pulled by oxen. This isn't to say that Moldova is a backwards place. Its cities are like most in the former Soviet sphere. There are wide avenues, sterile parks and apartment buildings that you can't tell whether they are in the process of being built or if they are in the process of falling apart. People in Moldova largely speak Moldovan (Romanian) but in the biggest cities and in the breakaway region in the east there are a number of Russian speakers. No matter the language, you will undoubtedly enjoy the Moldovan wine. It was the wine capital of the former Soviet Union and for a buck or two you can consume large quantities of the stuff. Some of it is quite good. Start with: Moldova Travel Facts.


text:
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text:
The Tor Animation
A two-minute video explaining what Tor is and how it works. This video is available for download and streaming both on Tor Project website and via YouTube in many different languages.
Press Contact
Tor Press Team
press at torproject dot org
Please Note: If you need technical help with Tor, please use one of our support options. This address is for press inquiries only.


text: Uttermost's mission is to be passionate about building quality home accessories at a reasonable price. Uttermost ligthing includes lamps, chandeliers, sconces, pendants, semi-flush mounts, and bath vanity lights. All Uttermost lighting fixtures are hand finished, keeping high standards in mind. Each fixture's finish a multi-step process that involves hand leafing gold or silver and layering glazes and stains. Uttermost lighting designs are extremely unique, each fixture completely different from the next. The accessories on each fixture complete the pieces and prevent them from being bland and easily replicated. When you purchase an Uttermost light fixture, lamp, or chandelier your home will be sure to stand out from the rest.


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text:
dadof4Independent Fundamental Baptist
Content Count1,825
Last visited
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About dadof4
Super Contributor
- Birthday 07/12/1973
Profile Information
Not Telling
Recent Profile Visitors
hermanj04 reacted to a post in a topic: "Ban The Person Above You" Game
candlelight reacted to a post in a topic: 3 times in one life-time
swathdiver reacted to a post in a topic: 3 times in one life-time
Wesly Bell Ringers
dadof4 replied to dadof4's topic in The LoungeWow, I did not know that my bringing my kids to a free concert would make for a discussion on abortion. I went with my kids, not to support the Methodist church (like I said, it was a free concert, and I did not put any money in the offering plates when they were passed around), but to spend time with them and also to allow my wife to get some rest before she went to her overnight job. The concert was truly amazing. The players were lively, spirited, and full of energy. The high school aged kids (this was done by a high school group) did such a wonderful job that I was brought to tears by the music and how much they put of themselves in the music. One of the high school seniors in the group even arranged one of the songs that they played - truly amazing talent. I was not shocked when Pastor Wendy (or whatever her name was) stood up to open the concert in prayer. Neither did I take my kids by the hands and lead them out of the church. I went for the music. I am a musician. I LOVE music. I want my kids to appreciate good music. I can play 13 instruments and am passing on the training of some of these instruments to my kids. We have played in our church a few times. I even stood up on the platform with my kids and their toy hand bells and played a Christmas song for an offeratory once. My purpose in writting all of this is not to bash anyone on this board, nor the Methodist church for supporting abortions.
Covenanter reacted to a post in a topic: Wesly Bell Ringers
Wesly Bell Ringers
dadof4 posted a topic in The LoungeThe kids and I were able to go the Wesly Bell Ringer handbell concert tonight. That was GREAT! Good music + good company = wonderful time. They even let my kids try out their largest bell - it weighs 20 lbs.
PastorMatt reacted to a post in a topic: Jonathan was baptized on Sunday
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Jonathan was baptized on Sunday
dadof4 posted a topic in Give God the PraiseThis past Sunday night, my youngest son, Jonathan, was baptized. The heater in the baptistry was not working, but he didn't care - he wanted to get baptized. He sure was shivering when he came out of the water!
14 year old singer
dadof4 posted a topic in The LoungeHe has a good voice - I wonder what he will sound like when his voice "changes." http://www.godvine.com/14-Year-Old-Sings-You-Raise-Me-Up-Like-an-Angel-333.html
Amish Grace
dadof4 replied to Brother Rick's topic in The LoungeMy wife and I love this movie!
Any mechanics in CA?
dadof4 posted a topic in The LoungeAre there any mechanics that live near Golden State or West Coast that would be able to help a friend with his car. He attends college (but I am not sure which one at the moment), and he is having trouble with his car. He and his wife are on a VERY tight budget and could use some help with their car.
My wife and I have the wonderful opportunity to pick up Pamela, one of our deaf ladies, every Sunday morning now. She lives less than a mile away from us. It is so good to see her being faithful to church. Also, she recently joined our church!
3 times in one life-time
dadof4 posted a topic in Give God the PraiseWhen we were expecting our first child, a man in our chuch came up to us and gave us a minivan. When Elizabeth got hit by a deer and knocked that van out of commission, a man from our church came up to us and gave us a minivan. When a man in our chuch decided he no longer needed his minivan, he came up to us and gave us a minivan. We have always been a 1 vehicle family - it is going to be odd to see 2 vans in the driveway now.
I see it has been a long time since I have posted anything here. Ray, our director, has had a change in his work schedule, and is not able to be in church much any more. Because of this, when he is able to have time off on a church day, he and his family have "family time" at home. Because of this, Larry, the assistant, has taken over teaching the deaf class on Sunday mornings. Please, pray for this situation. Now, for the praise. Fedrico has been able to come to church a few times this past month (he got a new job, so he comes when his schedule allows him too), and he has brought another deaf man with him when he comes. This man's name is Art. He has gone to many churches searching for answers to questions he has. One Wednesday night after church, Larry took some time and answered his questions about religion, God, and such. Art was very glad to find a church with the answers he has been looking for! Pray for him, and his wife (whom we have not met), that they might soon accept Jesus as their Savior.
The kids and I have got our summer colds now - all of us are medicated and ready for bed
What are you listening to?
dadof4 replied to kevinmiller's topic in Fun and GamesThe Joy Belles
[Movie] The Secrets of Jonathan Sperry
dadof4 posted a topic in The LoungeYet another good movie that my wife and I watched - and let our kids watch. An older man starts having Bible studies with the young boys in his neighborhood. He teaches them Bible lessons in very different, but fun ways. Also, he teaches them life lessons - how to deal with bullies, friendships, etc. A good family movie!
[Movie] No Greater Love
dadof4 posted a topic in The LoungeHave you seen this one? It is a very good movie. In the beginning of the movie, a wife leaves her husband, but then, 10 years later, the meet up again by chance.
has a bad headache!


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Prepare your students to perform at their best with the latest streamlined and reorganized edition of this innovative managerial accounting text. Hansen/Mowen's MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING, 8E reflects the latest developments in managerial accounting today with a strong decision-making approach that integrates unmatched coverage of contemporary topics, such as strategic cost analysis, ABC, and quality cost management, with traditional coverage of issues such as job order and process costing. Unique, full chapters on environmental accounting and lean accounting further highlight cutting-edge concepts. A wealth of actual business examples throughout this edition include more service-oriented situations to mirror the shift toward the service industry in the economy today. A new emphasis on ethics prepares students for CPA and CMA exams. You'll find more variety and stronger end-of-chapter problems and exercises that correspond directly to AACSB and CMA standards to ensure student understanding in these important areas. A new, outcomes-driven ThomsonNOW? online teaching and learning system saves you time and offers the ultimate flexibility in planning, managing, and grading your course with personalized learning paths to ensure stronger student performance and ongoing satisfaction with your managerial accounting course.Hansen, Don R. is the author of 'Managerial Accounting ', published 2006 under ISBN 9780324376005 and ISBN 0324376006.[read more]
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Following on from The Sands of Time, The Prince's actions in saving the Sultan's Palace have created a rift that a supernatural hunter intends to seal with his death.
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The new BMW Z4 enters its third generation, a timeless classic with a modern twist. Sporting a new 'honeycomb' kidney grille, the latest BMW iD7 connectivity and stylish soft-top, the BMW Z4 is designed to captivate attention on any road. Available in Sport model as standard.
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Extra Tall Banner 11ft high x 3ft EZ Tube Banner Extend with Graphics
EZ Tube Banner Extra Tall Display 3ft x 11ft With Stretch Fabric Printed Graphic
The new EZ Tube Extend is a tubular frame system, where frame sections fit together to make the shape of the display. This new extendable system, gives you the opportunity to extend your display to a larger size. The fabric banner stretch graphic is a pillow case banner that fits snugly over the frame to create a seamless and eye catching display.
The new EZ Tube Extend is light weight, making it fully portable and easy to set up. Available in different sizes and the option to include double sided graphics for maximum exposure.
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- "Evil creature that roams the night feeding on the blood of living beings. Cannot go out in the daylight."
- —Description[src]
A vampire is a magical hominid that is famed for biting people on the neck and sucking their blood[4]. They are part of the family of beings known as the Living Dead[5].
Known Vampires
- Amarillo Lestoat[6]
- Blodwyn Bludd[6]
- Brian[7]
- Carmilla Sanguina[6]
- Lorcan d'Eath (Part-vampire)[8]
- Sanguini[1]
- Herbert Varney[6]
- Vlad Drakul[6]
- Dracula[6]
Physical Appearance
Vampires are usually pale and gaunt[1] with sharp fangs for puncturing the throat. They also are known to wear black cloaks and have no hair at all.
Vampires have an aversion to garlic and can be kept at bay by its presence[9]. They drink blood, though they are able to eat things such as pasties[1], and Honeydukes sells lollipops that taste like blood, presumably for vampires to use[10].
Events involving vampires
- Professor Quirinus Quirrell claimed to have had an encounter with vampires in the Black Forest during his break from teaching to get some "hands-on" experience with dealing with the Dark Arts. Whether this is true, or a cover to hide his encounter with Lord Voldemort in Albania, is unclear.[9]
- Gilderoy Lockhart wrote a book, Voyages with Vampires, about his supposed encounters with vampires. The book included information on a vampire that, after an encounter with Lockhart, could eat nothing but lettuce.[11] As Lockhart merely took the credit for other wizards' accomplishments, this encounter was either entirely made-up, or occurred to someone else.
- At Honeydukes, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger wonder what kind of sweets to get for Harry. Hermione rejects the blood-flavoured lollipops, saying that they must be for vampires.
- In a Daily Prophet article, Rita Skeeter complains that the Ministry of Magic employees waste time arguing over cauldron thickness when they should be "stamping out vampires." Percy Weasley angrily rejects the criticism and points out that paragraph twelve of the Guidelines for the Treatment of Non-Wizard Part-Humans clearly forbids such a policy.
- In 1995, Rubeus Hagrid had a disagreement with a vampire in a pub in Minsk on his way to parley with the giants.[12]
- During his History of Magic O.W.L., Harry suspects that his answer to the question how the Statute of Secrecy was breached in 1749 and what measures were introduced to prevent a recurrence is incomplete. He thinks that vampires were involved, but cannot remember the details.
- Eldred Worple spent time living among vampires, and wrote a book, Blood Brothers: My Life Amongst the Vampires.[1]
- Sanguini is a vampire who attended the Slug Club Christmas party during Harry Potter's sixth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He was the guest of Eldred Worple.[1]
- Luna Lovegood believes that Rufus Scrimgeour is a vampire. Xenophilius Lovegood, her father, wrote a very long article about him for The Quibbler after he became Minister for Magic, though according to Luna, the Ministry forced him not to publish.
See also
Behind the scenes
- Vampires are studied in first, second, and third year Defence Against the Dark Arts classes.
- It is unknown if any of the myths or legends surrounding vampires in the Muggle world, such as the concept that they can turn into bats, are accurate about vampires in the wizarding world.
- Some fans had originally speculated that Severus Snape was a vampire for various reasons, such as his physical appearance, and the fact that his robes are always described as bat-like. However, J. K. Rowling said that this is false.[13]
- After Professor Remus Lupin was forced to resign from his position of Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher when Professor Snape revealed that he was a werewolf, Dean Thomas joked that the class might get a vampire as a teacher next.[14]
- Lorcan d'Eath is a singer who is half-vampire; this indicates that vampires can breed with humans.[15]
- Following the Quidditch World Cup, a young wizard claimed he was a Vampire hunter to impress some Veela, also stating that he has killed about ninety or so by that point. Such is illegal, according to Paragraph 12 of the Guidelines for the Treatment of Non-Wizard Part-Humans.[16]
- During the 1473 Quidditch Cup, seven hundred fouls were committed, one of which was the release of a hundred vampire bats from beneath the robes of the Transylvanian Captain.
- According to W.O.M.B.A.T., vampire bites may be incurable; this is consistent with the near impossibility of the curing of a werewolf bite.
- The breach in the International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy in 1749 involving vampires may be inspired by the real-world work of Benedictine monk Antoine Augustin Calmet, who recorded stories about vampires in western Europe. He published a treatise that described how to track them down and destroy them. If so, he may be a wizard in the Harry Potter universe, since only a wizard could create a breach.
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)
- Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (real)
- Wizard of the Month
- Pottermore
Notes and references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Per the infobox image, which comes from Pottermore.
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game) - In Gilderoy Lockhart's Marauding with Monsters, the Black Forest is mentioned to be "vampire-infested".
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Per the Scholastic Official Site.
- ↑ Pottermore
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Chocolate Frog Cards
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
- ↑ Wizard of the Month
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- ↑ Interview with J. K. Rowling at Accio Quote!
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
- ↑ Wizard of the Month
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire


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Photoshop Tutorial: Add A Realistic Old Photo Effect To Any Photo with Photoshop
OH NO ... time for some Photoshop Madness -- and what we usually get from every Tom, Dick and Harriet online is how to make your old, broken and torn photos retouched to look like new. How boring is that. In fact, we've had a half-dozen of these tutorials in this site over the years! Well, thanks to Annabelle Yeoh, here's a twist! She's going to show you how to take a perfectly excellent modern day photo, and make it look like it was shot in the teens, and saved in grandma's old trunk up in the attic. August 31, 2016


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How to Tell If It's Time to Euthanize Your Pet
Does it still like to play? Is it happy?
June 23, 2013 -- My 14-year-old border collie was so crippled with arthritis that I had to lift him out of the car and gently set him on the pavement. One last hug, and full of trust, he struggled across the parking lot to the stranger standing beside an open door.
It was the last time I saw him. Constant pain had taken the joy from his life. Yet until the end, he was my constant companion, in some ways my closest friend, and I wondered if I had done the right thing.
Was I being selfish, having him put down because I could not stand his pain anymore? Could a different vet have given him another year or two? Was killing him really necessary? Doubts. Grief. Guilt.
Nearly all of us have gone through that process, trying to decide if the time has come to let go. It's one of the hardest decisions we ever have to make. Pets are not just other animals. They become members of our family, soul brothers, devoted companions.
Celebrity Animal Lovers: See the Photos
It can be a very lonely decision, but researchers at Michigan State University in East Lansing are developing the tools we need to help us make the right choice. They have teamed veterinarians with pet owners to find out which symptoms observed by the owners are supported by the science observed by the vets.
"The owner knows the pet, and the clinician knows the science," veterinarian Maria Iliopoulou of MSU said in releasing a study.
The study, published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Association, followed 29 dogs from six months prior to a diagnosis of cancer and through weeks of chemotherapy to see which signs of distress, as observed by the owners, were clear indicators of the seriousness of the pet's condition. They found three areas in which the clinicians and the owners were in close agreement.
The first, and least surprising, is the clinical diagnosis. Owners would have to have some level of confidence in the quality of the vets to pay the substantial bills that would inevitably follow, so the science informed both sides.
Two other areas of agreement are likely to be equally useful in helping the owner reach the right decision. They are:
Does the pet still like to play?
Does it still seem happy?
Read: Slain Navy SEAL's Loyal Dog Remains by His Side at Funeral
Only dogs were used in the study, chiefly because the clinic sees far more dogs than any other animals. And only cancer was studied because changes in the dog's health can be measured over a relatively brief period of time.
"Those were the practical reasons for using only dogs and cancer," Iliopoulou said in a telephone interview. But the findings probably apply to a wide range of pets, she added.
One of the main reasons we pick pets is we want them to play with us, so "play behavior," Iliopoulou said, "is easily identified. If the animal doesn't play, something is wrong. If play behavior comes back, the dog is getting better."
So whether or not the pet wants to play should be obvious to the owner, and both the vets and the owners who participated in the study agreed that playing is a key symptom.
But happiness? How do you know if your dog is really happy?
This sounds a little tricky, because as Iliopoulou conceded, "it is practically impossible to define happiness for humans," so how can we define it for dogs? That isn't necessary, she added. You can easily tell whether your pet, or a close friend, is happy, even if you can't define it.
"It might be something totally different for me than it is for you," she said. "However, people who know me know when I am happy or sad. I know when my dogs are happy or sad, even if I can't define happiness for my dog."
Happiness, it seems, is like that old definition of pornography. You may not know how to define it, but you know it when you see it.
The study involved 29 dogs, or patients, as the vets call them, that were diagnosed with cancer. The owners filled out two surveys. One asked the owners to describe what their animal had been like six months before the diagnosis, and the second evaluated the pet's "quality of life" at the time of the diagnosis.
Additional surveys, of both the owners and the vets, were conducted three weeks and six weeks after the initiation of chemo.
Play behavior, and the perception of happiness, as well as the clinical findings, surfaced as the strongest indicators of how the animal was progressing.
Perhaps surprisingly, only one of the 29 dogs had to be euthanized during the study period. Two thirds of the dogs responded favorably to the treatment, although one third did not. Iliopoulou is planning a follow-study to see how the dogs fared over a period of several months, and she plans to continue her research on the human-animal bond.
This is a small study, involving only dogs, and only cancer, so it's hard to make broad conclusions. But the researchers believe that the study clearly shows that teaming vets with owners to continually evaluate the pet's "quality of life" can make that dreadful decision a little easier.
Of course, that's a difficult course for many to follow, because long-term medical care for a pet can rival human health care costs.
But the basic findings of the questions that need to be answered might be helpful for many owners.
Does the pet still like to play? Does it seem happy?


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Four Eyed MonstersWednesday, March 28th, 2007
Finally, months after having ordered it, I opened my mailbox and saw that the Four Eyed Monsters DVD had arrived! Arin, Susan, and the 4em crew seem to be having some financial trouble; hopefully getting the DVD shipped will start to turn things around for them.
Four Eyed Monsters is a film that could only be made—and fully appreciated—at this moment in time. It had a limited showing in Chicago and a 1-day release in Grand Rapids at the UICA, so I know most of you probably missed it while it was in theaters. Now you have an opportunity to catch up. The DVDs are $19.99 and have episodes from the video podcast and a bunch of other special features that might actually be watchable, as opposed to most special features. If you don't want to buy it and help some independent filmmakers recoup their expenses, feel free to borrow it from me (or make me watch it with you).
It wasn't breathtaking. There was no special effects budget and there were no moments of directorial brilliance. Still, the autobiographical script was compelling and original. The movie's even more fun if you follow the background story online. Four Eyed Monsters: a romantic dramedy version of Blair Witch for the MySpace generation. Now that I've written a line like that, I must cleanse myself.
Popularity: 96% [?]


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If you're looking for family history records in the languages of Zulu, Afrikaans and/or English, check out the Pietermaritzburg Archives Repository. They also have Indian (India) records therein. In addition, Indian records are also held by the Durban Archives Repository.
For more details, see an enlightening article by clicking this link:


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Premier urged to rule out fire service budget cuts
The Victorian Opposition says the State Government should rule out cuts to fire services in next week's state budget.
The United Firefighters Union says there are plans to cut $40 million from the Country Fire Authority (CFA) and Metropolitan Fire Brigade.
The State Government did not respond to requests for comment.
The Opposition spokeswoman for emergency services, Jacinta Allan, says speculation over possible cuts will create unease among career and volunteer firefighters.
"Who are already suffering under the $41 million in budget cuts that they're already struggling with and to put the community's mind at rest Premier Napthine must really come out and rule out that these budget cuts are going to be a feature of his state budget next Tuesday," she said.
The CFA's chief executive, Mick Bourke, says he is not sure what will be in the state budget for his agency.
However, he says talk of funding cuts of $40 million, on top of those made last year, is a misunderstanding.
Topics: budget, states-and-territories, programs-and-initiatives, vic, shepparton-3630, wodonga-3690, ballarat-3350, bendigo-3550, horsham-3400, mildura-3500, sale-3850