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A compleat collection of devotions, both publick and private [compiled by T. Deacon].
Deacon, 1734 - 465 pŕgines
Quč opinen els usuaris - Escriviu una ressenya
No hem trobat cap ressenya als llocs habituals.
Pŕgines seleccionades
Frases i termes més freqüents
according Altar Amen Anfw anoint Answ Apostles appointed Baptism baptized begotten beseech thee Bifh Bijh Bishop bless ye bread Catechumens child Christ our Lord Communion consecrated Deac Deacon being turned Deacon Jhall dead death deliver earth Easter Energumens Epistle Esdras eternal everlasting faith flesh following prayer forgive God the Father godly Gospel grace grant Hallelujah hands hath heart heaven Holy Ghost Holy Spirit honour Introit Jhall fay Jhall the Deacon Jhall the Priest Lesson Let us pray live Lord Jesus Christ Lord's Lord's prayer magnify mercifully Morning Prayer Nicene Creed ordained peace Penitents Pentecost person Pontius Pilate Priejl Priest Jhall Psalm receive resurrection righteousness Saint Saviour say the following sick sins Sponsor stall Sunday thee to hear thine things thou art thou hast thy Christ thy Holy Spirit thy mercy thy name thy servant unto thee vouchsafe Wilt thou world without end ye the Lord
Passatges populars
Pŕgina 235 - Let your loins be girded about, and your lights burning; and ye yourselves like unto men that wait for their lord, when he will return from the wedding; that when he cometh and knocketh, they may open unto him immediately.
Pŕgina 188 - For when Thou art angry all our days are gone ; we bring our years to an end, as it were a tale that is told.
Pŕgina 150 - We yield thee hearty thanks, most merciful Father, that it hath pleased thee to regenerate this infant with thy Holy Spirit, to receive him for thine own child by adoption, and to incorporate him into thy Holy Church.
Pŕgina 6 - God; we acknowledge thee to be the Lord. All the earth doth worship thee, the Father everlasting. To thee all Angels cry aloud; the Heavens, and all the powers therein. To thee Cherubim and Seraphim continually do cry, Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of Sabaoth; Heaven and earth are full of the Majesty of thy Glory.
Pŕgina 71 - ALMIGHTY LORD, and everlasting God, vouchsafe, we beseech Thee, to direct, sanctify, and govern, both our hearts and bodies, in the ways of Thy laws, and in the works of Thy commandments...
Pŕgina 29 - Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain : Who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters : who maketh the clouds his chariot ; who walketh upon the wings of the wind...
Pŕgina 83 - Who goeth a warfare any time at his own charges? who planteth a vineyard, and eateth not of the fruit thereof? or who feedeth a flock, and eateth not of the milk of the flock?
Pŕgina 79 - Son of God, Begotten of His Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, Very God of very God, Begotten, not made, Being of one substance with the Father, By whom all things were made...
Pŕgina 4 - THEREFORE with Angels and Archangels, and with all the company of Heaven, we laud and magnify Thy glorious Name ; evermore praising Thee, and saying, Holy, Holy, Holy, LORD GOD of hosts, Heaven and earth are full of Thy glory ; Glory be to Thee, O LORD Most High.
Pŕgina 15 - GOD, who art the author of peace, and lover of concord, in knowledge of whom standeth our eternal life, whose service is perfect freedom : Defend us, thy humble servants, in all assaults of our enemies ; that we, surely trusting in thy defence, may not fear the power of any adversaries, through the might of Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.


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Die Cutting Paper: Pop-up Gingerbread Man Card
Hello everyone! It's Tiffany here with a fun way to create a Gingerbread Pop-up Card using the Sizzix Bigz Circle & Ribbon 3-D Platform by Karen Burniston! You can use any additional die-cut shape to add to the circle shaped platform, but I've chosen to make it festive with a Gingerbread Man!
Here's the card front:
You'll need the following die cutting supplies to make an exact replica of my card: Sizzix Vagabond, Sizzix Circle & Ribbon 3-D Pop-up Platform Bigz Die, two standard cutting pads, Sizzix eClips & eCAL software, and Gingerbread Man die-cut (SVGcuts.com). Additionally, you will need various colors of card stock/patterned paper cut to size for the gingerbread man, A2 card base, 4" x 5.25" card front (Lawn Fawn's Fa La La), 5.25" x 8" folded patterned paper for the inside (Lawn Fawn's Fa La La), Various Stamps (Lawn Fawn's Sweet Christmas, Let It Snow, Bows & Holly), Ink (Memento Tuxedo Black, CTMH Holiday Red), Copic Markers (0, E0000, E33, C1), Faber-Castell Art Grip Colored Pencil (red), white card stock for stamping, Scor-Pal & Scoring Tool, Lawn Fawn's Peppermint Hemp Twine, Google Eyes, Adhesives (Red-line tape, Scotch ATG 714, Helmar Jewelry Adhesive), scissors
To begin, import the files for the Gingerbread Man into your eCAL software. You can select all the images to resize them and keep them to scale or you can use as is.
Trim pieces of card stock and patterned paper to size and position accordingly onto the cutting mat.
This is what the cut gingerbread man pieces will look like!
After die cutting, use a scoring tool, score each of the pieces that will run along the center seam of the card in half length-wise.
Now, adhere the pieces together and add some google eyes!
Adhere the patterned paper for the inside of the card to inside of the A2 card base. Adhere the scored Gingerbread Man to the scored Circle for the platform. Following the instructions included with the die, Adhere the entire Circle Platform the the card using strong red-line tape.
Stamp and color any additional images you'd like to add to your card. I'm using some images from Lawn Fawn's Sweet Christmas, Let It Snow, and Bows & Holly.
Trim each of your colored images using detail scissors.
Using a scrap piece of card stock or patterned paper, mask off the top of the card, and stamp the hanging string and bow for each of your mini gingerbread cookie images. Repeat with the other side of the card.
Adhere all stamped & colored images with the stamped and trimmed sentiments.
To design the card front, simply wrap some hemp twine like you're wrapping a present, finish with a bow, and adhere the mini stamped tag. Adhere finished portion to card front.
Wasn't that fun? You can use ANY other die-cut to create a fun and festive pop-up card for absolutely ANY occasion! Just remember to score each of the die-cut pieces length-wise!
Thanks so very much for stopping by,
digital files: Gingerbread Man (SVGcuts.com)
patterned paper: Lawn Fawn's Fa La La
cardstock: Bazzill Swiss Dots; Neenah Solar White; Bazzill Smoothies
inks: Memento- Tuxedo Black
coloring mediums: Copics (0, E0000, E33, C1); Faber-Castell Art Grip Pencil (Red)
embellishments: Lawn Fawn's Peppermint Hemp Twine; google eyes
adhesives: Terrifically Tacky Tape; Scotch ATG 714; Helmar Jewelry Adhesive
tools: Cutterbee Scissors; Scor-Pal
For more great Christmas card ideas, visit the Christmas Card gallery on Sizzix.com!
2 thoughts on "Die Cutting Paper: Pop-up Gingerbread Man Card"
Tiffany! This is fantastic! That gingerbread man is adorable and you've illustrated perfectly how the Circle Platform can be used to animate anything! I definitely want to use your card for inspiration when I shoot the video tutorial for this die. You're amazing!!!↓
This is so sweet Tiffany! Great idea to pair the gingerbread man with the circle platform.↓

subset: commoncrawl


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Elena Elisseeva is an established professional photographer with unique style and large portfolios of both fine art photographic prints and stock images. Her work appears in numerous print and web publications, including major newspapers and magazines, TV programs and commercials, and advertising from web to billboards around the world. All Elena's images are taken with top of the line professional equipment and comply with highest quality standards. To license Elena's images for commercial use visit www.elenaphoto.com. Follow Elena's photography on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ElenaElisseevaPhotography and Twitter: @elenathewise More about Elena here. Copyright Elena Elisseeva All Rights Reserved. COPYRIGHT NOTICE:...
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kayson.io necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 356 diseños de 88 diseñadores freelance.
The company needs a very simple logo - or possibly just a good font - for use on its website, business cards and headed paper, and powerpoint background.
The company's services include office fit-out, office refurbishment, and medium to large scale design and build projects - similar in scope to the following:
The are looking for a logo or font style which will convey reliability, strength, and professionalism.
They are interested only in simple designs, nothing intricate. Designs should be bold and clean, and could be just geometric shapes.
The company will present to a London-based market of medium to large scale companies and corporations.
A clean, bold, professional font or style for the word 'Pangea'.
A simple logo design to go with the text, to be used on website, business card and headed paper, and powerpoint background. Should be clean, solid, reliable, corporate. Simple geometric shapes would be fine. There is no need for the design to reflect directly the specific operations of the company.
Using either or both of the following palettes:
Design to be submitted as a single .ai or .eps file.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Blue Jade Anvils and Obelisks
Jade and Blue tones fused in Resin. Shaped and polished by hand to a glass like finish. The resin pendants in this image are between 1.5 and 3 inches long and are threaded on 19 inch chain.
The patterns created as the resin fuses are unique to each piece. To see how this beautiful piece looks when worn and for ways to style it please feel free to start a conversation with us on Instagram or Facebook.
Our resin jewelry is handmade in Australia and inspired by nature. Each one is bespoke and individual to it's owner.
If you'd like to try this piece in person, visit The Rose Street Artists' Market in Fitzroy, Melbourne. We are there every weekend from 11am - 5pm and look forward to helping you find your new one of a kind piece.


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Maui Glass Tinting Specialists
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Capable of handling any project, our commercial window film division prides itself in doing amazing work from single unit offices to multi-story window film projects. We work closely with interior designers, architects, engineers, facility managers, and property owners. We inform all of our partners of all the energy saving potential and execute solutions.


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Girl Saves Mom's Life With Skills She Learned On 'Grey's Anatomy' [VIDEO]
Every Thursday, Kandace Seyferth and her ten-year old daughter Madisyn watch the hospital soap 'Grey's Anatomy' together. Those weekly girl's nights with "McDreamy" and company may well have saved Kandace's life.
When the 36-year old Sheboygan, WI., woman suffered a severe asthma attack and fell to the floor unresponsive Madisyn didn't panic. Instead she calmly called 911 and then, with the help of her friend Katelynn Vreeke, administered on her mother CPR techniques she had learned by watching Ellen Pompeo, Patrick Dempsey and the rest of Seattle Grace.
[The firefighters and paramedics] pretty much said if Maddie didn't remain calm and call 911 and do what she did, I wouldn't even be here to talk about it," explained Kandace, who is recovering after a stint in the hospital.
Watch Madisyn and Katelynn explain how they saved Kandace with the help of 'Grey's Anatomy' below.
[via ABC News]


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Over 50 years, we have built long-term relationships and a positive reputation with clients and aircraft operators.
We have the knowledge and skills to provide a high quality service and continue to invest in developing staff at all levels.
We support and encourage an entrepreneurial, creative and client focused culture.
We invest in IT to support our business and drive growth through our ability to manage data and gain insight.
Our leadership has considerable aviation sector expertise including extensive market knowledge and an understanding of regulations and standards.


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Some individuals ask why you ought to lead an invert email seek, others know precisely why they need to.Basically it is an administration that helps you find data about past friends,business contacts or individuals who might spam. An organization or index will for the most part help you find individuals by utilizing there name or email address.
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Putting Up Mushrooms
I really, really dig mushrooms. I have and will travel across the country to pick them. I hoard them in the freezer, I order any dish served with them in restaurants, I even try to memorize the Latin names. So it is with enormous gratification that I've noticed more and more mushroom species being cultivated and becoming available in grocery stores. The white button mushroom—Agaricus biosporus–dominated the retail scene for decades; then came the cremini (which is simply a brown Agaricus) and the portobello (which is a mature cremini). Oyster mushrooms and shitake arrived next, and their reasonable price is a testament to how mainstream they've become. Now hen-of-the-woods, one of my favorites, is successfully cultivated, and enoki, royal trumpets, and lion's mane (also known as pom-poms) are available as well. When the mushrooms look good and the price is right, I buy in quantity and put them up.
Whether you buy cultivated mushrooms or harvest them from the wild–and there are some pretty incredible wild mushrooms to be found in Colorado, including porcini, chanterelles, and morels–for my money precooking and freezing is the easiest and best preservation method. You can pressure can mushrooms of course, and you can pickle them. But I think pressure canning tends to wash out the flavor, and pickling, while delicious, is a pickle, and so limited in application.
I like precooking and freezing mushrooms because the flavor is retained nicely, and it is a pretty quick way to process them. But if expediency is all, then why bother precooking? Because when you freeze foods with a high water content like mushrooms, the water within the cells crystallizes and ruptures the cell walls. This is one of the reasons why some fresh frozen foods like strawberries seem mushy once you've defrosted them. But when you pre-cook the mushrooms to the point of their releasing their liquid, you are diminishing the amount of water within the food, which in turn diminishes the crystal load in the cells.
The second reason why you should precook mushrooms is because the heat from cooking inactivates the enzymatic action of the food. Enzymes are the proteins in plant, animals, and fungi that help them mature. If you freeze without a precooking stage, the enzymes will continue to age the mushrooms–albeit slowly—and undermine their flavor, texture, and color.
Additionally, some wild mushrooms pick up pathogens from the soil that can disrupt the flavor. I used to freeze chanterelles raw and couldn't figure out why they sometimes had a tinny taste when I cooked them. It turns out the pathogen is not destroyed by freezing—its life cycle is only slowed down—so the flavor becomes progressively compromised in relation to how long the mushroom is frozen. Precooking very fresh wild mushrooms neutralizes those pathogens. That is not to say that precooking neutralizes toxins. There is nothing you can do to make a poisonous mushroom edible, so don't eat a wild mushroom whose identity you wouldn't bet your life on.
Below is my method for freezing cultivated and wild mushrooms. Do save the stemmy parts and any hard bits that you would otherwise discard. They will make a fabulous mushroom stock that you can use in soup, stews, risotto, and pasta sauces. Generally hen-of-the-woods, oysters, and shitakes produce the most byproduct in the way of hard stems (talk-through recipe below).
Frozen Mushrooms
Makes 8 cups
Precooked frozen mushrooms hold beautifully in the freezer for 9 months to a year. But be sure your freezer is cold. Zero degrees will hold the mushrooms for the full time period. If your freezer is warmer, use the foods sooner for best results.
3 lbs mushrooms, cleaned and sliced (do not soak mushrooms in water or they will become waterlogged. See note)
8 tablespoons unsalted butter
Melt the butter in a large non-stick skillet over a medium heat. In batches, add the mushrooms, turn the heat down to medium low, and cook for 5 minutes, stirring occasionally and flipping over the slices, until the mushrooms release their liquid.
If you were going to eat the mushrooms right away, you would cook them until their liquid evaporated, another 5 minutes, but to preserve, it is best for the mushrooms to be frozen in their liquid. The liquid protects the delicate tissue of the mushrooms much the same way that sugar syrup protects pit fruit when you freeze it.
Dump the mushrooms and their liquid into a bowl, allow to cool, then pack the mushrooms and liquid equally into 4 freezer baggies (about 2 cups per baggie). Push the air out of the baggies, seal, chill in the refrigerator, and then freeze.
To defrost, place the mushrooms in the refrigerator. They will be ready to cook in about 1 hour. If they are still frosty when you are ready to cook them, it's OK. You can dump the frozen mushrooms directly into stews and soups.
Note: Morels tend to capture sand and dirt in the brainy folds of their cap, so you should swish them thoroughly in a bowl of water, otherwise they could be gritty. But we'll get more into morels in May.
Mushroom stock
Take all the stems and hard bits from the mushrooms—even if you only have a cup or two it's worth making stock. In a small soup pot add a chunk of peeled onion, a piece of celery, a few garlic cloves, a couple of sprigs of thyme and flat-leafed parsley, few peppercorns and whole cloves, and a bay leaf. Cover with water, cover the pot, and bring to a boil over a medium heat. Lower the heat to medium low and cook for about 30 minutes, until the liquid is light brown and you can smell the mushroomy fragrance. (If you are only making 2 cups of stock from 1 cup of stems, watch to be sure you don't lose it all to evaporation.) Sometimes I strain off this liquid and set it aside, and add more water and start over, trying to eek out every bit of mushroom flavor. Strain the stock and pour into a clean jar, refrigerate, and use within three days. If you don't use within three days, just bring the stock to a boil for 10 minutes to sterilize, and return to a clean jar. You will lose some volume. You can also freeze the stock. It holds for 9 months to a year.
Let's say you end up with just a cup and a half of stock. That's great! Next time you cook a beef stew, add it. The meaty flavor of mushrooms (the Japanese call that flavor umami), enhances the taste of meat dishes.
Next time, recipes featuring frozen mushrooms…


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The University, under the auspices of the Division of Research and Sponsored Programs in conjunction with its six colleges and schools NCCU has established its Research System Approach to Innovation and Sustainability. This system approach involves basic research ranging from biomedical/biotechnology to pharmaceutical sciences to social and behavioral sciences focused on solving problems that affect the citizens of North Carolina. It is also conducting research in health disparities, nanotechnology/carbon nanotubes, robotics, polymers and green energy. Research efforts at NCCU is designed not only prepare students as the next generation of scientists; but, to address current and future challenging that impacts our society economically and/or socially.
North Carolina Central University's research activities are carried out through two major research institutes, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute (BBRI), and, The Golden Leaf Foundation Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE). In addition to the two major research institutes, NCCU offers academic degrees through its two colleges (College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Behavioral and Social Sciences) and four schools (School of Business, School of Education, School of Library and Information Sciences and School of Law), which are intimately involved in ongoing research activities.
The research activities are supported by the Office of Sponsored Research and Programs and the Office of Research Compliance and Technology Transfer. The purpose of the offices listed are to assist faculty and staff with proposals, ensure the integrity of all university research activities, as well as compliance with NCCU, UNC-System, State and Federal guidelines and restrictions.
The mission of the Division is to provide the leadership for strengthening and enhancing the University's academic programs through research and economic development Initiatives campus-wide. The mission of the Division is driven by the premise that the university is in continuous pursuit of excellence.
North Carolina Central University
(p) 919-530-6100
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Improve Aviation Safety
Effective aircraft safety is crucial in protecting lives and preserving valuable assets. To set the national standard in aviation safety, GSA and the Interagency Committee for Aviation Policy (ICAP) pioneer efforts to explore and establish best practices in aviation safety. The ICAP has established the Safety Standards and Training Subcommittee to oversee the following programs:
- The Federal Aviation Safety Officer (ASO) Program trains aviation safety officers on how to manage risk and promote safe practices.
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- The Gold Standard Certificate program acknowledges agencies that have achieved superior aviation safety standards. All nominees for the Federal Aviation Program Awards must have the Gold Standard Certificate.


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photo 1 of 209
Tony Ferguson
TRAINING: My training is different every day. There is one thing that stays consistent... I've been breaking limits. I've been pushing myself to get stronger, better, faster in the sport of MMA. I surround myself with good positive people doing the same thing I'm preppin' for - competition! My hands are tested every day, my nogi jiu-jitsu is on point and drilled every day, and I have stepped up my arsenal
When and why did you start training for fighting? I moved away from Michigan when I was 24 in pursuit of finding happiness and finding myself. What I found was an opportunity to keep competing after college wrestling and to put some extra change in my pocket. I always liked being in the spotlight as an athlete. What can I say? I'm a glory hound. After my second pro fight, I quit my day job and decided to give my life a fighting chance. I barely made ends meet by personal training and teaching self defense, but that's what I needed to do to keep my face in the gym 24/7. If you want something bad enough, you have to fight for it. For the first time in my life, things made sense. I'd just get up, train early & hard and lay some hands down to pay the bills. It made it feel like I earned my way doing what "I" wanted to do. I finally found my niche. Mixed Martial Arts as a whole has allowed me to express myself through movement and self-sacrifice. All or Nothing.
What ranks and titles have you held? The Ultimate Fighter season 13 winner. 3x Michigan High School Athletic Association All- State Honors w/ a State Championship my Senior year. 2x Collegiate All-American via Grand Valley State University, brown belt in BJJ
Do you have any heroes? Mr. Big Guns Upstairs...GOD, and Dan Gable
What does it mean for you to fight in the UFC? It means the world to me!!! I've never wanted anything so bad in my life. I've had my ups and downs in life, and, no matter what, I always found myself always making it through all right. I'm blessed to be able to keep competing. It's my dream and my destiny to show the whole world what I can do, what I am capable of physically and mentally.
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The mission of Alice Lloyd College is to educate mountain people for positions of leadership by:
- Making an Alice Lloyd College education available to qualified mountain students regardless of their financial situation.
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- Have an understanding of multi-cultural, multi-national issues, and the necessity of global perspectives in solving problems facing Appalachia and the world in the twenty-first century.


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Call for info: (888) 861-9552
Last Updated: 1 day ago
134 Hidden Lakes Road, Statesville NC 28677
At Hidden Lakes
From $231,900 Why 'From' pricing?
New homes can be personalized to your needs and taste.
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Hidden Lakes is one of our brand new True Homes locations in the Statesville/Troutman area. Hidden Lakes is located on Wallace Springs Road just off HWY 21/115 and just South of I-40. This community is just minutes from Downtown Troutman, as well as dining, shopping, and area parks in Statesville. The Integrity Collection is the featured collection of floorplans at Hidden Lakes and those plans start in the High $100's. Check us out today and see for yourself why Hidden Lakes is the perfect location for you.Visit the website Free brochure
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You are watching Kabbalah Red String Bracelet Silver Hamsa Shema Israel Prayer
On silver hamsa hand charm written in Hebrew the "Shema Israel" prayer – 'Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one"
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Journal Article
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Subcritical Near-Nozzle Spray Structure and Primary Atomization in the Engine Combustion Network Spray D
In order to improve understanding of the primary atomization process for diesel-like sprays, a collaborative experimental and computational study was focused on the near-nozzle spray structure for the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray D single-hole injector. These results were presented at the 5th Workshop of the ECN in Detroit, Michigan. Application of x-ray diagnostics to the Spray D standard cold condition enabled quantification of distributions of mass, phase interfacial area, and droplet size in the near-nozzle region from 0.1 to 14 mm from the nozzle exit. Using these data, several modeling frameworks, from Lagrangian-Eulerian to Eulerian-Eulerian and from Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) to Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), were assessed in their ability to capture and explain experimentally observed spray details. Due to its computational efficiency, the Lagrangian-Eulerian approach was able to provide spray predictions across a broad range of conditions.


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Participatory Chinatown is a 3-D immersive game designed to be part of the master planning process for Boston's Chinatown. You assume the role of one of 15 virtual residents and you work to complete their assigned quest - finding a job, housing, or place to socialize. But look out! Sometimes language skills, income level, or other circumstances can make your task more challenging. Whatever your experience, you'll then be tasked with considering the future of the neighborhood by walking through and commenting on proposed development sites. Every one of your comments and decisions will be shared with real life decision-makers. The game can be played either as a multi-player experience where players gather in a physical meeting hall, or as a single-player experience on the web.
Visit the website here


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Insul-Shine makes insulating easy and beautiful! The gears are turning as you feel the shiny metalized polyester film pin sonically welded to the insulating polyester batting. This unique fabric has enormous potential for home insulation projects, crafts, wearables and home décor. Insul-Shine sews easily and the reflective shine makes decorative stitches stand out on insulated grocery totes, casserole covers and soft lunch sacks.
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Crowdfunding Brooklyn Castle
I blogged about this a couple weeks ago so this topic will be fresh in the minds of the AVC crowd. I am super excited about this.
There is a documentary about a chess team in the IS 318 middle school in Brooklyn. The film is called Brooklyn Castle and here's the trailer. Please take 2 1/2 mins to watch this right now.
Brooklyn Castle Trailer from BrooklynCastle on Vimeo.
I'd actually suggest taking an evening and watching the movie. You can stream it on Netflix.
So here's the deal. This chess program at IS 318 takes three big trips a year to state and national tournaments, they have a full time faculty advisor, they study at the Marshall Chess Club, and they have a bunch of training materials they use every year. It's an expensive operation but it produces results. They are the NY Yankees of middle school chess teams. They turn kids from the streets of NYC into chess masters. And I do not think you can put a price on that.
The program was at one time funded by the school system. But budget cuts in the past five years have cut away that funding and the program has been kept alive in recent years by the generosity of a few big donors.
I saw the movie and read about the cuts and thought "this is what crowdfunding was made for" and through my friend Maureen contacted John Galvin, the Assistant Principal of IS 318 and a central figure in the film. I suggested to John that we do a DonorsChoose project to crowdfund Brooklyn Castle. He agreed, and so we went to the awesome DonorsChoose team who got to work and got the project up at the end of last week.
The project page is live here. It outlines exactly what we are funding. DonorsChoose's systems and processes make sure that the funds we raise will go to exactly these things. That is one of the many awesome things about DonorsChoose.
The Gotham Gal and I are doing a match for the first $10,000 of donations that come from the AVC community. If you want us to match your donation, please use this link to make it.
In addition to the AVC community, I have lined up a number of well known supporters who either have or are going to get behind this project. I am very confident we will get Brooklyn Castle funded on DonorsChoose. But I would very much like to see the AVC community get behind this project along with me and the Gotham Gal.


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Source: Honesty and Success: More on the Importance of Honesty
Honesty and Success: More on the Importance of Honesty
Published by donnadalessio
Aloha Lovely Soul, Thank you so much for coming to visit me at Shivalaya! I really love it when souls find benefit in what I'm writing. These writings are based on daily spiritual study and meditation applied to create a fortunate way of life, in the present and for future lives as well. It has been such a wonder to be tucked away in the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean for 25 years. The past 18 have been on the oldest and most serene island of Kauai. Most people don't realize that Hawaii is made up of a chain of seven islands, sometimes related to the seven chakras of the human body. Kauai sits at the top of the chain; it is the northern most island, and often called the "crown" of the Hawaiian islands. Who am I? I am a retired English teacher, a practising massage therapist, and a teacher and student of Raja Yoga Meditation. For the past five years, I have had the incredible fortune to have traveled to northern India to the Brahma Kumari World Spiritual University on Mt. Abu, Rajasthan. Madhuban, which means Forest of Honey, is a pilgrimage place dedicated to the Remembrance of God; a place to attend classes, a place to meditate by yourself or with many others; to commune with like-hearted souls. It is an exceptional container reserved for souls who wish to live according to the highest codes of conduct. It is a place designed for souls to have a deep, rich, and loving meeting with the Supreme Soul. My annual journeys here have enriched my life immeasurably, beyond words. Who am I? I am a peaceful soul who honors the peaceful soul of you. I hope you find depth, clarity, insight, and hope in what I, the soul, who had been so lost and who is now found shares with you through these jewels of truth that I am gathering. Take the jewels that touch you, make them your own, and share them, for giving and receiving is a good part to play at this time of transformation of souls and of the earth. Many Blessings from My Heart to Yours, Shivalaya ALOHA and Many Blessings from an Island Girl and a World Soul at Heart, Shivalaya aka Donna View all posts by donnadalessio


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A description of the book reads:
"On a chance visit to Plymouth Rock, Tony Horwitz realizes he's mislaid more than a century of American history, from Columbus's sail in 1492 to Jamestown's founding in 16-oh-something. Did nothing happen in between? Determined to find out, he embarks on a journey of rediscovery, following in the footsteps of the many Europeans who preceded the Pilgrims to America. An irresistible blend of history, myth, and misadventure, A Voyage Long and Strange captures the wonder and drama of first contact. Vikings, conquistadors, French voyageurs—these and many others roamed an unknown continent in quest of grapes, gold, converts, even a cure for syphilis. Though most failed, their remarkable exploits left an enduring mark on the land and people encountered by late-arriving English settlers. Tracing this legacy with his own epic trek—from Florida's Fountain of Youth to Plymouth's sacred Rock, from desert pueblos to subarctic sweat lodges—Tony Horwitz explores the revealing gap between what we enshrine and what we forget. Displaying his trademark talent for humor, narrative, and historical insight, A Voyage Long and Strange allows us to rediscover the New World for ourselves."
The review copy of the book I received is labelled "Advanced Reader's Edition - Not for Sale." Most of the pictures and maps are missing as the book had yet to reach that stage of production when they sent it to me. The text is also noted as still be subject to proofreading. I have received copies of books like this before at academic conferences as handouts from vendors. This was the first time I got such a book for the purpose of review. I have to admit it made me feel a bit privileged.
I found this book to be a good read. In it, Horwitz visits the various places (Newfoundland, The Dominican Republic, Mexico, Florida, Virginia, Massachusetts) where European colonists explored and sometimes made attempts at colonies. He relates the history of European exploration interspersed with tales these areas in modern times. Horwitz repeatedly goes back and forth between time periods and I found it to be very effective.
Without a doubt, Horwitz presents a strong argument that many of the American origin stories are a myth and that Europeans (not to mention Native Americans) were here long before the Pilgrims made it to Plymouth Rock. I think most people realize that but Horwitz's narrative will make most readers think a bit harder and longer about this.
One complaint I do have about Horwitz's writing is his apparent dislike of the modern inhabitants of some of the areas he visited. I got a strong sense that he went home and told Newfie jokes about the citizens of Newfoundland. I have not the slightest doubt that Horwitz has no desire to ever return to the Dominican Republic. After what he recounts of the country, I would never visit there myself. He also doesn't think much of some Christian Fundamentalists in Florida. While I found his cynicism amusing, I imagine some locals in the areas he writes about will be less amused.
A good summary of what this book is about comes late in the book. Horwtiz quoted a minister in Massachusetts as saying, "Myth is more important than history. History is arbitrary, a collection of facts. Myth we choose, we create, we perpetuate. The story here may not be correct but it transcends truth. It's like religion - beyond facts. Myth trumps facts, always does, always has, always will" (p. 375, 376.)
Horwitz has done a good job of exposing the American myths which deal with the establishment of Europeans in North America. In the process, he describes in a fun style what actually happened. This book is worthwhile and I encourage those interested in American history to give it a look.


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OMNIDOME VR1 SOFTWARE DEMO from Omnidome on Vimeo.
Multiplatform - Works on Mac OS X & Linux.
Full Spherical Mode
Half Dome Mode
Planar Mode
Box Mode
*3D Model Loading coming soon : )
Equirectangular (Spherical Projection)
Fisheye (Half Dome Projection)
Cube Mapping
Planar Mapping
Features built in calibration inputs for each mapping type (Spherical, Fisheye, Cubic, Planar)
Add a still image to the input library
Use a Syphon output from another application for a live input.


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This book provides the first comprehensive legal analysis of the twelve war crimes trials held in the American zone of occupation between 1946 and 1949, collectively known as the Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMTs). The judgments the NMTs produced have played a critical role in the development of international criminal law, particularly in terms of how courts currently understand war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression. The trials are also of tremendous historical importance, because they provide a far more comprehensive picture of Nazi atrocities than their more famous predecessor, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (IMT). The IMT focused exclusively on the 'major war criminals'-the Goerings, the Hesses, the Speers. The NMTs, by contrast, prosecuted doctors, lawyers, judges, industrialists, bankers-the private citizens and lower-level functionaries whose willingness to take part in the destruction of millions of innocents manifested what Hannah Arendt famously called 'the banality of evil'.
The book is divided into five sections. The first section traces the evolution of the twelve NMT trials. The second section discusses the law, procedure, and rules of evidence applied by the tribunals, with a focu
s on the important differences between Law No. 10 and the Nuremberg Charter. The third section, the heart of the book, provides a systematic analysis of the tribunals' jurisprudence. It covers Law No. 10's core crimes-crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity-as well as the crimes of conspiracy and membership in a criminal organization. The fourth section then examines the modes of participation and defenses that the tribunals recognized. The final section deals with sentencing, the aftermath of the trials, and their historical legacy.
Tuesday, August 2, 2011
Heller on the Nuremberg Military Tribunals
Last week, I finally caught up with the documentary on the International Military Tribunal, "Nuremberg: Its Lessons for Today," at the Traverse City Film Festival. Now, on cue, comes word of the publication of a book on the proceedings that usually languish in that tribunal's shadow. It is The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law, by Kevin Jon Heller, Senior Lecturer, Melbourne Law School. Here is the publisher's description:
Labels: Europe, International Law and Foreign Affairs, War
1 comment:
- Patrick S. O'Donnell said...
I very much look forward to reading Kevin's book.
One should also consult Guénaël Mettraux, ed. Perspectives on the Nuremberg Trial (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). To place this in the proverbial bigger picture as it relates to the development of (international and criminal) law generally, including an appreciation of the different role played by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (commonly referred to as the Tokyo Tribunal), see Kenneth S. Gallant's The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009). (Incidentally, Kevin has also recently co-edited a 'handbook' on comparative criminal law.)
- August 2, 2011 at 2:04:00 AM EDT
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Browsing Research Articles (Dentistry) by Subject "Health sciences education"
Now showing items 1-1 of 1
"Quality is bound up with our values" - Evaluating the quality of mentoring programmes (Routledge, 2005)This paper discusses quality evaluation of health sciences mentoring programmes. The discussion highlights the way in which perceptions of what constitutes quality shape evaluative purposes. Potential tensions between ...


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Phoenix high school teacher Kenny Williams said he's cutting back on his family splurge fund for movie and sports outings after the reinstated U.S. payroll tax lowered his first paycheck of the year by $30.
The 46-year-old single dad of two was shopping at the 99 Cent Only store in Phoenix last week to save money on groceries and partly offset the $60-a-month cut he expects in his take- home pay. Dinners out also will go, he said.
Consumer Comfort Falls as U.S. Payroll Tax Takes Hold Scott Eells/Bloomberg Americans will have to rely on increases in salaries to counter some of the lost income at the same time the job market shows little sign of further progress and the debate in Washington turns to federal spending cuts and the debt. I don't normally shop here for food, but I am now, Williams said, as he struggled to find healthful items in an aisle he said was filled with high-fructose corn syrup. You have to make up for it somehow. When you already are on a tight budget, something has to be done.
By tomorrow, most Americans will have experienced the hit to their checks firsthand after Congress let a two-year-old payroll tax break expire while averting bigger automatic cuts that were to take effect this month. The 2 percentage point increase in taxes will take $125 billion from consumers pockets this year, estimates Michael Feroli, chief U.S. economist for JPMorgan Chase & Co., which in October lowered its forecast for first-quarter economic growth to 1 percent from 1.5 percent.
The increase in tax, to 6.2 percent of wages, will be used to pay for Social Security. It was reduced to a 4.2 percent rate in 2011 and 2012 to help ease the effects of the recession.
The bump will range from about $4.50 a week for a single person earning at the poverty level to $46.64 a week for someone making the maximum $113,700 subject to the tax in 2013. Any additional earnings beyond that amount won't be affected.
While the reductions are small relative to paychecks, workers eventually will cut back, said Meir Statman, the Glenn Klimeck Professor of Finance at the Leavey School of Business at Santa Clara University in California.
It will be in the little decisions people make, small amounts, said Statman, who wrote a 2011 book that studied how emotions and other factors influence investor behavior. Things like whether you eat at McDonald's are most likely. People still have to pay for housing and food and they aren't going to give up their phones.
The Bloomberg Consumer Comfort Index posted its biggest one-week drop since August in the seven days ended Jan. 6, falling to minus 34.4 from minus 31.8 the prior period.
Automatic Data Processing Inc. (ADP), which handles paychecks for about one out of every six workers in the U.S., said about 75 percent of its clients pay employees either every two weeks or twice a month. Most of the rest pay weekly and a very small number pay monthly, said Michael Schneider, a spokesman for Roseland, New Jersey-based ADP.
I'm thinking I need to stop eating out as much, said Ana Smith, 24. She works for a consulting firm in Philadelphia and doesn't get paid until this week. It'll affect my ability to shop.
Smith was one of several diners in the food court at the Shops at Liberty Place, a retail complex in Philadelphia populated by many office workers who as of last week said they weren't aware their paychecks were about to shrink.
Most of the 134 million Americans who are on corporate payrolls will likely change their spending habits in similar ways to Williams and Smith, and that can add up to hundreds of millions of dollars across the economy, said Jerry Davis, a professor of sociology at the University of Michigan Ross School of Business in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Most Americans don't bother to save much, so many people are living paycheck to paycheck and so small changes will quickly change behavior such as skipping meals or movies, said Davis, who is also the Wilbur K. Pierpont Collegiate Professor of Management.
About 3.7 percent of an average American's income is spent on recreation including things such as sporting events, movies and trips to the museum, according to November 2012 data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Another 5 percent goes toward food bought on the go, such as dining out, the data show.
A single person who makes $11,702, considered the poverty line in the U.S., will have $234 less in take-home pay a year. A family of two adults and two children at the poverty limit earns $22,811, subject to $456 more a year in taxes.
Even if the change seems small, Leslie Martinez said she worries the increased tax will affect her ability to pay bills on time or afford activities such as a movie night with her kids. The 32-year-old mother of two makes $17,000 a year working at a central Phoenix dry cleaner.
By the time she gets paid, there is already as little as $40 left, and the costs for her 12-year-old daughter to play soccer have been adding up recently. The changes will probably cut about $6.54 from her pay each week.
When you live paycheck to paycheck, every penny counts, Martinez said. When I get my paycheck, it's already spent.
Cheaper Beer
Brandon Croud, a mortgage underwriter for the Federal Housing Administration, doesn't see the higher tax rate making a big dent in his lifestyle. He said his Jan. 4 paycheck was about $30 less than usual.
I don't plan to change anything because it's not that much money, said Croud, 30, who was drinking a Captain Morgan rum and Coke and munching on potato skins and onion rings at the 24 Seconds Bar & Grill in Berkley, Michigan, on a Friday evening. If it were like $100 a paycheck, then I might switch to a cheaper beer or something.
For the family earning the median U.S. income of $64,293, the return to the higher tax withholding rate translates into $1,286 for the year. Taxpayers with a salary of $113,700 or more face an annual increase of about $2,425.
Higher-earning consumers may not alter behavior right away, said Statman, the Santa Clara University professor. The initial loss of income will probably first show up in higher reliance on a charge card, he said.
Many of those people aren't going to look at their paychecks and be shocked because they are doing well enough and these aren't huge numbers, Statman said. But eventually what will likely happen is it will begin to constrain people.
Williams, the Phoenix schoolteacher, said the reduction in pay makes it feel as though he's working a couple hours each week for free.
You work the same amount of hours and are taking home less money, Williams said. I don't like it. We've all given more than our fair share.
To contact the reporters on this story: Jeff Green in Southfield, Michigan at firstname.lastname@example.com; Amanda J. Crawford in Phoenix at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Peter Elstrom at email@example.com


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Abstract classes allow you to provide default functionality for the subclasses. If you plan on updating this base class throughout the life of your program, it is best to allow that base class to be an abstract class. Why? Because you can make a change to it and all of the inheriting classes will now have this new functionality. If the base class will be changing often and an interface was used instead of an abstract class, we are going to run into problems. Once an interface is changed, any class that implements that will be broken. Now if its just you working on the project, that's no big deal. However, once your interface is published to the client, that interface needs to be locked down. At that point, you will be breaking the clients code.
Speaking from personal experiences, frameworks is a good place to show when and where to use both an abstract class and an interface. Another general rule is if you are creating something that provides common functionality to unrelated classes, use an interface. If you are creating something for objects that are closely related in a hierarchy, use an abstract class. An example of this would be something like a business rules engine. This engine would take in multiple BusinessRules as classes perhaps? Each one of these classes will have an analyze function on it.


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Mar 16, 1999 | ISBN 9780375753374
"Jack Nicklaus may own six green jackets, but no one has captured the Masters like [Curt] Sampson."
–The (Baton Rouge) Advocate
"Sampson has put together a great story of a powerful institution."
"[Curt Sampson's] fine new book, The Masters, is the only
way we mortals are ever going to gain entrée to the hallowed Augusta National Golf Club." –The Dallas Morning News


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Kinetic offers a wide range of metal fittings & pipe which include Threaded Brass, Compression Brass, Chrome Plated Brass, Flared Brass, Capillary Brass, Capillary Copper & Galvanized.
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George Peacock
Born: 9 April 1791 in Thornton Hall, Denton, County Durham, England
8 November 1858 in Pall Mall, London, England
Click the picture above
to see four larger pictures
to see four larger pictures
|Main Index
|Biographies index
George Peacock's father was the Rev Thomas Peacock, a Church of England priest who was for 50 years the perpetual curate at Denton, near Darlington, County Durham, where he also ran a local school. Thomas Peacock married Ann Hodgson, the daughter of John Hodgson of Denton and his wife Ann, on 9 November 1781. They had several children but Ann Peacock died young and Thomas Peacock remarried on 2 May 1789. His second wife, Jane Thompson, was the mother of his fifth son, George, the subject of this biography. His final child, and third daughter, Hannah Mary Anne Peacock was born to Thomas and Jane Peacock on 12 February 1798. The year that George Peacock was born, 1791, and the year 1798 that his eighth and final child Hannah were born were the years in which Thomas Peacock published mathematics books. These were The tutor's assistant modernised (1791) and The Practical Measurer (1798). The full titles of these books are:
The tutor's assistant modernisedand
or: A regular system of practical arithmetic: comprising of all the modern improvements in that art, that are necessary for the man of business and the practical scholar.
The Practical MeasurerWe give the Preface to The tutor's assistant modernised at THIS LINK.
containing the Uses of Logarithms, Gunter's Scale, the Carpenter's Rule, and the Sliding Rules: the best and most approved Modes of drawing Geometrical Figures: the Doctrine of Plane Trigonometry and its Application to Heights and Distances: the Mensuration of Superficies, Solids, and Artificers' Works; and the Methods of Surveying, Planning, and Dividing Land.
George was educated at home by his father and, because of his father's mathematical interests, it is clear that George must have received a good grounding in mathematics from a skilled teacher. Then he attended Sedbergh School until he was 17 years old when, in 1808, he entered Richmond School, Yorkshire (Richmond is one of the nearest towns to Denton) to prepare for entering the University of Cambridge. The master of Richmond School was James Tate, a former fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, who had a excellent reputation in training boys for Cambridge. Only elementary mathematics was necessary for entry to Cambridge so, although he knew more advanced material, George excelled in the elementary topics taught at Richmond. He also distinguished himself in classics where the much more advanced level allowed him to show his great potential. Peacock completed his schooling in 1809, being ranked as the top student. He was admitted as a sizar at Trinity College, Cambridge, on 21 February 1809. He was coached during the summer by John Brass, an undergraduate at Trinity College, Cambridge, who was taking the Mathematical Tripos. In the autumn of 1809 Peacock matriculated as a student at Trinity College, Cambridge.
As an undergraduate at Cambridge he made friends with John Herschel and Charles Babbage. In fact it was through a common friend, Edward Bromhead, that they first met on 7 May 1811. Bromhead [29]:-
... invited a small group to meet in his rooms to discuss the possible formation of a society whose aim would be to encourage the study of analytical methods in Cambridge. It was then that Babbage, Herschel and Peacock first met each other. Feeling at the meeting was favourable to the formation of a society and the formal inaugural meeting of the Analytical Society took place very shortly afterwards. ... Bromhead played no subsequent role of any importance in the Cambridge reform movement ... It is clear that Cambridge needed the Analytical Society to bring together the young reformers. Its formation sparked off feverish activity among the leaders.We note that there is some argument between historians over the date the Analytic Society was formed. Babbage claimed it was in 1812, but the general view is that he misremembered the year and in fact it was 1811. In 1812 Peacock graduated, placed second to John Herschel in the Mathematical Tripos examinations. He also won the second Smith's prize. In 1814 Peacock was awarded a fellowship to Trinity and, in the following year, he became a tutor and lecturer in Trinity College.
In 1816 the Analytical Society produced a translation of Sylvestre Lacroix's Traité élémentaire de calcul differéntiel et du calcul intégral (1802) which was written in the Continental style for the differential and integral calculus. The English translation appeared under the title An Elementary Treatise on the Differential and Integral Calculus (1816) and contained over 100 pages of added notes by Peacock and Herschel. Babbage, Herschel and Peacock began to work on this translation when the Analytic Society was formed, so it is reasonable to ask why it took so long for the translation to appear. The reason for the delay seems to have been due to Peacock who, although a keen supporter of the dy/dx notation, found other aspects of Lacroix's book not to his liking. Babbage, Herschel and Peacock certainly, although agreeing a common aim with the Analytical Society, nevertheless had rather different views on mathematics itself and how it should be taught. Only after the addition of the copious notes was Peacock happy to publish the book. The following year, 1817, Peacock was moderator of the Mathematical tripos examinations at Cambridge and used his position to further his reforms setting examinations using Leibniz's calculus notation. William Whewell wrote to Herschel in March 1817 (see [29]):-
You have I suppose seen Peacock's examination papers. They have made a considerable outcry here and I have not much hope that he will be moderator again. I do not think he took precisely the right way to introduce the true faith. He has stripped his analysis of its applications and turned it naked among them. Of course all the prudery of the University is up and shocked at the indecency of the spectacle. The cry is 'not enough philosophy'. Now the way to prevent such a clamour would have been to have given good, intelligible, but difficult physical problems, things which people would see that they could not do their own way and which would excite their curiosity sufficiently to make them thank you for your way of doing them.Peacock responded to criticism that he received, writing to one of his friends saying (see [21], or [23]):-
I assure you that I shall never cease to exert myself to the utmost in the cause of reform, and that I will never decline any office which may increase my power to effect it. I am nearly certain of being nominated to the office of Moderator in the year 1818-19, and as I am an examiner in virtue of my office, for the next year I shall pursue a course even more decided than hitherto, since I shall feel that men have been prepared for the change, and will then be enabled to have acquired a better system by the publication of improved elementary books. I have considerable influence as a lecturer, and I will not neglect it. It is by silent perseverance only, that we can hope to reduce the many-headed monster of prejudice and make the University answer her character as the loving mother of good learning and science.We note that he was moderator of the tripos again, namely in 1819 and in 1821. He was influenced, however, by a visit of Jean-Baptiste Biot to Cambridge in 1818. Biot argued that French mathematicians had neglected the applications of the calculus that Isaac Newton had introduced. In the 1819 examinations Peacock again used Leibniz's notation, but this time with a considerable amount of applied mathematics, and thereafter it became standard practice. Peacock published Collection of Examples of the Application of the Differential and Integral Calculus in 1820, a publication which sold well and helped further the aims of the Analytical Society. In some ways this was intended to answer some of the criticisms for the Continental approach to calculus which was entirely theoretical while the Cambridge approach was based on using the calculus to solve problems. With this book of problems solved using the Continental style of calculus, Peacock was making the Continental approach more palatable at Cambridge. However, a book published in 1820 continued the attack on Peacock's reforms (see [29]):-
Academic education should be strictly confined to subjects of real utility and as far as the lucubrations of French analysts have no immediate bearing on philosophy, they are as unfit subjects of academic examination as the Aristotelian jargon of the old schools ... nor is it right or reasonable that young men should be obliged to read them in order to attain the honours of the Senate House.Babbage had produced a number of manuscripts which were unpublished but he had discussed them with Peacock. These manuscripts, as now held in the British Museum, are: (1) On Notation; (2) Of the influence of general signs in analytical reasonings, (3) General notions respecting Analysis (my theory of identity); (4) Induction; (5) Generalisation; (6) Analogy; (7) Of the law of Continuity; (8) Of the value of a first book; (9) Of Artifices; (10) Of problems requiring new methods where the difficulty generally consists in putting it into Analytical language. It is unclear whether Peacock refers to the same ordering as now exists, but here is an extract from a letter he wrote to Babbage on 7 May 1822:-
I shall send your essays tomorrow morning by coach. I have read the greater part of them over very attentively, a task which you will readily acknowledge as of some difficulty considering the manner in which they are written; in some cases I have been completely baffled in my attempt particularly in the latter part of the first essay and in the greatest part of the second. I have, before expressed my opinion concerning them; they must form when completed a work of very great interest, abounding as they do with so much of original research and with illustrations of the most interesting kind; the essay on artifices and on questions requiring new methods of Analysis will be charming when completedIn [12] Dubbey argues that Peacock's famous Treatise on Algebra, which he published in 1830, contains ideas remarkably similar to those in Babbage's third paper. In [5] Becher suggests that these ideas go back even further, pointing to the work of Robert Woodhouse at Cambridge. However, Menachem Fisch presents a rather different suggestion in [15] regarding Peacock's approach to algebra which has much merit. But before looking at Fisch's ideas, we must look at the Treatise on Algebra.
Peacock's ideas are expressed in a long Preface to the book and we have given an extract from the Preface at THIS LINK.
In Treatise on Algebra, Peacock attempted to give algebra a logical treatment comparable to Euclid's Elements. First he looks at what "algebra" is:-
'Algebra' may be defined to be, the science of general reasoning by symbolical language. . . . it has been termed Universal Arithmetic: but this definition is defective, in as much as it assigns for the general object of the science, what can only be considered as one of its applications.Peacock describes in detail in the Preface (see THIS LINK) how algebraic symbols have, up to that time, been thought merely to stand for numbers. He points to the difficulties in this approach and his purpose in the book is to make algebra a much more general science. He has two types of algebra, arithmetical algebra and symbolic algebra. In the book he describes symbolic algebra as:-
... the science which treats the combinations of arbitrary signs and symbols by means defined through arbitrary laws.He also wrote:-
We may assume any laws for the combination and incorporation of such symbols, so long as our assumptions are independent, and therefore not inconsistent with each other.Dubbey summarises the main thesis of Peacock's ideas in the book [12]:-
(1) Algebra had previously been considered only as a modification of Arithmetic.This fifth principle allowed Peacock to extend the rules of arithmetic using what he called the principle of the permanence of equivalent forms to give his symbolic algebra. He was not as bold in practice, therefore, as the abstract ideas for symbolic algebra which he gives in theory. He investigated the basic properties of numbers, such as the distributive property, that underlie the subject of algebra. This property allowed Peacock to 'prove' that (-1)(-1) = 1, and it would appear that his attempt is more convincing that earlier attempts, for instance by Euler. Peacock's proof, which is in the second edition of the book, published in 1845, goes as follows:
(2) Algebra consists of the manipulation of symbols in a way independent of any particular interpretation.
(3) Arithmetic is only a special case of Algebra - a "Science of Suggestion" as Peacock put it.
(4) The sign "=" is to be taken as meaning "is algebraically equivalent to".
(5) The principle of the permanence of equivalent forms.
(2) Algebra consists of the manipulation of symbols in a way independent of any particular interpretation.
(3) Arithmetic is only a special case of Algebra - a "Science of Suggestion" as Peacock put it.
(4) The sign "=" is to be taken as meaning "is algebraically equivalent to".
(5) The principle of the permanence of equivalent forms.
(a - b)(c - d) = ac + bd - ad - bc holds for arithmetic when a > b and c > d. By the principle of permanence, this holds in symbolic algebra. Put a = 0, c = 0, b = 1, and d = 1 to get (-1)(-1) = 1.We now give Menachem Fisch's comparison of the two approaches of Babbage and Peacock [15]:-
Babbage's essays were not written with a view to making sense of algebra as he found it. They do not represent an interpretive or explanatory undertaking, at least not primarily so. They are an attempt, or rather an outline of an attempt, to explore the foundations, reformulate the objectives, and lay down the foundational principles of a new, and austere conception of mathematical analysis. It was the undertaking of a working mathematician; not a 'study' of mathematics, but a 'work' of mathematics. In this respect Peacock's algebraic project was very different. ... the 'Treatise' was essentially a comment 'on' algebra, a critique performed with a view to articulating what algebra was, and analyzing what it could therefore achieve. In order to understand it, Peacock's work aspired to dismantle (to deconstruct) an existing area of mathematics.In 1831 the British Association for the Advancement of Science was set up. One of its first aims was to obtain reports on the state and progress of various sciences from leaders in their fields. Hamilton was asked to prepare a report on mathematics but he declined. Peacock was then asked and he accepted although he restricted his report to Algebra, Trigonometry and the Arithmetic of Sines. He read his report at the 1833 meeting of the Association in Cambridge and the report was subsequently printed. Remarkably, in 1940, about 100 years after Peacock first published his Treatise on Algebra, the book was reprinted in two volumes. See THIS LINK for extracts from two reviews of the 1940 edition.
We should fill in some details of Peacock's career which we have passed over in looking at his algebra. He was ordained a deacon in 1819 and, on 22 September 1822, he was ordained a priest at Norwich. He served as Vicar of Wymewold from 1826 to 1835. In 1836 he was appointed Lowndean professor of astronomy and geometry at Cambridge and three years later was appointed dean of Ely cathedral, spending the last 20 years of his life there [6]:-
As dean of Ely, Peacock threw himself into the restoration of Ely Cathedral, both in directing the restoration and in raising funds. He was a prolocutor of the lower house of the convocation of Canterbury from 1841 to 1847 and from 1852 until 1857, when failing health prompted his resignation. He also brought about improvements in the city of Ely's drainage system and fostered the education of the middle and lower classes. In addition to his other ecclesiastical appointments, from 1847 onwards he was rector of Wentworth, near Ely.Peacock published Observations on the Statutes of the University of Cambridge (1841) and The life of Thomas Young (1855). He also edited the first two volumes of Miscellaneous works of the Late Thomas Young (1855). Andrew Robinson writes about Peacock as Thomas Young's biographer in [4]:-
Peacock was repeatedly requested to write the life by Mrs Young and was reluctant to agree, given his heavy professional commitments, illness and the daunting nature of the subject. He had access to Young's journals and private papers and the many frank letters Young wrote to Hudson Gurney - almost all of which have since disappeared ... Peacock's book is therefore invaluable for quoting at length from now vanished original sources. On the other hand, Peacock is a prolix Victorian writer whose attempt to describe Young's scientific ideas entirely in words, without a single diagram ... quickly become self-defeating.In 1847, at the age of 56, Peacock married Frances Elizabeth Selwyn. She was the second daughter of the Queen's Council William Selwyn, who was a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge. George and Frances Peacock did not have children. It was about the time of his marriage that his health began to deteriorate. Peacock does not seem to have had much respect for the doctors who he consulted. He writes (see [4]):-
It is the peculiar misfortune of the medical profession that its members can rarely dare to confess their ignorance, thinking it more or less necessary - in order to maintain their influence with their patients and with the world - to speak with equal decision, whether they are authorised by their knowledge to do so or not ... The real fact is that the prestige of a reputation once attained, whether through the influence of charlatanism, good fortune, or superior merit, is not easily destroyed, and the very eccentricities and extravagances which repel patients of sense and delicacy, tend to confirm the prepossessions of those who are wanting in these qualities, and who are naturally apt to wonder at or admire what they do not understand.Among the honors that Peacock received, we note that he was elected to the Royal Society of London in January 1818, and he joined the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820, the year it was founded. Although Peacock was not at the founding meeting, he had discussed the founding of the Society with Babbage and Herschel about ten days before that meeting. Herschel records in his diary:-
Saturday, 1 January 1820: - Dined with Peacock and Babbage at Provost Goodall's at Eton, and met Col. Thackeray, Vice-Provost Roberts, Capt. Roberts, etc,Peacock was a reformer for his whole life. He worked hard to reform the statutes of Cambridge University and, when the Government set up a Commission to propose reforms, he was appointed to it. Although he attended meetings of the Commission, he died before the report was finished. Although he died at 16 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, London, he was buried in Ely cemetery. We note that his widow, Frances Peacock, married W H Thompson in 1866. Thompson had been one of Peacock's students at Trinity College.
Sunday 2 January 1820: - Peacock and Babbage left Slough after spending a few days here.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page
List of References (29 books/articles)
A Poster of George Peacock
Mathematicians born in the same country
Additional Material in MacTutor
- Preface to Thomas Peacock's Tutor's Assistant
- Preface to George Peacock's Treatise on Algebra
- Reviews of the 1940 edition of Peacock's Algebra
- Multiple entries in The Mathematical Gazetteer of the British Isles
Honours awarded to George Peacock
(Click the link below for those honoured in this way)
|Lowndean chair
|1837 - 1859
Cross-references in MacTutor
- Chronology: 1810 to 1820
- Chronology: 1830 to 1840
Other Web sites
- Dictionary of Scientific Biography
- Dictionary of National Biography
- Mathematical Genealogy Project
- zbMATH entry
- ERAM Jahrbuch entry


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