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Colon Care Clinic
Discover the Benefits of Natural Detox with Colonic Hydrotherapy! Increase Energy, Improve Digestion and Reduce Stress. Only $49 for One Session, $89 for Two or $129 for Three. Plus All Packages Include an Ionic Detox Foot Spa and $25 Voucher for Next Time. Valued from $193
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Get ready for spring by detoxing your body with colonic hydrotherapy at one of Melbourne's premier detox therapy centres, Colon Care Clinic
Option One: Only $49 for one colonic hydrotherapy session paired with an ionic detox foot spa.Valued at $193
Option Two: Only $89 for two colonic hydrotherapy sessions and one ionic detox foot spa. Valued at $281
Option Three: Only $129 for three colonic hydrotherapy sessions and one ionic detox foot spa. Valued at $369
People experience various physical and mental benefits including increased energy, improved nutrient absorption and digestion (particularly constipation, bloating and other symptoms of IBS), reduced stress and in some cases, natural weight loss
Take a look at the 'Video' and 'FAQs' tabs for helpful details on the treatment
Top off the detox with an ionic foot spa, a relaxing treatment harnessing the power of magnets to draw toxins out through the pores of your feet
All packages include a $25 voucher to put toward your next colonic hydrotherapy session
What We Like
Colon Care Clinic makes every client feel super comfortable – they'll give you a blanket, a remote to the TV, put on music and there's a button within arm's reach to call them if you need anything else
Our bodies can't fully digest all the refined foods and preservatives we put into it day after day and the leftover traces build up over time. Colonic hydrotherapy flushes the nasty build-up out so your body can function at its absolute best!
Some people report leaving sessions with a visibly flatter stomach (amazing!)
Offer expires on 30 March 2014 (bookings must be made by 28 February 2014)
Strictly subject to availability and please be patient with bookings
Bookings are absolutely essential and subject to availability. Not valid public holidays
Voucher valid for one person
Members can purchase one voucher for themselves and multiple as gifts for different recipients
Valid for one Ionic Detox Foot Spa per voucher
48 hour cancellation policy applies, non-attendance and late cancellation voids voucher
Please allow up to 60 minutes for your treatment
Please note, there may be a delay for the foot spa treatments; you may wait or book it in for a separate visit
$25 voucher valid toward future colonic hydrotherapy session
Results may vary
Not valid in conjunction with any other offer and not redeemable for cash
Redemption instructions can be found on your voucher
Frequently Asked Questions about Colonic Irrigation
What is colonic irrigation and who would need colonic irrigation?
Colon Hydrotherapy is also referred to as colonic irrigation, colonics, colon therapy, or high enemas.
All these are names for colon hydrotherapy, which uses safe; warm filtered, temperature controlled water for inner cleansing and detoxification.
Ideally people receive the treatment as a preventive and detoxification measure. However some people discover colonics also assists in overcoming symptoms of constipation, diarrhoea, gas, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, stress, over processed diet, headaches, migraines, back pain, haemorrhoids, parasites, skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis, colitis, arthritis, diverticulitis, depression, intestinal distress, irregularity of bowel movements and allergies.
How long is a recommended session?
45 – 60 minutes is the length of time we suggest to experience an effective colonic irrigation session.
What is the Colon?
The colon is the last five feet of the digestive tract. It is a hollow tube like organ made up of muscle that moves digested food along by a wave like motion known as peristaltic action.
The colon is the living area for a host of bacteria that produce vitamins, such as K and some B vitamins. The colon also absorbs water, nutrients, proteins and cell salts back into the blood stream.
How can I cleanse my colon?
One of the safest ways is diet, exercise and Colon Hydrotherapy. It is the gentle infusion of filtered, temperature-controlled water, into the colon, by way of a sterile-disposable rectal tube or speculum. Water in – faecal matter flushed out.
How can this help?
The colon is a reflex organ, meaning there are electrical connections to all other systems and parts of the body. When waste material has accumulated over a long period of time it breaks down and becomes toxic. The body responds by slowing down other functions. This causes constipation and sluggish bowel movement, which will affect all other systems of the body.
What signs show inefficient elimination?
The most miserable people on earth are people with inefficient elimination. Some of the signs of a toxic colon are – coated tongue, fetid breath, shallow complexion, abnormal body odour, dark circles under the eyes, cold hands and feet, brittle nails and hair, Saggy posture (pot belly), tension, fatigue, allergies, indigestion, chronic headaches, irritability, nervousness, nausea, depression, asthma, and backaches.
Will laxatives or enemas accomplish the same results?
To clean out the lower part of the colon, enemas are fine. But, you are missing about four feet of the colon. Laxatives are an irritant to the body. Therefore, the body produces a thin, watery substance that goes through the colon and leaves behind impacted toxins and waste.
How is Colon Hydrotherapy different?
Colon Hydrotherapy is the gentle infusion of filtered, temperature-controlled water into the colon, which fills the colon allowing impacted toxins and waste to be removed. With an experienced Certified Colon Hydro therapist, who uses TGA equipment, more toxins and waste can be eliminated by working the different meridians.
What are the signs of a colon that is not functioning properly?
When sufferers finally visit a physician, they usually relate a history of one or more of these complaints that go back years. These complaints usually are; constipation, coated tongue, fetid breath, shallow complexion, dark circles under the eyes, abnormal body odour, cold hands and feet, blood pressure up or down, brittle nails and hair, saggy posture (pot belly), tension, fatigue, allergies, indigestion, menstrual problems, swelling of legs, asthma, backache, and loss of memory or concentration.
Why is Colon Irrigation beneficial?
With every session we very gently flush the colon with up to 50 litre of warm water and herbal and coffee infusions and we will be able to work loose and eliminate far more toxic waste than any other short-term technique.
Benefits of Colonic Irrigation:
The benefits of Colonic Irrigation include:
Improved bowel function
Increase in energy and vitality
Relief from wind, bloating and IBS
Natural Detoxification
Relief from headaches
Feeling positive and relaxed
Healthier and improved complexion
Better posture
Flatter stomach
Improved concentration
Natural weight loss
Relief from lower back pain
Loosening of mucus
Improved digestion
Improved range of movement and mental strength
General wellbeing
Is Colon Hydrotherapy painful?
An impacted colon can cause discomfort, and cramping may occur as the colon contracts to expel waste. Once the major impaction is removed, many actually find a session pleasant and have been known to fall asleep! On a positive note the cramps that may be experienced during initial colonic sessions result in the strengthening and re-established tone of the colon. Think of it as a gym session or workout for the bowel!
Is it embarrassing?
NO. Your dignity is completely maintained with proper draping in a private room. The odour from regular bowel movements does not exist with FDA & TGA Registered Colon Hydrotherapy Equipment! At the colon care clinic all qualified therapist are female.
What should I do before a session?
It may be more comfortable to refrain from eating at least two hours before your scheduled appointment. For the best results, prepare a diet of vegetables and grain. Also drink plenty of water and refrain from red meat.
What kind of diet shall I follow after getting a Colon Hydrotherapy session?
Following large intestinal cleansing, the body may feel weary or relaxed. This is simply your body working out and possessing through its cleaning period; so, proper rest is important for your body to rejuvenate. Therapists will provide you with a printed suggested diet for you to follow, after your first session.
After your Colonic Irrigation Session, We suggest that it is important to:
Drink plenty of liquids (purified or distilled water, juices, herb teas, and electrolyte liquids.)
Eat pureed food for 24 hours after each session (blended soups are recommended.)
Avoid eating raw vegetables for a couple of days. Steamed vegetables and raw fruit are sufficient, chew very thoroughly.
Reduce flesh consumption. (Especially beef, pork and chicken.)
After a session, how might I expect to feel?
Most people remark on how clean and light they feel. Increased energy and feelings of well – being are the common responses.


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Posts Tagged 'gum paste gingerbread'
Using Fondant and Gum Paste to Decorate Gingerbread Houses
We found some really amazing Gingerbread Houses and Gingerbread Cookies that are highly detailed and decorated with fondant and gum paste (visit here). Fondant is made from water and sugar and sometimes lemon is added to flavor the fondant and I have fondant where almond is added. Fondant is used for covering pastries and confections and creating a smooth surface for adding decorations and if you watch any of the popular tv shows like Amazing Wedding Cakes, My Fair Wedding David Tutera and Cake Boss, you see magnificent cakes and nearly every single cake is covered in fondant or has fondant decorations. If you are creative or want to try your hand and creating some super neat Gingerbread Houses this year then why not try working with fondant and seeing just what is possible. Like David Tutera says, "don't just dream, but dream BIGGER"! Let your imagination soar!

subset: commoncrawl


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8 cups black plum chunks*
4 1/2-5 cups sugar
1 box powdered pectin
1/4 cup lemon juice
zest from two lemons
Prep jars/lids for canning. Place the plums into a large, heavy bottomed pan. Add the sugar, lemon juice and zest. Bring to a boil, stirring and breaking up any big chunks (I used a potato masher) until it begins to reduce and thicken. Stir in the pectin. Continue cooking at a low (rolling) boil for 2-3 minutes or until it looks jammy. Fill the jars leaving 1/4 inch headroom. Process in the hot water bath for 10 minutes.
Yield: 6-7 8-oz jars.
*I started off with about 2 lbs of whole plums.
Note: A great source for canning information is the Blue Book guide to preserving. I highly recommend it for learning how to can. Here is a bunch of other canning books and equipment I find useful.


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Eric Jaffe
Eric Jaffe is the former New York bureau chief for CityLab. He is the author of A Curious Madness and The King's Best Highway.
Late last month the Associated Press reported that San Francisco transportation officials will study the idea of implementing a tax on vehicle-miles traveled as a way of decreasing congestion and increasing roads funds. The plan would charge drivers anywhere from fractions of a penny per mile up to a dime depending on the time of day. Based on current driving patterns, the mileage tax could deliver the Bay a daily revenue in the area of $15 million.
To date the American public has shown little but disdain for the idea of a VMT tax. As Emily Badger reported last fall, some people consider the thought of someone watching over our odometers too "creepy," while others merely distrust the government's ability to spend the money wisely on road funding. Slate crowned the recent Bay plan its "bad idea of the week."
So there are concerns about privacy and taxation and legislative competence. Beyond those, it's legitimate to wonder whether a VMT tax would actually be a good idea. A review of the literature responds to that curiosity with a qualified yes.
For sure, a system for measuring vehicle mileage would accurately measure vehicle mileage. A recent national field study of roughly 2,650 drivers, conducted by the University of Iowa [PDF], successfully captured about 92 percent of miles driven. That bodes well for transportation experts eager to see a VMT fee system replace the current gas tax [PDF], whose depleted financing power will be further depleted as fuel-efficiency improves.
The communication infrastructure is also there. Mileage data can be captured via GPS or, if tracking exact vehicle location makes you wary, via a non-GPS odometer system that leverages standard car technology. During a transition phase a VMT system can be integrated with existing fuel pumps to make sure drivers who pay mileage fees don't also pay a gas tax. Critically, VMT can be aggregated by zones — to separate use of rural and urban roads, for instance — allowing for a more equitable user system in which the busiest roads receive the most money.
So the shift would be pretty seamless. In fact, once people experience just how smooth it is, they warm up to the idea of replacing a gas tax with a mileage tax. In the Iowa study, roughly 41 percent of participants expressed a positive feeling toward a VMT fee before the trial, and roughly 70 percent expressed a positive feeling after it.
A tax on vehicle-miles traveled would also decrease vehicle-miles traveled, but just how much is an open question. Statistical models suggest a pretty significant impact. A recent simulated VMT tax of five cents a mile in the Sacramento area resulted in a 10 percent reduction in VMT. Another simulation in the Washington, D.C., area found that a tax of 10 cents per mile led to a 14 percent mileage decline [PDF]. The VMT simulations also show a substantial drop in energy use — transportation energy, for sure, but also household energy, which is reduced through dense development encouraged by the VMT system.
Pilot studies have been a bit less conclusive, but generally suggest mileage trends in the expected direction. A recent trial of VMT fees in for 475 drivers in Atlanta found a 3 percent drop in mileage traveled, though researchers couldn't conclude that pricing had caused the drop. A trial of 500 cars in Seattle, Washington, reduced mileage 12 percent, though that included a very steep congestion charge of 50 cents a mile during evening rush hour [PDF].
A third trial [PDF] in Portland, Oregon, suggested that any VMT fee system will likely need some congestion pricing elements to succeed. For the study, some drivers paid a flat 1.2-cent mileage fee, some paid a congestion-based fee that ranged from .43 cents a mile at low periods to 10 cents during peak travel inside metropolitan Portland, and some (a control) paid the typical gas tax. Both VMT groups drove less than the control group. The flat group showed only a modest drop in VMT, however, while the congestion group decreased mileage by 22 percent at peak hours.
This review isn't intended to be exhaustive. Plenty of concerns remain. A VMT fee does nothing to encourage greener cars, could be susceptible to tampering (at least more so than a gas tax), and creates a rate-equity debate with rural and possibly even suburban drivers who lack reliable transit options. On that note, any mileage system would also need to consider how much of its intake should go toward public transportation.
So the details need more consideration, and San Francisco has more time. Any implementation of a VMT system by the Bay remains many years away, one official told Wired's Autopia blog. All the city has decided for certain is that the idea itself is good enough to merit a serious public debate. The technology is here, and empirical justification isn't too far behind, and the need is arguably past.
Top image: Robert Galbraith/Reuters
To help flatten the curve in the Covid-19 outbreak, officials at all levels of government are asking people to stay home. Here's what's worked, and what hasn't.
Because of coronavirus, millions of tenants won't be able to write rent checks. But calls for a rent holiday often ignore the longer-term economic effects.
Will COVID-19 change how cities are designed? Michele Acuto of the Connected Cities Lab talks about density, urbanization and pandemic preparation.
Some renters and homeowners are getting financial assistance during the economic disruption from the coronavirus pandemic. What about landlords?
We must prepare for a protracted battle with coronavirus. But there are changes we can make now to prepare locked-down cities for what's next.


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Yes, fair points. It's not really even my personal beliefs so much as what Cryo went through. Being made out to be a madman, traitor, hunted, the loss of Afterthought in such a horrid manner, all good riddance to him.Yeoman wrote:Even if they did, there's a huge difference between the death penalty and having a criminal killed in their cell by an artificial intelligence acting on what she claims is revenge and the divine word of her robot god.EnigmaticOne wrote:Times like these make me wonder why they haven't re-instituted the death penalty in a universe with super-villains galore. It seems to be the only possible explanation for why the only default legal system punishment for convicted super-villains are to be locked up in cardboard prisons despite so much of their collective destruction and body count.kenseido wrote:Heroes taking the law into their own hands is a very bad thing, especially to the point of executing criminals.
Plus, all the anti-robot groups out there would definitely be stirring the pot.
It's WHAT Star did that bothers people, not who she did it to.
But why people haven't railed for its return baffles me.
While in character, Star needs to see consequences for her action, both legally and her own emotional state. Now, if Cryo wants to be cool with it because of what the Skull did to him and your personal beliefs, that's absolutely fine, but I suspect at least a few of the other Sentinels would be put off by it.
And admittedly, though a reformed Pantheon/Gene Nation member, it still colors some of the views he has of justice vs. law deal.


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I don't blog for money (obviously).
Or bribes.
Ocassionally, I will blog for a free t-shirt, but that's not the case here.
A few weeks ago, I was approached about an area rug for an elementary classroom.
As luck would have it, I had both a classroom and a need for a rug.
Who knew?
This is where the good people a KidCarpet.com came along.
They provided a great rug for one of our preschool classrooms.
Please keep in mind I can't be bought (unless it's a free t-shirt), so when I say this is a wonderful product you can believe me.
If you find yourself and your school needing a rug or any of their products, check out KidCarpet.com.
You won't be disappointed.
When you visit their site use the coupon code PrincipalsPage. It is for $20 off and is good until August 31, 2013.


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Three Ways To Get Steam Into Your Oven For a Great Crust: VIDEO
In Artisan Bread in Five Minutes a Day, we talked about a way to get steam into the oven to create a great, crispy, caramelized crust on lean (un-enriched) loaves: pouring water into a pre-heated METAL (not glass) broiler tray or other pan just before you close the oven door. To be extra-safe about your glass oven window, protect it from the water with a towel before you pour the water; remove the towel before closing the oven door. Some older non-tempered glass windows can crack if you get water on them when they're hot. This metal-tray method works well in most ovens.
But some ovens are a bit temperamental about this. Really large ovens, or really well-vented ones, and in many cases, professional-quality ovens installed in homes, seem to let the steam escape and you end up with a dull, pale-colored crust that never gets crisp. We've got a video of some excellent alternatives…
Steam is escaping from those ovens, one way or another. If you're having trouble getting a nice crust, try one of the other two methods in this video, neither of which require the water tray:
- a food-grade water sprayer
- A lidded vessel, either a cast-iron pot, or a cloche (both need to be pre-heated before adding the dough)
Our other posts on these methods:
Baking in a Dutch Oven: http://artisanbreadinfive.com/?p=552 or outdoors http://artisanbreadinfive.com/?p=627
Cloche baking: http://artisanbreadinfive.com/?p=566
And the least expensive closed vessel of all: Aluminum Roasting Pan for Crust: http://artisanbreadinfive.com/?p=510
More in The New Artisan Bread in Five Minutes a Day, and our other books.


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Corinne's Grandfather's Passing
Corinne's grandfather passed away this past weekend. We both loved him deeply. He was a particular blessing to me since I didn't know my natural grandparents well and he was a tremendous man of God. His life is a testimony to the truth that when we live for the Lord, our joy and impact for good extends beyond our years on this earth.
Here's his obituary,
Jan 20, 1919 – Jul 23, 2011
Roger Alan Comfort, 92, of Modesto, California went home to be with our Lord Saturday, July 23, 2011 while at home with family. A memorial service will be held on August 27 at 11:00am, at Big Valley Grace Community Church, Modesto.
Condolences and memoirs may be sent to Jim Comfort, 5501 Chenault Dr., Modesto, CA 95356
Roger was born January 20, 1919, in Baltimore, Maryland, the second of three sons, to Newman and LouElla Comfort. He moved with his family to Oakland, California in 1924 where he met and married his wife Lois in 1943. In 1956 they moved to the hills above Hayward, California with their six young children. Roger worked as a machinist at Pacific Roller Die, near Hayward Airport, and was an active member of Redwood Chapel Community Church in Castro Valley for nearly 30 years. Upon retiring, Roger and Lois moved to Twain Harte, California in June of 1993 and then to Modesto in 2004 due to ailing health. For the past seven months he and his loving wife have enjoyed the wonderful care provided by the staff at Bethel Retirement Community of Modesto, and the expertise of Community Hospice.
Roger's greatest form of relaxation was as a private pilot with the Oakland Squadron Flying Club which flew out of Oakland Airport's North Field and then eventually out of Hayward Airport. He enjoyed camping, hiking, swimming and target shooting. He also worked a few side jobs included selling for Fuller Brush, Zonolite roofing materials, as well as insurance and real estate. After retiring and moving to Twain Harte, he even got a job at the new Wal-Mart store in Sonora.
Roger's warm smile and sense of humor will be missed by all who came into contact with him. But most importantly, he is remembered by his children as the dad who would, every night, pray blessings upon each of them and their family while he knelt beside his bed.
Roger was preceded in death by his father and mother, his brothers Philip and Newman jr. He is survived by his loving wife of 68 years, Lois, their sons Dr. Stephen A. Comfort (Cheryl) of Walnut Creek, CA, James R. Comfort (Suzanne) of Modesto, John D. Comfort (Jackie) of Hughson, CA, Timothy T Comfort (Janet) of Castro Valley, CA; daughters Martha D. Kemptner (Rick) of Manteca, Ruth A Roehl (Erich) of Redding, CA; 27 Grandchildren and 46 Great-grandchildren. Thank you dad for the godly heritage and example you have left for us.


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It is our aim to offer you quality at low prices. So if, for any reason, you are not completely happy with your purchase, simply return it within days of delivery, unused and in it's original packaging together with the invoice, to BBA. We'll exchange the product or offer you a full refund. Your statutory rights are not affected.


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The Virginian-Pilot
© July 20, 2011
The Portsmouth school division is no longer on the hook for an employee's six-seater hot tub.
On Tuesday, the state Court of Appeals reversed a Workers' Compensation Commission decision requiring that the division pay for a $5,200 spa pool for Harvey Maurice Harris, an employee who injured his left shoulder in September 2005, a court document says.
Harris, a bus driver, has been employed with Portsmouth schools since 2005. Attempts to reach Harris for comment Tuesday were unsuccessful. His attorney, John H. Klein, declined to comment because he said he had not seen the court's decision. Audrey Marcello, attorney for the school division, did not immediately return a phone call Tuesday afternoon.
According to an appeals court document, Dr. Felix Kirven prescribed a tub for Harris about three years after he was injured. The same day, the document says, Harris asked claims adjuster Wyvette Johnson whether he would be reimbursed for it, and Johnson said he would not. The next day, Johnson received a copy of Harris' spa pool prescription from the doctor's office. Soon after, Harris bought a $5,200 six-person spa pool, according to the document.
Four days later, the adjuster inquired in writing whether Harris could receive therapy at a center, but Kirven did not respond, the document says, and the adjuster did not investigate further.
Kirven had not recommended the particular spa pool Harris bought, the document says, and Harris "testified he later saw smaller spa pools that seated fewer than six people."
The Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission backed up the deputy commissioner's decision that the division should pay for a spa pool because employers are "to provide necessary medical treatment for a compensable injury, including any appliances prescribed by the claimant's treating physician."
Further, the commission "noted the record contained no evidence from Dr. Kirven that other forms of water therapy, rather than a six-person home spa pool, would have been equally helpful or available to claimant."
But the state appeals court found otherwise.
"There is certainly no evidence that claimant needed to purchase a six-person hot tub for his home," Judge Robert P. Frank wrote. "Dr. Kirven's prescription did not call for a 'home' spa pool, nor did it call for a spa pool capable of seating six people. In other words, he was never prescribed this specific appliance."
Well, if you can get someone else to pay for a 6-person hot tub, wouldn't you?
– Jack


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Brian Wansink, Ph.D., author of "Mindless Eating — Why We Eat More Than We Think," is known as the "food psychologist" for his expertise in understanding of how packaging and personality traits influence our eating habits.
Wansink is head of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. He is also director of the Cornell Food and Brand Lab, a series of test kitchens, restaurants, and cooperating grocery stores that are used to understand the psychology behind what people eat and how often they eat it. The focus of the lab's work is to help people eat more nutritiously and to better control how much they eat.
His research on consumption volume has won national and international awards for its relevance to consumers. His research has been widely featured on on television news networks, and has appeared multiple times on the front pages of the Wall Street Journal and The New York Times.
When he's not helping people avoid the traps of overeating, Brian plays tenor saxophone in a jazz quartet ("Shaken Not Stirred") and in an eight-piece rhythm and blues dance band ("The Usual Suspects").


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All University staff members can apply for a LU-Card: a personal card for Leiden University staff that gives you access to specific buildings and car parks among other things. The LU-Card also serves as University ID. You can apply for a LU-Card after activating your ULCN account.
Applying for a LU-Card
To apply for your LU-Card, log in to uPrefs with your ULCN account details. You can then upload your photograph under 'Personal Data'. After your photograph has been approved, your LU-Card will be sent to your correspondence address within 5 to 10 working days.
When your LU-Card arrives, you will not be able to use it straight away. It must first be activated at an LU-Card Helpdesk, where you will have to show a valid ID.
Passport photograph
To apply for the LU-Card, you need a digital passport photograph (300x400), which must meet a number of conditions. By uploading your photograph, you apply for the LU-Card. If your photograph is rejected, you have not applied for your LU-Card. You will be notified of this by email, after which you can upload a new photograph.
How to use a LU-Card
The LU-Card serves as a(n):
- ID for Leiden University
- library card for Leiden University Library
- printing and copying card
- access card to buildings and rooms (via the building's service desk)
- access card to car parks
- access card to lockable bicycle sheds
The LU-Card is not proof of appointment.
Printing, scanning and copying with the LU-Card
At several University locations you need a LU-Card to be able to use the printers and copiers. Staff at these locations automatically receive credit on their LU-Card. Other staff can put credit on their card online or via a PinPoint at a University location.
Applying for a LU-Card for a guest or visitor
Guests or visitors who have a ULCN account with extensive facilities, such as access to a network drive, can apply for an LU-Card themselves via uPrefs. However, if your guest or visitor does not have a ULCN account, or has only limited facilities, you can apply for a LU-Card on their behalf via your Guest Management System (GMS) contact person.
The LU-Card and leaving the University
If you leave the University, your LU-Card will be deactivated. If you are leaving only temporarily, you should keep your LU-Card, because it can be reactivated later.


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Seminar on International Development Issues at NUI Galway
A senior academic from the Madras Institute of Development Studies in India will deliver a public seminar addressing international development issues on Wednesday, 2 May at 5pm. Professor Ananta Kumar Giri's presentation will be called 'Reflections and Mobilisations: Development as Global Responsibility' and will take place in the Siobhán McKenna Theatre at NUI Galway.
Professor Giri will draw on his theoretical knowledge and practical experience of international development. He has carried out fieldwork on global justice movements such as Attac in Europe which fights for the implementation of Tobin tax. Professor Giri has also extensively researched Habitat for Humanity, a project where people from materially affluent countries build houses with families in low-income countries.
According to Professor Giri, "When we talk of development we are primarily wedded to the world of development interventions. In this world, international donor agencies play a determinant role, sometimes in "partnership" with states and local groups. However, there is unease with such an interventionist conceptualisation and realisation of development which leads its critics to label it as a new form of imperial domination".
Professor Giri s recent work on global responsibility has seen him call for a greater merging of the disciplines of philosophy and anthropology. His interest in practical spirituality has also brought him face to face with the challenge of inter-religious dialogue or lack thereof, and he has been studying the recent upsurge of Hindu-Christian conflicts in India in a comparative global perspective.
Dr. Iain Mac Labhrainn, Director of the Centre for Learning and Excellence at NUI Galway and leader of the University's Community Knowledge Initiative comments, "In NUI Galway, there has been a considerable amount of research work which focuses on aspects of civil society, social needs and community development. We are delighted to have Professor Giri here to share his research and knowledge in this area."
The event is being jointly hosted by NUI Galway's Community Knowledge Initiative (CKI) and Development Education and Research Network (DERN). To reserve a place please contact Mary Bernard at 091 493823 or by e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com


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A look of shock & disbelief crossed LeBron James's face when he learned he'd been called for a foul late in last night's Knicks-Heat Game Three on what appeared to be a clean block. It didn't matter much, as the Heat won to take a 3-0 lead in the series and essentially put a lock on the Knicks' madcap season.
(The headline refers to yesterday's Daily Screencap.)


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'This smartphone still is inconspicuous, curvaceous and symmetrically attractive.'
'Overall speed.'
'Stock Android, timely updates likely. '
'the Moto G's viewing angles were excellent, even at more extreme angles.'
'For a budget smartphone the Xiaomi Redmi 3 is an excellent phone for connectivity. '
'At the lowest level, the screen is also spectacularly dim as well - 1.2nits.'
'Photos lack detail.'
'Underwhelming camera.'
'bad viewing angles'
'the battery is weaker and the camera struggles more.'
'Low light photographs are quite bad.'
A great value for money 4G smartphone, that gets the job done.
'best sub-$200 smartphones'
'Superb value.'
'The Moto G remains the only phone we've given 10/10 and is still one of the best cheap phones you can buy. '
'With a bigger screen, much better speakers and improved cameras, the new Moto G is a great budget smartphone. '
'Sluggish performance, especially while multi-tasking. '
'Camera picture quality.'
'Ships with an outdated version of Android. '
'Bulky and heavy.'
'YU Yuphoria offers an impressive package at Rs 6,999 and at this price point, the Yuphoria's design does manage to stand out from competition. '
'Also, it is pretty reflective, which reduces sunlight legibility.'
ReviewGist helps you find the best products to buy by making sense of online reviews.
We are currently aggregating 376,500 reviews
covering over 29,474 products.
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Misty Stoddard, who had been hospitalized, has been arrested in connection with the death of Melissa Stoddard, 11
Misty Stoddard, the step-mother of 11-year-old Melissa Stoddard who died Monday, has been charged as an accomplice in the girl's death.
Melissa Stoddard died from hypoxia, a lack of oxygen to the brain, the medical examiner has determined.
Sheriff's officials arrested her father Kenneth Stoddard Wednesday, and accused him and Misty Stoddard, his common-law wife, of abusing the young autistic girl by strapping her down to a board and using duct tape to muffle her screams. They fed her in a fenced enclosure her siblings called the "corral."
Sheriff's officials said they delayed arresting Misty Stoddard, who is pregnant, because she attempted suicide after she was contacted by investigators and was hospitalized.
Misty Stoddard, 35, was charged with aggravated child abuse with great bodily harm, the same charge her husband faces. Both are being held in the Sarasota County Jail without bond. The charge carries a maximum penalty of life in prison.
Sheriff Tom Knight said Thursday that more serious charges, including murder, are likely but require time and coordination with investigators, physicians, the medical examiner and the State Attorney's Office.
Misty Stoddard told investigators she found Melissa unconscious and not breathing Dec. 12, according to reports. She said she assumed the child was "faking" and walked away. Five minutes later she said she checked again on the girl and then called for her husband.
After doctors found ligature marks on the Melissa's upper arms, wrists, ankles and thighs, Misty and Kenneth Stoddard admitted that they tied her up for "behavioral issues."
After Melissa died, investigators tried to interview Misty Stoddard in a conference room at the hospital, where they found her sitting on the floor wearing a hooded sweatshirt that she had used to cover her face.
"We attempted to speak with Misty but she stated that she would not speak to us without an attorney," her arrest report states.
By LEE WILLIAMS, GABRIELLE RUSSON and J. DAVID MCSWANE
Staff writers
To muffle 11-year-old Melissa Stoddard's screams and punish her for acting out, deputies say, Kenneth Stoddard and his wife duct-taped his daughter's mouth shut. To keep Melissa from moving, the couple used rope to tie her frame to boards with holes drilled into them, according to the Sheriff's Office. Other times, Melissa's siblings told detectives, their parents hog-tied Melissa in front of them, or tied her to the bed. Melissa was fed meals outdoors, in a fenced spot the other children called "the corral," deputies say. Melissa was mildly autistic, according to her mother, who lives in North Carolina, and she attended Oak Park School in Sarasota for children with developmental disabilities. But for the last three weeks of her life, Melissa did not go to school, and nobody outside the home reported seeing the ligature marks on her arms and legs until the ambulance came to take her away on Dec. 12. She was unresponsive and had severe brain damage. Melissa died Monday of hypoxia, a lack of oxygen to the brain, the medical examiner determined. She was a victim of what Sheriff's Capt. Jeff Bell called "more torture than treatment." After her father, Kenneth Stoddard, was arrested Wednesday on an aggravated child abuse charge, his common-law wife, Misty Stoddard, attempted to commit suicide and was hospitalized, sheriff's officials say. Misty Stoddard, who is pregnant, has not yet been arrested because she is in the hospital and has been unavailable to investigators, officials say. Melissa had lived in their home for just three months, and had lost 20 pounds. Her mother, Lisha Stoddard, of Greensboro, N.C., said she and Melissa's father had agreed the girl would stay with him and the other five children in eastern Sarasota County. Lisha Stoddard said she had met her daughter's stepmother once and had no idea that Melissa was in trouble. "I am sad, shocked, angry and confused," Lisha Stoddard said in a phone interview. "I can't believe Melissa is no longer with me. She was such a happy, joyful child." Grim findings Bikes, trikes and children's toys are strewn across the lawn of the Stoddard's now-silent home on the 9000 block of Delft Road. Neighbors say they knew little about the Stoddards, who moved into the ranch-style house with the rope swing out front three months ago — about the same time that Melissa went to live with them. A 15-year-old stepbrother of Melissa's who was interviewed by detectives led them to a wooded spot across the street from the Stoddard house, where they found the two boards that the parents used to tie Melissa to, sheriff's reports say. The boy told deputies that he helped Kenneth Stoddard hide the items there the night they called the ambulance. Deputies say they also found a helmet with restraint straps that her father and stepmother had used on Melissa. Along with the boards and the helmet, deputies found several rolls of duct tape. Wads of used tape were found both inside the house and in a place outside the residence that the children called the "time out" area. Now the other children, ages 4 through 15, are in foster care. Lisha Stoddard said she never witnessed any abuse while married to Kenneth Stoddard, 35, who, according to his arrest report, is unemployed. "He was a good father, always good to them and her daughter," she said. "When we were married, he was always good to them." As to the allegation her ex-husband tied up Melissa, her mother said, "I never saw that before." Lisha Stoddard, 35, said she knew her ex-husband as a good parent, but that she knew little about her daughter's stepmother. "I've only seen her once, never had any interactions with her," she said. "I only spoke to her once over the phone." Lisha and her ex-husband met at Camp Lejeune while they were both serving in the Marine Corps. Lisha was trained as an electrician, Kenneth an artilleryman. They married in 1998 and divorced in 2008. They filed for bankruptcy protections, Chapter 7, in 2000. They had two children together, Melissa and her older brother, who is struggling to accept the loss of his sister. "They played together all the time. She could beat him up," the mother said. "He's a big softie." More charges likely At Oak Park School, a Sarasota public school tailored for students with disabilities, Melissa's favorite subjects were arts and crafts. She enjoyed anything that involved singing or acting. Grief counselors went to Oak Park Thursday to talk to classmates of Melissa's and school staff, to help them deal with grief. Melissa was autistic, but the disorder was not profound, her mother said. An autistic child might do well in school but be fixated on a single topic, like dinosaurs, and hardly talk about anything else. Another might not speak at all. For people with autism, there is no one-size-fits-all diagnosis. "If you met one child with autism, you met one child with autism," says Cecilia Knight, director of training at the Center for Autism and Related Disorders in California. "Each child is so different. A lot of their symptoms are the same, but they are manifested in different ways." Autistic children may be prone to intense tantrums, struggle to sleep and do not eat well, all of which add to the stress of their parents. In one widely reported case involving an autistic child being abused, 16-year-old Calista Springer, a disabled girl, died at the hands of her parents in Centreville, a rural town in Southwest Michigan in 2008. Her father and stepmother chained Calista to her bed with a dog choke collar and zip ties because they said she wandered off and had violent tendencies. When the house caught fire, the girl was unable to escape. Both parents were convicted of torture and child abuse, but a jury acquitted them of murder. In the Stoddard case, Sheriff Tom Knight said additional arrests and more serious charges — including murder — are likely. Charging someone with murder, he said, requires detailed input from physicians, the medical examiner and the State Attorney's Office.


text: Maria Harwood is the newest addition to the Aquarium Conservation Team (ACT!). She will be volunteering with us for a year as a part of the inaugural class of the Chesapeake Conservation Corps. The Corps was founded by the Chesapeake Bay Trust as a program to promote the health of the Chesapeake Bay through environmental education, community engagement in conservation activities, and energy efficiency campaigns. The 16 Corps volunteers are working with various environmentally focused host organizations throughout the state of Maryland. During the year, volunteers will undergo a series of trainings on leadership, energy conservation, environmental education, and watershed restoration aimed at developing skill sets that will help them in their future careers. Maria is from northern Virginia, but sought out new experiences for her college years. She attended Pitzer College in southern California and graduated with a B.A. this past May with a double-major in environmental studies and human biology. While she enjoyed learning about the different environmental issues that the West faces, she always knew she wanted to return to this area and work on the Bay. One of her favorite memories from college was replacing a grass lawn with native, drought-tolerant plants. She got to operate a Bobcat when they removed the grass! Maria wanted to join the Chesapeake Conservation Corps because she saw it as a perfect introduction to the world of conservation on the Chesapeake and she feels extremely lucky to have been placed with the National Aquarium's Conservation Team. The most exciting part of the upcoming year for Maria is the opportunity for hands-on experience at the Aquarium's conservation events. She can't wait to get out there and plant and hopes to see you there too! Tags: conservation-events, volunteers Categories: News Previous Post Next Post


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Can anybody point me in the direction of a laptop I could get that will allow me to play FIFA 13 and hook into my 72" TV via HDMI? I don't need anything crazy, just something that will run that game smoothly and look good. Playing FIFA is probably the only thing I will do with the machine aside from browse the internet. Is this possible for me to do for $400 or less? Am I dreaming?
EDIT -- actually on second thought, a desktop would probably be cheaper and easier. I could just leave it hooked up to the TV and switch to it via Source the same way I do a blu ray player.


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|Tiny cherry tomatoes peeking out
from behind cheery Rudbeckia.
I've been a bit quiet on the blog because another project has been taking up much of my writing time. I'm in the midst of writing a book about landscaping with edibles, which is due to hit the shelves by early 2013. It has been a very fun, challenging and enlightening endeavor. Last week, a crew of us (photographers, editor, art director and me) descended upon a few homes and gardens in the Twin Cities area to capture the work of some creative and dedicated gardeners. The shots are beautiful, and I'm excited to start putting the whole thing together. 2013 seems like a long way off, but there's a lot of work to be done on the book before then, so it'll likely go very quickly.
I'll do my best to keep you updated on the project and keep up a little better with my writing here. If there are any topics you'd like to discuss, or anything that's been going on in your edible landscape this year that you'd like to discuss, leave a comment below. It would be great to hear from you and find out what you've been doing in your gardens this season.
Happy landscaping!


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New York, April 2, 2013--The Committee to Protect Journalists is alarmed by news reports that its Middle East consultant, Shaimaa Abulkhair, would be investigated by national security prosecutors in Egypt for comments she made about the widely criticized criminal case against satirist Bassem Youssef.
"Abulkhair was doing her job in defending journalists and informing the public about investigation procedures," said Joel Simon, CPJ's executive director. "In pursuing this case, the government is escalating its attacks against journalists by targeting those who defend and protect critics."
Numerous news reports today said that lawyers affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood had filed a complaint accusing the Cairo-based Abulkhair and the prominent TV host Gaber al-Qarmouty of threatening national security and insulting the judiciary because of comments made about the Youssef probe, a case that has drawn international outcry. The prosecutor general's office referred the complaint to national security prosecutors for investigation, the reports said.
In a phone interview Sunday on al-Qarmouty's OnTV talk show, Abulkhair said the judge supervising the Youssef case had been fair, but that there shouldn't be an investigation in the first place. Youssef, known as the Jon Stewart of Egypt, after the American satirist, faces criminal charges of insulting President Mohamed Morsi and Islam through his political commentary.
During the OnTV segment, Abulkhair also presented recent CPJ findings on attacks against journalists.
Abulkhair has not been officially notified of the investigation against her, a step that is required by law. In a call to the prosecutor general's office, Abulkhair was told she would not be summoned for questioning until further review of the case was conducted to determine its merits.
"We urge prosecutors to immediately drop the investigation of our consultant, Shaimaa Abulkhair, and our colleague, Gaber al-Qarmouty," said Sherif Mansour, CPJ's Middle East and North Africa program coordinator.
Many local human right organizations issued statements to support Abulkhair, including the Arab Network for Human Rights and the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights. The Journalists Syndicate, of which Abulkhair is a member, called her to express support and to reaffirm its earlier position that the prosecutor general's office has operated with bias and outside the law.


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A carrier is a person who can pass an inherited (genetic) disease
on to his or her children but who does not have the disease. The person can also
pass on carrier status.
Some diseases are caused by defects in a person's chromosomes or genes. Each person inherits 23 chromosomes from each parent and so has 23
pairs of chromosomes. One or both of the chromosomes in a pair may be damaged
or defective in a way that causes an inherited (genetic) disease.
The chromosomes are made up of genes. A gene is a portion of DNA that controls or helps control one trait, such as eye color or hair texture. A change in a gene can cause a genetic disease. In some cases the same gene on both chromosomes in a pair must be defective for the
person to have the disease. This is known as an autosomal recessive disease.
If only one of the genes in the pair is
affected, the person may be a carrier.
Some genetic disorders are caused by defects in the X and Y chromosomes, which
determine a person's sex.
Last Revised:
November 3, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Sarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & Siobhan M. Dolan, MD, MPH - Reproductive Genetics
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Pratt & Whitney Takes Part in United Way Year of Caring Early Childhood Education Event
A fun-filled morning of activities and entertainment were on tap for children and their families on Aug. 24 during a special event at Hartford's Bushnell Park. Called the "Making Early Learning Come Alive! Block Party," the festivities were but one of a number of United Way volunteer projects happening in Connecticut communities during the 2013 United Way Year of Caring series.
At the event, the United Way mobilized more than 20 Pratt & Whitney volunteers and several Jefferson Radiology volunteers to organize a variety of crafts and games that reinforce how learning "comes alive" in a playful and meaningful way.
While Pratt & Whitney Lead Technician Rhonda Leonard manned the volunteer registration table, other Pratt & Whitney employees and relatives offered their help at booths that included face painting, hula hooping and color-mixing experiments. Other tents held activities themed around Connecticut Early Learning and Development Standards in physical health and development, social and emotional development, social studies, literacy, cognitive and general knowledge, mathematics, creative arts, science, language development and approaches to learning. Resource materials for parents were abundant, with organizations such as the Capitol Region Education Council, EASTCONN and Birth to Three on hand, to name a few.
During the block party, which ran from 9-11:30 a.m., families were also treated to juggling and stilt walking demonstrations, were able to handle live animals at the Curious Creatures booth, read books to dogs at the Tails of Joy booth, made musical instruments, played with Legos and other sensory activities and received free carousel rides.
The event was co-hosted by American Medical Response; the Children's LAW Center of Connecticut; the City of Hartford Department of Families, Children, Youth and Recreation; the Connecticut State Department of Education - the Governor's Early Childhood Education Cabinet; the Hartford Foundation for Public Giving - Kaplan Early Learning Company; the United Way of Connecticut; the Metropolitan District; the Office of Early Childhood; and the William Caspar Graustein Memorial Fund. Additional support came from many community providers and organizations throughout the state, including volunteer assistance from Pratt & Whitney.


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Dual-line metering devices with magnetic indicator
Suitable for dual-line lubrication systems, the MD magnetic indicator device is available with VSKH, VSKV, VSG and VSL metering devices.
The movement of the indicator pin is conveyed without contact by a strong magnet to the outer control ring sleeve. Coated with a bright color, the control ring is visible, even in low-light conditions. The output of the dual-line metering device can be adjusted by using metering screws, which are available in various sizes.
Features and benefits:
- Solid-block construction for durability and error-free exchange
- No rubber seals – suitable for use with high back pressures
- Operates effectively in a wide range of temperatures
- Easy to monitor
- Leakage-free design
The VS metering devices can be used in dual-line lubrication systems in the metals industry:
- Continuous casters
- Rolling mills
Discover more:
Technical features
Related downloads


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An Intellectual Movement for the Masses
10 years after its founding, positive psychology struggles with its own success
Many scholars labor in obscurity, but the researchers presenting their work this summer at a meeting of the International Positive Psychology Association had no such problem: More than 1,500 people from 52 countries came to listen. They packed the ballroom of the Philadelphia Sheraton for the keynote speakers, Martin E.P. Seligman and Philip G. Zimbardo, whose talks were projected onto four giant video screens. They filled the aisles for a lecture by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, until hotel security arrived to dislodge them. Between panel sessions, they lined up to ask scholars like Barbara L. Fredrickson to sign books and pose for photos.
"To see this number of people here 10 years after Marty [Seligman] founded positive psychology is a remarkable achievement," Ed Diener, a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and president of the association, told the enthusiastic crowd. "We've made huge inroads."
No question about that. In the past decade, positive-psychology research has drawn hundreds of millions of dollars in grants. Studies of emotional well-being and its many facets, once next to impossible to find, are now routinely presented at meetings of the Association for Psychological Science and published in the discipline's leading journals. Dozens of colleges offer courses in positive psychology, and in 2007, Csikszentmihalyi founded a Ph.D. program in the specialty at Claremont Graduate University.
But the success of positive psychology has a flip side. The research has advanced alongside the mushrooming of a hungry popular market for guidance on what "happiness" really is and the tools—called "happiness interventions" in the lingo—that help people achieve it. Guides to happiness, many of them written by scholars, fill bookstore shelves. Membership in the International Coach Federation, one of several organizations that certifies life coaches (as well as career and executive coaches), has grown from just over 2,000 in 1999 to more than 13,000 this year.
Academic psychologists are ambivalent about this market, but it is a market that they helped create: The IPPA was formed in 2007 explicitly to share the science of positive psychology with a broad audience, and the bulk of attendees at the Philadelphia meeting were corporate consultants, coaches, and other people hoping to apply researchers' findings in their own professions.
The world of positive psychology is vast and varied. The term is not trademarked, after all. Google it and you can find links not only to Seligman's Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania but also to self-styled gurus describing their own "path of self-discovery" and to sites like Enlightenment Central, advertising neurofeedback and "consciousness exploration." A segment about positive psychology on National Public Radio in 2007 still makes researchers cringe: Its prime example of the field was the best seller The Secret, in which the television producer Rhonda Byrne argues that everything in the universe vibrates on a particular frequency; if people attune their thoughts to the same frequency as, say, money, they will attract wealth; ditto love, health, and unlimited happiness.
Researchers in positive psychology are constantly fighting its image as a New Agey, self-help movement, a reputation that has plagued it from its inception and that persists not only in the news media but also among many in the broader discipline. "The curse of working in this area is having to distinguish it from Chicken Soup for the Soul," Fredrickson told me.
Critics, and even some within positive psychology, are also concerned that the practices and policies developed in its name may not always be supported by the research, particularly as some of its leaders press psychologists to do more to shape the institutions—be they schools or government agencies—that help whole societies flourish.
"The mission of this congress," Diener announced at the Philadelphia meeting, "is to change the world." But when positive psychologists talk to the world, nuances tend to get lost in translation. At a time when university-based researchers are under increasing pressure to show why their work matters to everyday people, positive psychology offers a telling case study of the potential and pitfalls of "public scholarship."
Though some psychologists, including, notably, Ed Diener, had studied happiness beginning in the early 1980s, it was Seligman who adopted the term "positive psychology" and made it his platform as president of the American Psychological Association, in 1998. His early work on the "learned helplessness" that characterizes depression had led him to posit that optimism could also be learned, and he had data to prove it. In his presidential address, he argued that psychology had become one-sided, and urged his colleagues to give as much attention to human strengths—such as optimism, courage, and perseverance—as to mental illnesses and disorders. He was interested not just in helping people enjoy their lives but in fostering "authentic happiness," rooted in social and civic well-being.
"We can articulate a vision of the good life that is empirically sound and, at the same time, understandable and attractive," he said in his address. "We can show the world what actions lead to well-being, to positive individuals, to flourishing communities, and to a just society."
Critics said Seligman's proposal was too radical: He was overstepping the bounds of social science and trying to be a philosopher, telling people how to live their lives. Others said Seligman's proposal wasn't radical at all, just a rehashing of Abraham Maslow's notions of "self actualization" and "peak experiences." Maslow is probably best known for his "hierarchy of needs"—the idea that people seek fulfillment, for example, only after they have satisfied their basic physical requirements. Maslow's "humanistic psychology" was very influential on parts of the discipline, particularly clinical psychology, but many had written him off for the lack of quantitative data supporting his theories.
Seligman insisted that positive psychology be based on empirical research, and that psychologists' job would be to use that research to describe, not prescribe, what contributes to human flourishing—a distinction he often insists on today.
With financing from the Gallup Organization and working closely with Csikszentmihalyi—known for his concept of "flow," the deeply satisfying, unself-conscious state a person experiences when engaged in a challenging activity—Seligman established a network of promising young scholars who were studying positive emotions, and he nurtured the field with conferences and workshops.
The researchers asked questions like, What are the elements of well-being? Why do we feel good when we see people helping others? Does having a happy life mean experiencing more pleasure than pain, or does it require exercising one's talents and having a purpose? What is the role of community in our well-being? And what are the physical and communal benefits of feeling happy?
People credit a large part of positive psychology's success to the solid reputations of the field's leaders—and Seligman's ability to get science-supporting agencies interested.
"Marty knew that if he had money the smart scientists would come," Phil Zimbardo told those gathered at the IPPA meeting. Zimbardo, a Stanford University psychologist famous for his 1971 prison experiment in which undergraduates playing "guard" quickly began to abuse others playing "prisoner," has recently turned his attention from what makes good people do bad things to what makes ordinary people act like heroes. By changing his evil ways, he joked at the conference, he hoped to get the kind of research money Seligman and other positive psychologists had.
The figures are impressive. The National Institute of Mental Health has given more than $226-million in grants to positive-psychology researchers in the past 10 years, beginning with just under $4-million in 1999 and reaching more than nine times that amount in 2008. The John Templeton Foundation has long supported the work, and recently awarded Seligman a grant of nearly $6-million to encourage collaborations between positive psychologists and neuroscientists. Backing has also come from the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Education, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, among others.
The bulk of the resulting research has shown that happy people form stronger social relationships, enjoy better health, are more creative and effective at work, and are more involved as citizens. And the effects flow in the opposite direction, too: Though studies done in the 1970s found that people adjusted to changing circumstances—like winning a lottery—and returned to being pretty much as happy or as unhappy as they had always been, new research supports the more-intuitive idea that people's circumstances do affect their sense of well-being. But what seems to matter more than wealth—the benefits of which Diener's work has shown decrease the more a person earns—is "psychosocial prosperity," characterized by the social support, public trust, safety, and tolerance in a society combined with individual feelings of being competent, learning new things, and being satisfied with one's job and health.
Such studies have been the basis for recent work in other social sciences, especially economics, where researchers have developed indexes of well-being meant to represent national prosperity better than gross national product does.
One of the most widely respected scholars in the field is Barbara Fredrickson, who teaches at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Tapped 10 years ago by Seligman, Fredrickson (then at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor) was asking, If negative emotions like anger and fear evolved to focus our attention, so we could defend ourselves against threats, what evolutionary purpose was served by feelings like contentment and joy? She hypothesized that they allow us to broaden our attention and prompt us to think in new ways, over time building our skills. This "broaden and build" theory has since been borne out by research. Fredrickson and other scientists have shown that inducing positive emotions in subjects widens the scope of their visual attention, makes them more "mindful" or open to different interpretations of their experiences, and even improves their ability to distinguish faces among people of another race.
More recently, Fredrickson and her colleagues tested the "build" part of the hypothesis. They found that subjects who meditated daily reported more experiences of love, joy, gratitude, and a wide range of other positive emotions and—most interestingly—showed benefits over time: Three months later, the meditators reported greater self-acceptance, better relations with other people, and less illness. In a one-year follow-up, she writes in a paper now under review, the people for whom those gains lasted longest were those who had reported the biggest increase in positive emotions following the meditation practice.
Fredrickson says happiness works something like this: It's not the frequency of good feelings in and of themselves that make for a good life, but the resources that those feelings allow people to build.
"Largely as a result of Barbara's work, you can't write about emotions anymore without talking about positive emotions," says Shelly Gable, an associate professor of psychology at the University of California at Santa Barbara who studies close relationships.
But the standing of positive psychology within the discipline at large remains contentious. Citing work by Fredrickson and a handful of other researchers as a "rigorous, creative, and important" exception to the rule, Scott Lilienfeld, a psychology professor at Emory University, wrote in June on the Psychology Today Web site that it "remains to be seen whether positive psychology will mature into a legitimate scientific discipline."
Charles S. Carver, a psychologist at the University of Miami who has long studied both optimism and pessimism, says he regards the label as "a faddish social keyword."
"Of course, the financial support it has received is one important reason for the existence of the label," he writes in an e-mail message. "People do gravitate toward sources of money."
Perhaps, but some researchers also resist the label. "Many of us who called ourselves positive psychologists a few years ago don't need to anymore," says Stephen Joseph, a professor of psychology, health, and social policy at the University of Nottingham who studies trauma and resilience. Thanks to a better understanding in the discipline of work done on positive emotions, he says, "we can go back to publishing in the mainstream journals. Maybe that's why the term 'positive psychology' has fallen more into popular usage."
"A lot of people who do positive psychology don't say, 'I'm a positive psychologist' because of the connotation of the term—the idea that it's a movement," says Sonja Lyubomirsky, a psychology professor at the University of California at Riverside who, like Fredrickson, has worked to identify the cognitive processes that lead to enduring happiness.
Understandably, those researchers want to distance themselves from the breathless rhetoric emanating from more popular corners of positive psychology. After the Philadelphia meeting, one person posting on the Friends of Positive Psychology listserv gushed that Martin Seligman had started "nothing less than a specieswide cultural revolution." The very active listserv, run by the American Psychological Association, tends to be dominated by practitioners, including people advertising meditation retreats or hawking products. One example: A company called Innate Intelligence, which, citing Fredrickson's work among others, sells Resilience Builder software to "provide immediate feedback on your levels of realistic mindfulness."
"I question how a software could give you a shortcut to mindfulness," Fredrickson says when told about it, but after years in the field she's grown accustomed to seeing her research cited in unusual contexts. "Even when you publish a scientific article, it's in the public domain," she says.
Lyubomirsky, who was also besieged by autograph seekers at the meeting, says it felt a little "cultlike." "But just because people are interested in what we do does not mean we're not as rigorous as scientists," she says.
To the untrained eye, though, the line between the lab scientist and the layman can seem fuzzy. Like many positive psychologists (see box, below), Lyubomirsky recently published a book for general readers. Hers is called The How of Happiness: A Scientific Approach to Getting the Life You Want—at least, that was the original title; on the paperback edition the publishers replaced the word "scientific" with the word "new" to attract a broader audience. Lyubomirsky herself freely describes it as a "self-help book."
"I'm not at all embarrassed about that," she says. "It's based on science. I get hundreds of e-mails from people who say, It's changed my life."
Lyubomirsky's work has focused on the control that people have over their own happiness, once their circumstances and genetic predisposition are taken into account. She has done studies showing that people who take time to count their blessings, perform acts of kindness, write optimistic visions for themselves, or express thanks, report greater happiness.
But she is careful to point to nuances in the research and evidence that the same practices do not work for everybody. For example, subjects who performed any of a list of 10 acts of kindness three times a week for 10 weeks reported increases in happiness; another group that performed the same three acts every time actually ended up feeling worse. That suggests to Lyubomirsky that the freshness of the activity may make a difference. In other studies, people who were told simply that they were doing a "cognitive exercise" did not show the same increases in positive feelings as subjects who were explicitly recruited to test the effects of their actions on their happiness—in other words, motivation mattered. "This showed us the importance of fitting the activity to the personality," Lyubomirsky says.
She has even worked with a company to develop an iPhone application, Live Happy, based on her research. Advertised as a "mobile happiness-boosting program," Live Happy gathers information about users' personalities and prompts them to do activities that her research suggests will make them feel better.
Lyubomirsky points out that she makes no money from Live Happy and plans to use all the data gathered from users for her research. The program is wildly popular, recently ranking 18th among health and fitness apps.
And what's wrong with that? One of Seligman's early goals, after all, was to make positive psychology "understandable and attractive." His colleagues say he believed that for his mission to succeed, nonexperts needed to be able to understand the research and make a living from it. In the early days he collaborated with a personal coach to offer "Authentic Happiness Coaching," and in 2005 he founded Penn's master's in applied positive psychology, a one-year program combining on-campus sessions with distance learning, for which professionals in business, law, medicine, and coaching pay roughly $45,000.
"Marty has always been dedicated to making sure that the science doesn't stay in the journals," says James Pawelski, director of the master's program and executive director of the International Positive Psychology Association. While Pawelski believes it is important that the research and application of positive psychology be kept distinct from each other, "it is crucial that they coexist."
Seligman says his main focus these days is to bolster the research. Positive psychology's popular reputation "is a concern for me," he says. "There's a danger of the publicity far exceeding the science."
Psychology in general is vulnerable to that, but positive psychology is especially vulnerable. "In our culture we have a presumption that people should be happy, and if they're not, they should be able to fix it," says Julie K. Norem, a professor of psychology at Wellesley College who has been critical of the movement. "That goes back to Norman Vincent Peale", who wrote The Power of Positive Thinking, "and maybe even to Horatio Alger," she says.
Ed Diener agrees. "There's a huge pressure to find happiness interventions. People rush out to do things," he says. "There's a constant risk of telling journalists or applied people more than you know."
Yet Diener is also one of the most vocal advocates for using positive psychology to influence policy. The research should be used to create "good societies," he told the crowd at the IPPA meeting, to teach people what will truly make them happy and to help create the circumstances that will promote that authentic happiness.
It is in moving from individual well-being to "good societies" that the tension between research and application becomes especially strong. Two contradictory messages were sounded again and again at the meeting in Philadelphia, sometimes by the same people: On the one hand, new research is finding nuances and contradictions in formulations of what makes people happy, and scientists must continue to mine those complexities. On the other hand, they must get a simple, clear message out to the public if they are to make a difference in the world.
Making a difference is clearly part of the agenda. Most positive psychologists aren't as concerned as Seligman says he is with drawing the line between description and prescription. At the Centre of Applied Positive Psychology, a British consulting firm, Robert Biswas-Diener (Ed Diener's son) has started a charity called the Strengths Project, which has worked with slum dwellers in Calcutta to help them identify, develop, and use their strengths to improve their circumstances. A group of recent graduates from the Penn master's program has just started the Positive Policy Institute, under whose auspices they hope to invite scholars to write position papers that will inform policy makers. "Science should be descriptive," says one of the founders, Sean Glass, "and applications can be prescriptive, with the idea that you want to go back and test them against the science."
"We're all prescribers," says Christopher Peterson, a former student of Seligman's who is now a professor at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. "Marty thinks he's a natural scientist," he says. "I think we're all social scientists—what we do is infused by our values. But we can be confident in saying that a long, healthy life of happiness is better than a short, ill life of depression."
Seligman has in fact worked hard to see positive psychology applied on a large scale. He's behind a program called "comprehensive soldier fitness," announced by the U.S. Army in July. With the goal of preventing problems like post-traumatic stress, the program will evaluate the psychological strengths of all new Army recruits and, based on those evaluations, teach them resilience techniques.
Along similar lines, a "positive education" curriculum developed by Seligman and other researchers at Penn and tested in several pilot programs teaches character education and "skills for happiness," not simply as an add-on, but as a way to improve academic achievement. Citing studies from the past 15 years that show that a curriculum that promotes resilience and prevents depression also seems to improve students' learning—by, for example, broadening their attention—the researchers have begun to train teachers in Australia, Britain, and the United States to use it. Positive education could "form the basis of a 'new prosperity,'" Seligman and his colleagues write in a recent article, "a politics that values both wealth and well-being."
In a draft article making the case for psychology's central policy role, Diener cites Gallup research conducted in 145 nations that showed that psychosocial conditions like public trust and tolerance are important all over the world, even if they are emphasized to different degrees depending on the culture. And while he acknowledges a slew of additional candidates for the list that researchers still need to understand better—spirituality, resilience, meaning, and purpose, to name a few—he writes, "If psychologists become engulfed in endless debates about the components of psychosocial well-being, a golden opportunity will surely pass us by. Psychology needs to speak with a clear consensus, and continuing doubts and debates about psychosocial prosperity will doom our profession to secondary status in the policy arena."
Richard Layard, a British economist and a life peer in the House of Lords who has promoted the idea of psychosocial prosperity in Britain, issued the same warning in Philadelphia. "I would like us to agree that we are concerned only about happiness and misery as people experience them, not how people judge their life satisfaction," he said. Moreover, he said, researchers should stick with the notion that positive feelings and negative feelings are two points along the same scale, and that the first drive away the second. "Otherwise we will lose our appeal to policy makers by making it too complicated."
But one of the frequent criticisms of positive psychology is that it oversimplifies happiness. "I would just want to argue for increased nuance and complexity," writes Julie Norem in an e-mail message, "not just in the research reports published in scientific journals (and read by a vanishingly small percentage of the consumers of positive psychology) but in the rhetoric emanating from the positive psychology movement (including the M.A. students and the coaches it produces)."
Norem, the author of The Positive Power of Negative Thinking, says "positive education" is an example of policy recommendations getting ahead of the science. "I don't think there is enough evidence of the long-term effects and corollary effects to support large-scale programs like that," she says.
She has also been critical of positive psychology's emphasis on optimism. She says that for certain people, whom she calls "defensive pessimists," thinking about what could go wrong spurs them to take more-effective actions. "Research I've done has shown that you can cheer defensive pessimists up, but their performance suffers. You have them do mindful relaxation exercises, and their performance suffers."
Seligman acknowledges that "it's clear there is some psychological benefit from pessimism," but, comparing optimism to antibiotics, he says that only a small minority are hurt by it. "We need to try to identify who is going to be helped," he says.
"I don't think you can so easily dismiss the pessimists," says Norem, whose research shows that 25 to 30 percent of people fall into that category.
Lilienfeld makes a similar critique. "I worry especially about the all-too-frequent implication (which, in all fairness, a few of the more thoughtful exponents of positive psychology have not endorsed) that positive psychology is for everyone," he wrote on Psychology Today. He cited new research that people with low self-esteem actually felt worse, rather than better, after repeating positive statements like "I'm a lovable person."
Positive psychologists say that research is entirely compatible with their findings. "Merely mouthing invocations is useless or worse than useless," says Seligman. "I've been saying that and so has Aaron Beck," the founder of cognitive psychology, "for years." Fredrickson, too, has repeatedly said that trying to force oneself to feel positive is a recipe for "toxic insincerity."
"It's just not true that we want to impose the same thing on everybody," says Jonathan Haidt, a professor of psychology at the University of Virginia who studies emotions and morality across cultures. "The idea of fitting interventions to individuals is a tenet of positive psychology."
Indeed, much of the work presented at the IPPA meeting defied Diener's and Layard's calls for simplicity. Joar Vittersø, a psychology professor at the University of Tromsø, in Norway, presented studies he had conducted showing that people who were highly satisfied with their lives over all reported only slightly more happiness during working hours than people who were dissatisfied with life. "Flourishing" means both feeling well and functioning well, he argued, and functioning well may require struggle as we try to overcome intellectual challenges. He also pointed to surveys in which Danes reported more experiences of enjoyment and Americans reported more of pride. "We can't just lump them together," he said.
By the same token, "whether people say life is 'meaningful' means quite different things," said Dmitry A. Leontiev, a psychology professor at Moscow State University, and future research will need to find a way to get at the question of meaning that goes beyond simply asking people if they find life meaningful.
At session after session, researchers told attendees of the IPPA meeting that scientists need more cross-cultural studies, more behavioral studies to complement subjects' own reports of whether and why they are happy, and more longitudinal data to show how people's satisfaction with life changes over time.
"In the large majority of areas there's not enough data to be certain" of what practices or policies would be good, Gable told me.
Lyubomirsky points to the same risk. "I'm very open in [The How of Happiness] about where there are holes in the literature," she says. A few years ago, school principals in Compton, Calif., asked her to work on a curriculum that would include happiness interventions. At the time she declined, thinking the research was not ready for large-scale interventions.
Since then, she says, the research has advanced. Still, she remains more at ease fitting strategies to individuals.
"There is always a tension between basic research and its application," she says. Researchers must simply focus on "doing our science and doing it well."
Fredrickson sounds the same note when asked about Layard's call for researchers to simplify their findings. "It makes sense for an economist to tell psychologists how to be heard by policy makers," she says. "But science doesn't proceed that way. Science is about pulling things apart and finding out how they work."
She is mulling the idea of starting a group specifically for positive-psychology researchers and their graduate students, where they could share findings in all their complexity, perhaps in conjunction with one of the major disciplinary conferences.
But increasingly, she says, she thinks positive psychology must come to terms with its different, overlapping audiences. The public's craving for the research is unavoidable, and in the end Fredrickson says it's a good thing.
"This is not a 'nobody's listening' experience," she says. "It's much better than if nobody were listening."
~ Jennifer Ruark is a deputy managing editor of The Chronicle.
Offering multiple perspectives from many fields of human inquiry that may move all of us toward a more integrated understanding of who we are as conscious beings.
Thursday, August 06, 2009
Positive Psychology - An Intellectual Movement for the Masses
Positive Psychology has struck a chord with the masses who often dismiss psychology as worthless babble. But it may be a victim of its own success. This is a long but interesting article from The Chronicle of Higher Education.
1 comment:
- Character Education said...
Hi jennyfer, i did not ready the full post but i think i will coz i am bookmarking it. its looks like a gr8 post.
- August 13, 2009 at 4:30 AM
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