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Fusion Relay 2-Channel 20-Amp with Ethernet InterfaceFR220_ETHERNET
Fusion ControlThe FR220_ETHERNET is a 4th Generation relay controller offering the ultimate relay control solution... without exception. Capable of making decisions to control relays based on sensor reading or a time schedule. Fusion series controllers offer easy setup without programming. Fusion controllers can be adapted to any automation application you could imagine.
Two Communication PortsThe FR220_ETHERNET has two communications ports! The first port has a Ethernet interface that will allow you to connect the board to a router and communicate to the board over a network. The 2nd port is your choice! Use it as a second communication port with a different interface (a second Ethernet interface will you to connect to a second network), use it to wirelessly communicate to other Fusion boards or leave it empty.
It's All HereThe FR220_ETHERNET combines ProXR Computer Control, Reactor Sensor Control, Taralist Time Scheduling, and Remote Access wireless communications, use all feature or just some of them! It's the best of all technologies fused into a single controller!
Fusion Relay 2-Channel 20-Amp with Ethernet InterfaceFR220_ETHERNET
- Ethernet Interface
- Interfaces
- Time Control
- Reactor
- Push Notification
- Remote Access
- Master Control
- Expansion Ports
- Data Sheets
Ethernet Fusion at a Glance
- 2 20-Amp Relays Installed
- Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) Relay
- Normally Open 20-amps, Normally Closed 10-amps
- Highly reliable Under Almost any Conditions
- Temperature Rating -40° C to 85° C
- Expandable up to 256 Relays
- Onboard Ethernet Interface Module
- Plugs Directly into Router
- Network Communication Options:
- Virtual COM Port over Ethernet
- Direct TCP/IP Communications
- Supports DHCP
- Supports Fixed IP Address
- Industry Leading Command Set
- Time Schedule Control
- Sensor Control
- Push Notification
- Two UXP Ports
Ethernet Relay ControlIntroducing the NCD5500 Ethernet to Serial Converter. NCD's 3rd Generation Converter setting new standards for reliability, low-cost, and ease of use! Connect the complete line of NCD Industrial Devices to your Ethernet Network using this modular communications module from NCD. Based on the their next generation Ethernet to Serial Converter, the NCD5500 was customized specifically for use with NCD devices to ensure optimal compatibility with our complete line of products. This Ethernet communications module essentially converts TCP/IP data into serial data bytes, and sends these bytes to the complete line of NCD devices via Serial Communications. This Ethernet communications module is suitable for use with endNode, ProXR*, ProXR Lite*, Fusion, Reactor*, and Taralist* series controllers as well as a broad range of IoT connected devices. This Ethernet to Serial Communication Module is also Compatible with Alpha Station and Base Station, Making it Easy to Discover the IP Address. Please note the Default Web Page Login Password is admin and may be changed by the user.
Ethernet to Serial Communications ModuleThis Ethernet to Serial Communications Module converts TCP packets to Serial data and vise versa. This device can be configured to automatically close the socket after a programmable timeout or to leave the socket open. A blue LED light indicates an open socket connection. Program the Baud Rate of this Device from 9600 to 115.2K Baud and communicate to this device over the default TCP port 2101. This device also supports Static IP Addresses, DHCP, and has the ability to recover back to factory default settings with a simple press of a button!
DHCP and Static IP AddressesThis module supports both DHCP and static IP Addressing. For communications reliability, especially via Remote Access, we recommend using a Static IP Address when you feel comfortable doing so. This will ensure that the device will always be where you expect it to be when you try to connect to it.
TCP/IP CommunicationsThe main method of communication to the Ethernet modules is a standard TCP Socket. This communication protocol makes use of Network Sockets to create point to point tunnels that data can flow through bi-directionally. In this way the computer that is controlling the relay can send commands and shortly thereafter receive the response through the same Socket.
3rd Generation Hardware Now ShippingThis is NCD's 3rd generation hardware for Ethernet to Serial communications, representing giant steps forward in reliability, easy of use, recover-ability, and LOW COST. Yes, we are actually LOWERING the price of this device as costs have shrunk considerably from previous generation Ethernet to Serial conversion technologies. Other significant improvements include new recovery options. Not only is a web UI supported (as in previous generations), but also a new Windows application may be used to change settings and recover modules with an unknown IP address! New firmware upgrade options are now available, allowing users to upgrade firmware as new features are released.
Port ForwardingWhen using this board over the internet and outside the Local Area Network, Port Forwarding will be required. Port Forwarding is a protocol used by your router to allow incoming requests for connections to get through to a specific device on a specific port. Below is an example of how it works. In this example a router has been setup to forward incoming requests for port 2101 to the device at the IP Address 192.168.2.19 on port 2101. Now when any device that tries to access this Port on the External IP Address the router will see the request and automatically forward the request to the device at the IP Address of 192.168.2.19 on port 2101. If this Port Forwarding rule was not in place and a request came in on port 2101 the router would not know which port or device to forward it to and the request for connection would be denied. Note: Port Forwarding will not be necessary when using this within a Local Area Network. For more on Port Forwarding with detailed instructions for every router visit: https://portforward.com/ .
Sending CommandsBase Station Software is available at no charge to get you up and running fast (more on Base Station below). Once powered up, the controller waits for a ProXR command. A command consists of a few bytes of data in numerical format (ProXR Enhanced Command Set) usually between 2 and 6 bytes. Once the command has been received, the controller processes the command, and sends you back ASCII character code 85 to signal the completion of your command. If a command was sent to read the status of the relay the status is sent back.
Induction SuppressionPerhaps the most overlooked aspect of relay control is proper handling of inductive loads. Inductive loads can best be defined as anything with a magnetic coil, such as a motor, solenoid, or a transformer. Controlling a inductive load using this relay controller requires the use of induction suppression capacitors. The purpose of this capacitor is to absorb the high voltages generated by inductive loads, blocking them from the contacts of the relay. Without this capacitor, the lifespan of the relay will be greatly reduced. Induction can be so severe that it electrically interferes with the microprocessor logic of our controllers, causing relay banks to shut themselves down unexpectedly. In the case of Ethernet devices, customers may experience loss of communications until the device is reconnected. Capacitors that we offer are available at checkout, for more information view our Induction Suppression Video.
Fusion: Built To Communicate
2nd Interface Not RequiredYou have your choice of interface for the second port on the board or you can choose none at all. It's not required to have two interfaces on the board under most circumstances. You can select the interface you need in the Port 2 Interface menu when checking out. If your application does not require a second interface you do not need to purchase one.
Remote AccessWhen using the remote access feature the second communication port is required. Remote Access uses the second communication port on the Fusion controller. Every Fusion controller must use the second port to join in on the Remote Access group. Remote Access wirelessly links your Fusion controllers together. For this see the Remote Access tab above.
ZRS-B Module
- External DB9 Connection
- Reliable RS-232 Serial Communication
- Supports Serial to USB Adapters
- Resistant to Induction
USB Module
- 3-Wire Screw Terminal
- Reliable RS-232 Serial Communication
- Supports Serial to USB Adapters
- Resistant to Induction
Ethernet Module
- Virtual COM Port over Ethernet
- Plugs Directly into Router
- Supports DHCP
- Supports Fixed IP Address/li>
Web-i Module
- Built-In Working Web Pages
- Use Any Browser for Relay Control
- Plugs Directly into Router
- Supports DHCP & Static IP
Key Fob Module
- Programmable Key Fob
- Distance 750 to 1000 Feet
- Pair up to 40 Key Fobs Per Board
- Pair Key Fob to Multiple Boards
- For Use on Boards up to 8 Relays Only
802.15.4 Internal Module
- Reliable 300' Wireless Range
- Internal Integrated Antenna
- Includes 802.15.4 Modem
- Line-Of-Site Operation
802.15.4 External Module
- Reliable 1-Mile Wireless Range
- External Antenna
- Includes 802.15.4 Modem
- Line-Of-Site Operation
Bluetooth Internal Module
- 200 Ft. Wireless Range
- Internal Antenna
- Pair with Android Phone or Tablet
- Free Android App Available
Bluetooth External Module
- 300 Ft. Wireless Range
- External Antenna
- Mounts as a Virtual COM Port on PC/Laptop
- Pair with Android Phone or Tablet
- Free Android App Available
Wi-Fi Internal Module
- Internal Antennas
- Supports DHCP & Direct TCP/IP
- Supports Fixed IP Address
- Password Protection
- Includes Network Configuration Kit
Wi-Fi External Module
- Internal Antennas
- Supports DHCP & Direct TCP/IP
- Supports Fixed IP Address
- Password Protection
- Includes Network Configuration Kit
900 MHz Module
- Reliable 2-Mile Standard Module
- 15 Mile Upgrade Available
- Includes XSC Modem
- Modem Mounts as a Virtual COM Port
TLEE Expansion Module Required
Third Generation Time ControlFusion controllers have many ways to control relays, one of the most powerful methods of relay control is based on a time schedule. Fusion Taralist is our third generation of Taralist controllers. The first two major revisions were released as Taralist controllers beginning in 2009. Fusion Taralist refinements extend the capabilities significantly while retaining the reliable core processing engine.
Time Schedule ActivationTaralist runs as a background task of Fusion Series controllers. Every second Taralist runs through a user-created list of events looking for a time match. When a time match occurs, relays are activated or deactivated according to the schedule. Taralist is also capable of triggering Reactor events when a time match is detected, greatly extending the capabilities of the Fusion controller.
Base Station SoftwareFusion Taralist features are configured using Base Station software (a free download). The use of Base Station is absolutely essential to configuring Fusion controllers. The Taralist features of Base Station software make it easy to build a list of events, allowing you to load, save, and test events during the configuration process. Base Station Taralist configuration sports a new interface with two operating modes, Simplified and Expert. The default mode of operation is Simplified mode, allowing you to build schedules and examine only what is essential for basic schedule editing. Simplified makes it a lot easier for anyone to build a time schedule, as there are fewer features to sift through. The Expert mode adds more user interface functions, helping you tune your event list along the way. Expert mode is for advanced users who need the full feature set of Taralist at their disposal. Base Station now automatically sorts events as you build your schedule, so you can always see the exact order of event processing.
Priority ControlFusion Taralist has very low priority control of relays. A time schedule can control relays, sensors can override Taralist relays (using Reactor features), and computer control (ProXR) overrides Taralist and Reactor. Despite its low priority of the relays, Taralist has high priority over the Fusion CPU, rebooting the CPU or automatically resetting the priority levels based on a time schedule. So Taralist does have provisions for taking control when absolutely necessary.
Taralist and ReactorTaralist and Reactor are also capable of working together to control relays instead of prioritized relay control. Using the Fusion Relay Status and Usage Map, Taralist and Reactor can be linked so that a sensor can only activate a relay if the time schedule allows it.
Taralist Event ControllerThe Taralist Event Controller is used to build a schedule of events to be processed by the Taralist processor. There are many elements to this interface that can help you build and test your schedule. The most important rule to adhere to when working with Taralist is the order in which the schedule is processed. All events shown in this list are processed every second. Once the events have been processed, Taralist may automatically elect to refresh all relay banks depending on your event settings. Most importantly, items shown in the top of the list have the lowest priority while items at the bottom of the list will be processed last, so the last events have the highest priority. Just keep in mind, Taralist processes the entire list before refreshing relays.
Time CompensationThe Time Compensation buffer automatically adjusts the time a few seconds forward or backward to help keep the time calibrated. It is normal for the time to drift a few seconds each day, depending on power supply and temperature of the controller. The Time Compensation control panel helps automatically re-adjust for time drift.
Time MatchingThe Event Editor has several options that may or may not be added. This allows you to customize the exact time match requirement for your application. The hours, minutes, and seconds check boxes are default options because Taralist requires an exact time to trigger an event. However, you may choose to match on the Day of Week, Day of Month, Month, and Year.
Midnight BackupThe Midnight Backup Buffer is absolutely essential to the functionality of the Taralist controller. Without it, a simple power interruption could result in some relays failing to activate according to a past schedule. A constant power supply is recommended for all Taralist controllers and a UPS style battery backup system is also recommended. However, no matter how many precautions are taken, at some point a Taralist controller will lose power.
The Midnight Backup Buffer is used to help protect from simple power interruptions. Here's an example of how the Midnight Backup Buffer helps protect your time schedule: Imagine a scenario where a relay is turned on by an event on Monday, and turned back off on Friday. However, power is lost on Wednesday for a few minutes. Without the Midnight Backup Buffer the relay will not turn back on until the following Monday. With the Midnight Backup Buffer, a backup is made of relay settings and is used to help recover the relay state just in case power is lost.
Triggering an EventUsers have their choice of many events to trigger when a time match is detected. Some event types are processed constantly so that if power is lost, the Taralist processor can resume where it was at the time of power failure. Such is the case for relay control commands. Keep in mind, the Taralist processor needs power at midnight to back up current settings. Other events are labeled ETMO or Exact Time Match Only. These events required the current time of the Taralist controller to match the time recorded in the event, and will not be triggered if power is lost and then later restored.
To better understand standard processing vs. ETMO processing, it is necessary to give an example. Let's say Relay 1 is set to activate a 9:00 AM using the "Turn On a Relay" event. This is a standard event type. Let's say Relay 2 is set to activate at 9:00 AM by telling Taralist to trigger a Reactor event to turn on Relay 2. Triggering Reactor events from Taralist requires an exact time match (ETMO). On a normal day, both relays will activate at 9:00 AM. However, if power is lost at 10:00 AM and restored at 11:00 AM, only Relay 1 would turn on.&nbbsp; Since Taralist is constantly processing all events every second, Taralist knows that Relay 1 should have been activated at 9:00 AM, so Taralist decides to go ahead and activate Relay 1 at 11:00 AM to recover from the power failure. When Taralist triggers a Reactor event, this function requires an exact time match (ETMO). If power is restored at 11:00 AM, this event will not be triggered again until 9:00 AM the next day, when the time on the clock exactly matches the time stored in the event.
Fusion Reactor Videos
Sensor Control
Monitor 16 SensorsReactor is capable of monitoring up to 16 different sensors, with special provisions for analog and digital sensor data. Reactor also includes 16 counters, used for controlling relay sequences, as well as 16 timers. Reactor is capable of controlling the first 32 relays of a Fusion controller. Additional relays may be controlled using Taralist (time schedule) or ProXR (computer control).
Preset List of EventsReactor has a preset list of events available. When sensor values match user-defined settings, events are triggered. Events allow you to control relays, flash relays, trigger/reset timers, increase/decrease counters, send/push notifications to a server, and much more.
TLEE Expansion ModuleThe capabilities of the Reactor processor are greatly expanded when the TLEE expansion module is plugged into the Fusion controller. The TLEE expansion module provides additional memory as well as Real Time Clock, allowing the Fusion controller to control relays based on a time schedule. With the TLEE expansion module installed, users will have many more ways to trigger events. For example, analog sensors will be capable of handling up to 7 limits per sensor with 32 total events per sensor! Without the TLEE, analog sensors are limited to 2 limits per sensor and 12 events. Push notifications are possible for users with the TLEE expansion module installed.
Remote AccessRemote Access features allow a Fusion controller to ask other Fusion controllers for sensor data using wireless communications. A TLEE expansion module is required for a Fusion controller to ask another Fusion controller for data. However, a Fusion controller is capable of responding to requests for sensor data without a TLEE expansion module. Put simply, a TLEE is required in applications where the Fusion controller acts as a master (requesting sensor data), but the TLEE is not required when Fusion is acting as a slave (responding to sensor data requests).
Relays & TimersReactor also includes a method of associating relays to Timers and Counters. This allows relays to follow the sequence of a counter (with many counting sequence types available). Relays may also be associated with timers, activating or deactivating as timers reach various states. Timer and counters may be combined, allowing relays to be progressively switched as time increases (perfect for runway or driveway light applications).
Relay PrioritiesSince Fusion controllers have three separate relay controllers integrated into the firmware (Reactor, Taralist, and ProXR), these three controllers require a clearly defined strategy for managing relay priorities. Without it, relay state changes would be unpredictable. Fusion controllers have a very powerful and flexible relay priority system that is color coded when using our Base Station software, making it easy to see which controller has control of the relay.
Priority AssignmentsBy default, Reactor relay control has priority over a Taralist relay (time schedule relay), and has a lower priority than a ProXR Relay (computer controlled relay). However, Taralist and Reactor can control a relay cooperatively. Using cooperative relay control you can tie a sensor to a time schedule. The relay priority system can be configured so that both Taralist and Reactor must tell the same relay to turn on before the relay will activate. The cooperative state of the relay may also be changed so that either Taralist OR Reactor can activate the same relay. However, the default cooperative state of the relay is for Reactor to take control and override a Taralist relay, and when this happens, Taralist will be unable to control a Reactor relay. ProXR (computer control) always has top priority over Taralist and Reactor, allowing users to override sensor and time scheduled relay control.
Base Station SoftwareReactor is configured using Base Station Software. Base Station is capable of communicating and configuring a Fusion controller using any supported communication technology. Fusion controllers equipped with Wi-Fi, Ethernet or Web-i interface may be configured remotely over the internet provided port forwarding is properly configured on your router. A static IP address is not required for remote configuration.
Analog Data SourcesThe objective of ADC is to convert a sensor to a voltage and a voltage to a value. Reactor works with these data values directly, making decisions based on the values. Reactor is capable of reading analog data from various data sources, analog data is limited to 0 to 5 Volts DC. The process of analog to digital conversion is completely managed by the Fusion controller, converting this voltage to numeric values that can be monitored by Reactor. Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) makes it possible for Reactor to read the light levels in the room and activate relays accordingly. Similarly, ADC allows Reactor to read temperature, humidity, moisture, sound levels, and much more. There are many kinds of sensors that are compatible with Reactor ADC.
ResolutionDuring configuration, you may see options for 8-bit, 10-bit, 12-bit or other resolutions of data sources. Reading an analog data source at 8-bit resolution means Reactor is capable of reading a voltage from 0 to 5 volts converting it to a value from 0 to 255. Reading an analog data source at 10-bit resolution means Reactor is capable of reading a voltage from 0 to 5 volts and converting it to a value from 0 to 1023. Similarly, 12-bit resolution converts the incoming voltage to a value from 0 to 4095.
Defining LimitsOne limit is defined at a value of 100 (1.95 volts). When the analog value equals or falls below 100, the "Events Triggered Below Limit" are executed. When the Analog value goes above 100, four events are triggered in the "Events Triggered Above Limit" column. Reactor is automatically smoothing the input using the "8-Bit Analog with Data Smoothing" option. Data smoothing may be turned off in applications that may require Reactor to instantly respond to analog changes. Data Smoothing is the default option, making Reactor immune to occasional random voltage spikes that may be presented to the controller in electrically noisy installations. In the sample to the right, a TLEE expansion module is NOT installed, so only two limits are possible for this data source. With the TLEE expansion module installed, seven limits are possible, see example below.
Fusion Reactor Videos
Push Notification
Customization VariablesPush notifications have a few customization variables that indicate the data content of a Push Notification. A Push Notification may consist of only a few bytes of data or as much as 44 bytes of data, depending on the options you have chosen. The Push Notification Setup window does not really have too many user-configured options, despite the size of the window. This configuration control panel uses most of its screen space demonstrating the organization of a Push Notification data packet, greatly simplifying software development for interpreting Fusion Push Notification data packets.
Push Notification ConfigurationPush notifications are configured using a few checks to indicate data that is to be included in the data packet. Header Bytes 1 through 4 shown below may be used for anything or to help identify the controller that sent the Push Notification. Push notifications can be sent to Port 1 or Port 2. Port 2 will be unavailable if your Fusion controller is configured for Remote Access. Use Reactor events to trigger push notifications. Taralist is capable of triggering Reactor events.
Fusion Remote Access
Second Communication PortRemote Access uses the second communication port on your Fusion controller. Every Fusion controller must use the second port to join in on the Remote Access "group". Remote Access wirelessly links your Fusion controllers together. Up to 257 relay controllers can be wirelessly linked together using Remote Access (Master + 256 Wireless Remote Slaves). What you end up with is a single, gigantic relay controller with all the pieces spread up to one mile away. Every remote Fusion controller is capable of talking to the entire group, so every Fusion controller can act as a Master or a Slave to another Fusion controller. Building this group is what configuration is all about.
TunnelingTunneling is the ability to use a Fusion controller to take control of another Fusion controller. Tunneling essentially turns your Fusion controller into a modem or communications relay station, forwarding all commands directly to a remote Fusion controller. Tunneling can effectively double the useful wireless range of a Fusion controller as it is possible to send wireless commands to a Fusion controller and have this controller forward your commands to a remote Fusion controller.
Remote Command ExecutionRemote Command Execution is where one Fusion controller forwards a single command to a remote Fusion controller. If you are a software developer, you can easily forward commands to 256 different Fusion controllers in the local area. Remote Command Execution is instantaneous, allowing you to process up to ten commands per second. Instantly control relays in the pool house, the kitchen, the office, or open any of the doors to your 20-car garage! Read sensors all around the estate to gather temperature, humidity, light levels and even ground moisture. Your software talks to one controller, Remote Access COMPLETELY handles communications to all 256 slaves.
Remote Data CollectionRemote Data Collection is a Reactor feature. Using Remote Data Collection, Reactor has the ability to access up to 16 remote sensors on any of the first 16 wireless Fusion controllers that are connected to the Remote Access group. Reactor can be configured to control relays automatically based on remote sensor values.
I2C Communication
I2C PortsSelect Fusion I2C capable devices support at least two I2C communication ports (Port 0 and Port 1). Port 0 has a fixed communication rate of 100 KHz and may be used by NCD devices that contain integrated sensors, I/O Expanders, or other types of I2C devices. Though we may allow access to Port 0 on select controllers, Port 0 should generally be considered for use by the NCD products and peripheral devices. For instance, we may offer expansions that offer additional features by utilizing Port 0. Port 0 is typically accessed using the FXR Relay Expansion Port. I2C Port 1 is for general use by our customers. Port 1 is available for on AD8 Port 1 (shared with UXP Port 1) using I/O Lines 1 (SDA) and 2 (SCL). I2C Port 1 can be tuned for faster or slower speeds. Slower speeds allow Fusion controllers to communicate I2C data over longer distances while faster speeds offer greater compatibility.
Communication SpeedsFusion I2C Port 1 supports 500 Hz, 1 KHz, 10 KHz, 50 KHz, 100 KHz, and 130 KHz communication speeds (which has all been precisely timed with an oscilloscope), and supports I2C device clock stretching, as required by the I2C communication protocol (a feature often skipped by most I2C implementations). Development of the I2C communication routines were centered on a 24LC515 Non-Volatile EEPROM, and has been tested with various I2C sensors to prove functionality.
Communication FunctionsUse of I2C communication functions on Fusion series controllers require prior knowledge of I2C, as it is outside the scope of our documentation to go into a detailed explanation of the protocol. Here we will focus on the data exchange between a computer and the Fusion controller. The Fusion controller will manage the data exchange with the I2C device, greatly simplifying the amount of information that must be studied.
First Time UsersWhen working with I2C for the first time, it is helpful to use the 24LC515 EERPOM connected to a Fusion controller. The 24LC515 demonstrates 2-way communications with the device, showing you how to read and write data as shown in the sample provided in Base Station software.
Overview of I2CFor complete details on the I2C protocol there are many resources available online, some of which have some very good descriptions of the protocol itself. Most of the detailed protocol information may be skipped when working with a Fusion controller as the difficult part of communications is completely handled by the firmware. Even so, there are a few things you need to understand before you can successfully implement communications to an I2C device. Full descriptions can be found in the Fusion I2C Guide in the Data Sheets tab above.
Fusion Master Control PanelFusion Series controllers have some very important commands that warranted their own control panel. The Fusion Master Control Panel is used to control the performance of the Fusion CPU as well as control the three most important background tasks. The Fusion Master Control Panel also allows you to download and upload device settings to the controller. Great for backing up certain features of the Fusion controller.
Taralist Event ProcessingTurn Taralist Event Processing on or off with this control panel. When off, Taralist event processing will stop functioning, but the Taralist command set will continue to function.
Reactor Event ProcessingTurn Reactor Event Processing on or off with this control panel. When off, Reactor will stop evaluating sensors. Note that if this function is turned off, Remote Sensor Data Collection stops functioning, as remote data collection operates under Reactor. The interface will NOT reflect this condition, as the interface is designed to directly modify the on/off states of each of these three features. Turning off Reactor Processing does not turn off Remote Sensor Data Collection, but it does stop the task that calls Remote Data Collection.
Remote Sensor Data CollectionTurn Remote Sensor Data Collection off to stop communications with wireless sensors. This feature will stop functioning if Reactor Processing is stopped. Remote Data Collection is used by Reactor to access wireless sensors. Remote Access should be turned off when tunneling to another device or when sending commands to a remote device.
Reactor Event Processing SpeedReactor Event Processing Speed is used to control how fast Reactor reads sensors and makes decisions to control relays. Users might be tempted to set this value to full speed, however, this will affect performance of other background tasks and may cause relays to glitch on and off if a sensor is setting on the threshold of a relay control operation. Users should experiment with this setting, keeping in mind the default processing speed is 7. Small adjustments and experimentation is advised.
Remote Sensor Data Collection SpeedThe speed of Remote Sensor Data Collection can be adjusted using this control panel. This is a rather intensive operation for the Fusion controllers, as very large API packets of data must be assembled and sent as a background task. Decreasing this speed significantly increases the workload of the Fusion CPU. Experimentation is advised as this function will slow the performance of the CPU for other tasks, including communications with a computer. Users are advised to set this setting as high as possible so Fusion has plenty of time to service other tasks.
Sensor Trap TimeSensor Trapping is an experimental feature. If a sensor detects a value that is out of range, the sensor value can be trapped for the number of seconds defined by this setting. When the sensor is trapped, the actual value of the sensor will be ignored. Instead, the trapped value will be shared.
Power-Up StatesThe Power-Up State of Reactor, Taralist, and Remote Access may also be controlled from this control panel. Note that these functions modify internal EEPROM memory that is only examined when the controller first powers up.
Loading and Saving Fusion SettingsFusion Controllers contain EEPROM used to store various configuration settings. The Fusion Master Control Panel should be used to directly load and save EEPROM data into a Fusion controller.
Fusion - Built to Expand
16 Programmable I/O LinesFusion Series Controllers have 16 programmable I/O lines, which may be used for contact closure input, digital input, digital output, 8/10-Bit Analog to Digital Conversion, or I2C expansion. In most cases, these features may be mixed and matched as your application requires.
Read a Variety of SensorsFusion Series Relay Controllers know how to connect to your application. With a simple point and click configuration, you can read a variety of sensors in just a few minutes. Fusion will automatically monitor your sensor in the background and make relay control decisions if a sensor is tripped or goes outside an acceptable range.
Contact Closure Input CapabilitiesConfigure your Fusion Relay controller to read up to 16 contact closure inputs, making light work of complex relay control tasks. Connect magnet detection sensors, break-beam detectors, contact-closure output current sensors, or any kind of switch you can imagine. Fusion Series Relay Controllers will monitor your sensor and trigger relays or send a notification to your server if any sensor is triggered.
Digital I/O CapabilitiesWith 16 programmable I/O lines available, Fusion Relay Controllers can easily interface to a variety of logic circuits, ideal for the expert developer who needs low-level bit control. Program any I/O line as an input or output. Read and Write individual data bits or read and write data one 8-bit port at a time.
Analog to Digital ConversionFusion Series controllers include 16-Channels of Analog to Digital conversion, capable of reading many popular sensors with an output voltage of 0 to 5VDC. Interface to photocells for light sensing applications, thermostats for temperature sensing applications, or interface to potentiometers, current sensors, or any other device capable of providing a 0 to 5VDC output.
I2C CompatibilityFusion Series Controllers include a I2C port for access to devices such as gyroscopes, high-resolution analog to digital converters, digital to analog converters, port expanders, potentiometers, light, temperature, humidity sensors, and much more. A second "hidden" I2C bus in the Fusion Expansion Relay (FXR) Port allows us to develop a wide variety of I2C and Relay Expansion devices combined on a single expansion.
UXP Port CapabilitiesFusion Series controllers include TWO UXP Ports allowing interface to a variety of NCD expansion devices. Expand contact closure input detection up to 2,048 Channels per UXP Port. Add 16, 32, or 48-Channels of 12-Bit Analog-to-Digital Conversion per UXP port, expanding your Analog input capabilities up to 96-Channels per Fusion controller! Each UXP port is also capable of controlling 256 Potentiometer output channels. Connect a simple Breakout board to the UXP port to access the 8 programmable digital I/O or 8/10-Bit Analog input channels.
Distance Measurement CapabilitiesFusion Series controllers easily interface to Ultrasonic Transducers capable of accurately measuring distance up to 6 feet with .250" (6.35mm) resolution. Use Ultrasonic sensors to control relays if an obstruction is detected. Up to 8 ultrasonic transducers are supported by the Fusion series CPU.
FXR Expansion Port CapabilitiesFusion Series controllers are equipped with our Second Generation FXR Relay Expansion Port. The FXR Port carries the same relay control data as the XR Expansion port found in earlier controllers. Expansion boards can be added using the FXR expansion port and can control up to 2566 relays. Expansion boards are not available with 20 or 30 amp relays installed.
Power Supply AvailableReliable Power Means
Reliable Switching
The PWR12 is regulated power supply providing clean power necessary for the performance of these boards. The PWR12 US power supply is a 120VAC to 12VDC 1.25A 60Hz regulated power supply and it plugs into the barrel connector on the board. The output connector is a 2.1mm I.D. x 5.5mm O.D. x 9.5mm R/A barrel connector.
TLEE ModuleThe TLEE expansion module defines the way a Fusion controller is configured in Base Station software. The Fusion CPU has a small amount of memory used to store essential settings. By itself Fusion can do many things. However, the really powerful features require the memory resources of the TLEE expansion module. The TLEE Module is required for most Reactor (Sensor Control) Features, all Taralist (Time Schedules) features and Push Notification. Not required for all functions so we offer it as an option at checkout.
A/D 8-Channel ExpansionConnect a simple Breakout board to the UXP port to access the 8 programmable digital I/O or 8/10-Bit Analog input channels. The AD8 8-Channel Expansion Module provides 8 0-5 volt analog inputs capable of reading many popular sensors with an output voltage of 0 to 5VDC. Interface to photocells for light sensing applications, thermistors for temperature sensing applications, or interface to potentiometers, current sensors, or any other device capable of providing a 0 to 5VDC output.
Induction SuppressionControlling an inductive load using our relay controllers requires the use of induction suppression capacitors. The purpose of this capacitor is to absorb the high voltages generated by inductive loads, blocking them from the contacts of the relay. Without this capacitor, the lifespan of the relay will be greatly reduced. Induction can be so severe that it electrically interferes with the microprocessor logic of our controllers, causing relay banks to shut themselves down unexpectedly.
N-Button LiteN-Button Lite is software that allows you to configure buttons to control relays and read the status of those relays without programming. You can also create meters for reading variable input sensors connected to the board in real time!
Data Sheets & Quick Start GuidesBelow are the Data Sheets Quick Start Guides for this board. These are the guides that will help you communicate and configure this board.
Ethernet Quick Start Guide
Click to Download
Fusion ProXR Advanced
Click to Download
Fusion Essentials
Click to Download
20-Amp Relay Data Sheet
Click to Download
Fusion Reactor Guide
Click to Download
Fusion Taralist Guide
Click to Download
Digital Input/Output Guide
Click to Download
Fusion I2C Guide
Click to Download
Fusion Master Control
Click to Download
Fusion Override Guide
Click to Download
Fusion Remote Access
Click to Download
Fusion Ultrasonic Guide
Click to Download
Base Station Guide
Click to Download
Hardware Reference Guide
Click to Download


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In the Alcudia Municipality and close to our Majorca hotel, the JS Sol de Alcudia, you will find the "Es Coll Baix" beach, the only virgin and public municipal beach.
This lead-colour gravel and coarse sand beach is a broad and straight inlet from the sea that ends in a spectacular beach, flanked by sloping rocky cliffs and closed by an embankment of considerable height, whose collapse originated the beach. The water is pristine, usually with a moderate swell and a pleasant NW, N or NE breeze.
The area is guarded at 445 metres high by defence Tower from the 16th century, the sa Talaia d'Alcúdia or Victòria Tower, which overlooks the bays of Alcúdia and Pollença.
The beach is distanced from urban areas and is quite remote, although it still has a municipal lifeguard and rescue service.
To reach this dream beach in Majorca, be prepared to make an excursion off the beaten track, including along the foot of a cliff. As it is difficult to access on foot, only a few people go there and its 50 m wide by 220 m long beach can be enjoyed by only those who have decided to make this pleasant excursion (around 8.5 km from Alcudia) on trails and unpaved roads. The walk to the beach takes about 45 min and the last 5 km are on dusty tracks along the base of the cliff.
This beach is a must-see for all nature and beach lovers, it is a real treasure in a protected space.
The geographical coordinates are as follows: 39º 51'45"N – 3º 11'30"E


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Lipid disorder: condition in which there is a deviation or interruption in the processing of lipids in the body: synthesis, absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.
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Beast + Bottle offers soft-shell crab for the April 25 weekend
Patrons of Beast + Bottle on the weekend of April 25 will get a special that is just that and much more: soft-shell crab paired with crispy pork belly.
With apologies to Renee Zellwegger circa "Jerry McGuire": They had me at "pork belly." Actually, they had me at "soft-shell crab."
"They" would be Paul Reilly and his crew. Reilly co-owns Beast with his sister, Aileen. On a recent afernoon he was packing up for a weekend trip to Philadelphia for a food event, a bottle of white wine in his hand. I had stopped in after work, thinking of nothing more than a quick light nosh before heading home. The restaurant had other ideas.
A specials card advised of the crab-pork special. The set-up: A flash-fried Maryland soft-shell crab the size of your hand — OK, maybe not if you're a Denver Nugget — plus a chunk of crispy pork belly. There was a nice schmear of asparagus puree on the plate, a sprinkling of capers, and a garnish of sauteed shaved fennel.
It was a terrific meld of flavor, texture and color. Heaven on a plate, and paired with a glass of crisp Alsatian white wine, it completed me. At $26, they're not giving it away, but the bang-for-the-buck value was there for my wallet.
Reilly says he conceived the dish as a one-off special, but might consider leaving it on if the reception was favorable big enough. With the right feedback, he says, "a multi-week run is absolutely possible."
Count me in.


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Congolese bishops urged Catholics to join countrywide demonstrations on Aug. 1 to protest again a "balkanization plan" that they say is dividing the country along ethnic and geographic lines. Father Leonard Santedi, conference general secretary, announced in a July 21 statement that the Catholic Church planned prayers for peace beginning on July 31 and invited the faithful to donate money and supplies to citizens suffering because of rebel incursions in the eastern part of the country. The rebel movement, known as M23, is made up of ethnic Tutsis and has fought the Congolese army in North Kivu and South Kivu departments. The fighting has displaced more than 260,000 people, according to the United Nations World Food Program. "Aug. 1, a holiday in Congo, is the feast of our parents and our ancestors who left us the heritage of this land," Father Santedi said. "We have only one land, and we must protect her. So, we will march to say no to the balkanization of the country." The priest also pointed to a July 6 statement from the bishops, who expressed concern that a plan to divide the country already was being executed. "On the economic front, by the presence of illegal networks for the exploitation of natural resources, and on the political front, by an intensification of an unacceptable presence of militias and foreign armed groups who kill, rape and loot, causing the forced displacement of the Congolese population and an irregular occupation of our territory," he said. The bishops have consistently affirmed the importance of protecting the Congolese borders as established when the country became independent in 1960. Since achieving independence, several provinces have attempted to secede with the backing of neighboring countries and other governments around the world with an eye to accessing the country's mineral wealth. The Kivu departments are rich in minerals including tungsten, tin and coltan, a metallic ore. Many mines which produce minerals used in the production of cell phones, laptop computers and state-of-the-art medical equipment are controlled by armed groups backed by neighboring countries. Rwanda has been singled out by a United Nations panel for supporting the latest armed insurgency by the M23 group. The gravity of the accusations were underlined when the United States, usually a staunch ally of Rwanda, froze $200,000 in military aid to the country July 21 because of its support for the rebels. Father Santedi also announced that the Congolese church intended to work internationally to preserve peace and Congo's borders. "We know that the challenges that we face for a unified and peaceful Congo are real, serious and many. It will not be easy," Father Santedi said. "It is time for awareness that we must choose hope over fear, unity over conflicts, time to defend the integrality of our territory. These are the actions that the church proposes, in this choice to act for a unified and prosperous Congo," the priest's statement said.
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A new student organization that is committed to acting on social issues made its debut at Penn State New Kensington at the start of the fall semester. The Social Justice Club, founded by students in the Administration of Justice program, promotes social justice awareness through a variety of activities, both on and off campus. Of particular concern are issues that affect the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in the local communities. Membership is open to all students, faculty and staff of the campus.
"Club members are dedicated to promoting the principles of social, environmental and economic justice, and respect for everyone," said Kristine Artello, assistant professor of administration of justice and club adviser. "Through their work, they will study and learn about critical local and global social justice issues, like poverty, hunger, racial segregation, urban violence, violation of workers' rights, domestic violence, environmental destruction, human trafficking, and other forms of inequality and injustice."
Activities, including discussions and presentations, will be planned throughout the year. In addition, the club is developing a networking aspect to help students search for jobs and scholarships, as well as find mentors for the academic side of campus life.
One of the top agenda items is the discussion of a book, "Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks," by Rebecca Skloot. Lacks was an African-American tobacco farmer who developed cervical cancer. While undergoing treatment at Johns Hopkins Hospital, a doctor removed cell samples from Lacks' cervix without her permission. The samples eventually created a cell line for medical research known as the HeLa immortal cell line. Lacks' cells led to the development of the polio vaccine, cloning, gene mapping, and in vitro fertilization.
The new club is the latest addition to the roster of 25 student organizations on campus. One of the requirements by the campus for sanctioning a club is a community service component. The Social Justice group will fulfill its obligation by volunteering at a local shelter in the fall and participating in the annual "Walk a Mile in Their Shoes" during Domestic Violence Awareness Month in the spring.
The first officers of the club are Nicole Opielowski, president; Andrew Holodnik, vice president; Jack Ramsey, treasurer; and Kelly Buggey, secretary.
For more about the club, contact Opielowski at firstname.lastname@example.com via email.
For information on starting a campus club or a list of current clubs, visit http://www.nk.psu.edu/StudentLife/ClubsAndOrganizations/clubs.htm online


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First Friday, Third Friday of the month, 7:00 PM - 9:00 PM
Hands of Hope is a group of women who gather for fellowship to develop and embrace relationships while using their talents to create items for sale or donation to support those less fortunate. Sales benefit the outreach ministries of CBC and donations are periodically made to charitable organizations outside of CBC.
Hands of Hope meets the 1st and 3rd Fridays of the month at 7:00 pm in the CBC office reception area. There is no permanent commitment. Join us when your schedule permits. If you do not know how to knit or crochet and would like to learn, please join us.
Group contacts: Barbara Montella at and Pam Fruit at .


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I listened to Robert Jordan's The Eye of the World at audible.com. It's the first book I've listened to. The method worked well with a story written in clear, fairly simple prose.
The story is good adventure fiction. Jordan combines the epic quality of Tolkien with the pulp action of Robert E. Howard, and achieves both wonder and suspense. He never goes long in this story without giving readers something to worry about, conflict or battle action.
This is a book for young people. The POV characters are teenagers, and it's about teenage concerns: striving for self-definition and flirting, mostly. You know the phrase, "he thinks the world revolves around him." Well, here it is literally true, with the main character discovering he is the one prophesied to save the world. That's a powerful adolescent fantasy.
Like Lord of the Rings this story involves a wizard who goes to some country bumpkins and orders them to follow. The group of kids go on a long quest across the world, and they are special because "the blood of the old ones is strong in them." If this sounds outlandish to you, then you probably want to return to your mystery or romance novel.
Th quest involves staying at an endless number of inns along the way. The group is chased by a variety of evil beings such as trollocs, who serve as Jordan's orcs. When the three boys sleep at night their dreams are troubled by an evil dark lord called Balthamel, who wants the boys to submit to him. "Luke, embrace the dark side."
The army that supposedly fights for the good side, the Children of the Light, are as much a nuisance as the dark ones. The Children of the Light, like the Inquisition, torture people until they confess they serve the dark side. This is one of the more original twists in the novel -- and it comes straight out of history!
My biggest problem with the book is that the magic is too easy. Moiraine, this story's female Gandalf, bails out the group at least a half dozen times, and her powers seem to expand each time. In Act II there is a long stretch in which the boys are separated from Moiraine; it had to be done to keep up the suspense. Otherwise, readers would think, "Oh, Moiraine will pull something out of her hat."
Staying at inns gets a little repetitive. Also, whenever the group needs information, one of the knowledgable characters explains what happened 1,000 years ago during the time of legends or whatever. It gets a little tedious, but I suppose this can't be avoided in epic fantasy.
Will I go on to book two? No. I'm not that interested in the story -- certainly not for another, what? 13 books? But then, it was not written for me. Had I read the book 40 years ago, it would have blown my teenage mind, as did Lord of the Rings, Dune, Foundation, Stranger In a Strange Land, Rendezvous with Rama, Way Station and Riverworld.
I learned a lot studying Jordan's pacing, his dramatization, his characters, and so on. I don't think listening is the best way to study writing, but it's good for a different perspective. (BTW, Michael Kramer is a talented reader.)
If you want to write an epic fantasy, you must study the important books in the field today -- not just the ones from the golden age -- in order to understand what the market wants. Jordan is a thoroughly competent professional, and a huge influence on the field.
Personally, I think the story template of the young bumpkin who discovers he has special powers and saves the world is tired. Epic fantasy needs to find something new. Admittedly, it is hard to find something as powerful as the classic "hero's journey" of Joseph Campbell.
I finished all five books of George R.R. Martin's Song of Ice and Fire last month. I did it the old fashioned way -- reading books made of dead trees. And those books are some doorstops! Martin has cleared a forest with this series.
I read the first one back in the 20th century, then started the second one, but got bored and put it down for 10 years. The HBO series of "The Game of Thrones" reignited my interest, and in a marathon of summer reading I finished book two and then blew on through the next three books.
Martin is a brilliant writer. He keeps you turning the pages. He writes the set pieces as few can. Unlike Jordan he trades the classic quest template for something more modern and naturalistic. In Hollywood-speak the Song of Ice and Fire series is War of the Roses meets Lord of the Rings. Instead of good vs. evil, Martin's story seems more like gang warfare, albeit one gang (the Starks) is more honorable and sympathetic than the others. His characters are famous for all being shades of gray. Most reviewers take for granted that this is a sign of sophistication, but I'm not so sure. There is evil in the world, and just because "everyone has his reasons" does not make Hitler less evil.
It is also considered sophisticated to have profanity and graphic sex. It makes all the characters seem to dwell in the gutter. There is little romance in Martin's vision.
Martin's naturalistic, brutal world seems fresh for the same reason the naturalism of the 20th century did. Just as romanticism had become stale, today's epic fantasy is hackneyed.
It's like impersonations. When some water cooler clown says, "you dirty rat," he is not actually doing James Cagney. He is imitating his father doing Frank Gorshin doing James Cagney. No one impersonated George H.W. Bush until Dana Carvey did, and then everyone imitated Carvey. Likewise in fantasy, the hacks are not even imitating Tolkien at this point; they're imitating Dungeons and Dragons. The spirit of the original is a pale palimpsest when you've got writers inspired by a game based on a novel written 70 years ago. Studying Dostoyevsky and Flaubert prepares a writer to write great prose. Role playing games prepare a writer for nothing.
Martin does use such classic fantasy tropes as prophecies from the past and dragons -- there is even one dwarf -- but he refreshes them. This is certainly not the paint-by-numbers fantasy of Forgotten Realms.
The story loses steam in books four and five. The plot advances a few inches maybe in these books. Martin says he is a gardener as opposed to an architect, meaning, I think, that he writes without an outline. Books four and five could be subtitled "The Dangers of Gardening." I'll read the sixth book when it comes out, but I'm losing confidence in this series.
The problem is that Martin sets up certain expectations -- most notably involving the character Daenerys and her dragons. I want her to get to Westeros, kick ass and chew bubble gum, but instead she is dicking around in eastern countries. Who cares if she frees the slaves in Timbucktoo? When an author sets up expectations and then the characters do not make purposeful progress toward those goals, a story is just treading water. Not good.


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Tests and reviews of different batteries to help you find the Right One…
The 2S 6.6V 700 mAh Zippy Flightmax LiFe batteries are intended for use as a receiver battery packs in remote control models using nitro engines, but they can also be used as a main battery in other remote control cars and other RC models. The Zippy brand is used by one of the largest Chinese online stores for radio controlled models and is considered to offer good quality at a good price, but as with other cheaper Chinese lithium-based rechargeable batteries we are expecting to get results a bit lower than advertised, but let us see if we might be pleasantly surprised this time…
Official Battery Specifications:
– Capacity: 700mAh
– Voltage: 2S1P / 2 Cell / 6.6V
– Discharge: 5C Constant / 10C Burst
– Weight: 41g (including wire, plug & case)
– Dimensions: 53mm x 30mm x 15mm
– Balance Plug: JST-XH
– Discharge Plug: Standa JR Servo plug
We have started the tests with a 1C discharge rate (0.7A) for the 2S 6.6V 700 mAh Zippy Flightmax LiFe battery and we've managed to get 653 mAh as a maximum capacity, a value that is a bit shorter than the official rating of the battery of 700 mAh. So the battery should've been labeled 650 mAh instead of 700 mAh as apparently it cannot provide 700 mAh at 1C discharge rate, but the interesting thing is that this battery can provide the same capacity with a discharge rate of up to 3C and going to the maximum rating of 5C as a constant discharge rate we are seeing a bit of a decrease in the useable capacity where we got 599 mAh. So the discharge rating is Ok, the capacity however is labeled with 50 mAh more than it should've been, in the end these batteries are handling pretty well, so if a 650 mAh LiFePo4 battery is what you need at a good price, then you might consider getting these Zippy Flightmax batteries.
The performance of the 2S 6.6V 700 mAh Zippy Flightmax LiFe Battery in our tests:
– 653 mAh at 0.7A load (1.0C)
– 653 mAh at 1.4A load (2.0C)
– 653 mAh at 2.1A load (3.0C)
– 599 mAh at 3.5A load (5.0C)
What you should have in mind here as well as with other small batteries that use thin cables passing higher current such as 10A (the burst load rating of this battery) or even higher as a constant load is not a good idea as they will get hot and may melt and short the battery, and that is definitely something you don't want!


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Music Releases
ORANGE RANGE to release their 1st single in 4 years
5-member band ORANGE RANGE announced that they would release a new double A-side single, "Oboro na Ageha/Moshimo" on April 17th. As this will be�their�first single in 3 years and 9 months since their last one "Hitomi no Saki ni" (released in July 2009), the audience of 2,700 at the Tokyo performance for their nation-wide tour held at Zepp Tokyo exploded in shouts of joy.
"Oboro na Ageha", composed by YOH, the bassist, will be an upper tune with quick but deep beats, while "Moshimo" is a love song with fondly-remembered and warm sound, which is composed by NAOTO, the guitarist.
The single will have a limited edition and a regular edition. The limited edition will include 3 bonus tracks that are live tracks from their last year tour "ORANGE RANGE LIVE TOUR 012 ~NEO POP STANDARD~."
Check out the details below.
<Limited Edition>
1. Oboro na Ageha
2. Moshimo
3. Tonari no Josephine
4. Restart
5. Hello Sunshine Hello Future
6. Baby Baby
?M4?6: Bonus Live Track from ORANGE RANGE LIVE TOUR 012 ?NEO POP STANDARD?
<Regular Edition>
1. Oboro na Ageha
2. Moshimo
3. Tonari no Josephine
Source & Image: Oricon + ORANGE RANGE official site
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Many compare Gravity training to Pilates because the equipment looks similar. Heather Forbes, owner and head instructor at Evolve Health in Fitness in San Diego, says "Think Pilates on steroids. All Gravity classes are performed on the award-winning Gravity Training System (GTS) which offers eight levels of incline resistance. Levels range from easy/therapeutic to intense/extremely challenging. The dynamic cable pulley/glide board GTS challenges clients to build strength, core stability and muscle endurance all with minimal impact to the joints."
Why Use Gravity Training?
As an endurance athlete we all hope to perform our best during the season. Whether that means tackling a longer-distance event or making a personal record, adding Gravity training into part of your weekly strength-training routine can give you the strength and speed you've been looking for.
More: 5 Strength-Training Tips to Build Muscle
Also, as mentioned before, use of the equipment is challenging but puts minimal impact on the joints.
In addition, the machine is extremely versatile with eight levels of resistance, over 10 optional accessories and the ability to work multiple muscle groups in various planes. Each athlete uses their own body weight against the pull of gravity to create a strong combination of cardio, core strength and flexibility.
Add the following exercises to your strength-training routine and watch as your running, swim and cycling form change. Over time, notice how you become faster because your body is starting to move more efficiently.
Squat Jumps
Plyometrics are an essential part of any athletic strength-training program, especially for sports that require speed and quickness. For endurance athletes, a squat is the quintessential quadriceps, glute and hip extension exercise. Add the two together, and you have a powerful combination.
Primary Muscles: Quadriceps, gluteus maximus, hamstrings
Gravity Tower Setting: Level 7 to 8
Do It: Stand with feet slightly wider than hip-distance apart, feet slightly turned out. Squat down till your glutes are right above knee level then explosively push off the jump board and land with knees slightly bent.
Sets/Reps: 2 to 3 sets of 15 to 20 repetitions.
CHALLENGE: Make it a Tabata workout. Do 20 seconds of work followed by 10 seconds of rest performed 4 to 8 times.
More: What is Tabata Training?
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Here for his debut RUN, Detroit area artist Franklin Jonas brings us his signature 5-point Stars. Each star 12 Inch Star begins in photoshop before being primed, sanded and painted before it is ready to hang. Read to see Franklin interviewed with the first incarnations of his Stars Project at The Red Bull House of Art and as Franklin takes us through the process of creating each star in the 1xRUN Thru Interview below and scout out your favorite now at 1xRUN…
1xRUN Thru Interview
Stars by Franklin Jonas
1xRun: Tell us a bit about the Stars Project, how do you go about making each piece?
Franklin Jonas: Each Star is completely unique, here is a bit on my process for each Star.
I start by drawing. I do this digitally using Adobe Illustrator. Within the star I see information. I see points and lines. I take them and create relationships. I divide the line segments by whole numbers. Those divisions become new points where other line segments connect. Shapes are formed. Some of them are familiar. Triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, octagons etc. Others are unique and without a name.
The stars are cut out of a 14 gauge steel sheet using a laser. They are then degreased using common household dishwashing liquid and hot water. After they are dried off, hardware is welded to the backs. Each star is then sanded and the edges are de-carbonized using a scoring pad. The combinations are endless. I look at all of the possibilities with a critical eye and choose the ones I like. Later, I will take the digital image and make a photocopy. I then transfer the line art from the page to the primed white star via the old fashion way. I draw it on by hand. The process that starts off digital becomes analog.
The stars are then cleaned with denatured alcohol. The backs are primed and allowed 48 hours to cure. The faces are then primed. 48 hours later the faces are lightly sanded and wiped down with a damp towel. The designs are drawn onto the faces using a mechanical pencil.
After the design is used 6 times, it is retired. The areas to be painted are masked off. Low tack vinyl masking, frisk film, blue tape and acetate sheet, as well as cardboard and foam core, are all used in varying degrees. I use Montana Gold, (Acrylic Lacquer) and Montana Black, (Nitrocellulose and Alkyd resin combo Lacquer) spray paint. The masking and painting process is repeated until the star is completed.
Each star is 12" across and weighs approximately 1 pound. Each star comes with hardware and is ready for hanging.
All of the pieces from The Star Project are originals. There are no reproductions. I want the collector to own a unique and original piece of art. Each set consists of 6 pieces. The design that is used for those 6 pieces is then retired. Each set uses the same design 6 times, but with different color schemes. The result is that every star is a unique piece of art. No 2 are the same.
1xRun: When were these pieces drawn and created?
Franklin Jonas: Early 2012.
1xRun: Tell us how the idea and execution came about?
Franklin Jonas: I was interested in exploring the geometry of the 5 pointed star in a non traditional way. The combinations are endless. I also wanted to use spray paint and metal. I wanted to learn about laser cutting and new painting techniques.
1xRun: How long did the piece take?
Franklin Jonas: 2 to 3 days of prep work. 8 to 12 days of painting.
1xRun: What is unique about this piece?
Franklin Jonas: All of the stars of the STAR PROJECT are one of a kind.
1xRun: Why should people buy a piece from the Star Project?
Franklin Jonas: So much of our lives are filled with disposable things. Art is forever. Buy a piece from the Star Project. Experience it. Be it's guardian. Pass it on to the next generation.
1xRun: Describe these pieces t in one gut reaction word.
Franklin Jonas: Iconic.
1xRun: What was your first piece?
Franklin Jonas: I have been making art since I was a young boy. I wish I could remember my first piece. I wish I still had it. Today every one has a digital camera so they can capture the moment. There is a record of everything, good and bad. I wish I had something like that back in the 70's so I could show you my pre school portfolio.
1xRun: What artists inspired you early on?
Franklin Jonas: Al Held, Frank Stella and Victor Vasarely.
1xRun: What artists inspire you now?
Franklin Jonas: Anish Kapok, Richard Deacon and Richard Serra. It's the scale of the work that interests me.
1xRun: Do you listen to music while you work? If so what? If not then what is your environment like when you work?
Franklin Jonas: When I do the digital part, I listen to electronic music. I especially like the ambient type. When I am in the studio I will have the radio on WDET.
1xRun: If you could collaborate with any living artist who would it be and why?
Franklin Jonas: Anish Kapoor. He is a true visionary and the scale of his art blows my mind.
1xRun: If you could collaborate with any deceased artists who would it be and why?
Franklin Jonas: Al Held. I had the privilege of speaking with him years ago. He was a no bullshit type of guy. He gave me great technical advice on how to stretch a large canvas and plasticize it using acrylic gesso.
He had lots of students that worked with him on his giant paintings. I wish I could have been one of them.
1xRun: What else do you have in the works?
Franklin Jonas: I have 1000's of digital works that if brought into the physical world would fill stadiums. Almost all of them are grid based. I make the grids myself.
I am also exploring expanding/contracting space and the effect that has on physical forms.
1xRun: Where can people find you on the internette?
Franklin Jonas: Website


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CBS' Reid aired McCain attacking Obama for purportedly being in the "Washington culture of lobbying" without noting McCain's own lobbying ties
On the CBS Evening News, Chip Reid uncritically aired video of Sen. John McCain claiming that the "crisis on Wall Street, my friends, started in the Washington culture of lobbying and influence-peddling, and [Sen. Barack Obama] was right square in the middle of it." However, Reid did not mention McCain's own ties to the "Washington culture of lobbying." According to a Mother Jones report, "at least 83" McCain aides, policy advisers, or fundraisers "have in recent years lobbied for the financial industry McCain now attacks."
During a report on the September 19 broadcast of the CBS Evening News, correspondent Chip Reid uncritically aired video of Sen. John McCain claiming that the "crisis on Wall Street, my friends, started in the Washington culture of lobbying and influence-peddling, and [Sen. Barack Obama] was right square in the middle of it." However, Reid did not mention McCain's own ties to the "Washington culture of lobbying." According to a September 17 Mother Jones report, "at least 83" McCain aides, policy advisers, or fundraisers "have in recent years lobbied for the financial industry McCain now attacks." Those lobbyists include several senior McCain campaign officials, including chief political adviser Charlie Black, national finance co-chairman Wayne Berman, congressional liaison John Green, Arthur Culvahouse, who reportedly headed McCain's vice-presidential search team, and William E. Timmons Sr., who reportedly "has been tapped by the McCain campaign to conduct a study in preparation for the presidential transition." Furthermore, McCain campaign manager Rick Davis previously served as president of the Homeownership Alliance, a Washington-based advocacy group whose founding members included Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and which "defended the two companies against increased regulation," according to the Politico.
From Mother Jones' September 17 report:
McCain has been quick with fiery, populist-tinged speeches. But one thing has been missing: any acknowledgment that McCain's own campaign has been loaded with the type of people he's been denouncing. (The McCain campaign did not respond to a request for comment; we will update the post if they do.) As Mother Jones previously reported, former Senator Phil Gramm, McCain's onetime campaign chairman, used a backroom maneuver in late 2000 to slip into law a bill that kept credit default swaps unregulated. These financial instruments greased the way to the subprime meltdown that has led to today's economic crisis. Several of McCain's most senior campaign aides have lobbied for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. And the Democratic National Committee, using publicly available records, has identified 177 lobbyists working for the McCain campaign as either aides, policy advisers, or fundraisers.
Of those 177 lobbyists, according to a Mother Jones review of Senate and House records, at least 83 have in recent years lobbied for the financial industry McCain now attacks. These are high-paid influence-peddlers who have been working the corridors of the nation's capital to win favors and special treatment for investment banks, securities firms, hedge funds, accounting outfits, and insurance companies. Their clients have included AIG, the newest symbol of corporate excess; Lehman Brothers, which filed for bankruptcy on Monday sending the stock market into a tailspin; Merrill Lynch, which was bought out by Bank of America this week; and Washington Mutual, the banking giant that could be the next to fall. Among these 83 lobbyists are McCain's chief political adviser, Charlie Black (JP Morgan, Washington Mutual Bank, Freddie Mac, Mortgage Bankers Association of America); McCain's national finance co-chairman, Wayne Berman (AIG, Blackstone, Credit Suisse, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac); the campaign's congressional liaison, John Green (Carlyle Group, Citigroup, Icahn Associates, Fannie Mae); McCain's veep vetter, Arthur Culvahouse (Fannie Mae); and McCain's transition planning chief, William Timmons Sr. (Citigroup, Freddie Mac, Vanguard Group).
The Homeownership Alliance announced its formation in a September 29, 2000, press release. The press release listed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as two of its founding members and announced that "Rick Davis, formerly presidential campaign manager for Arizona Sen. John McCain, will serve as president of the Homeownership Alliance, which will be based in Alexandria [Virginia]." From the press release:
Vowing to increase support for America's housing system so that it can expand homeownership opportunities for more Americans, housing, mortgage and community development leaders today announced the formation of the Homeownership Alliance.
The Homeownership Alliance is a broad-based public education organization that will promote the American housing system. The group will not lobby members of Congress, but will concentrate on public advocacy, principally through its web site http://www.homeownershipalliance.com. Rick Davis, formerly presidential campaign manager for Arizona Sen. John McCain, will serve as president of the Homeownership Alliance, which will be based in Alexandria.
The following organizations have joined as participating members of the Homeownership Alliance:
- The American League of Financial Institutions
- The Enterprise Foundation
- Fannie Mae
- Freddie Mac
- Independent Community Bankers Association
- Local Initiatives Support Corporation
- National Association of Home Builders
- National Association of Real Estate Brokers
- National Bankers Association
- National Urban League
Rick Davis said that homeownership in America is a core national priority. "Yet, some critics of the system, particularly those who disagree with the role currently played by the housing Government Sponsored Enterprises, are implicitly calling for policy makers to reconstruct the system so it can be more like that of other industrialized countries. But our current system is much better than theirs. Forty-percent down-payments, like they have in Germany, and huge prepayment penalties that are the norm for refinancing in some European countries are things we did away with decades ago, and we certainly don't want to turn the clock back," Davis said.
In a September 1, 2000, article (retrieved from the Factiva database), Institutional Investor wrote of Davis' involvement with the Homeownership Alliance:
Rick Davis loves an underdog. After serving as Senator John McCain's campaign manager, he recently joined the cause of defending Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The agencies, which dominate the market for mortgage-backed securities, find themselves under attack from Congress, from the Treasury Department and from Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan. All want to tighten regulation and strip the agencies of some of their special privileges as government-sponsored enterprises. "You can say what you want about free-market distortions, but people like the system because it gets them into houses cheap," notes Davis, who will run an advocacy group called the Homeownership Alliance out of his Alexandria, Virginia, lobbying firm. He was recruited by Fannie Mae senior vice president John Buckley, whom he met while working on Ronald Reagan's 1984 reelection campaign. Says Davis, "What we tried to do in the McCain campaign parallels what we want to do here -- protect the consumer."
Liz Wolgemuth of U.S. News & World Report noted the Institutional Investor article in a September 19 blog post.
According to the Internet Archive's cache of the Homeownership Alliance website -- which is no longer accessible -- Davis was listed as president of the organization as late as February 2006. At the time, senior vice presidents for both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac served on the Alliance's board as "Senior Advisor[s]." Tribune Media's Andrew Zajac reported on June 11 that the Homeownership Alliance "dissolved about two years ago."
In a July 16 Politico article, Lisa Lerer wrote of Davis' tenure as president of the Homeownership Alliance: "[F]or years, Rick Davis served as president of an advocacy group led by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac that defended the two companies against increased regulation." The article also stated:
McCain campaign manager Davis headed the Homeownership Alliance, a lobbying association that included Fannie, Freddie, nonprofit groups, real estate agents, homebuilders and consumer advocates. The group's stated goal was to increase affordable housing. But it also worked to oppose congressional efforts to tighten controls on Fannie and Freddie.
In July 2003, Davis wrote to the American Banker, taking issue with an opinion piece by Leslie Paige of Citizens Against Government Waste, arguing that Fannie and Freddie should operate with greater transparency.
"Several of Ms. Paige's assertions bear correction," Davis wrote, defending Fannie and Freddie on behalf of the group. "The GSEs [government sponsored enterprises] are subject to an innovative and stringent risk-based capital stress test -- the toughest in the financial services industry."
In a letter to The New York Times, which has yet to be published by the Times but was posted on the Politico's website around the time of Reid's September 19 report, former Fannie Mae senior vice president William Maloni wrote:
Yesterday, Senator John McCain released a television commercial attacking Barack Obama for allegedly receiving advice on the economy from former Fannie Mae CEO Franklin Raines. From the stump, he has recently tried tying Senator Obama to Fannie Mae, as if there is some guilt in the association with Fannie Mae's former executives.
It is an interesting card for Senator McCain to play, given that his campaign manager, Rick Davis, was paid by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac several hundred thousand dollars early in this decade to head up an organization to lobby in their behalf called The Homeownership Alliance. ...
I worked in government relations for Fannie Mae for more than 20 years, leading the group for most of those years. When I see photographs of Sen. McCain's staff, it looks to me like the team of lobbyists who used to report to me. Senator McCain's attack on Senator Obama is a cheap shot, and hypocritical.
As Media Matters for America documented, a July 11, 2007, Politico article reported that Davis "founded a lobbying firm -- Davis Manafort Inc. -- which has made at least $2.8 million lobbying Congress since 1998." According to disclosure reports filed with Congress, Davis registered to lobby from 1998 to 2005 for Davis Manafort. A February 3, 2007, National Journal article reported that "Davis, a longtime lobbyist and financial consultant," is "on leave" from Davis Manafort to work for McCain's campaign.
Media Matters has noted that several other media outlets recently reported that the McCain campaign attacked Obama for what it says are his ties to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae without noting that several senior McCain campaign aides have lobbied for one or both of those entities.
From the September 19 broadcast of the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric:
REID: Earlier in Green Bay, Wisconsin, where the race is also tight, McCain laid out his economic plan, heavy on government intervention. The centerpiece, a new federal agency, the Mortgage and Financial Institutions Trust, to identify troubled businesses long before they need a government bailout. Also, new laws and regulations to make what happens on Wall Street more transparent, to protect consumers and investors, and to put financial wrongdoers behind bars.
McCAIN: On my watch, the consequences for corporate abuse will not be more enrichment, but more likely an indictment.
REID: But while McCain's speech was billed as a policy address, he spent much of his time bashing Barack Obama.
McCAIN: The crisis on Wall Street, my friends, started in the Washington culture of lobbying and influence-peddling, and he was right square in the middle of it.
REID: Here in Minnesota, the unemployment rate is now the highest it's been in more than 20 years, so whoever wins here will probably be whoever has the best plan for the economy. Katie.
KATIE COURIC (anchor): Chip Reid. Chip, thanks a lot.


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Road to Mac OS X Leopard: Mail 3.0Mail in Mac OS X has progressively grown from the simple mail client Apple included with the first builds of Mac OS X into one of the best email solutions for the Mac, and certainly the most popular. As the default app for email on the Mac, Mail gets lots of feature requests and lots of complaints when things don't work as expected. For example, Mail 2.0 in Tiger drew gasps from its use of nonstandard toolbar icons that grouped functions together in bubbles. Apple has significantly updated Mail for Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, introducing support for Notes, To Do reminders, RSS feeds, Data Detectors, and HTML Statonery. Here's a look at what's new.
This report goes to great lengths to follow the origins, history, and maturity of the Apple's Mail client. For those readers with limited time or who are only interested in what's due in Leopard, you can skip to page 3 of this report.
Mail's Origins
In the early 80s, Apple began work on outlining an office-centric system for file sharing, printing, and messaging called the Macintosh Office. Steve Jobs hoped to aggressively target the new Mac at businesses, staving off the advancement of the then very simplistic IBM DOS PC by offering a sophisticated, integrated system of networked workstation class machines.
Apple CEO John Sculley feared that Jobs' plans for the Mac might spread the company too thin and prematurely kill its current cash cow, the Apple II. Jobs lost the ensuing power struggle, and wound up departing from Apple and taking his vision for advanced, highly integrated business machines to NeXT.
Meanwhile, Sculley's Apple delayed the roll out of various elements of the Macintosh Office plan over a prolonged period. That delay left Apple without a cohesive product for businesses, ceded that market to the DOS PC unchallenged, and pigeonholed the Mac into a role as niche product for graphic designers.
The Macintosh Office
As originally conceived, Job's Macintosh Office would first deliver brain dead simple networking and file sharing, then migrate the Mac from its appliance origins into a "BigMac" workstation and server platform based upon Unix. Apple licensed commercial Unix from AT&T in order to move in that direction. A stronger operating system foundation would allow for further advances in messaging and collaboration.
The Mac shipped early support for AppleTalk networking, which enabled it to share files and expensive peripherals such as the 1985 LaserWriter without any complex configuration. Jobs promoted the evolving idea of the Macintosh Office in Lemmings, a 1985 SuperBowl ad which depicted blindfolded users marching over a cliff until one user decides to pull off his blindfold and look around.
Further elements of the plan were slow in coming, particularly after the departure of Jobs and his replacement by Jean Louis Gassée, who derided the plan as the "Macintosh Orifice." Gassée pulled Apple out of its partnership with workstation vendor Apollo, which the company had been working with in an effort to port the Mac desktop to its line of workstations running the Unix-like Domain/OS. That move left the blindsided Apollo scrambling for a new strategy, and it was subsequently bought up by HP.
Gassée also snubbed AT&T and other vendors which had expressed interest in licensing the Mac desktop for their Unix workstations. Four years after the arrival of the original Mac, Sculley's Apple released its own Unix distribution for the Mac called A/UX, but it wasn't integrated with the Mac System 7 desktop until version 3.0 in 1992.
Apple also finally released a standalone AppleShare file server in 1988, and announced plans to expand its server offerings into a messaging and collaboration system called the the Apple Open Collaboration Environment (AOCE) shortly afterward. However, by then Apple's over-architected plans had little chance of gaining much acceptance, and the company wasn't doing a very good job at actually developing usable technology. In large measure, that was because the classic Mac OS wasn't designed to serve the needs of a server platform.
Under Sculley, Apple also largely backed out of the application software to avoid stepping on the toes of its third party developers. QuickMail, FirstClass, and Microsoft Mail were among the first email programs for the Mac, which also made them among the first graphical email clients on any computer. Microsoft later ported its Microsoft Mail to Windows, where it competed on the PC against the very popular DOS-based cc:Mail.
Steve Jobs' NeXTMail
After leaving Apple, Jobs accomplished at NeXT what he hoped to do with the Macintosh Office. Its NeXTSTEP operating system was developed on top of a Unix foundation with the intent of delivering advanced networking and collaborative functionality.
Among the advances NeXT demonstrated as early as 1988 was NeXTMail (below). It allowed users to include rich text in multiple fonts, use drag and drop to include embedded graphics or file attachments, and could even include audio recordings using the built in voice annotation feature called Lip Service. It also supported 'mailfaces,' a feature which collected and set up a database of mail contact photos and matched them to incoming emails.
NeXTMail could also consult a corporate directory service to look up contacts, years before Microsoft even promised to deliver similar features in its Exchange Server product, which didn't ship until 1996. By then, NeXTSTEP had sat in maintenance mode for years after giving up on trying to sell its operating system in the PC market locked up tight under Microsoft's monopoly control.
New NeXTMail users were greeted by a welcome email message which included a voice recording from Jobs (below) and his signature. Jobs demonstrated the advanced features of NeXTMail in a 1992 NeXTSTEP Release 3 Demo presentation that is now on YouTube.
Microsoft's Exchange and Lotus Notes
Lotus Development bought cc:Mail in 1992 in an effort to migrate its users to Lotus Notes. However, the transition pushed many users with simple email needs to adopt the far more complex Notes groupware software. That left an unfilled hole for a less ambitions product to fill.
In 1991, Bill Gates outlined an initiative to match the features of NeXTSTEP in the presentation of Cairo, a code name that first referred to an operating system product that would follow the first release of Windows NT, and then later petered out into what Gates would described as a "product vision." By 1997, Microsoft stopped talking about Cairo entirely, but some elements of it resulted in actual products within the same decade.
One of the most significant examples was the 1996 release of Exchange Server and the Exchange Client email program (below), which later became Outlook for Windows and Entourage for the Mac. With the release of Exchange, Microsoft sold off its existing Microsoft Mail product for the Mac to StarNine.
Exchange cleaned up the low end of the PC market, which had largely been stuck with Lotus cc:Mail and lacked any simple migration path outside of upgrading to Notes. Exchange has since expanded upward in the market to compete against Lotus Notes directly, which is now owned by IBM.
On page 2: Apple's PowerTalk and CyberDog; NeXTMail at Apple; Mail in Mac OS X; and Tiger Mail 2.0.


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|Africa Horn
|Surge of killings in South Sudan's Jonglei: MSF
|[Al Ahram] Women and children are increasingly targeted in a surge of violence in South Sudan's Jonglei state, riven by ethnic killings, a rebellion and an army crackdown, Doctors Without Borders said Tuesday.
"Tens of thousands of men, women and kiddies have been repeatedly attacked, killed and displaced, with devastating impacts on their lives," the report by the medical aid agency MSF read, documenting an upsurge in violence since 2011.
"The lives and health of Jonglei's population are hanging by a thread," said Chris Lockyear, MSF's operational manager, warning of a further "spike in violence" in the approaching dry season.
Violence includes an escalation of traditional cattle raiding between rival tribes into a wave of brutal Dire Revenge™ attacks, exacerbated by an easy availability of automatic weapons.
The nature of the attacks is shifting, MSF said, documenting multiple cases of rape in the vast and grossly impoverished state, while four of MSF's six clinics in Jonglei have also been looted or destroyed since 2011.
"While appropriating cattle used to be the main aim of the attacks, nowadays civilians are targeted, with women and kiddies making up a large proportion of victims treated by MSF teams," the report read.
More than 2,600 people have been killed in Jonglei in the past 18 months, according to the United Nations
...an organization originally established to war on dictatorships which was promptly infiltrated by dictatorships and is now held in thrall to dictatorships...
|Posted by:Fred


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Thank you for stopping by House of Cards Challenge Blog today! Group 8 is sharing their creations with you today for
our current challenge…
Create a card using
But first we're going to start you out with a little something to get your creativity flowing! Here's Karen's tutorial for creating metallic embellishments.
Using Embossing Powder
VIP: Versamark Ink Pad;
EP: Embossing Powder; UTEE: ultra thick embossing enamel
Apply VIP to a flower die cut and sprinkle with EP, use heat gun to melt.
Be very careful because the EP is very hot at this point.
After the first layer of EP has melted and cooled, apply VIP and EP, heat again.
Be very careful because the EP is very hot at this point.
After the second layer of EP has cooled apply VIP and EP, heat again.
Be very careful because the EP is very hot at this point.
Using Ultra Thick Embossing Enamel
Ink up you die cut with the VIP and sprinkle the UTEE granules over the top.
You can see how big the UTEE granules are and how more they cover. Melt UTEE.
Once cool, repeat this step at least once, but preferably, twice more.
Be very careful because the UTEE is very hot at this point.
The finished UTEE piece - love that shine!
On the left is the UTEE piece and on the right is the EP.
One thing you need to be aware of when creating these embellishments is that the die cut with the four layers of the EP tends to crack. Great if you want that look but not so good if you don't!
Tools & Supplies for Metalizing your Die Cuts
Miscellaneous Tools: heat gun; Craft heat mat to protect your worktop
Card Paper: die cuts or cut shapes that you want to metalise
EP Ink/Paint/Pen Colours: Versamark ink pad; WOW EP: gold; Ranger Platinum UTEE
Misc: piece of paper to pop EP/UTEE back into its' pot with
Thank you so much for taking time to check out Group 8's creations! We hope you join in our current challenge.
We love to see your creations!
Don't forget to check and see if you are one of our most recent winners, too! We'll be back on the 1st of the month with a new challenge and more inspiration from the Design Team.
Until then…
Happy Crafting!
Until then…
Happy Crafting!


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Spring 2020 classes have resumed online.Please visit
dcccd.edu/coronavirus for additional information and to
learn how to prepare for online classes.
Ready to
ace your finals? The first step is being in the right place at the right time!
Below is a list of Fall 2016 Final Exam Schedules by college. This covers credit classes only. If you are currently taking a continuing education class, talk to your instructor about any possible December exams.
Need to visit a Testing Center to take your exam? Here is a
list of the seven Testing Centers throughout the district, including contact information and office hours.
Best of luck students! You are almost to the finish line.


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New Season
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