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Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani
Born: 836 in Harran, Mesopotamia (now Turkey)
Died: 18 February 901 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq)
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Thabit ibn Qurra was a native of Harran and a member of the Sabian sect. The Sabian religious sect were star worshippers from Harran often confused with the Mandaeans (as they are in [1]). Of course being worshipers of the stars meant that there was strong motivation for the study of astronomy and the sect produced many quality astronomers and mathematicians. The sect, with strong Greek connections, had in earlier times adopted Greek culture, and it was common for members to speak Greek although after the conquest of the Sabians by Islam, they became Arabic speakers. There was another language spoken in southeastern Turkey, namely Syriac, which was based on the East Aramaic dialect of Edessa. This language was Thabit ibn Qurra's native language, but he was fluent in both Greek and Arabic.
Some accounts say that Thabit was a money changer as a young man. This is quite possible but some historians do not agree. Certainly he inherited a large family fortune and must have come from a family of high standing in the community. Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir, who visited Harran, was impressed at Thabit's knowledge of languages and, realising the young man's potential, persuaded him to go to Baghdad and take lessons in mathematics from him and his brothers (the Banu Musa).
In Baghdad Thabit received mathematical training and also training in medicine, which was common for scholars of that time. He returned to Harran but his liberal philosophies led to a religious court appearance when he had to recant his 'heresies'. To escape further persecution he left Harran and was appointed court astronomer in Baghdad. There Thabit's patron was the Caliph, al-Mu'tadid, one of the greatest of the 'Abbasid caliphs.
At this time there were many patrons who employed talented scientists to translate Greek text into Arabic and Thabit, with his great skills in languages as well as great mathematical skills, translated and revised many of the important Greek works. The two earliest translations of Euclid's Elements were made by al-Hajjaj. These are lost except for some fragments. There are, however, numerous manuscript versions of the third translation into Arabic which was made by Hunayn ibn Ishaq and revised by Thabit. Knowledge today of the complex story of the Arabic translations of Euclid's Elements indicates that all later Arabic versions develop from this revision by Thabit.
In fact many Greek texts survive today only because of this industry in bringing Greek learning to the Arab world. However we must not think that the mathematicians such as Thabit were mere preservers of Greek knowledge. Far from it, Thabit was a brilliant scholar who made many important mathematical discoveries.
Although Thabit contributed to a number of areas the most important of his work was in mathematics where he [1]:-
... played an important role in preparing the way for such important mathematical discoveries as the extension of the concept of number to (positive) real numbers, integral calculus, theorems in spherical trigonometry, analytic geometry, and non-euclidean geometry. In astronomy Thabit was one of the first reformers of the Ptolemaic system, and in mechanics he was a founder of statics.We shall examine in more detail Thabit's work in these areas, in particular his work in number theory on amicable numbers. Suppose that, in modern notation, S(n) denotes the sum of the aliquot parts of n, that is the sum of its proper quotients. Perfect numbers are those numbers n with S(n) = n while m and n are amicable if S(n) = m, and S(m) = n. In Book on the determination of amicable numbers Thabit claims that Pythagoras began the study of perfect and amicable numbers. This claim, probably first made by Iamblichus in his biography of Pythagoras written in the third century AD where he gave the amicable numbers 220 and 284, is almost certainly false. However Thabit then states quite correctly that although Euclid and Nicomachus studied perfect numbers, and Euclid gave a rule for determining them ([6] or [7]):-
... neither of these authors either mentioned or showed interest in [amicable numbers].Thabit continues ([6] or [7]):-
Since the matter of [amicable numbers] has occurred to my mind, and since I have derived a proof for them, I did not wish to write the rule without proving it perfectly because they have been neglected by [Euclid and Nicomachus]. I shall therefore prove it after introducing the necessary lemmas.After giving nine lemmas Thabit states and proves his theorem: for n > 1, let pn = 3.2n -1 and qn = 9.22n-1 -1. If pn-1, pn, and qn are prime numbers, then a = 2npn-1pn and b = 2nqn are amicable numbers while a is abundant and b is deficient. Note that an abundant number n satisfies S(n) > n, and a deficient number n satisfies S(n) < n. More details are given in [9] where the authors conjecture how Thabit might have discovered the rule. In [13] Hogendijk shows that Thabit was probably the first to discover the pair of amicable numbers 17296, 18416.
Another important aspect of Thabit's work was his book on the composition of ratios. In this Thabit deals with arithmetical operations applied to ratios of geometrical quantities. The Greeks had dealt with geometric quantities but had not thought of them in the same way as numbers to which the usual rules of arithmetic could be applied. The authors of [22] and [23] stress that by introducing arithmetical operations on quantities previously regarded as geometric and non-numerical, Thabit started a trend which led eventually to the generalisation of the number concept.
Thabit generalised Pythagoras's theorem to an arbitrary triangle (as did Pappus). He also discussed parabolas, angle trisection and magic squares. Thabit's work on parabolas and paraboliods is of particular importance since it is one of the steps taken towards the discovery of the integral calculus. An important consideration here is whether Thabit was familiar with the methods of Archimedes. Most authors (see for example [29]) believe that although Thabit was familiar with Archimedes' results on the quadrature of the parabola, he did not have either of Archimedes' two treatises on the topic. In fact Thabit effectively computed the integral of √x and [1]:-
The computation is based essentially on the application of upper and lower integral sums, and the proof is done by the method of exhaustion: there, for the first time, the segment of integration is divided into unequal parts.Thabit also wrote on astronomy, writing Concerning the Motion of the Eighth Sphere. He believed (wrongly) that the motion of the equinoxes oscillates. He also published observations of the Sun. In fact eight complete treatises by Thabit on astronomy have survived and the article [20] describes these. The author of [20] writes:-
When we consider this body of work in the context of the beginnings of the scientific movement in ninth-century Baghdad, we see that Thabit played a very important role in the establishment of astronomy as an exact science (method, topics and program), which developed along three lines: the theorisation of the relation between observation and theory, the 'mathematisation' of astronomy, and the focus on the conflicting relationship between 'mathematical' astronomy and 'physical' astronomy.An important work Kitab fi'l-qarastun (The book on the beam balance) by Thabit is on mechanics. It was translated into Latin by Gherard of Cremona and became a popular work on mechanics. In this work Thabit proves the principle of equilibrium of levers. He demonstrates that two equal loads, balancing a third, can be replaced by their sum placed at a point halfway between the two without destroying the equilibrium. After giving a generalisation Thabit then considers the case of equally distributed continuous loads and finds the conditions for the equilibrium of a heavy beam. Of course Archimedes considered a theory of centres of gravity, but in [14] the author argues that Thabit's work is not based on Archimedes' theory.
Finally we should comment on Thabit's work on philosophy and other topics. Thabit had a student Abu Musa Isa ibn Usayyid who was a Christian from Iraq. Ibn Usayyid asked various questions of his teacher Thabit and a manuscript exists of the answers given by Thabit, this manuscript being discussed in [21]. Thabit's concept of number follows that of Plato and he argues that numbers exist, whether someone knows them or not, and they are separate from numerable things. In other respects Thabit is critical of the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, particularly regarding motion. It would seem that here his ideas are based on an acceptance of using arguments concerning motion in his geometrical arguments.
Thabit also wrote on [1]:-
... logic, psychology, ethics, the classification of sciences, the grammar of the Syriac language, politics, the symbolism of Plato's Republic ... religion and the customs of the Sabians.This archive contains information on other members of Thabit's family. His son, Sinan ibn Thabit, and his grandson Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit, both were eminent scholars who contributed to the development of mathematics. Neither, however, reached the mathematical heights of Thabit.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page
List of References (29 books/articles)
A Poster of Thabit
See this mathematician on a timeline
Mathematicians born in the same country
Additional Material in MacTutor
- Astronomy: The Structure of the Solar System
Honours awarded to Thabit
(Click the link below for those honoured in this way)
|Lunar features
|Crater Thebit
|Popular biographies list
|Number 188
Cross-references in MacTutor
- History Topics: Perfect numbers
- History Topics: Arabic mathematics : forgotten brilliance?
- History Topics: How do we know about Greek mathematics?
- Chronology: 500 to 900
Other Web sites
- Dictionary of Scientific Biography
- Encyclopaedia Britannica


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Twentieth Century
- January 1, 1900: The Blood War ends; the Fallen are loosed.
August 9, 1911: Michael Hawpe is born.
1911: The Thule Society formed.
September 5, 1919: The Thule Society establishes the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or German Workers' Party; later in the year, Adolf Hitler joins the party.
February, 1920: The Deutsche Arbeiterpartei is reconstituted as the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or National Socialist German Workers' Party; a schism occurs when several members of the Thule Society, devoted to the study of antiquity and occult, split off to form the Illuminati Society.
1926: Michael Hawpe eats a golden apple and transforms; Crusader leaves Michael in Tartarus. (NV #47)
1934: The Illuminati uncovers a conspiracy...
1944: Michael Hawpe, Willoughby, Wolfe, and Apollo escape Tartarus and participate in the tournament at Drenthe. (NV #87)
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New Age
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May 27, 2007: Graduation day is interrupted by the Affiliation; hundreds of thousands die in the White War. (NV #11-12)
September 8, 2007: The Trials begin. (NV #13)
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May 14, 2008: Senator Amy Bedford is assassinated.
May 15, 2008: Black Box raids the New Vindicators Academy of America; the Neo-Sapien diaspora begins.
September 8, 2008: Deimos takes on the Vindicators at the Empire State Building and Bulwark rides the bastard into the street (NV #70); a handful of American refugees experience their first day of classes at the New Vindicators Academy of Europe. (NVAE #1)
September 9, 2008: Emissaries from Laputa abduct the parents of Emily Adler and coerce her into mind controlling Captain Ronald Nelson, creating a hostage situation in Kaiserslautern. (NVAE #2)
September 16, 2008: Vicente DeGallow arrives at the New Vindicators Academy of Europe. (NVAE #3)
September 20, 2008: Greystone rescues Parabola from human traffickers; Kuq Hundë fills Current with bullets; Impasse and Prodigy take down a member of Arkan's Tigers. (NVAE #3)
September 27, 2008: The New Vindicators go to Florence, Italy and run into Iconoclast at the Uffizi Gallery; Elle Curie and Herta Elaide arrive at the New Vindicators Academy of Europe; Herta sets off a bomb and Candyman; Lacuna takes over Elle's body and proceeds to let Basilisk free. (NVAE #4)
October 1, 2008: Candyman and Ursa prevent Savateuse from stealing a scroll; Current saves Elfriede from Presto; Fluxx, Impasse, and Prodigy apprehend Tristan Vitesse (NVAE #5)
October 2, 2008: Isaac Newton steps down as headmaster. (NVAE #5)
October 4, 2008: Candyman defects to Laputa. (NVAE #5)
October 13, 2008: Kasamir Flaegler arrives; Fluxx leads a recruitment mission to Australia; Mildew shoots Diamond Dust; Nadja Nelson is murdered... (NVAE #6)
October 14, 2008: The New Vindicators of Europe successfully capture Therianthrope; Captain Ronald Nelson is arrested for his wife's murder; Cornelis Noteboom spends his 16th birthday flying from Laputa to Vienna in order to warn the school of Laputa's plans. (NVAE #7)
October 15, 2008: Emily Adler, Martin Curie and Gaspar Zorilla e Higueras testify against Captain Nelson and a confession is successfully coerced; Entier attacks the Hague and is defeated; Current leads a team to Algeria and comes across a plot of Al-Akhwan; Fluxx and Impasse awaken Isaac Newton from his 13-day slumber. (NVAE #8)
October 24, 2008: At the school dance, Eddy takes over Jason's body, prompting his classmates to enter his head and help him reclaim control. (NVAE #9) Upon their return to consciousness, the young heroes learn that Laputa has made their move, and that their island fortress has appeared in the skies above Vienna. Accompanying the Vindicators, they invade the island and defeat the terrorist group, albeit at the loss of Warder and Apex's lives. (NVAE #10)
October 25, 2008: Violet Lear enrolls at the school; Blue Knight arrives in Vienna. (NVAE #11)
October 26, 2008: Elemenoh arrives in Europe; Otso unwittingly aids the UUB in finding his father and the guerrilla forces he leads, resulting in the end of their opposition. (NVAE #12)
January 10, 2009: Magnus Loder and Maria Espada marry; David and Cassandra are in a car accident; the Vindicators encounter Castor and Pollux. (NV #75-76)
January 17, 2009: Venefica is saved by Phobos. (NV #77)
January 23, 2009: Phobos versus Absalom; Wilt saves Phobos. (NV #78)
January 26, 2009: The Vindicators arrive in Japan to help their sister team deal with the White Witch. (NV #79)
February 2, 2009: Castor and Pollux attack Denver while Pisces, Libra and Deimos move on New York. (NV #80)
March 14, 2009: Ironside attacks a rally in Vienna; Astrid, Gaspar, Harry, Jack, and Kas join the Drifter in hopping dimensions. (NVAE #13)
March 16, 2009: Quintessence takes Martin, Mira, Otso, and Viktor to Romania, where the remaining Amânar children have manifested the power of flight, but are unable to control it. Meanwhile, in the other dimension, Harry meets his double, Ritter Gwyn. (NVAE #14)
March 21, 2009: Magnus and Maria return from their honeymoon; the outbreak begins. (NV #81)
May 27, 2009: Adonis Skraag sends the Affiliation into Black Box's headquarters to retrieve the absconded school files from the New Vindicators Academy; after learning who was behind the pandemic, the New Vindicators headed to Egypt. (NV #89-90)
June 1, 2009: Corey Ander's funeral (NV #92)
June 16, 2009: Miss Multiple attacks New York City. (NV #93)
June 19, 2009: The Vindicators versus the Basileus. (NV #99)
June 20, 2009: Dana O'Laughlin's funeral.
June 26, 2009: The Vindicators are reinstated. (NV #99)
July 1, 2009: Deimos attacks the New Vindicators Academy of America; Joshua Cron dies; Michael Luom dies; half of Magnus Loder dies. (NV #100)
September 8, 2009: Andrew Woodford's Neo-Sapien powers manifest; Chienne leads the newest class of New Vindicators (Pandora Filash, Gideon, Carl Hamilton, Lloyd Hilton, Ranaan and Razi Lumanta, Gage Morris, Maxwell Swift, Gregaro Vincentson), (NV #101)
October 2, 2009: Jude Bellows is expelled from the New Vindicators Academy of America (NV #102)
October 24, 2009: The Damned raises an army of undead (NV #103)
October 26, 2009: A group from the New Vindicators Academy of America visits the New Vindicators Academy of Europe (NV #104)
October 29, 2009: Remnants of Black Box activate Levi Carmichael, Jack Rexroth, and Doug Droll in an attempt to abduct Doctor Bethany Fisher (NV #104)
November 2, 2009: Elemenoh arrives and Raanan leaves (NV #105)
November 6, 2009: Gregaro opts to find Raanan; Justice and Absalom take hostages; Lloyd dies. (NV #106).
November 10, 2009: Lloyd Hilton's funeral (NV #107)
November 13, 2009: The New Vindicators locate Anomaly. (NV #109)
November 14, 2009: Doctor Howell's wedding (NV #109); Black Box activates Gregaro Vincentson; Gregaro and Gideon get their memories back (NV #110); Autumn Colbenson is activated and every Nephilim and Neo-Sapien on Earth have their powers suppressed (NV #111); a coalition of Vindicators and Affiliation move to stop her; Christmas Clark kills Autumn; Justice kills Chienne; Adonis declares war on humanity (NV #113)


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Supreme Court hearings on marriage a milestone in gay rights history
Washington --
The Supreme Court may not be ready to find a constitutional right to same-sex marriage, as posed Tuesday by California's Proposition 8, but on Wednesday a majority of the justices seemed offended that the federal government denies hundreds of protections and benefits to legally married gay and lesbian couples.
The double-barreled attack on laws banning same-sex marriage, as California does, or denying federal benefits to gay and lesbian married couples under the federal Defense of Marriage Act, is a milestone in the gay civil rights movement.
Historians say that movement began with New York's Stonewall riots in 1969. But standing Wednesday on the Supreme Court steps under the stone-etched words Equal Justice Under Law, Edie Windsor, the plaintiff who is attempting to overturn the federal law, moved that date to 1967.
Fighting tears, Windsor said that the "circle of diamonds" broach on her lapel was given to her that year by her late partner, Thea Spyer, in lieu of an engagement ring. The then-closeted Windsor feared a ring would draw scrutiny.
Windsor and Spyer were married in Canada in 2007. Their home state of New York later recognized the marriage. Spyer died of multiple sclerosis in 2009. Under the federal law also known as DOMA, Windsor was forced to pay the Internal Revenue Service $363,053 in estate taxes that she would not otherwise have owed.
She said she felt "no sense of inferiority" as she listened to the arguments Wednesday. "I felt very respected, and I think it's going to be good."
DOMA defines marriage as the union of one man and one woman for federal purposes, involving everything from taxes to immigration law.
On Wednesday, five of the court's nine justices, four liberals and swing Justice Anthony Kennedy, expressed deep skepticism over whether the law is constitutional.
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg said the law creates "two kinds of marriage: the full marriage and then this sort of skim-milk marriage."
Legal observers, while warning not to read too much into the arguments, speculated that the court could strike down DOMA's restrictions on federal benefits. If that were to happen, the federal government would be required to recognize same-sex marriages in the nine states (and the District of Columbia) that allow them. It would not affect the other states.
Kennedy seemed reluctant on Tuesday to strike down Proposition 8, approved by state voters in 2008, by finding a constitutional right to same-sex marriage, either in California or nationwide.
But under DOMA, Kennedy relied on a conservative federalism argument that looks askance at the federal government's intrusion on states. Few areas are more traditionally a state domain than marriage.
The federal law not only defines marriage for federal purposes, Kennedy said, but it imposes that definition on the states that allow gay and lesbian marriages.
When more than 1,100 federal laws involving benefits and legal protections are involved, "the federal government is intertwined with the citizens' day-to-day life (and) you are at real risk of running in conflict" with state authority, he said.
Justice Elena Kagan was among the most aggressive challengers of DOMA's constitutionality on equal protection grounds. Kagan ripped apart the argument from DOMA defense lawyer Paul Clement that Congress' intention when it passed the law in 1996 was merely to provide uniformity in marriage laws across the states.
Kagan quoted the House Judiciary Committee report, which said Congress wanted "to express moral disapproval of homosexuality."
"Do we really think that Congress was doing this for uniformity reasons," Kagan asked, "or do we think that Congress's judgment was infected by dislike, by fear, by animus and so forth?"
Chief Justice John Roberts pointed out that 84 senators had voted for the law in 1996, and asked whether they and President Bill Clinton, who signed the law, were all motivated by moral disapproval.
Not necessarily, replied Windsor's lawyer, Roberta Kaplan. "Times can blind," she said, and many lawmakers and others in 1996 had the "incorrect understanding that gay couples were fundamentally different than straight couples," a view that has substantially changed today.
Stanford Law professor Jane Schacter said it is possible that the four liberal justices - Ginsberg, Kagan, Sonia Sotomayor and Stephen Breyer - could strike down DOMA on equal protection grounds, joined by Kennedy on federalism grounds.
Several justices probed whether the court should even decide DOMA, questioning whether an obscure entity of the House of Representatives, the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group, has the legal standing to defend the law after President Obama and Attorney General Eric Holder stopped defending it in 2011.
The group consists of the five party leaders of the House: Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, Majority Leader Eric Cantor, R-Va., and majority whip Kevin McCarthy, R-Bakersfield, along with Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, D-San Francisco, and Minority Whip Steny Hoyer, D-Md.
Out-voting Pelosi and Hoyer, the three Republicans hired Clement, a former Solicitor General in the George W. Bush administration, to defend DOMA. They have spent about $3 million.
Pelosi said Wednesday that the Republicans "showed up one day," held the vote, "and never again did we meet."
Similar technical questions of legal standing affect the Prop. 8 case, where the initiative is being defended by its sponsors after Gov. Jerry Brown, Attorney General Kamala Harris and other California officials refused to do so.
The court, which is expected to rule on the cases in June, could hold that the supporters of both measures lack standing to defend them. That would send the Prop. 8 case back to California where it has been struck down by two courts, potentially legalizing same-sex marriage in California.
If the court were to find that the House Republican group has no standing in the DOMA case, Windsor would get a refund of her estate taxes, but the law would live, possibly to see another challenge.
San Francisco Chronicle legal reporter Bob Egelko contributed to this report.
Carolyn Lochhead is the San Francisco Chronicle's Washington correspondent. email@example.com


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HOT! New BIS 2.6 features released by RIM; expect rollout soon
RIM has begun publishing the Knowledge Base articles on new features and functions of BlackBerry Internet Service (BIS) version 2.6. Several new KB articles hit the BlackBerry Technical Solution Center today, detailing what we can expect from new BIS 2.6.
What and when? my sources say very soon. Check out the details, and ETA, after the jump?
Expect the roll out of BIS to come over the next 30 days? If you recall the BIS 2.5 provisioning from last July, you can will remember those ?down under? were first to see it. That?ll happen again?as in ?don?t blink this weekend, mate, G?day!?. Give it thirty days and we in North American will reap some BIS 2.6 love.
BIS 2.6 Features:
* IMAP integration of Gmail? webmail accounts. This integration protocol introduces the following benefits:
* Elimination of duplicate Gmail messages appearing as received email messages; and
* One-way synchronization of read status, sent items, and deleted items.
* GMail accounts which were integrated before BIS 2.6 will require deletion from the BIS and setting that account back up on the new BIS (which basically provides for the new service book to be pushed to your device).
* BlackBerry users will get the option to display password characters when configuring their email accounts with the BIS, making it easier, especially those using a SureType device.
Full article


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Shorter days. Cooler nights. A gardener's fancy turns to thoughts of bulbs: What's new this year? How can I boost color in the spring? How do I extend my bloom time? Solutions abound at the Fall Bulb Festival, the area's largest and most diverse bulb marketplace. The annual event sells more than 200,000 bulbs, from tried-and-true performers to more exotic varieties appealing to the connoisseur.
"We change the palette to include something new each year," said Stephanie Lindemann, manager of horticultural events. "We like to offer gardeners a wide choice of colors, growing habits, bloom times, and hardiness."
Gardeners seeking early signs of spring will be happy to see Crocus chrysanthus 'Blue Pearl' among this year's offerings. It's a favorite of horticulturist Tom Weaver, who oversees the Graham Bulb Garden. The pretty flower—pearlescent white, flamed with blue—brightened the Bulb Garden lawn last spring. It's also a good candidate to use in perennial borders, under trees and shrubs, and among ground covers.
Another newcomer, Narcissus 'Frosty Snow', builds in variety and interest with its color-changing ways. White petals open around a yellow cup, which slowly shifts from white with a yellow rim to pure white. "It's almost like getting three flowers with one bulb," Weaver said.
The deep orange of Tulipa kaufmanniana 'Early Harvest' can bring warmth and vibrancy to a spring garden, according to Weaver, who recommends partnering the "intensely" orange blooms with a blue anemone (Anemone) or squill (Scilla). 'Early Harvest' also offers a more compact height and perennializes well, making it a better bet to return year after year.
A vivid garden palette might benefit from Hyacinthus orientalis 'Pink Elephant'. Its large, fragrant flower spikes are the palest pink tinged with salmon. Such faint pastels and whites can have a calming effect in a garden and give the eye a place to rest, according to Weaver. Companion planted with a coral-cupped narcissus, 'Pink Elephant' could also be used to create a nostalgic feeling.
Allium 'Pink Jewel' can step up in early June, right after the tulips are done for the season. "It fills in the gap when there's not a lot blooming," Weaver says. The 6-inch flower clusters are composed of cheerful raspberry-sherbet pink florets with bright green centers.
Can't wait for spring? Pick up a fall-blooming crocus and plant it as soon as you get home. New among this year's offerings, you'll find Colchicum 'Violet Queen'. The large blooms combine beautifully with ground covers, providing a rich, purple color in September and October. 'Violet Queen' is pest resistant and naturalizes readily.
Learn more about new additions and old favorites at the Fall Bulb Festival on Saturday and Sunday, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Preview shopping for members only will take place from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Friday, October 10.
Expert staff will be on hand this weekend to describe the hundreds of tulips, narcissus, and specialty bulbs available. Explore diverse growing options, and discover innovative ways to incorporate bulbs into your garden design.
©2014 Chicago Botanic Garden and my.chicagobotanic.org


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Country Living editors select each product featured. If you buy from a link, we may earn a commission. More about us.
Through the height of the bridge craze, from the late 1920s through the '60s, groups of gal pals met regularly in homes across the country; the gatherings ranged from casual (coffee and cake) to elaborate luncheons, when a multi-course meal was served.
And — by today's standards, at least — the fare can earn a bad rap: "Food historians often look down on the dishes that became a huge part of sociable bridge," says Maggy Simony, author of Bridge Table or What's Trump Anyway. Think congealed molded salads, tea sandwiches, a range of dishes all tinted the same color — "these are the classic, Wasp-ish foods of ladies bridge lunch."
"The one thing a ladies lunch always was? Polite," says Michael Stern, who co-authored Square Meals with his wife, Jane. The couple's cookbook delves into all sorts of delightfully dated recipes, from Hawaiian Chicken and Pineapple Curry to an entire lineup for a pink party buffet — every dish, from gin cocktails splashed with grenadine, to an apple salad made with cherry Jell-O, boasts the hue.
Needless to say, the era left behind recipe after recipe of intriguingly period-specific grub. We compiled our five favorites — playful treats that are sure to be a crowd pleaser.
The beauty of serving gelatin dishes? A hostess is free to entertain with ease, while the ideal dish firms up in the fridge. The Sterns' recipe calls for using a heart-shaped mold (doubly appropriate for the finished product's deep red shade), but any mold will do.
2 tablespoons unflavored gelatin
1/4 cup cold water
1/4 cup boiling water
1 28-ounce can whole tomatoes, with juice
1 tablespoon chopped onion
1/2 teaspoon celery seed
1/4 teaspoon ground cloves
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon sugar
2 teaspoons lemon juice
Lettuce leaves
Soak gelatin in cold water, then add boiling water. Cook tomatoes, onion, celery seed, cloves, salt, and sugar for 15 minutes. Puree in food processor or blender. Add lemon juice and dissolved gelatin. Pour into 6 individual lightly oiled molds or a 4-cup mold. Chill until firm. Serve on crisp lettuce leaves with mayonnaise.
Serves 6.
Recipe courtesy of Square Meals by Jane and Michael Stern


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So today I was going to do a lookbook but then I decided the photos would be bad so yeah, a video it is. But then after that I decided to take some photos anyway haha. Just a rambling of my insignificant life... I'm kinda ill today and so tired :( Lack of sleep, plus my sister went off to uni today, which is half good because I get her room for a bit, but then again I'm a lonely child!
Well basically I noticed the lighting was okay so decided to do one. Anyway, the glasses are from www.proopticals.com and really remind me of my actual prescription ones, haha so I'm tempted to get my prescription in them so they can be my spare pair. Anyway hope you like.
12 comments:
- Anonymous2 October 2011 at 08:16
It'd be awesome if you do a room tour one dayReplyDelete
nice accent :pReplyDelete
You're too adorable!! (: Cute accent. hahahReplyDelete
love this accent <3 why don't you make a room tour? ;) xxxxReplyDelete
Enjoy your outfit. xReplyDelete
you are so cute in the video:))*ReplyDelete
and I love both your outfits:)) you are great hun <33
I'm ill too, been such nice weather the past week as well :(ReplyDelete
I love your outfit!ReplyDelete
It's so good find a fashion blogger with the same age that me!
I love your style and your blog is amazing!!!
you have such a cute vintage look!ReplyDelete
thankyou all for your comments and i may do a room tour then :) xxReplyDelete
God blessa youse -Fr. Sarducci, ol SNLReplyDelete
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Here's a recipe for fish fillets with a healthy dose of veg. The sauce is mild and not overpowering at all. Such a nice detour from the usual spicy or strong flavoured dishes we do with fish fillets. I got this from my good 'ol favourite Chinese Cuisine by Huang Su-Huei.
Fish Fillet with Broccoli
500 g white fish fillet
1 Tbsp cooking wine
1/2 tsp sea salt flakes
1 egg white - beaten lightly
1 1/2 Tbsp cornstarch
oil for frying
1 green onion - cut into 1/2-inch slices
6 slices ginger root - julienned
250 g broccoli - cut into small florets
1 tsp sea salt flakes
1 tsp sugar
dash of black pepper
dash of sesame oil
5 tbsp water
1 1/2 Tbsp cornstarch
- Mix all the ingredients for the sauce in a small bowl and set aside.
- Steam the broccoli for about 3 minutes or until just cooked. Set aside.
- Score the fish fillet lightly in criss-cross pattern.
- Cut the fillets in bite-sized pieces.
- Add cooking wine and salt. Mix well.
- Add in egg whites - mix.
- Add the cornstarch - mix again. Set aside for a few minutes.
- Heat a non-stick pan with about 1 1/2 Tbsp oil.
- Before frying add 2 Tbsp oil into the fish mixture and mix well.
- Once the pan and oil is hot, fry the fish fillets in batches until cooked.
- In a wok, heat about 2 Tbsp oil.
- Stir fry the green onion and ginger for about 30 seconds.
- Add in the broccoli. Stir fry for about 30 seconds until heated through.
- Add the fried fish fillets and the sauce.
- Turn the heat to high and stir quickly to mix.
- Remove from heat and dish up.


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Home Page › Herbal medicine › Rose: The love herb
Rose has been associated with love and romance for centuries. It looks, smells and tastes great, and is a beautiful remedy for a range of problems. The Greek poet Sapho named rose "the queen of flowers", but herbalists know it as "a hug in a bottle" for its ability to uplift the soul.
It was used traditionally to strengthen the heart, for digestive and menstrual problems, for coughs, inflammation and to relieve grief, depression and nervous tension. Modern studies have found that rose tincture and essential oil between them have sedative, anti-anxiety, pain relieving, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and bronchodilatory effects.
Rose can be used in many different forms, as an infusion, tincture, aromatic water, essential oil or syrup. Roman women used to dust themselves with powdered rose petals to keep themselves looking beautiful. The aromatic water is particularly good to add to a beauty regime, as it is astringent and antibacterial, so is good for toning the skin and preventing spots and blemishes. The tincture or infusion can be taken internally for the anti-depressant, anxiolytic, sedative, pain relieving, antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects, while the syrup makes a lovely cough mixture and is also used in cooking for its fragrant taste. The essential oil can be used in cosmetics or oil burners for its uplifting effect on the spirit and great smell.
I use rose and geranium essential oils in my rose face cream and body lotion as I love the smell and they are great for spot-prone skin. It lets you capture the smell of a summer day in a rose garden when it's cold and raining outside.
Boskabady MH, Shafei MN, Saberi Z, Amini S. Pharmacological effects of Rosa Damascena. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2011 14(4):295-307.


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As a Westminster nursing and health science student, you'll find a unique environment for learning that will add extra value to every aspect of your program. You'll be uniquely prepared to succeed in nursing- one of the nation's top profession in terms of predicted job growth- or public health- one of the most diverse and dynamic fields. You can work to improve the health care by being a Registered Nurse, Family Nurse Practitioner, Nurse Anesthetist, or Public Health Professional.
The baccalaureate degree program in nursing and master's degree program in nursing at Westminster College are accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, 655 K Street, NW, Suite 750, Washington DC 20001, (202)887-6791.
The broad-based, liberal arts courses that every Westminster student takes are of particular value to nursing and public health students. The more you know, the better you can relate to all kinds of people. And you'll develop the excellent communication skills crucial for success in all aspects of life.
The School of Nursing and Health Sciences is housed in Westminster's new and impressive Dolores Dore Eccles Health, Wellness, and Athletic Center. Our state-of-the-art educational facilities include teaching/learning laboratories that reflect real-world work environments:
You also have instant access to the wide range of health, wellness, and recreational resources located in our building, including a pool, running, track, two gyms, basketball, and racquetball courts, as well as cardiac workout, weight training, and aerobics facilities.
Your program includes clinical experiences in leading health care delivery systems, hospitals, clinics, and community settings. You have multiple opportunities to use the latest technology and equipment in state-of-the-art facilities.
Plus, in addition to Westminster's college-wide international experiences, you also have special options to participate in an international nursing student exchange offered through Payap University, McCormick School of Nursing in Thailand and international service-learning experiences through public health.


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The All Whites are coming to Dunedin!
The All Whites are coming to Dunedin!
The Road to Brazil winds through the Deep South as New Zealand takes on New Caledonia in their last home Oceania qualifier.
A win will guarantee the All Whites a place in
the intercontinental playoff against a CONCACAF (North and
Central American) nation in November 2013. This is your
chance to be part of the journey and to experience
international football in Dunedin for the first time in 25
Buy your tickets now
Ticket prices are the same across the stadium so get in quick to secure the best seats. You could even be part of the White Noise zone and enjoy a Kiwi sporting experience like no other.
So take the chance to do the Scarfie Samba on the Road to Brazil!
New Zealand v
New Caledonia
Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin
Friday March 22, 2013
Kick-off: 7:35pm
Pre Game-Day ticket
Adults - $35 plus booking costs
Students - $15 plus booking costs
Children (under 15) - $15 plus booking costs
Tickets prices increase on game-day.
Clubs and schools promotion. Enter your club or school name in the 'promo' field to go into the draw for fantastic prizes including $500 worth of equipment and a signed All Whites jersey for your club or school, thanks to ASB and Football World. Click here for more details.


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A Houston mom was fed up with her teenage son ignoring her calls and texts to his mobile phone. She'd call and call and he'd never pick up. Her texts seemed to be sent into a black hole.
Sharon Standifird decided something needed to be done and figured she could use modern technology to get Bradley to pick up the phone.
"We need to develop an app that just shuts their phone completely down and they can't even use it," Standifird told CBS News. "And I started — literally just started researching how to develop an app."
After months of research and working with developers, Standifird introduced "Ignore No More" last week. The app takes control of a teen's smartphone and shuts it down if he doesn't answer a call from a parent. Bradley can still call 911 or his mom — but he can't access any of his other contacts, games, videos or apps or browse the Internet. Once he calls his mom, she can reactivate Bradley's phone by entering a special password on her phone.
Standifird installed the app on her son's phone and she said it's working.
"Bradley needs to call me because I'm the person that has the unlock password," she told CBS.
"I thought it was a good idea, but for other people, not me,' Bradley jokingly chimed in.
Ignore No More is available for Android phones via Google Play; it costs $1.99.


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Items where Author / Artist / Editor is "Boyhan, Angela"
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Boyhan, Angela, Casimir, Colin M., French, John K., Teahan, Carmel G. and Segal, Anthony W. (1992) Molecular cloning and characterization of grancalcin, a novel EF-hand calcium-binding protein abundant in neutrophils and monocytes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267 (5) . pp. 2928-2933. ISSN 0021-9258


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Back On Time necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 104 diseños de 21 diseñadores freelance.
On Time
We are two very experienced independent developers. We usually work on large enterprisy systems, but lately we decided to move into smart phone development. We love great design, but unfortunately we're not very good at it. And this is where you can help us.
Our App, On Time runs on the iPhone and the iPod Touch. Our users tell the App when and where they want to be. The Apps then reminds them when they must leave and provides them with the best route to get there. Our typical customer is therefore someone who is senstive to the marketing and designs sirens from Cupertino, can afford an iPhone, likes punctuality and enjoys getting things done.
The functionality of our App can be described in 3 easy steps:
1. The user tells when and where she wants to be.
2. She receives a reminder (push notification) shortly before having to leave.
3. She navigates there using the map and the route On Time provides.
We have attached screenshots of the current functionality of the App.
The App is currently called Back On Time and this is the first step into rebranding it to On Time.
In this contest you will create a logo which will be used on our website and preferably also on the input screen of our App. Your logo will be designed in a such a way that it will either be possible to extract a suitable icon (for the AppStore and iPhone home screen) from it or your will provide a matching icon to it.
The required icon sizes are 512x512 pixels for the AppStore and 57x57 for the iPhone home screen. Keep this in mind when designing your logo/icon !
The central theme of On Time is based on 3 concepts: destination, arrival time and reminder. You are encouraged to integrate these in your design, but alternatives will also be considered.
Your design will be in Photoshop, Gimp or Paint.net format with all layers still intact.
We will provide feedback more than once per day.
Happy designing !
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Question: Some of the SQL Server instances I manage routinely have extremely large (multiple gigabytes) error logs because they are rebooted so infrequently. Trying to open an error log that large is really problematic. Is there a way that the error logs can be made smaller?
Answer: I completely sympathize with you. Very often when dealing with client systems we encounter similar problems. Thankfully there is an easy solution. (See also, "Choosing Default Sizes for Your Data and Log Files" and "Why is a Rolled-Back Transaction Causing My Differential Backup to be Large?").
The number of error logs is set to 6 by default, and a new one is created each time the server restarts. Old ones are renamed when a new one is created and the oldest is deleted. As you've noticed, this can lead to extremely large error log files that are very cumbersome to work with.
There is a registry setting 'NumErrorLogs' that controls the number of error log files to keep in the LOG directory. This can easily be changed through Management Studio. In Object Explorer for the instance, navigate to Management then SQL Server Logs. Right-click and select Configure as shown below.
This brings up the Configure SQL Server Error Logs dialog. Check the 'Limit the number of error log files before they are recycled' box and set your desired number of files – I usually choose 99. See the screenshot below.
This doesn't solve the size problem, but does mean that more error logs will be kept around. To solve the size problem, create a SQL Server Agent job that executes at some point every day and runs the command
EXEC sp_cycle_errorlog; GO
This causes a new error log file to be created and will prevent the error log becoming overly large on systems that do not reboot for a long time.


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General Nutrition Information
Is Malibu gluten free?
The processes of distillation should eliminate cereal proteins from distilled spirits drinks and therefore distilled drinks are generally accepted for a gluten-free diet. Please note however, that we cannot offer specific advice, and recommend that the individual should discuss these matters with their medical or dietetic advisors.
Does Malibu contain any allergens?
Below you will find a list of the most common allergens:
• Peanuts: None
• Tree nuts: Coconut
• Sesame seed: None
• Egg: None
• Shellfish: None
• Preservatives: None
• Soy: None
What is the shelf life of this product?
The shelf life of Malibu Rum is one year after opening. The shelf life is for best delivery of taste. After exceeding the time the flavor impact will begin to become noticeably less and would not represent the normal excellent quality expected.
Nutritional information on individual products is available on relevant product sites. Please find them here.
Full list of Malibu products and their nutritional values are available in the PDF document. Download it here.
For more information, contact us.


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User-Friendly Design
Most web sites get enough traffic, they just can't convert it!
Online shoppers want to find what they are looking for quickly and easily. If your web site is not easy to use, they will move on to a competitor in a matter of seconds! Our web site platform focuses on usability and marketing techniques that turn more browsers into shoppers.
WE use C-Navigation - the accepted standard for successful etailers.
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text: Who Needs Enemies: Warren Harding died of a stroke before his presidential term was finished. After his death, investigations revealed that many of the people Harding had appointed to office were dishonest and had taken bribes in exchange for government favors. Years later, President Hoover commented that Harding had been "betrayed by a few men whom he had trusted, by men who, he had believed, were his devoted friends." Either way, according to a 1962 poll of historians, Harding was considered one of the least effective presidents up to that time.


text:
Sometimes, a hero becomes so powerful, nothing can touch him or her. Take pre-Crisis Superman, who juggled planets and laughed off nukes. And sometimes, a villain is so unstoppable, your best defense is as much use as a cardboard box. Like the Borg. Or the Observers, who are an army of teleporting super-intelligent telepaths who can catch bullets and do kung-fu.
But which is worse: a hero who's too powerful, or a villain who's too powerful? You decide!


text:
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Country: United States
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Appellation: Oakville
Type: Cabernet Sauvignon
Vendor: Tony's Off Third
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Region: California
Appellation: Napa
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text:
Hey everyone,
I'm thinking of pursuing hockey in Norway next year. I'm a big defensive men, and have played at a junior A/B level. Thinking of playing in the 1st or 2nd division, not the top league. Anyone know what the pay/compensation is like at that level, also what is it comparable to. Any information would be useful. Thank you.


text:
Search our database of handpicked sites
Looking for a great physics site? We've tracked down the very best and checked them for accuracy. Just fill out the fields below and we'll do the rest.
You searched for "blackbody radiation", type: Website
We found 16 results on physics.org and 84 results in our database of sites
(of which 84 are Websites, 0 are Videos, and 0 are Experiments)
Search results on physics.org
The Herschel Space Observatory
How does sunscreen work?
Could your phone harm your health?
The Radioactive Orchestra
How do 'invisibility cloaks' work?
What is radioactivity?
Why is there more matter than antimatter?
All about... supernovae
6 Things you may not know about the afterglow of the big bang
What is proton therapy?
What is a solar flare?
Particle accelerators to the rescue
What is a kilogram?
Nobel-prize winning accidents
What is cosmic inflation?
Alien spotting comes down to Earth
Blackbody Radiation
Blackbody radiation refers to an object or system which absorbs all radiation incident upon it and re-radiates energy which is characteristic of this radiating system.
Blackbody radiation and the "ultraviolet catastropheâ€
The story of the blackbody radiation and the ultraviolet catastrophe which eventually led to quantum mechanics.
Planck's Hypothesis
In order to explain the frequency distribution of radiation from a hot cavity (blackbody radiation) Planck proposed the ad hoc assumption that the radiant energy could exist only in discrete quanta ...
Blackbody Radiation
A good introductory page to this topic.
The awesome physics in a simple sparkler
There's a lot of physics behind the simple firework. This blog post looks at temperatures, blackbody radiation and electron transfers.
Ionising Radiation and Health
Radiation can interact with surrounding matter to produce positively and negatively charged particles (a type of electricity). This process is called ionisation, hence the term ionizing radiation.
Synchrotron Radiation
When moving charges spiral in a magnetic field, they produce radiation as a result of their accelerations which is called synchrotron radiation.
Hyperphysics - Radiation Risk
Units of radiation, description of risk of radiation, comparing old and new units with good links to other relevant parts of the site.
What Is Ionizing Radiation?
This fact sheet describes ionizing radiation, how it behaves and how it can affect human health. Three types of ionizing radiation are alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.
A range of very good information on various radiation risks such as mobiles and power lines.


text:
Now what?! That's what many of us ask when looking into the face of a newly adopted dog. This book has the answers, from how to handle home-comings, what to do (and not do) the first day, week and month, why older dogs still need to be house trained the minute you bring them home, and why it can take time for some dogs to bond with you. Every puppy is a new dog, BUT not every new dog is a puppy. Bringing home a mature dog requires faith and patience, and you can count on McConnell and London to be there with you every step of the way. Included is a summary of common behavioral problems like separation anxiety, house training, chewing, resource guarding, fear-based behavior and trouble between dogs along with an extensive resource section on where to find more help if you need it.
Many buyers have purchased multiple copies and donated them to their local shelter or rescue group.
We say "Woof Woof" to that!
Click here for fundraising ideas and to see how others are helping support local shelters and humane societies.
Click here to read stories from the rescue dogs pictured in Love Has No Age Limit.
Everyone involved in the production of this book, from authors to printers, agreed to donate a significant amount of their costs or fees, allowing cash-strapped organizations to distribute the book to every family adopting a dog. We would especially like to thank Julie Mueller and Jennifer Weitzman of Jam Graphics, and Diane Erickson and Alan Scheidegger of Suttle-Straus for their generous care and concern for homeless dogs everywhere.
Shelters, Rescues, Foster Homes
This comprehensive yet simple book is designed to go home with every dog you place. Increase the adoptability of your rescues by preparing potential families to address all the issues that come along with adopting an adolescent or adult dog. We've heard from many shelters who tell us that their successful adoption rate has substantially increased after handing it out. Here are some fundraising ideas for purchasing multiple copies.
1st Time and Experienced Adoptive Parents
Whether you've done this a dozen times or this is your first dog, let McConnell and London be your "pack back up" system to help you through the transition. Everyone has a worrisome moment of "What Have I Done?" and this book helps you realize you're not alone!
Trainers & Behaviorists
Increasingly, your clients are welcoming adolescent or adult dogs into their homes. That's a wonderful thing, but it does create a unique set of challenges. Bridge the gap between your comprehensive understanding of dog behavior and the first time dog owner's. Let this book help you guide your clients through the "honeymoon" period and into a long and happy life with their new best friend.
Veterinarians/Veterinary Technicians
Many of the "new" dogs of your clients are adopted from shelters and rescues, and the standard "Puppy Package" doesn't fit the bill. Be the clinic your clients can count on by providing specific information about easing adopted dogs into their new homes with minimum stress and behavioral problems.
""A one-of-a-kind educational jewel."
-Cathy Baier
Florida Keys SPCA
"I can't say enough good things about this book. I want to buy 500 copies and give them
to local shelters as required reading for anyone considering adopting an adult dog."
-Adrienne Hovey,
Managing Editor, The APDT Chronicle of the Dog
"If you are considering adopting a dog from a shelter then Love Has No Age Limit will
be your perfect companion. Packed with great information, this book will make the
transition period from shelter to home a lot easier for you and your dog. For shelters,
Love Has No Age Limit will give adopters a unique support system, thereby increasing
the rate of successful adoptions by helping to keep dogs in their new homes."
-Victoria Stilwell,
Animal Planet's It's Me or the Dog
"They say, you can't judge a book by its cover but as soon as I saw the dear old dog on
the cover of Patricia McConnell and Karen London's Love Has No Age Limit, I just knew
I would love the book. And I do. Yet another outrageous success by Patricia and Karen.
I have always been a champion of adopting adult dogs and this book is most certainly
a valuable resource for anyone welcoming an adult dog into their home.
Yes, you can teach an old dog new tricks. Let Patricia and Karen show you how."
-Dr. Ian Dunbar,
DVM, founder of the Association of Pet Dog Trainers
"Love has No Age Limit is the book shelter dogs have been praying for. This book takes the worry out of adopting adolescent and adult dogs--who comprise most of the dogs who end up at shelters. This wonderful new book is like having two of America's top dog trainers right beside you from the moment you take your new dog home. With calm, friendly, specific language, Patricia McConnell and Karen London give you the guidance you need to give an adopted dog the forever home he or she deserves, and to turn a homeless animal into
a loving and beloved member of your family."
- Sy Montgomery, author of
The Good Good Pig and Birdology
"If you've decided to adopt a furry homeless stranger, this book is your perfect resource.
You'll provide love for your new dog, while Drs. McConnell and London will provide
practical, accurate advice so you can avoid common mistakes and spark a life-long friendship."
-Kathy Sdao, MA, ACAAB, Bright Spot Dog Training
"At last, a practical, concise guide for welcoming home your adopted dog.
This book and your new four-legged family member—the perfect match!"
-Meg Boscov, CPDT-KA, Co-founder of Mutt Match, Philadelphia, PA
"Giving an animal a second chance at a forever home is truly a special thing.
This book is a wonderful resource for anyone considering adopting a dog into their family."
-Pam McCloud Smith, Executive Director
Dane County Humane Society, Madison, WI
"At last animal shelters and rescues have a reasonably priced and well written book to send home with adopters. Love Has No Age Limit is easy to read and covers everything the new owner of an adult dog should know before and after they bring their new family member home to ensure a successful transition.
HAWS will be encouraging all of our dog adopters to obtain and read a copy of this book."
- Khris Erickson, CPDT-KA
Human Educator at HAWS, Waukesha, WI
Description: Paperback
Publisher: McConnell Publishing Limited
Edition: 1st
Language: English
Product Dimensions: 8.5 x 5.5 inches
Author: Patricia McConnell PhD and Karen London PhD
Publish date: June 2011
Number of pages: 96


text:
Art Throb (artthrob.org) is a fictional website in Grand Theft Auto IV that showcases ongoing or upcoming exhibitions at art galleries and museums throughout Liberty City.
Being an art site, the front page of Artthrob.org is occupied by an introductory prose that discusses the merits of postmodern and abstract art. However, the website's contents is likely intended by GTA IV's game developer to poke fun at the concept of modern art itself, and the idea that anything, regardless of the effort taken to create it, can be regarded as art.
The page leads the player to three more subpages, each explaining exhibitions being held or to be held in one of the city's three art galleries and museum. They include:
- Exhibitions of works by Philips Van Der Philip and Adam Biggs at the Randolf Art Center;
- Exhibitions of works by Bao and Simon & Nigel at the National Union of Contemporary Arts (NUCA).
- Upcoming exhibitions at the then closed Libertonian.
Each posted exhibition (except The Libertonian's) includes "critical commentary" that includes recommendations or interpretations of the artworks, although it may also be implied the artworks on display are nauseating, confusing or revolting to look at.
- Typing "artthrob.org" in on any browser will send the user to the Rockstar Games GTA IV website.


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Why do corporations give?
Corporations give for a variety of reasons: some may have a feeling of social responsibility, while others use philanthropy to improve relations with their employees, community, and unions. Therefore, to win the corporate game nonprofits need to prove their importance to and impact in the community, or show how it benefits the company and their employees. The best way to approach corporate funders is to relate your request to their corporate goals and show the results of your work will benefit their employees, environment, or corporate image.
How are they giving?
Employee Matching Contributions: Corporations will match funds that are donated by an employee to a charity. This is a way for companies to donate only to those charities in which their employees are involved.
Corporate Grants: As discussed on the Foundation page, Corporations set up foundations to stabilize their funding stream so it is not based on their profits. From the foundation they donate to nonprofits in the form of grants.
Volunteer Time: Some corporations will allow their employees to volunteer their time during work hours or for a set amount of time for service projects.
Marketing: The business uses the nonprofits name or project in its marketing campaign in exchange for a contribution. A good example is the Target/Visa program which donates money to local schools.
Product Development: Corporations work with nonprofits that contribute to a testing of one of their products.
Library Resources:
Directory of Missouri Grantmakers (5th ed.)
NP R658.1522 Directory
A listing of Foundations that give money in Missouri, and provides some information about the Foundation's size, interests, total giving, and more.
Foundation Directory Online Professional (In Library Use Only)
Foundation Directory Online Professional provides access to an unprecedented wealth of timely, comprehensive information on grantmakers and their grants. Included is a database of over 92,000 foundations, corporate giving programs, and grantmaking public charities in the U.S.; a database of nearly 3,600 sponsoring companies, offering a quick pathway to corporate funders; a database of over 1.3 million recently awarded grants; and a keyword-searchable database of over 527,000 recently filed IRS Forms 990 and 990-PF.
The Foundation Directory
NPR 361.06025 Foundation
The Foundation Directory offers information on the nation's top 10,000 foundations by total giving. It also includes descriptions on over 51,000 selected grants.
Foundation Center's 990 Finder :
Displays contact information only.


text:
Dream Deferred
I have distinct memories of waking up in the middle of the night and walking out to the kitchen and seeing him from the back, hunched silently over an assignment at the kitchen table under the circular fluorescent ceiling light, drawing board tilted on the table, his pencils and brushes spread around him, the blue smoke of exhaled tobacco swirling in the air, completely unaware of my presence. As I grew older, my mother's frequent rehashings of this chapter from their married life took on broader meaning and I became more aware of the narcissistically sadistic gratification with which she would conclude the tale, often in front of him; about how the long sleepless nights, the coffee and cigarettes eventually gave him a bleeding ulcer which put him in the hospital and forced him to quit the course. How he packed up all his assignment books, his finished and unfinished pieces with the notes and corrections from the instructors, put them neatly in a suitcase, put it in the attic and never looked at them again. How once again, part of a long litany of once agains, she was proved right and his poor choice, which caused such disruption and stress in their lives, had resulted in failure. Had he just listened to her in the first place this miserable ending could have been avoided. Years later as an adult, a professional, a husband, a parent, I couldn't help but suspect that more than cigarettes, coffee and sleepless nights, it was her constant opposition and relentless nagging during this very critical and sincere quest that put him in the hospital and made him forsake a dream.
My father may have sequestered his suitcase full of assignments to the attic never to look at them again but as a kid I discovered it while doing some exploration in the darker recesses of that unfinished space in the house. I would often times go upstairs, pull the suitcase from the shadows, open it in the light coming through one of the small windows and look at all he did. I would devour the over 20 instructional books that made up the course, study his assignments, the commentary and corrections on overlays from his instructors, and compare their corrections to what he had done. It completely fascinated and awed me. There was something almost magical about this hidden world and in an unconscious way these repeated visits to his abandoned studies were planting the seeds of inspiration to a future decision about my own life. Neither one of us was aware of it at the time but a torch was being passed and I was to bring to fruition what he couldn't.
On rare occasions over the course of a next decade or two he would pull out his pastels and render something from a photo or painting that appealed to him. During these projects he labored with a grim, burdened concentration. Never did he refer to the correspondence course or his crushed hopes of a career as a working artist. As if to add insult to injury my mother would find inspiration at these times to start a rendering of her own, just to show him how good she was.
The great scholar of mythologies, Joseph Campbell, talked of the tragedy of people not following their bliss. He tells a story of sitting in a restaurant overhearing an argument at the table next to him where the father is telling the child to drink his juice and the child refusing. The mother interjects and says to the father, "Don't make him do what he doesn't want to do." The father responds, "If he does only what he wants to do, he'll be dead. Look at me. I've never done a thing I've wanted to in my whole life." My father was a very closed off person when he wasn't in an impotent rage. He seemed to spend a great deal of his internal life in a very dark space. He came to life only when talking of his past, pre-1945, as a soccer player, a youthful mountain climber, a cross country skier and hiker who would disappear for weeks in the woods encountering blinding snow storms or gigantic stags. Of his times in the military, the brutality of training camp, the cruelty of his officers, the horror of endless waves of B-24s bombing his positions for hours on end driving many who were not killed to madness. Once, only once, late in his life when he was still willing to be present and connected, he told of watching the bombing of Dresden while on retreat; of how the incendiary bombs fell in such dense clusters that they collided in mid air and the entire sky seemed to rain fire on the city. I and my sons remember to this day the silence that fell among us at the dining room table.
His greatest joy, and the only way to see him genuinely laugh, was in telling stories about his high school years, the eccentric and usually harsh instructors, and of course the beatings that came from doing something wrong or mischievous in class. But that was all long ago. He never ever spoke in present time about his life or thoughts. Everything seemed to have ended around 1950. I used to think it was his inability to adjust to America that shut him down. I suspect, on further reflection and from connecting the many dots, that it was a series of crushed dreams, and a strangled sense of freedom and creativity that made him the dead, disengaged man we often saw in the house. A lifetime that consisted of doing what he thought was expected of him- being a husband, a father, working in a factory instead of behind a drawing table, never doing anything he really wanted to do.
90 seconds. The time that had elapsed between my father dying and our arrival at the nursing home. The call had come late in the afternoon from the nurse to inform me that his condition had taken a turn for the worse, that he probably wasn't expected to survive the weekend. He was in a very weak and wretched state just two nights before when I stopped by and responded neither to my conversation nor touch. I had been working in the garden and planned on seeing him later in the evening anyway, but responded to the nurse that I would be coming by as soon as I could. A deathbed vigil seemed a very likely scenario for the weekend.
A quick shower to clean off all the dirt, some clean clothes and Terri and I were off to the nursing facility. We were very low on gas and I stopped at the station to fill the tank. It's impossible not to think that that time spent refueling was the critical time lost. I suppose it doesn't matter. That it shouldn't matter. When we arrived the aides were still holding his hands. He had acknowledged that he was aware of their presence by squeezing their hands on request before passing away. A final example of his selective deafness of the past decade. He was not in pain; he was technically not alone when he died. He had tears in his eyes at the moment of his death. Hearing that from the nurse more than anything else upset me because it took me off guard. Were they tears of joy or of fear? Were they tears of awe at some vision he was seeing? Were they tears of relief, surrender and deliverance? Were they tears of a great sadness and regret? God knows he was so sick and tired of his current condition, and of the humiliation of requiring assistance to manage his basic needs. Most certainly he longed to escape a life that had so thoroughly disappointed him, that had turned out nothing like he had probably hoped for as a young man. I thought for a brief moment that had I been there I could have deciphered a clue to the tears, but the uncomfortable truth was that the answer would have remained his locked within him.


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At the maritime injury law firm of Latti & Anderson LLP in Boston and New Bedford, our lawyers represent injured clients from New England, across the East Coast, West Coast and around the country. Through special motions (pro hac vice) and teaming up
Address: 30-31 Union Wharf, Boston, MA 02109
Phone: (617) 523-1000
Address: 1 Northbrook Pl., 5 Revere Dr., Ste. 200, Northbrook, IL 60062
Phone: (847) 334-9188
Representing Maritime Workers
Address: 5821 Southwest Freeway,, Suite 422, Houston, TX 77057
Phone: (800)-773-6770


text:
Report: Agencies blindsided by Trump immigration order
WASHINGTON (AP) - Nonpartisan congressional investigators say immigration and health officials were blindsided by President Donald Trump's "zero tolerance" policy on migrants crossing the southwest border this spring.
The Government Accountability Office says that rapidly triggered a cascade of problems as agencies struggled with the fallout from family separations. The critical report from the GAO was released Wednesday.
More than 2,500 children ended up in government shelters until Trump was forced to cancel the policy under intense political pressure and a federal judge ordered families reunited.
The White House is considering a tougher immigration stance as a caravan of migrants slowly heads north from Central America.
The GAO report stands as a cautionary tale. It dissects what can happen when a major change in government policy gets launched without much advance planning.


text:
Marketing deserves a 360-degree view.
Your customers expect you to know who they are and what they're interested in, regardless of how they interact with you. While marketing insights began in web analytics, you can now get a 360-degree view of individual customers based on insights gathered both on- and offline. Customer-driven data helps you understand individual journeys in full, so you can deliver experiences that perfectly fit with each customer's needs and preferences.
Data without intelligence is history.
It's not enough to react anymore — customers expect you to anticipate. While customers are getting increasingly less predictable, marketers need to use solutions that can adjust based on evolving behaviors. A new customer intelligence has emerged that combines analytics with artificial intelligence. It sees the way customers interact with your brand, observes their behavior and patterns, and then anticipates their needs so you can adjust your interactions accordingly — even automatically.
Fuel optimizations with insights.
While consumer expectations are rising, so are the expectations of stakeholders. Centralizing data so insights are easily accessible throughout your organization is key to finding the best path, best experiences, and most competitive business strategies. Team members should be able to gain deep insights without the need of data scientists. You need to be able to easily interpret performance and conversion rates, so you can continually optimize against KPIs throughout the customer journey.
Now foresight is 20/20.
With Adobe, you can push the limits of data. Move beyond marketing analytics and combine deep insights with artificial intelligence that answers the unasked questions. Data-driven marketing is now more than informed experiences — it's completely integrated and predictive. Give your customers experiences that use insights from all their interactions, so they feel as though you can read their minds.
Let data drive your experiences.
No matter the industry, data enhances your ability to engage customers. See how various industries benefit from data-driven marketing.


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Census Records for North Dakota
This entry was originally written by Beth H. Bauman and Marsha Hoffman Rising, CG, FUGA, FASG for Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources.
Population Schedules
• Indexed'1850 as Pembina County, Minnesota Territory; 1860, as unorganized Dakota; 1870, as Dakota Territory; special 1885 (see below), 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930
• Soundex'1900, 1920
Industry and Agriculture Schedules
• Agriculture'1870, 1880
Mortality Schedules
• 1860, 1870, 1880 Indexed as Dakota Territory; 1885
Union Veterans Schedules
• 1890
The first federal census records available for this area can be found with the 1836 Iowa Territory census. North Dakota State Archives and Historical Research Library of the State Historical Society of North Dakota (see North Dakota Archives, Libraries, and Societies) holds microfilmed copies of 1850 Pembina County Minnesota; 1860, 1870, and 1880 of Dakota Territory; the 1890 Union veterans and widows census; the 1900 census, including Soundex; and 1910 census. Dakota Territory agriculture schedules for 1870 and 1880 are on microfilm at the South Dakota State Historical Society.
The 1857 census for Pembina County, then part of Minnesota Territory, is located at the State Archives and Historical Research Library.
Part of the special, pre-statehood, federal 1885 census is available in print (see Collections under Background Sources for North Dakota). Only part of the indexing has been completed by AISI and is also available at www.ancestry.com. This schedule included a special veterans and mortality return. This and the unindexed 1915 and 1925 state censuses are available on microfilm at the State Archives and Historical Research Library and through interlibrary loan.
Native American
Several series of censuses were taken at the different reservations. Indexing is variable. Unless otherwise indicated, the State Archives and Historical Research Library retains these censuses:
• Fort Totten Reservation: 1885'1905, 1910'39
• Fort Berthold Reservation: 1889'93, 1895'1939
• Standing Rock Reservation: 1885'1913, 1915'39 (located at National Archives'Central Plains Region in Kansas City)
• Turtle Mountain Reservation: 1885'1905 (with Fort Totten Reservation), 1910'39
• Digger Indians: 1899'1904, 1915'20
External Links
- North Dakota Census Records - free up-to-date guide to accessing North Dakota census records. Identifies federal, state, and territorial censuses, as well as substitute records (FamilySearch Research Wiki).