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Network Working Group L-E. Jonsson INTERNET-DRAFT P. Kremer Expires: October 2005 Ericsson April 4, 2005 ROHC Implementer's Guide <draft-ietf-rohc-rtp-impl-guide-11.txt> Status of this memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of RFC 3668. By submitting this Internet-Draft, I (we) accept the provisions of Section 3 of RFC 3978 (BCP 78). Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress". The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.html The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html This document is a submission of the IETF ROHC WG. Comments should be directed to the ROHC WG mailing list, email@example.com. Abstract This document describes common misinterpretations and some ambiguous points of RFC 3095, which defines the framework and four profiles of a robust and efficient header compression scheme. The members of the ROHC working group have identified these issues during implementation and at the various interoperability test events. Jonsson, et al. [Page 1]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 Table of Contents 1. Introduction.....................................................3 2. CRC calculation and coverage issues..............................3 2.1. CRC calculation.............................................3 2.2. Padding octet in CRC........................................3 2.3. CRC coverage in CRC feedback options........................3 2.4. CRC coverage of the ESP NULL header.........................4 3. Enhanced mode transition procedures..............................4 3.1. Modified transition logic for enhanced transitions..........4 3.2. Transition from Reliable to Optimistic mode.................5 3.3. Transition to Unidirectional mode...........................6 4. Timestamp encoding considerations................................6 4.1. Encoding used for compressed TS bits........................6 4.2. (De)compression of TS without transmitted TS bits...........6 4.3. Interpretation intervals for TS encoding....................7 4.4. TS_STRIDE for scaled timestamp encoding.....................8 4.5. TS wraparound with scaled timestamp encoding................8 4.6. Recalculating TS_OFFSET.....................................9 4.7. TS_STRIDE and the Tsc flag in Extension 3...................9 5. List compression issues..........................................9 5.1. Generic extension header list...............................9 5.2. CSRC list items in RTP dynamic chain.......................10 5.3. RTP dynamic chain..........................................10 5.4. Compressed lists in UO-1-ID packets........................10 5.5. Bit masks in list compression..............................11 5.6. Headers compressed with list compression...................11 5.7. ESP NULL header list compression...........................11 6. Updating properties.............................................11 6.1. Implicit updates...........................................11 6.2. Updating properties of UO-1*...............................12 7. Context management and CID/context re-use.......................12 7.1. Compressor and decompressor MUST keep MAX_CID contexts.....12 7.2. CID/context re-use.........................................12 7.2.1. Re-using a CID/context with the same profile..........13 7.2.2. Re-using a CID/context with a different profile.......13 7.3. Context updating properties for IR packets.................13 8. Other protocol clarifications...................................14 8.1. Meaning of NBO.............................................14 8.2. IP-ID......................................................14 8.3. Extension-3 in UO-1-ID packets.............................14 8.4. Extension-3 in UOR-2* packets..............................15 8.5. Multiple SN options in one feedback packet.................15 8.6. Multiple CRC options in one feedback packet................15 8.7. Packet decoding during mode transition.....................15 8.8. How to respond to lost feedback links?.....................16 8.9. What does "presumed zero if absent" mean on page 88?.......16 8.10. UOR-2 in profile 2 (UDP)..................................16 8.11. Sequence number LSB's in IP extension headers.............16 8.12. Expecting UOR-2 ACKs in O-mode............................16 8.13. Compression of SN in AH and GRE extension headers.........17 Jonsson, et al. [Page 2]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 9. ROHC negotiation clarifications.................................17 10. PROFILES suboption in ROHC-over-PPP............................18 11. Test configuration.............................................18 12. Security considerations........................................19 13. IANA considerations............................................19 14. Acknowledgment.................................................19 15. Normative references...........................................19 16. Authors' Addresses.............................................19 Appendix A - Sample CRC algorithm..................................20 Appendix B - Potential improvements in updated profiles............22 1. Introduction ROHC [1] defines a robust and efficient header compression algorithm, and its description is rather long and complex. During the implementation and the interoperability tests of the algorithm some unclear areas have been identified. This document tries to collect and clarify these points. Note that all section and chapter references in this document refer to [1], if not stated otherwise. 2. CRC calculation and coverage issues 2.1. CRC calculation ROHC uses CRC checksum in order to provide some protection against bit errors. CRC is used in the segmentation protocol and in the compressed packets, as well. Section 188.8.131.52 describes the segmentation protocol and refers to [3], which describes a well-defined CRC algorithm for 32 bit checksums. Although, Section 5.9 only defines the polynomials for 3, 7 and 8-bit long checksum, the same algorithm can be used in these cases as well. A PERL implementation of the algorithm (written by Carsten Bormann) can be found in Appendix A. 2.2. Padding octet in CRC According to Section 5.9.1, in case of IR and IR-DYN packets the CRC "is calculated over the entire IR or IR-DYN packet, excluding Payload and including CID or Add-CID octet". Padding isn't meant to be meaningful part of a packet and not included in CRC calculation. As a result, CRC doesn't cover the Add-CID octet for CID 0, either. 2.3. CRC coverage in CRC feedback options Section 18.104.22.168 states "The CRC option contains an 8-bit CRC computed over the entire feedback payload, without the packet type and code octet, but including any CID fields, using the polynomial of section 5.9.1". However, it does not mention how the "size" field is handled, Jonsson, et al. [Page 3]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 if present. Since the "size" field can be considered an extension of the "code" field, it must be treated as the "code" field, i.e. the "size" field is not covered by the CRC. 2.4. CRC coverage of the ESP NULL header Section 5.8.7 gives the CRC coverage of the ESP NULL header as "Entire ESP header". This should be interpreted as being only the initial part of the header (i.e. SPI and Sequence number), and not the trailer part at the end of the payload. Therefore, the ESP NULL header will have the same CRC coverage as the ESP header used in the ESP profile (section 184.108.40.206). 3. Enhanced mode transition procedures To reduce transmission overhead and computational complexity (including CRC calculation) associated with feedback packets sent for each decompressed packet during mode transition, a decompressor can be implemented with slightly modified mode transition procedures, compared to those defined in [1]. These modifications affect transitions to Optimistic and Unidirectional modes of operation, i.e. the transitions described in sections 5.6.5 and 5.6.6 of [1], and make those transition diagrams more consistent with the diagram describing the transition to R-mode. However, the differences between the original diagrams of [1] were motivated by robustness concerns for mode transitions to Optimistic and Unidirectional modes. To avoid deadlock situations in mode transitions, these aspects must be addressed also when a decompressor implements the enhanced transition procedures, and that is done by following a slightly modified definition of the decompressor transition states. All aspects related to implementation of the enhanced transition procedures are described in subsequent chapters. Note that these modified operations should be seen only as an improved decompressor implementation, since interoperability is not at all affected. A decompressor implemented according to the optimized procedures would be able to interoperate with an RFC3095 compressor, as well as a decompressor implemented according to the procedures described in RFC3095 would do. 3.1. Modified transition logic for enhanced transitions The intent with these enhanced transition procedures is to allow the decompressor to stop sending feedback packets for all packets decompressed during the second half of the transition procedure, i.e. after an appropriate IR/IR-DYN/UOR-2 packet has been received from the compressor. In the transition diagrams, sections 3.2 and 3.3 below, this is realized by allowing the decompressor transition parameter (D_TRANS) to be set to P (Pending) at that stage. However, as mentioned above, there are robustness concerns related to this Jonsson, et al. [Page 4]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 optimization, and to avoid deadlock situations with never completed transitions as a result of feedback losses, the decompressor must continue to send feedback at least periodically, also when in Pending transition state. That would be the equivalence of enhancing the D_TRANS parameter definition in section 5.6.1 of [1], to include a definition of Pending state operation. - D_TRANS: Possible values for the D_TRANS parameter are (I)NITIATED, (P)ENDING and (D)ONE. D_TRANS MUST be initialized to D, and a mode transition can be initiated only when D_TRANS is D. While D_TRANS is I, the decompressor sends a NACK or ACK carrying a CRC option for each packet received. When D_TRANS is set to P, the decompressor do not have to send a NACK or ACK for each packet received, but it MUST continue to send feedback on a regular basis, and all feedback packets sent MUST include the CRC option. This ensures that all mode transitions will be completed also in case of feedback losses. 3.2. Transition from Reliable to Optimistic mode The enhanced procedure for transition from Reliable to Optimistic mode is shown below: Compressor Decompressor ---------------------------------------------- | | | ACK(O)/NACK(O) +-<-<-<-| D_TRANS = I | +-<-<-<-<-<-<-<-+ | C_TRANS = P |-<-<-<-+ | C_MODE = O | | |->->->-+ IR/IR-DYN/UOR-2(SN,O) | | +->->->->->->->-+ | |->-.. +->->->-| D_TRANS = P |->-.. | D_MODE = O | ACK(SN,O) +-<-<-<-| | +-<-<-<-<-<-<-<-+ | C_TRANS = D |-<-<-<-+ | | | |->->->-+ UO-0, UO-1* | | +->->->->->->->-+ | | +->->->-| D_TRANS = D | | Jonsson, et al. [Page 5]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 3.3. Transition to Unidirectional mode The enhanced procedure for transition to Unidirectional mode is shown on the following figure: Compressor Decompressor ---------------------------------------------- | | | ACK(U)/NACK(U) +-<-<-<-| D_TRANS = I | +-<-<-<-<-<-<-<-+ | C_TRANS = P |-<-<-<-+ | C_MODE = U | | |->->->-+ IR/IR-DYN/UOR-2(SN,U) | | +->->->->->->->-+ | |->-.. +->->->-| D_TRANS = P |->-.. | | ACK(SN,U) +-<-<-<-| | +-<-<-<-<-<-<-<-+ | C_TRANS = D |-<-<-<-+ | | | |->->->-+ UO-0, UO-1* | | +->->->->->->->-+ | | +->->->-| D_TRANS = D | | D_MODE= U 4. Timestamp encoding considerations 4.1. Encoding used for compressed TS bits RTP Timestamp values (TS) are always encoded using W-LSB encoding, both when sent scaled and when sent unscaled. For TS values sent in Extension 3, W-LSB encoded values are sent using the self-describing variable-length format (section 4.5.6), and this applies to both scaled and unscaled values. 4.2. (De)compression of TS without transmitted TS bits RFC 3095 explains that SO-state provides the most efficient compression within ROHC RTP. In this state, apart from packet type identification and the error detection CRC, only RTP sequence number (SN) bits have to be transmitted in RTP compressed headers. All other fields are then omitted either because they are unchanged or because they can be reconstructed through a function from the SN (i.e. by combining the transmitted SN bits with state information from the context). Although it is never spelled out explicitly what fields are inferred from the SN in this way, one should be able to figure out that this principle applies to the IP Identification (IP-ID) field and the RTP Timestamp (TS) field. IP-ID compression and decompression, both with and without transmitted IP-ID bits in the compressed header, are well defined in Jonsson, et al. [Page 6]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 section 4.5.5 (see section 8.2 of this document). However, for TS it is only defined how to decompress based on actual TS bits in the compressed header, either scaled or unscaled, but not how to infer the TS from the SN, i.e. the SO-state operation. Although the general idea is simple, the actual operation must be clearly defined to ensure interoperability. There are also inconsistent text pieces that might confuse an implementer and result in non-interoperable implementations. This section therefore provides the necessary clarifications to SN-to-TS decompression, i.e. decompression of TS (scaled or unscaled) when no TS bits are transmitted in the compressed header. When no TS bits are transmitted in the compressed header, the encoded TS value (scaled or unscaled) is to be decompressed assuming a linear extrapolation from the SN, i.e. delta_TS = delta_SN * default-slope. Section 5.7 defines the potential values for default-slope as: If value(Tsc) = 1, Scaled RTP Timestamp encoding is used before compression (see section 4.5.3), and default-slope(TS) = 1. If value(Tsc) = 0, the Timestamp value is compressed as-is, and default-slope(TS) = value(TS_STRIDE). What must be noted here is that no slope value is used other than the default-slope value, as defined in section 5.7. There is confusing text in section 126.96.36.199 that might mistakenly be interpreted as if the slope can have different values and be "learned", which is incorrect. The default-slope from 5.7 is always the value used when decompressing TS based on SN. 4.3. Interpretation intervals for TS encoding Section 4.5.4 defines the interpretation interval, p, for timer-based compression of the RTP timestamp. However, Section 5.7 defines a different interpretation interval, which is defined as the interpretation interval to use for all TS values. It is thus unclear which p-value to use, at least for timer-based compression. The way this should be interpreted is that the p-value differs depending on whether timer-based compression is enabled or not. For timer-based compression, the interpretation interval of section 4.5.4, p = 2^(k-1) - 1, is used for TS. Otherwise, the interval of section 5.7, p = 2^(k-2) - 1, is used for TS with regular W-LSB encoding. Since two different p-values are used, the compressor must take this into account during the process of enabling timer-based compression. Before timer-based compression can be used, the decompressor will have to inform the compressor (on a per-channel basis) about its Jonsson, et al. [Page 7]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 clock resolution. Further, the compressor has to send (on a per- context basis) a non-zero TIME_STRIDE to the decompressor. When the compressor is confident that the decompressor has received the TIME_STRIDE value, it can switch to timer-based compression. During this transition from window-based compression to timer-based compression, it is necessary that the compressor keep k large enough to cover both interpretation intervals. 4.4. TS_STRIDE for scaled timestamp encoding The timestamp stride (TS_STRIDE) is defined as the expected increase in the timestamp value between two RTP packets with consecutive sequence numbers. TS_STRIDE is set by the compressor and explicitly communicated to the decompressor, and it is used either as the scaling factor for scaled TS encoding, or constitutes the default- slope used when decompressing an unscaled TS through a linear extrapolation from the SN (see also section 4.2 above). The relation between TS and TS_SCALED, given by the following equality in section 4.5.3, defines the mathematical meaning of TS_STRIDE: TS = TS_SCALED * TS_STRIDE + TS_OFFSET In the compression step explained following this core equality of section 4.5.3, TS_SCALED is incorrectly written as TS / TS_STRIDE. This formula is incorrect both because it excludes TS_OFFSET, and because it would prevent a TS_STRIDE value of 0. If "/" were a generally unambiguously defined operation meaning "the integral part of the result from dividing X by Y", the absence of TS_OFFSET could be explained, but the formula still lacks a proper output for TS_STRIDE equal to 0. As the core equality above does not prevent setting TS_STRIDE to 0, and there is no reason not to allow a compressor to do that, the formula of "2. Compression" should not be read as having any formal meaning. 4.5. TS wraparound with scaled timestamp encoding In the scaled timestamp encoding section, 4.5.3, it is said in point 4 and 5 that the compressor is not required to initialize TS_OFFSET at wraparound, but that it is required to increase the number of bits sent for the scaled TS value when there is a TS wraparound. The decompressor is also required to detect and cope with TS wraparound, including updating TS_OFFSET. This has been found to be non-trivial to do, as well as hard to make interoperable and robust. The gain is also insignificant, as TS wraparound happens very seldom. It is therefore recommended not to follow point 4-5 of section 4.5.3, and instead the compressor is recommended to reinitialize TS_OFFSET Jonsson, et al. [Page 8]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 upon TS wraparound, by sending unscaled TS. This is equivalent of replacing point 4-5 with: 4. Offset at wraparound: If the value of TS_STRIDE is not equal to a power of two, wraparound of the unscaled 32-bit TS will change the value of TS_OFFSET. When this happens, the compressor must reinitialize TS_OFFSET by sending unscaled TS, as in 1 above. It should be noted that by following this recommendation for the compressor to reinitialize TS_OFFSET at wraparound, there will be no problems interacting with a decompressor that still tries to follow 4.5.3 points 4-5. For a decompressor that assumes the compressor will follow the above recommendation, there is a risk of the decompressor context becoming invalid. Considering the size if the TS number space, and thus the number of packets between each TS wraparound, the potential cost of this is considered negligible. 4.6. Recalculating TS_OFFSET TS can be sent unscaled if the TS value change does not match the established TS_STRIDE, but the TS_STRIDE might still stay unchanged. To ensure correct decompression of subsequent packets, the decompressor should therefore always recalculate the RTP TS modulo, TS_OFFSET, when a packet with an unscaled TS value is received. 4.7. TS_STRIDE and the Tsc flag in Extension 3 The Tsc flag in Extension 3 indicates whether TS is scaled or not. It must be noted that the Tsc value apply to all TS bits, also if there are no TS bits in the extension itself. Note also that if Tsc=1, TS is scaled using context(TS_STRIDE), not value(TS_STRIDE) as is said in the legend for Extension 3 in section 5.7.5. When a compressor uses Extension 3 to re-establish a new value for TS_STRIDE, it must send unscaled TS together with TS_STRIDE for some packets until decompressor confidence is obtained. When the TS_STRIDE field is present in Extension 3, the Tsc flag must thus be set to 0. 5. List compression issues 5.1. Generic extension header list Section 126.96.36.199 defines the static and dynamic parts of the IPv4 header. This section indicates a 'Generic extension header list' field in the dynamic chain, which has a variable length. The detailed description of this field can be found in Section 126.96.36.199. Jonsson, et al. [Page 9]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 The generic extension header list starts with an octet that is always present, so its length is one octet, at least. If the 'GP' bit in the first octet is set to 1 then the length of the list is two octets, even if the list is empty. 5.2. CSRC list items in RTP dynamic chain Section 18.104.22.168 defines the static and dynamic parts of the RTP header. This section indicates a 'Generic CSRC list' field in the dynamic chain, which has a variable length. This field uses the same encoding rules as the 'Generic extension header list' in the IPv4 header, so the same rules apply to its length. 5.3. RTP dynamic chain Section 22.214.171.124 defines the static and dynamic parts of the RTP header. In the dynamic part, a 'CC' field indicates the number of CSRC items present in the 'Generic CSRC list'. A 'CC' field can also be found within the 'Generic CSRC list' (when present), and these fields would then have the same meaning. In order to decode a compressed packet correctly it's necessary to know the 'CC' value because it has serious impact on the packet's length. In normal case, the values of the fields are equal. Proposed behavior if the values are different: Both fields are within the RTP dynamic part but only the second 'CC' field resides inside the 'Generic CSRC list' together with the XI items. Since the 'CC' value determines the number of XI items in the CSRC list and isn't used otherwise, the first CC field should be ignored and only the second field (inside the CSRC list) should be used for incoming packets. For outgoing packets both fields should be set to the same value. 5.4. Compressed lists in UO-1-ID packets This section describes the situation when a UO-1-ID packet carries a compressed list. Compressed lists are encoded using Encoding Type 0 (section 5.7.5 and 184.108.40.206) and every list may have a unique identifier (gen_id). The identifier is present in U/O-mode when the compressor decides that it may use this list as a future reference. On one hand, the decompressor shouldn't save the list because UO-1-ID packets doesn't update the context. On the other hand, the decompressor updates its translation table whenever an (Index, item) pair is received (section 5.8.1). The decompressor must be able to handle such a packet, thus it has to behave as described in the latter case. According to section 184.108.40.206, the compressor must increment Counter by 1. Jonsson, et al. [Page 10]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 5.5. Bit masks in list compression A 7-bit or 15-bit mask may be used in the insertion and/or removal schemes for compressed lists. It should be noted that even if a list has more than 7 items, a 7-bit mask could be used as long as changes are only applied in the first part of the reference list, and items with an index not covered by the 7-bit mask are thus kept unchanged. 5.6. Headers compressed with list compression In section 5.8, it is stated that headers which can be part of extension header chains INCLUDE AH, null ESP, minimal encapsulation (MINE), GRE, and IPv6 extensions. This list of headers which can be compressed is correct, but the word INCLUDE should not be there, since only the header types listed can actually be handled. It should further be noted that for the Minimal Encapsulation (MINE) header, there is no explicit discussion of how to compress it, as the header is either sent uncompressed or fully compressed away. 5.7. ESP NULL header list compression Due to the offset of the fields in the trailer part of the ESP header, a compressor must only compress packets containing at most one NULL ESP header. 6. Updating properties 6.1. Implicit updates If an updating packet (e.g. R-0-CRC or UO-0) contains information about a specific field X (compressed RTP sequence number, typically), then X is updated according to the content of that packet. But this packet implicitly updates all other inferred fields (i.e. RTP timestamp) according to the current mode and the appropriate mapping function of the updated and the inferred fields. An updating packet thus updates the reference values of all header fields, either explicitly or implicitly, with an exception for the UO-1-ID packet, which only updates TS, SN, IP-ID, and sequence numbers of IP extension headers (see 5.7.3). In UO-mode, all packets are updating packets, while in R-mode all packets with a CRC are updating packets. For example, a UO-0 packet contains the compressed RTP sequence number (SN). Such a packet also implicitly updates RTP timestamp, IPv4 ID, and sequence numbers of IP extension headers. Jonsson, et al. [Page 11]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 6.2. Updating properties of UO-1* In section 5.7.3, the updating properties of UO-1* are stated: "Values provided in extensions, except those in other SN, TS, or IP-ID fields, do not update the context." However, also sequence number fields of extension headers must be updated, which means the updating properties should be rephrased as: "The only values provided in extensions that update the context are the additional bits for the SN, TS, or IP-ID fields. Other values provided in extensions do not update the context. Note that sequence number fields of extension headers are also updated." 7. Context management and CID/context re-use 7.1. Compressor and decompressor MUST keep MAX_CID contexts As part of the negotiated channel parameters, compressor and decompressor have through the MAX_CID parameter agreed on the highest context identification (CID) number to be used. By agreeing on MAX_CID, both compressor and decompressor also agrees to provide memory resources to host at lest MAX_CID+1 contexts, and an established context with CID within this negotiated space MUST be kept by both compressor and decompressor until either the CID gets re-used, or the channel is taken down or re-negotiated. 7.2. CID/context re-use As part of the channel negotiation, the maximal number of active contexts supported is negotiated between the compressor and the decompressor through the MAX_CID parameter. The value of MAX_CID can of course vary enormously between different link scenarios, as well as the load in terms of actual packet streams to compress. Depending on link technology, the ROHC channel lifetime will also vary from almost permanent to rather short-lived. However, in general it is not expected that resources will be allocated for more contexts than what can reasonably be expected to be active concurrently over the link. As a consequence hereof, context identifiers (CIDs) and context memory are resources that will have to be re-used by the compressor as part of what can be considered normal operation. How context resources are re-used is in RFC 3095 [1] and subsequent ROHC standards basically left unspecified and up to implementation. However, re-using a CID and its allocated memory is not always as simple as initiating a contexts with a previously unused CID. Because some profiles can be operating in various modes where packet formats vary depending on current mode, care has to be taken to ensure that the old context data will be completely and safely overwritten, Jonsson, et al. [Page 12]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 eliminating the risk of undesired side effects from interactions between old and new context data. On a high level, CID/context re-use can be of two kinds, either re- use for a new context based on the same profile as the old context, or for a new context based on a different profile. These cases, are discussed separately in the following two subsections. 7.2.1. Re-using a CID/context with the same profile For multi-mode profiles, such as those defined in RFC 3095 [1], when a CID/context is re-used for a new context based on the same profile as the old context, the current mode of operation MUST be inherited from the old to the new context. The reason for this is that there is no reliable way for the compressor to inform the decompressor that a CID/context re-use is happening. The decompressor can thus not be expected to flush the context memory for the CID, and there is no way to trigger a safe mode switching, which requires a decompressor- initiated handshake procedure, as defined in section 5.6 of [1]. It should be noted that the rule of mode inheritance applies also when the CONTEXT_REINITIALIZATION signal is used to reinitiate an entire context. 7.2.2. Re-using a CID/context with a different profile When a CID is re-used for a new context based on a different profile than the old context, operation with that context MUST start in the initial mode of the profile (if it is a multi-mode profile). This applies both to IR-initiated new contexts and profile downgrades with IR-DYN (e.g. the IP/UDP/RTP->IP/UDP downgrade in [1] section 5.11.1). A CID for an R-mode operating context SHOULD NOT be re-used for a new context based on a different profile than the old context, because of the R-0/R-1 misinterpretation risk (these packets have no CRC). If a compressor still wants or has to do this, the compressor must be very careful to minimize the misinterpretation risk, e.g. by not using packets of types beginning with 00 or 10 before the compressor is highly confident that the new context has successfully been initiated at the decompressor. 7.3. Context updating properties for IR packets It should be noted that an IR does not flush the whole context, but updates all fields carried in the IR header. Similarly, an IR without a dynamic chain simply updates the static part of the context, while the rest of the context is left unchanged. Jonsson, et al. [Page 13]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 8. Other protocol clarifications 8.1. Meaning of NBO In general, an unset flag indicates the normal operation and a set flag indicates unusual behavior. However, in IPv4 dynamic part (Section 188.8.131.52), if the 'NBO' bit is set, it means that network byte order is used. 8.2. IP-ID According to Section 5.7 IP-ID means the compressed value of the IPv4 header's 'Identification' field. Compressed packets contain this compressed value (IP-ID), while IR packets with dynamic chain and IR- DYN packets transmit the original, uncompressed Identification field value. The IP-ID field always represents the Identification value of the innermost IPv4 header whose corresponding RND flag is not 1. If RND or RND2 is set to 1, the corresponding IP-ID(s) is(are) sent as 16-bit original Identification value(s) at the end of the compressed base header, according to the IP-ID description (see the beginning of section 5.7). When there is no compressed IP-ID, i.e. for IPv6 or when all IP Identification information is sent as-is (as indicated by RND/RND2 being set to 1), the decompressor ignores IP-ID bits sent within compressed base headers. It should be noted that when RND*=0, IP-ID is always compressed, i.e. expressed as an SN offset and byte-swapped if NBO=0. This is the case even when 16 bits of IP-ID is sent in extension 3. When RND=0 but no IP-ID bits are sent in the compressed header, the SN offset for IP-ID stays unchanged, meaning that Offset_m equals Offset_ref, as described in Section 4.5.5. This is further expressed in a slightly different way (with the same meaning) in Section 5.7, where it is said that "default-slope(IP-ID offset) = 0", meaning that if no bits are sent for IP-ID, its SN offset slope defaults to 0. 8.3. Extension-3 in UO-1-ID packets Extension-3 is applied to give values and indicate changes to fields other than SN, TS and IP-ID in IP header(s) and RTP header. In case of UO-1-ID packets, it should be noted that values provided in extensions do not update the context, with an exception for SN, TS and IP-ID fields, which always update the context (Section 5.7.3.). It should also be noted that a UO-1-ID packet with Extension 3 must never be sent with RND flags that changes the packet interpretation, i.e. that would violate the base condition for UO-1-ID (at least one RND value must be 0). Besides, usage of Extension-3 in UO-1-ID can be useful to compress a transient change in a packet stream. For example, if a field's value Jonsson, et al. [Page 14]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 changes in the current packet but in the next packet it returns to its regular behavior. E.g. changes in TTL. 8.4. Extension-3 in UOR-2* packets If Extension-3 is used in a UOR-2* packet then the information of the extension updates the context (Section 5.7.4). Some flags of the IP header in the extension (e.g. NBO or RND) changes the interpretation of fields in UOR-2* packets. In these cases, when a flag changes in Extension-3, a decompressor should re-parse the UOR-2* packet. 8.5. Multiple SN options in one feedback packet The length of the sequence number field in the original ESP header is 32 bits. A decompressor can't send back all the 32 bits in a feedback packet unless it uses multiple SN options in one feedback packet. Section 22.214.171.124 declares that a FEEDABCK-2 packet can contain variable number of feedback options and the options can appear in any order. A compressor should be able to process multiple SN options in one feedback packet. 8.6. Multiple CRC options in one feedback packet Although it is never required to have more than one single CRC option in a feedback packet, having multiple CRC options is still allowed. If multiple CRC options are included, all such CRC options will be identical, as they will be calculated over the same header. 8.7. Packet decoding during mode transition Each ROHC profile defines its own set of packet formats, and also its own feedback packets. The use of various operational modes is also defined by each specific profile. A decompressor can therefore not initiate a mode transfer request before at least one packet of a new context has been correctly decompressed, establishing the context based on one specific profile (as specified in IR packets). First then the context has been established, the decompressor knows the profile used, which modes are defined by that profile, and the feedback packet formats available. If the transition procedures in sections 5.6.5 and 5.6.6 of [1] are followed (and not the enhanced procedures described in section 3 of this document), it is important to note that type 0 or type 1 packets may be received by the decompressor during the first half of the transition procedure, and these packets must not mistakenly be interpreted as the packets sent by the compressor to indicate completed transition. The decompressor side must therefore keep track of the transition status, e.g. with an additional parameter. If the enhanced transition procedures described in section 3 of this Jonsson, et al. [Page 15]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 document are used, the D_TRANS parameter can serve this purpose since its definition and usage is slightly modified. 8.8. How to respond to lost feedback links? One potential issue that might have to be considered, depending on link technology, is whether feedback links might get lost, and in such cases how this is handled. When the compressor is notified that the feedback channel is down, the compressor must be able to handle it by restarting compression with creating a new context. Creating a new context also implies to use a new CID value. Generally, feedback links are not expected to disappear when once present, but it should be noted that this might be the case for certain link technologies. 8.9. What does "presumed zero if absent" mean on page 88? On page 88, RFC 3095 says that R-P contains the absolute value of RTP Padding bit and it's presumed zero if absent. It could be absent from RTP header flags and fields, from the extension type 3 or from the ROHC packet. It's been agreed that the RTP padding bit is presumed zero if absent from the RTP header flags. 8.10. UOR-2 in profile 2 (UDP) One single new format is defined for UOR-2 in profile 2, which replaces all three (UOR-2, UOR-2-ID, UOR-2-TS) formats from profile 1. The same UOR-2 format is thus used independent of if there are IP headers with a corresponding RND=1 or not. 8.11. Sequence number LSB's in IP extension headers In section 5.8.5, formats are defined for compression of IP extension header fields. These include compressed sequence number fields, and it is said that these fields contain "LSB of sequence number". This means these sequence numbers are not "LSB-encoded" as e.g. the RTP sequence number with an interpretation interval, but are actually just the LSB's of the uncompressed fields. 8.12. Expecting UOR-2 ACKs in O-mode It should be noted that the use of UOR-2 ACKs in O-mode, as discussed in section 18.104.22.168.2, is indeed optional, and a decompressor can send ACKs for other purposes than actually acking the UOR-2, without then having to continue sending them for all UOR-2. Similarly, compressor implementations can totally ignore UOR-2 ACKs for the purpose of adapting the optimistic approach strategies. Current implementation experience also suggests using that approach, and the recommendation is thus to not make use of the optional ACK mechanism in O-mode, neither in compressor nor in decompressor implementations. Jonsson, et al. [Page 16]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 For implementers who still want to make use of the optional O-mode acks, the following clarifications should be taken into account. Section 126.96.36.199.2 discusses the use of optional UOR-2 ACKs in O-mode, and explains a conceptual algorithm for a compressor to determine whether such ACKs can be expected from the decompressor, simply using a condition based on unspecified parameters k_3 and n_3. However, what is not clearly pointed out is the importance of being very careful when implementing this confidence algorithm, as using an incorrect expectation on UOR-2 ACKs as a basis for compressor behavior will significantly degrade the compression performance. If a compressor implementation wants to adapt its optimistic approach behavior on potential UOR-2 ACK usage, the confidence algorithm for determining UOR-2 ACK usage must be carefully designed, with k_3 and n_3 having values much larger than 1, as UOR-2 ACKs can be sent from a decompressor for other purposes than to actually acknowledge the UOR-2 packet, e.g. to send feedback data such as clock resolution, or to initiate a mode transfer. Before adapting a compressor to the potential use of UOR-2 ACKs, the implementer must ensure all aspects are considered by the confidence algorithm. 8.13. Compression of SN in AH and GRE extension headers The AH and GRE sequence numbers are compressed exactly as the ESP sequence number. Specifically, the principle for when to include or exclude the AH and GRE sequence numbers is the same as for ESP, i.e. the following rule applies to all these sequence numbers: Sequence Number: Not sent when the offset from the sequence number of the compressed header is constant. When the offset is not constant, the sequence number is compressed by sending LSBs. See 5.8.4. 9. ROHC negotiation clarifications According to section 4.1, the link layer must provide means to negotiate e.g. the channel parameters listed in section 5.1.1. One of these parameters is the PROFILES parameter, which is said to be a set of non-negative integers where each integer indicates a profile supported by the decompressor. This can be interpreted as if it is sufficient to have a mechanism to announce profile support from decompressor to compressor. However, things are a little bit more complicated than that. Each profile is identified by a 16-bit value, where the 8 LSB bits indicate the actual profile, and the 8 MSB bits indicate the variant of that profile (see chapter 8). In the ROHC headers sent over the link, the profile used is identified only with the 8 LSB bits, which means that the compressor and decompressor must have agreed on which variant to use for each profile. This can be done in various ways, but the negotiation protocol must provide means to do it. Jonsson, et al. [Page 17]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 In conclusion, the negotiation protocol must be able to communicate to the compressor the set of profiles supported by the decompressor, and when multiple variants of the same profile are available, also provide means for the decompressor to know which variant will be used by the compressor. This basically means that the PROFILES set after negotiation must not include more than one variant of the same profile. 10. PROFILES suboption in ROHC-over-PPP The logical union of suboptions for IPCP and IPV6CP negotiations, as specified by ROHC over PPP [2], can not be used for the PROFILES suboption, as the whole union would then have to be considered within each of the two IPCP negotiations, to avoid getting an ambiguous profile set. An implementation of RFC 3241 must therefore make sure the same profile set is negotiated for both IPv4 and IPv6 (IPCP and IPV6CP). 11. Test configuration ROHC is used to compress IP/UDP/RTP, IP/UDP and IP/ESP headers, thus every ROHC implementation has an interface that can send and receive IP packets (i.e. Ethernet). On the other hand, there must be an interface (a serial link for example) or other means of transport (an IP/UDP flow), which can transmit ROHC packets. Having these two interfaces several configurations can be set up. The figure below shows sample configurations that can be used for testing a ROHC implementation: IP/UDP/RTP +------------+ ROHC +--------------+ IP/UDP/RTP packets | ROHC | packets | ROHC | packets ---------->| Compressor |-----> ----->| Decompressor |----------> +------------+ +--------------+ Unfortunately, comparing the IP/UDP/RTP packets at the endpoints can only show whether the reconstructed stream differs from the original or not. In order to identify the place of the error more detailed tests are needed. The next figure shows another possible scenario: IP/UDP/RTP +------------+ ROHC ROHC +--------------+ IP/UDP/RTP packets | ROHC | packets packets | ROHC | packets +----->| Compressor |----->+ +----->| Decompressor |----->+ | +------------+ | | +--------------+ | | | | | | +------------+ | | +------------+ | | | Test | | | | Test | | +<-----| Equipment |<-----+ +<------| Equipment |<------+ +------------+ +------------+ Jonsson, et al. [Page 18]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 In the first case, the test equipment generates the RTP stream and also acts as a ROHC decompressor. The tester must recognize if the original RTP stream was compressed in a bad way and gives an alarm. In the second case, it is the test equipment that sends the compressed ROHC packets and the Decompressor reconstructs the RTP stream. Since the tester knows the ROHC packets and the reconstructed RTP stream it can detect if the Decompressor makes a mistake. 12. Security considerations This document provides a number of clarifications to [1], but it does not make any changes or additions to the protocol. As a consequence, the security considerations of [1] apply without additions. 13. IANA considerations This document does not require any IANA actions. 14. Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank Vicknesan Ayadurai, Carsten Bormann, Mikael Degermark, Ghyslain Pelletier, Zhigang Liu, Abigail Surtees, Mark West, Kristofer Sandlund, Tommy Lundemo, Alan Kennington and Remi Pelland for their contributions and comments. 15. Normative references [1] C. Bormann, et al., "RObust Header Compression (ROHC)", RFC 3095, July 2001. [2] C. Bormann, "Robust Header Compression (ROHC) over PPP", RFC 3241, April 2002. [3] W. Simpson, "PPP in HDLC-like Framing", RFC 1662, July 1994. 16. Authors' Addresses Lars-Erik Jonsson Ericsson AB Box 920 SE-971 28 Lulea, Sweden Phone: +46 8 404 29 61 EMail: email@example.com Peter Kremer Conformance and Software Test Laboratory Ericsson Hungary H-1300 Bp. 3., P.O. Box 107, HUNGARY Phone: +36 1 437 7033 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Jonsson, et al. [Page 19]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 Appendix A - Sample CRC algorithm #!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; #================================= # # ROHC CRC demo - Carsten Bormann email@example.com 2001-08-02 # # This little demo shows the three types of CRC in use in RFC 3095, # the robust header compression standard. Type your data in # hexadecimal form and then press Control+D. # #--------------------------------- # # utility # sub dump_bytes($) { my $x = shift; my $i; for ($i = 0; $i < length($x); ) { printf("%02x ", ord(substr($x, $i, 1))); printf("\n") if (++$i % 16 == 0); } printf("\n") if ($i % 16 != 0); } #--------------------------------- # # The CRC calculation algorithm. # sub do_crc($$$) { my $nbits = shift; my $poly = shift; my $string = shift; my $crc = ($nbits == 32 ? 0xffffffff : (1 << $nbits) - 1); for (my $i = 0; $i < length($string); ++$i) { my $byte = ord(substr($string, $i, 1)); for( my $b = 0; $b < 8; $b++ ) { if (($crc & 1) ^ ($byte & 1)) { $crc >>= 1; $crc ^= $poly; } else { $crc >>= 1; } $byte >>= 1; } } printf "%2d bits, ", $nbits; printf "CRC: %02x\n", $crc; Jonsson, et al. [Page 20]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 } #--------------------------------- # # Test harness # $/ = undef; $_ = <>; # read until EOF my $string = ""; # extract all that looks hex: s/([0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F])/$string .= chr(hex($1)), ""/eg; dump_bytes($string); #--------------------------------- # # 32-bit segmentation CRC # Note that the text implies this is complemented like for PPP # (this differs from 8, 7, and 3-bit CRC) # # C(x) = x^0 + x^1 + x^2 + x^4 + x^5 + x^7 + x^8 + x^10 + # x^11 + x^12 + x^16 + x^22 + x^23 + x^26 + x^32 # do_crc(32, 0xedb88320, $string); #--------------------------------- # # 8-bit IR/IR-DYN CRC # # C(x) = x^0 + x^1 + x^2 + x^8 # do_crc(8, 0xe0, $string); #--------------------------------- # # 7-bit FO/SO CRC # # C(x) = x^0 + x^1 + x^2 + x^3 + x^6 + x^7 # do_crc(7, 0x79, $string); #--------------------------------- # # 3-bit FO/SO CRC # # C(x) = x^0 + x^1 + x^3 # do_crc(3, 0x6, $string); Jonsson, et al. [Page 21]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 Appendix B - Potential improvements in updated profiles Regarding the CC field and CSRC list, the following interpretation has been proposed as an improvement: "It should be noted that when the value of this CC field is equal to zero, there is no Generic CSRC list present in the dynamic chain, i.e. the field comment should have said "variable length, present if CC > 0". "<introduction text> Jonsson, et al. [Page 22]
INTERNET-DRAFT ROHC Implementer's Guide April 4, 2005 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf- firstname.lastname@example.com. Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. Disclaimer of Validity This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. This Internet-Draft expires October 4, 2005. Jonsson, et al. [Page 23]


text:
One little girl has been sick, sick, sick lately. Therefore, two little girls have been doing this----all day for two days. One little girl has a high fever. Two little girls have been constantly in demand of snacks and juice, almost as constantly spilling them all over MY nice big bed. One little girl finds herself unable to nap restfully or sleep comfortably at night. Two little girls have been bogarting MY computer to watch PBS kids' shows on Netflix's Watch Instant feature. One little girl is cranky and uncomfortable. Two little girls have been whining and fighting with each other. One little girl just wants to nurse all the time. One Momma is going nuts, showerless and nursed out and with a headache from all the noise and tired of cartoons and just a little nauseous from comforting herself by eating almost all the Halloween candy in the house.
So for lack of anything productive to do while sitting in bed with two little girls and watching some Land Before Time movie for the twentieth time IN A ROW, I made even more fiddly little paper Halloween crafts--apparently my "Make Halloween decorations" assignment on my To Do List will not be marked off until November 1.
I made a cutie little 3-D Jack-o-Lantern ornament out of cardstock: This guy is from the most awesomest site in the known universe if you happen to like fiddly little fold-and-cut-paper crafts: The Japanese Paper Museum.
Yep, it's mostly in Japanese. Just click on stuff. Here's the Jack-o-Lantern; here's a cityscape with 3-D paper vehicles and people and road signs that you can cut out and fold and glue together; here are a whole bunch of paper dollhouse rooms and shops that you can make, including this Christmas scene; here are a bunch of animals, including (the awesomeness!) a model skeleton of a T. Rex; and here's sushi!
I had to have my graphic designer husband tell me how to cut and fold together the Jack-o-Lantern, but he claimed (of course) that the instructional illustrations were quite straightforward, and truly, I'm not terribly spacially inclined (although the last couple of years of crafting as a hobby have improved this part of my brain tremendously, I can tell). I saved nearly all these paper patterns to try later, so if you try a different one, tell me how it goes.
I also, in a desperately and almost entirely unsuccessful attempt to divert the girlies away from TV towards other quiet activities, made this garland from Paper Crave. The artist has a black-inked one, but I printed out the outline templates and wheedled Willow into coloring them in for me:
I just really like the style of these--not cutesie, but not gruesome. I also saved the sheet of mini-templates to perhaps use for stickers or magnets, and the digital scrapbook paper because I very occasionally do some scrapbooking.
Ooh, Matt's home. Perhaps I can bribe him into luring the kids away from TV for a couple of books while I take a shower!
P.S. I have a tutorial up for these matching games that I make for the girls over at Eco Child's Play.
Thursday, October 30, 2008
Illness and Ornaments and Perhaps a Psychotic Break
2 comments:
- Abby said...
oh man. sick kids are the worst! i hope one little girl doesn't give the other little girl her sickness. i also hope they are able to trick or treat, at least a little bit.
the pumpkin ornament looked really, really cool.
- October 31, 2008 at 1:47 PM
- julie said...
Fortunately, they were both way keyed-up for trick-or-treating; unfortunately, I am so burned out from this weak of rotten-tempered kids that I am just over the whole experience.
Dad got to run them around the neighborhood, and I took a nap.
- October 31, 2008 at 8:55 PM
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
MH Kansas necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 427 diseños de 111 diseñadores freelance.
VarsityKansas is one of the leading high school sports web sites in Kansas. The site, at http://www.varsitykansas.com, consists of the interactive and multimedia content associated with high school sports, including sports statistics, discussion forums, a blog and video.
We are in the process of redesigning and rebranding our site to better reflect the depth and breadth of content that is available. We want our new logo to reflect a more young, modern, fun and clean look, while conveying an athletic feel. We want a strong mark that will develop into a stand alone brand image. We will cover a variety of sports with an emphasis on the mainstream sports including football, basketball, track & field, baseball, soccer and swimming.
Our primary target audience is high school kids with parents as the secondary target. We need an identity that can be used beyond the web to extend our brand on t-shirts, hats, and print. We want a logo that both kids and adults will want to wear on t-shirts, hats and other items.
We are trying to achieve a young, hip web 2.0 logo that lends itself to be implemented in a variety of formats beyond the web.
We don't want to be specific or put too many parameters on design requirements as we would like a wide variety of designs, style and creativity.
Other requirements:
•Vector based design and file, preferably illustrator ( no iStockphoto images or clipart please)
•Horizontal and vertical versions of the logo
•Standard and reversible versions, (We want to see how it looks on both white and black backgrounds)
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text:
Well, then can I walk beside you? I have come to lose the smog;
And I feel myself a cog in something turning:
And maybe it's the time of year; yes, and maybe it's the time of man
And I don't know who I am, but life is for learning.
Senki Zesshou Symphogear GX PVC Statue 1 8 Kirika Akatsuki Maid
We are stardust, we are golden; we are billion-year-old carbon
And we got to get ourselves back to the garden…
Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, from "Woodstock"
Life is for learning. Occasionally, as events of great moment pass us by without destroying the world, as they may have had the potential to do, we sigh with relief, and say, "There was a lesson that came at tremendous cost – I just hope the right people learned something from it". And if the disaster was one which resulted from an unsafe situation such as a badly-planned intersection or a highway with inherent dangers, there's every chance the right people will have learned something, and that the situation will be quickly addressed; municipal or federal governments frequently get sued for safety situations, often successfully.Senran Kagura SHINOVI VERSUS - Girls' Proof - Snow Spring 1 6 Scale Fresh
SH Figuarts Kazari Greed Greeed (Kamen Masked Rider OOO) (US Seller)
The Mueller Report, recently released, tried its best to imply that there was collusion even as it stated baldly that the investigation had yielded no evidence of collusion. But what struck me with the most force was the manner in which the Democrats – and the entire crowd which has so much invested in having had an illegitimate president foisted upon them by the Godless Russians – simply shook its head, took a deep breath…and went right on blathering the same lunatic narrative. The Russians interfered with our democracy. Nothing is safe. Russia is the enemy of democracy, and will not suffer a democracy to live. Get the kids and pack up enough food for traveling, Mabel; we're headed for the mountains – it's "Red Dawn", babycakes.
Amazing as it will sound, America has learned nothing. Sensational Sherri WWE Mattel Elite Series 56 Action Figure MOC New Walmart Rare


text:
- QL KamiHoodie Jubba with long sleeves in Khaki
- Collar with Zip & Long Sleeves
- Soft fabric & gentle on skin
- Logo Embroidery, Side Pockets
- Islamic Clothing for Men
QL KamiHoodie Jubba with long sleeves in Khaki
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Unfortunately, we cannot make size changes or additions to existing orders. if a size change is needed, please contact us here with the order number and request an order cancellation. the order can be cancelled allowing customers to reorder the preferred size and/or add additional items. please note, we cannot cancel orders once they have been shipped.
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in most cases we do not, however there are situations where we have a limited restock. all release and restock information are sent via our mailing list and social media. we suggest signing up for the mailing list for product re-release updates. signing up is the best way to stay current of all pending releases and other updates.
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Exchange/Item returns are available within 7 days of delivery. customer must contact us here - within this time frame to make the request. please include the order number and reason for the request. items must be in new and unworn condition with tags attached. customer is responsible for all shipping costs to return item(s) to MOOMENN. We do not offer Exchanges or Returns on shoes, Headwear, Accessories or under garments. we do not hold items for purchase. all purchases are on a first come basis. Please allow 3 business days to process packages received. after processing, the store credit/gift card code will be emailed to the customer. the store credit will only include the cost of the item(s) and any applicable taxes paid. initial shipping charges are not credited. store credit does not expire and can be used towards any future purchase.
Does MOOMENN accept refunds?
We maintain a strict no refund policy. refunds are not allowed unless it is due to a merchandise defect. all claims must be made within 5 days of delivery. any claims outside of this timeframe will not be accepted, no exceptions. please contact us here and provide an order number and a detailed explanation of the issue. refund requests are handled on a case by case basis.
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All inquiries can be sent here. please allow up to 24 hours to respond to email correspondence. emails are answered Monday - Friday between 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. GMT. emails received on weekends and holidays will be answered the next business day. if the inquiry is regarding an existing order, please make sure to include the order number and a message to expedite the response and resolution.


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(626) 458-7482
(626) 458-7477
210 East Main St.
Alhambra, CA 91801
May 31, 2011
Dominique Fung is a young Canadian-based illustrator and fine artist who graduated with honors from Sheridan College. Her work often explores a creative relationship, one that occurs through her use of design and fine art in conjunction with one another. She has exhibited in group exhibitions throughout the US, including ones at Subtext Gallery, Billy Shire Fine Arts, and T & P Fine Art.
May 31, 2011
Ashkahn Shahparnia is an artist and graphic designer who established ASHKAHN Studio + Company in 2009. He received his BFA in Fine Arts from Otis College of Art & Design in 2006, and in 2010, he was nominated for Print Magazine's "Top 20 Under 30" new visual artists. His impressive list of clients includes Capitol Records, NBC, TBWA\Chiat\Day, and Vice Magazine. He lives and works in Silver Lake, California.
May 28, 2011
May 27, 2011
Miki Sato is a Toronto based freelance illustrator who creates tactile and unique works of art by collaging together found objects, fabrics, and paper. Her work is often subtle and delicate, both in color and with the details she lovingly layers onto each piece. With the addition of stitching, painting and embroidery, the resulting works are nothing short of perfectly dreamy three-dimensional vignettes.
May 25, 2011
If you haven't seen our prints section lately, here are type gems you've been missing out on!
May 25, 2011
Frieda Gossett received her BFA with honors at the Art Center College of Design in 2003. She is known for her beautifully crafted leather works that create a peculiar relationship with animals and surroundings. Gossett's creations are featured in group exhibitions at Gallery Nucleus and Jonathan Levine.
May 24, 2011
Born in Anchorage, Alaska, and currently residing in New York, designer Keetra Dean Dixon divides her time between public installations, exhibits, and commercial projects. Her work has been recognized on several fronts, including a US presidential award, a place in the permanent design collection at SFMOMA, and the honorable ranking of ADC Young Gun. Dixon has been featured in numerous publications and exhibits, including feature articles in Etapes Magazine, commissioned works for the '09 U.S. Presidential Inauguration, and the 2010 UK Design Event.
May 24, 2011
Sean Chao sculpts and paints worlds filled with curiosity and amusement. His work often captures odd, little moments frozen in time, where imagination and personal history intertwine and are delicately constructed with a gamut of mixed media. Chao has exhibited at Giant Robot, Black Maria Gallery, Carmichael Gallery, Abacot Gallery, and Gallery Nucleus.
May 23, 2011
Josh Cochran is an illustrator based in Brooklyn, New York. His drawings are commissioned by a variety of clients in broadcast, books, magazines, and advertising. He has received awards from several publications and organizations including Print Magazine's 20 under 30 New Visual Artists 2009, ADC Young Guns 6, Society of Illustrators, American Illustration, and was recently featured on the cover of Communication Arts.
May 23, 2011
Keeping the artist spotlights going! Next up, we have Mike Perry.
May 19, 2011
Saturday was a blast—thank you to everyone who attended!
May 12, 2011
We're gearing up for the opening reception for our two exhibitions—Illustrated Type and East to West Flash Trip: Lorelay Bové & Becky Dreistadt—and have a few highlights to share!
We're also releasing Ed Fella's piece as a signed & numbered, limited edition print (22" x 15").
INTERACTIVE INSTALLATION BY MATIK. Stay tuned for details!
SEVERAL ARTISTS IN ATTENDANCE (including Ed Fella!). ARRIVE EARLY!
GET EXCITED. See you Saturday!
May 11, 2011 posted by: Nucleus
May 09, 2011
A Californian based in Sweden, Brendan Monroe is someone who is curious about the way things work. His artwork is half inspired by science and half by speculations on dreams. His paintings are filled with blood cells, misshapen globs and, once in a while, hydrogen atoms. He invents imagined mindscapes and sculpts inquisitive wooden figures.
For Illustrated Type, Brendan experimented with shaping cherry veneer, and painted its surface with acrylic. The result is a super slick, gorgeous 'W', inspired by all forms of electromagnetic waves—visible light, X-rays, AM, FM radio.
See this gorgeous letterform up close in just 5 DAYS! See you Saturday!
Images provided by Brendan Monroe.
May 08, 2011
We're on a baking rampage! Here are pictures from a recent ginger cookie alphabet (+ some stars and hearts) taste test, in preparation for this Saturday's opening reception. Get ready for some treats! We'll also be serving up RGB jello shots (cherry, lime, berry blue).
May 07, 2011
Based in Verona, Italy, design studio Happycentro has worked with both large and small clients, for local agencies and major international companies. They've been featured in Playful Type 2, 3D Typography, Type Player, and Graphic Magazine, and have delved into visual art, typography, graphic design, illustration, animation, film direction, and even music!
Their Illustrated Type piece, Typografly, is a stunning, impressive combination of origami, graphic design, and typography. It follows the tracks of "Paper Objects," a project made from 6 abstract origami forms, texturized with CMYK colors used in the printing process. The letters that define space—X, Y, Z—are presented inside a glass reliquary, as butterflies.
See this, along with 50+ letterforms (!!!), next Saturday!
Image provided by Happycentro.
May 07, 2011
Born and educated in Bangkok, Pomme Chan completed her BA in Interior Design at Silpakorn University before working at the Bangkok offices of both WPP's DY&R and Grey as a graphic designer. In 2002 she relocated to the UK for a Foundation in Graphic Design and Communication at the London College of Communication.
Over the past five years, her drawings have featured in The Telegraph, IDN, Grafik, Curvy Book and FT magazines, and she has worked on prestigious ad campaigns for the likes of Sony, MTV, Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, Marc Jacobs, Microsoft, The Guardian, Nike and Topshop.
Using her unique hand-drawn skill, Pomme's eclectic style gets its inspiration from everyday life. Nature, fashion, architecture and the female form play a big part in her works. Pomme is also passionate about typographical illustrations, several of which appeared in La Perla Magazine, a cover for Digital Arts Magazine and New York Times Magazine, among others.
You might remember Pomme's work from last year's Line of Style show. Here's her screen print for Illustrated Type! Check out that gorgeous, vibrant purple...in person! The show's exactly one week away!
May 05, 2011
Ed Fella stopped by the gallery yesterday to drop off his contribution to Illustrated Type! Completely unpretentious and solidly grounded, he talked about his three-hour tour of the Huntington Botanical Gardens, his status as an exit-level designer, his thirty years spent as a commercial artist in Detroit, his preference to participate in smaller gallery shows, his trip to Europe in the near future... Basically, it was a surreal experience; I was having this kind of moment on the inside.
May 04, 2011
We're just 10 days away from opening night! Here are more process shots from Illustrated Type contributors—this time, from illustrator Kristina Collantes. Kristina grew up in the Philippines, and currently lives and works in Los Angeles. Some of her clients include GQ, The Flaming Lips, Hi-Fructose, and LA Weekly.
Here, inspired by travel photos, she presents a milkfish bicycling through a soft mass of tangled colors. This will be Kristina's first time exhibiting a traditional media piece in a gallery, and is a taste of what to expect from her first solo art show!
Congratulations, Kristina, and thank you for sharing!
Images provided by Kristina Collantes.
May 02, 2011
Jing Wei was born in a sub-provincial city in China and raised in the suburbs of Northern California. In the fall of 2004, she attended the Rhode Island School of Design and developed a great affinity for printmaking, snow, and pizza. Jing currently resides in Brooklyn, with one cat and two humans. Her previous clients include The Believer, Bitch, McSweeney's, and NPR.
Jing has provided us with some lovely process photos of her alphabet—starting with the drawing on tracing paper, then transferred onto a board, being carved away, and finally, printed. Thank you for taking the time to send these over, Jing! Loving your alphabet forest!
Images provided by Jing Wei.
May 02, 2011
Andrea Innocent is no stranger to Nucleus; she's exhibited her quirky, bizarre, Asian-inspired work in Sweet Streets II, ICON6: A Labor of Line, and Power in Numbers. We're excited to have her back in the gallery for Illustrated Type!
May 01, 2011
Teagan White's drawings are the kinds of drawings that make me curse out loud, because they're ALL so detailed and dynamic. She's an up-and-coming freelance designer and illustrator from Chicago, currently a student at the Minneapolis College of Art and Design. Intricate linework, naturalistic rendering, and subdued color are integral to her visual identity, while a fascination with natural history, antiquities, and mortality drives the content of her work.
And here are some of her past projects—enjoy!
May 01, 2011
Born in Hokkaido, Japan, and currently based in Winnipeg, Canada, Takashi Iwasaki creates art that's playful and meticulous, ranging from embroidery, sculpture, painting, to collage.
In previous work, 'visual diary' (abstract and symbolic records of activities, thoughts, and memories in a period of time) has been a starting point; however, specifically for Illustrated Type, Takashi chose to work with two personally important Japanese characters—'poetry' and 'sublimity'. He visualizes a relationship between the two, with an impeccably hand-embroidered diptych. These colors and shapes are so fresh and whimsical!
Takashi has been on my radar for the past two years, and I'm so happy to feature his artwork in our gallery! His pieces, along with those of fellow contributors Studio On Fire, Christine Nguyen & Michael Wysong (to name only a few), definitely bring much-valued tactility to the space. See them all on Saturday, May 14th!
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Josh Shaul took a few minutes out of his busy schedule during the BSides San Francisco event to discuss security issues surrounding the mounting threats posed by rogue hacktivist activities.
As the Chief Technology Officer with Application Security, Inc., Josh is responsible for the overall direction of the organization's technical strategy, which includes responsibility for the product portfolio - AppDetectivePro for auditors and IT advisors, and its flagship solution DbProtect for the enterprise.
During his tenure at AppSec, Josh has held positions in product management, engineering, sales and technical strategy. Prior to AppSec, Josh was Director, Worldwide Systems Engineering with SafeNet, Inc. working on the industry's first complete IPsec accelerator chip.
In his five years with SafeNet, he was responsible for the design, development and enhancement of SafeNet's embedded security solutions, covering a wide range of applications.
Josh is the foremost security policy and standards guru at the firm, with additional expertise in U.S. and Canadian Federal governments (both military and civilian), trusted computing and application-level security issues.
He is the author of the acclaimed Practical Oracle Security: Your Unauthorized Guide to Relational Database Security, which received resoundingly positive critical reviews.
He's presented at numerous global technology conferences including Microsoft TechEd, McAfee FOCUS, InfoSec World, WhiteHatWorld, Computer Security Institute, GFirst, IOUG COLLABORATE, several Oracle Users Group conferences, Federal Information Assurance Technology Forum, OWASP, Federal Information Security Conference, and FS-ISAC.
Josh holds a B.S. in Computer Systems Engineering from the University of Massachusetts.


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Two blog posts today should shred the credibility of Meet the Press's David Gregory in making arguments for gun control and against appropriate armed staff or security personnel at schools -- or they would, if journalists had the least bit of interest in exposing lawbreaking and hyprocritical behavior by their professional colleagues.
During the show, as reported at the Patriot Perspective, relaying a point first brought out by a member of the AR15.com forum site, Gregory "decided to wave around a 30-round AR-15 magazine" in direct violation of the District of Columbia "DC High Capacity Ammunition Magazines" statute. Given the Supreme Court's Heller ruling affirming that the right to keep and bear arms (and ammo) is an individual right, that law may not be enforceable, but it would also be interesting to know if Gregory's possession of an AR-15 magazine or his showing it on the air violated any of NBC's corporate policies. Additionally, the Weekly Standard's Daniel Halper pointed to Gregory's hypocrisy in mocking the NRA's Wayne LaPierre over his organization's advocacy of having armed guards in schools (internal link is in original; bolds are mine):
Gregory Mocks LaPierre for Proposing Armed Guards, but Sends Kids to High-Security School
David Gregory mocked the NRA's Wayne LaPierre for proposing that armed guards be at every school in America. But the NBC host seems to have no problem with armed guards protecting his kids everyday where they attend school in Washington, D.C.
... But when it comes to Gregory's own kids, however, they are secured every school day by armed guards.
The Gregory children go to school with the children of President Barack Obama, according to the Washington Post. That school is the co-ed Quaker school Sidwell Friends.
According to a scan of the school's online faculty-staff directory, Sidwell has a security department made up of at least 11 people. Many of those are police officers, who are presumably armed.
Moreover, with the Obama kids in attendance, there is a secret service presence at the institution, as well.
Clearly, the Secret Service is armed. Proving that any of the school's own security guards are armed would be a more difficult proposition, but it's a fact, based on employment notices for supervisory and regular security positions, that the school requires "a current SPO (Special Police Officer) license," a credential which appears to be something that isn't routinely handed out to just anyone.
It would appear that in David Gregory's world, elitists like him can rest easying knowing that they have armed people defending their schoolchildren. But the little people? Well, that's something they just can't be allowed to have.
Cross-posted at BizzyBlog.com.


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20 great venders with a lot of great prices. 1 vender specializing in Top Bar Hives and 2 great classes on doing top bar hives.
The venders there Maxant, Walter Kelly, Dadant, Mann Lake
Gold Star Honeybees (top bar hives) to name a few.
The attendance was 383 registered plus a few walk ins.
35 classes offered in 3 days 6 classes per day
Thursday evening was a gospel band
The 10th birthday was celebrated Friday night with cake, Ice cream,
and a bee quiz show.
Saturday afternoon was the closing, General HAS meeting, and the door prize drawing.
A great meeting of old beekeepers 78 years to just starting 3 months
with some with no bees yet.
The only complaint I heard was not enough time to take more of the classes.
The next meeting of HAS. has not been decided yet.
Thank you HAS / Indiana Beekeepers for the great meeting and the venders


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Believe it or not, almost every child, we've ever talked, claims his or her best birthday parties have been the ones held at home. This doesn't mean spending a lot of money on overly producing on a lavish party but rather spending your time and energy with your child. The dividends of this investment will last far beyond the actual party day.
Here are the instructions, suggestion, and ideas for creating, selecting and preparing for each party. Setting and preparing the menu, choosing the decorations and favours and selecting and hiring additional entertainment. You can also include an outline of thing you need to make and buy, and an actual schedule of party activities.
This is your child's party, and it should be as much unique and personal as you can make it. Anyone can hire a party planner to "do a party". But if you plan the party with your child, he gets the chance to share all aspects of the planning and ideas which pleases him. You just have to listen and follow what kind of theme party your child has in his mind, which type of food he loves, which one he want as birthday cake. Guide him according to the party theme.
Designing and planning the invitation is an important beginning for planning the party. It sets the stage and gets the guests excited long before the party happens. When your guest receives a folded drinking cup for the "Camp-out" Party, a sweepstakes certificate for the "Sweepstake" part, or a thong in a sand filled plastics bag for the "Shipwrecked" party, the anticipation begins as the mood for an exciting party is set.
You may use ready-made invitations or you can always add your own personal touch to these. Choose your own object to send party invitation. Have your child colour in invitation card drawings or add sequins or feathers or any accessories your child adores. Stickers are the perfect answer to many decorating needs. They spruce up thematic invitation, are perfect for making envelops eye catching, and will turn ordinary paper into pretty wrapping paper.
Decide the length of your party according to important events and gathering time. You don't have to have a long party; as a matter of fact, a two-hour party that is well planned and chock full of activates is a guaranteed success, while a disorganized gathering for four hours is a sure disaster.
Gather your help and let them know the schedule of the party. Acquaint them with the children, the games, and the food. Here's good rule of thumb: You Need one adult for every five young children (up to five years old), and one for every eight older kids.
Atmosphere is everything for any party. Once you and your child have chosen the theme, you will find ideas about how to use the most ordinary household's gadgets or toys to turn your house into your child's fantasy.
Our suggestions should inspire your own ideas. We urge you not to overdo. You can design the wonderful indoor environment for the "Stargazing" party without asking, if you can décor with the balloons arch, gate, barbie theme or else. You can create a "Candy Wonderland" out. And you most certainly can plan the "Camp-out" without flying everyone to National Park.
Each of your parties comes with its own suggested activities and games designed to complement the theme of that party. You will find that usually there are more games suggested for each party than you are likely to need. That is because it is better to be prepared with extra activates than to be caught with extra time on your hands. If you don't get to play them all, just save them for the next party. You can engage kids in musical games, dance party, blow the balloon competition etc.
When making up your own list of games, particularly if you are mixing and matching games from different parties, be sure to keep in mind that rowdy games need to be followed by calming ones.


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UH student film accepted for Atlanta Film Festival
Academy for Creative Media's Ty Sanga will travel to the festival for the screening of his filmUniversity of Hawaiʻi
UH Academy for Creative Media
"Plastic Leis" follows the story of Malia, a Waikiki dancer, who rediscovers her roots and family through hula.
The Academy will help underwrite Sanga's travel to Atlanta to screen his film and interact with other filmmakers and industry professionals.
"Ty Sanga's exceptional talents and accomplished film truly represent the Academy for Creative Media's mission of empowering our students to tell their stories with a unique Hawaiʻi sense of place, history and culture," said Chris Lee, ACM director. "The Atlanta festival is a wonderful venue and deserved recognition for Ty and his film."
"Plastic Leis" premiered at the 2005 Hawaiʻi International Film Festival. It has been selected for screening at the Pacifika: New York Hawaiian Film Festival, and the Big Island's startup festival in Kona, both in May.
The annual Atlanta festival, now in its 30th year, presents more than 150 independent films from more than 17 countries along with guest appearances by filmmakers, panelists, artists and industry professionals from around the world. It enjoys a national reputation for its consistently strong and unique programming, enthusiastic audiences and exceptional hospitality.


text: Qi Gong Qi Gong and Tai Chi can be helpful with recovering from the side-effects of breast cancer treatment including immobility and fatigue. It can also be helpful with lowering stress levels. Like acupuncture, Qi Gong and Tai Chi are drawn from ancient Chinese medical traditions. They combine graceful and gentle physical movements with relaxation, meditation and breathing exercises to help balance the flow of energy or 'chi' through the body. Both of these forms of physical and mental exercise encourage you to bring focused attention to your movements and your breath in the present moment. These can also be done seated. This means they are the perfect type of exercise if you are feeling tired or have physical limitations. Regular practice of Qi Gong and Tai Chi may be beneficial to your health by lowering stress levels, improving flexibility, increasing stamina, promoting activity and improving both emotional and physical wellbeing. Book a place Ticket Quantity Price Qi Gong 05.05.2020 No more tickets to add Decrease Enter quantity Increase £7.00 Book


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Marques Almeida
Attitude is paramount for Marta Marques and Paulo Almeida, the Portuguese-born and London-based team behind their namesake womenswear line. After stints at Central Saint Martins and working under Vivienne Westwood, the pair launched Marques'Almeida in 2011 with a collection of reconfigured frayed denim that has since become a signature. Their skill at investing sophisticated constructions with the ease and spirit of a 90s alternative sensibility won them 2015's LVMH Prize for Young Designers, and their collections continue to maintain an effortless balance of luxury and grit. With an eye for alternative cuts and fabric pairings, the duo bring a quality of elegant rawness to asymmetric skirts and dresses, cropped jeans, off-kilter button-downs, frayed denim separates, and textured knits.


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The server encountered an unexpected condition which prevented it from fulfilling the request.
This page has been brought to you by the DEVELOPMENT REFINERY.
Refinery is configured in the DEVELOPMENT environment to override your application's error pages and display its own page for the same error code.


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NEWS UPDATE: FDA's own tests now confirm lead in all 20 lipsticks it tested!
Apply, lick off, and repeat. That's what we as women do many times a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Sure, it comes off on a glass, a friend's cheek, a lover's lips. But over the course of a lifetime, we swallow a fair amount of lipstick. Four pounds according to Glamour Magazine, six pounds according to urban lore, and nine pounds according to the Environment Working Group, a consumer advocacy group. Whomever you believe, it's enough consumed lipstick that should make any woman ask: What's in the lipsticks I'm wearing?
According to a study released by Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, a division of EWG, more than 60% of the 33 famous brands studied contained lead, with levels ranging up to 0.65 parts per million. All the regular names you've known and used. Lead is a known neurotoxin that has been linked to brain damage and miscarriages, among other things. No lipstick ingredient labels list lead.
The Food and Drug Administration does not limit lead in cosmetics, like it does in candy. In fact, one third of the lipstick brands exceed the FDA limit for lead in candy: 0.1 parts per million. The levels ranged from 0.03 - 0.65 ppm. Very small amounts mind you, but lead levels build up in the body over time.
But its not just lead - parabens, synthetic colors derived from coal-tar, synthetic fragrances, phthalates and BHA are questionable ingredients in many lipsticks, with side-effects that range from skin irritations to being suspected carcinogens.
No, you don't have to swear off lipsticks forever - just pay attention to what you buy. Just as with food, look at the ingredient labels and stick with products that use certified organic ingredients and are certified natural.
Lavera lipsticks are certified all natural by the BDIH, one of the strictest certifying bodies in world. Lavera lipsticks consist of all natural ingredients such as organic essential oils, candelilla wax, jojoba oil, and natural minerals such as titanium, zinc and iron oxides. Lavera lipsticks come in a vivid range of colors and prove that you can look out for your health and beauty at the same time, without compromise!


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Holiday Gift Guide
The foodie in your life will love a kitchen-themed gift. Find the right gift for all of the people in your life with our gift guides.More
New Year's Eve Hors D'Oeuvres
Five appetizer ideas to help you ring in the new year from dips to bite sized snacks you can enjoy with party guests.More
Five Tips for a Successful Holiday Cocktail Party
The holidays are the primo season for the cocktail party. It's a great way to celebrate with lots of friends, because the easy-going vibe of a cocktail party encourages guests to mix and mingle. Keep these tips in mind when you are the host from food placement to menu ideas.More
Delicata Squash and Sage Biscuits
What Is Your Best Thanksgiving Disaster Story?
As much as we look forward to the traditions of the holiday season, Thanksgiving can be a stressful event. Many people have a story about a time when Thanksgiving dinner did not go quite as smoothly as they hoped. What's your story? We encourage you to share your own Thanksgiving mishaps in the comments section here!More


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Coronavirus (COVID-19) Advisory: Please help us limit exposure. Learn more ›
No matter what kind of treatment a cancer patient receives, the fight against cancer is more than a physical challenge. It impacts everything from emotional well-being to financial stability. That's why integration of services for the mind, body and spirit are so important.
Cancer support groups and classes
(*) Offered through cancer classes
Many national and local community organizations offer help and support to cancer patients and their families.
Local & national resources
Resources by cancer types
Individual counseling
For family and caregivers
Support groups
Cancer rehabilitation program
Spiritual care
Naturopathic care
Cancer rehabilitation
Hair loss
Beauty and cancer
Financial counseling
Financial resources
Billing guide
Campus locations
Cancer institute locations
Cancer education center
Cancer resource navigator
Health /cancer classes
Medical records
Coping with treatment side effects
Health /cancer classes
Survivorship newsletter
Cancer prevention
Integrated care
Support groups
Art therapy
Jewelry making (*)
Knit for Life
Massage therapy
Music therapy
Sound healing (*)
Gentle and chair yoga (*)
Puzzles and Brain Teasers
Naturopathic care
Cancer rehabilitation
Pain and headache center
Nutrition care
Naturopathic care
Eating well classes (*)
Meals / food assistance
Living will / estate planning
Interpreter services
International patient services
Private pay services
(paying for the service yourself)
Make a gift
Join Swedish events
Volunteer opportunities
Get yourself and your loved one screened


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Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by bacteria. It usually affects the lungs. Symptoms may include fever, extreme fatigue, weight
loss, night sweats, and a cough that brings up thick, bloody mucus.
TB can be deadly if it isn't treated.
Last Revised:
October 9, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & R. Steven Tharratt, MD, MPVM, FACP, FCCP - Pulmonology, Critical Care Medicine, Medical Toxicology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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Use our patient tools for secure, convenient, 24/7 access. Learn more
This facility is a member of
Adventist Midwest Health hospitals offer convenient online appointment scheduling requests.
Please note appointment requests must be made at least two business days out. If you need to see a doctor sooner, please use our Same Day Scheduling service.
Appointment requests are only for services provided by the hospital. A representative from our scheduling department will call you back to confirm your appointment date and time.
To request an appointment, choose a location from the list below.
To request an appointment with a physician you must contact the physician's office directly. Adventist Health Partners physicians offer a variety of convenient locations, dates and times.
Click here to schedule a virtual visit for common, non-emergency conditions.


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A giant sinkhole opened up underneath the parking lot of a condo complex near the University of South Florida in Tampa, taking an entire Toyota Camry with it. The car disappeared down the sinkhole minutes after this photo was taken.
About a dozen families in the condo complex on the edge of the University of South Florida campus are sleeping elsewhere tonight after the earth opened up below their homes. This photo of a Toyota Camry was taken moments before the hole sucked it up completely — probably helpful for insurance purposes.
If you're keeping score at home, here's where it falls on the worldwide sinkhole scale:
Crazy Sinkhole to Chicago Pothole
(Hat tip to Goatrope!)


text: Josh from Homer GA with his new BAD BOY Primary Wrangler Unlimited! Congratulations Josh! THANK YOU for being a valued member of the Banks County PrimaryFamily.com! America's #1 Jeep,Hummer,Tacoma & FJ Family---Primary 2012 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited 4X4 Auto - Power convenience group - new MT 35s For all of the exciting details CALL/TEXT 706-216-0175 - READY WHEN YOU ARE! And of course at Primary's special OUTLET cash price! HIGHER VOLUME = LOWER PRICES!! PLEASE VISIT www.PrimaryJeeps.com for up to the minute additions and changes -NOBODY can match a Primary Deal! Each of our Jeeps, Hummers and Tacomas are carefully hand selected with YOU in mind. ASE Certified with a 90 Day / 3000 mile "Peace of Mind" Powertrain Warranty honored NATIONWIDE at NO extra cost to you! - Special Discounts for VETERANS and their Families IN HOUSE FINANCING reporting to All 3 Credit Bureaus - GUARANTEED Approval REGARDLESS Of Credit -OR- As low as 3.34% and/or No Money Down with approved credit! NO DEALER FEES! (That alone saves you HUNDREDS!)- EVERY vehicle we sell comes with a clean, clear title and qualifies for the safe and secure Carfax or Autocheck Buyback Guarantee! For more info contact the guys who have helped more people acquire Jeeps, Hummers and Tacomas than anyone in the South! Nick or Jeff - CALL/TEXT 706-703-4443 - Located only 2 miles from the incredible North Georgia Premium Outlets in Dawsonville Ga. We are YOUR Jeep Wrangler, Hummer and Tacoma VOLUME Outlet! HIGHER VOLUME = LOWER PRICES! THE SOUTH'S LARGEST SELECTION OF CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED JEEP WRANGLERS, HUMMERS and TACOMAS ALL IN ONE LOCATION For Your Convenience FREE SHIPPING to YOUR DOOR ANYWHERE in the Continental USA! PARTS & ACCESSORIES at DEALER COST for the LIFE of your Primary vehicle! A Family owned and operated dealership who treats YOU like Family. Always Open at www.PrimaryJeeps.com PRIMARY AUTO GROUP JEEPS HUMMERS TACOMAS -- "READY WHEN YOU ARE" Jeep Wrangler, Hummer and TACOMA Outlet 8425 Hwy 53 East Dawsonville Ga 30534 706-216-0175 Less than one hour northeast of Atlanta Ga Only minutes from Gainesville, Dahlonega, Cumming, Cleveland, Cherokee County and ALL of North Georgia! "AMERICA'S #1 JEEP, HUMMER and TACOMA FAMILY" www.PrimaryFamily.com Selling your Jeep or Hummer? We pay on the spot! Payoff? -- NO Problem!