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Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare immunobullous dermatosis with worldwide distribution. The core manifestation of the condition is mucosal erosions and easily ruptured bullae that emerge on an apparently normal skin and mucous membranes or on an erythematous base. It is perhaps the most formidable dermatologic emergency which requires prompt treatment without which it may prove to be fatal. Though, new treatment modalities have decreased the mortality, nevertheless complications of the treatment are the main hazards presented by various clinical manifestations, and among them fever represents one of the most important presentations.
To characterize pyrexia, seventy two febrile pemphigus cases admitted to dermatology ward of a University Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, were enrolled in this study, during March 2010 to February, 2011. The patients received oral therapy (oral prednisolone 1-2 mg/kg/day) and cytotoxics including azathioprine and cyclophosphamide or pulse therapy (with methyl prednisolone 500-1000 mg daily for three days and cyclophosphamide 500 mg with MESNA [2 Mercapto Ethane Sulfonate Sodium] rescue). Investigations for the management of fever included blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, cutaneous lesions and synovial fluid culture, gram's and AFB (Acid Fast Bacilli) staining of sputum, complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), chest X-ray and stool examination for ova or cyst of parasites. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16.
Among 72 febrile pemphigus patients admitted, majority (97.2%) of them were classified as pemphigus vulgaris, with suprabasal acantholysis, while only 2.8% cases presented with pemphigus foliaceous, with more superficial (subcorneal) acantholysis. Though not significant, 56.9% of patients were females. Mean age of cases was 45.31 ± 16.75. Mean interval since diagnosis of pemphigus (and initiation of treatment) to the presence of fever was 5.72 ± 4.97 days. Oral therapy was prescribed to 91.7% of patients, while 8.3% received pulse therapy. The prime etiology of pyrexia was the presence of infection at various sites including: cutaneous lesions (19.4%), pulmonary infections (15.27%), urinary tract infections (11.1%) and gastroenteritis (5.5%). No patient was found positive for the presence of mycobacterium morphology on AFB smear of sputum. Staphylococcus aureus infection was revealed in 82.9% of cases with cutaneous erosions.
Full article can be found here: http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2012;volume=78;issue=6;spage=774;epage=774;aulast=Qadim


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GoWorld necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 64 diseños de 15 diseñadores freelance.
GoWorld is a new IT services startup company in New Zealand that does three things; Bigfix Security and Systems Management, Green IT, and Ubuntu commercial support.
Elevator Pitch - we exist to reduce the cost and complexity of maintaining the health and improving the security of an enterprises IT assets - fixed or mobile - physical or virtual - through a high performance, single infrastructure, single console, and single agent solution.
We have 3 primary sub brands: GoSecureIT - does the Bigfix products and IT security and systems management services; GoGreenIT - Does the power management solution / environmental and sustainability / responsibility ect; and GoUbuntu - provides open source Ubuntu solutions with commercial support and systems management.
The primary driver and hook and a strong focus is Green IT - thus the logo must have a green IT angle.
We are aiming at the corporate and large enterprises / thus a crisp and professional corporate design. Mainly focused at business executives - CEO, CIO, CFO - C level, and then also to IT Technical Directors, IT Managers, IT Operations Managers, and IT Systems Administrators
GoWorld is the text in the logo. I am looking for a simple, clear, sharp and uncomplicated logo - must not be busy, but can be bold.
The emphasis is as an IT Services company. A primary focus is also green IT, so think about how the two can communicate the brand in the logo.
Would like logo to stand out / 3d effect maybe? Like a Google Chrome, Ubuntu / Canonical logo.
The PRIMARY COLOR of the website will be predominately a deep corporate blue, also MUST HAVE environmental green in the logo. Possibly also have a little Ubuntu brown.
The "G" and "W" in "GoWorld" MUST BE capital letters.
Option 1 - "Go" inside a green block (color of the block to be environmental green). Block to have rounded edges. "Go" letters inside the green block to be white. "Go" part of the logo can look like a square starter button. Beveled edges. "World" letters to be dark blue. MUST BE HORIZONTAL DESIGN.
Option 2 - Same as above with "Go" part of the logo can also look like a round start button, must have the words "Go" inside. "World" to be in dark blue letters following "Go". MUST BE HORIZONTAL DESIGN.
Option 3 - Can have a picture of the world as the graphic in front of the words "GoWorld". MUST NOT be a "Blue marble" photo or picture of the world. Needs to be very simple modern design. Can have the "Go" inside the graphic of the world. GoWorld font in the globe can be white, and "World" font can be dark blue.
The Logo MUST convey - Professional Corporate Design, Sharp, Bold, Simple, Action, Motion, Life, Energy. Must also communicate Security, Trust - try some dark grey / gunmetal grey in the logo / silver?
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.

subset: commoncrawl


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Rocky Mountain Showdown… The Redux? Colorado vs. Colorado State… in December? It could come to be. Follow along:
The Pac-12 on Thursday announced it will partner with the New Mexico Bowl next season, one year sooner than expected, for a game that will pit the seventh-best team in the Pac-12 against one from the Mountain West.
The Pac-12 had come to an agreement with the New Mexico Bowl for 2012, but after the bowl dropped its WAC tie-in, the new marriage was moved up.
A 6-6 record likely would punch a Pac-12 ticket to Albuquerque. Southern Cal is ineligible for the postseason, leaving 11 teams in the conference to fight for bids. Colorado is coming off a 5-7 record last season, but will join the Pac-12 this year under new coach Jon Embree.
Colorado State, which went 3-9 in 2010 but returns sophomore QB Pete Thomas, won the New Mexico Bowl in 2008 over Fresno State and has a natural, regional draw in New Mexico.


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Why are we surprised by bad jobs numbers?July 6, 2012: 11:47 AM ET
For those of you who remember what vinyl records are, they tend to play the same spot of a song over and over and over again when they are broken. With that in mind, have I ever mentioned to you before that this is a barbecue recovery?
I've used this term at least a dozen times in stories (and Lord knows how many times on Twitter) since I first declared that the economy was in a BBQ-like low and slow growth phase back in June 2010.
Absolutely nothing has changed since then. Yet here we are in the summer of 2012, still perplexed by why employers are taking their sweet time to hire back people who lost their jobs during the Great Recession.
It's painful to admit this, but we need to get used to lackluster jobs growth ... regardless of who wins the races for the White House and Congress in November. And for all you liquidity-addicted traders out there craving your QE3 fix? There's not much the Federal Reserve can do to help the labor market either.
Related: Obama's jobs battle-- an interactive timeline
The 2008 and 2009 downturn was awful and it was a mess that was created from decades of wanton spending by consumers, businesses and governments. This is not something that can be fixed overnight. In that respect, it's no different than the European debt crisis.
Millions of people remain out of work and even though the unemployment rate has stabilized around 8.2% lately, the so-called underemployment rate has ticked up for two months in a row and now stands at 14.9%.
"The economy can't rebound that quickly from a horrendous credit-induced recession. You get this halting recovery that can last for years," said Dan Seiver, a finance professor with San Diego State University. He added that the damage to the balance sheets of consumers and local governments in particular were so severe that it's only natural to expect just modest and choppy growth.>
The problems facing the U.S. economy are significant.
Retail sales are still lackluster, which gives corporations the perfect excuse to not hire. The problems in Europe add to the market's angst. The looming fiscal cliff of automatic budget cuts and the expiration of lower tax rates is another reason for individual consumers and important corporate decision makers to pull back on spending.
And while the worst may finally be over for residential real estate, that's not saying much. It will take years to clear the glut of foreclosed homes on the market.
The disappointing June jobs numbers are not a good sign. Yet they are not evidence of a new recession either. Let's put things in perspective. June is the third month in a row where fewer than 100,000 jobs were added to payrolls. The average is a measly 75,000 job gains a month for the second quarter.
But that follows a first quarter in which the average monthly gain was 226,000 jobs. Add that up and what do you get for the first half of the year? An average of 150,500 jobs a month. That level of growth sounds about right for an economy that's in a slow expansion.
There are reasons to hope that the trend of sub-100,000 jobs gains will soon end. Stuart Hoffman, chief economist at PNC Financial Services in Pittsburgh, notes that the number of hours worked and hourly wages in June both rose slightly more than expected. That will help consumers a bit, especially since gas prices have fallen sharply from earlier this year.
Hoffman predicts that lower gas prices could boost consumer confidence and spending somewhat, which in turn should lead companies to hire more as the year progresses. He's predicting average job gains from the private sector of 165,000 a month for the next six months.
That's an improvement over the overall payroll gains (including government jobs) from the past three months. But it's hardly something to get that excited about. As such, Hoffman said his economic forecast for the U.S. remains "persistent but moderate."
It's also important to remember that the monthly jobs numbers may continue to be volatile. Would it be a huge shock if there were a few more months of job gains below 100,000 sprinkled with a couple of months with gains above 200,000? Not really.
I hate to trot out the U word again, but there is still too much uncertainty and that is holding things back. Terry Clower, director of the Center for Economic Development and Research at the University of North Texas, pointed out that what's happening this year is similar to last year and 2010. Initial hopes that happier days were here again were dashed by the reality that Europe isn't fixed and the U.S. still has to address its own fiscal problems.
"This is a recovery without commitment," Clower said. "We will probably continue to muddle along. There will be job creation but it won't be enough to meaningfully change the unemployment rate."


text:
Call Richard Taylor at 678-576-1913
for information or to register.
Saturday & Monday Anger Management Class Schedule
Georgia Approved Anger Management Certified Provider
PrePay To Reserve Your Seat.
Limited Seating At Executive Conference Table.
SATURDAY - Call 678-576-1913 to schedule
Dates may change as Training for me are being offered so best to attend early in case I have to withdraw one date listed below.
March 28, 2020 - April 11, 2020
Saturday NO CLASS Suspended
PrePay To Reserve Your Seat.
Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Saturday Class In Person Suspended By Government Request
Until Further Notice. Will be Updated as Events change.
March 28, 2020 - April 11, 2020
Saturday CLASS NO CLASS - Suspended
Check in with Richard 678-576-1913
On Your Cell - LapTop - Desktop
Being Offered from 3/27/20
Pay $25.00/1 Hour Class : $50.00/2 Hour Class
Upon receiving COMPLETED INTAKE FORM
Richard will send you ZOOM INVITE LINK to join the ZOOM LIVE CLASS at your signed up time You chose.
10:30AM to 11:30AM Monday 1 Hour Class $25 Meets Every Week
Noon to 1:00PM Monday 1 Hour Class $25 Meets Every Week
MONDAY 03/30/2020 9:00AM to 5:00PM
8 Hour Intensive Course $200.00
Work Lunch
8 Hours/8 Classes:
Call Richard At 678-576-1913 To Register.
By Appointment Only.
Pre-Pay $200 To Reserve Your Seat
Class Schedule May Change Without Notice so PrePay to Reserve your Seat and lock in your date. Best to NOT wait until last Saturday before your court date. Procrastinators often miss deadlines = often go to jail.
NOTICE: If you PrePay for Unavailable Date your payment will be applied for next available Saturday. Call or email to followup for PREPAY payment made to insure good communication and your needs are met.
Be sure to get driving directions from Richard...
Call Richard at 678-576-1913
No Checks
No Money Orders
Saturday Class Conference Room
Monday Class Room
Judges, Solicitor General's, Probation Officers, PreTrial Officers in different counties all have different anger management requirements to fulfill their needs for you. It is your responsibility to check with them and ask questions to what they will accept to fulfill your court requirements.
Some require:
Atlanta Anger Management Saturday Classes - Schedule
The Saturday Anger Management Classes covers all the same Educational Information as our 8 Week Anger Management Classes.
One Day Of Anger Management Classes.
Atlanta Anger Management is a Certified Anger Management Provider accepted in all 50 US States.
SATURDAY ANGER MANAGEMENT CLASSES - Atlanta Anger Management
When ready to join a class Call Richard Taylor at 678-576-1913
Be prepared to answer the following:
Your Name
Nick Name
Home/Evening Phone
Cell Phone
E-Mail Address
Do You Check It: □ At night □ Often □ Once in a while □ Almost never □
Date Of Birth
Reason For Attending
If applicable:
Case No
Offense Charged With
REFERRING PARTY INFORMATION – This is the person you are going to present your final paperwork to. It might be your Probation Officer, Judge, Solicitor General, Attorney, Employer, HR Department.
This information will appears on Letter Of Enrollment, Progress Reports if Required.
Company Name
Address 1
Address 2
E-Mail Address
Prior Arrests
Georgia Approved Anger Management Certified Provider
PrePay To Reserve Your Seat.
Limited Seating At Executive Conference Table.
SATURDAY - Call Richard at 678-576-1913 to schedule
Dates may change as Training for me are being offered so best to attend early in case I have to withdraw one date listed below.
March 21, 2020
Saturday CLASS [ 9:00AM to 5:00PM - 8 Hours ]
March 28, 2020
Saturday CLASS [ 9:00AM to 5:00PM - 8 Hours ]
April 4, 2020
Saturday CLASS [ 9:00AM to 5:00PM - 8 Hours ]
April 11, 2020
Saturday CLASS [ 9:00AM to 5:00PM - 8 Hours ]
10:30AM to 11:30AM Monday 1 Hour Class $25 Meets Every Week
Noon to 1:00PM Monday 1 Hour Class $25 Meets Every Week
MONDAY 03/30/2020 9:00AM to 5:00PM
8 Hour Intensive Course $200.00
Work Lunch
8 Hours/8 Classes:
Call Richard At 678-576-1913 To Register.
By Appointment Only.
Class Schedule May Change Without Notice so PrePay to Reserve your Seat and lock in your date. Best to NOT wait until last Saturday before your court date. Procrastinators often miss deadlines = often go to jail.
NOTICE: If you PrePay for Unavailable Date your payment will be applied for next available Saturday. Call or email to followup for PREPAY payment made to insure good communication and your needs are met.
Driving directions
--> Court Ordered Clients Needing Anger Management Classes
--> Volunteer Clients
--> Angry People
--> Anger is appearing too often, too intense
--> Anger is affecting your relationships
--> Anger has become physical
--> Anger is becoming verbally abusive
--> Anger is appearing in your work life or while out in public
--> Couples having Anger as a relationship issue
--> Road Ragers
--> If you are stuck, don't feel much
--> Sick of stuffing feelings
--> You are a passive Person
--> You say: "I never get angry."
--> You are in a Toxic Relationship that is almost over
--> You are single but know anger affects your relationships
--> Bad Moods predominate each day
--> Your partner, friends or family tell you, "You need Anger Management."
Limited Seating. Call to reserve your chair!
We sit around a conference table and have lively interaction
discussing and learning about anger, stress, communication styles and emotional intelligence. All to improve your reactions to anger and stress producing activating events. You are treated with respect. Come join a select few who want the best anger management program on the planet.
Besides getting your Court Ordered needed Certificate of Completion you also learn something! Get your money's worth!
Court Ordered Participants Usually Require 8 Hours Or More Of Classes.
Call Richard at 678-576-1913
A.) All documents to relieve you of your case requirements.
B.) Certificate Of Completion Offered For All Who Complete 8 Hours of Classes hand signed by our Owner/Director Richard Taylor and Corporate Seal.
C.) Work Book of Course Topics
D.) You receive a model of Anger Management with tools/methods that actually work. When used they will improve your interpersonal relationships in your personal, business and public life. You will be able to reduce your reaction to anger triggering events to more appropriate responses that enhance your life.
E.) Complimentary Designer Coffee, Hot Tea, Hot Chocolate, Cappuccino, Filtered Water
OK To Bring Your Own Snacks, Drinks, Food
F.) Free Safe Parking, Building has 24/7 Security
Call Richard at 678-576-1913
TESTIMONIALS (Anonymous From End Of Class Survey)
Richard is very funny and accommodates both young and older audiences. He understands and communicates very well. Today I learned I had an anger problem and Richard provided me with solutions. Thanks.
I found the class a very positive experience and provided insights to how anger works, that it can be used positively for good rather than be destructive aggressive anger. I learned about being intelligent with my emotions that I can choose better responses for better outcomes. I liked the instructor, Richard as he knew the material and was non judgmental towards everyone in the class. I was not forced to talk, but found myself participating as the material was engaging.
The class was very real and went straight to the point rather than beat around the bush. Real life stories of how people messed up making it easier for me to remember what Not To Do!
Today's anger management class was one of the most positive things I have attended and participated in ever. Richard was very funny and open to us all attending and let us fully express ourselves as things came up. The teaching points just kept expanding layer upon layer and help me realize that EVERYONE should take this class. It was so uplifting and energizing.
I know that I will make better choices and never return. No more court ordered anger management for me!
I attended a class somewhere else and it produced very negative feelings in me. I felt accused, made to feel I was a bad person and had to admit I was the perpetrator. The fact was I was falsely accused and did nothing wrong. I am so glad I found Atlanta Anger Management. Richard was very positive and uplifting in his teaching methods. It was Anger Management, but the Anderson and Anderson curriculum was much much more. Skill enhancing information in so many areas, that I found myself enjoying the class and owning it and saying yes to the information as it was presented. I had a very good day. Glad it is over and worth the money. And now new skills to move forward. I will never be back. Richard stories reinforced that. Avoid precarious situations to avoid getting arrested.
This class was not what I expected. Started with some good coffee and immediately jumped into the material. As the day unfolded I could see that the material was really relevant to my life and I could use it in a practical way. I thought it was going to be a waste of time...but rather I felt energized by the material and Richard. I actually enjoyed myself. It was very valuable to me to attend a Saturday Class since my schedule is very busy with work and family demands. I thought it was easier to remember everything doing it in a one day class. Thanks.
I work outside and have a hard time sitting for long periods. It was great as the morning break came fast, then lunch, then afternoon break. So I did not have to sit any longer than 2 hours before I could check by phone for text message or voicemail. And got to stretch. The class material was easy to understand and with the DVDs made the day go by fast. I am glad to get this behind me.
Excellent information. Real Theory that you can really practice.
The instructor really knew his stuff. The day flew by and I was glad to get this behind me!
All the information was really helpful and useful. Richard did a great job of explaining and breaking the lessons down. The one day class was perfect for my situation due to time restraints.
A very helpful class. Learned things I can definitely use day to day.
It was a very laid back environment that made me feel accepted and more able to listen.
I enjoyed going over the material as Richard presented it. He made sure I understood the material.
The material was very defined and thorough. I particularly liked the self evaluating assessments that we did that help me realize my reactions to many events in my life.
As Richard said, this will give me a better handle on how to respond for better outcomes.
I like the Communication DVD and learning about spotting the different communication styles we all use. Should help me respond in a better way.
I like the One Day Class due to my working schedule. It was easier to understand the class lessons as everything flowed into the next chapter of info.
I learned how to better recognize and manage my frustration before it results in my usual anger.
Nice surprise. I thought I wouldn't learn anything, and just do it for my probation. I actually did learn good anger control coping skills and learned I need to manage my stress better. The DVD's were pretty good and help break up the class info. I am taking home a new attitude as a result of the class. I got my money worth.
Word of the day for me: Assertiveness
What I liked was how organized everything was. From my first email inquiry and fast response, to the subsequent follow up emails answering all my questions, the Details offered that told me everything I needed to know. Then the first part of the day, the following in the workbook, DVD's, breaks, lunch, the facility....all surpassed my expectations. I am glad I chose Richard and his Atlanta Anger Management. It was worth the money even though I was falsely accused and got screwed by the system.
Learned that if I change my awareness of my anger response that it can be used for good rather than be destructive.
For me, this was a Divine appointment. I don't have anger issues. But due to the police policy that someone has to get arrested it was me. I was not happy I was forced to attend this class. But after a few research Google searches I decided to attend to this class because of what I read about this class. I had to travel from over 60 miles to attend. I found it was definitely worth it. I was immediately affirmed upon arriving and opened up to Richard and his teaching style. He made me laugh and see that it is just as important to learn how anger and rage works to give me tools to respond better to other people's anger. That was the insight. I work in a rather hostile combative work environment at a large company. Dog eat dog so to speak. This class gave me new insights and skills to deal better with the people I work with and leave my frustration at work and not dump on my husband when I get home. I am sure my husband will appreciate the new me. This is exactly what I needed.
I like being in a class with class participation. Made it interesting and I felt comfortable adding my input to class material. Richard even let me explain my knowledge of Meditation that was cool for me. ;-)
I am sick of being known as a hothead. The class will help me respond in a better way and let me become less reactive and explosive. I look forward to being the calm one.
I am writing a brief testimony about Richard Taylor's anger management class. I attended his Saturday class, and it was a very beneficial class for me. I have always struggled with anger, but I was always able to control it. I finally let my anger get the best of me, and I got in trouble at work. I was very luck that I did not get fired. After attending Richard's class, I was able to identify several tools to help me with my anger.
First, I was able to identify my triggers of my anger. I was also taught several tools to help control my anger. I have turned to regular exercise, taking controlled deep breaths, and excusing myself from a bad situation.
Everyone will deal with anger issues in different ways. I learned what would work best for me. I highly recommend his Saturday course. He has helped me to control my anger on a daily basis. His class will give you new insights to yourself and your anger issues.
It was great to be able to receive all the anger management information in one day due to my busy schedule, savings on gas and time. I find I do better with consolidated information learning situations rather than spread over eight weeks. Easier to retain/remember the information!
Sincerely, Steve
The class was not what I expected. I actually enjoyed it and learned something.
I liked that you told anger management stories from actual people you have seen as to what to NOT DO. Also that you had some DVD's to watch that broke the day up.
Thanks. Hope to never see you again!
As Richard described depression and anxiety I realized I had the signs of depression. It was an
ah ha moment for me and explained why occasionally I got angry. The anger helped me get enough energy to do something and speak out. I now realized I was stuck in inaction mode. He called it Freeze. Like Fight, Flight, Freeze primal instincts. Made sense. Wow. I now have some coping skills to help myself get motivated and getting moving. I see some hope. I talked to Richard over lunch about my situation and he was open and made some suggestions that got me excited. Thanks Richard.
I enjoyed the class. That surprised me. Thanks.
Very interesting class. I learned a lot, not just about anger and managing those issues, but also behavior skills in stress management, that emotional intelligence can be learned to improve yourself and better communication skills while learning to fight fair.
E-mailed to us:
Thanks Richard for allowing me the opportunity. i really enjoyed the class, and i think i enjoyed it more than the others lol that's between you and i. and i will keep practicing the assertion skill!!! again thanks allot, and many more blessing to you guys and the wonderful corp. of A.A.M. ps. i honestly felt like family during the whole time i was there. thanks for being my mentor!!!! -Joshua
Richard knew the material and made the time go by fast.
I liked that you told anger management stories from actual people you have seen as to what to NOT DO. Also that you had some DVD's to watch that broke the day up.
Call Richard at 678-576-1913 or E-MAIL TO SIGN UP
If you sign up and leave class early you forfeit money as your seat is reserved just for you. You will be required to attend and pay for the missed time/information to complete the class time required.
2. Pre-Registration is required. You Need Approval to insure we have room for you and you get what you need. No registration fee.
3. Form of payment: CASH | VISA | MC | AMEX | DISCOVER | PayPal | No Checks. No Money Orders.
4. The Anger Management Training consist of:
5. Hardship cases are suggested to should seek a government agency for help. Special Discount for Military, Police Officers, Fire Fighters, Homeland Security Officials. No free classes are offered.
6. 24 Hour Notice is required for non attendance (No Show) or forfeit payment. This means if you miss your scheduled course date without 24 hour notice, then you pay for missing it. To avoid simply call and let us know 24 hours in advance. Emergencies seem to abound, no excuses accepted. This is common courtesy and a standard professional practice. No explanation is needed. Just call to inform us you cannot make your reserved class 24 hours in advance. This is practical Anger Management and shows responsibility and ownership on your part.
7. Required: Participation in class discussions, no sleeping in the class, be cooperative, if asked to stop and listen, do so. Be drug free and alcohol free. If you fail to cooperate you will be asked to leave. If necessary by police escort.
8. Certificate of Completion is only issued upon completion of the training and full payment received.
9. Policies can change without notice, but remain in effective for your duration of your training.
Anger isn't considered a Psychological Disorder by either the American Psychiatric Association or the American Psychological Association in the way that depression or schizophrenia are. Since anger is considered only a symptom of underlying emotions, treatment cannot be billed to clients health insurance.


text:
(AP) — Shares of PetroQuest Energy Inc. fell Thursday after the company said it planned to buy a shallow water property in the Gulf of Mexico for $193 million.
THE SPARK: PetroQuest announced after the market closed Wednesday that it will buy the property from private companies in a deal that will close in July.
THE BIG PICTURE: PetroQuest, an oil and gas company based in Layfayette, La., said the property is located around its existing shallow water Gulf of Mexico properties and operations.
These assets produced, on average, about 1,100 barrels of oil per day and 19 million cubic feet of gas per day during May.
The company has secured $185 million in bridge loan commitments and is looking at its permanent financing options for the deal. The company said it will also increase the borrowing base on its secured bank credit facility to $200 million from $150 million.
THE ANALYSIS: While the deal is expected to significantly increase PetroQuest's oil production and prove profitable in the near term, investors are leery of sinking money in the Gulf of Mexico.
Sterne Agee analyst Tim Rezvan said that investors these days don't appreciate Gulf of Mexico assets as the industry preference is to move onshore, where liabilities and risks for gas and oil drilling are lower. And many investors are also averse to increased leverage, especially in today's economic environment where lending rates are increasing.
PetroQuest said that because of their age and design, the risk of hurricane damage to the wells is minimal and they have many more years of production ahead. So the company isn't worried about significant near-term liability with the acquisition.
Analyst Rezvan said the acquisition is "transformative" and will dramatically increase the company's cash flow in 2014. He also said it doesn't require much capital for updates, allowing PetroQuest to put cash back into low-risk resource investments.
SHARE ACTION: Down 45 cents, or 10 percent, to $4.05 in afternoon trading, amid a broad market decline. The stock has traded in a 52-week range of $3.55 to $7.05.


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World powers are considering their next steps in relations with Libya, where Moammar Gadhafi has apparently lost control of the capital, Tripoli, and other major cities.
The United States says it will introduce a resolution in the U.N. Security Council on Wednesday that would unfreeze about $1.5 billion in Libyan assets for humanitarian needs. The assets were blocked under U.N. sanctions.
Earlier Wednesday, France said it was working with its Security Council allies to release the assets while Britain said it was also exploring ways to help Libya.
Separately, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said Wednesday his country would consider establishing relations with the anti-Gadhafi forces. In his first public comments since the rebels stormed Tripoli, Mr. Medvedev said Russia may do so if the group can "unite the country."
Nicaraguan officials said Tuesday their country would consider offering asylum to Mr. Gadhafi, but that he had not asked for such a measure,
Also Tuesday, the Chinese government said it is asking the United Nations to lead post-conflict efforts to establish order in Libya. Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi urged U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to play a leading role and work with other groups to restore order.
China, which has billions of dollars in trade deals with Libya, initially adopted a policy of non-interference in Libya's revolution and refused to follow the lead of other countries in recognizing the Libyan rebels as the country's new government.
Mr. Ban is expected to hold an urgent meeting this week on Libya with major organizations that include the African Union, European Union and Arab League.
The African Union, which tried to mediate the Libyan conflict, has yet to recognize the rebels. AU heads of state are scheduled to hold a series of meetings in Ethiopia this week.
Despite the Libyan rebels recent military gains, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez declared Tuesday that he will continue to recognize Gadhafi as Libya's legitimate ruler. He also reiterated his statements condemning the NATO airstrikes in the country and accusing Western countries of seeking to steal Libya's resources.


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Chances are Kevin Durant and Drake won't be exchanging holiday greetings if last night's game between the Golden State Warriors and Toronto Raptors was any indication.
Drake, who considers himself Toronto's number one fan and has perfected the art of heckling visiting opponents from his court-side seats, needled Durant and the Warriors mercilessly Wednesday night. But the barbs had little effect on Durant's game, as he scored 30 points and grabbed nine rebounds leading Golden State to a 127-121 win.
It also happened to be "Drake Night" in the arena. The singer expressed his disappointment at the conclusion of the game, intentionally bumping Durant during a live on-air interview. Durant paused mid-sentence for several seconds staring Drake down before continuing.
When the interviewer asked Durant about the back and forth with the singer on "Drake Night," Durant responded, "I don't give a damn about no damn Drake night," and stormed off.


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Almost every blogger has one. An icon selected to represent… to symbolize… his or her voice. I'm often amused, impressed, or puzzled by the gravitar selections folks make. Do you feel this way, too?
My blog symbol is pretty straight forward… a Song Sparrow. But, there is a not-so-apparent reason why I revere this little bird, and selected her to represent my voice.
A Song Sparrow taught me an important lesson~
Eradicating invasive Himalayan Blackberries was a foundational step in building Beaver Willows Nature Habitat park on a piece of property that adjoins a wetland in our front "yard." If you've ever tried weeding invasive blackberries, you can appreciate how blood-thirsty those thorny-monster vines can be. The only pleasant part of the work was a serenade provided by a Song Sparrow. Her sweet melody soothed the task of playing tug-of-war with the insanely long, barbed vines. She seemed delighted to follow my movements throughout the afternoon; singing gleefully, happy to have me as an audience.
Anxious to get the job done, I was not careful with attention to the plants that grew in close proximity to the target of my plant-slaying quest. Then it happened… a small, empty bird nest woven neatly from wetland grasses dangled in a mass of vegetation; it was caught by the spiky spines that protruded from the vines. At first I was thrilled by the find. It felt like I had received a trophy in reward for my good deed of removing noxious weeds from our wetland property. Oddly, the little song sparrow ceased to sing. It took only that moment for me to realize the snagged nest was hers. My heart sank as I commenced to serenade her with sincere apologies for what I had carelessly done.
Next morning, the work of blackberry eradication continued, but with less zeal in the aggressive approach I had employed the previous day. After studying the plant community, I decided to leave some of the blackberry thicket along the margins where hardwood trees and softwood shrubbery meet with the wetland. As if giving approval and a sign of forgiveness, the Song Sparrow continued, as she had done the day before, with her beautiful chorus.
Weeks later, came the realization why I so profoundly admire the Song Sparrow. Her song lured me to a place in the thicket where purposeful flight was rustling in and out of the remaining blackberry vines. Then it happened! The tiny chirps of hungry hatchlings formed a new melody. The Song Sparrow did not give up that day her nest was reeled out of the brambles… she skillfully built a new one. As the days of spring passed, I sat on a nearby stump and observed as she and her mate cared for their youngsters.
I still have the remains of the first nest. It's been picked through by other animals and disturbed by winds, rain, and snow. But is still serves as a reminder of my appreciation for the Song Sparrow's forgiving spirit, her cheerfulness , and the tenacity she exhibited in rebuilding what was lost in order to move forward with life.
It also reminds me that nature's ecosystems are intricate networks that support the organisms living in a particular habitat. One small change can have life-changing consequences. In the case of the the disturbed nesting site, I was fortunate because the Song Sparrow was able to recover and prevail. But- this is not always the case. We, as human-beings, must evaluate how severely we choose to impact nature . . . there are times She will not be able to recover.
My Song Sparrow gravitar provides an enduring reminder of the lessons learned from a little songbird. I suggest that all humans adopt a personal icon… a symbol from nature, to serve as a continual reminder of our connection, and dependence on Her for Life.
My husband's reaction when I asked him about his nature symbol was… contemplation. He replied that he can't say off the top of his head what it is because this choice runs deeper than merely selecting a "favorite" animal or thing in Nature. I respect his reaction, and wonder… will you do the same? Think deeply about your Nature spirit-symbol and then follow it evermore to meaningfully connect with and honor your relationship with our Natural world.
In response to The Daily Post's weekly photo challenge: "Symbol."


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Adam Schart, engineer with EBH and Associates from Goodland, Kan. was present to address questions council members had regarding a treatment system.
Schart and his firm will work to create a Preliminary Engineering Report (PER) by the end of June so the city will have time to apply for funding should the council decide to move forward with a water treatment system.
City administrator Bob Churchwell was asked to arrange a date for council members to walk through Goodland's water treatment facility around Wednesday, Jan. 23.
B.J. Mayhan of Rebeltec Communications based in Cheyenne Wells was in attendance to give a fiber optics presentation to council members.
Mayhan indicated Rebeltec has collaborated with EagleNet, a firm that has control of fiber optics in Eastern Colorado, and purchased a port which would allow Rebeltec to enter the community with fiber optic services.
Mayhan discussed the idea of creating a franchise in Burlington.
Pick up a copy of The Record to see the entire council meeting article.


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Ever since I have tried grilled turkey patties at my cousin's house, they have became a staple in our house. And why wouldn't they? They are really quick to make and are so so good!
1 lb of ground turkey
1/2 cup of finely chopped onion
2 cloves of garlic minced
1/4 cup of chopped parsley
1 egg
1/4 cup of plain bread crumbs
1/2 tsp of salt
1/4 tsp of pepper
Combine all your ingredients together in one bowl
Mix everything together
Preheat your grill
Make your patties:
Turn your grill on medium heat
Make sure you use a grill oil spray to prevent your patties from sticking
Put your patties on the grill and close the grill
Grill for 8 minutes
After 8 minutes, turn them over and close the grill again
Grill the other side for about 7 minutes
Then you are done
Told you it was easy!
Serve up with some orzo & veggies and you have yourself a nice healthy dinner


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| 8.8°C Belfast
Consumer credit is expected to swell to £164 billion this year as demand for credit card borrowing and retail finance grows, according to a report today.
The EY Item Club forecast for financial services predicts it will increase by 3.1%, after a rise of just 0.8% in 2013.
It said consumers were now a better bet for banks to lend to after four years of falling credit availability. Household debt-to-income ratios have fallen and write-offs on consumer lending are forecast to drop.
The report said: "The pace of growth should increase as households become more confident about their employment and financial situation."
Andrew Goodwin, senior economic advisor to the EY Item Club, said: "2014 will hopefully be the turning point for many UK households' access to credit.
"Last year we saw growth in credit card lending and demand for car finance recovering strongly, but other forms of unsecured credit either fell or remained stagnant.
"This year we expect growth across the board - as well as a swell in consumer demand for credit cards, we expect stronger demand for big-ticket purchases, driving retail finance and personal loans, which will be good news for banks."
The report also said mortgage lending would grow strongly over the 2014-17, well ahead of continental Europe.
Meanwhile, the climate for businesses starved of credit is expected to improve, with a £10 billion increase in lending and accelerating growth in later years - but this comes after a £20 billion fall last year, according to the report.
Mr Goodwin said: "A £10 billion increase in business lending is a very respectable start to what we believe will be ongoing growth for the next few years.
"However, while this is good news for those businesses who have been starved of finance, it must be seen for what it is, which is just half of the fall that was experienced in 2013.
"All the same, this should not take away from what is a positive step towards more 'normal' lending levels after five years of stagnant and falling lending figures."


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Compare cheap flights to Malawi
Malawi is a landlocked country in Africa. It is also referred to as the Warm Heart of Africa. Despite its small size in terms of land area, it is a home to over 16 million people. Beautiful mountains and plains surround the country. Thus, it has become one of the hottest tourist destinations in recent years.
Extreme Adventure
For daredevils, you can visit the Mt. Mulanje Plateau for mountain climbing and trekking. The mountain rises at over 3,280 feet. Yet, if you reach the mountain after a long hike, it is worth the effort once you see the spectacular waterfalls and clear streams.
Walk with nature
If you are the less daring nature lover, you can just visit the Nature Sanctuary by the Lingadzi River. This place has walking trails where you can view different species of birds and animals along the way. Some other species you can find at Nature Sanctuary cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
A hearty meal
After a long and tiring nature trip, you can end your day with a sumptuous meal at Ali Baba's. This is the country's leading fast food, offering authentic Malawian dishes.
You might have just heard about Malawi from geography books. If you want to see it for real, book a flight at Skiddoo now.


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For other uses, see Asphalt (disambiguation). Note: The terms bitumen and asphalt are mostly interchangeable, Asphalt Pavement Construction in Westcliff except where asphalt is used as a shorthand for asphalt concrete. Natural bitumen from the Dead Sea Refined asphalt The University of Queensland pitch drop experiment, demonstrating the viscosity of asphalt
Asphalt (/ˈæsˌfɔːlt, -ˌfɑːlt/), also known as bitumen (UK English: /ˈbɪtʃəmən, ˈbɪtjʊmən/,[1] US English: /bɪˈt(j)uːmən, baɪˈt(j)uːmən/)[2] is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.
The primary use (70%) of asphalt Asphalt Sealcoating Companies is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.
The terms "asphalt" and "bitumen" are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, "asphalt" (or "asphalt cement") is commonly used for a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called "bitumen", and geologists worldwide often prefer the term for the naturally occurring variety. Common colloquial usage often refers to various forms of asphalt as "tar", as in the name of the La Brea Tar Pits.
Naturally occurring asphalt is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Asphalt Pavement Construction Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses[6][7] while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen". The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural asphalt in the Athabasca oil sands, which cover 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England.
The word "asphalt" is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch" which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Asphalt And Concrete Companies the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically, Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall.[11] From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt"). In French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring asphalt-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads.
The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit words jatu, meaning "pitch", and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating" or "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo-Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.
In British English, "bitumen" is used instead of "asphalt". The word "asphalt" is instead used to refer to asphalt concrete, a mixture of construction aggregate and asphalt itself (also called "tarmac" in common parlance). Bitumen mixed with clay was usually called "asphaltum",[13] but the term is less commonly used today.[citation needed]
Road surface
In Australian English, "bitumen" is often used as the generic term for road surfaces.
In American English, "asphalt" is equivalent to the British "bitumen". However, "asphalt" is also commonly used as a shortened form of "asphalt concrete" (therefore equivalent to the British "asphalt" or "tarmac").
In Canadian English, the word "bitumen" is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil,[14] while "asphalt" is used for the oil refinery product. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as "dilbit" in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as "syncrude", and syncrude blended with bitumen is called "synbit".[15]
"Bitumen" is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. "Bituminous rock" is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.
Neither of the terms "asphalt" or "bitumen" should be confused with tar or coal tars.[further explanation needed]
See also: Asphaltene
The components of asphalt include four main classes of compounds:
The naphthene aromatics and polar aromatics are typically the majority components. Most natural bitumens also contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in an overall sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found at <10 parts per million, as is typical of some petroleum.
The substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase.[16] "It is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large".
Asphalt may be confused with coal tar, which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century, when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of coal tar to macadam roads led to the word "tarmac", which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. "Pitch" is another term sometimes informally used at times to refer to asphalt, as in Pitch Lake.
Bituminous outcrop of the Puy de la Poix, Clermont-Ferrand, France
The majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum.[18] Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.
Natural deposits of bitumen include lakes such as the Pitch Lake in Trinidad and Tobago and Lake Bermudez in Venezuela. Natural seeps occur in the La Brea Tar Pits and in the Dead Sea.
Bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4×10^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the output is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States.
The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands, is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil.[19] Isotopic studies show the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old.[20] Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.
Much smaller heavy oil or bitumen deposits also occur in the Uinta Basin in Utah, US. The Tar Sand Triangle deposit, for example, is roughly 6% bitumen.
Bitumen may occur in hydrothermal veins. An example of this is within the Uinta Basin of Utah, in the US, where there is a swarm of laterally and vertically extensive veins composed of a solid hydrocarbon termed Gilsonite. These veins formed by the polymerization and solidification of hydrocarbons that were mobilized from the deeper oil shales of the Green River Formation during burial and diagenesis.
Bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites.[23] However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct.[24] The vast Alberta bitumen resources are considered to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over time, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres and trapped into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.
The use of natural bitumen for waterproofing, and as an adhesive dates at least to the fifth millennium BC, with a crop storage basket discovered in Mehrgarh, of the Indus Valley Civilization, lined with it.[25] By the 3rd millennia BC refined rock asphalt was in use, in the region, and was used to waterproof the Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro.
In the ancient Middle East, the Sumerians used natural bitumen deposits for mortar between bricks and stones, to cement parts of carvings, such as eyes, into place, for ship caulking, and for waterproofing.[3] The Greek historian Herodotus said hot bitumen was used as mortar in the walls of Babylon.
The 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long Euphrates Tunnel beneath the river Euphrates at Babylon in the time of Queen Semiramis (ca. 800 BC) was reportedly constructed of burnt bricks covered with bitumen as a waterproofing agent.
Bitumen was used by ancient Egyptians to embalm mummies.[3][28] The Persian word for asphalt is moom, which is related to the English word mummy. The Egyptians' primary source of bitumen was the Dead Sea, which the Romans knew as Palus Asphaltites (Asphalt Lake).
Approximately 40 AD, Dioscorides described the Dead Sea material as Judaicum bitumen, and noted other places in the region where it could be found.[29] The Sidon bitumen is thought to refer to material found at Hasbeya.[30] Pliny refers also to bitumen being found in Epirus. It was a valuable strategic resource, the object of the first known battle for a hydrocarbon deposit—between the Seleucids and the Nabateans in 312 BC.
In the ancient Far East, natural bitumen was slowly boiled to get rid of the higher fractions, leaving a thermoplastic material of higher molecular weight that when layered on objects became quite hard upon cooling. This was used to cover objects that needed waterproofing,[3] such as scabbards and other items. Statuettes of household deities were also cast with this type of material in Japan, and probably also in China.
In North America, archaeological recovery has indicated bitumen was sometimes used to adhere stone projectile points to wooden shafts.[32] In Canada, aboriginal people used bitumen seeping out of the banks of the Athabasca and other rivers to waterproof birch bark canoes, and also heated it in smudge pots to ward off mosquitoes in the summer.
In 1553, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in the Republic of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia) for tarring of ships.
An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation".
But the substance was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. In the 1830s there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (Bas-Rhin), the Parc (Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dôme)", although it could also be made artificially.[35] One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.
Among the earlier uses of bitumen in the United Kingdom was for etching. William Salmon's Polygraphice (1673) provides a recipe for varnish used in etching, consisting of three ounces of virgin wax, two ounces of mastic, and one ounce of asphaltum.[37] By the fifth edition in 1685, he had included more asphaltum recipes from other sources.
The first British patent for the use of asphalt was "Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen" in 1834.[35] Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement,[39][40] having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain.[41][42] Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)".[43] Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.
Claridge obtained a patent in Scotland on 27 March 1838, and obtained a patent in Ireland on 23 April 1838. In 1851, extensions for the 1837 patent and for both 1838 patents were sought by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company—formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France",—"laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks,"and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry".[45] "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production",[50] with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".
Asphalt Pavement Construction in Westcliff ?Raised sidewalks beside a 2000-year-old paved road, Pompeii, Italy
A sidewalk (American English) or pavement (British English), also known as a footpath or footway, is a path along the side of a road. A sidewalk may accommodate moderate changes in grade (height) and is normally separated from the vehicular section by a curb. There may also be a median strip or road verge (a strip of vegetation, grass or bushes or trees or a combination of these) either between the sidewalk and the roadway or between the sidewalk and the boundary.
In some places, the same term may also be used for a paved path, trail or footpath that is not next to a road, for example, a path through a park.
The term "sidewalk" is usually preferred in most of North America, along with many other countries worldwide that are not members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The term "pavement" is more common in the United Kingdom,[1] as well as parts of the Mid-Atlantic United States such as Philadelphia and New Jersey.[2][3] Many Commonwealth countries use the term "footpath". The professional, civil engineering and legal term for this in North America is "sidewalk" while in the United Kingdom it is "footway".[4]
In the United States, the term sidewalk is used for the pedestrian path beside a road. "Shared use paths" or "multi-use paths" are available for use by both pedestrians and bicyclists.[5] "Walkway" is a more comprehensive term that includes stairs, ramps, passageways, and related structures that facilitate the use of a path as well as the sidewalk.[6]
In the UK, the term "footpath" is mostly used for paths that do not abut a roadway.[7] The term "shared-use path" is used where cyclists are also able to use the same section of path as pedestrians.[8]East India House, Leadenhall Street, London, 1766. The sidewalk is separated from the main street by six bollards in front of the building.
There is evidence that sidewalks were built in ancient times. It was claimed that the Greek city of Corinth was paved by the 4th-century, and the Romans were particularly prolific sidewalk builders – they called them semitas.[9]
However, by the Middle Ages, narrow roads had reverted to being simultaneously used by pedestrians and wagons without any formal separation between the two categories. Early attempts at ensuring the adequate maintenance of foot-ways or sidewalks were often made, such as the 1623 Act for Colchester, although they were generally not very effective.[10]
Following the Great Fire of London in 1666, attempts were slowly made to bring some order to the sprawling city. In 1671, 'Certain Orders, Rules and Directions Touching the Paving and Cleansing The Streets, Lanes and Common Passages within the City of London' were formulated, calling for all streets to be adequately paved for pedestrians with cobblestones. Purbeck stone was widely used as a durable paving material. Bollards were also installed to protect pedestrians from the traffic in the middle of the road.
A series of Paving Acts from the House of Commons during the 18th century, especially the 1766 Paving & Lighting Act, authorized the City of London Corporation to create foot-ways throughout all the streets of London, to pave them with Purbeck stone (the thoroughfare in the middle was generally cobblestone) and to raise them above the street level with curbs forming the separation.[11] The Corporation was also made responsible for the regular upkeep of the roads, including their cleaning and repair, for which they charged a tax from 1766.[12] By the late 19th-century large and spacious sidewalks were routinely constructed in European capitals, and were associated with urban sophistication.
In the United States, adjoining property owners must in most situations finance all or part of the cost of sidewalk construction. In a legal case in 1917 involving E. L. Stewart, a former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives and a lawyer in Minden in Webster Parish, the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled that owners must pay whether they wish for the sidewalk to be constructed or not.[13]Pedestrians walking on the pavement (sidewalk) in London.
Sidewalks play an important role in transportation, as they provide a safe path for people to walk along that is separated from the motorized traffic. They aid road safety by minimizing interaction between pedestrians and motorized traffic. Sidewalks are normally in pairs, one on each side of the road, with the center section of the road for motorized vehicles.
In rural roads, sidewalks may not be present as the amount of traffic (pedestrian or motorized) may not be enough to justify separating the two. In suburban and urban areas, sidewalks are more common. In town and city centers (known as downtown in North America) the amount of pedestrian traffic can exceed motorized traffic, and in this case the sidewalks can occupy more than half of the width of the road, or the whole road can be reserved for pedestrians, see Pedestrian zone.
Sidewalks may have a small effect on reducing vehicle miles traveled and carbon dioxide emissions. A study of sidewalk and transit investments in Seattle neighborhoods found vehicle travel reductions of 6 to 8% and CO2 emission reductions of 1.3 to 2.2% [14]Sidewalk with bike path See also: Road traffic safety
Research commissioned for the Florida Department of Transportation, published in 2005, found that, in Florida, the Crash Reduction Factor (used to estimate the expected reduction of crashes during a given period) resulting from the installation of sidewalks averaged 74%.[15] Research at the University of North Carolina for the U.S. Department of Transportation found that the presence or absence of a sidewalk and the speed limit are significant factors in the likelihood of a vehicle/pedestrian crash. Sidewalk presence had a risk ratio of 0.118, which means that the likelihood of a crash on a road with a paved sidewalk was 88.2 percent lower than one without a sidewalk. "This should not be interpreted to mean that installing sidewalks would necessarily reduce the likelihood of pedestrian/motor vehicle crashes by 88.2 percent in all situations. However, the presence of a sidewalk clearly has a strong beneficial effect of reducing the risk of a 'walking along roadway' pedestrian/motor vehicle crash." The study does not count crashes that happen when walking across a roadway. The speed limit risk ratio was 1.116, which means that a 16.1-km/h (10-mi/h) increase in the limit yields a factor of (1.116)10 or 3.[16]
The presence or absence of sidewalks was one of three factors that were found to encourage drivers to choose lower, safer speeds.[17]
On the other hand, the implementation of schemes which involve the removal of sidewalks, such as shared space schemes, are reported to deliver a dramatic drop in crashes and congestion too, which indicates that a number of other factors, such as the local speed environment, also play an important role in whether sidewalks are necessarily the best local solution for pedestrian safety.[18]
In cold weather, black ice is a common problem with unsalted sidewalks. The ice forms a thin transparent surface film which is almost impossible to see, and so results in many slips by pedestrians.
Riding bicycles on sidewalks is discouraged since some research shows it to be more dangerous than riding in the street.[19] Some jurisdictions prohibit sidewalk riding except for children. In addition to the risk of cyclist/pedestrian collisions, cyclists face increase risks from collisions with motor vehicles at street crossings and driveways. Riding in the direction opposite to traffic in the adjacent lane is especially risky.[20]
Since residents of neighborhoods with sidewalks are more likely to walk, they tend to have lower rates of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and other health issues related to sedentary lifestyles.[21] Also, children who walk to school have been shown to have better concentration.[22]Native Americans busking at Orchard Road, Singapore
Some sidewalks may be used as social spaces with sidewalk cafes, markets, or busking musicians, as well as for parking for a variety of vehicles including cars, motorbikes and bicycles.
Contemporary sidewalks are most often made of concrete in the United States and Canada, while tarmac, asphalt, brick, stone, slab and (increasingly) rubber are more common in Europe.[23] Different materials are more or less friendly environmentally: pumice-based trass, for example, when used as an extender is less energy-intensive than Portland cement concrete or petroleum-based materials such as asphalt or tar-penetration macadam). Multi-use paths alongside roads are sometimes made of materials that are softer than concrete, such as asphalt.
In the 19th century and early 20th century, sidewalks of wood were common in some North American locations. They may still be found at historic beach locations and in conservation areas to protect the land beneath and around, called boardwalks.
Brick sidewalks are found in some urban areas, usually for aesthetic purposes. Brick sidewalk construction usually involves the usage of a mechanical vibrator to lock the bricks in place after they have been laid (and/or to prepare the soil before laying). Although this might also be done by other tools (as regular hammers and heavy rolls), a vibrator is often used to speed up the process.
Stone slabs called flagstones or flags are sometimes used where an attractive appearance is required, as in historic town centers. In other places, pre-cast concrete slabs (called paving slabs or, less correctly, paving stones) are used. These may be colored or textured to resemble stone.Freshly laid concrete sidewalk, with horizontal strain-relief grooves faintly visible
In the United States and Canada, the most common type of sidewalk consists of a poured concrete ribbon, examples of which from as early as the 1860s can be found in good repair in San Francisco, and stamped with the name of the contractor and date of installation.[citation needed] When quantities of Portland cement were first imported to the United States in the 1880s, its principal use was in the construction of sidewalks.[24]
Today, most sidewalk ribbons are constructed with cross-lying strain-relief grooves placed or sawn at regular intervals typically 5 feet (1.5 m) apart. This partitioning, an improvement over the continuous slab, was patented in 1924 by Arthur Wesley Hall and William Alexander McVay, who wished to minimize damage to the concrete from the effects of tectonic and temperature fluctuations, both of which can crack longer segments.[25] The technique is not perfect, as freeze-thaw cycles (in cold-weather regions) and tree root growth can eventually result in damage which requires repair.
In highly variable climates which undergo multiple freeze-thaw cycles, the concrete blocks will be separated by expansion joints to allow for thermal expansion without breakage. The use of expansion joints in sidewalks may not be necessary, as the concrete will shrink while setting.[26]
In the United Kingdom, Australia and France suburban sidewalks are most commonly constructed of tarmac. In urban or inner-city areas sidewalks are most commonly constructed of slabs, stone, or brick depending upon the surrounding street architecture and furniture.
Michigan leftMacadam country road[dubious – discuss]
Macadam is a type of road construction, pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820, in which single-sized crushed stone layers of small angular stones are placed in shallow lifts and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original material) may form; it may also, after rolling, be covered with a binder to keep dust and stones together. The method simplified what had been considered state of the art at that point.
Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet is sometimes considered the first person to bring post-Roman science to road building. A Frenchman from an engineering family, he worked paving roads in Paris from 1757 to 1764. As chief engineer of road construction of Limoges, he had opportunity to develop a better and cheaper method of road construction. In 1775, Tresaguet became engineer-general and presented his answer for road improvement in France, which soon became standard practice there.[1]
Trésaguet had recommended a roadway consisting of three layers of stones laid on a crowned subgrade with side ditches for drainage. The first two layers consisted of angular hand-broken aggregate, maximum size 3 inches (7.6 cm), to a depth of about 8 inches (20 cm). The third layer was about 2 inches (5 cm) thick with a maximum aggregate size of 1 inch (2.5 cm).[2] This top level surface permitted a smoother shape and protected the larger stones in the road structure from iron wheels and horse hooves. To keep the running surface level with the countryside, this road was put in a trench, which created drainage problems. These problems were addressed by changes that included digging deep side ditches, making the surface as solid as possible, and constructing the road with a difference in elevation (height) between the two edges, that difference being referred to interchangeably as the road's camber or cross slope.[2]Laying Telford paving in Aspinwall, Pennsylvania, 1908
Thomas Telford, born in Dumfriesshire Scotland,[3] was a surveyor and engineer who applied Tresaguet's road building theories. In 1801 Telford worked for the British Commission of Highlands Roads and Bridges. He became director of the Holyhead Road Commission between 1815 and 1830. Telford extended Tresaguet's theories, but emphasized high-quality stone. He recognized that some of the road problems of the French could be avoided by using cubical stone blocks.[4]
Telford used roughly 12 in × 10 in × 6 in (30 cm × 25 cm × 15 cm) partially shaped paving stones (pitchers), with a slight flat face on the bottom surface. He turned the other faces more vertically than Tresaguet's method. The longest edge was arranged crossways to the traffic direction, and the joints were broken in the method of conventional brickwork, but with the smallest faces of the pitcher forming the upper and lower surfaces.[4]
Broken stone was wedged into the spaces between the tapered perpendicular faces to provide the layer with good lateral control. Telford kept the natural formation level and used masons to camber the upper surface of the blocks. He placed a 6-inch (15 cm) layer of stone no bigger than 6 cm (2.4 in) on top of the rock foundation. To finish the road surface he covered the stones with a mixture of gravel and broken stone. This structure came to be known as "Telford pitching." Telford's road depended on a resistant structure to prevent water from collecting and corroding the strength of the pavement. Telford raised the pavement structure above ground level whenever possible.
Where the structure could not be raised, Telford drained the area surrounding the roadside. Previous road builders in Britain ignored drainage problems and Telford's rediscovery of these principles was a major contribution to road construction.[5] Though notably of around the same time, John Metcalf was a strong advocate that drainage was in fact an important factor to road construction, and astonished colleagues by building dry roads through marshland. He accomplished this by installing a layer of brushwood and heather.John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836)[6]
John Loudon McAdam was born in Ayr, Scotland, in 1756. In 1787, he became a trustee of the Ayrshire Turnpike in the Scottish Lowlands and during the next seven years this hobby became an obsession. He moved to Bristol, England, in 1802 and became a Commissioner for Paving in 1806.[7] On 15 January 1816, he was elected Surveyor-General of roads for the Turnpike Trust and was now responsible for 149 miles of road.[7] He then put his ideas about road construction into practice, the first 'macadamised' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate, Bristol.[7] He also began to actively propagate his ideas in two booklets called Remarks (or Observations) on the Present System of Roadmaking, (which ran nine editions between 1816 and 1827) and A Practical Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of Public Roads, published in 1819.[8]Photograph of macadam road, ca 1850s, Nicolaus, California
McAdam's method was simpler, yet more effective at protecting roadways: he discovered that massive foundations of rock upon rock were unnecessary, and asserted that native soil alone would support the road and traffic upon it, as long as it was covered by a road crust that would protect the soil underneath from water and wear.[9]
Unlike Telford and other road builders of the time, McAdam laid his roads as level as possible. His 30-foot-wide (9.1 m) road required only a rise of 3 inches (7.6 cm) from the edges to the centre. Cambering and elevation of the road above the water table enabled rain water to run off into ditches on either side.[10]
Size of stones was central to the McAdam's road building theory. The lower 20-centimetre (7.9 in) road thickness was restricted to stones no larger than 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in). The upper 5-centimetre (2.0 in) layer of stones was limited to 2 centimetres (0.79 in) size and stones were checked by supervisors who carried scales. A workman could check the stone size himself by seeing if the stone would fit into his mouth. The importance of the 2 cm stone size was that the stones needed to be much smaller than the 10 cm width of the iron carriage tyres that travelled on the road.[5]
McAdam believed that the "proper method" of breaking stones for utility and rapidity was accomplished by people sitting down and using small hammers, breaking the stones so that none of them was larger than six ounces in weight. He also wrote that the quality of the road would depend on how carefully the stones were spread on the surface over a sizeable space, one shovelful at a time.[11]
McAdam directed that no substance that would absorb water and affect the road by frost should be incorporated into the road. Neither was anything to be laid on the clean stone to bind the road. The action of the road traffic would cause the broken stone to combine with its own angles, merging into a level, solid surface that would withstand weather or traffic.[12]
Through his road-building experience, McAdam had learned that a layer of broken angular stones would act as a solid mass and would not require the large stone layer previously used to build roads. Keeping the surface stones smaller than the tyre width made a good running surface for traffic. The small surface stones also provided low stress on the road, so long as it could be kept reasonably dry.[13]Construction of the first macadamized road in the United States (1823). In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces [170 g] in weight or to pass a two-inch [5 cm] ring".[14][15][16]
The first macadam road built in the United States was constructed between Hagerstown and Boonsboro, Maryland and was named at the time Boonsborough Turnpike Road. This was the last section of unimproved road between Baltimore on the Chesapeake Bay to Wheeling on the Ohio River. Stagecoaches traveling the Hagerstown to Boonsboro road in the winter took 5 to 7 hours to cover the 10-mile (16 km) stretch.[15][16] This road was completed in 1823, using McAdam's road techniques, except that the finished road was compacted with a cast-iron roller instead of relying on road traffic for compaction.[17][15][16] The second American road built using McAdam principles was the Cumberland Road which was 73 miles (117 km) long and was completed in 1830 after five years of work.[15][16]
McAdam's renown is due to his effective and economical construction, which was a great improvement over the methods used by his generation. He emphasized that roads could be constructed for any kind of traffic, and he helped to alleviate the resentment travelers felt toward increasing traffic on the roads. His legacy lies in his advocacy of effective road maintenance and management. He advocated a central road authority and the trained professional official, who could be paid a salary that would keep him from corruption. This professional could give his entire time to his duties and be held responsible for his actions.[18]
McAdam's road building technology was applied to roads by other engineers. One of these engineers was Richard Edgeworth, who filled the gaps between the surface stones with a mixture of stone dust and water, providing a smoother surface for the increased traffic using the roads.[19] This basic method of construction is sometimes known as water-bound macadam. Although this method required a great deal of manual labour, it resulted in a strong and free-draining pavement. Roads constructed in this manner were described as "macadamized."[19]New macadam road construction at McRoberts, Kentucky: pouring tar. 1926
With the advent of motor vehicles, dust became a serious problem on macadam roads. The area of low air pressure created under fast-moving vehicles sucked dust from the road surface, creating dust clouds and a gradual unraveling of the road material.[20] This problem was approached by spraying tar on the surface to create tar-bound macadam. On March 13, 1902 in Monaco, a Swiss doctor, Ernest Guglielminetti, came upon the idea of using tar from Monaco's gasworks for binding the dust.[21] Later a mixture of coal tar and ironworks slag, patented by Edgar Purnell Hooley as tarmac, was introduced.
A more durable road surface (modern mixed asphalt pavement) sometimes referred to in the US as blacktop, was introduced in the 1920s. This pavement method mixed the aggregates into the asphalt with the binding material before they were laid. The macadam surface method laid the stone and sand aggregates on the road and then sprayed it with the binding material.[22] While macadam roads have now been resurfaced in most developed countries, some are preserved along stretches of roads such as the United States' National Road.[citation needed]
Because of the historic use of macadam as a road surface, roads in some parts of the United States (as parts of Pennsylvania) are often referred to as macadam, even though they might be made of asphalt or concrete. Similarly, the term "tarmac" is sometimes colloquially misapplied to asphalt roads or aircraft runways.[23]


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American and Canadian citizens must have a passport that is valid for at least 6 months beyond the intended return date in order to enter and depart Argentina.Tourists must also provide proof of return or onward travel. Each traveler is responsible for ensuring that his/her passport is up to date. Citizens of other nationalities should check with respective authorities before departure. Please ensure that the name on your passport matches all travel documents we have issued. If this is not the case, please contact us immediately.
Please make a photocopy of your passport's identification page and keep it separate from the original. It's also a good idea to leave a digital copy with someone at home. This may speed the replacement process should you lose your passport.
American and Canadian citizens traveling on regular passports for business or tourist purposes do not need a visa for a stay of up to 90 days. Please note that if you are staying longer than 90 days, obtaining a visa is your responsibility. These requirements change often and therefore it is recommended that you check with the Embassies of Argentina & Chile for the most up- to-date information.
For more visa information please visit:
America: www.travisa.com
Canada: www.travisa.ca
Cancellation and Medical Insurance is highly recommended as it can safeguard against the expenses associated with in-country medical emergencies, lost or delayed baggage and emergency cancelation or interruption of your trip. Please ensure your policy will provide you with upfront medical coverage so that you are not responsible for a hefty doctor's bill while away. Insurance can be purchased through us.
Some vaccines require more than one dose or a major length of time to be effective. For that reason, it is recommended to see your doctor or health provider at least 6 to 8 weeks before your trip. Please bring vaccination certificates with you in your carry-on luggage as you may need to present them on arrival.
For all vaccinations and health requirements, you can also refer to the recommendations from:
World Health Organization (WHO): http://www.who.int and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://wwwnc.cdc.gov.
If there are any medical items essential to your health, such as prescription drugs or corrective eye wear, bring duplicates and divide them between your checked bags and hand luggage. While non-prescription drugs such as aspirin are generally available, it is difficult to replace prescription items.
Other recommended Items:
Because of its size, and its location covering two different countries, the weather in Patagonia can vary greatly and it is very unpredictable. The overall climate is cool and dry, with the east coast being warmer than the west especially in the summer. Fall and spring tend to be quite short, with long winters where there is a substantial difference in temperature during the day and night. The average temperatures across Patagonia are generally between 26 °C (78 F) and −2 °C (28 F). Most of the precipitation in the area is on the west coast, especially towards Torres del Paine where they receive mild weather and an annual precipitation of 4,000 to 7,000 mm. The rest of the region stays relatively dry throughout the year.
For up-to-date forecasts, check www.weather.com.
Suggested items to pack:
Photographers: Remember to pack sufficient memory cards, a spare camera battery, charger and dust-resistant case.
Electricity: Electricity in Patagonia is supplied at 220-240 Volts.
Phone: Roaming charges vary between carriers, but tend to be quite costly. Consult your phone provider prior to departure to discuss overseas rates and international package options.
Internet: Internet cafés and wireless access is available in most urban areas, airports and hotels.
Patagonia has no official currency, but both Argentina and Chile do. The official currency of Argentina is the Argentine peso (ARS), divided into 100 centavos, while the official currency of Chile is the Chilean peso (CLP), divided into 1,000 escudos. ATMs are available in most cities but it is still best to carry alternative forms of payment as daily withdrawal limits are low and machines don't always work. For current exchange rates please visit www.xe.com
Capital: Buenos Aires
Language: Spanish
Currency: Argentine Peso (ARS)
Religion: Christian
Time Zone: UTC -3
Electricity: 220 Volt, 50 Hz
Telephone: Country code for calling is +54
Calling North America: Dial 001 plus area code and your 7-digit number
Emergency numbers in Argentina: Police: 911, Medical Emergency Services: 107 Firemen: 100, Ambulances: 107
Capital: Santiago
Language: Spanish
Currency: Chilean Peso (CLP)
Religion: 70% of the population is Roman Catholic
Time Zone: UTC -4
Electricity: 220 Volt, 50 Hz
Telephone: Country code for calling is +56
Calling North America: Dial 001 plus area code and your 7-digit number
Emergency numbers in Chile: Police: 133, Medical Emergency Services: 131 Firemen: 132


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