text: National University Of Medical Sciences Jobs December 2018 For Assistant Professor, Demonstrator & Others National University Of Medical Sciences is inviting applications from eligible candidates for the posts of Assistant Professor - Demonstrator - Deputy Director Administrator - Network Administrator - Senior Web Developer - Web Developer - Manager Accounts - Sub Office Assistant. The Advertisement is published in Jang on Monday 03 December 2018. Last Date to apply for jobs is Monday 17 December 2018. Detail of Vacancies:- Here you can find detail of all vacancies. Click on each vacancy to view all jobs against each Assistant ProfessorDemonstratorDeputy Director AdministratorNetwork AdministratorSenior Web DeveloperWeb DeveloperManager AccountsSub Office Assistant Important Dates:- Post Date : 03 Dec 2018 Monday Last Date : 17 Dec 2018 Monday Job Image Newspaper Name : Jang Like our Facebook Page Get daily jobs update in your Inbox This Week Most Viewed Jobs in Pakistan Education Department Jobs (306 Vacancies) For Primary Teachers, SSTs, Higher Secondary Teachers, Sub Engineer and Others Newspaper : Jang Published: 31-Mar-2020 Vacancies : Sub Engineer, Quantity Surveyor, Senior Architect, Primay School Teacher, Secondary School Teacher, Higher Secondary Teachers Balochistan Public Service Commission BPSC Jobs 2020 March (630 Vacancies) Newspaper : Jang Published: 01-Apr-2020 Vacancies : Assistant Director, Assistant Librarian, Assistant, Research Officer, Prosecuting Inspector, Veterinary Officer, Inspector, Pharmacist, Librarian, Assistant 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With an Obama stimulus package, and an Obama omnibus spending bill already passed, and now the a huge Obama budget working its way through the Congress, Politico notes that President Obama owns this budget, and hence the economy. Fierce fights may follow budget victory.
The House and Senate face a flurry of final budget votes Thursday, with Republicans pushed to the margins and having come forward only in the past 24 hours with a detailed alternative of their own.
But the victory for President Barack Obama could prove hollow, especially in the Senate, and Republicans are betting that the president's very activism will work against him as he takes ownership of more and more difficult economic issues.
"This is a defining moment, and there is overwhelming empathy with folks who are scared to death about the direction this country is going," Sen. Saxby Chambliss (R-Ga.) told POLITICO. "All of a sudden, you have the president taking over General Motors, the president taking over the financial industry and now the health care industry? I think there will be even a larger outcry coming from our constituents at the ballot box next time."
Some of this nervousness already seemed evident Wednesday night in a Senate fight over how to proceed on Obama's climate change legislation. On two successive votes, one as large as 67-31, a solid bipartisan coalition blocked efforts by liberal environmental interests wanting to use expedited budget procedures to circumvent Senate filibuster rules on cap-and-trade revenue provisions.
The defeat raises the stakes further for health care reform as the big remaining prize for the White House in the budget debate. And to a remarkable degree, Obama has been willing to blur the lines between himself and fellow Democrats to help move the process forward with this goal in mind.
Filed under: Economy, Independent, Moderate, Obama | Tagged: obama budget, obama economy, obama omnibus, obama spending, obama stimulus

subset: commoncrawl


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From the kitchen of Dreamfields Pasta and Chef Jim Coleman.
Autumn is the perfect time to try new pasta recipes and make some all-time favorites, using authentic, great-tasting Dreamfields Pasta, available in seven delicious varieties. With Dreamfields you get the healthy advantage with only 5g of digestible carbs and 5g of fiber per 1-cup serving, making it the perfect pasta for all pasta lovers.
Click here to save $1.00 on any box of Dreamfields pasta.


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text: From Global to Mobile The rise of international travel and the arrival of the smartphone are driving new trends in hospitality design; here's how you can keep up 03/27/2013 By Barbara Marini, FASID, IDEC Today's fast-paced, global market demands much of travelers, as work/life balance often hinges on a satisfying experience. Whether traveling for business or pleasure, a consumer's perception of the experience can run the gamut from exciting and exhilarating to agonizing and downright exhausting. And while it can be invigorating to experience different places and cultures, it also can be uniquely challenging for travelers, making the design of hospitality environments all the more important. This fact hasn't been missed by the booming hospitality industry, which is being influenced to a large extent by international business, global trends, technology and cross-cultural indicators. Positioning in this industry is largely based upon satisfying experiences and initiatives that build brand loyalty. These are issues that force designers to think beyond our own expectations, as spaces and facilities now need to be designed for people from all cultural, social and global backgrounds. The specialized knowledge base and talent required for the design of hospitality spaces incorporates a sophisticated view of the world and an understanding of culture without boundaries. Interior designers are inherently attuned to the abstract thinking and problem-solving that this requires, and play an essential role in the design of hospitality spaces, through the understanding of human scale and relationships, social interactions, lighting, acoustics and materiality. Working in this specialized area also requires an understanding of the impact of the global economy, shifts in consumer preferences, travel experiences and how technology impacts nearly every aspect of the built environment. Becoming an expert in all of those areas may seem daunting, but in today's global economy, competition is fierce (for both design work and overnight guests) and any edge you can achieve is a valuable one. Hotel brands in particular understand this, and foster loyalty with various types of experiences designed to elevate their customers' engagement with the brand. Luxury and boutique hotels provide unique experiences and incorporate opportunities for personal enrichment that range from yoga, cooking classes and aromatherapy, to specialized (and exclusive!) spa functions, handmade soaps and local food delicacies. Pages: 1 2 View All Related Articles Knoll Brings Sophistication and History to Milan Restaurant ASID Announces New Outcome of Design Awards Program How This Wildlife Refuge Created a Restroom That's a Step Above the Rest


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Dayna.boyer necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 64 diseños de 11 diseñadores freelance.
1. Website name:
Who says closure can't be fun?
3. The nature of our business:
This is a fun website for people to air their dirty laundry without hurting feelings, reputations or their own dignity after a relationship has ended. Readers submit completely anonymous letters to their ex-boyfriends, ex-girlfriends or ex-friends as a way to address final thoughts or feelings they had about the relationship (without using names or identifiers). Think of it as closure with an edge.
4. The style we want to communicate to our readers:
Fun, clean & welcoming/friendly (with a dash of cheekiness). I want this logo to feel welcoming to all age groups and genders leaning slightly towards the 20- and 30-something demographic.
5.Colour preferences:
Blue or green or turquoise or purple (as long as it doesn't look too "girly"). NO Pink.
6. Here's a blog that conveys the style we're looking for:
7. Extra comments:
I plan to use the accent colour in the logo as the background colour on a large part of my homepage. I would like the Ex to be in a white font with the solid accent colour in the background. The word Letters will be in the accent colour with a white background. But don't stop there! I'd definitely like to see some kind of icon for this project that I can use throughout the branding process on social media and the website itself.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Group Policy Learning Guide
This guide introduces you to how Group Policy works, explains best practices and pitfalls to avoid and provides troubleshooting help and advice. You'll find Group Policy articles, tutorials, tips, tools, white papers, expert advice and more to pump up your Group Policy know-how quickly.
This SearchWinIT.com guide introduces you to Microsoft Group Policy, explains best practices and pitfalls to avoid,...
Continue Reading This Article
Enjoy this article as well as all of our content, including E-Guides, news, tips and more.
and provides troubleshooting help and advice. You'll find Group Policy articles, tutorials, tips, tools, white papers, expert advice and more to pump up your Group Policy know-how quickly. Drop us an email to let me know what other learning guides you'd like to see on SearchWinIT.com.
Microsoft: "Group Policy is one of the key management technologies provided for change and configuration management in Microsoft Windows operating systems. Administrators use Group Policy to specify options for managed configurations for groups of computers and users. Group Policy includes options for registry-based policy settings, security settings, software installation, scripts, folder redirection, Remote Installation Services, and Internet Explorer maintenance."
Group Policy Quick Start
- Group Policy Object (SearchWinIT.com, powered by Whatis.com)
A defintiion of Group Policy Objects (GPO).
- Introduction to Group Policy in Windows Server 2003 (Microsoft)
This white paper introduces Windows Server 2003 Group Policy, a key feature of the IntelliMirror management technologies.
- The ABCs of GPOs (Microsoft)
This guide breaks down the basics of GPOs, and offers helpful tips for managing them and keeping them secure.
- Introducing the Group Policy Management Console (Microsoft)
The Microsoft Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) is the new solution for Group Policy management that helps you manage your enterprise more cost-effectively.
- Implementing common desktop management scenarios with the Group Policy Management Console (Microsoft)
This white paper describes six scenarios for using Group Policy to manage users' desktop environments.
- Frequently Asked Questions about Group Policy (Microsoft)
This page addresses key areas of Group Policy and provides links to more information.
Group Policy Planning and Architecture
- Planning and designing your Active Directory. (SearchWinIT.com)
Active Directory is Microsoft's trademarked directory service, and an integral part of the Windows Server architecture. This learning guide offers a wealth of information to get you up-to-speed quickly.
- Chapter 8: Group Policy, Profiles and IntelliMirror for Windows 2003, Windows 2000 and Windows XP by Jeremy Moskowitz. (Sybex)
There are three basic types of profiles: local, roaming and mandatory. Each type come with its own challenges -- and you better be familiar with them before the unexpected strikes. This chapter covers folder management, default profiles, migrations, cross-forest trusts and more.
- Chapter 9: Active Directory Cookbook for Windows Server 2003 and Windows 2000 by Robbie Allen. (O'Reilly Media)
This chapter download offers an extensive run-down of various GPO-related problems and hands-on solutions to everything from GPO backup issues to applying stubborn GPO security filters.
- Windows Server 2003 Deployment Kit: Designing a managed environment. (Microsoft)
This book provides the foundation you need to understand and deploy Group Policy within Windows Server 2003.
- Windows Server 2003 group policy infrastructure (Microsoft)
This white paper includes detailed information about Group Policy processing as well as many best practices useful to the Group Policy administrator.
Group Policy Administration and Operation
- Managing your Active Directory (SearchWinIT.com)
We've gathered together our best Active Directory administration and management resources to help you get the most out of all the new AD features and services.
- Creating custom Group Policy templates . (SearchWinIT.com)
Tips on using Group Policy to create custom policy templates to deploy features missing in Windows NT, such as Automatic Windows Updates or Windows Firewall settings.
- Chapter 7: Managing and maintaining Group Policy (McGraw-Hill/Osborne Media)
This chapter offers the inside scoop on little-known tools and methodologies, along with helpful tips and tricks on efficient Group Policy management.
- Understanding group policy (James Michael Stewart, SearchWinIT.com)
A PowerPoint presentation for understanding Microsoft Group Policy.
- Control your Group Policy, don't let it control you. (Laura Hunter, SearchWinIT.com)
Laura Hunter breaks down the use of GPOs within Active Directory.
- Improving the default domain controller Group Policy Objects. (James Michael Stewart, SearchWinIT.com)
When Windows Server 2003 is used to establish an Active Directory-based network, there are two default GPOs: the default domain GPO and the default domain controller GPO. This article recommends several ways to improve upon the default settings in these two GPOs.
- How to offer Remote Assistance to LAN users with Group Policy (SearchWinIT.com)
A brief tip on how to create a Group Policy Object (GPO) to offer remote assistance to other LAN users.
- Managing users' configurations by policy (Microsoft)
Information on setting policies to define and maintain a particular Microsoft Office 2003 configuration on user computers.
- Using Group Policy Objects to hide specified drives in My Computer for Windows 2000 (Microsoft)
With Group Policy Objects in Windows, there is a "Hide these specified drives in My Computer" option that lets you hide specific drives. However, it may be necessary to hide only certain drive, but retain access to others.
- Ways to open the Group Policy snap-in in Windows XP. (Microsoft)
You can open Group Policy in several ways, depending on the action that you want to perform and the object to which you want to apply it. The ways in which you can open Group Policy are described in this table.
- Pros and cons of using ADM templates to customize Active Directory group policies (Derek Melber, SearchWinIT.com)
Expert Derek Melber explains how to customize Registry settings to ice the Active Directory cake with newfound power and flexibility.
Group Policy Security Issues
- Methods used to apply security settings throughout an enterprise (Microsoft)
Windows provides administrators with several different utilities that can be used for configuring computer security throughout an enterprise. This article discusses these utilities and provides some usage guidelines.
- Ten attacks you can easily avoid with Group Policy (Kevin Beaver, SearchWindowsSecurity.com)
You should always run Group Policy on your Active Directory-based systems. If you don't, plenty of attacks are just waiting to happen inside your network.
- Group Policy: The final consideration in securing Active Directory (Derek Melber, SearchWinIT.com)
Group Policy considerations can't be left out of the equation when addressing Active Directory security. Expert Derek Melber gives you an idea of some things to think about when securing Active Directory.
- Protecting against anonymous connections using GPOs (Derek Melber, SearchWinIT.com)
How to use Group Policy Objects (GPO) to protect your Windows computers from insecure anonymous connections.
Group Policy Support and Troubleshooting
- Advice for troubleshooting Group Policy for Windows Server 2003 (SearchWinIT.com)
A rundown of expert-preferred tools and procedures for troubleshooting Microsoft Group Policy.
- Group Policy Knowledgebase articles (Microsoft)
Get Group Policy help from others who have been there at this knowledgebase from Microsoft.
- Troubleshooting Group Policy in Windows 2000 (Microsoft)
This technical white paper explains how IT administrators can troubleshoot Microsoft Windows 2000 Group Policy.
- Troubleshooting Group Policy in Windows Server 2003 (Microsoft)
This guide provides a framework for troubleshooting Group Policy in an Active Directory environment, including checklists for quick fixes, a summary of troubleshooting tools, flowcharts for root cause analysis and more.
- Debugging user profile and GPO problems with Userenv logs (Microsoft)
Expert Gary Olsen walks through the basics of the Userenv.log file and shares some useful case studies that illustrate how to use Userenv to debug problems involving the user environment.
Group Policy Downloads
- Top Group Policy Downloads (Microsoft)
Find out what others are downloading with this list of most popular Group Policy downloads.
- Group Policy Settings Reference for Windows Server 2003 (Microsoft)
The Microsoft Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) with Service Pack 1 (SP1) unifies management of Group Policy across the enterprise. The GPMC consists of a MMC snap-in and a set of programmable interfaces for managing Group Policy.
- Group Policy common scenarios using GPMC (Microsoft)
- A series of desktop management scenarios implemented through Group Policy and documented in the included whitepaper. Group Policy Objects are packaged for import using the Group Policy Management Console.
- How can I pull the GPO to the W2K client computer from AD?
- How can I designate specific administrators to specific PCs?
- How can I link GPOs?
- How can I prevent users from installing software on PCs within the domain?
- Can I have OUs enforce different GPOs for password policies?
- Are group policies cumulative?
- Printer administration pointers from the experts
You'll find much more expert advice on Group Policy in our Ask-the-Expert feature. If you've run into a problem using Group Policy, then pose your own question to Jeremy Moskowitz.
Click here for our Group Policy FAQ or below for a sampling of Jeremy's expert advice...


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South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences
versão On-line ISSN 2222-3436
versão impressa ISSN 1015-8812
S. Afr. j. econ. manag. sci. vol.14 no.2 Pretoria Jan. 2011
Analysing the trade effects of the EU-SA & SADC trading agreements: a panel data approach
Andre Jordaan; Patrick Kanda
Department of Economics, University of Pretoria
This study investigates the trade effects of the EU-SA and SADC preferential trade agreements of which South Africa is a member. Using a panel data estimation of the gravity model of bilateral trade and based on data from 1994 to 2008, the study finds the EU-SA preferential trade agreement to have a significant trade expansion effect. The study further reveals that an informative conclusion on trade effects of the SADC preferential trade agreement can only be reached once the agreement has been fully operational. The study also recommends that trade policy in South Africa should increasingly be geared towards broad-based multilateral liberalisation. In addition, South Africa should promote regional economic stability and development through supporting regional trade agreement initiatives.
Key words: trade creation, trade diversion, preferential trade agreement, panel data estimation, gravity model of bilateral trade
1 Introduction
Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) have increased in number during the last decade in both developing and developed countries (Musila, 2005:117). PTAs have been said to enhance trade by approximately 50 per cent whereas a recent report from the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) suggests that PTAs in fact triple the volume of trade between members in the agreement (Head, 2003:11). South Africa is currently a signatory to two significant Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs): the European Union-South Africa (EU-SA) agreement signed in 1999 and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) agreement ratified in 2000.
Previous research on South Africa's international trade such as Chauvin and Gaulier (2002), Rangasamy and Brick (2007), Smet (2007) and Kalaba (2007) has focussed on analysing issues such as trade liberalisation, export performance, comparative advantage, trade with developing countries vs trade with developed countries, and the determinant of South Africa's international trade. Some other studies such as Rangasamy and Blignaut (2005) and Cassim, Onyango and Van Seventer (2004) have investigated the openness and competitiveness of the South African economy. However, few studies (Kwentua, 2006 and Holden & McMillan, 2006) have investigated the impacts of the EU-SA and SADC preferential trade agreements to which South Africa is a prominent signatory.
Following various trade reforms in the 1990s, the South African economy has been characterised by an improvement in international trade (Rangasamy & Blignaut, 2005:375). Previous research also indicates that the EU and the USA are some of the most important destinations of South African exports in contrast with the SADC which, compared to the other groupings, is a relatively smaller trading partner (Smet, 2007:14). On the other hand, evidence based on data suggests that during the period from 1994 to 2008, there has been a significant decline and in some instances stagnation in trade between South Africa and some of its major trading partners in the EU, despite the fact that from 2000 South Africa and the EU have been part of the same preferential trade agreement. However, trade with countries such as China and Japan, with whom South Africa does not have a trade agreement, soared during the same period of time. Kwentua (2006) finds evidence of trade creation in the EU-SA agreement and increased trade between EU-SA members and the rest of the world. Holden and McMillan (2006) also suggest that the EU-SA agreement enhanced both exports and imports while the SADC agreement only stimulated exports for its members.
In the light of empirical evidence of reduced trade between South Africa and some of its major trading partners in the EU, as well as increased trade between South Africa and countries that are non-members of the EU-SA or SADC agreements, the purpose of this study is to investigate trade effects of preferential trade agreements in which South Africa is a member, namely the EU-SA and the SADC agreements. This study uses an augmented version of the gravity model of bilateral trade specified in Ghosh and Yamarik (2004) and a panel data estimation of the gravity model of bilateral trade as outlined in Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003) and Egger (2000).
The rest of the paper is organised as follows: after a review of South Africa's international trade environment and related literature in Section 2, the methodology based on the gravity model of bilateral trade framework is discussed in Section 3. Thereafter, an empirical estimation of the gravity equation is conducted in Section 4. Results are presented in Section 5 and Section 6 concludes the paper.
2 Literature review
2.1 South Africa in global trade
2.1.1 Openness of the South African economy
Rangasamy and Blignaut (2005:375-376) and Kalaba (2007:1) argue that the engagement of South Africa in the global community and the implementation of a series of new economic policies in the 1990s caused a move from highly protected and distorted markets to open ones. Rangasamy and Blignaut (2005:375-376) also report that externally-oriented industries were found to have higher rates of growth compared to other industries in the South African economy in the post 1990s period. The drive of this process of opening up the economy was enhanced by the endorsement in 1994 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the execution of PTAs with the EU and the SADC in 1999 and 2000 respectively. The salient facet of these agreements is the reduction of import protection.
The EU-SA agreement has an asymmetric nature whereby duties on 95 per cent of the EU's imports from South Africa will totally be phased out by the end of the agreement's 12-year duration; while on the other hand, only 86 per cent of South Africa's imports from the EU will become duty-free during the same period. The SADC agreement, though created in 1996, was only endorsed by 11 of its current members in 2000. According to this agreement, 98 per cent of intra SADC trade will have to become free of duty by the year 2012. Owing to the fact that South Africa is the largest economy in the region, the agreement requires it to undergo faster liberalisation reforms than other countries in the community (Mabugu & Chitiga, 2007:5).
2.1.2 Trade liberalisation
South Africa's economy has experienced a steady course towards trade restructuring during the past few decades due to domestic and international pressure. The objective of this reform was to enhance the allocation of resources through more competitive and export-oriented policies. A particular emphasis was directed to the export of non-gold commodities. Consequently, some export promotion measures were adopted to counteract the anti-export bias of protection and improve the competitiveness of some industrial sub-sectors. However, these incentives to restructure trade were later on negatively affected by a significant appreciation of the rand caused by an export boom of gold commodities. Up until the late 1980s, South African exports were dominated by primary commodities, especially gold (Petersson, 2005:1).
According to Smet (2007:17), South Africa's trade activities expanded after it joined the WTO in 1995. Chauvin and Gaulier (2002:14) report that South Africa decreased its tariffs by approximately 4250 tariff lines between 1990 and 1996 with the aim of reducing tariff rates from around 210 to 6 in the same period. Edwards (2005:774) argues that the liberalisation of tariffs in South Africa during the 1990s caused an important decline in the level of effective and nominal protection. There was a decrease of 8.7 per cent and 35.3 per cent in the manufacturing's mean nominal and effective protection rates respectively from 1994 to 2004. All traded industries reported a decline in protection during the same period. As a consequence, fewer commodities were affected by tariff distortions in 2004 than in 1994. Nonetheless, the tariff structure still remains intricate with the tobacco, textiles, clothing and footwear industries characterised by high levels of effective and nominal protection. Edwards and Lawrence (2008:585) argue that more trade liberalisation should form part of policies aimed at improving export diversification in South Africa. They also argue that trade policy in South Africa has exercised a considerable impact on the nature and growth of trade. Before the accession of South Africa to independence, exports and imports were significantly obstructed by trade protection. Jonsson and Subramanian (2001:219) find evidence that trade liberalisation also had an important contribution to the increased long-run growth potential of South Africa through its effect on total factor productivity growth.
2.1.3 Trade, competitiveness and growth
According to Mtonga (2006:50-51), there was an increase in the volatility of the real exchange rate of the rand possibly due to a misaligned currency1 after the accession of South Africa to democracy in 1994. Following the appreciation of the rand, the competitiveness of South African exports on the global market eroded because South African exports became more expensive. This in turn caused a reduction in production, profits and employment.2 This fact highlights the importance of competitiveness in international trade and its relationship with economic growth as the South African government's move to tackle the issues of high levels of unemployment and prevalent poverty has been centred on realising sustainable economic growth. Matthee and Naude (2007:16) report that in addition to the quantity of exports, the nature and quality of commodities that are exported is very important in the analysis of export-led growth in the case of South Africa. Peet and Koch (2005:1) argue that a foundation of South Africa's economic development policy is export growth. Consequently, circumstances surrounding foreign markets also affect the performance of the South African economy.
2.1.4 Features of South Africa's international trade
South Africa has made important efforts aimed at supporting bilateral relations with its main trading partners. After the democratic election of 1994, the EU and the USA allowed duty-free access for South Africa's exports to their respective markets. For instance, the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) signed in 2000 enhanced the accessibility of South Africa's exports into the US market (Petersson, 2005:1).
Aspects influencing trade development in South Africa include (Kalaba, 2007:4):
Colonial and political history: There is a strong trade relationship between South Africa and the UK, Germany and the Netherlands;
The nature of the commodities: Africa constitutes an important destination of exports of manufactured and finished consumer goods from South Africa whereas imports of machinery, high-tech goods and electronic equipment into South Africa originate from developed countries;
The development of infrastructure: Major construction projects such as the Gautrain rail link, construction and upgrade of stadia, road constructions, and upgrade of highways have caused higher imports of construction machinery;
The income level of the trading partner: South African exports have the tendency to be destined to countries with higher percapita GDP;
Exchange rates: Imports into South Africa are enhanced by a strong rand to the detriment of exports. Edwards and Lawrence (2008:606) also argue that total imports and non-commodity exports were receptive to fluctuations in the real exchange rate.
Rangasamy and Brick (2007:644-645) argue that South Africa's export performance is dictated by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) growth in the long run. They also argue that South Africa's existing trading relationships should be exhaustively exploited in addition to improving the competitiveness of South African exports as well as broadening export destinations. Their study also identifies three aspects characterising trade between South Africa and its main trading partners. First, the OECD represents a significant trading partner of South Africa with 65 per cent and 59 per cent of South Africa's exports and imports respectively being accounted for by trade between South Africa and the OECD. Second, there is a huge concentration of South Africa's trading linkages, i.e. two-thirds of imports into South Africa originated from a group of twenty countries in the period from 1992 to 2005. Moreover, the very same countries absorbed approximately three quarters of exports from South Africa during that same period. Lastly, the destination of exports from South Africa became more condensed after the 1990s while on the contrary the sources of imports into South Africa were diversified.
2.1.5 Trend analysis and composition of trade
Table 1 shows that South Africa ranked 26th and 22nd for merchandise exports and imports respectively, not taking into consideration intra EU trade in 2008. The situation is different for commercial services trade, with South Africa ranking 28th and 23rd for exports and imports respectively, excluding intra EU trade. Therefore, it can be concluded that though South Africa has a relatively better stance in global trade than most developing countries, there still is room for improving this current stance.
Between 2003 and 2008, South Africa has been a net importer, consistently recording a trade balance deficit during this period. Specifically, South Africa is a net exporter to Africa and a net importer as far as trade with Europe, the Americas and Asia is concerned (Quantec, 2009). Developed countries and the emerging economies import natural resources from South Africa because South Africa has a significant endowment of natural resources and hence has a comparative advantage for these goods. On the other hand, emerging economies and the industrialised economies mainly export low-tech goods and high-tech manufactures to South Africa respectively. South Africa's trading partners in the SADC region have a comparative advantage in natural resources as well and therefore the composition of trade between South Africa and its neighbours differs significantly from that between South Africa and developed countries (Smet, 2007:14). Large trade volumes both in terms of exports and imports are accounted for by the trade between South Africa and Asia, Europe and the Americas. South Africa imports more from Asia, Europe and the Americas than it exports to them (Quantec, 2009). The most important exports from and imports into South Africa are manufactured goods and minerals (DTI, 2009). This goes in line with the findings of Smet (2007:14-21) that South Africa is an exporter of mineral products and metals to the world. Imports into South Africa are mainly constituted by machinery, transport equipment and crude oil. The surge in the demand for transport equipment and machinery is mainly responsible for the negative trade balance in South Africa.
2.2 Trade creation and trade diversion
Trade creation refers to the net increase in trade resulting from a shift in high cost domestic goods to lower cost imported goods from a PTA member country. On the other hand, trade diversion refers to the shift of existing trade from lower cost non-PTA producers to a higher cost PTA member producer. Flynn (2008:1) argues that trade creation and trade diversion affect the economy differently. In general, trade creation, which results in a net economic gain, is the motive for countries to engage in PTAs given the fact that the price of an imported commodity is less than the domestic price of the same commodity. On the other hand, trade diversion generates a net economic loss whereby domestic consumers pay higher prices for imports from a high cost PTA member than they would have paid if the imports were sourced from a low cost non-PTA member.
The latest surge in the number of PTAs has revived the debate around the issue of the effects of trade creation and trade diversion and the relevancy of these agreements (Sarker & Jayasinghe, 2007:102). According to Amposah (2002:2), the major issue with a preferential trade agreement is whether the gains from trade creation surpass the loss from trade diversion. Therefore a preferential trade agreement will be considered favourable if it produces greater trade creation than diversion. Trade creation and trade diversion form a major component of economic integration, i.e. the amalgamation of economic activities among countries. The intensity of trade creation and trade diversion diminishes as the countries' economies become highly integrated (Flynn, 2008:3).
Some authors such as Ghosh and Yamarik (2004), Musila (2005), Cernat (2003), Vicard (2009) and Clausing (2001) suggest that generally, PTAs have net trade creation effects whereas Rahman, Shadat and Das (2006) and Coulibaly (2004) find evidence that some other PTAs (e.g. SADC, MERCOSUR) are associated with net trade diversion effects. Sarker and Jayasinghe (2007) find evidence that the EU has significantly increased agri-food trade among the members at the expense of trade with non-members, which reduced significantly. Using a cross-sectional estimation of the gravity model of bilateral trade based on 1998 data from a sample of 39 countries, Kwentua (2006) investigates the trade creation and trade diversion effects of the EU-SA agreement and finds evidence that both trade between members of the EU-SA agreement and trade between members and non-members of the EU-SA agreement increased, and therefore concludes that the EU-SA agreement is trade creating. Kwentua (2006) points out that the increase in trade between EU-SA members and the rest of the world could be attributed to an income effect. Based on 1994 to 2004 data covering 136 countries and using both cross-sectional and panel estimations, Holden and McMillan (2006) investigate whether the EU-SA and SADC agreements have had any effects on South Africa's trade. Their analysis also extends to the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) signed in 2000 between the USA and a host of African countries. The cross-sectional results find an insignificant impact while the panel results find evidence of a positive impact. Specifically, the panel results show that the EU-SA agreement stimulated both exports and imports during the period 1994 to 2004 whereas the SADC agreement only stimulated exports. The AGOA results were not significant, indicating that during that period, South African exports had not beneficiated from preferential access into the USA market.
3 Methodology
3.1 The gravity model of bilateral trade
In empirical research, the estimation of trade creation and trade diversion effects is mainly carried out in two ways: the use of Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling or the use of the gravity model of bilateral trade. CGE modelling is relevant for ex-ante analysis, i.e. analysis done before trade between two countries actually takes place. The gravity model is appropriate for ex-post analysis, i.e. analysis done after trade has taken place between two countries (Cernat, 2003:7). Tinbergen and Poyhonen first applied the gravity model to the study of international trade flows in the early 1960s. Since then, a significant amount of research in international trade has used the gravity model of bilateral trade as their empirical tool because the model gives a better fit to the majority of regional as well as international trade flows data sets (Matyas, 1998:397; Matyas, 1997:363; Cheng & Wall, 2005:49; Egger & Pfaffermayr, 2003:571). Many authors, including Clausing (2001), Ghosh and Yamarik (2004), Cernat (2003), Musila (2005), Rahman, Shadat and Das (2006), Sarker and Jayasinghe (2007), Vicard (2009), Carrere (2006) and Coulibaly (2004) have used the gravity model of bilateral trade to assess trade creation and trade diversion using dummy variables that capture a country's membership in a preferential trade agreement.
The original form of the gravity model of bilateral trade assumes that trade flows between two countries can be likened to Newton's gravitational force between two objects. Trade flows are directly proportional to the countries' income (GDP) and inversely proportional to the distance separating them. A set of dummies can also be added in the specification of the model to account for factors enhancing or restraining the trade flow.
After the mid 1970s, there was a development in theories that supported the gravity model of bilateral trade. Anderson (1979) makes the initial formal endeavour to derive a gravity model of bilateral trade based on product differentiation. Anderson and Wincoop (2003) further argue that the major feature of the gravity model of bilateral trade is the dependence of trade flows on a trade resistance factor. In a quest to prove the strength of the theoretical foundation of the gravity model of bilateral trade, Oguledo and MacPhee (1994) derive a gravity model from a linear expenditure system.
The basic functional form of the gravity model of bilateral trade is as follows:
where Xij represents bilateral trade flows (usually exports), Yi is the GDP (economic mass of country i (reporter), Yj is the GDP of country j (partner), Dij is the distance between countries i and j.
The stochastic log-linearised version of the basic gravity model of bilateral trade is as follows:
where εij represents the white-noise error term.
According to Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003:296), the generalised form of the gravity model of bilateral trade assumes that exports from country i to country j is a function of the countries' incomes, i.e. GDPs, their populations and the distance between them, as well as a vector of dummy variables:
where Xij represents bilateral trade flows (usually exports), Yi (Yj) is the GDP of the exporting (importing) country, Ni(Nj) is the population of the exporting (importing) country, Dij is the distance between capital cities or economic centres of the two countries, Aij captures any factor enhancing or restricting bilateral trade and uij is the white-noise error term.
Expressed in logarithmic form for estimation purposes, the generalised gravity model of bilateral trade is as follows:
where represents the sum of preferential trade dummy variables and Aijh takes the value of one when a given criterion is fulfilled (for instance being a member of a preferential trade agreement), zero otherwise. Lower-case letters represent the logarithm of respective variables, i.e. exports, GDPs, populations and distance.
3.2 Model specification
Variables: The specification of variables capturing trade creation and trade diversion effects in the gravity model of bilateral trade in this study follows the model specification in Ghosh and Yamarik (2004):
where Xij is the exports from South Africa to its trading partner, Yi is South Africa's GDP, Yj is the trading partner's GDP, Ni is South Africa's population, Nj is the trading partner's population, ERi is the average real effective exchange rate of the rand, Dij is the distance between the capital cities of South Africa and the trading partner, PTAij is a dummy variable capturing whether South Africa and its trading partner both belong to the same preferential trade agreement (SADC or EU-SA), i.e. intra bloc trade, PTAi is a dummy variable capturing current membership status of South Africa in the preferential trade agreement.
The corresponding stochastic log-linear specification is:
PTAij = 1 if SA and its partner both belong to the same PTA, 0 otherwise
PTAi = 1 if only SA is a member of the PTA, 0 otherwise
Contrary to the approach of defining PTAs whereby the value of PTA dummies is constant over time in a database and following Coulibaly (2004), the dummy variables PTAij and PTAi in this study are time-variant. Therefore, these dummy variables will take the value of one only from the effective date of endorsement of the PTA. However, because these variables will have a constant value over time for some of the cross-sections, they will be estimated together with time-invariant variables as in Coulibaly (2004:4-5).
Expected signs: The relationship between exports and both GDP measures is expected to be positive. A higher GDP in South Africa means a higher production capacity which in turn translates into the ability of the South African economy to export more (supply side). On the other hand, a higher GDP for a trading partner country means a higher absorption capacity, i.e. the trading partner country is able to import more (demand side).
According to Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003:296) and Armstrong (2007:5), there is no clear a priori relationship between exports and the populations of both the exporting and importing countries. The estimated coefficient of the exporter's population could either be positive or negative depending on whether the exporter has a large population and exports more (economies of scale) or the fact that the exporter has a large population but exports less (absorption effect). In the same vein, the estimated coefficient of the trading partner country's population could either be positive or negative.
Exports and the rand's exchange rate are expected to be positively related as higher rates of exchange (depreciation of the rand) would mean that it is cheaper for the trading partner country to source the required amount of rands to effect payments for imports, resulting in higher demand for South African exports.
Being a proxy for transportation costs, distance is normally expected to be negatively related to the flow of exports, i.e. the higher the distance, the higher the costs involved in trading and therefore a negative effect on trade flows. However, as shown by Marimoutou, Peguin and Peguin-Feissolle (2009) and Brun, Carrere, Guillaumont and de Melo (2005), distance can bear a different role in a gravity model of bilateral trade. Marimoutou et al. (2009) particularly show that the larger the trading partner country's GDP, the less the effect of distance on trade flows.
Trade creation and trade diversion effects in international trade studies are usually measured by using a pair of dummy variables PTAij and PTAi (Ghosh & Yamarik, 2004:215; Cernat, 2003:9). If γ1 (the coefficient of PTAij ) is positive, this is an indication that there is more intra PTA trade between South Africa and its trading partner than predicted by the other variables of the gravity model of bilateral trade. This is evidence of trade creation. On the other hand, if γ2 (the coefficient of PTAi) is positive, then extra PTA trade, i.e. trade between a PTA member and a non-PTA country is more than a random pair of countries. This indicates the openness of the PTA to imports from the rest of the world. Similarly, if γ2 is negative, then there is less trade with non-PTA countries. This is evidence of trade diversion.
Alternatively, Cernat (2003:9) gives the following comprehensive interpretation of the signs of the PTA dummy variables' coefficients:
Trade creation & trade expansion = PTAij > 0, PTAi > 0
Trade diversion = PTAij > 0, PTAi < 0
Trade expansion = PTAij < 0, PTAi > 0
Trade contraction = PTAij < 0, PTAi < 0
4 Estimation
According to Egger (2000:26) and Egger and Pfaffermayr (2003:571-572), many studies in the past have estimated the gravity model of bilateral trade using a cross-section methodology. However, as discussed in Egger (2000:26), Egger and Pfaffermayr (2003:571-572) and Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003:298), panel data estimation of the gravity model of bilateral trade has many advantages over cross-section analysis. For instance, the role of the business cycle and the interactions between variables over a long period of time can be captured by using panel data analysis. In addition, country-specific effects that do not change over time can be unravelled. Another benefit of using panel data analysis is that the risk of getting biased estimates is lowered.
The F-test is used to determine whether countries in the sample are homogeneous (poolability) or heterogeneous, i.e. the existence of country-specific individual effects. The test result rejects the null hypothesis of poolability in favour of the alternative hypothesis of country-specific individual effects by using fixed effects.3 As pointed out in Egger (2000:26), Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003:298-299), using a panel data framework results in the issue of choosing the correct specification of individual effects as either random or fixed effects. Matyas (1997:365-366), Matyas (1998:397-398), Egger (2000:26), Egger and Pfaffermayr (2003:572), Cheng and Wall (2005:54) and Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003:299) opt for a fixed effects specification of the gravity model of bilateral trade. Egger (2000:26) and Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003:299) specifically argue that a fixed effects model is appropriate for studies that analyse trade flows between an ex-ante pre-selected group of countries. Since this study analyses the trade creation and trade diversion effects of the EU-SA and the SADC agreements with particular focus on trade between South Africa and its major trading partners over the period 1994 to 2008, the fixed effects specification of the gravity model of bilateral trade is used.
Following Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003:298-299), time-invariant variables in the gravity model (such as distance) cannot be directly estimated with a fixed effects model as these variables would be eliminated in the estimation process. Such time-invariant variables can be estimated by running a separate regression with the timeinvariant variables as the independent variables and the individual fixed effects as the dependent variables. The gravity model of bilateral trade in this study is therefore estimated in two stages as in Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003:298- 299).
Stage one: Country-pair fixed effects model
where θij represents the individual fixed effects.
Stage two: Pooled model
where θij represents the individual fixed effects, Dij is the distance between countries i and j, PTAij is a dummy variable capturing intra bloc trade, PTAi is a dummy variable capturing extra bloc trade and µi is the white-noise error.
Data: The data set in this study comprises 585 observations which include 15 annual observations (1994-2008) for 39 countries representing South Africa's major trading partners. An exhaustive list of countries forming part of the sample is found in the Appendix. Table 4 (see Appendix) gives a description of variables used in this study as well as their sources. Panel unit root tests are conducted for each variable in the fixed effects model to ascertain that all variables are stationary before the actual estimation can be carried out. Results of panel unit root tests in Table 5 (see Appendix) report that all variables are stationary.
5 Results
Results for the first-stage estimation are reported in Table 2. Both GDP measures (for South Africa and the trading partner) are positive and statistically significant as per a priori expectation. South Africa's population has a significant negative effect on exports. Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003:296) and Armstrong (2007:5) argue that a negative relationship between exports and population is an indication of an absorption effect. This means that a country with a big population would indicate that the domestic market is large enough to 'absorb' a considerable share of domestically produced goods and thereby reducing the amount of domestically produced goods that could be exported. In this case, increases in the population size would result in lower exports. However, this argument would only seem to be relevant for countries where poverty is not a big issue. In the case of South Africa, a country with one of the highest Gini coefficients in the world, socio-economic factors such as crime and illiteracy could be an indirect cause of lower exports. For instance, higher population would relatively translate in a higher proportion of poverty. As a matter of fact, crime and poverty are closely related (Ludwig, Duncan & Hirshfield, 2001). In turn, a higher incidence in the crime rate could negatively affect investment and productivity in an economy and thereby lower the export capacity. As per a priori expectation, Table 2 also shows that a weaker rand (higher exchange rate) enhances exports from South Africa to its trading partners.
Country-pair fixed effects are reported in Table 6 (see Appendix). These effects indicate the existence of specific factors that enhance or restrict trade between South Africa and a particular country. Countries with positive fixed effects (highlighted rows) such as the majority of SADC countries in the sample have individual specific factors (for instance geographic and cultural proximity in the case of SADC countries) that enhance their respective trade with South Africa. In the same vein, countries with negative fixed effects such as the USA, France and Nigeria have individual specific factors that constrain their respective trade with South Africa (for instance higher per capita income in the case of developed countries).
Table 3 presents the results of the second-stage estimation. In the case of South Africa, distance is reported to be playing its traditional role (proxy of trade costs) in a gravity model framework, i.e. distance has a small negative bearing on exports from South Africa to its trading partners. Most importantly, the signs of PTA dummies' coefficients are also reported in Table 3.
Following the interpretation à la Cernat (2003:9), there is significant evidence that the SADC preferential trade agreement has had a trade contraction effect. However, these results have to be taken with caution as the SADC preferential trade agreement had been scheduled to initiate a comprehensive implementation in 2008 only. In fact, countries like South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mauritius have liberalised their tariffs between 2000 and 2008 while on the other hand, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique only effectively joined the trade agreement in 2008. Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are set to join the trade agreement at a later stage. It is important to note that though the SADC as a development body has been in existence since 1996, the SADC preferential trade agreement started being implemented only in 2000. The SADC attained the status of a free trade area in January 2008 with imports tariffs on 85 per cent of all goods being eliminated in the initial 12 countries. There is also an indication that the SADC preferential trade agreement is yet in the process of facilitating trade (SADC, 2009). However, these results suggest that thus far, the agreement has not yet stimulated trade (both within and without the region) for the few countries that have been signatories prior to 2008. Therefore, a further encompassing and informative analysis of the SADC preferential trade agreement trade effects can only be carried out in the future. The EU-SA preferential trade agreement is reported to have both trade creation and trade expansion effects. However, due to the fact that the coefficient of intra EU-SA trade is not statistically significant and that only the coefficient of extra EU-SA trade is found to be statistically significant, this translates into the fact that countries in the EU-SA agreement are open and trade more with the rest of the world than a random pair of countries (Ghosh & Yamarik, 2004:215). This goes in line with the empirical finding based on export data analysis that reveals a reduction of trade volumes between South Africa and some European countries and an increase in trade between South Africa and countries in the rest of the world such as China and Japan between 1994 and 2008.
6 Conclusion
This study investigated trade effects of the two most significant preferential trade agreements to which South Africa is a signatory (i.e. the SADC and EU-SA preferential trade agreements) following evidence of reduced trade between South Africa and some of its major trading partners in the EU-SA preferential trade agreement and increased trade between South Africa and countries in the rest of the world such as China and Japan.
Using a country-specific fixed effects panel data estimation of the gravity model of bilateral trade, the study reported that the SADC preferential trade agreement has had a trade contraction effect. However, this result is to be taken with prudence considering the fact that the SADC preferential trade agreement is not yet fully operational. On the other hand, the EU-SA preferential trade agreement has been reported to be trade expanding through increased trade between its signatories and the rest of the world.
Another important finding of this study was on the effect of the South African population on exports. The study reported that contrary to the absorption effect argument of Martinez-Zarzoso and Nowak-Lehmann (2003:296) and Armstrong (2007:5), socio-economic factors such as crime and illiteracy could be the catalysts of the negative relationship between exports and population size in South Africa. This argument of the socio-economic effect of population size on the productivity and export capacity of an economy extends to most developing countries as they are trapped in poverty.
Based on the fact that South Africa is an appealing trade partner due to its regional economic importance, and following Kowalski, Lattimore and Bottini (2009:8), trade policy in South Africa should focus on an extended multilateral liberalisation approach as supported by the findings of trade expansion effects of the EU-SA preferential trade agreement. The EU-SA did not significantly create more trade between its members; rather, there is evidence of more trade taking place between South Africa and non-EU members in the rest of the world. In this particular instance a preferential trade agreement should be considered as a second-best alternative as it conveys a risk of unnecessary discrimination. As far as the SADC preferential trade agreement is concerned, this initiative is profitable to other SADC countries (Kowalski, Lattimore and Bottini, 2009:48-49). Hence, in the objective of promoting regional economic stability and development, South Africa, as the regional economic hub, has an obligation to support the SADC preferential trade agreement initiative to stimulate trade and growth in the region. Nonetheless, also confirming the findings that it would be premature to assess the actual trade effects of the SADC preferential trade agreement, Kowalski, Lattimore and Bottini (2009:48-49) point to the fact that the analysis of the importance of the SADC preferential trade agreement to South Africa is hampered because some trade flows among SADC countries are usually not reported.
Funding from Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies is hereby acknowledged
1 Currency misalignment refers in this case to the fact that a currency becomes overvalued as a result of the level of domestic consumer price exceeding the level of consumer price abroad when expressed in the same currency (Engel, 2009).
2 As a result of lower demand for South African exports due to higher prices, the levels of production declined, causing in turn a reduction in firms' profits and consequently job losses.
3 Fcrit (1.43) < FComputed (54.99) ⇒ Reject H0 (Homogeneity). Country-specific fixed effects are valid.
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SOUTH AFRICAN RESERVE BANK. 2009. Online download facility. Available at: http://www.reservebank.co.za [Accessed 2009-09-24] [ Links ].
SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC). 2009. SADC free trade area. [Online] Available at: http://www.sadc.int/fta [Accessed 2009-05-15] [ Links ].
UNITED NATIONS STATISTICS DIVISION. 2009a. Commodity trade statistics database (COMTRADE). [Online] Available at: http://comtrade.un.org/db [24 September 2009] [ Links ].
UNITED NATIONS STATISTICS DIVISION. 2009b. Millennium Development Goals. [Online] Available at: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg [Accessed 2009-09-24] [ Links ].
VICARD, V. 2009. On trade creation and regional trade agreements: Does depth matter? Review of World Economics, 145(2):167-187. [ Links ]
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION. 2009a. Trade profiles 2009: SA rank in international trade (2008). [Online] Available at: http://www.wto.org [Accessed 2010-01-04] [ Links ].
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Accepted February 2011


text:
Jump to Content
Correspondence, arranged as follows:
President - Bullock, Thomas S. One folder, Sept. 1897-July 1912. Correspondents include the following:
Associated Oil Company
Baldwin Locomotive Works: Burnham, Williams and Company
Barger, C. W.
Barnett, J. R., and Son
Blackburn, J. W., Jr.: Attorney at Law
Central Trust Company
Crocker National Bank
Crocker, William H.: President
Daly, C. H.
French Finance Corporation of America
Hersey, Ralph W.
Holt Manufacturing Company Incorporated
Howe, H. L., Furniture and Undertaking
Lawson, F. A., and Company
Light Inspection Car Company
Lilienthal, Jesse W.: Attorney at Law
McClellan, Colonel George B.
Pillsbury, E. S.: Attorney at Law
Railway Mail Service: Superintendent Eighth Division
Ralston, William C.
Schenectady Locomotive Works
Sierra Railway Company of California
Crawley, J. M.
Hamblin, Charles N.
Sonora Lumber Company
U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission: Division of Statistics
Wells Fargo and Company Express
General Manager and Treasurer - Hamblin, Charles N. One folder, Feb. 1919-Sept. 1929. Correspondents include the following:
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company
Hetch Hetchy Railroad
O'Shaughnessy, M. M.: General Manager
Sierra Railway Company of California
Butchart, H. A.
Flaherty, Fletcher G.
Hall, R.
Newell, W. H.
Stine, B. F.
Southern Pacific Railroad Company
McCormick, George: General Superintendent Motive Power
Standard Lumber Company
Turlock Irrigation District and Modesto Irrigation District
Don Pedro Dam Construction
General Manager - Taylor, John E. One folder, June 1934-December 1941. Correspondents include the following:
Levin, M., and Sons
Railway Mail Service
Sierra Railroad Company
Bulletin No. 105
Sugar Pine Railway Company, Limited
Assistant General Manager and Treasurer - Freshman, Sidney D. Seven folders, Dec. 1897-Jan. 1915. Correspondents include the following:
Aermotor Company
Albion Lumber Company
Amador Central Railroad Company
American Car and Foundry Company
American Lead Pencil Company
American Locomotive Company
Anglo American Crockery and Glassware Company
Associated Oil Company
Automatic Pencil Sharpener Company, Incorporated
Baldwin Locomotive Works: Burnham, Williams and Company
Barney and Smith Car Company
Beardslee, Robert L: Attorney at Law
Big Oak Flat and Yosemite Stage Company
Boesch Lamp Company
Burnstine Brothers
Calaveras Miners' Union, No. 55
California: Board of Railroad Commissioners
California Electrical Works
California Gas and Electric Corporation
California Hot Springs
California Nursery Company
Carruth, L. S.
Chanslor and Lyon Motor Supply Company Incorporated
Cincinnati Equipment Company
Citizens' Alliance of San Francisco
Climax Manufacturing Company
Coulter, G. W.
Crocker, H. S., Company
Crocker National Bank
Daly, C. H.: Hilo Railroad Company
Dilworth Porter and Company, Limited
Draper Gold Mining Company
Dunham, Carrigan and Hayden Company
Eagle-Shawmut Mining Company
Eby Machinery Company
Elurell, C. E.
Ely, E. G.
Eureka Electric Company
Fairbanks, Morse and Company
Fassler, Miss Josephine
Fitz-Hugh and Company
Flint-Bigelow and Company
Fox Brothers and Company
French, H. A.
Fresno Flume and Irrigation Company
Glick and Nichols
Globe Iron Works
Goldberg Bowen and Company
Goldie, William, Jr., and Company
Gould Coupler Company
Hagy, Clayton L., and Son
Hales and Symons
Hammond, J., and Company: California Car Works
Harris, Elijah T.
Harris, S. J.
Harron, Rickard and McCone
Hawkins Manufacturing Company
Heald's School of Engineering
Heisler Locomotive Works
Hinckley and Company
Hobbs-Parsons Company
Holman, W. L.: Car, Elevator and General Millwright Works
Holt Manufacturing Company
Howe Scale Company
Illinois Steel Company
International Order of Odd Fellows: Grand Encampment
Jackson and Sharp Company: Delaware Car Works
Jeffries and Son: Short Line News, Lunch and Parcel Station
Joshua Hendy Machine Works
Judson Manufacturing Company
Jumper Gold Syndicate of California, Limited
Kalamazoo Railway Supply Company
King Keystone Oil Company
Lauxen and Catts, Incorporated
Lawson, F. A., and Company
Lietz, A., Company
Light Inspection Car Company
Lima Locomotive and Machine Company
Livermore, Norman B., and Company
Locke, C. E., Manufacturing Company
Lowell, John A., and Company
Maier, A. C.
Marston, F. W.
McConway and Torley Company
McCormick, M., Company, Incorporated: Butchers
Melones Mining Company: Ralston, William C.
Mill Valley and Mount Tamalpais Scenic Railway
Cushing, Sidney B.: President
Thomas, William J.: Superintendent
Milton-Angels Stage Line
Mobile Carriage Company: Pierce Motor Cars
Moore, George P., Company, Incorporated
Morris, Paul: West Side Store
National Railway Publication Company
Northern California Lumber Company
Olds Motor Works
Pacific Construction Company: General Contractors and Engineers
Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company
Pacific Syndicate
Pelt on Water Wheel Company, Incorporated: Hydraulic Engineers
Priest's Hotel
Railroad Gazette
Railway Appliances Company
Railway Audit and Inspection Company
Railway Mail Service: Superintendent Eighth Division
Sakes and Company
Samson Iron Works
San Francisco and San Joaquin Coal Company
Sanders, Henry
Santa Fe Railway
Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway
Seiler, Paul, Electrical Works
Sierra Daily Times
Sierra Railway Company of California
Adams, J. E.
Anderson, A.
Bouchard, E. J.
Bradley, Fred
Bullock, Thomas S.
Crawley, John M.
Duframe, M. H.
Hall, R.
Hamblin, Charles N.
Hess, G. W.
Kellar, A. C.
Lange, J. E.
Langford, George H.
Ling, J. W.
Long, T. M.
Newell, W. H.
Parke, E.
Potts, W. C.
Reubendale, E. L.
Scott, H. F.
Seaton, S. S.
Smith, S. H.
Towne, W. F.
Tucker, J. L.
Alade, S. E., Lumber Company
Standard Electric of California
Standard Oil Company
Steam Carriage Boiler Company
Stearns Company
Stearns Manufacturing Company
Stockton Automobile Company, Incorporated
Stover Motor Car Company
Street, F. W.: Attorney at Law
Stromberg-Carlson Telephone Manufacturing Company
Studebaker Brothers Company of California
Sullivan Machinery Company
Sunset Press
Tilden, B. E., Company
Tonopah and Goldfield Railroad Company
Tonopah and Tidewater Company
Torbert, A. C., and Company
Town Improvement Club of Tuolumne
Traffic Publishing Company
Tuolumne County: Electric Power and Light Company
Tuolumne County: Twenty-ninth District Agricultural Fair Association
Tuolumne County Bank
Union Gas Engine Company
Union Trust Company of San Francisco
Wells Fargo and Company Express
West Side Lumber Company
Western Electric Company: Dry Battery Contract
Williams, Diamond and Company
Woods, Samuel Davis
Yosemite Short Line Railway Company
Assistant General Manager and Treasurer - Hamblin, Charles N. One folder, Mar. 1915-Dec. 1916. Correspondents include the following:
Oakdale Club
Railway Storage Battery Car Company
River Rock and Gravel Company
Sierra Railway Company of California
Bullock, Thomas S.
Freshman, Sidney D.
Hall, Reinehart
Superintendent - One folder, Aug. 1897-Jan. 1910. Arranged as follows:
Albert, E. T., Aug. 1897-Nov. 1897
Sierra Railway Company of California
Booze, B. T.
Personal Expense Account of E. T. Albert
Potts, Warren C., Jan. 1898-Oct. 1904
Bradford, S. S.
Coronado Railroad Company
Fox Brothers and Company
Sierra Railway Company of California
Booze, B. T.
Bradley, F.
Bullock, Thomas S.
Hamblin, Charles N.
Newell, W. H.
Southern Pacific Railroad Company
Small, H. J.: Superintendent Motive Power
Blaton, W. B., June 1906-Nov. 1906
La Moine Lumber and Trading Company
Sierra Railway Company of California
Bouchard, E. J., Nov. 1906-Jan. 1910
Sierra Railway Company
Clark, C. C.
Freshman, Sidney D.
Reubendale, E. L.
Auditor - Hamblin, Charles N. One folder, Mar. 1901-Mar. 1912. Correspondents include the following:
Apollo Oil Company
Associated Oil Company
Fox Brothers and Company
French Finance Corporation
Locke, C. E., Manufacturing Company
Master Car Builders' Association
Sierra Railway Company of California
Bullock, Thomas S.
Carruth, L. S.
Crawford, George
Newell, W. H.
Parke, E.
Potts, Warren C.
Societe Generale
U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission: Division of Statistics
West Side Lumber Company
Woods, Samuel Davis
General Freight and Passenger Agent - Booze, B. T. Four folders, June 1897-May 1899. Correspondents include the following:
Angels Iron Works
Barnett, H. T.
Beazley, Robert H.
Booth, W. W.
Brooks, Peyton H.
Buell, P. A., and Company, Incorporated: Lumber and Planing Mills
California, Oregon and Idaho Stage Company
Chapman, W. A.
Clark, F. B.
Consolidated Golden Gate and Sulphuret Mining and Development Company
Coulter, G. N.
Crocker, H. S., Company
Eagle-Shawmut Mining Company
Excelsior Redwood Company
Fashion Livery and Feed Stables
Fort Worth and Rio Grande Railway Company
Gardner, Thomas T.
Grurin, D. E.
Hammond and Bates
Hester, O. M.
Holt Manufacturing Company
Hutchings, J. M.
Jackson, Thomas W.
Kerrick, J. H.
McAllister, Hall: Attorney at Law
Merced Gold Mining Company
Michel, Jules, and Company
Moise, L. H.
Morris Brothers
National Railway Publication Company
Overland Monthly
Owens, Charles E.
Pleasant Valley Coal Company
Railway Mail Service: Superintendent Eighth Division
Rand, McNally and Company
Rawhide Gold Mining Company
Rose Creek Mining Company
Rosenfeld's Sons, John
San Francisco and North Pacific Railway Company
San Francisco and San Joaquin Coal Company
San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley Railway Company
Santa Ysabel Gold Mining Company
Sierra Railway Company of California
Albert, E. T.
Anthony, J.
Boyd, F. T.
Bullock, Thomas S.
Crawford, E. C.
Freshman, Sidney D.
Murphy, J. T. [?]
Pearson, J. W.
Teas, C. E.
Turner, W.
Wiley, M. B.
Winn, T. A.
Sim Sim War Company [?]
Smith, George
Smith, Reverend J. S.
Sonora Land and Mining Abstract Bureau
Southern California Railway Company
Southern Pacific Company
Chappel, S. R.
Goodman, T. H.
Horsburgh, James, Jr.
Humphrey, E. G.
Jones, C. J.
Smurr, C. F.
Sproule, William
Wilder, C. J.
Standard Oil Company of Iowa
Trask, P. M.
Traveler, The
Tuolumne Furniture Store: Cozzens, D.
Tuolumne Independent
Union Pacific System
U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission: Division of Statistics
Visalia and Tulare Railroad Company
Weinschenk and Company: Pioneer Store
Wells, Fargo and Company's Express
Williamson, J. E.
Witney, J. J. and Son
Wries, Marion D.
Miscellaneous Letters "To the Public"
General Freight and Passenger Agent/Traffic Manager - Smith, S. H. One folder, Feb. 1900-June 1915. Correspondents include the following:
Amador Central Railroad Company
Brooks, Peyton H.
Curry, David A.
Pacific Coast Miner
Pacific Coast Official Railway and Steamship Guide
Progressive Association
Sierra Railway Company of California
Anderson, A.
Bullock, Thomas S.
Freshman, Sidney D.
Houstan, H. F.
Malour, J. J.
Parke, E.
Poniatowski, Andre
White, H. L.
Southern Pacific Company
U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission: Division of Statistics
General Freight and Passenger Agent - Butchart, H. A. One folder, July 1919-Apr. 1931. Correspondents include the following:
Railway and Equipment Publication Company
Santa Fe Railway Company
Sierra Railway Company of California
Hamblin, Charles N.
Newell, William H.
Tate, C. R.
Purchasing Department - Freshman, Sidney D., et al. One folder, Sept. 1897-Oct. 1912. Correspondents include the following:
Bachman, Joe
Berger and Carter Company
Betts Spring Company
Bolte Concrete Mixers
Bradford, S. S.
California Gas and Electric Corporation
California Wire Cloth Company
Denver and Rio Grande Railroad and Rio Grande Western Railway
Electric Appliance Company
General Electric Company
Giant Powder Company, Consolidated, of California
Globe Iron Works, Incorporated
Krohn, J. J.
Moise-Klinkner Company
Payne's Bolt Works
Pleasant Valley Coal Company
Red Pennany Auto Services
Standard Oil Company
Western Electric Company
Trainmaster - Hall, Reinehart. One folder, Sept. 1913-Jan. 1937. Correspondents include the following:
Hall, C. A.
Santa Fe Railway Company
Sierra Railway Company of California
Freshman, Sidney D.
Hamblin, Charles N.
Smith, S. H.
Miscellaneous: Bulletins
Southern Pacific Company
Miscellaneous Correspondence - One folder, Aug. 1897-Aug. 1949.
Crystalline Gold Mines, Limited
French Finance Corporation of America
Pendola, Madeline
Schroeder, A. H.
Selby Smelting and Lead Company
Sierra Railway Company of California
Boyd, F. T.
Bullock, J. T.
Cheney, William C.
Crawford, E. C.
Newell, William H.
Steine, B. F.
Bills and Receipts
Equipment and supply bills, receipts for right-of-way, etc. Sept. 1897-Nov. 1907.
Albion Lumber Company
American Railway Supply Company
Arctic Oil Works
Arnold, A.
Barron, Joseph
Batten, J. W.
Buell, P. A., and Company
Burns and Lee General Blacksmiths
California Fireworks Company, Limited
Central Electric Light and Power Company
Cohn, A.
Crocker Estate Company
Demarest and Fullen: Angels Iron Works
Democratic Banner
Dunhan, Carrigan and Hayden Company
Egling, Louis: Blacksmith
Financial Letter
Fox Brothers and Company
Fuller, George H., Desk Company
Fuller, W. P., and Company
Gazzolo, V.
Giant Powder Company, Consolidated, of California
Guerin, D. E.: Pioneer Livery Stables
Hales, E.
Hales and Symons
Hetch-Hetchy and Yosemite Valleys Railway Company
Hirsch and Kaiser: Opticians
Holbrook, Merrill and Stetson
Holliway, W. H.: Blacksmith and Carriagemaker
Hotel Rafael
Joshua Hendy Machine Works
Kalin, Joseph: Swiss Dairy
Knudsen, N. L.
Lewis, M. A.: Nevada Livery and Feed Stable
Mehler, E. M.
Meyer, R. E. H.: City Market
Milton Manufacturing Company
Minear, W. C.: Pioneer Stables
Moise, L. H.
Mother Lode Magnet
Nicholls, R. A.
Olds Motor Works
Owen, Charles E.
Pennsylvania and Delaware Oil Company
Pinkerton's National Detective Agency
Punnett Brothers
Railway Appliances Company
Ralph, Walter
Richards, D. B.
Routt, J. H.
San Francisco Call
San Francisco Examiner
San Francisco and San Joaquin Coal Company
Seiler, Paul, Electrical Works
Smith, C. R.
Sonora Foundry and Machine Shop
Southern Pacific Company
Standard Oil Company
Stanislaus Milling and Powder Company
Stearns and Harray
Stent Livery Stable
Stockel, H.
Stockton Car, Machine and Agricultural Works
Sunset Telephone and Telegraph Company
Thornayer, A. C. [?]
Tilden, B. E., Company
Topping, George W.
Tuolumne County: Electric Power and Light Company
Tuolumne County: Water Company
Tuolumne Reflex
Union Democrat
Union Gas Engine Company
Waterhouse and Lester
Wells, Fargo and Company's Express
White, J. Frank: Butcher
Clippings, 1900-1955
Depositions of Emma S. Bullock, J. T. Bullock, Fletcher G. Flaherty and D. J. Murphy in the case of the Sierra Railway Company of California vs. J. T. Bullock, Louise Bullock and Emma S. Bullock...; Superior Court of the State of California, City and County of San Francisco, No. 198910, 1929-1930. Four folders.
Don Pedro Dam - Copy of contract for materials and equipment and specifications for construction of the dam for the Turlock Irrigation District and Modesto Irrigation District; copy of the Railway Company's memorandum re delivery of material at the dam site.
Timetables and Supplements, June 1897-May 1948.
Nos. 1-10 June 10, 1897-August 26, 1899
Nos. 36-38 September 14, 1913-June 14, 1916
Nos. 41-42 June 1, 1919-November 21, 1920
Nos. 44-51 May 3, 1925-March 28, 1937 including Supplement No. 1 to timetable No. 48 and No. l Hetch Hetchy Division of Sierra Railway June 23, 1935
No. 53 May 9, 1948
Equipment Rosters and Specifications, ca. May, 1916-Sept., 1927.
Equipment Roster, Feb. 1, 1917
Equipment Roster, n.d.
Equipment Roster-Locomotives, Mar. 1918
Locomotive Specifications: Baldwin Locomotive Works
Engine No. 18 July 10, 1906 (with photograph)
Engine No. 20 August 23, 1916 (with photograph)
Engine No. 26 February 6, 1922
Engine No. 32 September 13, 1927
Freight Circular Letters to Agents, June 21, 1897-Mar. 8, 1933.
Hetch Hetchy Railroad, Sept. 1915-June 1934
Clippings, September, 1915
Tariff No. 3, March 15, 1923
Train Sheets, February 20, 1931, December 5, 1931
Section Foreman's Daily Report of Labor and Material Expended June 5, 1934
Interstate Commerce Commission Finance Docket No. 10467
Sierra Railway Company of California June, 1934
Legal and Financial Material, Jan. 1897-Aug. 1932. Includes:
Memorandum of Agreement, January 12, 1897
Articles of Incorporation, February 1, 1897
Sierra Railway First Mortgage, April 12, 1897
Yosemite Short Line Railway Company Contract, July 29, 1905
Agreement, October 9, 1905
Financial Condition of the Jamestown Improvement Company, October 1, 1912
Report of the Railroad Commission of California, December 27, 1913
List of Stockholders
Loans and Interest
Timber Lands of the West Side Flume and Lumber Company
West Coast Construction Company Rental
Local and Joint Freight Tariffs, June 1897-Mar. 1938
Local Passenger Tariffs, June 1897-Dec. 1920. Nos. 1-35 various.
Maps, Drawings and Emblems, ca. 1897-1915. Includes:
Profile Hetch Hetchy Railroad
Map Yosemite Short Line Railway
Map Tuolumne County
Proposed Sierra Railway Emblems
Melones Dam - Contract for the Construction of the Melones Railway and Wagon Road, Oakdale Irrigation District and South San Joaquin Irrigation District, containing contract, bid, maps, plans, etc. 1925
Miscellaneous, Aug. 1897-Aug. 1933 - payroll report, train order, forms, tickets, annual passes, trip passes, notes, etc.
Passenger Circulars to Agents, July 1897-Oct. 1914
Photographs, ca. 1898-1918
Locomotives, ca. 1898 Jamestown construction scenes, special train with President Poniatowski, completed right-of-way photos, etc. [These have been transferred to the Pictorial Collection]
Public Timetables, Cards and Excursion Announcements, June, 1897-July, 1940.
Record Book: Minutes of Meetings of Directors and Stockholders, Feb. 1, 1897-Sept. 7, 1904.
Includes copy of the articles of incorporation, names of subscribers and shareholders and minutes of meetings of the board of directors and of stockholders
Record Book: Minutes of Meetings of Directors and Stockholders, May 24, 1916-Feb. 8, 1932.
Stock and Bond Certificates, 1896-1905 for Sierra Pacific Railway Company, the Jamestown Improvement Company, and the Yosemite Short Line Railway Company
"Views on Line of Sierra Railway Company of California"
Scrapbook of B. T. Booze, General Freight and Passenger Agent, Sierra Railway Company of California, ca. Nov. 1896-Sept. 1902. Includes labeled photographs, memorabilia, tickets, bond coupons, stock certificate, correspondence, clippings, tariffs, timetables, etc.
Book of By-Laws: Sierra Railway Company of California
Signed code of by-laws adopted Feb. 3, 1897
Ticket Reports
Daily report of ticket sales and conductor cash fare receipts, Aug. 2, 1897-Oct. 31, 1899
Time Book for the Employees of the Sierra Railway
Monthly report of wages and hours worked and signed receipt for wages, Nov. 1897-Mar. 1899
Annual Report of the Sierra Railway Company of California to the Interstate Commerce Commission of the United States for the Year Ending June 30, 1898
Annual Report of the Sierra Railway Company of California to the Board of Railroad Commissioners of the State of California for the Year Ending June 30, 1900
Annual Report of the Sierra Railway Company of California to the Interstate Commerce Commission of the United States for the Year Ending June 30, 1904
Jamestown and Yosemite Railway Company Stock Book
Blank stub stock book with certificates
Hetch Hetchy Railroad Division of the Sierra Railroad
Daily Telegraphic Register of Trains, May 27, 1935-July 23, 1935
Map of the Sierra Railway Company of California and Connections, ca. 1920 [?]
Sierra Railway Company of California
Daily Telegraphic Register of Trains, Oct. 14, 1921
Sidney D. Freshman, 1897
Andre Poniatowski, 1897-1903
Thomas S. Bullock, 1904-1916
H. L. T. Skinner, 1916
Robert H. Downes, 1916-1930
Charles H. Segerstrom, Sr., 1931-1937
D. J. Murphy, 1937-1956
E. G. Solomon, 1957-1970
Charles Crocker, 1970-1972
Charles Gross, 1897
Sidney D. Freshman, 1897-1898
Henry J. Crocker, 1898-1900
William H. Crocker, 1900-1931
S. P. Eastman, 1938-1942
Charles H. Segerstrom, Sr., 1943-1946
Charles H. Segerstrom, Jr., 1947-1949
William C. Cheney, 1950-1961
Ferol R. Egan, 1962-1972
John M. Bonner, 1897-1899
E. E. Forrest, 1899-1900
S. M. Rickey, 1900-1902
Sidney D. Freshman, 1902-1909
John T. Bullock, 1915-1931
R. C. Burling, 1938-1953
Frentis Hill, 1954-1959
Mary Wheeler, 1960-1972
Sidney D. Freshman, 1897-1914
Charles N. Hamblin, 1915-1930
John T. Bullock, 1931-1937
R. C. Burling, 1938-1953
Frentis Hill, 1954-1959
Mary Wheeler, 1960-1966
D. C. Lahey, 1967-1971
D. J. Duckhorn, 1972
P. M. Peck, 1897-1899
Charles N. Hamblin, 1898-1930
T. L. Sory, 1931
William C. Cheney, 1932-1946
Ferol R. Egan, 1947-1962
D. J. Franco, 1962-1972
Thomas S. Bullock, 1897-1917
Charles N. Hamblin, 1917-1930
John T. Bullock, 1931-1932
J. E. Taylor, 1932-1946
William C. Cheney, 1946-1961
Ferol R. Egan, 1962-1972
Sidney D. Freshman, 1897-1915
Charles N. Hamblin, 1915-1917
Fletcher G. Flaherty, 1917-1929
William H. Newell, 1929-1932
William C. Cheney, 1943-1950
D. J. Franco, 1970-1972
E. T. Albert, 1897
Warren C. Potts, 1897-1904
F. Bradley, 1904-1905
W. B. Blanton, 1906
E. J. Bouchard, 1906-1920
H. A. Butchart, 1923-1927
Reinehart Hall, 1928-1935
Jess J. Fowler, 1939-1955
W. Wyatt, 1898
J. P. King, 1913
Reinehart Hall, 1913-1937
Jess Fowler, 1939-1955
B. T. Booze, 1897-1899
S. H. Smith, 1899-1901
John M. Crawley, 1901
W. F. Towne, 1901-1902
S. H. Smith, 1902-1917
H. A. Butchart, 1919-1931
William A. Wenneson, 1933-1941
Ferol R. Egan, 1941-1970
Warren C. Potts, 1898
William H. Newell, 1898-1938
D. Castro, 1899-1901
C. G. Cronan, 1902
M. H. Duframe, 1905
C. C. Clark, 1907-1910
John Dossi, 1955
Anthony Arnold, 1897-1902
George H. Langford, 1905
B. F. Stine, 1922-1929
William J. Tremewan, 1941-1954
James E. Condon, 1955
Samuel Davis Woods, 1898-1903
Fletcher G. Flaherty, 1916-1930
J. W. Pearson, 1897
E. C. Crawford, 1897-1903
H. F. Scott, 1906
J. L. Fleshner, 1939
F. T. Boyd, 1897
M. B. Wiley, 1897-1899
J. E. Adams, 1902-1903
F. T. Boyd, 1897
Walter Turner, 1897-1898
S. C. Norton, 1898-1899
A. Anderson, 1905
F. T. Boyd, 1898
W. Wyatt, 1898
T. A. Winn, 1898-1899
F. J. Trenheway, 1899
L. S. Carruth, 1902
J. W. Ling, 1903
J. T. Malour, 1913
T. A. Winn, 1899
E. Parke, 1902
E. L. Reubendale, 1909-1910


text:
vScope necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 91 diseños de 37 diseñadores freelance.
We are fanatical about the Wind, the Weather and Sport! Our website is based around giving 7 Day Weather Forecasts and Live 5 Minute Updates on current Wind conditions. Most of us are either Kitesurfers, Windsurfers or Sailing enthusiasts, so all of us have an attraction to watching and knowing what the Wind is doing right now.
Our visitors are Yacht owners, Kitesurfers, Windsurfers and generally people who need Wind to enjoy their sport. We want to push not only our website but also our upcoming range of iPhone, iPad and Android applications. We would like a logo that allows us to have continuity between our Website presence and our Application presence, in essence a logo that we can use across the board.
# Focus
The main focus of the logo to be Wind and Cube related. Perhaps wind in a cube? Wind escaping a cube? Or wind transformed in to a Cube? These are just some ideas, so let your creativity run wild!
# General Design
(1) To be able to use the logo both Online and in Print format.
(2) Logo to work either against a White or Dark background.
(3) The ability to use the logo with the words "WindCube" with it or without it. IE: To use the logo for an application icon without the wording present.
(4) Horizontal version to have the logo on the left, and the words "WindCube" next to it. [Check logo_use.jpg file]
(5) Vertical version to have the logo above, and the words "Wind" and "Cube" below. [Check logo_use.jpg file]
# Colours
We would like to see fresh, vibrant colours used in part or whole of the logo.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Buy Here Pay Here Financing is Available for this 2018 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT! Drive home today for a down payment as low as 4,995.
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