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NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DYNAMICS OF UNSTEADY PIPE FLOW INVOLVING BACKFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLIES by HYOUNG-JIN KIM A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Ful llment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (CIVIL ENGINEERING) December 2012 Copyright 2012 HYOUNG-JIN KIM
Object Description
|Numerical and experimental study on dynamics of unsteady pipe flow involving backflow prevention assemblies
|Kim, Hyoung-Jin
|Author email
|Doctor of Philosophy
|Document type
|Degree program
|Civil Engineering
|Viterbi School of Engineering
|Date defended/completed
|Date submitted
|Date approved
|Restricted until
|Date published
|Advisor (committee chair)
|Lee, Jiin-Jen
|Advisor (committee member)
Masri, Sami F.
Moore, James Elliott, II
Wellford, L. Carter
|When control valves at the end of pipeline close simultaneously, two pressure waves are generated at each end and the waves propagate toward to the other end. The pressure waves continue to move back and forth along pipelines until they are damped out to next steady states. This study provides information on the experimental data and the numerical simulation of a rapid hydraulic transient event called water hammer. The energy loss term due to friction in the present model consists of quasi-steady contribution and unsteady contribution. For the present model, an equivalent friction coefficient is used to replace the quasi-steady friction coefficient, inclusive unsteady friction loss and minor energy loss factors. The unsteady component has been related to the combination of the instant flow acceleration and instant flow convective acceleration. The numerical results of the present model are compared with the experimental records. The computer results by the present model which is based on the unsteady friction 1D model was successful to follow general trends of water hammer phenomena, corresponding with sudden changes in flow. This study later extends to the dynamic characteristics of backflow prevention assemblies under a rapid transient condition. When numerous hydraulic devices are installed on water distribution systems, the dynamic characteristics of such hydraulic devices have a significant influence on the intensity of the associated water hammer waves. A backflow prevention assembly plays important roles as not only a safety hydraulic device but also an energy dissipater. A numerical program for rapid transient pipe flow interconnected with a backflow prevention assembly has been developed using the present coupling model and numerically solved by the method of characteristics.
|unsteady pipe flow; water hammer; backflow prevention assemblies
|Part of collection
|University of Southern California dissertations and theses
|Publisher (of the original version)
|University of Southern California
|Place of publication (of the original version)
|Los Angeles, California
|Publisher (of the digital version)
|University of Southern California. Libraries
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|Contributing entity
|University of Southern California
|Kim, Hyoung-Jin
|Physical access
|The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.
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|University of Southern California Digital Library
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|USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 7002, 106 University Village, Los Angeles, California 90089-7002, USA
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|NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DYNAMICS OF UNSTEADY PIPE FLOW INVOLVING BACKFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLIES by HYOUNG-JIN KIM A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Ful llment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (CIVIL ENGINEERING) December 2012 Copyright 2012 HYOUNG-JIN KIM


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Casablanca Restaurant
About Casablanca Restaurant
Over 30 years ago, Casablanca introduced a new type of Mexican cuisine to the Venice community. Our menu contains many of the traditional Mexican entrées but also lesser known Mexican foods. On of our specialties is the Calamari steak.
Casablanca Restaurant is renowned for its world famous flour tortillas. Everyday, guests can watch as our tortilla artists make delicious flour tortillas, which are then brought to your table piping hot. Enjoy the tortillas with our special green salsa made with avocado, cilantro and cheese.
With over 250 Tequilas, Casablanca Restaurant boasts one of the largest selections of tequilas in the world. At Rick's Tequileria, you are guaranteed to find your favorite selection. Enjoy our
Tequila Express - margaritas made with premium tequilas at your tableside.
Casablanca is a themed restaurant named for the movie Casablanca and has one of the largest collections of CASABLANCA memorabilia in the world. Don't forget to see the life size statute of Humphrey Bogart.
Casablanca Restaurant is less than a mile away from Venice Beach Boardwalk. Casablanca Restaurant is the perfect place to have lunch before you take a stroll on the beach or to have a romantic dinner after enjoying a beautiful day in the California sun.
Casablanca Catering offers a full range of catering services from small luncheons to large weddings. We offer a wide array of catering options and strive to find a menu and service to meet your budget.
For more information, call us at (310) 505-5091 or visit us at
A deep love for Hollywood movies and Mexican food inspired Carlos Haro, Sr. to open Casablanca Restaurant in 1980.
Casablanca Restaurant became a one-of-a-kind themed restaurant combining fine Mexican cuisine with the 1943 Academy Award winning movie, Casablanca, featuring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman.
Casablanca is known for its homemade flour tortillas, its delicious calamari steak and one of the largest and most exquisite selections of tequilas in California.
The next generation, Carlos Haro, Jr., continues to provide excellent cuisine while introducing unique new entrées. While committed to providing each customer with a memorable dining experience, Carlos Haro, Jr. is sharing his passion for writing novels, which incorporate Mexican folklore, cuisine and music.
Casablanca Restaurant
220 Lincoln Blvd., Venice, CA 90291
Restaurant: (310) 392-5751 Catering: (310) 505-5091

subset: commoncrawl


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The Beaches of Fort Myers & Sanibel
Each of us, no matter how old or young, has childhood memories of family vacation. Time spent together experiencing something new. And somehow it's comforting knowing a place still exists where this tradition is alive and well. It's called The Beaches of Fort Myers & Sanibel.
Quality Beach Time
As the name suggests, any family vacation spent on The Beaches of Fort Myers & Sanibel should include plenty of beach time. Some 50 miles of pristine coastline is readily accessible divided among hundreds of unspoiled islands and natural white sand beaches. Time here means epic sandcastle building battles and phenomenal shelling opportunities, which just so happen to make wonderful and free souvenirs. Visit Sanibel, Captiva and the Cayo Costa Islands for great examples of why our beaches are some of the world's best.
A Natural Habitat For Families
The same can be said for wildlife viewing in and around The Beaches of Fort Myers & Sanibel. Witness dolphins darting in and out of the water alongside your charter cruise as you island hop in the Gulf. Paddle inches from giant Manatees lazily swimming the Great Calusa Blueway. Spy over 220 species of migratory birds in the J.N. "Ding" Darling National Wildlife Refuge, the largest undeveloped mangrove ecosystem in the United States.
Fun For Kids Of All Ages
As for fun off the beach and away from the water, art galleries of every color and variety burst from the seams on Matlacha and Pine Island. For kids, the Imaginarium's hands-on museum experience includes motion experiments, archaeological digs and a marine life touch-tank. And no visit is complete without a tour of the winter homes of Thomas Edison and his good friend, automaker Henry Ford. Their estates, filled with tropical gardens, laboratories and museums, prove the only limit on success is one's imagination.
All of these experiences create memories – the kind that turn mom, dad, sister and brother back into family. Only one question remains. Can you fit it all in? It's time to make The Beaches of Fort Myers & Sanibel a tradition. Visit FortMyers-Sanibel.com to start planning your vacation today or for a free Lonely Planet guidebook.


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Scent Blazer trolling lures taste and smell like a real bait fish because you put real bait inside them.
Place baits like Ballyhoo, Mackerel, Sardines, Pilchards, Squid, or Tuna inside the chamber. When the lure is trolled, water passes over the bait inside leaving a trail of the bait's scent and small bait pieces directly behind the trolling lure. The trolling lure actually TASTES LIKE A REAL FISH!
It's a fact that all game fish have an acute sense of smell. This makes these trolling lures the most effective trolling lures for Marlin, Sailfish, Bluefin Tuna, Yellowfin Tuna, Albacore, Mackerel, Dolphin Fish and all other game fish.
Available in: 16 colors, 6 sizes from 6" to 18", 5 head shapes
Scent Blazer bowling pin teasers leave a chum/burley trail that fish can follow directly to the back of your boat.
The bowling pin teasers have water intakes at the front which connect into a large perforated chamber which screws off and allows you to place baits like Mackerel, Tuna, Ballyoo, Sardines, Squid or any type of bait inside.
When trolled the bait's scent and small bait pieces break off leaving a burley/chum trail that leads fish directly to the back of your boat and onto your trolling lure spread.
Available in: 5 colors, 2 sizes 8" to 12"


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FISHERS, Ind. Police say a motorist found a 3-foot-long alligator walking along Interstate 69 in central Indiana.
Fishers police spokesman Officer Tom Weger says a motorist reported the reptile Friday night and officers were able to locate it along the highway about 10 miles northeast of Indianapolis.
Weger tells The Indianapolis Star the alligator appeared to be in good shape but "was pretty dirty. It looked like it had been living in a mud pit."
He says it appears to have been living in the wild for at least a few weeks.
Officers took the creature to a nearby reptile rescue center.


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Posted 8 years ago
(218 items)
I bought this a couple years ago in a local thrift shop. I always wear it this time of year through New Years. the metallic shirt underneath isn't vintage, it's a Calvin Kline metallic that just goes well with it. there is no tag on the sweater so I'm guessing as to era.


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Shopping online is so convenient, but waiting for your purchases to get shipped to you sucks. With this Computer Mailbox, you can have your stuff sent straight to your computer after clicking "buy now".
Disclaimer: You will still have to wait for your packages to arrive. [Product Page via Nerd Approved]


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PizzaChallenge is the first game to win free pizza from the BEST pizza providers in town.
PizzaChallenge is the first game to win free pizza from the BEST pizza providers in town.
Who do you think has the best pizza in town? PizzaChallenge goes head to head with the best around.. Join and find out.
Winner earns $100 in free pizza.
Start: 2019-03-22
End: 2019-12-13
From: 2019-12-28
To: 2019-12-28
Best voted pizza place pays out to the first person with correct answer.
We will never rent, sell or share your email to a third party.
Sponsor a challenge or a set of challenges! In return you will get traffic, advertising, company and/or brand partnership with Global Ventures.
Head on to Sponsor Registration so you can start browsing and sponsoring the challenges you feel are in sync with your goals.
Click the sponsor link and our admin will contact you personally to setup your sponsorship incentives.


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33 Products
Pliers and Cutters
Get the right tools for the job! We have an excellent collection of jewelry making tools to make all your beading dreams come true. From versatile chain nose and round nose pliers to crimping tools and wire cutters, score all your basic beading tools and then some. Learn more about pliers and cutters by checking out our Tools Glossary.


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LISA inc.
Click Here to See Our Video
About Us
Our History
Agency Leadership
A message from our Executive Director
Join the LISA Team
IMPACT Newsletter
Programs and Services
Lisa's WISH
Life Skills Academy
Supervised Apartments and Independent Living
Youth Excellence Project
15th Annual Robert J Butler Golf Classic Registration
Wish Upon A Star Holiday Gift Drive 2018
14th Annual Robert J. Butler Golf Classic
Wish Upon A Star Holiday Drive 2017
LISA, Inc. Holiday Open House
Annual Staff Appreciation Dinner
Care for the Caregiver: The Power of Self-Care in Reducing Stress and Burnout
Executive Director Kim Selvaggi Honored at Southington Chamber Annual Dinner
LISA, Inc. Receives Generous Donation From HomeGoods, in Honor of Their Grand Opening in Southington
How To Help
Wish List
Make A Donation
Become a Friend of LISA, Inc Volunteer
2019 Community Collections For Our Youth
Contact Us
Life Skills Academy
Page Not Found
Sorry, that page wasn't found.
Community Based Life Skills (CBLS)
Lisa's WISH
Supervised Apartments and Independent Living Program (SAIL)
Youth Excellence Project (YEP)
April 16, 2019
Feeling warm & fuzzy!! Many thanks to our friends from Webster Bank for teaming up to make Build-A-Bears for our youth!
Read More
March 21, 2019
Our friends at Calcagni Real Estate and Hillcrest Village hosted a drive and collected professional clothing and accessories for the young men and women in our programs to help them build their career wardrobes and boost their confidence.
Read More
January 22, 2019
LISA, Inc. receives $45,900 grant to sustain Substance Abuse Program for Southington Teens
Read More
Select A Resource to Access
Find the latest job & volunteer opportunities
Join to get the lastest stories & news.
LISA inc.
200 Executive Blvd. Suite 4C Southington, CT 06489
Contact Us
Copyright 2014. LISA, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Employee Portal
CT Web Design
ImageWorks, LLC.


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I want to preface this by stating that I can't think of a technical solution or a way to aggregate the numbers for this as I don't know coding that well. This also isn't about what or who someone may not like.
I'm usually not a big fan of recently popular sections on art sites especially when NSFW content is allowed. The biggest issue I take with it is that in most cases, the majority of what is popular are uploads by already established users with wildly massive followings across multiple sites. That goes triple if they specialize in NSFW. I feel like often times this sort of pushes down smaller up and coming artists who could benefit more from a bit of a front page signal boost.
For example, I think many of us know who Fluff Kevlar is. And if not, they're not difficult to search for or stumble across at all. But they are pretty much guaranteed to take the top spot in Recently Popular being one of Weasyl's highest viewed artists no matter what they upload. But Blue-Narwhal is just shy of a meager 50 followers and in the year I've followed them I've yet to see anything they upload gain any significant traction. This isn't to say they're more skilled, but they're skilled enough that they should have their work spotlighted somehow, I feel personally.
A recently popular page is fine and really, it only makes sense that a popular user would make it there frequently. I'm not faulting Weasyl here. But how about a system that promotes artists producing quality work many haven't seen? Even something smaller scale to start. Like a section where mods can feature anything they feel is worthy of praise (not favorites, but a different, moderator exclusive method). It'll show up on the front page with an ability for all users to opt in for notifications. Let's say Tiger likes something by an artist and he really wants others to see it so he hits a button and added a special comment promoting them. I guess you could compare it to DA's Daily Deviation system.
I could also see the critique section being used as a means to provide viewership if given more emphasis.
And no, this is not me being jealous or upset about not being there. I myself am someone who routinely makes it to the recently popular page. I've actually removed an image because I personally felt a dirty, unfinished, low tier sketch of a Lucario in a sexual situation didn't deserve it over a potentially far better artist. I could get into how I similarly see work of objectively lower than average quality reach this section merely because the user is popular, but that's a topic I don't feel like detailing.
I don't want popular artists to start getting shafted, but I want quality lesser known content creators to get some equal footing without pulling teeth or "selling out" to do so. That's all.


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Barry Bonds, Roger Clemens, Sammy Sosa debut
The Baseball Writers' Association has unveiled its 2013 Hall of Fame ballot, which, as expected, is full of controversial first-time candidates.
Among the first-timers with proven or suspected ties to performance-enhancing drugs are Barry Bonds, Roger Clemens and Sammy Sosa. All have put up Hall-worthy numbers (Bonds is the all-time home run king; Clemens ranks third all time in strikeouts and ninth all time in wins; and Sosa is eighth all time in homers), but the steroids stigma hangs over them.
The ball now is in the hands of the more than 600 voters, who thus far have shown no willingness to give PED-tainted candidates anywhere close to the 75 percent of the vote required for induction. Mark McGwire's best showing came in 2010 when he got 23.7 percent of the vote.
More details about the 2013 ballot:
The 24 newcomers
Sandy Alomar Jr., Craig Biggio, Barry Bonds, Jeff Cirillo, Royce Clayton, Roger Clemens, Jeff Conine, Steve Finley, Julio Franco, Shawn Green, Roberto Hernandez, Ryan Klesko, Kenny Lofton, Jose Mesa, Mike Piazza, Reggie Sanders, Curt Schilling, Aaron Sele, Sammy Sosa, Mike Stanton, Todd Walker, David Wells, Rondell White, Woody Williams.
The 13 returning candidates
Jack Morris (14th time eligible, named on 66.7 percent of ballots last year); Jeff Bagwell (3rd, 56.0 percent); Lee Smith (11th, 50.6 percent); Tim Raines (6th, 48.7 percent); Alan Trammell (12th, 36.8 percent); Edgar Martinez (4th, 36.5 percent); Fred McGriff (4th, 23.9 percent); Larry Walker (3rd, 22.9 percent); Mark McGwire (7th, 19.5 percent); Don Mattingly (13th, 17.8 percent); Dale Murphy (15th, 14.5 percent); Rafael Palmeiro (3rd, 12.6 percent); Bernie Williams (2nd, 9.6 percent)
The process
The results of the vote will be announced Jan. 9, with the Hall of Fame induction ceremony set for July 28 in Cooperstown, N.Y.


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Bring on the Oak: Barrel Aged Ciders
Our Favorites
Farnum Hill Semi-Dry
Potter's Craft Cider Oak Barrel Reserve
Wandering Aengus Oaked Dry
It seems that we will barrel-age anything these days. Beer and wine are a no-brainer and even barrel aged cocktails are popular enough to brave the tunnel to my beloved Garden State. And now there are folks barrel aging vinegar, maple syrup, and even Worcestershire sauce. But cider actually has quite a long history with the barrel.
Fermenting cider in oak was common practice before the advent of stainless steel tanks. The earliest farmhouse ciders in Europe were made with little more than a wooden bucket of freshly pressed juice and some airborne yeast. And even today, oak fermenters are still employed in more traditional cider landscapes such as in Spain, where the sidra is both aged and served in enormous oak barrels.
America's history with cider began with that same wooden bucket and wild yeast found on the English farmhouse centuries ago. But most modern producers favor the reliability and temperature control of stainless steel tanks to the unpredictable, centuries-old traditions of Spain or England. For some American cidermakers, however, there is no substitute for the tannins and complexity of traditional barrel-aging. Here are a few oak-aged ciders worth checking out.
In the Spirit: Ciders Aged in Whisky and Brandy Barrels
Craft breweries have long used spirits barrels for aging beer, and some of these brews, such as Kentucky Breakfast Stout from Founders, Boulevard's Rye-on-Rye, or The Bruery's Smoking Wood are some of today's most sought-after brews. So it was only a matter of time before today's cider makers—many with roots in home brewing and craft beer—followed suit. When filled with the juice from bittersharp and bittersweet apples, barrels that were previously used to age spirits can add a sweetness and warmth to cider that hints at classic cocktails such as the Stone Fence.
Potter's Craft Cider's Oak Barrel Reserve, for example, is laced with traces of the Laird's Apple Brandy that once filled their aging barrels. Further north, in Canada, Sea Cider's Prohibition Cider receives a hefty slumber in Screech Rum soaked bourbon barrels to impart boozy, sugary flavors necessary for a long, cold winter up north. (The hefty 12% ABV also helps curb winter's bite.)
And while our favorite spirits-barrel-aged cider is Finn River's Fire Barrel Cider, the mere whispers of bourbon may be too subdued for drinkers looking for more up front liquor notes.
In a Traditional Sense: Barrel Aging for Structure
Not all American cideries are using barrels in order to impart the flavor of spirits into each sip. Some, like New Hampshire's Farnum Hill, are barrel-aging in a more traditional sense. Their Semi-Dry Cider uses a blend of ciders aged in older, neutral barrels for tannins, structure, and subtle woody notes without the sweeter, boozier flavors found in ciders that aged in bourbon or brandy barrels.
There are only hints of oak flavor in Alpinefire's Pirate's Plank Bone-Dry Cider a bracingly dry, unapologetic, unfilitered cider more reminiscent of English Scrumpy than its American counterparts. And bucking tradition completely, Oregon's Wandering Aengus prefer to use oak chips in their tanks instead of aging in barrels. Wandering Aengus' co-owner James Kahn tells us:
With Oaked Dry Cider, the use of medium toast French oak chips fill valleys in the flavor profile created by the high tannin peaks that the bittersweet apples (Dabinette, Yarlington Mill, and Chisel Jersey) create. We selected chips in stainless steel tanks over barrels to help us preserve the fruit character of the rare heirloom apples we use and better control the level of oak."
Barrel-Aged Ciders from the Big Boys
Both Crispin and Woodchuck have tried their hand at barrel aging cider. The more complex of the two is Crispin's Bird-on-a-Wire where four separate yeasts, Tupelo honey, and the use of both rye and bourbon barrels produce a sweet cider that simultaneously connotes deep rye and fresh pressed apple juice.
Woodchuck's Private Reserve Barrel Select is clearly influenced from time spent in Heaven Hill Distillery bourbon barrels. It has a long finish and strong, American oak flavors. Both of these ciders are geared more towards the bourbon drinker looking for an easier-drinking beverage, rather than the cider drinking looking for the barrel's more traditional benefits.
Woodchuck, Crispin, Finn River, Wandering Aengus, and Potter's Craft Cider samples provided for review consideration.
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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For bright mornings and quiet nights
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Okay … I didn't actually use a paper clip. I got a little too MacGyver on the title. But, I did make honest-to-goodness homemade fruit snacks out of zucchini and kool-aid. And you can do it without a dehydrator, too.
And that kind of know-how would so impress MacGyver.
It's super easy, cheap and way better for the kiddos than the high fructose corn syrup / modified corn starch numbers at the store.
There's a few different versions of this recipe floating around the web, but this is my own recipes that, in my humble opinion, tastes even better, uses much less sugar and can actually work in the oven if you don't have a dehydrator. I have made several batches over the last few days and hope my trial and error process helps someone out.
Homemade Fruit Snacks
Or the: Your Kids Will The Entire Batch In Two Minutes and You Finally Have Something To Do With All That Zucchini Besides Bread and Muffins Recipe
For this recipe you'll need:
Wash, peel and halve your zucchini, even if you're using small, tender squash.
You want to get all of the peel removed so that the zucchini meat dehydrates properly and looks in no way healthy. This is critical for the kids to buy into the idea. Halve your zucchini if you're using baseball-sized ones like I did. It makes them much easier to work with.
Remove the seeds and pulp from the inside with a spoon, making sure the meat has a nice, even thickness.
When you're done the zucchini should look like this:
peel-free and a fairly even thickness.
Cut the zucchini in long strips about 1/4" – 3/8" thick.
Don't worry about being precise, just eyeball it. Wider strips will work fine, too—just allow for extra drying time.
Cut the strips into 1 inch pieces.
These will shrink up by half in the dehydrator giving you a bite sized piece.
Heat water, sugar and drink mix over high heat.
Add the zucchini as soon as the sugar is dissolved and bring to a full boil. Reduce heat and simmer covered for 30 minutes.
Drain thoroughly reserving cooking liquid and allow to cool in the strainer for ten minutes.
Dump zucchini out onto dehydrator trays or plastic wrap lined cookie sheets and let dehydrate.
Store in ziplock bags until they're eaten up.
** Then lather, rinse, repeat. **
The next batch of zucchini can be cooked in the left-over cooking liquid with the same favor and texture.
Drying In A Dehydrator:
Dry snacks for about a day, being sure to rotate trays. Snacks are done with they're still soft and pliable, but dry to the touch with a matte finish.
Drying In The Oven:
Line sheets with plastic wrap, but do not spray with cooking spray.(I used wax paper in this picture and it stuck horribly and discolored during the drying. Plastic wrap has worked beautifully on all of the batches since then).
You can either spread it around loosely with a spatula …
… or go the Martha Stewart route and line them all nice and neat.
The Martha way looks pretty, but it takes forever to do. And both ways cooks just as well so there's not an advantage either way.
As you can see, the pieces will shrink by about half and darken in color during their drying time.
Set your oven between 140 – 170 degrees. (My oven's lowest setting was WARM – 170 degrees). If your oven won't go below 200 degrees, prop the door open with a hand towel and keep the temperature down a bit.
The drying time in the oven, as well as with the dehydrator, will vary depending on the piece sizes and humidity. I placed the batch below in the middle rack of the oven at 170 degrees right after lunch. I turned the oven off around 11 pm when I went to bed and kept the door closed all night.
In the morning they were almost done, so I scraped all the pieces together with a spatula to move them around, spread them back out and finished them in the oven at 170 degrees for about another 40 minutes. Again, drying times will vary.
(Again, use plastic wrap to line your pans. I used wax paper here and although the flavor and texture were fine, the paper discolored and didn't look very appetizing.)
When they were done, the 1 inch long pieces ended up at 1/2" inch bites and the 1/2" inch pieces ended up the size of mini M&Ms and were chewier.
The smaller length pieces were also tough to use in the dehydrator because they kept falling through the cracks on the tray. They also dried out much faster than the bigger pieces. That made them much harder and chewy like jerky. My kids liked the soft, bigger pieces much better.
These snacks won't win any beauty contests, but I'd rather give my kids 0.9 oz. of yummy homemade fruit snacks with all of the extra vitamins from the garden than the 0.9 oz. of the store bought variety with all the fillers and junk.
Oh, and these were supper cheap.
The store brand single serve packs work out to be about .20 each. The homemade variety ran me .06 each when I bought sugar (and used the cooking liquid for two batches) and .02 a serving when I used sugar on hand.
Edited to add:
We have achieved SOUR homemade fruit snacks!
Oh yeah.
These are sooooo good!
Mix 4 c. zucchini, 3 c. water, 1 c. sugar or splenda and 10 orange Kool-aid packs.
(Yes, you really do need 10 packs.)
Bring to a boil and then simmer for 15-20 minutes until soft. Let cool for 10 minutes before transferring to trays.
Then dehydrate as usual.
You can go the bite-sized route with this snacks, but my kids prefer leaving them 3-4 inches long.
They make the cutest little sour gummie worms. Yum.
Oh. my. heck.
So ridiculously good! Enjoy!


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This is a total of 36 oz..Now if we take in the 7% or higher loss during cooking (remember PJs uses convection/conveyors...so they are blasting these things through a wall of hot air, unlike our small conventional house ovens...what does this mean?..they have a cook time of 5 minutes flat, while in my conventional oven I have to cook for about 7 minutes..those 2 extra minutes could be drying out the pizza..making it chewier/crispier/drier)..Anyway...lets assume 36 oz with a 10% loss..that means we have 36 * .9 (the left over) = 32.4 ounces for a 1 topping pizza...I think this is well within the ballpark of a 1 topping PJs pizza.
It is hard to say what the pre-baked weight is, but for the PJ clones I have been making, the losses during baking have come to around 7-10%, based on a roughly 8-minute bake in my home oven, on a 14" screen, at the lowest oven rack position, at around 500 degrees F.
The "thickness factor" was 0.10-0.11 and the dough weight was almost 17 ounces for a 14" size
Peter, was that based on 10+ oz of cheese, 9 oz of cheese, or 8 oz of cheese? The more cheese, the longer mass transfer takes, and the less moisture is lost. Pepperoni is also going to provide a better barrier for the cheese than cheese alone or sausage.
Papa John's is using 300 g of flour in their whole wheat crust for a 14" pizza. [...] I can't imagine Papa John's using an amount far from the 300 g per 14" when it comes to their regular crust.
What is the thickness on my 12" (of 13oz?).
Peter,I also meant to ask how long you are letting your pizzas cool before you weigh them. So, how long are you letting your pizzas cool before weighing them?- red.november


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Module A-22 - Small Volume
Wet Dispersion Unit SVA
The small volume wet dispersion unit SVA ensures perfect, fully automatic dispersion of samples which are only available in a minimal quantity. And for measurements in organic solvents, the unit needs less than 50 ml liquid for the entire measurement circuit. This minimises the disposal costs and decreases environmental pollution.
For this purpose the ANALYSETTE 22 Small Volume Dispersion Unit SVA is available, which can be optionally utilised with our Wet Dispersion Unit (22.8500.00) or as the only dispersion unit in combination with the NanoTec Measuring Unit (22.8000.00).
Water soluble products, pharmaceutical products, chemicals, food, emulsions.
Thanks to ultrasonic power of up to 100 Watt, strongly bound agglomerates are quickly and effectively degraded, with perfect results. The ultrasonic power and the dispersion duration can both be controlled directly by the software. Due to a separate soundproof ultrasonic chamber, the operation of the small volume wet dispersion unit SVA is pleasantly quiet. The illumination of the dispersion bath ensures simple operation – and the integrated water connection ensures automatic cleaning and filling after each measurement.
The entire dispersion and measurement sequence – start, pump speed, valve opening, cleaning and analysis – runs fully automatically, using preset or user definable SOPs of the software MaS control. For easy work processes with best results.
All parts of the small volume wet dispersion unit SVA, coming into contact with the dispersion liquid are made of high-quality stainless steel, PTFE, BK7 glass, Viton® Extreme or silicone and suitable for use with benzine, alcohol and many organic solvents as suspension liquids. If you are working with extremely aggressive chemical dispersion liquids, like for example acetone or dimethylketone, you can order the SVA dispersion unit with the conversion kit for extreme chemical resistance. The kit consists of seals, O-rings and flow plate made of FFKM Kalrez® – the hoses are made of Santoprene®. If you already have a unit, you can order the conversion kit separately and your equipment can be retrofitted. You can download a list of chemicals for the different dispersion units here:
In order to use the FRITSCH Small Volume Wet Dispersion Unit SVA, you will need the ANALYSETTE 22 NanoTec Measuring Unit (Order No. 22.8000.00).


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The world's first broad-spectrum antimicrobial paint has been developed by scientists from South Dakota. It kills mold, fungi, viruses and even "superbug" bacteria.
The new polymer is a mixture of normal latex paint and bleach-like N-halamines. It's capable of wiping out even tough, antibiotic-resistant microbes—the source of 88,000 hospital-induced deaths a year according to the researchers. Plus, the paint is good for more than a year of use, can be tested through simple means and requires only a simple chlorination process to be recharged (which we assume means a touch-up coat every once in a while).
Hopefully the technology works as well as advertised and it enters mass production soon. [ACS via Lab Spaces]


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Red Japanese Floats
These floats are beautiful replicas of one of the most popular nautical collectible. Glass floats were once used by fishermen in many parts of the world to keep their fishing nets, as well as longlines or droplines afloat. Large groups of fishnets strung together, sometimes 50 miles (80 km) long, were set adrift in the ocean and supported near the surface by hollow glass balls or cylinders containing air to give them buoyancy. These glass floats are no longer being used by fishermen, but many of them are still afloat in the world's oceans, primarily the Pacific. They have become a popular collectors' item for beachcombers and decorators. Most antique Japanese floats are shades of green due to the color of glass used to make them, from recycled sake bottles. However, clear, amber, aquamarine, amethyst, blue and other colors were also produced. The most prized and rare color is a red or cranberry hue. These were expensive to make as gold was used to produce the color. Other brilliant tones such as emerald green, cobalt blue, purple, yellow and orange were primarily made in the 1920s and 30s.


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For non-transfer travels, ride the green Daly City-Fremont line or the orange Richmond-Fremont line and get off at the Union City Station.
Exit the station and turn RIGHT, heading towards Decoto Road. The best visual guide is to simply follow the BART tracks above you.
Cross Decoto Road and the public park alongside it to get to our clinic which is located on the other side of the park.
The walk takes approximately 10 minutes.


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October 21, 2010
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An old soul with new stories
Jandee Lee Porter sings country comfort
By Michael Witthaus firstname.lastname@example.com
When Jandee Lee Porter was a young girl in Charlestown, N.H., she'd sing along with her grandmother's Patsy Cline records while the two baked cookies together. Porter insists her destiny became clear the first time she held a hairbrush and pretended it was a microphone.
"I have been on the stage since I was probably 3 or 4 years old," she said recently from her new home in Boston, "and definitely it progressed to become something more substantial since I've gotten older."
The heartache at the core of country music spoke to Porter, and as a teenager she wrote songs to cope with a tough home life. "It was a need to get it out of my system. My parents have married and divorced twice and growing up was difficult at times," she says. "All families have their own stuff, but I found it to be my best relief."
Now in her late 20s, Porter draws from other influences like Paul Simon, James Taylor and Bob Dylan. "They have that knack to do the same thing [and] when their songs come on, they take me somewhere else," she said. "You don't realize if the song is eight minutes long."
The title track from Porter's latest album offers the declaration, "There ain't no sugar-coated stories here, I write songs about the way my life is… I'm gonna tell it like it is, baby — I got no reason to lie." Porter says her music reveals the person behind the songs, both good and bad. "If you were to talk to a lot of my closest friends they would say 'that's her; I know what she's singing about.'"
Porter continues, "You know, something my mom said has always stuck with me — I was probably 19 at the time. She said, 'I really don't know how you write stuff like this, because I'm 45 years old and you understand my life, too, and you're a child basically.' That stuck with me. I was always thought of as an old soul; I've kind of grown up very quickly."
Released earlier this year, No Reason To Lie is Porter's second long player, and she's hard at work on a new record. New material arrives at the speed of life.
"I have songs stockpiled for years, but they never stop coming," Porter said.
"I've lived in a small town my whole life; now I'm living in the city. I'm having a baby in the spring; there's a lot going on in my personal life, which is something to write about, and there's always a story to tell."
In May, Porter appeared at Boynton's Taproom as part of a songwriters showcase. On Friday, Oct. 22, she brings her band to the club.
"Manchester is opening up doors for original singer songwriters," she says. "Cover tunes are a dime a dozen. This is just people that want [music] in a quiet environment that has this cool feel and a cool stage."
Porter began assembling her band somewhat by accident, at a solo show last year in Portsmouth. "There was another girl who I met when I played at the Blue Mermaid," she said. "I opened for her band, and now two of her guitar players are now my guitar players."
Mike Groove and Mark Sciascia, who share a love for honky-tonk performers like Dwight Yoakam and Buck Owens, heard something in Porter and offered to produce her on spec. As the sessions progressed, chemistry between the three became apparent. "We realized that something more was building. People started to come and ask, 'Who is she with, what is she doing?' The next thing you know [they] came at me with, "Do you want a band? And I said yes."
The Jandee Lee Porter Band, which also includes Dave Mastroianni on bass and Michael Powers on drums, is coming off a busy season that included everything from small-town farmers markets to a pair of gigs on the second stage at Meadowbrook, opening for Reba and a sold-out Zack Brown show. Porter and her band also made a pre-show appearance at Jo Dee Messina's Indian Ranch concert.
"I love to perform, I love to be on stage, I love to bounce around," Porter said. "I don't stand still very often when I'm on bigger stages — you get to connect a little bit more with the audience and show that more bubbly side of yourself."
She plans a blend of rock and acoustic music for the band's Boynton's Taproom appearance.
"We're looking to give a little bit of both and show the versatility — we've come together very quickly and become very much a family unit. We're people that have been playing music their whole lives and love it for what it is … they're doing it for the right reasons and I couldn't ask for more than that."
Jandee Lee Porter Band
Where: Boynton's Taproom, 155 Dow St. (3rd floor), Manchester
When: Friday, Oct. 22, at 10 p.m. (late show after comedy)
Tickets: $7 at www.boyntonstaproom.com


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For decades, women's advancement has been seen as an issue of fairness and equality. Now some researchers are saying it should also be seen in another way: as a smart way to make money.
"The business case is so strong," says Alison Maitland, senior visiting fellow at Cass Business School in London, and coauthor of the 2008 book "Why Women Mean Business." "We need more women in senior management."
Several studies have linked greater gender diversity in senior posts with financial success. European firms with the highest proportion of women in power saw their stock value climb by 64 percent over two years, compared with an average of 47 percent, according to a 2007 study by the consulting firm McKinsey and Company. Measured as a percent of revenues, profits at Fortune 500 firms that most aggressively promoted women were 34 percent higher than industry medians, a 2001 Pepperdine University study showed. And, just recently, a French business professor found that the share prices of companies with more female managers declined less than average on the French stock market in 2008
40 ways to use your Big Bosch Bag:
a rain poncho
to carry your friends when they are tired
a collection bag for recyclables
a walking Bosch billboard
inflate for emergency floatation device
a bag to hold all bags
eco-friendly grocery bag
carry clothes to donate to charity
stand out in a crowd
trick-or-treat bag for Halloween
to carry gifts during the holidays
potato sack
sleeping bag
under-bed storage for clothes, pillows, comforters
diaper bag for OctoMom
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The Art of Urban Exploration
By James Nestor {bull} Photographs by Matt Mallams What drives people to climb around in mine shafts, nuclear missile silos and abandoned sugar refinieries?
"Keep quiet and keep down, this building is active," says BryGuy, his pointed finger catching a flashlight behind him. "And no more flashlights." Everything snaps to black. Between the clanks and buried explosions of the acres-long factory to our right, the only other sound is the percussion of footfalls along the dirt road on which we're running. "There's a guard up there, be careful," BryGuy announces, heading deeper into knee-high grass. A hundred yards in front of us our target appears: two steel silos jutting stories-high on a flat, black field. BryGuy kneels at the crossroads, and in the shadow of a flickering streetlight whispers: "OK, that's it. That's where we're going."
Tonight's event has so far been executed with militaristic precision, each member moving with the economy and alertness of a soldier on a dangerous reconnaissance mission. But this group isn't wearing fatigues and night-vision goggles; they're in baggy shorts, untied shoes and black hoodies. The triggers they're flipping aren't on guns, but on beat-up flea market flashlights. And this isn't a war zone. It's a weedy field in front of an abandoned sugar refinery along a rural road an hour south of San Luis Obispo. It's Friday night at 11:30, and Central California's Urban Explorer Meet has just begun.
What is an urban explorer?
Urban exploration is the examination of off-limits or seldom seen parts of man-made structures. Unlike other adventurers, such as rock climbers or spelunkers, urban explorers shun the natural world in pursuit of more closely examining and understanding the inner workings of our constructed world, of seeing civic society in its real, raw, unpainted, unplastered and unprettied state. It's internal city touring, but without guides, double-decker buses, maps or directions. It's about going where people aren't supposed to go.
Indeed, a few kids trespassing in old buildings is nothing new. What makes urban exploration different is that it is not a few kids - it is tens of thousands of people of varying ages and professions. And it's not just old buildings: It is subbasements, engine rooms, mine shafts, train tunnels, drains, cemeteries, hospitals, decommissioned ships, nuclear missile silos and more. Urban exploration is a worldwide phenomenon with its own fanzines, conventions, culture, ethics, periodicals, books, movies, MTV specials and clubs from Russia to Australia, Canada to Chile. And it's growing.
The vetting: Urban Explorer bootcamp
All this newfound attention has made many longtime urban explorers cautious. They've adopted online pseudonyms such as Darkwolf, Shadowsix, SkullmanX and AllieKat to hide their identities. Discoveries are no longer openly shared online, but handled like carefully guarded secrets among a small network of trusted cronies. Newcomers are viewed skeptically, and in some cases made to withstand lengthy mental and physical vetting before they are allowed to join other members on explorations.
Which was exactly why I was shoving myself under a chain-link fence and into a broken window on the ground floor of a radiation-polluted former Navy building on a warm Wednesday night in June. Repeated attempts to solicit a response from urban explorers online had gone nowhere for months. Rumors were that law enforcement had been monitoring some Web sites after discovering that burglars were scanning them for tips on how to break into buildings. A last-ditch effort at RSVPing to the Central California Urban Explorer Meet in San Luis Obispo (to which I was not invited) spurred enough curiosity for the host, BryGuy, to write me back - to tell me directly that I couldn't come. I pleaded, explaining that I was neither a cop nor a fed, that I would not compromise the safety of others. BryGuy eventually relented, and said I could possibly come, depending on how I handled myself during a short test run with an established Bay Area explorer named Tunnelbug.
A week later, Tunnelbug pulls into a dirt lot opposite an abandoned fire station in an industrial park south of San Francisco. In khakis and a new Banana Republic jacket, he looks nothing like the goth-rock, nose-pierced misanthrope I had envisioned him to be. His real name is Jonathan Haeber, a 25-year-old copywriter from Richmond. He is soft-spoken and polite, with a meditative demeanor. "We can walk from here," he says in a hushed voice, grabbing a tripod from his backseat.
Tunnelbug leads me through small holes in fences, past swinging gates, down alleys and through 50-foot-high empty warehouses. "See those buildings over there," he says, pointing a half mile in the distance. "I've heard that's one of the most toxic sites in the U.S." We pass one of many dirt mounds covered in black tarps, the plastic sides flapping in the wind. "That plastic is supposed to stop the radiation, PCBs and chemicals in the ground from seeping into the air," he says with a laugh. "I don't think it's working too well."
Tunnelbug stops in the delivery port of a Wal-Mart-size six-story building and pulls a fence from a broken window. He wends his rubbery limbs through an impossibly small hole, turns and says: "You think you can fit?" Standing about a foot taller than him, I attempt to follow, ripping my pants leg on a rusted barb but making it in. "You're a natural," he says, helping me down. He clicks on his flashlight and walks quickly into a matte-black hallway. I follow a few steps behind, picking glass from my fingers.
Through a catacomb of blown-out rooms covered in spooky graffiti and rodent droppings, we emerge into the building's grand foyer, a sweeping acres-wide room surrounded by three-story-high glass curtain walls. Pigeons fly through the gauzy light of the dirty windows, their helicopter flutter reverberating through the room. Dramatic shadows from the 30-foot-tall columns cover black puddles of water. The room looks grand and cinematic, a moody backdrop to a big-budget, post-apocalyptic thriller. It's dazzling. At the center is an escalator extending three floors high at a 45-degree angle. "When this building was constructed," Tunnelbug explains, "this was once the tallest escalator in the world."
The building was built by the Navy between 1944 and 1947, and was used to research and produce navigational equipment for battleships and submarines. It was also a major headquarters for the study and practice of military cryptography, as evidenced by the codebooks and crypto machines haphazardly left behind in piles throughout the third and fourth floors. Closed in 1974, the building has been abandoned ever since.
We climb the escalator and spend two hours rummaging through offices, classroom theaters, hallways, stairways and a 1970s-centerfold-covered break room. Some rooms are largely intact - personal employee files spill out of rusting cabinets; "Top Secret" manuals grow mold in doorways.
"Anything spray-painted orange means it was checked with a Geiger counter for radiation - whether it passed or not, I'm not sure," Tunnelbug says as he follows me through two piles of typewriters - all painted orange. "As far as I can tell it's really low level. I mean, people worked here for 20 years and were fine," he says, pausing. "Just don't eat the paint chips."
In an electric control room opposite the fourth floor, fist-size buttons line a wall, each boasting baffling and somehow frightening names like "Gyro Supply Switch," "Current Ammeter" and "Phase 2, 3." I pull at the buttons' hand-painted plaque and ask Tunnelbug if I can take one. "No, actually, we shouldn't take anything," he says. I ask why. He replies matter-of-factly: "If it's gone, then other people who come here won't be able to enjoy it."
This preservationist ethos separates urban explorers from other trespassers or vandals. As Ninjalicious, a.k.a. Jeff Chapman, states in the urban explorer manual "Access All Areas," urban exploring should be in accordance with the Sierra Club axiom: "Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints." But Chapman argues that urban explorers shouldn't leave footprints, either. They shouldn't leave any trace. And they especially shouldn't steal. Not only is this advice practical - getting caught stealing could elevate a trespassing conviction from a misdemeanor to a felony - it's also altruistic. For many urban explorers, like Chapman and Tunnelbug, these sites are not trash heaps but historic landmarks. They should be treated as such.
We exit the sixth-story staircase and enter a football-field-size observation roof deck constructed entirely of windows. Centered through a 10-foot broken frame behind us is a crystal-clear postcard panorama of the city, the Bay Bridge and Alameda. Tunnelbug points to a huge dock and crane to the south, explaining that this is where the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory brought several ships that had returned from nuclear weapons tests at the Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Allegedly, a number of these ships were buried here. "You can see the incentive to build here; it's such an amazing view," Tunnelbug says, setting up his tripod. "If it just weren't so completely radioactive."
An hour later we exit the building. As I go to retrieve my car in China Basin, Tunnelbug shakes my hand and says, "OK, I'll see you on Friday in San Luis." I'm in.
The history of "hacking"
Though the name urban exploration was coined in a 1996 edition of the fanzine Infiltration, people have been adventuring behind the walls, roofs and stairs for long as cities have existed.
In 1793, Philibert Aspairt, considered the first "Cataphile," explored Paris' storied underground catacombs by candlelight - his body was found 11 years later. One of the 19th century's most famous and celebrated poets, Walt Whitman, was also an avid urban explorer, publishing his forays into Brooklyn's abandoned Atlantic Avenue Tunnel in 1861. In the 1920s, Parisian Dadaists brought metaphysics into the hobby, organizing tours through a deserted church and other sites "which really have no reason for existing." Back in the United States, MIT students led excursions into steam tunnels and rooftops around campus in the late 1950s; they called their practice "hacking" - a term that decades later was adopted into techie parlance.
With the growth of the Internet in the early 1990s, urban exploration's popularity exploded, generating hundreds of Web sites, and, for the first time, allowing members from around the world to exchange photographs, information and tips on how to get into sites. One of these sites, www.uer.ca, has more than 18,000 active members.
That's where BryGuy, a 19-year-old Cal Poly student, posted an invitation for members to attend a Central California group exploration. The plan was to meet in the parking lot of a fast-food restaurant south of San Luis Obispo on the first full moon of June. With black sweatshirts and headlamps, standing in a loose semicircle near a dirty pickup, the group of 10 wasn't hard to spot amid the crowds of cowboys and high schools students that had gathered on Friday night. Most of the explorers were students from Cal Poly, but a few, including Tunnelbug and Scott Haefner, a 32-year-old Web designer at the U.S. Geological Survey, had traveled hundreds of miles from the Bay Area.
We load in our cars and head west, stopping up a dirt road across from two enormous silos. Tonight's mission is at a sugar refinery built in 1899 that is spread out over 200 acres in the barren farmland south of Pismo Beach. At its busiest in 1982, the refinery processed a staggering 11 million pounds of beets into sugar per day. In 1988, a dust explosion and fire burned eight workers, seven critically. The factory never fully recovered. Sugar beet acreage and cheaper overseas imports forced its permanent closure in 1993. The factory grounds were partially demolished in 1997, but a mechanical room and two seven-story refining silos remain.
We duck beneath a fence and enter a tunnel submerged in a few inches of stagnant water. The air is thick and acrid. Daniel Ketchum, a 19-year-old civil engineering student at Cal Poly, opens a small steel door with a wheel on its center, turns and says: "There's a step down here; just follow me."
We lean in and are instantly engulfed in pure blackness. Hermetically sealed and constructed entirely of steel, the silos inhibit even the slightest amount of air, light or sound from coming in or out. Because sound has nowhere to go, it bounces around the curved walls, creating a disorienting delay-effect. A scratch on the coat becomes a roar; a click of a flashlight splashes like a downpour of rain; a cough explodes. We stood there in absolute darkness, repeatedly turning to reply to a person who sounded as if he was whispering behind us - but was really 100 feet across the room. It is dizzying, having your senses so thoroughly rearranged, but liberating too, creating a feeling of almost weightlessness. Days later Scott Haefner, the Bay Area explorer, admitted: "That was one of the most surreal, amazing experiences I think I've ever had."
It was 2 a.m. by the time I returned to my seedy motel room, removed my molasses and cobweb-covered clothes and collapsed on the bed. On the television, the local public access channel was airing a program called "Faces of Meth," which looped grotesque before-and-after photos of methamphetamine-abusing local people along with perky pop gems cribbed from a local radio station. I don't think the programmers were aware of the hazardous irony of playing "You Make Me Feel Like a Natural Woman" behind close-ups of bleeding, toothless, drug-ravaged mouths. I wondered which part of urban exploring was more difficult: controlling your vertigo while climbing an exposed 70-foot spiral staircase or spending downtime in economically depressed hick towns.
Detour to the cannery
For adamant explorers like Tunnelbug, downtime was not an issue - it was just another opportunity to explore. On a Tuesday night two weeks after the Central California meeting, he asked if I wanted to join him on a trip to an abandoned tuna cannery along a smelly creek a 10-minute drive from my house.
"There are pretty much an endless number of places to discover," he says, sitting on a 40-year-old plastic foam block on the third-floor refrigerator room. "I think unraveling things, looking at things, and trying to deduce why the place closed down - that's what I like about these places."
Tunnelbug explains that the factory in which we're sitting was closed four decades ago after two women in Detroit died of botulism from tuna that was packed there, causing a nationwide panic that devastated the industry. Sales fell 35 percent, spurring extensive layoffs and factory shutdowns. In an attempt to regain public confidence, the government confiscated all tuna packed at the plant and buried it beneath 10 tons of garbage in a dump next to Candlestick Park. The source of the botulism was never found. The factory was closed in 1963, and has been dormant ever since.
As abandoned buildings such as the cannery lose one purpose, they gain another. Nature returns in dazzling and poignant ways: Rust paints steel doors in multicolored patinas; ivy envelops offices and break rooms like a clenched fist; feral cats rest in vents. It's this gray zone between civilization and the natural world that Tunnelbug finds especially attractive. "As a photographer, I think the decay, how these buildings age, is really beautiful."
He leads me to a small room near a fenced-in exit. "Be careful, there's a lot of drug paraphernalia on the floor," he mentions. "Last time I was here, in that corner, next to a bunch of needles, there were these negatives of a wedding, a bunch of pictures of this guy and his wife together," he says with a nervous laugh.
Tunnelbug explains similarly unfortunate discoveries, like finding a soiled diaper hundreds of feet down at the bottom of a Titan nuclear missile site in Colorado. "The air was so polluted with benzene and diesel gas - you couldn't even breathe in there without a respirator - and someone was living there!" And then there was the time he happened upon 2,000 antique chest X-rays in a mining town in the Rocky Mountains. "Every single X-ray showed discoloration, silicosis or some kind of lung disease." But perhaps the most disturbing story in urban exploration is Chapman's foray through a slime-infested tunnel beneath a cemetery. There, he walked through brownish-yellow mucus stalactites, which, allegedly, were generated from decomposing bodies buried in the ground above.
What's the attraction to risking fines, jail time and one's health to wade through the sadder, sicker parts of human nature alone on weeknights through the city's trash heaps? Why not go on a hike through Tilden, a stroll along Fort Funston? "In this world, everything has been pretty much discovered," Tunnelbug says. "It's nice to see things people have never seen."
Final mission: Going underground
Two weeks before meeting Tunnelbug at the tuna factory, the second day of the Central California meet started on the side of a two-lane highway north of San Luis Obispo. We head east for an hour over parched hills and snaking lines of mountain bikers to a dirt parking lot. There are others in the lot, and they watch us curiously as we pull flashlights, headlamps, water bottles and gloves from our trunks and head up a small trail.
"There's a rope down here; follow me," BryGuy says once up the hill. We rappel down a cliff into the mouth of a cave, from which a frigid and musty breeze exhales into the hot afternoon air. At the cave entrance the group stops to put on sweaters and jackets and heads into a black tunnel. We follow miniature railroad tracks past 100-year-old bottles and rusted carts that shuttled 228,000 pounds of mercury from the mine from 1872 to 1961. At its height of production, the mine had 7,000 feet of tunnels that wove through several hundred feet of earth. Some of these tunnels are still accessible, though getting to them is arduous - and dangerous.
When an area, like this mine, is closed and left to sit for decades, it is not only nature that returns - but also the laws of nature. Dry rot, fire damage, razor-sharp rusted nails and unstable earth are constant menaces at most abandoned sites. It is the explorer's responsibility to avoid death or injury in these areas, to be solely responsible for one's self. In a modern society so buffered and baby-proofed with guardrails, signs, tour guides, maps, safety lids, safety bars and safety belts, relearning these basic self-reliant survival skills for urban exploration is scary, and doesn't come easy. Screwing up is costly, sometimes deadly. But the payoff for most urban explorers is worth it: a freedom to do absolutely anything you want, whenever you want, to whatever you want, if just for a little while.
Tunnelbug holds onto a rusting ladder with one hand and his camera in the other, jerkily stepping his way down a pitch black hole that leads deeper into the mine. The epicenter of the mine is illuminated by a single shaft of natural light that streams in through a collapsed hole in the crust of the hill above us. From the base level on which we stand, tunnels and caves shoot out like fingers in every direction. The group disperses.
I follow David Ketchem and two others, Laura Anselmo, a 19-year-old nursing student, and her 20-year-old friend Sky Morales down an embankment into a door-size opening of a tunnel. The deeper we go, the smaller the hand-chiseled walls become until eventually, 300 feet inside, the tunnel ends. Our headlamps throw light on the walls and ceiling, which glisten with translucent beads. "That's probably the mercury ore," explains Ketchum.
"Lets turn off the lights for a minute and see if we can see anything," he asks. We stand in the blackness, in a thick and dead silence, a quarter-mile of rock surrounding us in all directions. I'm not sure for how long; time stops. With a clearing of his throat, Ketchum turns on his light and in a low, raspy voice asks: "How many places in the world today can you go that are this dark and this quiet?" He turns and begins his ascent back outside. "That's why I do this."
-- For additional photographs go to sfgate.com


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Enough is enough. The world needed to see the environmental destruction that was being caused in the name of "fashion". And who better to bear witness to the crime than a bunch of second-hand mannequins who's CVs included wearing the same type of clothes that are being manufactured inside the facilities responsible for this pollution?
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- Hernandez: Simpson apology rejected by stern judge
- Sykes: Goldman family reacts to O.J. sentence
- Lara: Flurry of reaction on Simpson
- Gleeson: The rise and fall of O.J. Simpson
- Holguin: ABC7's Twitter page full of O.J. comments
- WATCH: O.J. Simpson pleads for leniency
- Question of the Day: Was his sentence fair?
Everyone in the Las Vegas courtroom was riveted as O.J. Simpson chose to speak during his sentencing on Friday. He offered a partial apology. He said he was sorry for causing trouble, but even though it was armed robbery, he said he never intended to commit any crime.
"In no way did I mean to hurt anybody ... to steal anything from anyone," said Simpson in court.
"That was a violent event," replied Judge Jackie Glass, Clark County District Court. "Guns were brought ... At least one gun was drawn. The potential for harm to occur in that room was tremendous."
Judge Glass was pointed and direct. The judge said the conviction of O.J. Simpson and co-defendant Clarence Stewart was supported by video and audio recordings that caught them red-handed.
Glass said the motive was to grab valuable memorabilia.
Simpson owed millions to the Goldman family after he was found liable in civil court for the death of Ron Goldman.
"That you didn't want all of those items to fall into the hands of Goldmans. And you were heard on the tape making reference to them as 'The Gold Diggers,'" said Judge Glass in court.
Fred Goldman and his daughter were present while Simpson told the judge it was family photos he was after, not old footballs.
"I realize now that it was stupid of me. I am sorry. I didn't mean to steal anything from anybody. And, I didn't know I was doing anything illegal," said Simpson to Judge Glass. "I thought I was confronting friends and retrieving my property. So, I'm sorry ... I'm sorry for all of it."
"I didn't intend to do anything wrong. So, I must not have done something wrong. So, there was no criminal intent. It was just all stupidity," replied Judge Glass. "I have to tell you now ... It was much more than stupidity."
Four other men who were involved in the heist received a plea deal from the District Attorney in exchange for testifying against Simpson. Those men will be sentenced next Tuesday.
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Clinical Trials
Scrutiny for Patient Advocacy Groups on Conflicts of Interest
Stanton Mehr
21 Mar, 2018
Are Hospital-Acquired Infection Rates Improving? New Report Shows Mixed Results
About 2 million Americans will develop an infection during their hospital stay each year, and these infections result in approximately 90,000 preventable deaths. The imperative for the last 2 decades has been to increase inpatient safety. This spawned new efforts to improve hospital-acquired infection (HAI) rates. It even resulted in lower reimbursement rates from Medicare and commercial payers for patients who were readmitted shortly after hospital discharge. Year by year, these efforts were
The GOP's Self-Fulfilling Prophesy: Destruction of the Private Exchange Markets
Over the past several years, but especially in the last two (including the heated 2016 Presidential election campaign), the Republican Party expounded its desire to repeal the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and replace it with something better. It is true that Senator Bernie Sanders (D-VT) wanted to switch to a "Medicare-for-all" single-payer health system. The GOP's prime directive has not been fighting off a single-payer system. Rather, it has been to remove the ACA from the lexicon. Successive,
New Targeted Prevention of Migraine Attacks
The treatment of migraine has come a long way in a short time, and the approval of a new type of once-monthly therapy should help patients prevent some painful, disabling attacks. Modern treatment of acute migraine headache began in 1992, with the approval of sumatriptan (Imitrex®), the first triptan medication. For patients with frequent migraine headache, preventive therapy was extremely limited—at that time, barely researched. The patients with migraine experience debilitating symptoms and


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