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HPV Vaccine - A New Direction in Cancer Prevention: An Interview with Christina Chu, MD
The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the world, with an estimated 5.5 million people infected annually. Sexually active individuals have an 80 to 85% chance of being infected at some time in their lives. Although it is considered a sexually transmitted disease, it can be spread by skin-to-skin genital contact without intercourse. It is most prevalent in women 20-24 years of age, and prevalence decreases with age, dropping significantly after age 30. It is thought that the younger, developing cervix is more likely to be infected, but these infections tend to be short-lived and are usually cleared by the immune system.
About 20% of women infected with HPV will develop chronic infection, and of these about 2% will develop cervical cancer. Researchers have determined that HPV is found in almost 100% of cervical cancers worldwide. There are an estimated 493,000 cases of cervical cancer and 273,500 deaths each year worldwide. It is less common in the U.S., where Pap smears are routine, with 14,000 new cases and 3,900 deaths each year.
There are about 100 different strains of HPV, 40 of which can infect the anal and genital tissues. Many people think of HPV as the virus that causes genital warts, yet only a few of the 100 strains actually cause warts, and these strains are not the ones that cause cervical cancer. There are 15 strains thought to be "high risk" and able to cause cervical cancer. Strains 16 and 18 are by far the most common types, and one or both are present in approximately 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. Despite this strong link, only a very small percentage of high-risk HPV infections will ever become invasive cancer (estimated at 2%). The time between initial exposure and the development of cancer can vary from months to years, but the average time is thought to be 15 years. Unfortunately, the high-risk HPV strains do not usually cause any symptoms to alert someone that she has the infection. The low-risk strains are not considered a risk for cervical cancer, but they can cause low-grade lesions (CIN 1) and several of these strains can cause genital warts.
There is a lot of talk in the media recently about the new HPV vaccines developed by Merck (Gardasil) and Glaxo Smith Kline (Cervarix). The vaccines are given in a three shot series over six months and will cost between $300-500. They are made of an inactive form of the virus so there is no risk of contracting HPV from the vaccine. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, a group consisting of 15 experts in fields associated with immunization, meets on June 29 th , 2006 to make recommendations on how the vaccine is used (who gets it, is it mandatory, etc.).
OncoLink sat down with Christina Chu, MD, Assistant Professor in the Division of Gynecologic Oncology at the University of Pennsylvania Health System, to get the facts on this new development.
: Dr. Chu, thanks for joining us today. Let's start with the basics of the vaccines. What do they protect against and for whom are they meant?
Dr. Chu: The recently FDA-approved Gardasil vaccine is a vaccine against 4 specific types of the Human Papilloma Virus (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) that are responsible for the majority of cases of cervical cancer, precancer, and genital warts. The Cervarix vaccine is not yet FDA-approved, but will cover HPV types 16 and 18. HPV types 16 and 18 are implicated in approximately 70% of cervical cancer, and HPV types 6 and 11 are responsible for 90% of genital warts. In addition, HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for 70% of cases of severe dysplasia of the cervix (CIN3), moderate to severe dysplasia of the vulva and vagina (VIN 2-3, and VAIN 2-3), as well as half of all cases of moderate dysplasia of the cervix (CIN2). Together, these 4 types of HPV virus also cause about 35 to 50% of all low-grade cervical, vaginal, and vulvar dysplasias (CIN 1, VIN 1, VAIN 1).
Merck recently earned FDA-approval for the Gardasil vaccine in girls and young women ages 9 to 26 years. These vaccines are primarily meant as a means to help prevent infection with these four specific types of HPV. I think that the best candidates for this vaccine will be girls who have not yet initiated sexual contact, especially since HPV does not require actual sexual intercourse to be transmitted--skin to skin contact is enough. Also, recent findings from a clinical trial using the Cervarix vaccine formulated with an adjuvant (a substance designed to make a vaccine more effective) showed that girls ages 10-14 who received the vaccine developed helpful immune responses that were twice as high as young women who received the vaccine between ages 15-25. In other words, the vaccine was more effective in causing an immune response when given to the younger women.
: What about women who have already been exposed to HPV or have previously had dysplasia or abnormal Pap smears?
Dr. Chu: These vaccines are primarily designed as preventative measures. While the studies that have been done have included some women with prior exposure to the HPV virus, it is not clear that vaccination is effective as a treatment for women who already have established infections. Keep in mind, however, that currently used tests do not tell us which type of virus and individual may be infected, just that there is evidence of infection with one of 15 or so "high risk" types, which include HPV 16 and 18. Even if a patient has infection with one particular type (6, 11, 16, or 18), treatment may still provide protection against the other strains included in the vaccine.
: The vaccine is given in a three shot series over six months. How soon after receiving it are you protected, and how long will the protection last?
Dr. Chu: So far, clinical trials of both the Gardasil and Cervarix vaccines have shown immune responses reaching high levels as soon as 3 months after the first injection, although the peak of immunity is not reached until about 7 months (one month after the last injection). Current data shows that protection seems to last at least 4 years or so, which is how long the studies have been in progress. Immunity may last longer, but only time and further study will confirm that.
: How effective are the vaccines and are there any risks to them?
Dr. Chu: These vaccines appear to be very effective at preventing cancers and precancers of the cervix, vulva, and vagina that are caused by HPV 16 and 18. In clinical trials, the Gardasil vaccine prevented 100% of high-grade cervical precancers and non-invasive cancers, as well as 100% of all high-grade vulvar and vaginal precancers related to HPV 16 and 18. The vaccine also prevented 99% of genital warts related to HPV 6 or 11. It is important to remember that these vaccines cannot prevent all cancer and precancer, since a number of cases are caused by strains of HPV not covered by these vaccines.
So far, side effects have been mild. No serious adverse reactions have been reported that exceed those experienced by patients given a placebo. In fact, some studies have shown that women receiving placebo vaccinations reported more side effects than those receiving the real vaccine. In general, only 1 in 1000 patients discontinued the vaccines due to side effects. For Gardasil, the most common side effects were reported to be only mild or moderate. Main symptoms were pain (84% for those receiving Gardasil, vs. 75% of those receiving placebo), swelling (25% for Gardasil vs. 16% for placebo), redness at the injection sites (25% Gardasil vs. 18% placebo), fever (10% Gardasil vs. 9% placebo), and itching (3% for both Gardasil and placebo). It also is important to note that these vaccines cannot cause infection with HPV.
: Once a woman receives a HPV vaccine, can she stop having annual Pap smears?
Dr. Chu: At this point, women must continue to have regular screening with Pap tests and exams, since we do not know how long immunity lasts, and since other strains of HPV not covered by the vaccines may cause precancer and cancer.
: Well, it takes two to tango, so what about the boys? Is there a use for the vaccine in men?
Dr. Chu: Currently, the FDA approval for Gardasil is only for girls and young women. While the idea of vaccinating men is attractive in that it may serve to further cut transmission rates, there is unlikely to be much direct benefit for boys and men. HPV 16 and 18 are not generally associated with male genital tract cancers, and heterosexual men rarely develop genital cancers caused by HPV. However, men may someday benefit from vaccination against strains of HPV that cause genital warts.


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Safe: Bringing baby home for the first time is a special event. And designing a proper nursery for your newborn is just as important. To help, we carry a diverse selection of nursery room sets constructed with safety in mind. Our sets include only the most dependable cribs that meet the highest safety standards and feature nontoxic finishes to ensure the health and well-being of your sleeping baby. We also offer fixed-side cribs and conversion models that help tired babies stay asleep in the safe confines of their bed.
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Many patients are pleasantly surprised that dental implant surgery is not as uncomfortable as they expected. In reality, most patients experience almost no pain during the surgery and minimal discomfort later which is easily relieved by ibuprofen.
Dental implants replace the root of the tooth when it is inserted into the jawbone. Once healed, a natural looking tooth is attached to the implant. The implant provides the strength of a regular tooth system. The most common dental implants are made of pure titanium which fuses directly to bone. This process is referred to as osseointegration which simply means that the implant has fused with the bone. The implant's screw shape makes some patients uncomfortable, but it is actually not painful at all. Click here for Dentist Baton Rouge locations for an appointment.
Once the implant is inserted in the site, x-ray pictures are taken to verify that the implant is positioned correctly before the closure of the gums. Once healing has occurred and the implant has fused to the bone, an artificial tooth can be attached.
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Export 13 results:Author Title Type [ Year]
Filters: Author is Gang He [Clear All Filters]
"Economic Rebalancing and Electricity Demand in China." The Electricity Journal 29.3 (2016) 48 - 54..
Low-Carbon City Policy Databook. 2016. LBNL-1006326..
"ELITE Cities: A Low-carbon Eco-city Evaluation Tool for China." Ecological Indicators 48 (2015) 448-456..
"Low Carbon Development for Cities: Methods and Measures." Handbook of Clean Energy Systems. . Vol. 6. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. 1-23..
"Promoting Energy Efficiency as the First Fuel Through Enabling Local Government Action in China." European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE) Summer Study on Energy Efficiency, June 1-6, 2015. 2015..
A Review of Commercially Available Technologies for Developing Low-Carbon Eco-cities. 2015. LBNL-179304..
Towards uniform benefit-cost analysis for smart grid projects: an example using the Smart Grid Computational Tool. 2015. LBNL-1003908..
"Urban form as a "first fuel" for low-carbon mobility in Chinese cities: strategies for energy and carbon saving in the transport sector." European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE) Summer Study on Energy Efficiency, June 1-6, 2015. European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, 2015..
"Is Your City Really Sustainable? A Tale of Jinan City Using Quantitative Low- Carbon Eco-city Tools." 2014 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Building 2014: 119-130..
"ELITE Cities: A low-carbon Eco-city Evaluation Tool for China." ECEEE 2013 Summer Study 2013..
"Measuring in All the Right Places: Themes in International Municipal Eco-City Index Systems." 2012 ACEEE Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings 2012..


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- Heart disease is the #1 killer in America.
- High cholesterol is a major risk factor for heart disease.
- Plant sterols have been clinically shown to reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol.
- CoroWise® is a leading brand of plant sterols. Look for the logo!
Look for the CoroWise® brand logo on a growing number of food and beverage products. CoroWise® is a leading brand of cholesterol reducers called plant sterols. Plant sterols have been clinically shown to reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol and products that contain these cholesterol reducers are backed by a Food & Drug Administration (FDA) authorized health claim.*
* Foods containing at least 0.4 grams per serving of plant sterols, eaten twice a day with meals for a daily total intake of at least 0.8 grams, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. On December 8, 2010, the FDA published a Proposed Rule that would update the plant sterol health claim, including the minimum amount required to be eligible for the claim and the target total daily intake to reduce heart disease risk.
For more information, see the Proposed Rule at www.regulations.gov


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Planners Sail Through Pair of Downtown Plan Chapters
Berkeley planning commissioners zipped through a chapter and a half of the Downtown Area Plan on Thursday, including the potentially controversial section on historic buildings and design.
Commissioners then made short work of the section on streetscapes and open space, spending the largest portion of their time on the future of the block of Center Street between Oxford Street and Shattuck Avenue.
It's in that space the Berkeley might—or might not—create a pedestrian plaza that might—or might not—include either a daylighted Strawberry Creek or something "to reference Strawberry Creek," a term Commissioner Gene Poschman found a bit obscure.
"I'm not sure what it means," said Poschman.
"It doesn't mean a literal creek," answered Matt Taecker, the city planner hired with the help of university funding to develop the plan.
Why not just call it a "water feature?" Poschman suggested.
Walter Hood, a nationally known landscape architect, is finishing a proposed design for the plaza under the auspices of EcoCity Builders, a Berkeley non-profit which raised grant money for his work.
Commission Chair James Samuels, an architect himself, said he looked forward to Hood's presentation to the commission in September, in part because "I frankly have a bit of difficulty reading his plans."
Samuels said he also wanted to make certain plaza designs wouldn't block deliveries to the many restaurants located along the block or prevent vehicle access by the disabled and by residents who would be living in planned new housing.
Blocking vehicle access, he said, means "you're only asking for the property owners to yell and scream."
Jim Novosel, a fellow architect and commissioner, said that nothing in the chapters drafted by the Downtown Area Plan Advisory Committee would deny needed access.
Traffic and parking concerns popped up repeatedly during the discussions, though the traffic issue in particular will be tackled in depth in the upcoming access chapter.
Harry Pollack, an attorney and commissioner, said he had problems with a chapter "that assumes it's okay to have fewer lanes of traffic and no additional parking, or even fewer parking spaces."
Novosel said he was concerned that UC Berkeley had abandoned its plans for underground parking at the planned Berkeley Art Museum/Pacific Film Archive building at Center and Oxford streets.
Parking spaces form something of a political divide, with public transit advocates calling for their elimination or reduction to force people out of cars and onto buses, BART or bikes.
But the commissioners sailed through the chapter with no major changes, though more language was tweaked.
One term popped up again after Commissioner Roia Ferrazares had shot it down in previous chapters: "Wayfinding" devices, which turns out to mean signs offering directions.
Poschman had more linguistic critiques as well. Looking at the streetscape chapter he asked, "What the hell is 'a consistent vocabulary of features?'"
"It sounds like a Steinberg cartoon" said Novosel.
"I have problems with the whole paragraph," said Samuels.
"What about going back to the original DAPAC language?" asked Taecker.
Nobody disagreed.
Five commissioners were also DAPAC members.
Commissioners have loaded their schedule to finish the plan in time to get it to the City Council early next year. The city must adopt the plan by May or risk the loss of some of the university funds mandated in the settle of a city lawsuit challenging the schools downtown expansion plans.
Next Wednesday the commission will decide on building dimensions to be included in the plan's environmental impact report outlining the plan's physical and cultural consequences.


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April 15, 2011
The Following article originated at and is copied from DiscoverTheNetworks.com
John David Podesta was born to an Italian-American father and a Greek-American mother on January 15, 1949 in Chicago. Podesta rose from a solidly blue-collar background; his father worked in a factory for 50 years.
In the 1960s John was introduced to the antiwar Left by his older brother Anthony. The two brothers worked on the Eugene McCarthy and George McGovern presidential campaigns in 1968 and 1972, respectively.
John Podesta first met Bill Clinton in 1970, when he and Clinton worked together on anti-war candidate Joseph Duffy's unsuccessful Senate campaign in Connecticut. Podesta and Clinton subsequently worked for the McGovern campaign in 1972.
Podesta graduated from Knox College in Illinois in 1971 and Georgetown University Law Center in 1976. He landed a job with the federal government right out of law school, working as a litigator for the Natural Resources Division of the Department of Justice from 1976 to 1977.
Podesta served on the staff of Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) from 1981 to 1988. Leahy was an early advocate of circumventing the U.S. Constitution by gaining control over federal courts. Podesta assisted Leahy in pioneering the indiscriminate smearing and filibustering of any and all Republican judicial nominees -- a practice previously unknown in Washington.
In 1988 Podesta teamed up with his brother Anthony to form the Washington lobbying firm Podesta Associates. One of their first clients was Michael Dukakis. John Podesta served as opposition research director -- commonly dubbed a "dirt digger" -- for Dukakis' 1988 presidential campaign.
From January 1993 to 1995, Podesta worked as a White House staff secretary and Assistant to President Clinton.
He served as Counselor to Democratic Senate Leader Thomas Daschle from 1995 to 1996 and then returned to the White House, where he finished out the last years of the Clinton administration -- first as Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff (1997-98) and then as Chief of Staff (October 1998 to January 2001).
During his years in the Clinton White House, Podesta helped suppress numerous federal investigations into Clinton wrongdoing, and helped short-circuit the Clinton impeachment proceedings through backroom deals.
The Clintons recognized Podesta's talent for scandal-suppression early. While still a mere staff secretary at the White House in 1993, Podesta found himself swamped with so many scandal clean-up assignments that he nicknamed himself, "Secretary of [Expletive]." "He's good at it," James Carville remarked to the Washington Post.
Podesta's most lasting contribution to the leftist cause came through his promotion of a strategy that White House aides dubbed "Project Podesta." This was a system that enabled the Clintons to push through unpopular policies that neither Congress nor the American people wanted. Its implementation marked a dramatic tilt in the balance of power, giving the executive branch an unprecedented ability to force its will on the legislative branch.
Project Podesta enabled the President to bypass Congress through the use of executive orders, presidential decision directives, White-House-sponsored lawsuits, vacancy appointments to high federal office, selective regulatory actions against targeted corporations, and a host of other extra-constitutional tactics.
In short, Podesta showed the Clintons that they could gain by force what they might fail to achieve through legislation. "Stroke of the pen. Law of the land. Kind of cool," quipped White House aide Paul Begala to The New York Times on July 5, 1998, in response to questions about the Clintons' growing disdain for the will of Congress.
Project Podesta's most ambitious exercise was the war on Yugoslavia which Clinton launched by executive order on April 13, 1999, in defiance of the U.S. Congress and the United Nations.
When US News and World Report first revealed the existence of Project Podesta on November 1, 1999, two Congressional hearings convened to investigate the Clintons' abuse of executive power. But the investigators issued no reports and took no action.
Regarding Podesta's war of attrition against tobacco firms and gun manufacturers, even Clinton's former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich warned fellow leftists in the January 17, 2000 issue of The American Prospect, "You might approve the outcomes in these two cases, but they establish a precedent for other cases you might find wildly unjust.… [T]hese lawsuits are blatant end-runs around the democratic process."
Project Podesta reached its logical conclusion in Al Gore's effort to litigate his way into the White House in 2000. During the infamous 36-day, post-election stand-off, Podesta worked behind the scenes with Gore's legal team even as the Clinton White House publicly declared its neutrality. Podesta bears personal responsibility for forcing the election into the U.S. Supreme Court.
Most of official Washington assumed that the election crisis would end on November 14, when Gore's recount deadline expired and Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris would certify the winner. In order to reassure Americans that this would be the case, General Services Administration head David J. Barram held a press conference on November 8, 2000, at which he announced that he was ready to release the $5.8 million in presidential transition funds and to open the transition offices to whichever candidate was certified the winner on November 14. Barram repeated this promise several times via radio and television interviews.
However, on November 13 -- the day before the recount deadline -- John Podesta sent a memo to Barram ordering him to keep the transition offices locked and to withhold the presidential transition funds, thus giving Gore extra time to litigate.
Bush won the Florida recount, as expected. But the transition offices remained locked. Podesta's unprecedented act stunned official Washington and plunged America into a constitutional crisis.
Four years later, when Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry announced his plan to mobilize a legal team of more than 6,000 attorneys for the 2004 election, it was evident that Project Podesta had changed U.S. politics forever.
Podesta was appointed President and CEO of the Center for American Progress (CAP) at its founding on July 7, 2003. He was hand-picked for the job by CAP founders George Soros and Morton H. Halperin, according to a March 1, 2004 report in The Nation by Robert Dreyfuss. Inside sources have described CAP as "the official Hillary Clinton think tank" -- a media spin machine and policy generator designed to serve as a springboard for Mrs. Clinton's presidential ambitions.
Podesta was a featured speaker at the March 2008 "Take Back America" conference of Campaign for America's Future, where he declared that global warming was a "severe national security problem" that President Bush had failed to address in any meaningful way.
Podesta also has served as an Independent Advisory Council member of the notoriously corrupt community organization ACORN.
After Barack Obama was elected President in 2008, Podesta and at least ten additional CAP experts served as some of his most influential advisers.
Over the years, Podesta has made campaign contributions to numerous Democratic candidates, including Al Franken, Edward Kennedy, Richard Gephardt, Tom Daschle, Hillary Clinton, Richard Durbin, Christopher Dodd, Barney Frank, Tammy Duckworth, Rosa DeLauro, Paul Wellstone, Maurice Hinchey, Harry Reid, Patrick Leahy, Barack Obama, John Kerry, Charles Rangel, and Al Gore. In 2002 Podesta also made a $1,000 contribution to the League of Conservation Voters.
We believe that the Constitution of the United States speaks for itself. There is no need to rewrite, change or reinterpret it to suit the fancies of special interest groups or protected classes.


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The attractive new iCover mini case is engineered from soft yet durable quality polymer, fitting your iPod Mini perfectly and protecting it from dust, knocks, scratches, and virtually all other possible hazards. Due to the fact that it is tailor made for the iPod mini it allows one to take advantage of all their iPod has to offer including the hold switch, the click wheel and even the dock connector! In addition the iCover mini features a transparent cover to prevent possible damage to the screen from occurring. Finally, the iCover mini comes with a removable adjustable arm band ideal for both those who like to exercise while listening to their music and those who simply want to enjoy all their iPod mini has to offer with hand free convenience!
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I know a lot of you have been following us on Facebook, over 9,000 of you in fact, but things are changing. Facebook is now making me pay for the posts to be seen by you all, even though you said you wanted to see those posts by liking our page. We crunched the numbers and now for you all to see the posts like you did 1 year ago, Facebook wants to charge us $375,000 a year!
Other tiny house blogs are getting hit as well, some even harder, one has even announced they are going to have to stop posting to Facebook all together.
So obviously I don't have a third of a Million dollars, so its time to change things up. Here is how we are going to make sure we stay in touch with you all from now on: We are going shift our focus to our newsletter.
Our newsletter is free and comes out once a week. Its short emails with awesome info about tiny houses and most of the stuff on the newsletter isn't anywhere else because we want those who subscribe to benefit directly. At first I wasn't sure what people would think, but now I get about 50 emails a day telling me how much they love it, so we've decided to go all in with our newsletter.
Also when you sign up you get our:
- 5 Secrets Building Inspectors Don't Want You To Know
- The Ultimate Building Checklist
- Planning Guide To Building Your House.
We still will be posting to our website of course and some of it will be shared on Facebook for the time being, but now we are going to be doubling our output with the newsletter.
So I wanted to let you all know about all of this and hopefully you'll join us on the newsletter 🙂
Sign up here: https://thetinylife.com/newsletter/


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Sorry, this entry is only available in Greek.
Is your thinking creative? Do you enjoy sharing your knowledge and widening your horizons? If yes, People & Ideas is for you. Simply be a reader or make one step further: participate and become a content curator or a content creator. With P&I, you follow, edit, create, experience and broadcast lifelong learning for everyone's benefit.


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Terms and Conditions Raffle
§ 1 Subject
1. These rules of participation and data protection indications regulate the participation of the Participants in the prize draw of BORA Vertriebs GmbH & Co KG (in the following referred to as "Organizer") as well as the collection and usage of the data collected of Participants or communicated by the Participants.
2. The Participants accept these rules of participation by participating in the prize draw.
§ 2 Terms and conditions of the prize draw
1. The prize draw starts at 00.00 p.m. CET on 08-12-2019 and ends at 11.59 p.m. CET on 14-12-2019.
2. Only persons who are older than 18 years are entitled to participate (in the following referred to as "Participants"). Employees of the Organizer as well as employees of cooperation partners who are or were involved in the creation or handling of the prize draw are excluded from participation.
3. One BORA apron and one of our 10|10 or 5|5 cookbooks will be raffled among all participants.
4. To participate in the competition, participants must comment on the Competition-Post as a fan of the BORA Facebook page (www.facebook.com/BORAGmbH).
5. Each Participant can only participate once in the price draw. If a user should upload several postings or feeds, they will count as one participation.
6. The Organizer has the right to exclude posts or feeds of Participants from participation in the prize draw if - according to the evaluation of the Organizer appropriate for the matter at hand - the contents are unlawful or violate the good morals.
7. The winners are drawn by the Organizer among all posts and feeds in accordance with rules of participation.
§ 3 Handling
1. The prize can neither be paid out in cash, nor in kind nor can it be exchanged or transferred to other persons. A Participant can renounce to accept the prize. In this case, the next Participant in the order of rank of the winners replaces him.The handing over of the prizes is coordinated individually with the Participants.
2. On 17-12-2019, the winners will be contacted via private message. The win-ners are asked to transmit their contact details (name, address, telephone number as well as e-mail address) via direct message on Facebook or, respectively, Instagram. With this transmission, the prize is deemed accepted.
3. If a Participant does not confirm the acceptance of the prize within a period of 48 hours, the next Participant in the order of rank of the winners replaces him. Should the contact details transmitted be incorrect (e.g. invalid e-mail addresses), the Organizer is not obliged to investigate the correct addresses. The disadvantages resulting from the incorrect transmission of contact details are to the detriment of the Participant.
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The Participants agree that their entries in connection with the prize draw, the drawing, the handling and the presentation of the postings of the Participants are used and published by the Organizer in online and offline media (especially in the print and film section) for information on the result of the prize draw. The granting of these rights takes place free of charge as well as without restriction in terms of the space, content and time. The name of the Participant is not mentioned.
§ 5 Warranty exemption
1. The Organizer points out that the availability and function of the prize draw cannot be guaranteed. The prize draw can be terminated or deleted due to external circumstances or constraints without any claims of the Participants against the Organizer resulting therefrom.
2. This could include technical problems, changes of the rules or decisions of platforms like Facebook and Instagram, in case the prize draw is organized on them or in connection with them.
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2. The Organizer only collects, processes and uses personal data if this is necessary for contract performance (thus for the handling of the prize draw) or if this is necessary due to a legal obligation, or if this data is provided on a voluntary basis. It is expressly pointed out that the Organizer also uses the data to inform about the prize draw and promote it. The Participant accepts this by participating in the prize draw. For any further data processing operations, the Organizer will obtain your consent prior to data processing. If the legitimate interest of the Organizer in data processing prevails, the data will, if need be, also be processed without your consent.
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Fromage pizza mozzarella
Par mariane Fletcher Italiana four
Juillet 4, 2016
Almost everybody know how is pizza and what it looks like. For whom that didn't know: here is a little preview. Pizza is enormously popular dish in the world. Especially in Italy, United states of America and Brazil. Generally pizza is thin round shaped bread covered with pizza topping and mozzarella cheese. On top is various toppings depend on different preferences, for example in Germany is very popular adding sausages into topping. Now even who don't know what pizza is, should have basic idea.
This article help you to success in making your own pizza at home. Providing step-by-step tutorial from preparing pizza dough to cutting into pieces.
Let's start with making pizza dough.
Pizza dough is created from five main ingredients. It is: flour, water, yeast, oil, salt. We have to choose right ingredients or our homemade pizza will fail at the beginning – making pizza dough. First we have to choose right flour. Flour is main ingredient in making pizza dough. We want pizza flour that is labeled "pizza flour" or "flour for making pizza" made major from wheat. I said major because there are also another types of pizza flour for people without gluten tolerance. Second most important ingredient in making pizza dough is water. I use packed water, but if you can't use it, then I would recommend to heat over. The third ingredient is yeast. The type of yeast we need is called "instant dry yeast" or simply "dry yeast". The fourth ingredient is oil, exactly olive oil. The last ingredient is salt, I'm using the Kosher salt.
Flour (100%): 220.54 g | 7.78 Oz | 0.49 lbs
Water (63%): 138.94 g | 4.9 Oz | 0.31 lbs
Salt (1.5%): 3.31 g | 0.12 Oz | 0.01 lbs | 0.69 tsp | 0.23 tbsp
Oil (1%): 2.21 g | 0.08 Oz | 0 lbs | 0.49 tsp | 0.16 tbsp
Total (165.5%): 365 g | 12.87 Oz | 0.8 lbs | TF = N/A
Now when we have all the ingredients selected we can finally start making pizza dough.
First thing what we need to do is to put the ingredients in the right order into mixing bowl. Putting ingredients in right order is really important. First add water and salt and mix it. Now add the flour and yeast. Really important is to not get yeast and salt into direct contact! it will destroy the yeast structure, and you will have to start making pizza dough with fresh yeast. Now turn on your mixer at slow spin mode, we need to get flour absorbed the water. Wait five minutes and raise the speed. After another five minutes, add olive oil and wait for three of four minutes. Now the dough should have the right consistency. Dough should be looking smooth and not be too sticky. If dough is too sticky, mix it for few more minutes. Now paint the dough with oil, cover it and leave until gets double size.
Now we can start making the pizza topping.
For one small pizza (12½oz) we need:
4 tomatoes
1 tablespoon of salt
3 tablespoon of oil
1 half of small onion
First cut the onion into small pieces and mash the tomatoes. Into larger pot add oil and onions. Before the onions get brown color, add the tomatoes, salt and cover with lid. When mixture staring bubbling lower the heat and leave it under the lid for two hours with occasion stirring. After two hours mixture should get consistency similar to soup.
Now we have dough and pizza topping. So let's start making our own pizza.
- Prép: 25 mins
- Cook: 30 mins
1With roller make a circle with 35 centimeter diameter. If you are doing this first time, it will be hard to make circle shape, but don't worry! Pizza in another shape is still tasty! Before you start rolling the dough, sprinkle your work desk and the dough, otherwise it will get sticky and will be hard to roll it. Rolling is the second easiest way to make circle shape, but there is also another ways. Another method is called "dough sheeting" or "pizza catching" which is the hardest one. No matter what method you choose, don't forget to make dough a double thicker one centimeter from the edge.
2Put on topping, 1cm from border. Never put too much of the topping! Because pizza will get sticky and also time you need for baking will be increased significantly! That means your pizza wouldn't be baked enough.
3Now sprinkle with cheese.
4Put it in the oven that has 250 Celsius, pour 2-4 minutes. If you are using classic electric/gas oven you will need much more time, between 10-15 minutes, the reason is in classic wood oven pizza goes directly on stone plate.
5Après 2 minutes check your pizza every 30 second. Pizza is ready when it gets crispy and little bit dark at the bottom.
6Cut the pizza to 8 similar pieces. If you put olives first, it will be hard to divide pizza into 8 similar pieces.
7Sprinkle with basil and put on olives.
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Knitted kitchen towel - Clay
Kitchen tea towel made of 100% GOTS certified organic cotton.
A beautiful tea towel in soft knitted fabric, with great drying properties. Use the knitted towel to dry your hands in the kitchen efter doing the dishes or hand wash. The HUMDAKIN knitted tea towel is a functional and decorative accessory for your kitchen.
Mix the dishcloth with the different HUMDAKIN textiles and assorted colours for a beautiful and stylish home.
- Wash at 60°C
- The tea towel can be tumble dried.
- For the fabric to maintain the best drying properties, do not use fabric softener.
- For a lovely fresh scent, use the HUMDAKIN laundry soap when you wash your textiles.
Measurement: 45x70 cm
1 pcs.
We ship all parcels with UPS. We use insured parcel service and you receive a track & trace no. when we ship the order.
Free delivery on all orders above a total of 499 DKK. For orders below 499 DKK we charge a shipping fee of 49 DKK for home delivery, and a shipping fee of 29 DKK for GLS pick up points (pakkeshop).
International shipping (Europe)
Delivery cost is 12 EUR on all orders.
NOTE: We reserve the right to cancel an order if freight costs to remote areas exceed a certain size.
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When you shop online at www.humdakin.com you have 14 days to cancel, where you can inform us that you regret your purchase and then return the item(s) to us. Some items are not covered by this right, and it will appear in the ordering process. Right runs from the day you received the goods. If the period expires on a public holiday, Saturday, Constitution Day, Christmas Eve or New Year's Eve deadline is extended to the following Monday. In the case of multiple goods ordered in one order but are delivered separately, or a product that comes in several batches, the period from the receipt of the last item.


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Saunders hit hard in loss to Rays
Allows four earned runs in 3 2/3 innings before being struck on ankle
ST. PETERSBURG -- The Rangers turned in their first clunker of the season on Friday night at Tropicana Field. The Rangers would prefer to throw this one into the bay or the fish tank in center field.
They committed four errors that ended up costing three runs. They were held scoreless on three singles over six innings by the Rays' No. 5 starter and a base-running mixup scuttled their one potentially big rally. Starter Joe Saunders walked three in 3 2/3 innings and two of them ended up scoring. Saunders also hit a batter to force in one of those runs.
The Rangers even had an instant replay challenge go against them.
"It was one of those games," outfielder Alex Rios said. "Every season you are going to see a few games like that. There is nothing you can do."
Nothing really went right for the Rangers in an 8-1 loss to the Rays in the opener of their three-game series. Saunders had to exit the game after getting hit by a line drive on the outside of his left ankle. X-rays were negative and the injury is listed as a bruise.
"X-rays were negative, so that's a good thing, but it hurts," Saunders said afterwards.
Saunders' next start is scheduled for next Friday at home against the Astros. That's also one day after the Rangers either have to put Colby Lewis on the 25-man roster or risk losing him to free agency, but the concern right now is Saunders' foot.
Saunders left because of the injury, but wasn't going to be around much longer after allowing five runs -- four earned -- on six hits and three walks while striking out four. Rangers starters have pitched just 18 1/3 innings over four games and none of the four has yet to pitch at least six innings. Saunders outing was the shortest of the four.
"Looking back, I felt my stuff was a lot better than the results," Saunders said. "I thought I threw the ball well, but they worked some counts on me and I got behind some hitters. I tried to stay in the game as long as I could."
The Rangers defense didn't help him out either.
"We certainly have to tighten down our defense," manager Ron Washington said. "We can't give the other team four outs. It has to get better, and it will. We have the people to do it."
Rays pitcher Jake Odorizzi was making just his seventh Major League start, but used his newly-developed changeup to help keep the Rangers off-balance. He walked three and struck out four.
"We went to [the changeup] a lot in big situations, just about any situation," Odorizzi said. "And, it's just a lot of hard work that's paying off, and we're seeing dividends now."
Saunders put himself in trouble in the first when he walked Will Myers and Ben Zobrist with one out. Evan Longoria's single loaded the bases. Saunders struck out Logan Forsythe but hit Sean Rodriguez in the leg with a 2-2 slider to force in a run.
Saunders looked sharper in a scoreless second, and appeared like he might be getting into his rhythm. But shortstop Elvis Andrus bobbled Ben Zobrist's grounder to start the third and Saunders walked Longoria. After Forsythe flied out, Rodriguez hit a 2-1 fastball into the left-field seats to give the Rays a 4-0 lead.
"The first inning I was a little too fine and the walks hurt me," Saunders said. "The pitch to Rodriguez wasn't bad, he just put a good swing on it. I guess it was the wrong pitch at the wrong time."
The Rangers got something started in the top of the fourth against Odorizzi when Prince Fielder led off with a single and went to second on a one-out single by Rios. Mitch Moreland then ripped a hit down the right-field line that Myers cut off deep before it got to the wall.
Fielder stopped at third despite being waved home by third base coach Gary Pettis, but Rios and Moreland did not. As a result, the Rangers were about to have two men on third base. Fielder tried to score, but was thrown out easily in a rundown.
"I didn't get a good jump and I didn't pick up G in time," Fielder said. "It was my fault."
Donnie Murphy struck out to end the inning.
"You never know, we might have only scored one run anyway," Washington said. "But it's a different situation with runners at second and third with one out. You never know what might happen, but I would have liked to have seen what happened."
That was the Rangers' only chance to make this one competitive. Saunders gave up an RBI single to Myers in the fourth and Daniel McCutchen gave up a three-run home run to Ryan Hanigan in the fifth. Errors by Fielder, who dropped a routine foul pop, and Beltre, who fumbled a grounder right at him, helped set up the home run.


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There are more than 3 polybag sets. There are Frodo, Gandalf, UrukHai, Mirkwood Elf, Elrond, and I believe that is it but I might be forgetting one. I wouldn't pay much for any of them as all the figures are in other sets at this point. Neat to have but not pay an arm and a leg for.
I've missed the Laketown Guard all together... When did that even come out? Never saw a mention here of it.
Actually the Black Gate of Mordor is expandable too, to have 2 towers at the ends... Lego gets ya comin' and goin'!
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'The Hurricanes appeared to be in major trouble early in the second period, when defenseman Toni Lydman scored on a breakaway to give the fourth-seeded Sabres a 3-1 lead. However, Carolina coach Peter Laviolette immediately called upon Ward to replace Gerber and the move paid off brilliantly. Ward, who had started 12 straight games prior to Game Four, turned aside all 15 shots he faced in relief of Gerber, who allowed three tallies on only 11 shots.'
You are here: Home / SabresBeat / Hurricanes edge Sabres, move one win away from Cup Finals


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Small Business Development Center
SBDC serves Ulster, Sullivan, Orange, Greene, Delaware, and Dutchess counties. The Center is a joint venture between the Small Business Administration and SUNY. Its primary goal is to provide no-cost, one-to-one counseling, training, and researching services to small businesses to assist in their start-up, expansion, or turnaround. Call SBDC at 845-339-0025. The Center is open 9 am – 5 pm, Monday through Friday and is headquartered at the Business Resource Center (BRC) located on Development Court off Ulster Avenue, Kingston.
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note(redirected from strike the right note)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Idioms, Encyclopedia.
To take notice of. A Commercial Paper that contains an express and absolute promise by the maker to pay to a specific individual, to order, or to bearer a definite sum of money on demand or at a specifically designated time.
n. a promissory note, a written statement of debt by one or more people to one or more people, with a statement of a specific amount owed or due, date it is due, interest (if any) on the amount, and other terms such as installments, penalty for late payment, full amount due if delinquent, how secured (as by real property), and attorneys' fees and costs if required to collect on the note. (See: promissory note)
note(Brief comment), noun abstract, adnotatio, billet, brief, codicilli, comment, commentary, communication, dispatch, entry, epistula, exegesis, explanatory comment, explanatory remark, footnote, gloss, marginal annotation, memorandum, message, minute, missive, record, reminder, scholium, short letter, statement, word of explanation
Associated concepts: note of issue
note(Written promise to pay), noun bond, check, debenture, draft, money order, negotiable instrument, neeotiable paper, voucher
Associated concepts: accommodation note, bank note, bearer notes, cognovit note, commercial paper, negotiable note, promissory note, treasury note
note(Notice), verb acknowledge, advert to, appreciate, attend, be attentive, become aware, beeome conscious, cognize, direct attention to, discern, fix attention on, give attention to, hearken to, heed, look at, make out, mark, mind, observe, pay attention to, pay heed to, perceive, realize, regard, see, take account of, take cognizance of, take notice, turn attention to, watch, witness
note(Record), verb adnotare, annotate, calendar, chronicle, commit to writing, docket, document, enregister, enter, jot down, keep accounts, log, make a memorandum, make an entry, mark, mark down, pen, put in writing, put on paper, put on record, scribe, set down, take down, write, write down
See also: attend, bill, book, capsule, check, comment, concern, coupon, denote, designate, discern, dispatch, distinction, draft, eminence, emphasis, enter, entry, hear, heed, importance, indicant, indication, indicator, instrument, interest, invoice, itemize, marginalia, memorandum, mention, message, muse, notation, notice, observation, observe, outline, perceive, perception, pierce, prestige, record, reference, regard, remark, remind, reminder, report, reputation, respect, set down, significance, study, summary, symbol, synopsis, transmittal, watch, witness
NOTE, estates, conv., practice. The fourth part of a fine of lands: it is an abstract of the writ of covenant and concord, and is only a, doequet taken by the chirographer, from which he draws up the indenture. It is sometimes taken in the old books for the concord. Cruise, Dig. tit. 35, c. 2, 51.


text:
This unique crib is sure to add character to any nursery! The Celine Crib in Cream with Gold Trim is made using quality craftsmanship, constructed from select hardwoods; and then finished and hand rubbed. Crib is equipped with fixed gates on either side for premier safety, and features decorative sides with caning and turned legs.
Please note that different species of woods may vary in terms of finishes, and each has its own inherent qualities. Finish treatments and the antiquing process will create a unique finish on each piece that will be treasured for years to come. Color lots may vary slightly from batch to batch. A variety of finishes are available.
Would you like us to help you find a similar item? Talk with our Design Consultants toll-free at1-800-927-5164.
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Julien Kasper
- Career Highlights
- Extensive club and concert appearances in the United States and abroad
- Education
- B.M., University of Miami
- M.M., University of North Texas
In Their Own Words
"I hope my students come away from my classes with a lot of inspiration to practice and to work hard. When I got to Berklee, I made a decision regarding where I was going to set myself in the Guitar Department. The blues rock, Hendrixy side of things seemed underrepresented so, despite the fact that I am also a jazz musician, I decided to stress the blues/rock aspect of my musical personality for my teaching. Now that I am well established, many students are interested in learning about the organic way I blend several styles, so jazz has once again become a large part of my private teaching. Just the same, I have made my mark as a teacher who tries to hold people accountable for rock guitar on a very, very high level."
"I think that the biggest inspiration I can be to the students is to be an active, performing, recording artist. They want to know that you're out there, making your own music, being your own musician. My professional background contributes enormously to my teaching because I have such a wide range of experience playing so many styles of gigs—from lowdown, disgusting dives in the middle of Alabama to great jazz festivals in Sweden and all points in between. I'm also in the studio, recording CDs as a side man and as a leader. All of those things factor into giving them some understanding of what's required of them in the real world."
"I think a lot of what I'm trying to do is bring a recognition of nuance and beauty and contrast that you can hear in a lot great blues and rock guitar artists—the fine details. I try to draw that to people's attention and by doing so, I hope to create musicians that will in turn go out and make music that will move me in the end."


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The first two are homophones, but the third is different because is starts with 't' not 'th'.
thank you for all ur replies on my other thread "difference pronunciation between flower and flour".
now, i have another problem, could u tell me if there's any difference in pronunciation between THREW, THROUGH and TRUE. sounds similar?
The first two are homophones, but the third is different because is starts with 't' not 'th'.
jenn21, try to write properly. For example:
thank you for all ur replies ... => Thank you for all your replies ...
u shudnt use chat language like dis when writin on newsgroups or webboards. it aint easy to read for many ppl. u can use it when u chat wiv ur friend on msn tho.
Originally Posted by YTG
SORRY, for being stupid.. what was i thinking? anyways, thank you for telling me, it will not happen again.. by the way it is 21's century and writing has evolved since the 1800's..SO I WOULD LIKE TO WELCOME YOU TO OUR MODERN SOCIETY... how old are u anyways? 70 or older? u dont sound young! this is what happen if old people like urself try to be cool. THAT'S NOT COOL.
No, you wasn't stupid. You just didn't know. But now that you know and you still doing it then it's something else.
No, I wasn't trying to be cool or young. I typed that last line to show you as an example of bad writing. Something which you still did it in your next post.
Try to write properly. Get started now. Begin a new sentence with capital letter, don't use ... (dot dot dot) unnecessarily, see how most people write, etc.
Also try not to say things like "old people". It could offend people. After all it's possible that the majority of people who are trying to help you or answering your questions here are that group of people.
Writing has indeed evolved since the 1800s, but if the form of writing you are using is exclusively for the young and older people look silly if they use it, then it is not a universal form of communication. On forums, people do generally write standard English because, unlike chats and messenger services, the messages stay around longer and are read by many people, so writing for a wider audience does make sense.


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Welcome to the website of GLOBIO,
the Global Biodiversity model for policy support
GLOBIO is a tool to assess past, present and future impacts of human activities on biodiversity. Since 2002 the model has been extensively used for environmental assessments on the global to national scale.
Follow GLOBIO on Twitter via @GlobioModel
We invite you to fully explore GLOBIO. Your questions, comments and ideas are most welcome. Click here to contact us.


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Schweitzer Outback Boal
Schweitzer Mountain Resort
Schweitzer Outback Boal
Schweitzer Mountain Resort
Lost in the 50s
Aaron Qualls
Schweitzer 2014
Schweitzer Mountain Resort
Downtown Sandpoint
Allison Wildman
Powerhouse Rainbow
Aaron Qualls
Meeting Agendas
In order to have an item added to the City Council meeting agenda, you must complete an Agenda Request Form, signed by a Council member, Department Head, or the Mayor, and submit it to the City Clerk, along with supporting documentation, at least a week before the meeting.
To view meetings with attached agendas in calendar view, click here.
Follow this link to see archived and live streaming video and audio of Sandpoint City Council meetings.
Historic Preservation Commission
regular monthly meeting
- Date: 02/18/2020 11:00 AM - 12:00 PM
- Location: Sandpoint City Hall
1123 Lake st
Sandpoint, Idaho 83864
Historic Preservation Commission's regular monthly meeting in City Hall Council Chambers. The agenda will be posted on the Meeting Agendas page at least two days prior to the meeting.


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Travel Nightmare
Meet Frank Coppenbarger, a gentleman in his 18th season with the Phillies. He originally came east from the Cardinals as the Clubhouse and Equipment Manager. Later, he acquired the additional duties as traveling secretary.
Transportation and hotels are one of his many chores. It takes a lot of planning to move the team around the country.
Frank held at team meeting on Friday, September 22, at Citizens Bank Park. The message: "As you know, we're going on our last regular-season road trip (Washington/Miami). After that, we might have to return home for a Monday tie-breaker game or a Tuesday tie-breaker game, or return home on Sunday night (Oct. 1) and leave for St. Louis the next day, or leave Miami on Sunday night for San Diego or Los Angeles, or stay in Miami Sunday night in case SD and LA have a Monday playoff game."
That double-talk message was nothing compared to what he faced last night in Washington, DC.
As most people know, the Phillies waited 4 hours and 27 minutes before starting the crucial game against the Nationals. The outcome stung. Washington won, 3-1.
It was during the rain delay that Frank's life became very complicated:
**Because of a 62-person traveling party, Frank had chartered a 757 through Delta to carry the team to Miami after the game.
**That plane arrived in DC at 9:00 p.m. That was the good news. The bad news: with the late start of the game and the anticipated end of the game, the pilots wouldn't be able to fly because of union rules.
**Plan A: Delta began checking the availability of pilots. The issue became further complicated because not every pilot is qualified to fly a 757. A pilot was located in Washington but a co-pilot couldn't be located.
**Plan B: The pilots who flew the Reds to Pittsburgh on a 737-800 (a little smaller) could fly that plane to Washington. The crew, in turn, could then fly the Phillies to Miami but a different plane was needed. Only complication: the crew and plane couldn't get to DC until 4:00 a.m.
**Plan C: Frank contacted the team hotel in DC (Grand Hyatt) to see if he could get rooms in case they had to stay overnight in Washington. The hotel had 41 rooms available. The players' union contract stipulates that players get single rooms. Frank felt he could get the players to waive that rule. He began pairing people.
**Plan D: A 737 that was bringing the Mets to Washington would be the aircraft the Phillies could use to get to Miami and the pilots flying the Reds would be the crew. That was the final answer.
**Plan E: Frank canceled the Grand Hyatt rooms.
**The Phillies buses left RFK Stadium at 3:00 a.m., the airplane took off at the Dulles airport at 5:00 a.m. and landed in Miami at 7:30 a.m. in time for rush-hour traffic. They got to the hotel at 8:30 a.m. Frank got his luggage at 2:15 p.m.
Now, the Phillies are faced with a 7:09 game against the Marlins tonight, followed by a 1:25 Saturday afternoon game and a 1:05 Sunday afternoon game. At the other end of the country, the Giants host the Dodgers for three games. Phillies fans are also Giants fans this final weekend.
Frank, by the way, has seen his grey crew cut turn greyer and greyer.
3 Comments
dear larry:
i am seventy four and this is my first exposure to a blog.
when i was 18 the cleveland indians signed me to a contract and in 1951 i went to spring training at daytona beach, fla. with rocky colavito, don mossi, and joe altobelli, who later was mgr of the baltimore orioles when the phillies won the world series in '83.
your blog took me behind the curtain and showed stuff that you would never find in the newspapers.this blog world is largely from ordinary people about the ordinary. it is a world that i enter every day experiencing challenges, surprises and satisfactions that sometimes are extraordinary,just as the post-game baggage and transportation plans for the phillies were yesterday. an interesting read. thanks for the insights into your part of the phillies world.
ken rapchick
Ken, the Phillies definitely lost the '83 series. My father is an Orioles fan and misses no opportunity to remind me of it.
Anyhow, the fact that the Phillies had to even play that Nationals game is an outrage. Between Bud Selig and ridiculous ump calls, it's like people are trying to make the Phillies lose.
Wow what a nightmare!Good luck in 2007 you have a good team but its Dodger time and the Boys in Blue are going to the playoffs root for the D backs and maybe take the Pads to lunch on Monday!Hope to not face your team til 2007 when we finally get all of our kids into full play.Play Hard and believe in your future!BTW want any slightly used ex D rays?


text: Show Hide image Culture 6 December 2012 Extracting the Michael The Redgraves: review. Sign-up The Redgraves: a Family Epic Donald SpotoRobson Press, 384pp, £25 Given how much our culture admires glamour, it is remarkable how little careful thought we give to it, especially in the form that is most devoted to glorifying it. Celebrity biographies are, by and large, the last place to seek enlightenment about the meaning of celebrities or glamour. Deriving etymologically from a Scottish word for witchcraft, glamour provides our secular world with a mode of worship, which is why its metaphors are religious, its stars called icons and idols: glamour offers us a more exalted vision of ourselves. It is not an accident that we think of them as gods, as the remarkable Michael Redgrave seems to have understood. In addition to being one of the greatest actors of a magnificent acting generation, Redgrave was also erudite and highly intelligent; he wrote several books, including a novel, The Mountebank's Tale, which opens with an epigraph from Rilke that concludes: "In the life of the gods . . . I understand nothing better than the moment they withdraw themselves; what would be a god without the protecting cloud, can you imagine a god worse for wear?" Compared with the legacies of Redgrave's male contemporaries on the London stage – Laurence Olivier, John Gielgud, Alec Guinness and Ralph Richardson –his achievements have been somewhat overshadowed since his death in 1985 at the age of 77, his star unaccountably allowed to dim. Happily, recent biographies are working to burnish it once more, arguing rightly for Redgrave's place at the centre of an epoch of remarkable theatrical accomplishment. Donald Spoto's The Redgraves: a Family Epic is the second biography of Redgrave to appear in eight years, and the first American biography of Redgrave and his dynasty (although Spoto ends his book quoting Vanessa Redgrave's resistance to the term "dynasty", it seems a fair characterisation of a family that has achieved fame and influence across three generations and counting). The first biography of Redgrave, Alan Strachan's Secret Dreams: a Biography of Michael Redgrave, itself long overdue, was published in 2004 and then only in the UK. This is lucky for Spoto, as Strachan's book is by far the superior: considerably more thorough and detailed, more thoughtful and much better written. Over the course of his distinguished career, Redgrave acted in and occasionally directed more than 260 plays and films, along with countless television and radio appearances, as well as readings and recordings, and writing a small handful of books. It is hard to imagine the energy that enabled him, amid all this work, also to maintain, usually concurrently, longterm relationships with members of both sexes, a 50-year marriage and a family with three children (Vanessa, Corin, and Lynn), all of whom became notable actors themselves. That said, it is clear that his wife, the actress Rachel Kempson, did the lion's share of the work raising the children and holding the family together –while her husband appeared at times to be trying to pull it apart. It seems clear that Redgrave was a genuinely doting father, although his peripatetic career and his habit of always keeping a male lover or two handily nearby meant that he was largely an absent one as well. Although Spoto claims that this will be a story of the entire Redgrave clan, his primary focus is on Michael and his "split" sexuality. For a writer who has published 26 celebrity biographies to date, most of them about actors (including Laurence Olivier, Marilyn Monroe, Ingrid Bergman, Elizabeth Taylor and James Dean), Spoto does not always seem very interested in the process of acting. Redgrave was a serious actor, devoted to his craft, but his charm and handsome good looks meant that when he was cast in his first film role, in Alfred Hitchcock's 1938 hit The Lady Vanishes, he became an instant celebrity on both sides of the Atlantic. Spoto continually implies Redgrave's discomfort in a world of stardom without actually addressing the difficulty of being a "classical" actor in an age of celebrity, the actor's perpetual conflict between vanity and craft, external image and internal turmoil. This remains subtextual – Spoto has some pungent comments on Laurence Olivier's cultivation of celebrity – but his stated personal liking for all of the Redgraves (he interviewed and chatted with both Michael and Rachel before their deaths, getting to know the latter fairly well, it seems) keeps this biography safely skin-deep. Despite its protestations to the contrary, it is mostly about Michael. As seems to have been the case in life, he is the centre, the rest of the family the orbiting moons: he dominates the story for almost 300 pages until his death in 1985 at the age of 77; the others are summarily despatched in another 80 pages. Where Spoto does want to delve deeper is into the cognitive dissonance of a man who was so actively bisexual. In his diaries, Redgrave sometimes referred to his sexuality as his "split nature"; Strachan takes Redgrave's admission of bisexuality ("I am bisexual, to say the least of it," he told Corin many years later) on its own terms, whereas Spoto strongly implies that Redgrave's primary erotic energies were directed toward men. It is impossible to know what choices Redgrave might have made had he lived in a more open society; perhaps his bisexuality was a compromise with the closet but he also had several long-term sexual relationships with women. The more salient point is that in an era when gay relations were aggressively prosecuted (in the UK between 1940 and 1955, Spoto points out, the number of arrests for homosexual "behaviour" increased by 600 per cent), his relationships with men caused Redgrave intense guilt, anxiety and outright fear of disclosure, even as they also clearly gave him great pleasure, both sexually and emotionally. But after years of promiscuous infidelity on his part, when Rachel suggested that perhaps the couple should separate after the birth of Lynn, Corin later said, the idea "brought such a storm of grief that she had to spend the rest of the week comforting him". According to Strachan, Rachel had a fourth pregnancy, which ended in miscarriage, during Redgrave's decade-long affair with a man named Bob Michell, an episode that Spoto doesn't mention, leaving the reader with the strong impression that the Redgrave marriage had ceased to be sexual, becoming only a respectable cover for Redgrave's "true" homosexual desire. Yet the truth, as so often happens, seems to be more complex than that. In general, Redgrave made little effort to hide his affairs; long-term lovers such as Michell joined the family for years, an honorary uncle to the Redgrave children. (Strachan's book includes a photograph of Michael relaxing on a beach lounger between his beautiful wife on the right and his handsome lover on the left; even Strachan's photographs are far superior to Spoto's.) Rachel, who seems often to have genuinely liked her husband's lovers, began to dream that she had two husbands, and Spoto deems this peculiar: "In dreams and fantasies at least," he tuts, "things were becoming more and more curious." Surely the dream seems perfectly understandable if we accept that Rachel acquiesced to her husband's lovers, a decision not exactly unheard of, and Michael and Rachel clearly loved each other. He had other sexual and emotional needs, and, eventually, so did she, taking her own lover for several decades (at which point, amid all this sophisticated tolerance, many readers will be cheering her on). One occasionally hears an axe grinding in Spoto's commentary: discussing the public prosecution of homosexuality in the UK in the mid-20th century, he writes that the attempt to suppress it "was of course an impossible agenda, as any sensible person knew". Any sensible person today may know that but in the 1940s and 1950s many more or less sensible people genuinely believed that homosexuality could be cured – it was listed as a mental illness by the American psychiatric association well into the 1980s. Spoto is also prone to abrupt spurts of judgmentalism that are clearly at odds with how the Redgraves chose to live their lives. Rachel accepted her husband's male lovers in part because Michael had warned her of the "difficulties in his nature" before they married, and she knew what he meant; in part because of her generation's sense of duty; and in part because, by all accounts, the Redgraves loved each other deeply and loyally (although not faithfully) for half a century. Rachel entered the marriage with her eyes open; and if in the beginning she thought she could change Michael, she quickly learned how wrong she was and began the far more loving and generous, if painful, process of letting her husband be who he was. Spoto finds it odd that Redgrave was so open with his wife about his liaisons but this may well have been a facet of what kept them together: they would not have been the first couple to conclude that deception might be more damaging to their marriage than sexual infidelity. So when Rachel and her (male) lover and Michael dined together after one premiere, Spoto patronisingly (and speculatively) adds "it was all very civilised and tepid". One man's tepidness is another man's fair-mindedness and Redgrave was certainly in no position to cast stones. One of his intense affairs was with Noël Coward during the Second World War. After their sexual relationship ended they remained good friends. One day, some years later, Coward saw a movie poster in Leicester Square advertising "Dirk Bogarde and Michael Redgrave in The Sea Shall Not Have Them". "I don't see why not," he quipped. "Everyone else has." Although Spoto can have something of a tin ear ("'the best dressed and best acted bad play in London,' whined the Times"), he does offer some entertaining anecdotes, such as the marvellous advice Michael gave a young Vanessa when she realised she was going to be quite tall: "Don't worry . . . hold yourself up and be severe, demanding, splendid!" But then Spoto rather spoils it by telling us that this was Redgrave's first acting note for his daughter, helpfully explicating what a note is ("a direction or suggestion"). He also explains that Shaftesbury Avenue is "London's Broadway", although one imagines that a reader sufficiently interested in the theatre to read a biography of Redgrave would not require this gloss. Spoto's feel for such cultural translation is not always strong: he says that Redgrave received a "baccalaureate degree" from Cambridge in the 1930s: he took an upper second in English, in reality. This biography, Spoto declares at the outset "is in no sense an authorised biography". Actually, it is in several senses an authorised biography and not just because of Spoto's avowed personal fondness for Michael and Rachel. In the book's later pages he is fiercely defensive about Vanessa and Corin's political activism, castigating Americans for what he sees as their bigoted response to it. He ignores the awkward questions raised by some of their more extreme statements and allegiances and by the contradictions that undermine any celebrity family claiming the moral high ground while enjoying the perks of wealth and fame. By the end, his generally admiring tone has become positively hagiographic. It is perhaps not fair to blame Spoto for not transcending his own form, but after 26 books he might take a lesson from Redgrave himself, whose family came to understand that he frequently became irritable before his performances because he could not bear to repeat himself from one night to the next. From such dissatisfaction comes greatness – and it is time for celebrity biographies to begin to aspire to something more commensurate with the power of their subjects. Sarah Churchwell is professor of American literature and public understanding of the humanities at the University of East Anglia. Her next book, "Careless People: Murder, Mayhem and the Invention of The Great Gatsby", will be published in June 2013 by Virago Sarah Churchwell is chair of public understanding of the humanities at the University of London, and author of "Behold, America" (Bloomsbury) Subscribe £1 per month This article first appeared in the 10 December 2012 issue of the New Statesman, Greece: a warning for Britain? SUBSCRIBE More


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Tanaka Nonoko
Contemporary dance / Artist
Nonoko was trained at The Hammond School in England from 2003 to 2004, followed by the Dutch National Ballet Academy in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In 2006, she joined the Cannes Jeune Ballet, under the direction of Monique Loudières. While she was with Cannes Jeune Ballet, she danced in several renowned choreographers' works, such as Jiří Kylián's Black Bird, Les Heures Florissantes by Hervé Koubi, Dov'è la luna by Jean-Cristophe Maillot, Celebration by Luis Damas and Chassé croisés by Marc Ribaud.
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Risk Factors for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors
A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as a brain or spinal cord tumor. Different types of cancer have different risk factors. Some risk factors, like smoking, you can change. Others, like your age or family history, can't be changed.
But having a risk factor, or even several, does not always mean that a person will get the disease, and many people get tumors without having any known risk factors.
Most brain tumors are not linked with any known risk factors and have no obvious cause. But there are a few factors that can raise the risk of brain tumors.
Radiation exposure
The best known environmental risk factor for brain tumors is radiation exposure, most often from radiation therapy to treat some other condition. For example, before the risks of radiation were known, children with ringworm of the scalp (a fungal infection) were sometimes treated with low-dose radiation therapy, which was later found to increase their risk of brain tumors as they got older.
Today, most radiation-induced brain tumors are caused by radiation to the head given to treat other cancers. They occur most often in people who received radiation to the brain as children as part of their treatment for leukemia. These brain tumors usually develop around 10 to 15 years after the radiation.
Radiation-induced tumors are still fairly rare, but because of the increased risk (as well as the other side effects), radiation therapy is only given to the head after carefully weighing the possible benefits and risks. For most patients with other cancers involving the brain or head, the benefits of radiation therapy far outweigh the risk of developing a brain tumor years later.
The possible risk from exposure to imaging tests that use radiation, such as x-rays or CT scans, is not known for sure. These tests use much lower levels of radiation than those used in radiation treatments, so if there is any increase in risk, it is likely to be very small. But to be safe, most doctors recommend that people (especially children and pregnant women) not get these tests unless they are clearly needed.
Family history
Most people with brain tumors do not have a family history of the disease, but in rare cases brain and spinal cord cancers run in families. In general, patients with familial cancer syndromes tend to have many tumors that first occur when they are young. Some of these families have well-defined disorders, such as:
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
This genetic disorder, also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is the most common syndrome linked to brain or spinal cord tumors. People with this condition have higher risks of schwannomas, meningiomas, and certain types of gliomas, as well as neurofibromas (benign tumors of peripheral nerves). Changes in the NF1 gene cause this disorder. These changes are inherited from a parent in about half of all cases. In the other half, the NF1 gene changes occur before birth in people whose parents did not have this condition.
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)
This condition, which is much less common than NF1, is associated with vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas), which almost always occur on both sides of the head. It is also linked with an increased risk of meningiomas or spinal cord ependymomas. Changes in the NF2 gene are usually responsible for neurofibromatosis type 2. Like NF1, the gene changes are inherited in about half of cases. In the other half, they occur before birth in children without a family history.
Tuberous sclerosis
People with this condition may have subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs), which are low-grade astrocytomas that develop beneath the ependymal cells of the ventricles. They may also have other benign tumors of the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, and other organs. This condition is caused by changes in either the TSC1 or the TSC2 gene. These gene changes can be inherited from a parent, but most often they develop in people without a family history.
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
People with this condition tend to develop benign or cancerous tumors in different parts of the body, including hemangioblastomas (benign blood vessel tumors) in the brain, spinal cord, or retina, as well as tumors of the inner ear, kidney, adrenal gland, and pancreas. It is caused by changes in the VHL gene. Most often the gene changes are inherited, but in some cases the changes happen before birth in people whose parents don't have them.
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
People with this condition are at higher risk for developing gliomas, along with breast cancer, soft tissue sarcomas, leukemia, adrenal gland cancer, and certain other types of cancer. It is caused by changes in the TP53 gene.
Other syndromes
Other inherited conditions are also linked with increased risks of certain types of brain and spinal cord tumors, including:
- Gorlin syndrome (basal cell nevus syndrome)
- Turcot syndrome
- Cowden syndrome
Some families may have genetic disorders that are not well recognized or that may even be unique to a particular family.
Having a weakened immune system
People with weakened immune systems have an increased risk of developing lymphomas of the brain or spinal cord (known as primary CNS lymphomas). Lymphomas are cancers of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that fights disease. Primary CNS lymphoma is less common than lymphoma that develops outside the brain.
A weakened immune system can be congenital (present at birth), or it can be caused by treatments for other cancers, treatment to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, or diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Factors with uncertain, controversial, or unproven effects on brain tumor risk
Cell phone use
Cell phones give off radiofrequency (RF) rays, a form of energy on the electromagnetic spectrum between FM radio waves and those used in microwave ovens, radar, and satellite stations. Cell phones do not give off ionizing radiation, the type that can cause cancer by damaging the DNA inside cells. Still, there have been concerns that the phones, whose antennae are built-in and therefore are placed close to the head when being used, might somehow raise the risk of brain tumors.
Some studies have suggested a possible increased risk of brain tumors or of vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas) with cell phone use, but most of the larger studies done so far have not found an increased risk, either overall or among specific types of tumors. Still, there are very few studies of long-term use (10 years or more), and cell phones haven't been around long enough to determine the possible risks of lifetime use. The same is true of any possible higher risks in children, who are increasingly using cell phones. Cell phone technology also continues to change, and it's not clear how this might affect any risk.
These risks are being studied, but it will probably be many years before firm conclusions can be made. In the meantime, for people concerned about the possible risks, there are ways to lower your exposure, such as using the phone's speaker or an earpiece to move the phone itself away from the head.
For more on this topic, see Cellular Phones.
Other factors
Other environmental factors such as exposure to vinyl chloride (a chemical used to manufacture plastics), petroleum products, and certain other chemicals have been linked with an increased risk of brain tumors in some studies but not in others.
Exposure to aspartame (a sugar substitute), exposure to electromagnetic fields from power lines and transformers, and infection with certain viruses have been suggested as possible risk factors, but most researchers agree that there is no convincing evidence to link these factors to brain tumors. Research on these and other possible risk factors continues.
Chang SM, Mehta MP, Vogelbaum MA, Taylor MD, Ahluwalia MS. Chapter 97: Neoplasms of the central nervous system. In: DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, eds. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 10th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015.
Dorsey JF, Hollander AB, Alonso-Basanta M, et al. Chapter 66: Cancer of the central nervous system. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Niederhuber JE. Kastan MB, McKenna WG, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2014.
US National Library of Medicine. Genetics Home Reference: Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions. Accessed at https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ on September 14, 2017.
Last Medical Review: September 30, 2017 Last Revised: November 6, 2017
American Cancer Society medical information is copyrighted material. For reprint requests, please see our Content Usage Policy.