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(888) 768-5759
As per our Shipping and Returns Policy, custom cuts and fabricated parts are non-returnable. If you need an over- or undersized item, note it under "Comments" during Checkout. Cut-to-size orders have an acceptable cut tolerance of 1/8" (0.125"), so clarify if the adjustment is to be made on the (+) or (-) side of the saw blade. Please review our full return and shipping policy here.
Since custom cuts and fabricated parts are non-refundable, be very careful while measuring your dimensions. As each cut is nominal, even the slightest miscalculation could be costly.
Extend your tape measure several inches to find the 1 and 2 inch markers. In between the inch markers you'll find 16 equally spaced tick marks.
Measure by counting the increments beyond the nearest inch. As the increments decrease, so does the length of the mark. For example, 1/2" has a bigger mark than 1/4" which has a bigger mark than 1/8". The smallest mark follows at 1/16". Please be aware that some measuring tapes may have even smaller increments.
The sliding end hook is designed for two different types of measurements. An outside measurement (where the hook of the tape hangs over an edge), requires the hook to slide out a bit to account for the thickness of the material. When making an inside measurement (where the hook will push up against a surface), the clip slides in, again, accounting for its thickness. The measuring tape self-adjusts to guarantee an accurate measurement (as far as the tape is concerned).
SunTuf Corrugated Polycarbonate Panels are high performance glazing panels that stands up to punishing exterior applications. SunTuf offers multiple advantages over traditional fiberglass corrugated panels: up to 20 times greater impact resistance, the highest light transmission rates, the lowest yellowing index, the highest load rating, and the highest resistance to wind uplift-outstanding properties confirmed in accredited laboratory testing and in installations worldwide since 1984. Designed specifically to match up to the most popular metal panel profiles, SunTuf is used for skylights and sidelights.
SunTuf installation is easy. Lightweight and super tough, use SunTuf to cover just about any type of outdoor structure for increased outdoor living area, storage, or shelter. Common applications include:
SunTuf Technical Guide [PDF]
Lightweight, super tough, and easy to install, use SunTuf to cover just about any type of outdoor structure for increased outdoor living area, storage, or shelter. Common applications include:


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Versace Spring 2013 Ready-to-Wear Collection
by Alexander Patino
After the explosive success of Versace for H&M and the welcome return to couture form with Atelier Versace, it appears Donatella's newfound creative impetus has staked fertile ground in the ready-to-wear line, making for a fresh and spirited Versace girl, but one whose inherent carnality is always close at hand. That procrustean clinginess of the iconic Versace dress, that incessant form-hugging, gave way this season to tailoring and a loungy generosity. Still, turns out the Versace girl can have her organic and her rock-n-roll too.
There were dusty desert nude tones matched with liquid black leathers. Lingerie and tailoring made for covetable pieces like a pair of leather gym shorts that ended in panels of desert sand lace intermixed with circular leather petals. This lace appeared everywhere; even the suiting couldn't be spared (that's a good thing – the black jacket spliced with lace inserts at the sides looked smashing, and makes one wonder why the hell no one ever thought of that before.) An all-black trouser with black lace inserts on the sides should sell like hot cakes, if for the sole reason that it made lace, which has been used to death for seasons now, look like a refreshing conceit.
Short and flowy cocktail numbers with tie dye Medusa motifs were zesty, full of caprice. It wasn't dripping in that man-eating sexuality that has defined the house for years. There was a happy resplendence – for a proof positive, Kati Nescher's silver and gold strand cocktail dress should suffice. Nip-slips are foreign territory for Versace, and there were a few happening at this latest. This new Versace maven would take it all in stride. She's always been one to wear her hair down, after all. That at least hasn't changed.

subset: commoncrawl


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Lawrence Hall of Science at 1 Centennial DriveBerkeley, California 94720-5200United States
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This Harmful Sign is perfect for use as a warning sign where there is a risk from harmful substances or objects. Designed to be used outside or inside in a wide range of situations on farms, estates, factories, warehouses and building sites, it is fully waterproof and is used to inform and warn people of a potential hazard that may be present and care should be exercised. The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, recommend that where a risk cannot be completely removed a suitable warning sign should be displayed to warn people of a possible danger.
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beadsbling necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 73 diseños de 11 diseñadores freelance.
The Feathered Milliner
We are currently a bead shop in Ireland http://www.beadsandbling.com that is splitting itself in two and setting up a dedicated millinery business. The Feathered Milliner will:
(i) teach customers how to make hats and fascinators (beautiful headpieces – smaller than hats – often worn at horse racing meetings and weddings).
(ii) supply the raw materials to make these creations to casual and professional milliners – sinamay and feathers are two of our main products.
Retail customer base - 99% female. Market is the UK and Ireland where hats and fascinators are predominantly worn to weddings and horse racing events. The appeal to the customer is that the cost of making your own design is a fraction of the cost of buying a ready-made product, you made it yourself, and it will match the occasion and your outfit perfectly.
Wholesale customer base – professional milliners, predominantly female, who currently have a very limited (and expensive) choice of suppliers from which to source materials to make their creations.
We are looking for a logo for use on our (yet to be created) website and on printed brochures/leaflets.
It should contain the words "The Feathered Milliner" and incorporate some aspect of hats, fascinators and feathers into the logo. (Type 'fascinator photos' into Google for visual examples of fascinators.)
Style - the logo should be elegant, in line with the product – no cartoons. The font should be readable and the images not overly stylised – it needs to be clear what the image/images are, for people that might not necessarily understand the word 'milliner' in the company name.
Colours – bright & colourful, but with the ability to reproduce in plain black without losing much of the visual clarity of the logo.
We are keeping the same pink background theme we have at http://www.beadsandbling.com so the logo will need to either look good against it or blend into it.
No stock images or clip art. Final files in Illustrator and .jpg formats.
Thank you & have fun!
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Top 10 Tiki Bars
Sip a tropical drink at these playful, retro-cool joints.
1. Mai-Kai, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Since it opened in 1956, Mai-Kai has proudly carried the torch for tiki. Even today, it still exudes a "'50s-swinger" be. Waitresses wear sarongs and bikini tops. Each room reflects a different Polynesian region and overlooks a waterfall or lagoon. Polynesian dancers perform nightly. And then there's the Mystery Drink, which involves, among other things, a gong, flames, and a kiss on the cheek; 954-563-3272 or maikai.com.
2. Trader Vic's, Emeryville, California
"Trader Vic" Bergeron spearheaded America's tiki craze. In 1937, he turned Hinky Dinks, his rustic restaurant-bar in Oakland, California, into a Polynesian-theme hideaway that he renamed after himself. (In 1972, the flagship location moved a few miles north to the Emeryville bayfront, gaining great sunset views.) Vic pioneered fusion cuisine by introducing exotic island flavors to Chinese, French, and American dishes. Even more momentously, in 1944 he and his staff invented the potent beverage known as the mai tai; 510/653-3400 or tradervics.com.
3. Waikiki Wally's, New York, New York
This campy but affectionate tribute to the '50s heyday of tiki style opened a couple of years ago in the East Village area of Manhattan. Fake palm trees, real tropical birds, an indoor waterfall, and a forest's worth of bamboo create a fun setting. The evening entertainment ranges from hula dancers to a "Hawaiian western swing" band called Hulabilly; 212/673-8908 or waikikiwallys.com.
4. The Tonga Room & Hurricane Bar, San Francisco, California
"Over the top" seems so inadequate to describe this fantasyland inside the venerable Fairmont Hotel. Tables surround a lagoon on which floats a ship-shaped stage for the band. Periodically, thunder rumbles, and rain falls into the lagoon. Lavish quantities of faux foliage, carved tiki heads, thatched "roofs," and other Polynesian froufrou complete the decor. The Pacific Rim cuisine gets mixed reviews, as do the prices, but the happy hour buffet is a relative bargain. Sip a Bora Bora Horror and enjoy the ambience; 415/772-5278 or tongaroom.com.
5. Bali Hai Restaurant, San Diego, Californi
The Bali Hai, overlooking the water on Shelter Island, offers gorgeous views of San Diego Harbor and the city itself. Not long after its 1954 opening, the restaurant became so popular that several other tiki-theme businesses opened nearby. The tiki factor in the decor hasn't changed much over the years, but is coming back strong with the current "Polynesian pop" revival. Local boaters traditionally visit for Sunday brunch; 619/222-1181 or balihairestaurant.com.
6. Bahi Hut, Sarasota, Florida
Bahi Hut's 1960s-vintage decor includes but a single tiki (a carved image of a Polynesian god). No matter: Tiki attitude pervades the place, and the Hut still serves its fearsome original-recipe mai tai. There's a two-mai tai limit, for good reason. Less-dedicated drinkers should try the milder Sneaky Tiki; 941/355-5141.
7. Sam's Seafood, Huntington Beach, California
Little has changed since 1960 at this Pacific Coast Highway landmark. Everything from the bamboo-and-thatch decorating scheme and the plethora of tiki heads to the indoor waterfalls and clamshell phone booths conjures up South Seas fantasies. Stop by on Friday nights (April through November) for the Polynesian dinner show; 562/592-1321 or samsseafood.com.
8. Jardin Tiki, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
You come here for quantity, in terms of both food (it's a Chinese buffet) and exotic accoutrements. Tiki heads poke from lush foliage. Live turtles stock a pond. Glass-float lamps glow above rattan chairs. The colorful tropical cocktails might arrive in a pineapple or a coconut shell; 514/254-4173.
9. Luau Polynesian Lounge, Seattle, Washington
Of all the places on our list, Luau puts the greatest emphasis on food. Proprietors Thomas and Jessica Price both worked with celebrated Seattle chef Tom Douglas (Thomas at Etta's Seafood, Jessica at Dahlia Lounge). The flaming pupu platter provides a good sampling of the "island soul food." From there, your taste buds will guide you; 206/633-5828 or luaupolynesianlounge.com.
10. Kowloon Restaurant, Saugus, Massachusetts
The Wong family has operated this Boston-area institution since 1950. The restaurant has expanded several times and now incorporates a variety of cuisines (Cantonese, Szechuan, Polynesian, Thai, sushi) and decorating styles. But the gloriously tikified Tiki Lagoon remains the most popular dining area. Try for a booth beside the fountain that runs down the middle of the room; 781/233-0077 or kowloonrestaurant.com.
For even more things tiki, check out tikiroom.com and www.critiki.com.


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U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
Ninth Circuit Court Affirms Latina Farm Worker's Jury Award of Over $1 Million
SAN FRANCISCO – The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has affirmed the judgment on a jury verdict in favor of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and farm worker Olivia Tamayo in a sexual harassment and retaliation lawsuit against Coalinga, Calif.-based Harris Farms, one of the largest integrated farming operations in the Central San Joaquin Valley.
The appeal followed a trial where the jury found Harris Farms liable for sexual harassment, retaliation and constructive termination. Tamayo was awarded over $1,000,000, including attorney's fees for her private lawyer, on her federal and state law discrimination claims.
In its appeal, Harris Farms argued that the presiding judge (District Court Judge Anthony Ishii) admitted evidence at trial that should not have been presented to the jury and that the award of punitive damages was unsupported. Rejecting these arguments, the Ninth Circuit specifically noted that punitive damages were appropriate because of Harris Farms' retaliatory tactics — including suspending Tamayo after she reported the harassment — to deter her from pursuing her complaint.
During a six-week trial in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California in Fresno, Tamayo, a Mexican immigrant who began picking crops for Harris Farms in the early 1980s, testified that her supervisor raped her on several occasions and threatened her with a gun or a knife to ensure her compliance. He also subjected her to repeated verbal sexual harassment and intimidation. In addition, she described sexually offensive and threatening gossip from co-workers, as well as retaliation; conditions finally became so intolerable that she was forced to resign.
On January 21, 2005, the jury reached their verdict against Harris Farms and awarded Tamayo $53,000 in back pay, $91,000 for front pay (what she would have earned if she had continued working at her job) and $350,000 in compensatory damages for emotional pain and distress. The jury also awarded $500,000 in punitive damages against Harris Farms to Tamayo. (The amount of the punitive damages was later reduced to $300,000 because of limits set by federal discrimination law.)
Since the jury's verdict in 2005, Tamayo has been recognized by farm workers and advocacy organizations nationwide for her courage in standing up to her employer and reporting the sexual harassment and retaliation she suffered. Upon being informed of the Ninth Circuit's decision, she said, "In the past years, I have talked to many farm worker women who did not know that they were protected from being abused in the fields. This decision is for everyone who thinks that it is useless to step forward."
EEOC's Regional Attorney William Tamayo (no relation to Olivia Tamayo) stated, "The Ninth Circuit agreed with the jury's verdict: punitive damages were justified in light of the retaliation Mrs. Tamayo suffered. As an immigrant with limited education and limited English, she faced significant financial risks and social obstacles to speak out against harassment. In fact, her harasser threatened to kill her husband and otherwise harm her family. To come forward under these circumstances only to be met with further retaliation by Harris Farms is unjust and illegal."
Michael Baldonado, acting directorof the EEOC's San Francisco district, noted, "The EEOC is pleased that we are one step closer to providing Mrs. Tamayo with the relief that the jury awarded her. This is a major victory for farm workers nationwide and for the EEOC."
Private counsel William Smith of Fresno, who joined with EEOC to represent Tamayo, said, "No matter how much an employee earns, what her duties are or how big the company is, that employee has a right to work without fear of harassment and retaliation. Harris Farms learned this lesson the hard way."
The EEOC enforces the nation's laws in the private and federal sectors prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, color, gender, religion, national origin, age and disability. Additional information about the EEOC is available on its web site at www.eeoc.gov.


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Where It's Made
Fall River, MA
Est. 1919
Our American Made straws are made by a fourth-generation family owned business that was started in 1919 by Master Hatter, Jacob Korber. The factory specializes in all types of straws and felt headwear both for men and ladies. They are known in the hat world for their craftsmanship and quality of their Panama straw hats. As one of the last standing hat factories in the US we have partnered with this factory to hand-block the finest American Made and Panama straw hats. For our Panama Collection, we work with Ecuadorian businesses to hand weave toquilla straw for our hats. From there, we ship the straw to our American Made Straw factory, which uses the best technology with old world techniques to hand-block and give each hat the perfect finish.


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Bearing arrangement design
Single direction angular contact thrust ball bearings for screw drives enable flexible bearing arrangement designs. As standard, they are universally matchable for mounting as sets with up to four bearings per set.
Universally matchable bearings are specifically manufactured so that when mounted in random order, but immediately adjacent to each other, preload within a predetermined range and effective load sharing will result without the use of shims or similar devices. They have very tight tolerances for the bore and outside diameter as well as for radial run-out.


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King's immigration comments spark outrage
Rep. Steve King explains a statement he made earlier in 2008 saying terrorists would dance in the street if Obama is elected.
DES MOINES, Iowa -- Condemnation from across the political spectrum was directed at Republican Rep. Steve King of Iowa on Wednesday for his comments labeling many undocumented immigrants as drug traffickers.
House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, called King's comments "wrong" and described his language as "hateful" on Tuesday evening. He was followed by House Majority Leader Eric Cantor, R-Va., who called the remarks "inexcusable."
The ruckus stems from an interview King recorded last week with the conservative publication Newsmax.
In a discussion about immigration reform legislation now being considered by Congress, King said supporters of a pathway to citizenship like to portray all the undocumented as successful young people who weren't brought to the United States by choice.
STORY: 6 things Steve King has said that caused a stir
"They aren't all valedictorians, they weren't all brought in by their parents," King said, in comments that were recorded and available on YouTube. "For every one who's a valedictorian, there's another hundred out there that they weigh 130 pounds and they've got calves the size of cantaloupes because they're hauling 75 pounds of marijuana across the desert."
On Wednesday, the American Action Network, a conservative group supportive of immigration reform, released a poll showing that voters in King's own northwest Iowa district don't share the Republican's fierce opposition to the notion of a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants.
The survey, conducted last month, found 68% of 4th District voters support an "earned pathway to legal status," and that 65% backed an "earned pathway to citizenship." Those results were initially reported in Politico and flagged by Democrats as evidence that King's hard-line position was out of step with his constituents.
The results suggest higher support among Iowans for what some conservatives refer to as amnesty, but are in line with The Des Moines Register's June Iowa Poll.
At that time, 54% of Iowans statewide called a pathway to citizenship a "worthy goal, including 55% of respondents in King's district.
King's Newsmax quote gained traction in the broader political media on Tuesday with stories published by NBCLatino, the Wall Street Journal, Politico and others.
Democrats followed with a cascade of criticism Wednesday.
Rep. Bruce Braley, D-Iowa, and a candidate in next year's U.S. Senate race in the state, emphasized the bipartisan nature of the criticism before adding his own.
"I agree that these (comments) are offensive and damaging to Iowa's reputation as a welcoming, inclusive land of opportunity where the American Dream is still alive," he said. "Sadly, Steve got exactly what he wanted, and that is attention."
Obama administration spokesman Jay Carney fielded a question on the comment during a media briefing, calling it "offensive" and noting it wouldn't help Republicans' image with Latinos.
Also adding her voice to the controversy was Anesa Kajtazovic, a state representative from Waterloo and 2014 candidate for Iowa's 1st Congressional District.
Kajtazovic, a Democrat, immigrated to Iowa as a child after living in a refugee camp in Bosnia. Coming to America gave her family "a second shot at life," she wrote in a Facebook message on Wednesday morning.
"As an immigrant myself I find Rep. King's comments offensive and ignorant, and as a proud Iowan I find them nothing short of shameful," she wrote. "He's a prime example of what's wrong with Washington."
King declined to be interviewed by The Des Moines Register on Wednesday, but he did appear earlier in the day on WHO-Radio show.
Asked if he was having second thoughts about anything he said, King answered, "Not at all."
"What I said was descriptive, it was honest and it was accurate," he said.
Those who have criticized the remarks haven't disputed the facts behind it, he said, and only disagree with him on the policy.
"There are professional hyperventilators out there who are always on the lookout for something they can try to turn into a big story," he said.


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Export 3 results:Author [ Title] Type Year
Filters: Author is Susana Marchisio [Clear All Filters]
Using a 3-Tier Training Model for Effective Exchange of Good Practices in an Erasmus+ Project. In INTED 2018 (2th annual International Technology, Education and Development Conference), 5 to 7 March, Valencia, Spain. presented at the 03/2018.. (2018).
Do Students Really Understand the Difference Between Simulation and Remote Labs?. TEEM2017 – 5th International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality. presented at the 10/2017, Cadiz, Spain.. (2017).
A sustainable approach to let students do more real experiments with electrical and electronic circuits. In TEEM2018 - Six International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality . presented at the 10/2018.. (2018).


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The National Association for Student Personnel Administrators awarded PSU's Turntable Advising the regional Innovative Program Award. Turntable Advising is a radio program that focuses on topics relating to academic advising and career preparation. Every episode features a special guest, ranging from administrators and faculty to members of the local business community and students.
There are four hosts to the one hour program: Scott "DJ Great Scott" Broussard, and Nelson "Thrillhouse" Sigrah, both academic and career advisers in the Advising and Career Services office, Jessica "DJ Jamo" Amo, Assistant Coordinator of the Women's Resource Center, and "Super Student" Nicolette "DJ Nico" Bartulski, a student employee of Advising and Career Services and orientation leader.
Turntable Advising has been on the air since September 2011, with the goal of reaching students through an innovative medium. The show incorporates important information for students, such as registration dates, campus-wide deadlines, and campus groups, while still remaining entertaining and upbeat.
Listen to the show Mondays at 4:00 pm on KPSU. Click here for more information on Turntable Advising.


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So you have all now played with Qt5 NMapper tool, right? Goody, that means we have gained experience of normal mapping and created some perfectly tuned normal mapped textures. Now it's time to use these in a separate application.
Let's assume that you are working on a 2D QML application, but would want 3D-looking effect into some part(s) of the UI. To visualize, here's an example NMapCarousel demo application:
Here normal mapping is used to make the carousel icons more dynamic by applying lighting. To increase the 3D impression, there are also extra shadows reflected behind the icons.
To implement something similar, here's how to proceed:
- If not already, setup Qt5 to your PC/Mac/RPi or equivalent platform.
- Create normal maps of your graphic assets using Gimp, Blender, Photoshop etc. tool of your choice. Name the normal mapped image with extra "n" in the end, so images are something like "thing.png" and "thingn.png".
- Test your graphics with NMapper by copying these images into "images" folder and adding "thing" into imageFiles array property. Play with the light intensity, diffuse, switching x&y coordinates etc. If you are not happy with the results, jump back to step 2 to edit the images and iterate.
- Make your own application. Copy NMapEffect.qml and NMapLightSource.qml from NMapper, use your freshly made images, the lighting settings you tested earlier and implement rest of the UI.
- Profit! (Sorry that this took a bit more steps than normally... but on the positive side there is no unknown ???-step in the middle!)
Source codes of this demo are available from here. I'm waiting to see cool normal mapping uses!
PS: To learn shaders from the master, check out Andrew's thndl.com!


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Library personnel are encouraged to schedule rooms through Outlook.
Central Libraries Meeting Room Calendars are open and viewable to you. Our public service staff can assist patrons more easily if full and accurate information is logged in the room requests.
If you need assistance or have suggestions, please contact Library Facilities (email@example.com).


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1、 Source and clinical symptoms: First of all, we need to know that the new coronavirus may come from wild animals, or some kind of chrysanthemum head bat, which can be transmitted through contact with objects, air droplets, and fecal mouths. The incubation period is 1-14 days, mostly 3-7 days, ...Read more »
Whether working with static or live tools, anytime you change a tool, you're not making parts. That makes a quick-change tooling system—in which the changeover time is reduced to mere seconds—worth consideration. "Live tools especially are not easy to take in and out of a machine," said Preben Ha...Read more »
Waukesha, Wisconsin – Walter has introduced the Walter Prototyp ceramic milling cutters MC275/MC075. These two tools increase productivity, cutting speeds, and metal removal rates in machining nickel-based alloys. The tools' toughness allows shorter machining times due to their combination of car...Read more »
Global Spherical End Mill Market 2019 Analysis, Segmentation, Product Research, Competitors Analysis, Trends And Outlook By 2025
The latest report Global Spherical End Mill Market published by reportspedia.com considers various factors like market size, production rate, import-export status, sales, and supply-demand scenario. The manufacturing process analysis, market share of eminent Global Spherical End Mill industry pla...Read more »
With Walter Cut MX, Walter AG introduced a slotting and cutting blade to the market. The blade is not only mature in technology, but also overcomes the shortcomings of the existing competitor blade system: to avoid installation errors by fixing the positioning pin, and to improve the replacement ...Read more »
From January to November 2018, the output of ten non-ferrous metals in China was 50.43 million tons, an increase of 6.1% year-on-year.
According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics, from January to November, the output of ten non-ferrous metals in China was 50.43 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 6.1%. Among them, refined copper production was 8.17 million tons, up 10.7% year-on-year; primary aluminum p...Read more »
Intelligent manufacturing refers to the deep integration of the new generation of information and communication technology and advanced manufacturing technology. It runs through all aspects of manufacturing activities such as design, production, management and service. It has new production metho...Read more »
On December 11th, it was sponsored by the Implementation Management Office of the "High-end CNC Machine Tool and Basic Manufacturing Equipment" Science and Technology Major (04 Special Project), Industrial Development Promotion Center of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China ...Read more »
China and the United States reach consensus on economic and trade issues, stop tariff escalation measures
On the evening of December 1, local time, President Xi Jinping and US President Trump met in Buenos Aires, Argentina. After the meeting, the relevant person in charge of the Chinese economic and trade team told reporters that the two heads of state discussed the Sino-US economic and trade issues ...Read more »
With the increasing demand for environmental protection in the "Golden Mountain and Silver Mountain, Green Water Mountain", the manufacturing industry is indispensable for the transition to green manufacturing, and the machine tool industry is no exception. Since last year, the incidents of sever...Read more »
The International Robotics Federation (IFR) announced the "The World Robotics Report" that will be released every year at the "World Robot Summit 2018″ press conference held in Tokyo, Japan. According to the report, the global investment in industrial robots will continue ...Read more »
People's Daily Online, Beijing, November 13 According to the website of the Ministry of Commerce, on November 12, the Comprehensive Department of the Ministry of Commerce and the International Trade and Economic Cooperation Research Institute jointly issued the "China Foreign Trade Si...Read more »
The central parity of the renminbi against the US dollar rose rapidly for two consecutive trading days. According to data from the China Foreign Exchange Trading Center, the central parity of the RMB on the 5th was sharply raised by 395 points to 6.8976, the highest since October 8, the biggest i...Read more »
In recent years, the demand for important equipment manufacturing industries such as India's defense, automobile and railway has increased significantly, which has led to a substantial increase in the machine tool industry. Some Indian machine tool companies have grown stronger through the ...Read more »
According to the National Bureau of Statistics, in September 2018, the output of China's metal cutting machine tools was 43,000 units, which was the same as that of the same month last year. The output of CNC metal cutting machines was 16,000 units, down 5.9% year-on-year; the output of met...Read more »
The World Robotics Summit 2018, which brings together the exhibition of living and industrial robots, opened on the 17th at the Tokyo International Exhibition Center (Jiangdong District, Tokyo). In order to expand the opportunity to use robots in daily life, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Ind...Read more »
At the Nanjing Software Expo "2018 China Internet Innovation and Development Forum" hosted by China Electronics and Information Industry Development Research Institute and Nanjing Economic and Information Technology Committee, Sun Difeng, CEO of CCID Consulting, said that it combines ...Read more »
Following a series of measures to stabilize foreign trade, the State Council once again showed a favorable foreign trade policy. This time, the focus of the deployment was on improving the export tax rebate policy and speeding up the tax rebate. The State Council executive meeting held on October...Read more »
From the statistics of the first 8 months of the China Machine Tool Industry Association's key contact enterprises, the industry continued to maintain a stable overall operation and improved operational quality. The main business income and industrial output value of each month increased si...Read more »
The hydraulic valve block is an important part of the hydraulic system, usually in a compact square design with multiple internal passages that allow it to control the oil pressure distribution of large machines or systems in automotive or industrial environments. Heavy-duty agricultural or const...Read more »
The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding autumn and winter air pollution control programs were officially announced!
According to the website of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment recently issued a notice on the issuance of the "Action Plan for the Comprehensive Management of Air Pollution in the Autumn and Winter of 2018-2019 in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and the S...Read more »
Earlier this year, Finnish nanodiamond manufacturer Carbodeon and Dutch 3D printing specialist Tiamet 3D teamed up to develop a nanodiamond-enhanced 3D printing material: uDiamond. On September 17, 2018, 3D Tiger learned from foreign media that the 3D printed materials are available. Nanodiamond-...Read more »
Japanese machine tool exports fell for the first time in 21 Months: the reason is that China is more illuminating the Chinese machine tools
It is regarded as the leading indicator of the Japanese economy. Japanese machine tool orders are welcoming a turning point. The reason is actually China. Japan's Sankei Shimbun reported that the August Machine Tool Order Data (Express Report) released by the Japan Machine Tool Industry Associati...Read more »
At the 2018 International Manufacturing Technology Show (IMTS) in Chicago, USA, HP, a major printer manufacturer in the United States, introduced the HP Metal Jet printer and said it is the world's most advanced 3D printer for high-volume production production. Metal parts. The company says...Read more »


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Choosing, Chatting, and Collecting: Vocabulary Self-Collection Strategy
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Mountlake Terrace, Washington
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The vocabulary self-collection strategy involves having students choose the words they want to learn, chat about their rationale for selecting words, and agree upon words for a classroom collection. This strategy is an effective approach to help students understand the meanings of new words, use them in conversations and writing, and make personal connections with words while reading. The strategy also encourages students to use the words for authentic tasks and on a regular basis in their writing. In this lesson, an online Shakespeare text is used as an example; however, the strategy can be applied to any content area reading.
Ruddell, M.R., & Shearer, B.A. (2002). "Extraordinary," "tremendous," "exhilarating," "magnificent": Middle school at-risk students become avid word learners with the vocabulary self-collection strategy (VSS). Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 45, 352363.
- Self-selection of vocabulary enhances students' motivation and achievement in learning new words.
- Students' rationale for selecting certain words adds to their understanding of the process for learning them.
- Students can build their vocabulary knowledge through active participation in "word discussions" and activities related to word learning.


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HP 431C Power Meter + Thermistor Connector
HP Hewlett-Packard 431C Power Meter
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Power Meter + Thermistor Connector
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My album/CD - Where I Stand
Tom Springfield page
MikeLive! Internet Radio
"I'll do what I like, because I'm six foot five and I eat punks like you for breakfast!" - Monty Python
<< left: recording "BVs" for the album
Dion DiMucci page
North Wales photo site
The Seekers - song chords
Last update by Mike P on 29th January 2017


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These games teach valuable skills and have a high fun and educational rating.
Your child develops an understanding of 2D vs. 3D shapes by printing 2D shapes and folding them to create 3D shapes.
Your child learns about logic and real world math by leading Betty on the shortest route around town.
Your child learns to interact with others by printing Valentines to give to friends.
Zoodles 11.8.7 Copyright (c) 2014 Inquisitive Minds, Inc. All rights reserved.


text: f69f4771-1d4b-4396-8fc0-55dc186ac0f6 By SEO Admin Account|2019-05-08T13:37:19-07:00May 8th, 2019|0 Comments Share This Story, Choose Your Platform! FacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditGoogle+TumblrPinterestEmail About the Author: SEO Admin Account Leave A Comment Cancel replyComment Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. + = 10 Notify me of new posts by email. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.


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Unwanted, abused birds flocking to The Gabriel Foundation in Denver
Workers at The Gabriel Foundation's offices arrived one day to find an abandoned Cockatoo in a cardboard box taped to the front door.
Unwanted birds have also been found in the foundation's trash bin, says founder Julie Weiss Murad.
The Gabriel Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to the welfare of Parrots and all their exotic cousins – Macaws, Cockatiels and Lovebirds, among others – has found itself at the leading edge of a national problem more often associated with dogs and cats:
Financially strained owners say they can no longer afford to care for them.
But that's where the similarity with cats and dogs ends, says Murad, who has been around birds more than 40 years.
"The difference is that so many people don't recognize what is considered appropriate or species-specific care for Parrots," she explains. "And they may be living marginally themselves."
Read more…


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Micro Focus has enhanced its SilkPerformer application testing and management solution with support for performance testing of mobile web applications. Citing a recent survey by analyst firm Forrester, which showed that more than 50% of enterprises are most interested in using mobile applications or mobile optimized websites to reach out to their customers, the company says that now is the time to embrace mobile application development more fervently than ever before.
"Internet access is changing rapidly and device diversity is putting mixed loads on websites. Today's users expect the same response times but websites behave differently when accessed by mobile devices depending on the operating system, browser, and network service they have. This makes simulating peak demands and client complexity, as well as diagnosing system performance, harder than ever. When you add testing peak demand loads from multiple global locations into the mix, the challenge is clear to see," said Archie Roboostoff, Borland solutions portfolio director at Micro Focus.
In response to these mobile realities, SilkPerformer has now been engineered to offer simulation capabilities for a variety of mobile phones, such as Android, iOS, and Blackberry devices. Micro Focus says this is important because different screen sizes and input methods (such as touch screen technology) mean many web applications look different when loaded on a mobile device compared to a full site.
"These mobile versions of a web page need to be treated as separate applications when being put through performance testing as they have different performance implications on the back end. Micro Focus SilkPerformer also simulates the bandwidth limitations of mobile network connections and supports all existing and upcoming mobile phone standards like GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, HSPA+, and LTE, while its Mobile Browser Simulation emulates mobile device traffic from different parts of the world," said Roboostoff.
Micro Focus SilkPerformer mimics realistic user behavior loads from just one browser, containing server resource and cost to present insight into system performance problems. The solution delivers a visual representation of server performance diagnostics for issue resolution. This combination, says Micro Focus, ultimately ensures optimized performance of business applications for the enterprise.


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Regional Data
Orthophotography is the enhanced aerial photography that has been adjusted (rectified) to allow measurements of features within the image. Aerial photos are combined with GIS and terrain data.
Through PAG's Regional Remote Sensing Program, the agency coordinates and manages the production of digital high resolution orthophotography and elevation data sets for its member government entities. Since 1998, the region has used orthos and applied them to transportation planning, preliminary roadway and drainage design, and land use planning efforts.
Order Information
Orthophotos and elevation datasets are managed by Pima Association of Governments and made available online for the general public at a minimal reproduction cost. The online ordering process consists of copying the imagery datasets on DVD or portable hard drives.
The imagery and elevation data set consist of the following:
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2015 Pricing
Price per section (approximatly 1 square mile)
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Note: Please allow up to two business days to process your order.
Approximate Data Size per section
Since 1998, Pima Association of Governments has contracted aerial flights every 3 to 4 years, covering over 3,200 square miles in all of eastern Pima County and parts of rapidly growing southern Pinal County. The images and terrain data allow public and private sector planners to use the images and data to help determine the following:
How to View
A digital orthophoto is a computer-generated image of an aerial photograph or aerial digitial image in which displacements caused by camera orientation and terrain have been corrected and projected to a standardized map projection. Digital orthophotos are available in either black and white (gray scale), color (red, green and blue), or multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near infrared).
A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) describes the elevation of points and break lines of the bare earth surface, but does not support contour modeling. A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) describes the elevation of points and break lines of the bare earth surface with additional data to describe ridgelines, peaks and valleys, etc., allowing it to be used for accurate contour modeling.
Orthophoto Samples
Images shown to the right
RGB or true color
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
File size 289MB to 2.5GB
Average Size 420MB
Sample shown rendered as a TIN
©Pima Association of Governments | 1 E Broadway Blvd, Suite 401, Tucson, AZ 85701 | Telephone (520) 792-1093, FAX (520) 620-6981


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Well, it's only a matter of time now.
We've seen self-flying drones, supercharged drones, robotic hell hounds that can withstand a good kicking and human-like bots that are taking over businesses in Japan.
Pretty soon we will be slaves to these things, which are growing smarter every day.
Researchers at MIT have successfully created "the first four-legged robot to run and jump over obstacles autonomously" thanks to new technological developments with its DARPA-funded robotic cheetah.
It uses a built-in laser system called LIDAR to see things in its line of vision and then figures out the best way to go get over it.
For example, imagine a swarm of rebel Amazon drones just dropped a bunch of Kindle Fire tablets on your head putting you out of commission.
If one of these robotic cats happen to come across your lifeless corpse, it could very easily leap over it without any sort of human guidance.
Here's an explanation of how it works from MIT's press release:
To get a running jump, the robot plans out its path, much like a human runner: As it detects an approaching obstacle, it estimates that object's height and distance. The robot gauges the best position from which to jump, and adjusts its stride to land just short of the obstacle, before exerting enough force to push up and over. Based on the obstacle's height, the robot then applies a certain amount of force to land safely, before resuming its initial pace.
It was able to successfully conquer hurdles up to 18-inches tall while going about 5mph.
Here's a less threatening video of the cheetah running across some grass, but don't be deceived by the innocent-looking prance.
The end is neigh.


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Patagonia Women's Houdini Jacket
The 100% recycled nylon, take-it-anywhere jacket with weather-resistant protection for high-output endeavors. Fair Trade Certified™ sewn.
- Featherweight 100% recycled nylon ripstop with a DWR (durable water repellent) finish
- Zippered chest pocket converts to stuffsack with a reinforced carabiner clip-in loop
- Slim fit with drop tail for improved fit while moving
- Hood adjusts in one pull, won't block peripheral vision
- Durable half-elastic cuffs; drawcord hem
- Reflective P-6 logo on left chest
- Can be worn over baselayers and light midlayers; Fair Trade Certified™ sewn
- 96 g (3.4 oz)
1.2-oz 100% recycled nylon ripstop with a DWR (durable water repellent) finish.
Fair Trade Certified™ sewn
Fair Trade Certified™
We pay a premium for every Fair Trade Certified item that carries our label. That extra money goes directly to the workers at the factory, and they decide how to spend it. The program also promotes worker health and safety and social and environmental compliance, and encourages dialog between workers and management.
Water Resistant
DWR (durable water repellent) fabric finish repels light rain and snow and decreases dry times. When DWR is used in conjunction with a waterproof/breathable barrier, the DWR finish keeps the outer fabric from becoming saturated so that the breathable barrier can do its job.
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May 29, 2015 - Middle school students from Bethel, Brookfield, Danbury, Easton, Fairfield, Greenwich, Newtown, Norwalk, Redding, Riverside, Shelton, Stamford, Stratford, Trumbull, Westbrook, Weston, Westport, and Wilton were recognized as the state's top Scholar Leaders at the 2015 Connecticut Association of Schools (CAS) Scholar Leader Banquet sponsored by the Connecticut and Western Massachusetts McDonald's Owner/Operator Association.
As part of its long standing commitment to supporting educational programs in Connecticut, McDonald's joined CAS to honor the following local students as the best of the best in the state at an awards ceremony held at the Aqua Turf Club in Plantsville, Conn. on May 28.
• Audrey Garcia and Connor Meenan, Bethel Middle School, Bethel
• Elizabeth Carrizzo and Neil Thakur, Whisconier Middle School, Brookfield
• Humayra Meem and Timothy Henry, Broadview Middle School, Danbury
• Bharkha Bhavsar and Colin Coe, Rogers Park Middle School, Danbury
• Gabrielle Chioffi and Campbell Wilkerson, Helen Keller Middle School, Easton
• Caroline Lauf and Niam Kothari, Fairfield Woods Middle School, Fairfield
• Madeline Herron and Joshua Schaffer, Roger Ludlowe Middle School, Fairfield
• Allison Milicia and Benjamin Sullivan, Tomlinson Middle School, Fairfield
• Grace Fahey and Bennet Hawley, Central Middle School, Greenwich
• Francesca D'Aprile and Timothy McCarthy, Newtown Middle School, Newtown
• Emily Luo and Gianluca Trota, Nathan Hale Middle School, Norwalk
• Rachel Smith and Erik Criollo, Roton Middle School, Norwalk
• Julia Mullin and Nathaniel Sanders, John Read Middle School, Redding
• Samantha Chabot and Sasha Burnett, Eastern Middle School, Riverside
• Maggie Howard and Colin Mengold, Shelton Intermediate School, Shelton
• Madison Vrtiak and Nicholas Scalfani, Scofield Magnet Middle School, Stamford
• Jayleen Herrera and Malcolm Brown, Flood Middle School, Stratford
• Emma Parkes and Everett Lowe, Wooster Middle School, Stratford
• Jessica Esposito and Kyle Beck, Hillcrest Middle School, Trumbull
• Regina Misercola and Eric Sorge, Madison Middle School, Trumbull
• Marie Bavely and Finian McGannon, Westbrook Middle School, Westbrook
• Carolyn Zech and Brendan Moore, Weston Middle School, Weston
• Sophie McCabe and Evan Vishno, Bedford Middle School, Westport
• Lily Kepner and Nicholas Furst, Middlebrook School, Wilton
"McDonald's is pleased to congratulate this year's Scholar Leader recipients," said Scott Taylor, McDonald's owner/operator and president of the Connecticut and Western Massachusetts McDonald's Owner/Operator Association. "As a proud partner with CAS, McDonald's is honored to recognize Connecticut's top middle school students, who have put their best foot forward and earned remarkable achievements in both school and in their local communities."
The Connecticut Scholar Leader Awards is the largest program of its type in the state. The award is presented to one male and one female student in each middle school whose record of academic achievement and service have been truly exemplary, whose personal standards and accomplishments are a model for others and who possess high levels of integrity, self discipline, honesty and courage.
About McDonald's
The Connecticut and Western Massachusetts McDonald's Owner/Operator Association is comprised of local McDonald's restaurant owners who are community and industry leaders. They have a long-standing commitment to supporting educational initiatives and organizations in the communities they serve, including providing resources to promote balanced, active lifestyles to kids and nutritional information for families. For more information, follow us on Instagram or Twitter @McD_CTWMA.
McDonald's USA, LLC, serves a variety of menu options made with quality ingredients to more than 27 million customers every day. Nearly 90 percent of McDonald's 14,000 U.S. restaurants are independently owned and operated by businessmen and women. Customers can now log online for free at approximately 11,500 participating Wi-Fi enabled McDonald's U.S. restaurants. For more information, visit www.mcdonalds.com, or follow us on Twitter @McDonalds and Facebook www.facebook.com/mcdonalds.
# # #
© 2015 McDonald's
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text:
When we look back on September 11, 2001, we think mainly of people. We mourn for the victims of the attacks, we empathize with their families, we honor the rescue workers, and we reflect on our own experience. At the same time, we remember all of the technology of that day -- the airplanes that the hijackers used as flying bombs, the buildings they damaged and destroyed, and the heavy equipment used in the massive rescue and then clean-up effort. Like countless events throughout history, the attacks of September 11 were a crushing mesh of man and machine.
The most prominent technology on that day, of course, was the World Trade Center complex. After the attack, the WTC's Twin Towers came to symbolize not only the day itself, but also a collective emotion of people all over the world.
In this article, we remember the Twin Towers for everything they were: a remarkable technological achievement, a representation of an ideal, and, ultimately, a staggering reminder of our own vulnerability. In remembering this proud structure, we honor the spirit in which it was built, and we memorialize the victims of the attacks.
The original idea for a world trade center in New York is generally credited to David Rockefeller, one of industrialist John D. Rockefeller's many grandsons. In fact, the idea was proposed soon after World War II, a decade before Rockefeller ever got involved, but he was the one who actually got the ball rolling.
In the 1950s and '60s, while serving as chairman of Chase Manhattan Bank, Rockefeller was dedicated to revitalizing lower Manhattan. He hoped to energize the area with new construction, in much the same way his father revitalized midtown Manhattan in the 1930s with Rockefeller Center. As part of his plan, David Rockefeller proposed a complex dedicated to international trade, to be constructed at the east end of Wall Street. Rockefeller believed that the trade center, which would include office and hotel space, an exhibit hall, a securities and exchange center and numerous shops, would be just the thing to spur economic growth in the area.
By the 1960s, he certainly had something to gain from the WTC project. He had just put up the expensive 60-story Chase Manhattan Bank tower in the financial district, and wanted to increase the value of the bank's investment. But he was also driven by the spirit of international unity. A world trade center would bring together people from all over the globe, a noble ideal in the decades following World War II.
With the help of his brother, Nelson Rockefeller, the governor of New York state at the time, David Rockefeller got The Port of New York Authority involved. The Port of New York Authority, now known as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, is a government institution that heads up public projects in the New York and New Jersey port area. While the Port Authority is a public organization, it functions like a private corporation -- it charges its "customers" directly and profits from investments, rather than taking tax money.
Since its creation in 1921, the Port Authority had been concerned mainly with bridges, tunnels, airports and bus transportation. It had never undertaken anything near the scale of the World Trade Center before, but nonetheless, the organization was the most logical choice to head up the project. It had the rare combination of government connections, diverse resources and the power of eminent domain.
Rockefeller commissioned early designs for the WTC in 1958, the Port Authority got involved in 1960, and the initial plans were made public in 1961. Then things slowed down considerably. For years, the Port Authority slogged through fiscal problems, public relations debacles and legal wrangling, not to mention the unpopular task of evicting the hundreds of businesses and homes occupying the building site.
With all the negotiations and logistical conflicts, excavation didn't actually start until 1966. By that time, the design and scope of the project had changed completely, as we'll see in the next section.
The World Trade Center Tube
The final design for the WTC was a group effort, bringing together the work of dozens of architects, structural engineers and managers, led by a few prominent talents. The Port Authority's Guy Tozzoli selected the final team and managed the entire design and construction process; the chief architect on the project, Minoru Yamasaki, came up with the twin towers concept, as well as the basic layout for the rest of the complex; structural engineers Leslie Robertson and John Skilling figured out how to make the towers stand up.
The final complex consisted of seven buildings, dominated by the twin 110-story towers rising more than 1,360 feet (415 meters) above an open plaza. The monumental tower design was innovative, ambitious and deceptively simple.
At the time of construction, most new skyscrapers were built around grid-style steel skeletons. In this design, the support structure is spread throughout the entire building. Metal beams are riveted end to end to form vertical columns, and at each floor level, these vertical columns are connected to horizontal girder beams. The support columns are all internal, so the outside of the building doesn't have to hold up anything but its own weight. These outer curtain walls can be made of just about anything, including ordinary glass.
The WTC team took a slightly different approach. They decided to build long "tubes," where all the support columns would be around the outside of the building and at the central core of the building. Essentially, each tower was a box within a box, joined by horizontal trusses at each floor.
The outer box, measuring 208 feet by 208 feet (63x63 m), was made up of 14-inch (36-cm) wide steel columns, 59 per building face, spaced just over 3 feet (1 m) apart. On every floor above the plaza level, the spaces between the columns housed 22-inch (56-cm) windows. Yamasaki, who had a pronounced fear of heights, felt that the small windows made the building feel more secure. The columns were covered with aluminum, giving the towers a distinctive silver color. The inner box at the core of each tower measured about 135 feet by 85 feet (41x26 m). Its 47 heavy steel columns surrounded a large open area housing elevators, stairwells and restrooms.
This design had two major advantages. First of all, it gave the building remarkable stability. In addition to shouldering some of the vertical load (the weight of the building), the outer steel columns supported all of the horizontal forces acting on the tower (the force of the wind). This meant the inner support structure was completely dedicated to the huge vertical loads.
Secondly, the tube design made for great real estate. With the support structure moved to the sides and center of the building, there was no need to space bulky columns throughout each floor. Clients could configure the available space, about 3/4 of an acre per floor, however they wanted.
The vertical support columns at the core of the building went all the way down below the bottom floor, through the basement structure, to the spread footing structure below ground. In the spread footing design, each support column rests directly on a cast-iron plate, which sits on top of a grillage. The grillage is basically a stack of horizontal steel beams, lined side by side in two or more layers (see diagram below). The grillage rests on a thick concrete pad poured on the solid bedrock deep underground. This pyramid shape distributes the concentrated weight from the columns over a wide, solid surface. With the steel in place, the entire structure was covered with concrete.
Near the base of each tower, at the plaza level, the narrowly spaced perimeter support columns rested on "column trees." The arched column trees spread the weight from the narrowly spaced columns over thicker columns spaced about 10 feet (3 m) apart. Each of these columns rested on additional, smaller support footings in the foundation.
World Trade Center Elevators
To stand up to the horizontal force of wind, skyscrapers need the right combination of stability and flexibility. They have to be rigid enough that the wind can't push them too far from side to side, but flexible enough that they can give a little, absorbing some of the wind energy.
The WTC crew ran extensive tests to find out just how much sway they could allow without disturbing the building occupants. They put structural models in wind tunnels and even lured unsuspecting test subjects to movable rooms hooked up to heavy hydraulics.
In the end, they designed the towers so they could sway about 3 feet in either direction. To minimize the sway sensation, they installed about 10,000 visco-elastic dampers between support columns and floor trusses throughout the building. The special visco-elastic material in these dampers could move somewhat, but it would snap back to its original shape. In other words, it could give a little and then return to its initial position, absorbing much of the shock of the building's swaying motion.
In addition to the support structure of the buildings, the WTC crew had to consider how people would actually get around the towers. Elevator systems have always been a difficult balancing act for skyscraper designers. As you build upward, increasing the available space and therefore occupancy of a building, you need more elevators to handle the extra people. But adding more elevators running to the top floor reduces the available floor space somewhat, and therefore total occupancy (which reduces the revenue potential). It's tricky getting all the numbers to work out, and it functionally limits the size of the skyscraper. Before the WTC, architects were hesitant to build higher than 80 stories, largely due to the elevator problem.
The WTC crew proposed a completely different system for the huge towers. Instead of building enough elevators to move everybody from the ground floor to their destination, they decided to split the trip to the upper floors between multiple elevators. If people wanted to get from the ground to the top floor, they would need to jump from elevator to elevator, in the same way you might switch cars on a subway system.
First, they would take an express elevator from the main lobby directly to a sky-lobby on the 78th floor. From there, they could go to their destination floor directly. To keep things orderly, all the 55-person elevators had doors on each side -- you would enter on one side, move to the front, and exit on the other side. This way, the passengers could keep their place in line all the way up.
Essentially, each tower functioned as three buildings stacked on top of one another. The system turned out to be a great success -- with 99 elevators total per tower, each serving only specific floors, occupants could get around quickly and easily. Most super skyscrapers built after the WTC used the same basic system.
The World Trade Center Bathtub
Before the Port Authority could build up, to erect the massive towers, they had to build down to establish the buildings' foundations. Massive skyscrapers need to rest on bedrock, the solid rock underneath the ground's soil, or they won't be able to stand up. To get to this level, the crew has to dig up a huge mass of dirt as the first stage in construction.
At the WTC site, the bedrock is between 55 feet and 80 feet (17-24 m) down. Digging to this level is no simple task, obviously, but it's par for the course in skyscraper construction. The WTC crew faced an additional, atypical challenge, however. The build site was immediately adjacent to the Hudson River, and only a few feet down, the soil was completely saturated -- if the crew started digging, the excavation site would be flooded.
Draining the Hudson River would have been a logistical nightmare. Among other things, it would have compromised the stability of other buildings along the shore. Instead, the Port Authority decided to use the unconventional "slurry trench method," previously employed mainly in subway construction.
The process was pretty simple, at least conceptually. The crew used excavating machinery to dig 3-foot-wide trenches down to bedrock level. As they dug, they piped in a slurry made of water and an expansive clay called bentonite. The bentonite slurry material would expand along the sides of the trench, blocking the groundwater.
Once they finished a 22-foot (6.7-m) section of trench, the crew lowered a narrow, seven-story steel framework into the hole. Then they poured in concrete from the bottom of the trench while pumping the slurry out through the top.
In this way, they built solid, steel-reinforced concrete walls underground. They repeated the process with 152 framework segments, each measuring 22 feet across, to form a large box measuring four city blocks by two city blocks (about 500x1,000 feet / 152x304 m). This box, commonly referred to as a "bathtub," formed a water-tight perimeter wall for the two towers' foundation structure.
With the bathtub in place, the construction crew could start digging down to the bedrock to lay the buildings' foundation support. The only problem was that the soil inside the bathtub was the primary support means holding the walls in place -- remove the dirt inside, and the weight of the dirt and water outside would push the walls inward. To keep the walls in place while they built up the foundation, the crew had to run underground tiebacks, cables extending from the perimeter walls to rock surrounding the bathtub. This provided temporary support until the crew could finish a support structure inside the bathtub.
World Trade Center Construction
With the perimeter walls secured in place, the crew could begin excavating the foundation site. They ended up digging up more than 1 million cubic yards of fill, which they dumped in the Hudson, extending the shore. The excavation actually added 28 acres of prime New York real estate, forming what is now Battery Park City.
When they had dug down to the bedrock, they blasted away large pits for the towers' support structure and set about building the massive foundation structure for the buildings above. Additionally, the basement structure had seven levels of usable space, which housed parking decks, stores and subway stations.
Putting the Twin Towers up was a major logistical challenge, in addition to a mind-boggling engineering problem. The buildings required a massive amount of steel -- some 200,000 tons total -- but the construction site only had room for a little bit at any one time. In order to keep construction moving without taking up too much construction site space, the Port Authority had to institute "just in time steel delivery."
In this system, all the steel was transported from the manufacturers to a giant railroad yard in New Jersey. Every major piece of steel was marked with a long ID number, indicating where and when it would be used. According to the construction schedule, the Port Authority would ship the steel pieces from the yard to the site exactly when it was needed -- smaller pieces went by truck and larger pieces by tugboat.
The construction process worked from the inside out. First, the crew built the steel framework of the inner core to a particular height, and then assembled the perimeter wall around it. The perimeter structure was actually formed from pre-fabricated sections of vertical columns attached to horizontal beams (called spandrels). The prefabricated sections were about 10 feet (3 m) wide, either two or three stories high, and weighed about 22 tons.
The floor structure was then installed between the outer perimeter wall and the inner core. The floors also came in pre-assembled sections, consisting of 32-inch-deep (81-cm) trusses topped with a corrugated metal surface. To finish each floor, the crew would pour concrete over the metal surface and top it off with tile. The floor sections included pre-assembled ducts for phone lines and electrical cable, to make things easier for the electricians who would come in later. After the steel structure was in place, the crew attached the outer "skin" to the perimeter -- anodized aluminum, pre-cut into large panels.
This continued, section by section, as the towers climbed higher and higher. The crew lifted the steel sections into place using four large cranes (four per tower), mounted to long steel structures fitted inside the tube structure. The cranes could actually lift themselves higher, using heavy hydraulics, as the floors were finished.
While the crew kept building upward, other workers started to flesh out the floors below, down to installing blinds and painting the walls. A number of businesses actually moved into their new WTC offices years before the towers officially opened.
The Life of the World Trade Center
The World Trade Center complex officially opened its doors on April 4, 1973, to a highly skeptical New York. From its conception all the way through its completion, the WTC project was wildly unpopular with many New Yorkers. Business owners and residents were upset at being forced out of the construction site; citizens all over the city wondered why the Port Authority was sinking so much money into the project (estimated at more than $1 billion, the equivalent of about $4.5 billion today), apparently at the expense of public transportation facilities; environmentalists questioned some of the construction practices; and several prominent architectural critics said the towers were simply too big and ostentatious. The grand opening was certainly a celebratory day for the Port Authority, design team and construction crew, but the WTC complex had a long road in earning the city's acceptance.
Over the next decade, it did just that, and then went on to win over the rest of the country. Boosted by prominent appearances in several movies, such as the 1976 "King Kong" remake, Woody Allen's "Manhattan," and the "Superman" movies, the Twin Towers gained widespread recognition as a piece of New York.
The towers' fame was also fueled by several notable stunts. In the years after the WTC's completion, skydivers successfully parachuted from the top of the towers, climbers scaled the building and a French acrobat walked back and forth between the buildings on a tightrope. In only a few years, the distinctive image of the Twin Towers was a staple on New York postcards, T-shirts and advertisements. The buildings had evolved into a proud symbol of the city, securing their place as an American icon.
The towers also won New Yorkers over by giving them a new view of their city. Visitors could climb to the top of WTC 2, the South tower, for a breathtaking view of the skyline from the outdoor observation deck. On a clear day, it was possible to see more than 40 miles (64 km) in every direction. Visitors with a larger budget could enjoy the view from a more elegant setting, the "Windows of the World" restaurant at the top of WTC 1, the North tower. When the observation deck and restaurant opened, even staunch WTC critics showed up to check out the view.
Most New Yorkers (and most Americans) were familiar with the towers mainly from the outside, but the thousands of people who worked in the towers had a very different perspective -- they appreciated not only the monumental size of the buildings, but also the dizzying variety of activity going on inside. The WTC supported approximately 500 businesses with a collective 50,000 employees. This included offices for banks, law firms, brokerage houses, television stations, publishers, charitable organizations and airlines, among many other things. Additionally, the towers included nine chapels of various faiths.
On a typical business day, as many as 200,000 visitors from all over the world passed through the complex. With the huge range of activity going on, the towers were almost a city unto themselves.
September 11th, 2001
On the morning of September 11, 2001, immediately after terrorists struck the Twin Towers, it looked as though the buildings might remain standing. While the plane crashes had taken huge chunks out of both towers, the overall structure seemed to be intact, at least to the observers on the ground and the millions of Americans watching the catastrophe on television. But within an hour, World Trade Center 2 had collapsed, followed by World Trade Center 1 only 40 minutes later.
In the weeks after the attacks, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE) assembled a team of scientists and engineers to investigate exactly how the buildings collapsed. Based on video, eyewitness accounts and debris analysis, the team formed a likely hypothesis of what happened, which they made public in April 2002. In August 2002, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency in the U.S. Commerce Department, announced it would launch its own two-year, $16 million study of the collapse.
The following is a summary of the FEMA evaluation teams' findings, which were largely along the same lines as the numerous media evaluations in the weeks after the attacks. You can read the entire report at the FEMA Web site.
When the planes hit the two towers, the collisions damaged each building in two major ways:
- In each case, the force of the speeding plane knocked out a number of vertical columns around the building perimeter, damaged large sections of floor, sent furniture and plane wreckage flying through the offices and presumably damaged support columns in each building's core. Most likely, the initial impact also destroyed the sprinkler system on those floors. The evaluation team estimates that the first plane -- a 395,000-pound (180,000-kg) Boeing 767-200ER going about 470 miles per hour (756 kph) -- fractured as many as 36 perimeter support columns over a four-story area of WTC 1's north face. The connected floors partially collapsed, and the central core suffered undefined damage. The second plane, a Boeing 767-200ER flying at about 590 miles per hour (950 kph), inflicted similar damage on WTC 2. The collision fractured as many as 32 perimeter columns over a five-story area, collapsing sections of connected floor and damaging the central core.
- In each attack, the crash ignited the plane's' fuel supply, causing a massive fireball -- an expanding area of burning gas. While the ignited fuel didn't really explode, the fireball did spread fire down the side of the building, throughout the nearby floors and down interior shafts to lower floors. The investigators hypothesized that nearly all of the jet fuel was consumed in the initial fireball and first few minutes of the building fire, but it ignited enough office equipment, paper and building materials to keep the fire raging until the collapse.
Amazingly, the initial damage to the support structure was not enough to topple the building. The report, as well as a number of prominent engineers, have claimed that the majority of skyscrapers on the planet would have collapsed within seconds of such a collision. But the collisions did divert the entire vertical load of the buildings to the remaining columns, significantly increasing the structure's stress level.
Without any additional loads on the support structure, the report claims, the towers could have stayed up indefinitely. But the extreme heat of the fire, which might have been in excess of 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (1,090 C) at some points, exerted tremendous stress on the perimeter columns, the core columns, and the floor trusses in between them.
The World Trade Center Fire
The main factor was really the size of the fire -- the total area it covered. Building fires typically start with a small fire -- say a burning cigarette on a stack of papers -- which gradually spreads through a larger area. In that situation, the fire is most intense where it has the most fuel (stuff that can burn), and it significantly weakens the support structure only at those most intense points. If a fire starts in the northwest corner of a skyscraper floor, by the time the fire reaches the southeast corner, the starting fire at the starting point will have burned through most of the fuel, and the fire will not be as intense. The result is the fire doesn't put maximum strain on the total support structure all at once. It strains different parts of the support structure in turn, over time.
In the case of the World Trade Center, the burning jet fuel spread the fire across several floors in a matter of seconds. This massive fire put exceptional strain on the structure at nearly all points on those floors.
Additionally, the report suggests that the force of the collision removed much of the fire-resistant material sprayed on the steel, making the structure more susceptible to heat damage.
The heat expanded, twisted and buckled the steel support structure, gradually reducing the building's stability. Any number of things could have happened during this period. For example, connections between vertical columns and floor trusses probably broke, dropping sections of floor on lower levels and breaking connections between the core and the perimeter wall, possibly causing columns along the perimeter to buckle outward. Every broken connection or buckled length of steel added to the force acting on connected steel segments, until the entire structure was weakened to the point that it couldn't hold the upper section of the building.
When this happened, the top part of each building collapsed onto the lower part of the building. Essentially, this was like dropping a 20-story building on top of another building. Before the crash, this upper structure exerted a constant downward force -- its weight -- on the superstructure below. Obviously, the lower superstructure was strong enough to support this weight. But when the columns collapsed, the upper part of the building started moving -- the downward force of gravity accelerated it. The momentum of an object -- the quantity of its motion -- is equal to its mass multiplied by its velocity. So when you increase the velocity of an object with a set mass, you increase its momentum. This increases the total force that the object can exert on another object.
To understand how this works, think of a hammer. Resting in your hand, it doesn't hurt you at all. But if you drop it on your foot, it can do some damage. Similarly, if you swing the hammer forward, you can apply enough force to drive nails into a wall.
When the upper structure of each tower fell down, its velocity -- and therefore its momentum -- increased sharply. This greater momentum resulted in an impact force that exceeded the structural integrity of the columns immediately underneath the destroyed area. Those support columns gave way, and the whole mass fell on the floors even farther down. In this way, the force of the falling building structure broke apart the superstructure underneath, crushing the building from the top, one floor at a time.
To put it another way, the potential energy of the building mass, the energy of position it had due to its height and the pull of gravity, was converted into kinetic energy, or energy of motion (the report puts the total potential energy for WTC 1 at 4*10^11 joules). This is the same basic principle that professional demolition blasters use to bring down unoccupied buildings.
WTC 2, the second tower hit, actually collapsed before WTC 1. This was most likely due to two different factors. First, WTC 2 probably suffered greater immediate damage -- the second plane to hit was going faster than the first. Secondly, the plane that hit WTC 2 crashed lower on the building than the plane that hit WTC 1. Consequently, the strained support columns in WTC 2 had a greater load pressing down on them than the strained columns in WTC 1, so it would make sense that they reached the buckling point more quickly.
While the towers' support structure ultimately couldn't withstand the raging fire, it was strong enough to save thousands of people's lives. Around 99 percent of the people below the impact in each tower were able to evacuate before the buildings collapsed. If the towers hadn't been built with redundant structural stability, the death toll would have easily been in the tens of thousands.
The Aftermath of 9/11
In the months following the attacks, the United States, and the world, had a lot of work to do. While most of us were doing a lot of emotional work, to make sense of what had happened, the more than 1,500 firemen, search and rescue teams, ironworkers, engineers, heavy equipment operators and other workers at ground zero were doing the very tangible physical work of cleaning up the World Trade Center wreckage.
The ground zero effort began as a search-and-rescue operation, with workers removing debris carefully, looking for voids where there might be survivors. In the first hours, rescue workers mainly employed bucket brigades, which allowed them to remove debris carefully and systematically. This was important not only for the safety of any survivors, but also for the workers themselves. The wreckage was a precarious mess of twisted steel, concrete and debris, which could shift at any time.
The crew also brought in heavy equipment, including excavators and cranes. Setting up the massive cranes was a real challenge, because the ground underneath wasn't entirely stable. When the towers and surrounding buildings collapsed, the falling steel punctured huge holes in the WTC plaza, filling large sections of the basement with debris. The rescue workers weren't just sifting through a pile of wreckage above ground; they were working on top of a pit filled with debris. Engineers had to find and secure stable ground for their 300-ton and 800-ton cranes.
Additionally, the ground zero crew had to address the underground bathtub's stability. The force of the collapse destroyed much of the underground support structure that held the bathtub walls in place, risking a massive underground collapse. To maintain the basement's relative stability, the clean-up engineers had to reconfigure the tieback system that originally held the walls in place until they could construct a permanent support structure. This involved drilling into the ground and running new tieback cables between the walls and surrounding bedrock.
The clean-up effort was slow going -- the crew had to proceed carefully, and they had to move a lot of debris, truckload by truckload, to a Staten Island landfill. When the clean-up was finished, in May 2002, the workers had moved 108,000 truckloads of debris -- around 1.8 million tons of material. But despite this massive undertaking and inherent slow speed, the crew finished the job ahead of schedule, and well under budget.
When the clean-up was finished, Americans turned their attention to the future of the World Trade Center site, and the varied visions are a poignant manifestation of the nation's emotion. Americans wanted a memorial to honor the dead and mark the pivotal day in history. But at the same time, most of the country wanted to put up new office buildings and get people back to work at the WTC site.
The prevailing sentiment is clear: Most Americans want the site to reflect the gravity and sorrow of September 11, but they refuse to let the attacks crush the spirit that put up the towers in the first place. It's important to the nation, on a symbolic and practical level, that the American way of life goes on undeterred, that international trade prevails and that engineers and architects continue to dream big.