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Difference between revisions of "Security"
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To further heighten the security it is possible to lockout a user after a specified number of failed login attempts. The user account can either be locked until the root user unlocks it, or automatically be unlocked after a set time.
To further heighten the security it is possible to lockout a user after a specified number of failed login attempts. The user account can either be locked until the root user unlocks it, or automatically be unlocked after a set time.
To lockout a user for ten minutes after three failed login attempts
To lockout a user for ten minutes after three failed login attempts {{ic|}}to as :
{{hc|/etc/pam.d/system-login|2=auth required pam_tally2.so deny=3 unlock_time=600 onerr=succeed
auth required pam_tally2.so deny=3 unlock_time=600 onerr=succeed
That is all there is to it. If you feel adventurous, make three failed login attempts. Then you can see for yourself what happens. To unlock a user manually do:
That is all there is to it. If you feel adventurous, make three failed login attempts. Then you can see for yourself what happens. To unlock a user manually do:
Revision as of 09:48, 10 February 2019
This article contains recommendations and best practices for hardening an Arch Linux system.
- 1 Concepts
- 2 Passwords
- 3 Storage
- 4 User setup
- 5 Restricting root
- 6 Mandatory access control
- 7 Kernel hardening
- 7.1 Kernel self-protection / exploit mitigation
- 7.2 Restricting access to kernel logs
- 7.3 Restricting access to kernel pointers in the proc filesystem
- 7.4 Keep BPF JIT compiler disabled
- 7.5 ptrace scope
- 7.6 hidepid
- 8 Sandboxing applications
- 9 Network and firewalls
- 10 Authenticating packages
- 11 Follow vulnerability alerts
- 12 Physical security
- 13 Rebuilding packages
- 14 See also
- It is possible to tighten the security so much as to make your system unusable. The trick is to secure it without overdoing it.
- There are many other things that can be done to heighten the security, but the biggest threat is, and will always be, the user. When you think security, you have to think layers. When one layer is breached, another should stop the attack. But you can never make the system 100% secure unless you unplug the machine from all networks, lock it in a safe and never use it.
- Be a little paranoid. It helps. And be suspicious. If anything sounds too good to be true, it probably is!
- The principle of least privilege: each part of a system should only be able to access what is required to use it, and nothing more.
Passwords are key to a secure Linux system. They secure your user accounts, encrypted filesystems, and SSH/GPG keys. They are the main way a computer chooses to trust the person using it, so a big part of security is just about picking secure passwords and protecting them.
Choosing secure passwords
When relying on a passphrase, it must be complex enough to not be easily guessed from e.g. personal information, or cracked using methods like brute-force attacks. The tenets of strong passphrases are based on length and randomness. In cryptography the quality of a passphrase is referred to as its entropic security.
Insecure passwords include those containing:
- Personally identifiable information (e.g., your dog's name, date of birth, area code, favorite video game)
- Simple character substitutions on words (e.g.,
- Root "words" or common strings followed or preceded by added numbers, symbols, or characters (e.g.,
- Common phrases or short phrases of grammatically related words (e.g.
all of the lights), and even with character substitution.
The right choice for a password is something long (8-20 characters, depending on importance) and seemingly completely random.
A good technique for building secure, seemingly random passwords is to base them on characters from every word in a sentence.
Take for instance "the girl is walking down the rainy street" could be translated to
t6!WdtR5 or, less simply,
This approach could make it easier to remember a password, but note that the various letters have very different probabilities of being found at the start of words (Wikipedia:Letter frequency). Also consider the Diceware Passphrase method, using a sufficient number of words.
A better approach is to generate pseudo-random passwords with tools like pwgen or apgAUR: for memorizing them, one technique (for ones typed often) is to generate a long password and memorize a minimally secure number of characters, temporarily writing down the full generated string. Over time, increase the number of characters typed - until the password is ingrained in muscle memory and need not be remembered. This technique is more difficult, but can provide confidence that a password will not turn up in wordlists or "intelligent" brute force attacks that combine words and substitute characters.
It is also very effective to combine these two techniques by saving long, complex random passwords with a password manager, which will be in turn accessed with a mnemonic password that will have to be used only for that purpose, especially avoiding to ever transmit it over any kind of network. This method of course limits the use of the stored passwords to the terminals where the database is available for reading (which on the other hand could be seen as an added security feature).
See Bruce Schneier's article Choosing Secure Passwords, The passphrase FAQ or Wikipedia:Password strength for some additional background.
Maintaining passwords
Once you pick a strong password, be sure to keep it safe. Watch out for keyloggers (software and hardware), social engineering, shoulder surfing, and avoid reusing passwords so insecure servers cannot leak more information than necessary. Password managers can help manage large numbers of complex passwords: if you are copy-pasting the stored passwords from the manager to the applications that need them, make sure to clear the copy buffer every time, and ensure they are not saved in any kind of log (e.g. do not paste them in plain terminal commands, which would store them in files like
As a rule, do not pick insecure passwords just because secure ones are harder to remember. Passwords are a balancing act. It is better to have an encrypted database of secure passwords, guarded behind a key and one strong master password, than it is to have many similar weak passwords. Writing passwords down is perhaps equally effective[1], avoiding potential vulnerabilities in software solutions while requiring physical security.
Another aspect of the strength of the passphrase is that it must not be easily recoverable from other places.
If you use the same passphrase for disk encryption as you use for your login password (useful e.g. to auto-mount the encrypted partition or folder on login), make sure that
/etc/shadow either also ends up on an encrypted partition, or uses a strong hash algorithm (i.e. sha512/bcrypt, not md5) for the stored password hash (see SHA password hashes for more info).
If you are backing up your password database, make sure that each copy is not stored behind any other passphrase which in turn is stored in it, e.g. an encrypted drive or an authenticated remote storage service, or you will not be able to access it in case of need; a useful trick is to protect the drives or accounts where the database is backed up using a simple cryptographic hash of the master password. Maintain a list of all the backup locations: if one day you fear that the master passphrase has been compromised you will have to change it immediately on all the database backups and the locations protected with keys derived from the master password. Version-controlling the database in a secure way can be very complicated: if you choose to do it, you must have a way to update the master password of all the database versions. It may not always be immediately clear when the master password is leaked: to reduce the risk of somebody else discovering your password before you realize that it leaked, you may choose to change it on a periodical basis. If you fear that you have lost control over a copy of the database, you will need to change all the passwords contained in it within the time that it may take to brute-force the master password, according to its entropy.
Password hashes
By default, Arch stores the hashed user passwords in the root-only-readable
/etc/shadow file, separated from the other user parameters stored in the world-readable
/etc/passwd file, see Users and groups#User database. See also #Restricting root.
Passwords are set with the passwd command, which stretches them with the crypt function and then saves them in
/etc/shadow. See also SHA password hashes. The passwords are also salted in order to defend them against rainbow table attacks.
See also How are passwords stored in Linux (Understanding hashing with shadow utils).
Enforcing strong passwords using pam_cracklib
pam_cracklib provides protection against Dictionary attacks and helps configure a password policy that can be enforced throughout the system.
If for example you want to enforce this policy:
- prompt 2 times for password in case of an error
- 10 characters minimum length (minlen option)
- at least 6 characters should be different from old password when entering a new one (difok option)
- at least 1 digit (dcredit option)
- at least 1 uppercase (ucredit option)
- at least 1 other character (ocredit option)
- at least 1 lowercase (lcredit option)
Edit the
/etc/pam.d/passwd file to read as:
#%PAM-1.0 password required pam_cracklib.so retry=2 minlen=10 difok=6 dcredit=-1 ucredit=-1 ocredit=-1 lcredit=-1 password required pam_unix.so use_authtok sha512 shadow
password required pam_unix.so use_authtok instructs the pam_unix module to not prompt for a password but rather to use the one provided by pam_cracklib.
You can refer to the pam_cracklib(8) and pam_unix(8) man pages for more information.
Disk encryption
Disk encryption, preferably full disk encryption with a strong passphrase, is the only way to guard data against physical recovery. This provides complete security when the computer is turned off or the disks in question are unmounted.
Once the computer is powered on and the drive is mounted, however, its data becomes just as vulnerable as an unencrypted drive. It is therefore best practice to unmount data partitions as soon as they are no longer needed.
Certain programs, like dm-crypt, allow the user to encrypt a loop file as a virtual volume. This is a reasonable alternative to full disk encryption when only certain parts of the system need be secure.
File systems
The kernel now prevents security issues related to hardlinks and symlinks if the
fs.protected_hardlinks and
fs.protected_symlinks sysctl switches are enabled, so there is no longer a major security benefit from separating out world-writable directories.
File systems containing world-writable directories can still be kept separate as a coarse way of limiting the damage from disk space exhaustion. However, filling
/var or
/tmp is enough to take down services. More flexible mechanisms for dealing with this concern exist (like quotas), and some file systems include related features themselves (Btrfs has quotas on subvolumes).
Mount options
Following the principle of least privilege, file systems should be mounted with the most restrictive mount options possible (without losing functionality).
Relevant mount options are:
nodev: Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system.
nosuid: Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect.
noexec: Do not allow direct execution of any binaries on the mounted file system.
- Setting
/homedisallows executable scripts and breaks Wine* and Steam.
- Some packages (building nvidia-dkms for example) may require
- Setting
exec flag for opening Windows executables. It is only needed when Wine itself is installed in
File systems used for data should always be mounted with
nosuid and
Potential file system mounts to consider:
File access permissions
The default file permissions allow read access to almost everything and changing the permissions can hide valuable information from an attacker who gains access to a non-root account such as the
http or
nobody users.
For example:
# chmod 700 /boot /etc/{iptables,arptables}
The default Umask
0022 can be changed to improve security for newly created files. The NSA RHEL5 Security Guide suggests a umask of
0077 for maximum security, which makes new files not readable by users other than the owner. To change this, see Umask#Set the mask value.
User setup
After installation make a normal user for daily use. Do not use the root user for daily use.
Enforce a delay after a failed login attempt
Add the following line to
/etc/pam.d/system-login to add a delay of at least 4 seconds between failed login attempts:
auth optional pam_faildelay.so delay=4000000
4000000 is the time in microseconds to delay.
Lockout user after three failed login attempts
To further heighten the security it is possible to lockout a user after a specified number of failed login attempts. The user account can either be locked until the root user unlocks it, or automatically be unlocked after a set time.
To lockout a user for ten minutes
unlock_time=600 after three failed login attempts
deny=3, add the parameters to the PAM configuration as follows:
auth required pam_tally2.so deny=3 unlock_time=600 onerr=succeed file=/var/log/tallylog
That is all there is to it. If you feel adventurous, make three failed login attempts. Then you can see for yourself what happens. To unlock a user manually do:
# pam_tally2 --reset --user username
unlock_time is specified in seconds. If you want to permanently lockout a user after 3 failed login attempts remove the
unlock_time part of the line. The user is then unable to login until root unlocks the account.
Limit amount of processes
On systems with many, or untrusted users, it is important to limit the number of processes each can run at once, therefore preventing fork bombs and other denial of service attacks.
/etc/security/limits.conf determines how many processes each user, or group can have open, and is empty (except for useful comments) by default. adding the following lines to this file will limit all users to 100 active processes, unless they use the
prlimit command to explicitly raise their maximum to 200 for that session. These values can be changed according to the appropriate number of processes a user should have running, or the hardware of the box you are administrating.
* soft nproc 100 * hard nproc 200
The current number of threads for each user can be found with
ps --no-headers -Leo user | sort | uniq -c. This may help with determining appropriate values for the limits.
Run Xorg rootless
Xorg is commonly considered insecure because of its architecture and dated design. Thus it is recommended to avoid running it as root.
See Xorg#Rootless Xorg for more details how to run it without root privileges.
Restricting root
The root user is, by definition, the most powerful user on a system. Because of this, there are a number of ways to keep the power of the root user while limiting its ability to cause harm, or at least to make root user actions more traceable.
Use sudo instead of su
Using sudo for privileged access is preferable to su for a number of reasons.
- It keeps a log of which normal privilege user has run each privileged command.
- The root user password need not be given out to each user who requires root access.
sudoprevents users from accidentally running commands as root that do not need root access, because a full root terminal is not created. This aligns with the principle of least privilege.
- Individual programs may be enabled per user, instead of offering complete root access just to run one command. For example, to give the user alice access to a particular program:
# visudo
alice ALL = NOPASSWD: /path/to/program
Or, individual commands can be allowed for all users. To mount Samba shares from a server as a regular user:
%users ALL=/sbin/mount.cifs,/sbin/umount.cifs
This allows all users who are members of the group users to run the commands
/sbin/mount.cifs and
/sbin/umount.cifs from any machine (ALL).
To use restricted version of
nano instead of
vi with
Defaults editor=/usr/bin/rnano
# EDITOR=nano visudo is regarded as a severe security risk since everything can be used as an
Editing files using sudo
Running a text editor as root can be a security vulnerability as many editors can run arbitrary shell commands or affect files other than the one you intend to edit. To avoid this, use
sudoedit filename (equivalently,
sudo -e filename) to edit files. This edits a copy of the file using your normal user privileges and then overwrites the original using sudo only after the editor is closed. You can change the editor this uses by setting the
SUDO_EDITOR environment variable:
$ export SUDO_EDITOR=vim
Alternatively, use an editor like
rvim which has restricted capabilities in order to be safe to run as root.
Restricting root login
Once sudo is properly configured, full root access can be heavily restricted or denied without losing much usability. To disable root, but still allowing to use sudo, you can use
passwd -l root.
Allow only certain users
The PAM
pam_wheel.so lets you allow only users in the group
wheel to login using
su. Edit both
/etc/pam.d/su and
/etc/pam.d/su-l, then uncomment the line:
# Uncomment the following line to require a user to be in the "wheel" group. auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid
This means only users who are already able to run privileged commands may login as root.
Denying SSH login
Even if you do not wish to deny root login for local users, it is always good practice to deny root login via SSH. The purpose of this is to add an additional layer of security before a user can completely compromise your system remotely.
Mandatory access control
Mandatory access control (MAC) is a type of security policy that differs significantly from the discretionary access control (DAC) used by default in Arch and most Linux distributions. MAC essentially means that every action a program could perform that affects the system in any way is checked against a security ruleset. This ruleset, in contrast to DAC methods, cannot be modified by users. Using virtually any mandatory access control system will significantly improve the security of your computer, although there are differences in how it can be implemented.
Pathname MAC
Pathname-based access control is a simple form of access control that offers permissions based on the path of a given file. The downside to this style of access control is that permissions are not carried with files if they are moved about the system. On the positive side, pathname-based MAC can be implemented on a much wider range of filesystems, unlike labels-based alternatives.
- AppArmor is a Canonical-maintained MAC implementation seen as an "easier" alternative to SELinux.
- Tomoyo is another simple, easy-to-use system offering mandatory access control. It is designed to be both simple in usage and in implementation, requiring very few dependencies.
Labels MAC
Labels-based access control means the extended attributes of a file are used to govern its security permissions. While this system is arguably more flexible in its security offerings than pathname-based MAC, it only works on filesystems that support these extended attributes.
- SELinux, based on a NSA project to improve Linux security, implements MAC completely separate from system users and roles. It offers an extremely robust multi-level MAC policy implementation that can easily maintain control of a system that grows and changes past its original configuration.
Access Control Lists
Access Control Lists (ACLs) are an alternative to attaching rules directly to the filesystem in some way. ACLs implement access control by checking program actions against a list of permitted behavior.
Kernel hardening
Kernel self-protection / exploit mitigation
The linux-hardened package uses a basic kernel hardening patch set and more security-focused compile-time configuration options than the linux package. A custom build can be made to choose a different compromise between security and performance than the security-leaning defaults.
If you use an out-of-tree driver such as NVIDIA, you may need to switch to its DKMS package.
Userspace ASLR comparison
The linux-hardened package provides an improved implementation of Address Space Layout Randomization for userspace processes. The paxtest command can be used to obtain an estimate of the provided entropy:
64-bit processes
Anonymous mapping randomization test : 32 quality bits (guessed) Heap randomization test (ET_EXEC) : 26 quality bits (guessed) Heap randomization test (PIE) : 40 quality bits (guessed) Main executable randomization (ET_EXEC) : No randomization Main executable randomization (PIE) : 32 quality bits (guessed) Shared library randomization test : 32 quality bits (guessed) VDSO randomization test : 32 quality bits (guessed) Stack randomization test (SEGMEXEC) : 40 quality bits (guessed) Stack randomization test (PAGEEXEC) : 40 quality bits (guessed) Arg/env randomization test (SEGMEXEC) : 44 quality bits (guessed) Arg/env randomization test (PAGEEXEC) : 44 quality bits (guessed) Offset to library randomisation (ET_EXEC): 32 quality bits (guessed) Offset to library randomisation (ET_DYN) : 34 quality bits (guessed) Randomization under memory exhaustion @~0: 32 bits (guessed) Randomization under memory exhaustion @0 : 32 bits (guessed)
Anonymous mapping randomization test : 28 quality bits (guessed) Heap randomization test (ET_EXEC) : 13 quality bits (guessed) Heap randomization test (PIE) : 28 quality bits (guessed) Main executable randomization (ET_EXEC) : No randomization Main executable randomization (PIE) : 28 quality bits (guessed) Shared library randomization test : 28 quality bits (guessed) VDSO randomization test : 20 quality bits (guessed) Stack randomization test (SEGMEXEC) : 30 quality bits (guessed) Stack randomization test (PAGEEXEC) : 30 quality bits (guessed) Arg/env randomization test (SEGMEXEC) : 22 quality bits (guessed) Arg/env randomization test (PAGEEXEC) : 22 quality bits (guessed) Offset to library randomisation (ET_EXEC): 28 quality bits (guessed) Offset to library randomisation (ET_DYN) : 28 quality bits (guessed) Randomization under memory exhaustion @~0: 28 bits (guessed) Randomization under memory exhaustion @0 : 28 bits (guessed)
32-bit processes (on an x86_64 kernel)
Anonymous mapping randomization test : 16 quality bits (guessed) Heap randomization test (ET_EXEC) : 22 quality bits (guessed) Heap randomization test (PIE) : 27 quality bits (guessed) Main executable randomization (ET_EXEC) : No randomization Main executable randomization (PIE) : 18 quality bits (guessed) Shared library randomization test : 16 quality bits (guessed) VDSO randomization test : 16 quality bits (guessed) Stack randomization test (SEGMEXEC) : 24 quality bits (guessed) Stack randomization test (PAGEEXEC) : 24 quality bits (guessed) Arg/env randomization test (SEGMEXEC) : 28 quality bits (guessed) Arg/env randomization test (PAGEEXEC) : 28 quality bits (guessed) Offset to library randomisation (ET_EXEC): 18 quality bits (guessed) Offset to library randomisation (ET_DYN) : 16 quality bits (guessed) Randomization under memory exhaustion @~0: 18 bits (guessed) Randomization under memory exhaustion @0 : 18 bits (guessed)
Anonymous mapping randomization test : 8 quality bits (guessed) Heap randomization test (ET_EXEC) : 13 quality bits (guessed) Heap randomization test (PIE) : 13 quality bits (guessed) Main executable randomization (ET_EXEC) : No randomization Main executable randomization (PIE) : 8 quality bits (guessed) Shared library randomization test : 8 quality bits (guessed) VDSO randomization test : 8 quality bits (guessed) Stack randomization test (SEGMEXEC) : 19 quality bits (guessed) Stack randomization test (PAGEEXEC) : 19 quality bits (guessed) Arg/env randomization test (SEGMEXEC) : 11 quality bits (guessed) Arg/env randomization test (PAGEEXEC) : 11 quality bits (guessed) Offset to library randomisation (ET_EXEC): 8 quality bits (guessed) Offset to library randomisation (ET_DYN) : 13 quality bits (guessed) Randomization under memory exhaustion @~0: No randomization Randomization under memory exhaustion @0 : No randomization
Restricting access to kernel logs
The kernel logs contain useful information for an attacker trying to exploit kernel vulnerabilities, such as sensitive memory addresses. The
kernel.dmesg_restrict flag was to forbid access to the logs without the
CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability (which only processes running as root have by default).
kernel.dmesg_restrict = 1
Restricting access to kernel pointers in the proc filesystem
kptr_restrict=2 by default rather than
kernel.kptr_restrict to 1 will hide kernel symbol addresses in
/proc/kallsyms from regular users without
CAP_SYSLOG, making it more difficult for kernel exploits to resolve addresses/symbols dynamically. This will not help that much on a pre-compiled Arch Linux kernel, since a determined attacker could just download the kernel package and get the symbols manually from there, but if you are compiling your own kernel, this can help mitigating local root exploits. This will break some perf commands when used by non-root users (but many perf features require root access anyway). See FS#34323 for more information.
kernel.kptr_restrict to 2 will hide kernel symbol addresses in
/proc/kallsyms regardless of privileges.
kernel.kptr_restrict = 1
Keep BPF JIT compiler disabled
The Linux kernel includes the ability to compile BPF/Seccomp rule sets to native code as a performance optimization. The
net.core.bpf_jit_enable flag should be set to
0 for a maximum level of security.
BPF/Seccomp compilation can be useful in specific domains, such as dynamic servers (e.g. orchestration platforms like Mesos and Kubernetes). It is not usually useful for desktop users or for static servers. A JIT compiler opens up the possibility for an attacker to perform a heap spraying attack, where they fill the kernel's heap with malicious code. This code can then potentially be executed via another exploit, like an incorrect function pointer dereference. The Spectre attacks, published early 2018, are prominent respective exploits.
ptrace scope
Arch enables the Yama LSM by default, providing a
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope flag. This flag is enabled by default and prevents processes from performing a
ptrace call on other processes outside of their scope without
CAP_SYS_PTRACE. While many debugging tools require this for some of their functionality, it is a significant improvement in security. Without this feature, there is essentially no separation between processes running as the same user without applying extra layers like namespaces. The ability to attach a debugger to an existing process is a demonstration of this weakness.
Examples of broken functionality
gdb -p $PID
strace -p $PID
perf trace -p $PID
reptyr $PID
- This may cause issues for certain applications like an application running in a sandbox and Xorg (see workaround).
- This causes issues with D-Bus, PulseAudio and bluetooth when using systemd > 237.64-1.
The kernel has the ability to hide other users' processes, normally accessible via
/proc, from unprivileged users by mounting the
proc filesystem with the
hidepid= and
gid= options documented here.
This greatly complicates an intruder's task of gathering information about running processes, whether some daemon runs with elevated privileges, whether other user runs some sensitive program, whether other users run any program at all, makes it impossible to learn whether any user runs a specific program (given the program does not reveal itself by its behaviour), and, as an additional bonus, poorly written programs passing sensitive information via program arguments are now protected against local eavesdroppers.
proc group, provided by the filesystem package, acts as a whitelist of users authorized to learn other users' process information. If users or services need access to
/proc/<pid> directories beyond their own, add them to the group.
For example, to hide process information from other users except those in the
proc group:
proc /proc proc nosuid,nodev,noexec,hidepid=2,gid=proc 0 0
For user sessions to work correctly, an exception needs to be added for systemd-logind:
[Service] SupplementaryGroups=proc
Sandboxing applications
See also Wikipedia:Sandbox (computer security).
CONFIG_USER_NS is currently enabled in linux (v4.14.5 or later), linux-lts (v4.14.15 or later) and linux-hardened. Lack of it may prevent certain sandboxing features from being made available to applications. Unprivileged usage is disabled by default unless the
kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone sysctl is set to
1, since it greatly increases the attack surface for local privilege escalation.
Firejail is an easy to use and simple tool for sandboxing applications and servers alike. Firejail is suggested for browsers and internet facing applications, as well as any servers you may be running.
bubblewrap is a setuid sandbox application developed from Flatpak with an even smaller resource footprint than Firejail. While it lacks certain features such as file path whitelisting, bubblewrap does offer bind mounts as well as the creation of user/IPC/PID/network/cgroup namespaces and can support both simple and complex sandboxes.
Manual chroot jails can also be constructed.
Linux containers
Linux Containers are another good option when you need more separation than the other options (short of KVM and VirtualBox) provide. LXC's run on top of the existing kernel in a pseudo-chroot with their own virtual hardware.
Other virtualization options
Using full virtualization options such as VirtualBox, KVM, Xen or Qubes OS (based on Xen) can also improve isolation and security in the event you plan on running risky applications or browsing dangerous websites.
Network and firewalls
While the stock Arch kernel is capable of using Netfilter's iptables and nftables, they are not enabled by default. It is highly recommended to set up some form of firewall to protect the services running on the system. Many resources (including ArchWiki) do not state explicitly which services are worth protecting, so enabling a firewall is a good precaution.
- See iptables and nftables for general info.
- See Simple stateful firewall for a guide on setting up an iptables firewall.
- See Category:Firewalls for other ways of setting up netfilter.
- See Ipset for blocking lists of ip addresses, such as those from Bluetack.
Kernel parameters
Kernel parameters which affect networking can be set using Sysctl. For how to do this, see Sysctl#TCP/IP stack hardening.
To mitigate brute-force attacks it is recommended to enforce key-based authentication. For OpenSSH, see OpenSSH#Force public key authentication. Alternatively Fail2ban or Sshguard offer lesser forms of protection by monitoring logs and writing iptables rules but open up the potential for a denial of service, since an attacker can spoof packets as if they came from the administrator after identifying their address.
You may want to harden authentication even more by using two-factor authentication. Google Authenticator provides a two-step authentication procedure using one-time passcodes (OTP).
Denying root login is also a good practice, both for tracing intrusions and adding an additional layer of security before root access. For OpenSSH, see OpenSSH#Deny.
DNS queries are, by default on most systems, sent and received unencrypted and without checking for authentication of receipt from qualified servers. This could then allow man-in-the-middle attacks, whereby an attacker intercepts your DNS queries and modifies the responses to deliver you an IP address leading to a phishing page to collect your valuable information. Neither you nor the browser/other software would be aware since the DNS protocol takes the legitimacy of query results for granted.
DNSSEC is a set of standards in place that requires DNS servers to provide clients with origin authentication of DNS data, authenticated denial of existence, and data integrity. It, however, is not yet widely used. With DNSSEC enabled, an attacker can not make modifications to your DNS queries and the returning results, but would still be able to read them.
DNSCrypt, as well as later alternative protocol developments DNS over TLS and DNS over HTTPS, use cryptography to secure communications with DNS servers. Usually only one protocol is employed on a system level. See Domain name resolution#DNS servers for supporting software.
If you have a domain name, set a Sender Policy Framework policy to combat email spoofing.
Proxies are commonly used as an extra layer between applications and the network, sanitizing data from untrusted sources. The attack surface of a small proxy running with lower privileges is significantly smaller than a complex application running with the end user privileges.
For example the DNS resolver is implemented in glibc, that is linked with the application (that may be running as root), so a bug in the DNS resolver might lead to a remote code execution. This can be prevented by installing a DNS caching server, such as dnsmasq, which acts as a proxy. [2]
Managing SSL certificates
See OpenSSL and Network Security Services (NSS) for managing custom server-side SSL certificates. Notably, the related Let's Encrypt project is also supported.
The default internet SSL certificate trustchains are provided by the ca-certificates package and its dependencies. Note that Arch relies on trust-sources (e.g. ca-certificates-mozilla) providing the certificates to be trusted per default by the system.
There may be occasions when you want to deviate from the default. For example, you may read some news and want to distrust a certificate rather than wait until the trust-source providers do. The Arch infrastructure makes such easy:
- Obtain the respective certificate in .crt format (Example: view, download; in case of an existing trusted root certificate authority, you may also find it extracted in the system path),
- Copy it to
- Run update-ca-trust as root.
To check the blacklisting works as intended, you may re-open your preferred browser and do so via its GUI, which should show it as untrusted now.
Authenticating packages
Attacks on package managers are possible without proper use of package signing, and can affect even package managers with proper signature systems. Arch uses package signing by default and relies on a web of trust from 5 trusted master keys. See Pacman-key for details.
Follow vulnerability alerts
Subscribe to the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure (CVE) Security Alert updates, made available by National Vulnerability Database, and found on the NVD Download webpage. The Arch Linux Security Tracker serves as a particularly useful resource in that it combines Arch Linux Security Advisory (ASA), Arch Linux Vulnerability Group (AVG) and CVE data sets in tabular format. See also Arch Security Team.
Physical security
Physical access to a computer is root access given enough time and resources. However, a high practical level of security can be obtained by putting up enough barriers.
An attacker can gain full control of your computer on the next boot by simply attaching a malicious IEEE 1394 (FireWire), Thunderbolt or PCI Express device as they are given full memory access.[3] There is little you can do from preventing this, or modification of the hardware itself - such as flashing malicious firmware onto a drive. However, the vast majority of attackers will not be this knowledgeable and determined.
#Disk encryption will prevent access to your data if the computer is stolen, but malicious firmware can be installed to obtain this data upon your next log in by a resourceful attacker.
Locking down BIOS
Adding a password to the BIOS prevents someone from booting into removable media, which is basically the same as having root access to your computer. You should make sure your drive is first in the boot order and disable the other drives from being bootable if you can.
It is highly important to protect your bootloader. There is a magic kernel parameter called
init=/bin/sh. This makes any user/login restrictions totally useless.
Syslinux supports password-protecting your bootloader. It allows you to set either a per-menu-item password or a global bootloader password.
GRUB supports bootloader passwords as well. See GRUB/Tips and tricks#Password protection of GRUB menu for details. It also has support for encrypted /boot, which only leaves some parts of the bootloader code unencrypted. GRUB's configuration, kernel and initramfs are encrypted.
Boot partition on removable flash drive
One popular idea is to place the boot partition on a flash drive in order to render the system unbootable without it. Proponents of this idea often use full disk encryption alongside, and some also use detached encryption headers placed on the boot partition.
Automatic logout
If you are using Bash or Zsh, you can set
TMOUT for an automatic logout from shells after a timeout.
For example, the following will automatically log out from virtual consoles (but not terminal emulators in X11):
TMOUT="$(( 60*10 ))"; [ -z "$DISPLAY" ] && export TMOUT; case $( /usr/bin/tty ) in /dev/tty[0-9]*) export TMOUT;; esac
If you really want EVERY Bash/Zsh prompt (even within X) to timeout, use:
$ export TMOUT="$(( 60*10 ))";
Note that this will not work if there is some command running in the shell (eg.: an SSH session or other shell without
TMOUT support). But if you are using VC mostly for restarting frozen GDM/Xorg as root, then this is very useful.
Protect against rogue USB devices
Install USBGuard, which is a software framework that helps to protect your computer against rogue USB devices (a.k.a. BadUSB, PoisonTap or LanTurtle) by implementing basic whitelisting and blacklisting capabilities based on device attributes.
Rebuilding packages
Packages can be rebuilt and stripped of undesired functions and features as a means to reduce attack surface. For example, bzip2 can be rebuilt without
bzip2recover in an attempt to circumvent CVE-2016-3189. Custom hardening flags can also be applied either manually or via a wrapper.
See also
- Arch Linux Security Tracker
- CentOS Wiki: OS Protection
- Hardening the Linux desktop
- Hardening the Linux server
- Linux Foundation: Linux workstation security checklist
- privacytools.io Privacy Resources
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Security Guide
- Securing Debian Manual (PDF)
- The paranoid #! Security Guide


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Never Miss A Deal Again!
Engineering Supplies, Blueprint Storage, Measuring Tools, Surveying Equipment & More!
Service & Help
Where's My Order?
How To Order
Return Merchandise
Shipping Rates
19 Years Serving Customers Like You. Buy With Confidence.
An Auto Level is a Professional Leveling Tool used by Contractors, Builders, Land Surveying Professionals, or the Engineer who demands accurate leveling every time. AutoLevels set up fast, are easy to use, and save time and money on every job. We have a large selection of Automatic Levels for your choice of options like magnification, accuracy, and price. Some Auto Levels come in kits that include the grade rod and tripod. Auto-Levels are great for Fence Builders, Foundation Installers, Deck Builders, Landscaping Pros, Swimming Pool Builders, Home Builders, Roadwork Jobs, Excavations and More. Auto Levels require that you level the instrument by hand, but you're only required to get the bubble within the black circle on the bubble vial, from there the internal compensator takes over and precisely levels itself. Easier to Level, Quick to Level, and Greater Accuracy. Brands like Agatec, CST Berger, David White, Laser Line, Leica, NorthWest Instrument, Pacific Laser Systems, Pentax, Seco, Sokkia, and Topcon Levels.

subset: commoncrawl


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Thief makes off with money, checks from Krispy Kreme
Woman attacked leaving store to make deposit
A 66-year-old doughnut shop bookkeeper got the scare of her life when a man in a hockey mask stole the business's money bag from her as she was leaving to make a bank deposit.
The woman was attacked at the Krispy Kreme on International Speedway Boulevard in Daytona Beach.
The good news is that the victim wasn't hurt, but the bad news is that the thief got away with thousands and thousands of dollars.
Officials said the incident likely wasn't random because the thief appeared ready to rob.
Employees at the Krispy Kreme said they are shocked at how sudden the robbery was. The victim got into her van to make the deposit, as she always does about the same time and that is when the robber was suddenly at her driver's side door.
"A person, either a man or a woman, came up with the Jason mask and reached into her car," said manager Jennifer Bellanca. "She was really caught off guard and really shaken up."
The bank bag was on the van's passenger seat and the thief, who witnesses are sure was a man, reached right over her to grab it.
Employees believe the thief probably had been studying the bookkeepers banking habits and police said that's certainly possible.
"That could be a possibility that the person knew a little bit about her and was waiting for her to come out," said Daytona Beach Police Department spokesman Jimmie Flynt.
Police set up a perimeter and followed the thief's track with K-9 units behind the business and past a vacant car dealership but lost it.
The staff said they need to change the way they do banking business.
"We'd been pretty comfortable with the way we were doing things but the banks definitely have some systems in place that can help us increase our security make sure this doesn't happen in the future," said Bellanca.
Police said the victim probably can't identify the thief because of the mask so they're hoping someone has information that will help lead them to him.


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51-year-old Watsonville man arrested on suspicion of starting 50 vegetation fires
Authorities arrested a 51-year-old Watsonville man on suspicion of arson Wednesday after he started about 50 small wildfires near Harkins Slough in the past year.
Cal Fire law enforcement officers arrested Jose Luis Sanchez about 9:30 a.m. on the 200 block of San Andreas Road, according to jail records and Cal Fire Division Chief Rich Sampson. A three-month probe that included investigators from the Santa Cruz County District Attorney's Office led to Sanchez.
The fires burned up to one-half acre of vegetation on Harkins Slough and private property, according to Cal Fire. Many of the blazes were "nuisance fires," Sampson said, which required firefighters to respond to hard-to-access areas of the slough at night.
"We were routinely having to go out there at night and put firefighters at risk," said Sampson.
It's not clear why Sanchez started the fires, Sampson said, but he was spotted at the scene of at least one of the blazes. Sanchez remained in Santa Cruz County Jail on Wednesday in lieu of $25,000 bail, according to jail records.
Cal Fire asked residents to report wildfires by calling 911 and make anonymous tips to its arson tip line at 800-468-4408.
By Stephen Baxter - Santa Cruz Sentinel
Article Link.


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A cake between friends:
Have you ever met somebody and instantaneously hit it off? You just connected immediately? I am not referring to a romantic situation, but the same logic applies. This past year I made an incredible friend, Elyse, who found me right here on this blog. It started out simple enough. We just commented on each others blog, which then turned into emails, followed up by daily conversations on Gchat. She and I were lucky enough to finally meet in person this past Labor Day weekend when I went to visit another friend in San Fransisco. Elyse is a wonderful friend and an amazing baker. If you have not visited her blog yet, then take a break and go right now. Since Elyse and I can not actually get together to bake since she is on the west coast and I am on the east coast, she and I decided we would do a bake-along a couple times a month. This month I was pressed on time, but we wanted to make a cake. Elyse mentioned this cake and I thought it would be great. I thought this cake was really delicious and the frosting was incredible, but I honestly did not taste a bit of the root beer flavor. The recipe suggest using root beer schnapps, which I recommend if you want to taste the root beer.
Root Beer Bundt Cake
from Baked: New Frontiers in Baking
For the bundt cake:
2 cups root beer (not diet)
1 cup dark unsweetened cocoa powder
1/2 cup (1 stick) unsalted butter, cut into 1-inch pieces
1 1/4 cups granulated sugar
1/2 cup firmly packed dark brown sugar
2 cups all purpose flour
1 1/4 tsp baking soda
1 tsp salt
2 large eggs
Preheat the oven to 350F. Spray a 10-inch bundt pan with nonstick spray, or butter and flour it.
In a small saucepan, heat the root beer, cocoa powder, and butter over medium heat until the butter is melted. Add the sugars and whisk until dissolved. Remove from heat and let cool.
In a large bowl, whisk the flour, baking soda, and salt together.
In a small bowl, whisk the eggs until just beaten, then whisk them into the cooled cocoa mixture until combined. Gently fold the flour mixture into the cocoa mixture. The batter will be slightly lumpy—do not overbeat, as it could cause the cake to be tough.
Pour the batter into the prepared pan and bake for 35-40 minutes, rotating the pan halfway through the baking time, until a small knife (or toothpick) comes out clean.
Transfer the cake to a wire rack to cool completely. Gently loosen the sides of the cake from the pan and turn it out onto the rack.
Root Beer Fudge Frosting
2 oz dark chocolate, melted and cooled slightly
1/2 cup (1 stick) unsalted butter, softened
1 tsp salt
1/4 cup root beer
2/3 cup dark unsweetened cocoa powder
2 1/2 cups confectioners' sugar
Put all the ingredients in a food processor. Pulse in short bursts until the frosting is shiny and smooth. (Note: I do not have a food processor so I just used an hand mixer which worked fine.)
Use a spatula to spread the fudge frosting over the crown of the bundt in a thick layer.
Let the frosting set before serving. Serve with ice cream on the side (I recommend Vanilla).


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Birthday cupcakes Lenasia, cakes, Platters, Gifts and more. You ask for it and we bake it.
We specialize in all sorts of birthday cupcakes Lenasia : buttercream, plastic icing, rise paper, plastic icing, you name it we will Cake it! Birthday Cu Cakes for girls and boys.
From Traditional, to Funky birthday cup cakes, whatever your style, we will help you through each step of the process, thereby baking your dream birthday cupCake Lenasiafor your Celebration.
We offer a personal but professional service to all our customers, and will Create you a birthday cake that will not only taste heavenly, but will be Beautiful too.
PLEASE NOTE: You do not have to choose birthday cup cakes from our site! If you have a picture or idea, contact us with your idea or picture and we can assist you.
More About Us As a Cake Shop
Koljander Home Industry was established in July 1980. Since then we have grown into the largest co-operative Home Industry in South Africa.
We have been honored with numerous awards and prizes – not least having been voted as the "Best Home Industry in Johannesburg" for 14 times.
Our 40+ members will surprise you with a vast range of top quality baking items, locally produced jams and preserves, South Africa's best teas and coffees, handmade crafts, and exquisite gifts.
Please visit us at 11 Main Road, Melville – we are looking forward to welcoming you in our brightly colored shop.


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These games teach valuable skills and have a high fun and educational rating.
Your child develops an understanding of symmetry by placing bars of symmetrical lines and showing their equivalency.
Your child learns creative development and dance performance by watching these videos and trying the moves at home.
Your child develops design and logic skills by learning the process of creating a product, through research, design and testing. Your child will create a cell phone for the senior citizen population.
Your child develops dance and movement skills as well as an understanding of reusing materials to create music by watching this video with the cast members of the musical Stomp.
Your child will learn how to count by 2s while watching this video.
Your child develops a knowledge of Chinese culture while playing various games and reading accompanying text.
Your child will develop creativity, motor skills, and concentration by learning how to draw flowers with a fork and color paints.
Your child learns about different artists by matching each artist's description to his/her painting.
Your child watches a video depicting a typical school day in Japan and learns about the differences and similarities between their own school experiences and those of a Japanese child.
Your child will explore the concept of cause-and-effect by planting bulbs and letting it rain to see the plants bloom.
Zoodles 11.8.7 Copyright (c) 2014 Inquisitive Minds, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Houndstooth Pink and Brown HD Dog ID Tag
Personalization Details
- This Pet ID Tag will be customized with up to 1 line of text on the front and 3 lines of text on the back
- Front text can be up to 12 characters (including spaces) long
- The text on the back for lines 1, 2, and 3 can be 20 characters, 15, and 12 long respectively
- These character limitations ensure the best possible finished product. Legible, clean, and visuaully appealing
- This Pet ID Tag will be personalized EXACTLY as the information is entered
- Be careful, check spelling and phone #s
- Our customization department will automatically adjust the font size according to the amount of text to be engraved
- Keep in mind that 3 lines of long text will create a relatively small font size...FEWER LINES & WORDS = BIGGER FONT
FOR REFERENCE - A quarter is approx 1 inch across
SMALL: 1" across
MEDIUM: 1.25" across
LARGE: 1.5" across
- Rust proof anodized aluminum pet ID tag
- Product price includes personalization
- Computer generated art is actually part of the tag
- Is not a sticker, decal or anything else that could come off
- An Ellen Crimi Trent Designer ID Tag
- Includes O-Rings for attachment to collars, etc
- Personalization will be centered both vertically and horizontally on the tag
- Add a Tag Protector / Silencer for comfort, silence, and even more protection
- LIFETIME GUARANTEE - Details HERE
Returns Policy
You may return most new, unopened items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund. We'll also pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.).
You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days).
If you need to return an item, simply login to your account, view the order using the "Complete Orders" link under the My Account menu and click the Return Item(s) button. We'll notify you via e-mail of your refund once we've received and processed the returned item.
We can ship to virtually any address in the world. Note that there are restrictions on some products, and some products cannot be shipped to international destinations.
When you place an order, we will estimate shipping and delivery dates for you based on the availability of your items and the shipping options you choose. Depending on the shipping provider you choose, shipping date estimates may appear on the shipping quotes page.
Please also note that the shipping rates for many items we sell are weight-based. The weight of any such item can be found on its detail page. To reflect the policies of the shipping companies we use, all weights will be rounded up to the next full pound.


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The Internet Message Access Protocol (commonly known as IMAP or IMAP4) is an application layer Internet protocol that allows a local client to access e-mail on a remote server. An IMAP protocol is used for e-mail retrieval. Virtually almost all modern e-mail clients and servers support IMAP.
E-mail messages are generally sent to an e-mail server that stores received messages in the recipient's e-mail mailbox. The user later retrieves these messages with either a web browser or an e-mail client that uses one of a number of e-mail retrieval protocols. While some clients and servers preferentially use vendor specific, typically proprietary protocols, most support the Internet standard protocols SMTP for sending e-mail and POP3 and IMAP4 for retrieving e-mail, allowing interoperability with other servers and clients.
Iptables allow or open IMAP server port
Following ports used by default
=> IMAP Port 143
=> SMTP Port 25
You can use iptables to open port 143. Just append following rules to your iptables script. It uses the TCP port 143. Following two iptable rules allows incoming IMAP request on port 143 for server IP address 126.96.36.199 (open port 143):
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 --sport 1024:65535 -d 220.127.116.11 --dport 143 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -s 18.104.22.168 --sport 143 -d 0/0 --dport 1024:65535 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
In order to block port 143 simply use target REJECT instead of ACCEPT in above rules. If you are typing above rules at shell prompt save them:
# /etc/init.d/iptables save
# iptables-save > /path/to/script.sh


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Dr. Aagaard is a the Assistant Dean for Lifelong Learning, Director of the Academy of Medical Educators and Director of Faculty Development in the Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine.
Her areas of interest include direct teaching,faculty development, curriculum development, and medical education scholarship. She has developed and runs faculty development programs in education within the department,the School of Medicine, the Society of General Internal Medicine and the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences. She has won more than 15 awards for clinical excellence, teaching, and humanism in medicine, including the University of Colorado's President's Teaching Award and most recently the Society of General Internal Medicine Mid-Career Mentoring Award.
Click here to learn more about the Elizabeth Gee Memorial Lectureship Award


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Iyengar yoga / Shristi
Add to Calendar
March 15, 2020 @ 10:00 am – 11:30 am
"Iyengar" Yoga is named after the renowned Indian yoga teacher B.K.S .Iyengar.
He stresses the importance of good body alignment, concentration, breath, and awareness. Iyengar Yoga practice is refined and focused. You will be guided to move strategically from one asana (posture) to the next. By focusing on details and precise movements you will clear your mind of built up stresses and gain peace and mental clarity.
Different props are used to support you in order to experience the pose in the most refined and aligned manner. Each class has a special focus, such as hip opening or back bends. Each class ends with a deep relaxation on the back to enable the body and mind to become calm and relaxed.


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Home / Products / Quark XML Author / Why Quark?
Request Consultation
Get White Paper
Only Quark Offers:
Good for IT and Content Creators — Across Industries
Quark XML Author meets the needs of IT staff for XML document quality while providing end users with a simple way to create intelligent XML documents.
In contrast to niche applications, Quark XML Author provides an enterprise option that allows users to create XML documents that conform to any schema or DTD.
Quark supports industry-specific schemas for financial services, life sciences, the intelligence community, manufacturing, and technical documentation — all of which can be deployed out-of-the box for a quick start.
Quark XML Author can be adapted to meet a broad range of enterprise needs — easily outweighing custom-built, Word-based solutions that achieve limited success and drive up costs.
"Quark is the only vendor in the dynamic publishing marketplace to provide a full line of dynamic publishing software, including page layout and design tools, XML authoring tools, automated workflow, and rendering engines that meet the unique needs of enterprise and media publishers.
Not only does Quark provide solutions that can meet the end-to-end publishing workflow requirements for customers across a variety of industries, the company remains the leader in evangelizing the benefits of dynamic publishing."
— Aimee Roberts, Frost & Sullivan industry analyst


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josdu wrote:I built a castle that is in ruins and I like to enter it since I haven't published it, should I enter it in Misc. or Castle? The build also has a statue which might seem like more the focus. I'd like to put it in Misc. ideally.
How do I enter? I don't see any place to do this
(This question will only apply once that contest entry page is up.) Okay, I've entered my MOC, but I don't see in on the 'view entries' page. Where is it?
I've fixed my entry that was on the Naughty List. Now what?
What sorts of things can I make for the Arthurian Scene category?
What sort of artificial lighting do I use for the Dark Age Illumination category?
soccerkid6 wrote:First, for the Secret Hideout category, do we have to use official Castle factions for the outlaws in the hideout? Or can we create our own outlaw faction (using all official LEGO parts of course)?
soccerkid6 wrote:Second, and this applies to all the categories except Miscellaneous and Castle, if we wanted to build a border around our build should that be within the 64x32/48x48 size limit?
soccerkid6 wrote:reasonable overhang?
Can I use non-LEGO or customized elements
In those customs categories, do I have to customize, or can I be purist?
Can I put some building around my custom fig in those categories?
Can I post more or larger pictures of my entry elsewhere online? Can I post these in the forum?
1) Can we give everyone who violates Blue's "SSWWWWEEEEEEEEETTTT!!!" warning and/or who asks a question that has already been answered/is covered by a rule the "animated poo" gif for the duration of the contest? I need some more gongs to oversee
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 4 guests


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Stricken electricals chain Comet will be forced to close 41 stores by the end of the month unless a buyer can be found.
Redundancies were "inevitable" although administrators Deloitte said they would look to place staff from closing stores into other nearby outlets.
Up to 500 jobs could be under threat at 27 of the stores where closing down sales begun today. A further 14 closing down sales will begin early next week.
Chris Farrington, joint administrator, said: "We are very grateful to the company's employees for their professionalism, loyalty and support at this difficult time and all employees will of course continue to be paid for all the work they do while the company is in administration."
Deloitte had already announced 330 redundancies at the company but there have been no job losses among shop staff as yet and all the chain's 236 stores remain open at present.
The bulk of the staff cuts have been made in Comet's head office in Rickmansworth, Herts, as well as its site in Hull and call centre in Clevedon, Somerset.
The collapse of Comet marks one of the biggest high street casualties since the demise of Woolworths in 2008 and came a month after the failure of JJB Sports.
The group was hit by weak high street trading conditions, competition from online rivals and being unable to secure the trade credit insurance needed to safeguard suppliers.
In particular, it was knocked by the lack of first-time home buyers, which had been key customers for Comet, according to Deloitte.
The high street electricals market in the UK has come under huge pressure as cash-strapped shoppers put off purchases of big-ticket items such as TVs and large appliances and online rivals take a bigger slice of the sector.
Comet's administration comes just months after it was taken over by investment firm OpCapita, which bought the chain for a nominal £2 in February.
Angry staff at the chain have called for ministers to investigate the retailer's collapse and the way its former private equity owners ran the company.


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The fee for doctors in Cairo varies from EGP 100 to EGP 600 depending upon doctor's experience and qualification.
The fee for doctors in Cairo varies from EGP 100 to EGP 600 depending upon doctor's experience and qualification.
No, there are no extra charges to book an appointment through DoctorUna.
Go to doctoruna.com or download DoctorUna app where you can search for doctor or any other specialty around your area. To book an appointment on the same day, just choose current date from the Appointment Date filter and choose the time that suits you.
DoctorUna allows you to book appointments with doctor who accept your medical insurance. Just choose your medical insurance provider from the Insurance filter at the top of the page and book in less than a minute.
When you search for the best doctor through DoctorUna, you can filter your search, based on doctor's sex, besides many other search filtration options.
DoctorUna helps you find doctor according to actual patients' ratings and reviews. Each time a patient completes his/ her online booked visit, he/she are invited to review and rate their experience.
You can book appointment by calling at +971-568006811. You can also book online by choosing an available date and time slot on the profile of doctor. There are no extra charges for booking through DoctorUna.
Top 5 doctors in DoctorUna are:-
Top 5 Experienced doctors in DoctorUna are:-
The fee for doctors in Cairo varies from EGP 100 to EGP 600 depending upon doctor's experience and qualification.
No, there are no extra charges to book an appointment through DoctorUna.
Top 5 doctors in DoctorUna are:-
Top 5 Experienced doctors in DoctorUna are:-
Get instant access to over 12+ Indian doctors who are practicing in Cairo for booking an appointment through DoctorUna. Only certified and 100% verified doctor can assess our superior medical search engine platform.
Doctors fees may vary from one clinic to the other. The fees also depend on factors like doctor expertise, years of experience and professional training. In the city of Cairo, the doctor fee range falls between EGP 100 to EGP 600.
Most doctor employ professional and courteous staff who provide info about the doctor's regular timing for securing an appointment. While the popular timing for a doctor visit in Cairo falls any-time between 8 am to 9 pm.
You can use DoctorUna, an interactive medical website, to find the best doctor near your area. Reputed doctor clinics offer high-quality and women-centric healthcare services.
Browse through our comprehensive list that includes the most-reviewed and best doctors in various hospitals in Cairo. DoctorUna can lead to top-class hospitals for doctor such as myBabyclinic, Awazen Medical Center, Dr.Omar Heikal Clinic, Dental Care Unit, Dr.Mohamed Abd Al Karim Center amongst others.
Human beings have realized the fact that a healthy, simple, and disciplined lifestyle is the key to ward off illnesses. If you wish to boost your natural bodily defense by strengthening your immune system, then you should make a conscious effort to make positive changes.
Everyone is going through a hard time and most people are worried about the current situation and they wonder, what next?
Mental health disorder is spreading its wings in Pakistan. Pakistani society needs to address the issue of depression and anxiety without losing more time. According to a leading Pakistani news portal, the citizens have been responding vaguely to subjects related to depression and chronic anxiety.
India is a developing Asian country and also the second most populous place in the globe with more than 1.2 billion people living in it. According to a report penned by an online library in September 2019, the Indian government has taken some positive steps and initiative to support maternal healthcare and newborn care programs. This is made possible by strategic funding via rural health development and primary social health activist groups. Despite these efforts, the maternal and newborn mortality rate continues to be high, especially in rural areas.
The world is facing a deadly crisis in the form of COVID-19. The number of people infected with coronavirus on a global scale stands at 381, 529 (as of 24th March 2020) according to the Worldometer Statistics. Active cases worldwide add up to 262,546. The number of deaths reported numbers at 16,554 and continues to rise.
Do you feel lethargic and weak all the time? Do you have a pale complexion? They could be signs of anemia. In medical terms, anemia is a state of health wherein the body has a low count of healthy red blood cells. These red blood cells are responsible for supplying oxygen to the different parts of your body. Having anemia definitely makes you feel less energetic and tired.
Mental health is a global issue, it does not discriminate between race and color. Any person living in any corner of the country can be affected by mental health symptoms regardless of their gender or monetary position.
The world continues to grapple with the newest virus outbreak known as coronavirus or COVID-19 infection. The deadly virus attack was initially reported in the Wuhan city of China in December 2019. Since then, the Chinese government and health officials have been working with global health experts and medical heads to contain the spread of the new COVID-19 virus.


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Green Around the Clock
This April 22 marks the 40th anniversary of the first Earth Day, started to boost awareness about the environment — and to ensure that pro-planet types would no longer be ignored by legislators. But you don't have to be lobbying Congress to make a difference. Do your part by practicing these six habits each day
In the Morning
- Brew "certified" coffee. A USDA Certified Organic label means it was grown using sustainable standards.
- Green "to go." Not brewing at home? Take a travel cup to your favorite java joint; they may fill it at a discount.
At Work
- Double up. Configure your office printer or copy machine so it prints on both sides of the page.
- Put it to sleep. If you'll be away from your computer for more than 20 minutes, change it to "sleep" mode.
Running Errands
- BYOB. Bags, that is. It's good for your wallet, too: Some retailers, such as CVS, now pay you for every disposable bag you don't take ($1 on a special CVS card for every four trips on which you BYO).
Before Bed
- Truly turn off electronics. Plug your devices — the TV and DVD player, or the computer and printer — into a UL-certified power strip; switch the whole group off for the evening to prevent phantom electrical draw.
Start 'Em Young
- Game off? Yep, get the kids to turn off video games (both the TV and the console) after they're done playing, and you'll win back about $100 per year.
- Pitch in. Live in one of the 11 states with bottle bills? Have your kids collect aluminum cans and plastic bottles to redeem for cash to spend on a treat.
- Don't tap out. Teach children to turn off the water while brushing their teeth. Leaving the tap running during the recommended two minutes of brushing can waste up to five gallons of water a day.
- Book it. Dr. Seuss's 1971 book, The Lorax, stars a creature who "speaks for the trees" against those who'd cut them down. Talk about the message with your tykes (book and matching plush doll, $5 each, Kohl's).
Green My Ride
In January 1994, GH lamented that American cars were only required to average 27.5 miles per gallon, noting, "If the U.S. required American automakers to produce cars averaging 45 miles per gallon of gas (the Honda Civic VX already averages 55 mpg)... the country would save 3.1 million barrels of oil a day." So how are we doing? U.S. cars are required to average 35.5 miles per gallon — by 2016. In the meantime, use these three tricks to up your mpg.
- Slow down. Driving 10 mph above 60 is like adding nearly 50 cents to the price of a gallon of gas, since higher speed equals more guzzling.
- Get pumped. Once a month, check the pressure of each of the tires against the guidelines listed in your car's manual; add air if needed. Doing this can improve mileage by about 3 percent.
- Air out. Replace filters regularly. A new oxygen sensor alone can improve mileage by as much as 15 percent.
21 Ways to Green Your Home (and keep some greenbacks in your pocket)
1. Switch to Energy Star-rated CFL bulbs, like GHRI fave Satco's Mini Spiral S6202; they use 75 percent less energy and last 10 times longer than standard bulbs. You'll knock $30 off your electric bill for each bulb over its lifetime.
2. Plant trees around the house strategically (on the south and west sides; shading the air-conditioning unit, if possible) to save up to about $250 a year on cooling and heating.
3. Install dimmer switches in the living and dining rooms and three bedrooms to dial down electricity fees about $37 a year.
4. Since 1992 legislation, all new showerheads must have a flow rate of 2.5 gallons per minute or lower. Replace your old showerhead and save up to $45 a month for a family of four.
5. Wrap an insulation blanket around your water heater and lower its running cost as much as 9 percent.
6. Run a full dishwasher whenever possible — it uses half or less of the water and energy of washing the same dishes by hand. And don't waste water by rinsing before loading (today's machines are designed to power off the mess).
7. Invest in a faucet-mounted water filter for a low $30, and use refillable bottles like our top-rated GHRI pick, the Nalgene OTG Everyday 24-ounce bottle. By giving up bottled water, a family of four can save about $1,250 a year.
Double-Duty Ideas
The goal is "reduce, reuse, recycle."
8. Magazines. Roll up a couple of these and stick one into each of your calf- or knee-high boots so the footwear will keep its shape.
9. Empty paper-towel roll. Flatten,and use it to sheathe a knife kept in a drawer.
10. Small glass food jars. These make perfect see-through storage vessels for nails, screws, nuts, and bolts.
11. Old shower curtain. Stash one in your car's trunk to line it when carting potentially messy paints or picnic and beach gear.
12. Used coffee grounds. Spread them over flower beds of acid-craving plants such as azaleas or rhododendrons.
13. Plastic tub. Get the largest-size container of yogurt, sour cream, or margarine. When done with the tub, rinse and reuse it as a travel dish for pets or for craft-supply storage.
14. Plastic gallon milk jug. Cut off top with a utility knife just above the handle and use as a scoop for kitty litter, birdseed, etc.
15. Foam packing peanuts. Put some in the bases of potted plants to help drainage.
16. Plastic mesh produce bag. Turn it into a no-scratch scrubber for a gunky pot or pan. Ball up the bag, scour, then throw the whole mess away.
Good (Enough) Ways to Go Green
|Switch to a front-loading washer from a top loader. In a recent GHRI test of front loaders, they used less than half the water traditionally used by a top loader for a full load.
|Pocket up to 25 cents for every laundry load you wash in cold water (versus hot). Cold-wash three loads a week, and save up to $40 a year.
|Install a programmable thermostat, which can save an estimated $150 yearly if preset to cool your home's air or pump up the heat (such as before you get home from work).
|Lower your heater's temp by 2 degrees to potentially lower your bill about $40 a year. In warm months, set the AC at 78 degrees (at 73 degrees, you'll pay 40 percent more!).
|Upgrade two toilets made before 1992 to low-flow ones, and turn down water costs nearly $200 a year in a two-bathroom, four-person home.
|Not in the budget to replace your toilets? Try Brondell Perfect Flush ($79), which will convert your toilet into a dual-flush — saving about half the water and $100 per year per toilet.
|Always look for the 'organic' label on veggies and fruit, which means that they were produced without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.
|If buying only organic is a strain on your finances, opt for organic versions of the items known to have the highest pesticide levels: peaches, apples, and bell peppers.
|Open windows and doors or operate window or attic fans when the weather permits. Most heating and cooling systems do not bring fresh air into the house.
|Bring home superhero plants. Certain easy-care greens (English ivy, mums, and peace lilies) naturally help remove indoor air pollutants like formaldehyde and benzene.
Recycling Do's and Don'ts
The U.S. is the number-one trash-producing country in the world, at 1,643 pounds per person per year. In 2008, only a third was recycled, reports the EPA, though experts say more can be. Here, a quick primer
1. Do: Recycle paper with staples, clips, or spirals intact — the metal will be filtered out by machines later. Don't: Include any paper with food stains (think pizza boxes), as they can contaminate a load.
2. Don't: Forget to remove bottle caps. They're made of a different type of plastic and can mess up a whole batch. Do: Return plastic bags to stores. Find a local spot at plasticbagrecycling.org.
3. Do: Rinse out bottles, jars, and cans; throw away (or recycle) caps. Don't: Worry about labels — they'll burn off at the plant. Do: Include washed pie tins and foil, metal bottle caps, wire coat hangers, scrap metal.
4. Don't: Make the town dump your first stop. One person's trash is another's treasure — so when you want to ditch an old item, first try freecycle.org, Craigslist, or a thrift store that does pickups.
Paper, Paper, Everywhere!
3 ways to cut the clutter — and save trees in the process
1. Get off junk-mail lists Register with the Direct Marketing Association's DMAchoice mail preference service (dmachoice.org), and you'll see a significant reduction in mail after three months.
2. Permanently place a recycling box an arm's length from your mail bin so you can toss any remaining junk mail pronto.
3. Pay bills online, or set up automatic check paying from your bank account. No envelopes, no postage — and no late fees, if you're on an automatic plan.
7 Ways to Waste Less
• Buy refillable containers Spray bottles, for example, can be refilled from larger jugs or concentrate. Over time, you'll buy — and dispose of — fewer containers.
• Choose concentrated or "ultra" cleaning products, which use 50 to 60 percent less packaging than traditional formulas while cleaning just as thoroughly.
• Don't use more product than the directions indicate Pouring in extra laundry detergent or fabric softener won't get your clothes any cleaner or cuddlier. Instead, follow the markings as directed on the label.
• Stop brown-bagging it (literally) and wasting paper when you pack lunch. The best-tested L.L.Bean Flip-Top Lunch Box (plus some ice packs), above, keeps contents nice and cool.
• Grab a microfiber cloth, which can take the place of 60 rolls of paper towels before it needs replacing.
• Stash leftovers in reusable containers Our GHRI-tested top picks: plastic Rubbermaid Lock-Its (for portability) and glass Snapware Glasslock (for microwave reheating).
• Green your next move with Rentacrate's reusable plastic crates (rentacrate.com), which mean no more dozens of cardboard boxes to tape up and try to get rid of later.
5 Oldies but Goodies
Frequently the impetus was thrift, but Good Housekeeping has given "green" advice since the magazine started in 1885. Here, five blasts from our past, updated for the 21st century.
THEN: "All women should have personal knowledge of the sources of the home's supplies. It is not necessary to go every day to one's butcher's and grocer's, but an acquaintance with the tradesmen themselves is a necessity to good living."
NOW: Just plug in your zip code at eatwellguide.org to find nearby suppliers of organic and sustainably produced foods.
THEN: "Foods do not cook faster when they boil violently. If you turn down heat when boiling begins, you'll use less fuel, and foods won't boil over or burn dry."
NOW: The advice still makes sense — as does matching the pan size to the burner element. A six-inch pan on an eight-inch electric burner, for instance, will waste more than 40 percent of the heat produced, and food will take longer to cook.
THEN: "Grease from fingers or food is bad for your refrigerator door's rubber gasket. Wash it with soap and water. Don't make [your freezer] work overtime by making more ice cubes than needed."
NOW: These days there's a good chance your icemaker shuts off automatically. And more important than cleaning the gasket: dusting the coils underneath or on the back side of the fridge (accumulated dust can cause the motor to overheat and cost more to run). Unplug the appliance, and use your vacuum's crevice attachment or flat long-handled brush to carefully remove dust.
THEN: "Daily cooking produces grease, smoke, and odors that can cause eye and nose irritation. To remove cooking pollutants, a ceiling or a wall exhaust fan and two types of range hoods — vented and ventless — are available."
NOW: Still good advice, with one caveat: Choose a hood that vents to the outside, if you can.
THEN: "Combine your separate errands — bank, grocery, drugstore, cleaner's, etc. — into one trip and form carpools with others to get to and from."
NOW: True today — whether it's to cut fuel costs or to shrink your carbon footprint.
USDA Organic
What it means: Food is produced without antibiotics, genetic engineering or most synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides. (Seen on food products)
Rainforest Alliance Certified
What it means: Companies harvesting the food practice soil and water conservation; they also reduce the use of pesticides. (Seen on coffee, chocolate, bananas)
Fair Trade Certified
What it means: Food is grown on small farms; farmers receive a fair price. (Seen on coffee, tea, chocolate, fruit, rice, sugar)
Certified Humane
What it means: Animals raised for dairy, meat, and poultry products are treated humanely. Growth hormones are prohibited, and animals are raised on a diet without antibiotics. (Seen on eggs and meat)
Green Seal
What it means: Products are evaluated for environmental impact; they must meet recycling and bleaching standards. (Seen on napkins, paper, towels, and toilet paper)


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Feeling your best all year 'round depends on the ability of your immune system to modulate itself. In otherwords, your immune system must fight harder to protect your health when you're experiencing environmental or physical stress, and fight less at other times.
Symbiotics® from Naturade® offers a full range of products containing Colostrum Plus®, nature's first immune modulator. Colostrum is the only supplement you can take to rebuild and add back antibodies and immune factors to enhance your ability to fight back!


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Scientists are baffled by the continuing numbers of dead baby bottlenose dolphins washing up on the shore of the Gulf of Mexico.
406 dolphins were found either stranded or dead between February 2010 and April 2011, prompting the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to designate the deaths as an "unusual mortality event" (UME). The agency defines such events as a stranding incident that is unexpected or involves great losses of any marine mammal population.
Blair Mase, the agency's marine mammal investigations coordinator, told CNN: "This is quite a complex event and requires a lot of analysis."
Mase said NOAA is working with several agencies to determine not only why the dolphins are turning up dead in such large numbers but also why the mammals are so young. "These were mostly very young dolphins, either pre-term, neonatal or very young and less than 115 centimeters," Mase said.
A number of factors could be at play including harmful algal blooms, infectious diseases, water temperatures, environmental changes, and human impacts. "The Gulf of Mexico is no stranger to unusual mortality events," Mase noted.
Much sensitivity surrounding marine life has come about since last year's BP oil disaster that spewed millions of barrels of crude oil in the Gulf waters.
As recently as two weeks ago, scientists documented a dead dolphin with oil on its remains, said Mase. Since the start of the oil spill on April 20, 2010, a total of 15 bottlenose dolphins have been found with either confirmed or suspected oil on their carcasses. Nine oiled dolphins have been found since the gushing oil well was capped.
But of those nine, one was found with oil that did not match that of samples from the Deepwater Horizon.
Mase said the dolphin deaths could be completely unrelated to the oil spill. "Even though they have oil on them, it may not be the cause of death," she said. "We want to look at the gamut of all the possibilities."
Scientists are also concerned over the number of sea turtles that are being stranded. Similar to the dolphin deaths , an abnormally high number of turtles have also been found floating close to shore or washed up along the Gulf coast shores.
"The vast majority of these are dead, with states in moderate to severe decomposition," Barbara Schroeder, NOAA Fisheries national sea turtle coordinator, told CNN's Vivian Kuo.
The majority of the turtles found have been Kemp's Ridley sea turtles, but some have been loggerheads, which along with the Kemp's are endangered.
"Since January 1st, we've had just under 100 strandings," said Schroeder. "About 87 of those have been documented since the middle of March."
Necropsies were performed on about a third of the turtles, Schroeder said. Seven of them showed indications that they had been in accidents with watercrafts, while another displayed injuries consistent with being caught on a hook.
The others appeared to have died by drowning near the bottom of the Gulf, either from forced submergence or an acute toxic event.
Tissue samples from both turtles and dolphins are being documented due to the civil and criminal litigation ongoing with BP, according to Dr. Teri Rowles, a coordinator with NOAA Fisheries Stranding Program.
"We are looking at what is the impact of the oil spill and the response activities to the oil spill event, and what impact they had on the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem," said Rowles. "We did not say that the dolphins have died because of the oil, just that they have come back with oil on them."
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With the presidential election only hours away, one fact is eminently clear: Barack Obama will carry California.
According to the most recent Field Poll, the president leads Republican challenger Mitt Romney by 21 points, 54 percent to 33 percent, with the rest undecided.
That's a landslide by anyone's definition. But California is only one of the 51 voting jurisdictions on Nov. 6, albeit the largest with 55 of the 270 electoral votes needed for victory.
U.S. & World
Yet, in what virtually all astute observers describe as a nail biter, could it be possible that one candidate might win the electoral votes, while the other carries the largest number of popular votes?
Sound familiar?
That's exactly what happened in 2000. Republican George W. Bush won the presidency that year with 271 electoral votes, while Democratic challenger Al Gore captured 500,000 more popular votes. The result was acrimonious for both sides.
Republicans winced because their candidate won with less than a popular majority, casting a pall over Mr. Bush's legitimacy. Democrats groaned because although their candidate collected more popular votes, they were trapped in a time warp by a seemingly (to them) archaic rule in the name of the Electoral College.
Sure, the nation got over it, but it was an awkward time for all. Fast forward to the 2012 election. Most of the "numbers" guys figure that if Romney wins the electoral vote, he will easily capture a slim popular majority.
Yet, with Obama the path is not as certain.
The same quantitative experts believe that there is a greater possibility that if Obama gains the necessary number of electoral votes, he may fall short in garnering a popular majority, which would place us in the political purgatory the nation suffered 12 years ago. Now let's circle back to the role of California in the election.
About 18 million voters have registered for the election. Of that number, we can expect that 75 percent will vote on Tuesday, slightly down from the 82 percent who participated in 2008.
Using the Field Poll data as a guide, it would seem that Obama may capture about 8.1 million votes, compared with 5.4 million for Romney, or a surplus of about 2.7 million votes. Those votes could go a long way toward assuring a popular national majority for Obama in a close election if he also captures the necessary number of electoral votes.
Why do we care?
For the same reasons we cared in 2000. with the nation already more polarized than any time in recent memory, the last thing we need is a split decision on the presidential vote. Republicans have less to worry about than Democrats.
Still, if California comes through big in an Obama electoral win, than the nation may rest a little easier on Nov. 7.


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Submit a Still Add your own still and we'll feature it here.
Not Coming to a Theater Near You is a film resource that assumes a bias towards older, often unpopular, and sometimes unknown films that merit a second look. Read more about us or Get in touch.


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Takahashi Tomoko
Contemporary dance / Artist
Tomoko Takahashi was trained at both Aoi Tori Ballet School and The Goh Ballet School. She joined the Hungarian Dance Art Academy in 2005 and graduated in 2007. She then joined the Columbia Classical Ballet in 2007, where she performed in various productions such as Black Bird and Symphony in D by Jiří Kylián, Serenade and Sylvia by George Balanchine, Exception to the Corollary by Rick McCullough, as well as in Esmeralda and Diana & Actaeon by Agrippina Vaganova.
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- Singapore Dance Theatre


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E-Class All-Terrain 4MATIC
Masterpiece of Intelligence
Leading the way – on any surface
The thought alone stirs up longing: a spur-of-the-moment detour off-road, along a farm track, across snow or sand – the E-Class All-Terrain relishes getting off the asphalt and does so in style. Its looks reflect this assertiveness: the typical SUV-style simulated underguards front and rear. The wheel arch linings, protecting the paintwork from flying chippings. The robust design of the bumpers and side skirts. The E-Class All-Terrain is immediately identifiable by its unique radiator trim – downtown or way out yonder.
All-Terrain. All inclusive
The E-Class All-Terrain is well-deserving of its name, both in visual and in technological terms. The AIR BODY CONTROL air suspension features a specific level control system that can be used to raise the suspension to increase ground clearance even further. What's more, the All-Terrain drive program adjusts control systems such as the ESP® Electronic Stability Program or the acceleration skid control (ASR) to deal with unsurfaced roads or adverse road conditions. Particularly in conjunction with 4MATIC all-wheel drive, this ensures extremely reliable traction and effortless acceleration.
As roomy as ever and even more versatile
The load compartment of the E-Class All-Terrain, with a capacity of up to 1820 litres, features a new system for folding down the rear seat backrest. The backrest splits 40:20:40, with release switches to unlock and automatically fold the sections down on the side wall of the load compartment and in the area of the C-pillar. In addition there is a Cargo function for the second row of seats: increasing the rake angle of the backrest by 10° creates additional load capacity of around 30 litres. In other words plenty of space for a major trip or even a small house removal. In order to ensure that even when fully laden neither comfort nor, above all, driving safety are compromised, the E-Class All Terrain is fitted as standard with air suspension with a level control system at the rear axle.
E 220 d 4MATIC All-Terrain
Technical Data
All-Terrain Exterior
LED High Performance headlamps
Colour Options
Alloy Option
More Information
For more information on the E-Class All-Terrain 4MATIC, download our brochure or take a test drive.


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Lohan leaves court with new offer from judge
LOS ANGELES (AP) – A judge on Thursday gave Lindsay Lohan two weeks to consider an undisclosed deal to end a felony grand theft case before an upcoming hearing that could send the starlet to jail for the fourth time.
Superior Court Judge Keith Schwartz told the "Mean Girls" star that he had told her attorney and a prosecutor how he would likely sentence her if she agreed to plead guilty or no contest in the case, but said he would keep the terms confidential.
The theft case is now bound for an April 22 preliminary hearing before another judge who will decide if there is enough evidence for Lohan to stand trial or to be sent to jail for violating probation in another case.
If Lohan appeared again in his court, Schwartz said, he would know she was accepting his offer.
During a hearing Thursday before Schwartz, the actress signaled a desire to fight the charge involving a $2,500 necklace by rejecting a prosecutor's plea deal that included a guaranteed jail sentence.
Schwartz previously said he would sentence Lohan to jail if she pleaded guilty but did not make a similar threat on Thursday.
Lohan, wearing a shiny brownish-gray dress, spoke only once during the hearing, telling Schwartz she understood the schedule for the hearings.
She has pleaded not guilty to stealing the necklace from Kamofie & Co., a jewelry store near Lohan's home in the beach community of Venice.
Lohan's return to court came days after surveillance footage was aired of her trying on necklaces at the shop, which reported the necklace stolen on Jan. 22.
The necklace was eventually given by a Lohan associate to police who had already obtained a search warrant for the Venice home of the actress.
"Entertainment Tonight" aired the footage, which showed Lohan texting, pacing and talking to a store clerk for nearly 45 minutes.
The actress wore the necklace for roughly 25 minutes, according to the show, and it was around her neck when the clerk escorted Lohan out, smiled and held a door open.
The footage was obtained by a commercial images division of The Associated Press and licensed exclusively to "Entertainment Tonight."
A once-promising star of Disney films such as "Freaky Friday" and "Herbie Fully Loaded," Lohan's career has been stalled since she was arrested twice in 2007 and later charged with drunken driving and drug possession.
In the past 10 months, Lohan has been jailed twice and sent to rehab twice for probation violations.
A judge ordered her to undergo three months of treatment at the Betty Ford Center, and it was within three weeks of her release that she was accused of stealing the necklace.
Prosecutors in Riverside County are considering charging Lohan for an altercation with a rehab worker in December.
If convicted of grand theft, Lohan could be sentenced to up to three years in state prison. It's the first time she has been charged with a felony.


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Myrgan brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 147 Designs von 35 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
Myrgan Inc.
We work locally and internationally to support positive change through participatory and strategic leadership, social entrepreneurship, slam poetry and interactive arts. Some services that we provide are Facilitation / Hosting, Strategic Planning, Leadership and Life Coaching, Conflict Transformation, Community Development and Organizational Development. We have been operating for almost 7 years now but have recently incorporated and are looking for a logo. Here's our current web site http://www.myrgan.com - obviously it would be great if the logo worked with this site – however we do consider this a bridge site until we get a full on website design done in the next 12 months or so. We could build the new site around a new logo design.
Corporations, non-profits, government sector, youth sector, small and large organizations, out of the box thinkers – bold leaders anywhere stepping up to create positive change.
We are looking for an organic design, such as a tree or something natural or in nature but we don't want it to look hippie. It has to look professional and sharp enough for a corporate or government client, as well as creative and open for a community, youth or non-profit client. We are open to other ideas as well. We don't want just the name of the company jazzed up. We want an actual logo/picture that represents us and somewhere around the logo there is the name Myrgan or Myrgan Inc. Also, Myrgan means Merry in anglo-saxon. Merry is our family name. We are ready to be surprised! Looking forward to it. Thanks.
Finden Sie heraus, wie ein Designwettbewerb funktioniert, oder lernen Sie mehr über unsere Logo-Design-Angebote.


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Dear Leadership Institute Program Participants,
On the calendar page:
Select your class; click on Read More for specific information and on Book Now to register.
Complete the registration information. (Add your court information, i.e. first/last name, work email, work phone, work address, court name, No: Places required: Enter 1 )
Click on Confirm Booking.
Click on Place Booking. (If you do not click this button your registration will not be saved!)
As a reminder, registration for all leadership Institute classes begins 60 days prior to the scheduled event date (e.g. Registration opens February 1 for a class scheduled April 1). Registration functions on a "first come, first served" basis. As class sizes are limited, we recommend noting on your personal calendar the class date and the open registration date, so you don't forget to enroll.
Registration for all classes will remain open until one week prior to the scheduled event date, or when it reaches class size limit, whichever comes first. Once a class is full, you can still register your information, but will automatically be placed on a waitlist and should receive a confirmation email regarding it. If you do not receive either a confirmation of your registration, or a waitlist confirmation, please contact the Leadership Institute staff at email@example.com or the Leadership Institute registrar at 602-452-3031.
The ACS webinar registrations will continue to take place through WebEx after an invitation email from Tony Cornay (firstname.lastname@example.com) is sent to all eligible participants.
Thank you for your participation in the Leadership Institute programs!
The Leadership Institute Team – Sarah, Diane and Tony
Program Requisite (ACM and ACE Participants please read):
ACM and ACE participants are required to complete a minimum of one class each 12 months following admittance into the ACM/ACE program in order to remain active participants in the program. Inactive participants will be removed from the program 12 months following notification of inactivity.
At this time there is no cost to attend these classes for Arizona certification. Classes are held at the Judicial Education Center in Phoenix and travel costs are the responsibility of the participant or their court.
The National Center for State Courts (NCSC) is increasing the national certification fee to $100 per class beginning July 1, 2018. (applies to ACM and ACE only) Arizona Court Supervisor (ACS) Face-to-Face classes DO NOT require a fee.
© 2020 Arizona Supreme Court. All Rights Reserved.


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Global Finance brings you the latest news on global companies and financial institutions that do business world-wide.
"Global Finance has been an agenda-setting source of news, data and analysis for the most important financial executives around the world for 30 years. As the pioneering voice for modern finance, Global Finance's mission is to help corporate leaders, bankers and investors chart the course of global business."
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