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He-Man will leave you unharmed. Filmation violence.
He-Man will punch foes out, but not kill. MYP violence.
He-Man should only kill in extreme situations.
He-Man should kill in battle, but is merciful to surrendering foes.
He-Man should dutifully slay every threat to Eternia.
He-Man is bloodthirsty and lusts for battle.
I'd say only in extreme situations. I don't need ultra-violence in my MOTU, even though I'm not opposed to it in other venues.
I base whether I think a character should or not on a case-by-case examination.
For example, Superman should never kill not only because he's the (actual) most powerful man in the universe, not only because he's the kind of everyman who would just draw a line against killing for himself in general, but because NOT killing forces him to get creative with solving problems in the hands of a good writer.
King Arthur is a philosopher king more than a warrior, and he basically based his reign on the principle that might does not make right, so he would kill in battle if he had to to protect himself or his kingdom, but he would never enjoy it.
Conan the Barbarian kills without hesitation, and with great relish.
He-Man... He's a barbarian too, like Conan. I don't think there's a single reason for him not to kill, for example, Skeletor, given the chance, even if the Lord of Destruction were to surrender. He-Man would still kill him.
Yet Adam is much closer to being King Arthur, and I don't think he'd condone vigilante justice on anyone who might get a fair trial. He might be okay with killing Skeletor, but I think he'd be far more inclined to take prisoners if he could.
Basically, I want ADAM to have MYP's morality, but HE-MAN to be... not nearly as bloodthirsty as Conan, because that would be FAR excessive, but let's say he'll kill anyone he doesn't think CAN be successfully taken prisoner.
I said that he should spare surrendering foes, and I think he should even disarm and demand surrender before killing in some cases, but I think that it depends entirely on who he's fighting. If Jitsu surrendered, he might be spared. If Skeletor surrendered, he would have his skull cleaved in two.
That said, Skeletor, Hordak, King Hiss, or anyone on a similar threat level should not surrender to He-Man, ever, so the DISARMAMENT/SURRENDER vs KILLING debate SHOULD NOT BE AN ISSUE.
But of course, I've lost sight of the topic;we're talking about the movie.
Let's keep it PG-13, but don't water it down either. Much as I dislike the franchise, Narnia is a good model. Or possibly Lord of the Rings. Maybe Star Wars. You know.
I think somewhere between MYP and Extreme Situations--- although I can't see He-Man/Adam brutalizing a surrendering foe either. It has to be a fine balance, but I don't think Filmation is a good level of realism even if I like their storybones the best because they often relied on story to make up for shortcomings in their animation. Realistically there's going to be those people you have to kill in He-Man's situation. Far as killing Skeletor, no. I could see killing Hordak, but not Skeletor. Two different levels of evil there. Hordak presents an enormous threat on a galactic level (the Horde), while Skeletor is a rival king who hates Randor and wants his toys for various reasons (He-Man only became an issue, much like Greyskull and punishing the Sorceress, because they stood in the way of him conquering Randor's kingdom. More than half of his rants are about Randor). Also, Skeletor was shown to have good within him on several occasions while Hordak was not (Filmation) outside being made uncomfortably aware that he was "missing something" in "Into the Dark Dimension". I love Langellator (from the movie) and I think he's really where Skeletor should be at-- fully developed sense of humor, capable of affection (for Evil-Lyn at the very least. If the movie includes Panthor and Screech, definitely towards them.), domineering but not unlikeable as a tyrant etc-- with some added caveats as I can't see Skeletor killing his minions out of hand. I always felt Saurod's death was a bit far for him and as a kid waffled between Saurod actually having been teleported (painfully) to a cell or Skeletor having suspected that he was a spy (Snake Man) and just looking for a reason to kill him before he betrayed them all. Kicking out failing henchfolk, oh yes that is definitely a Skeletor thing to do, but not killing them. That's more a Hordak thing to do as he has millions upon millions of replacements. Skeletor's resources and personnel are far far more precious. I do believe that Skeletor would kill to advance his plans... but he's a tactician. It shouldn't be some random violence for teh evluls. He can do a variety of funny, horrible things (curses come to mind, transformations) for the evluls rather than becoming a 2d villain for the sake of ease. Even back in the day Skeletor had a series of lines he would not cross-- that's why Marzo was the Eternian drug dealer, etc. The boundaries of a character are as important as the character's core-- hollywood tends to forget this in the rush to make things shiny and explodey.
Signed by-- ME!
Did I ever grow up? Probably not. I'm sure the day-glo socks gave it away anyway.
The Violence Knob has to be turned up to 11!
"Wheresoever on earth he dwells, man is prey to two weaknesses: the need to pray and the need to love."-Marquis de Sade
"It is not by reasoning or by our understanding that we have received our religion; it is by external authority and command."-Michel De Montaigne
Heretical Vintage Purist and Non-Fan Extraordinaire!
super violence
lots of blood
The battle scenes have to appeal to a wide audience if it's ever going to sell. He-Man can cut down nameless mooks left and right and be able to show mercy to those who throw their weapons down. Character deaths only at the climax.
I don't think He-Man should be a total killer, I kind of like a balance of maybe he would but only if he had to. Unless its fodder evil warriors or something. Skeletor and all the other baddies however should be really dark, violent and kill happy.
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THIS, however, I completely agree with. There is no plot-reason why Skeletor would not be willing to kill or have killed innocent Heroic Mooks or even Heroic Warriors if given the chance. I wouldn't mind seeing him kill some Palace Guards or even a low-level Heroic Warrior like Mekanek or Roboto.Skeletor and all the other baddies however should be really dark, violent and kill happy.
Theres a lot of value and worth questions in Masters.
The easiest killing question is that of animals ,,and then you can ask about people or creature-people.
(the bigger the animal the more need to defend yourself is not nessasarily true on Eternia)
Pride, vengance, and simple acidents are likely reasons for fighting on Eternia, even for animals.
Mattel is going to want to reach the widest audience possible, and that's a PG-13 movie - so that's the level of violence I'll expect to see. Beheadings and limb removal Star Wars style; not bloody and gory, limited to two on living beings unlimited for machines. Just look at Avengers, someone mentioned Narnia and that's a great guideline.
..in my work, the crippling of TrapJaw and RamMan are serious/meaningful injuries and possibly frighteningly gorey.
Also, if Granamyr the dragon eats someone, it could be funny.
He man no longer plays games with Skelertor, and kills him swiftly. many times over the course of many movies. I know getting ahead of myself.this is when its confirmed that Skelertor is undead. and can not be killed, and will allways comes back somehow. in all his glory, usurely by Evil lyn, finding a piece of him after he been destroyed by He man. and useing a combination of magic and science, to regenerate him back into existance.
but not for lack of trying He man, or King Heman, along with the new sorceress, and fellow Masters. is now awefully sick of Skelertors antics, and trys to destroy every shred of Skelertor.or at least make it seem that way. because of the cosmic ballance, He man secretly knows he cant permently get rid of Skelertor.and thus pretends not to see Evil lyn exscape with a fragment of Skelertors bone face.to resurect him from,perhaps a cameo of the devil,himself while hes on the other side. giveing Skelertor a pat on the back for all his evillness he's done and will do in the future.and telling Skelertor to be warry as King he man. as he's become something like a God.
and has the power to prove it, just before being Resurected back in the land of the liveing. Skelertor is astonished And terrifyed to learn to learn, that King He man, is nearly unbeatable and strugles with his resolve to atack to soon,without a good battle plan. I truely belive that Skelertor, being a magicly undead being. with the ability to come back from death.will allways be a major selling point for MOTU in my opinion.and I would bank on, it if it was up to me.
so dose anyone die yes Skelertor, everyone else can go to eternian prison.
Violence on the Star Wars level works for me.
i voted MYP violence, but i can live with he-man killing in extreme situations.
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He-Man shouldn`t kill.
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PG-13, any killings will not be shown, no blood. Of course Zombies or Robots will be allowed to be hacked to pieces.
Not even a question, this is MPAA and Hollywood in 2014
He-Man should not kill anyone. Some punches are fine but no killing. He-Man is the most powerful man in the universe, and violence is a sign of weakness. The two just don't go together.
Also, we all saw what happened with the new "darker" Superman. I don't want that to happen to He-Man...
Option four- 'He-Man should kill in battle, but is merciful to surrendering foes.'
In the mini-comic, I see plenty of sharp, pointy weapons getting brandished, and as far as He-Man, he uses a sword and a battle axe, not a taser and rolled-up newspaper!
As far as the Filmation cartoon, I'm pretty sure that fabulous secret nothing would have been revealed to Adam had he held aloft his pepper spray, emergency services telephone number, appointment sheet for a hand-holding support group, or anything except the magic sword that allowed him to oppose a brutal, violent warlord-sorcerer!
I think the violence should be similar in style, levels, and approach to films such as POTC, Star Wars, Lone Ranger...fun, action-oriented, PG-13 stuff.
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Today I am delighted to publish this guest post from ace food eater and writer Kake, who has been writing a series on London Road, Croydon which you can enjoy here. The link to this post is here.
While trawling through the archives at the Croydon Local Studies Library recently, I made a delightful discovery that immediately brought the Vintage Cookbook Trials to mind. I had actually been looking for information on Jay's Furnishing Stores, a chain of hire-purchase furniture shops that operated in the UK during the 20th century — but to my surprise, nestled among the cuttings of newspaper adverts offering "guaranteed delivery" and "the Best Terms in the World" was a small booklet entitled "20 Ways of Cooking Fish".
Published by Jay's at an unspecified date (though an anonymous hand has written "prob 1932" on the back), this booklet contains recipes written by a Monsieur X M Boulestin, billed as "The Worlds [sic] Greatest Cookery Expert". [Editor's note: He definitely knew what to do with potatoes.] The rather tenuous connection between furniture sales and fish is supported by a short statement on the front cover: "Our object has always been a double one – to supply the Best Value in Fine Furniture and to ensure a Happy Home to each of our customers – by freedom from worry – Every housewife knows what part cooking plays in making a happy home.
Flipping through the recipes, I was briefly tempted by Cod Normande (featuring cider, parsley, shallots, and mushrooms) and Skate with Caper Sauce (which involves cooking the skate along with some of its liver plus cloves, parsley, thyme, bay leaves, and vinegar). However I thought the cod dish might be a bit boring, and I wasn't sure if I'd be able to get skate liver; indeed, I hadn't previously known they even had livers. So I eventually settled on Eels Landaises, a lightly stewed dish of eels with red wine and prunes.
The author states that this recipe comes from "the Landes", which Wikipedia tells me might refer to several places in France, but I suspect the most likely is the département of Landes itself, particularly as Wikipedia also tells me that M Boulestin had his own holiday home there. I found some interesting pages online while investigating further: Landais Folklore discusses the customs and geography of the area, and Landais Gastronomy discusses the food, mentioning eels among other things.
Take two or three moderate-sized eels

subset: commoncrawl


text: so it looks like on board purchases of accomodations at a lower bucket than available for the ticket agent are a thing of the past. i wonder if amtrak still calls coach passengers a day or two before departure offering lower bucket accomodations when they have a lot to sell? they have called us with such an offer a couple times in the pastAfter the last AU flare-up of this topic, I called Amtrack and asked about the upgrade policy. The answer was that it is still policy to sell upgrades; but she agreed with the conductor regarding the price.i heard from a conductor on the cs a couple weeks ago that onboard upgrades are no longer sold at low bucket but at whatever price the room was selling at through the ticket agent. he said this was effective sometime in early january. anyone else hear this?


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Thanks for telling your story here at the Mother Nature Network. Here's help in setting up your blog.
How do I create a blog post?
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That was easy, but it's just text. What if I want pictures or links to other places?
Here are some ways to make your posts more interesting:
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- Switch back to the rich text editor. Your post will look like this:
- Click "Save", and your video should now be in your post
Flickr: Flickr provides the code to include an image from their site in a blog post. From the Flickr image, click "All Sizes", then click "Medium".
Copy the code, then go to your blog post on MNN.com, switch to the plain text editor and paste it in
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Views: 145
I hope you're right Eric, but most people tend to skim looking for things that confirm what they think they already know (confirmation bias). Research could expose many people to as much mis-information as correct information.
I do however think the tide is turning; just the fact that it has become a big controversy and creationists acting like a racoon backed in corner proves we are winning. I don't think you could point to any decade where a lower percentage of the population believed in evolution than the previous, that's pretty good progress.
Not to jack your thread to another subject but I got into a discussion at work the other day on how awesome the internet is with the free expression of ideas, and how much it sucks because individuals don't seem to be pre-programmed to be able to sort out the bad from the good.
A nice idea, except for one thing: the "scientists" out there who want to take Intelligent Design and justify it scientifically. Witness Michael Behe during the Dover, PA trial. Whether he's a con man plying his trade or he actually BELIEVES his bullshit, he is attempting to subvert science to his purposes and those of the Discovery Institute. There is a guy on another board that I work who, day after day, cuts and pastes crap from creationist websites under the title, "Science Disproves Evolution." The atheists who work that board simply quit trying to rebut his arguments, because he plainly isn't listening.
I don't see that there is any hope for people with an agenda. For those with an open mind, there is some hope, but there must also be in interest in LEARNING before we can actually accomplish something.
I've said it 100 times; I'll make it 101: belief is easy. KNOWING is hard.
Yeah, I'm feeling pessimistic when I see creationists studying science and rote memorizing just so they can say "see, I have the education and I'm still a creationist". It's easy enough to make yourself sound scientific and fool the general public.
I have to disagree. Most of them seem to dismiss any evidence for evolution by running to the creationism websites to see how to "debunk" it. They will buy whatever Ken Hamm, Ray Comfort, or Kent Hovind spout.
I had a debate on a message forum with a creationist and I posted a link to a short video that discussed why a worldwide flood wouldn't have created layers of sediment like we find in the the geological structure. In the video, the claim creationists make about differing layers of sediment being deposited simultaneously by the eruption of Mount St. Helens was explicitly refuted. Yet, in his response, this creationist made the claim about Mt. St. Helens anyway. When I asked if he had watched the video, he said, "No, I don't need to watch it. I've already studied the evidence".
The arrogance of this statement astounded me. He said it as if to say that there is no further evidence to be considered and that his mind was unable to be changed.
I've rarely been accused of being optimistic,much less overly optimistic. I do however, think that over the long run (I'm 67 and used to long runs), reason and science must, when they shine a bright light on superstition and mendacity, prevail. Sunlight, as they say, is the best disinfectant.
But y'all may be right. Humans are stupid and ignorant and stubborn. If so, we're friggin' doomed. Not a bad thing: evolution makes many dead ends and side roads.
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Life at Broadbean
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We are really fortunate to work with thousands of clients from the world's largest and smallest organisations, helping them to streamline the recruitment process and increase the effectiveness of their recruitment strategies. Here's what a few of our clients really think about us…


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Welcome to the website of the Asperger's Syndrome Foundation. We are a small registered charity based in central London, England. We do hope that you will find our site helpful and informative. We will update it regularly.
The Asperger's Syndrome Foundation is committed to promoting awareness and understanding of Asperger's Syndrome. The Foundation aims to promote high quality support and services, and to enable people with Asperger's syndrome to develop into members of the community who are respected for their contribution and recognised for their unique differences.
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The "Why Denver?" report outlines the Mile High City's numerous advantages as related to commercial real estate.
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Hi all,
I was undecided as to whether this post belonged in Kata Application or Self Protection section. Basically one of my newer students informed me during Saturdays session that on Friday he found himself in a situation in which he was forced to defend himself.
An aggressive individual initiated an assault, landing the first punch on my students left eyebrow with your stereotypical swinging right hook. My student initiated cover, projecting both hands into the opponents face, moving inside the effective range.
He tells me that he delivered an elbow strike (with datum) which didn't land so well, his opponent created some room, my students response was to revert to the blitz striking, as he is taught. His opponent, after taking impact, and by now realising that this quite young man he had assaulted had been underestimated made his escape.
During the altercation a witness had called the police so my student waited and gave a statement, which was supported by his friend who was present and the witness.
At my club we practice Naihanchi( as I've probably mentioned before), and the student applied his flinch response as practiced, with follow up options. Apart from being a massive endorsement of the way my club approaches and drills our situational training it illustrates the value of vigorous impactive training, both giving and receiving, and for proper self protection, having a smaller set of skills upon which you rely.
We discuss the effects of adrenalin as a matter of course, and he tells me that was a comfort when his stomach started churning. If I was being hyper critical I would have liked him to get the first punch in, pre-emption is high on the list of things we practice .
My student has a tasty bruise around the upper ridge of his left eye, he can live with that. He told me directly that it was his training that made all the difference, that was great to hear and I must admit it felt very gratifying, especially when you consider my student has no great history of physical conflict, is currently white belt and has only been training with my club for about eight weeks
All the best


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Part of Slasky's Neo Urban Classic series, released in 2017, 'Change' is a unique piece. The canvas is hand embellished, and set within a bespoke black frame. This work, as the rest of works in this series, is one of a kind and will be delivered along with a certificate of authenticity from Klein Editions.
Working from Rome in Italy, Slasky's work is a fusion of urban influences and contemporary pop art, in which he represents the icons of this century and those that make up significant moments from history. The style is very personal, working from some of the world's most recognisable images, and so the works have an instant sense of familiarity, but presented with an injection, sometimes explosion of colour and life that imbibes them with richness and modernity. Details are thrust front and centre in Slasky's canvases, using techniques of contrasting colours, textured backgrounds and screen prints to create the same subject in varying guises, separating them from their traditional backdrops.
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The lost-wax casting technique and hand gem-setting ensure that the collection will have that additional spirit that only the human hand can give to objects. As is always the case with Dior Jewellery, the best Parisian workshops lend their expertise.
Cannage, the emblem of Dior
The emblematic motif of Dior, cannage is imbued with historical references. Fascinated by the 18th century, Christian Dior had installed in the grand salons of his avenue Montaigne boutique a series of Napoleon II style gilded chairs with pale wickerwork or cannage. Used by the guests at his Haute Couture fashion shows, these chairs were to become a key symbol of Dior. Christian Dior used timeless cannage motif numerous times in his collections. Today it is the signature of Dior elegance.
Dior gold
The most precious of metals gives the 'My Dior' collection its remarkable brilliance. Showcased every season by Dior Jewellery collections, gold has become an emblematic shade in the Dior colour palette. Delicately plaited, gold subtly expresses itself on 'My Dior' jewellery. With its timeless elegance, gold reflects the eternal style and excellence of Dior creations.


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Everyone loves a good movie, and what more can you ask for than to view great movies in the beautiful setting that back drops Cabo San Lucas. The Baja International Film Festival takes place November 14-17th in Cabo San Lucas, and promises to deliver the 'best of the best' of movies paired with a setting you can not compare. The Baja International Film Festival will prove to set the tone for the top 'must see' films for the upcoming year.
The Baja International Film Festival is co-founded by Festival President, Eduardo Sanchez Navarro, longtime supporter of the arts in Los Cabos, BIFF festival directors Scott Cross and Sean Cross, co-founders of the Colorado Film Institute and Vail Film Festival, Juan Gallardo, Alfonso Pasquel, Eduardo Sanchez Navarro. Besides being a 'dream within a dream', this festival will showcase a few films that are sure to end up on our radar. The festival has announced the lineup of films selected to be screened at the inaugural festival-which is set to showcase 79 films from around the world including 5 international feature films in competition, 5 Mexican feature films in competition, 5 international documentaries in competition, 5 Mexican documentaries in competition, 30 international shorts, 13 Mexican shorts, 4 environmental films, as well as Special Presentation screenings of 6 international feature films, and 6 Mexican feature films.
The weekend consists of a majority of screenings, along with the opening night celebration-which consists of panels and industry forums, a hospitality lounge, and closing night awards gala which is to include a tribute to acclaimed filmmakers and actors. The Baja International Film Festival will offer an opportunity for dialogue, reflection, and analysis for both the U.S and Mexican Film industries. Throughout the festival pass holders will enjoy the screenings, red carpet ceremonious and parties of course and not to mention the panel discussions, live music as an added bonus. The awards ceremony recognize the outstanding work of leaders in the film industry will take place on Saturday, November 17th.
The Baja International Film Festival will showcase films in the following categories: 'Environmental Films', International Narrative Special Presentations, Mexican Narrative Special Presentations, International Documentary Competitions, Mexican Documentary Competitions, Mexican Short Competition, and International Shorts Competition. These topics will be further developed with two discussion tables in which experts in different fields will exchange points of view and related experiences, presenting elements which will intendto do the same. There will be select free screenings for the public at Cultural Pavilion Amphitheater and at the Plaza Mijares in San Jose Del Cabo. Included in this program will be the highly anticipated new animated film from Dream Works Animation
"We are proud to showcase a diverse and compelling film program, ranging from special screenings of industry films to independent passion projects, all carefully selected by our programming committees to showcase the best in Mexican, U.S., and international film,"said Festival Director Sean Cross. "It was important for us to find a balance between our Mexican and international programming, to truly represent Mexico's new wave of innovative filmmakers, while also highlighting the groundbreaking films being produced in the U.S. and across the world. We have an incredible lineup and are excited to share this year's program with our attendees for the first annual Baja International Film Festival."
The Baja International Film Festival Film Festival proves to be a great time-enjoying great movies basked with the unparalleled weather of Cabo San Lucas, the festival is anything from ordinary and a true view of appreciation for the arts.
For additional information please visit: www.bajainternationalfilmfestival.com


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What are ticks?
Ticks are small (up to 1cm long), greyish, bean-shaped insects that attach themselves to cats and feed off their blood. Frequently found on the ears, face or legs, ticks are predominantly active during the spring and early summer and from late summer into autumn. They're often found in woodland, and rough grassland such as heath or moorland, and in areas populated by deer and other livestock. Areas with the highest prevalence in the UK include the Thetford forest in Norfolk, New Forest in Hampshire, Lake District, Yorkshire Moors, Scottish Highlands and the uplands of Wales.
Ticks can also carry a number of other potentially serious infectious diseases. Fortunately diseases from tick-borne infections are rare in the UK although Lyme disease is one potential risk that has been reported. Ticks in European countries including France and Germany can transmit a number of exotic and potentially serious diseases including babesiosis and ehrlichiosis.
How can I tell if my cat has ticks?
Ticks attach to the skin of cats and look like bean-shaped warts. However, careful examination with a magnifying glass at the base of suspect 'warts' may reveal the parasite's legs! The common ticks seen in the UK may vary in size from a few millimetres to over 1cm in length and from pale white in appearance to grey and bluish-black. While a single tick may go unnoticed on cats, they may be painful and in large numbers can lead to anaemia.
Ticks are often difficult to remove as their mouthparts can remain embedded in the cat's skin, which may lead to irritation, infection and abscesses. Your should therefore ask your vet's advice regarding treatment and the correct technique for removal.
A variety of topical products are available to help control ticks. For further information, contact your vet, country store, pet shop or pharmacist.
For cats travelling aboard with the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) you would be well advised to use an appropriate anti-tick preventative product prior to travel. In addition to this, an approved tick (and worm) treatment administered and certified by a veterinary surgeon is required 24-28 hours prior to returning to the UK


text: valmet is the leading global developer and supplier of technologies, automation and services for the pulp, paper and energy industries. valmet's vision is to become the global champion in serving its customers. valmet's net sales in 2017 were approximately eur 3.1 billion and it employed about 12.000 professionals around the world. valmet's head office is in espoo, finland and its shares are listed on the nasdaq helsinki.


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Spotify Music v18.104.22.1686 beta Mod
Minimum Requirements: 4.0.3+
APK Description: With Spotify, you have access to a world of music. You can listen to artists and albums, or create your own playlist of your favorite songs. Want to discover new music? Choose a ready-made playlist that suits your mood or get personalized recommendations.
Listen for free on mobile • Play any artist, album, or playlist on shuffle mode
Listen for free on tablet • Play any song, any time
Spotify Premium features • Play any song, any time on any device–mobile, tablet, or your computer • Download music for offline listening. • Enjoy amazing sound quality. • No ads – just uninterrupted music. • No commitment – cancel any time you like.
Please note: This app features Nielsen's audience measurement software which will allow you to contribute to market research, such as Nielsen's Audio Measurement. If you don't want to participate, you can opt-out within the app settings.
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We're always making changes and improvements to Spotify. To make sure you don't miss a thing, just keep your Updates turned on.
Unlocked Spotify Connect Seek FWD button added to information bar/tablet mod Visual ads blocked Audio ads blocked Seeking enabled unlimited shuffle Choose any song Extreme audio unlocked Repeats enabled
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Onrust - October 10 - Thursday
The Connecticut River Museum is pleased to host the Onrust, for a season of sailing on the Connecticut River! Onrust is a reproduction of Adriaen Block's vessel- one of the first western style ships built in the New World, and the first known European ship to sail up the Connecticut River!
Built over several years in upstate New York using traditional plans and means, the Onrust is a wholly unique ship that serves to educate and entertain visitors curious about the age of exploration, the fur trade, and our early colonial history.
River cruises will be offered aboard Onrust Thursdays through Mondays. When not giving cruises, Onrust will be available for exploration while docked at the Museum (based on staff availability).
Learn more about the history of the Onrust and the construction of this amazing replica at the official website of the Onrust Project.
Regularly Scheduled Sailings for Museum Visitors
Museum visitors are entitled to a discounted admission of $5 with a purchase of a ticket to sail on the Onrust, except no admission will be charged for the 6 pm trips as the Museum is closed. * The six o'clock trip, sometimes referred to as the sunset cruise or cocktail cruise, tends to attract fewer children. Children accompanied by adults are never turned away but might be happier on cruises earlier in the day.
Sail Times
(July and August)
Sunday and Monday
2pm -3:25pm
Thursday - Saturday
6pm-8pm Sunset Sail (time will change according to sunset)
(June and September)
Sunday and Monday
2pm -3:25pm
Thursday - Saturday
6pm-8pm Sunset Sail (time will change according to sunset)
Swallow Sails
Every Sunset Sail from the end of August through October, will sail south to Goose Island to observe the annual Swallow Murmuration. An educator will be on board as often as possible.


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Quilts of Valor Words of Courage Quilt Label in Patriotic
by Tracy Miller
This quilt label measures 6" tall by 7" wide, including a 1/2" seam allowance.
This label is approved for use by the Quilts of Valor organization for use by the organization's volunteers to stitch into quilts to be donated. This is not a customized label. You will fill in the names and other information.
This label can be purchased in any quantity or it can be purchased as a better value in packs of 9.


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Wednesday, December 1, 2010
JFK: The Assassination of Democracy
JFK: The Assassination of Democracy
DJ Pangburn
Monday, November 22, 2010
The Kennedy assassination and the conspiracies surrounding it are imbued with such meaning for Americans because the distortion radiating in waves almost immediately following the spectacle was the aftershock of a system convulsing in its own death.
I do not use the "death" metaphor in regards to the JFK assassination lightly, for death is no light matter. Follow me through the looking glass.
Oliver Stone taught an entire generation to invoke Cicero's Senate speech when thinking about any event and the official version of such events, through the voice of the character X (based on Fletcher Prouty) in the movie "JFK." He taught people that the "how and the who" is all scenery for the public, and the real questions are: why?, who benefits?, and who has the power to cover it up? "Cui bono?" The greatest thing the filmmaker ever did was to question the motives of the men to whom Americans willingly relinquish power.
And why not? The default position should not be absolute trust in our elected officials and military leaders but absolute skepticism. Why? Quite simply, power is at stake, and nothing drives men to cross into the realm of death quite like power and money–the true religion for many human beings.
But, what of JFK's death itself: the actual moment? It is pure spectacle.
Caught on film, burnt into a strip of chemicals and duplicated for all time, it became something else as soon as the Zapruder film was made public. It outdid Hollywood at its own game and made the moment into a collective mesmerization. The frame doesn't show who did it, and if the official story that Oswald was not the lone assassin isn't believed, then we — as voyeurs, amateur sleuths — extend ourselves by way of imagination beyond the borders of the frame, where reality is nebulous.
The shock of Kennedy's head being disintegrated has the appearance of a spectacular special effect. But, as with any image of death, whether painted, frozen in photographic stillness or under the magical spell of persistence of motion, a desensitization occurs. The shock of the instant dissipates — or does it?
No, the shock is transferred into something else entirely but related by virtue of the moment's symbolism. The shock no longer has its effect in a repulsion at a life being taken, but in the death of something much larger. The sick feeling permeating the collective American stomach is the collective witnessing of nothing less than the death of democracy.
Kennedy was a complex figure, at once part of the system but apart from it. In a sense, he'd always been an outsider owing to his Irish Catholic heritage — trying to, perhaps because of his father, infiltrate an order that was entrenched and as exclusive as a fraternity. The high class social equivalent of "separate but equal." His loyalties were to family and country.
Neither he nor his brother Robert were willing to prostrate themselves to the traditional power structures, only use and manipulate them by turning the order's own weapons — realpolitick and machiavellian maneuvering — against them. RFK probably superceded his brother in sheer disgust of the established order, though he was not possessed of the same political finesse, which made him even more dangerous.
As French philosopher Jean Baudrillard noted in his book "Simulacra and Simulation":
"The Kennedys were killed because they incarnated something: the political, political substance, whereas the new presidents are nothing but caricatures and fake film — curiously, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, all have this simiam mug, the monkeys of power."
And after? After JFK's assassination, a slippage occurred, in which our sense of democratic reality was lost in a hall of mirrors — the illusion of democracy. We operated under the assumption that it was still functional, if it ever had been in the first place.
With Kennedy, it was as if someone materialized who would attempt to change the established order, even if the legislature and the courts were unwilling to follow. A figure that posed a perfect threat to that order because he would expose it for what it really was: an oligarchy, an aristocracy not of nobility but of money and influence.
He was Machiavelli's Prince inverted: come not to accumulate power and decapitate the aristocracy for personal gain, but to feed the power back to the source whence it emanates — the people.
This made Kennedy supremely dangerous. It is hard to imagine how dangerous he truly was because very few people stop to think about the forces arrayed against him in the guise of other politicians, defense contractors, corporations, banks, etc.
It almost doesn't matter who assassinated JFK–only that it happened. The assassin is, as Stone suggests, pure scenery. It is a magic show by a cadre of illusionists. Even the more meaningful questions of why, who benefits and who has the power to cover it up lose all meaning as you pass through the looking glass.
We lose ourselves in the minutiae: the static of the spectacle is now transferred into theories in which we are hopelessly lost. And this is exactly where we are meant to be — lost in the static. The spectacle of JFK's assassination, and our obsession with the spectacle and its surface-level detail, is simply the microcosm of our life inside what passes for American democracy now.
Did the CIA kill Kennedy? The Mafia? The Russians? The Cubans? Oswald? E. Howard Hunt? The French Connection? Defense contractors? Wall Street? It is all of them and none simultaneously. Whoever it was, the effect is the same, and this is the critical point. It is the most shocking aspect of the spectacle. It not only brought death to Kennedy, but death to everything he symbolized.
Oswald acting alone achieves the same effect as that of every possible conspiracy theory scenario: power re-established, preserved temporarily. And it is repeated with Robert Kennedy — equally unreal in its imagery.
There was an effort to resurrect the two Kennedy's in the figure of Barack Obama, but that was false hope. If he had half the will, or posed half the threat of the Kennedy's, the spectacle would have been repeated again.
Remember: it does not matter how it happened, or even why (we know the answer), only that it happened.
Imagine that you are JFK, freshly-elected President. You are brought into a room (it doesn't matter where). Men in suits approach you and sit down. And you, as Kennedy, see those disturbing smiles on their faces, and no words pass between you aside from some pleasantries. Now it is time for business. There is no politics to this interaction. One of these men lays it out in full detail: keep the house in order and all will be well. Transgress the order and, well, you can imagine the endpoint.
Now imagine this interaction repeated with the newly-elected President Obama. Now you are him. The men with similar vacant grins, but they have the spectacle of the Zapruder film as ammunition and ask you how it will be? And you know then you will not transgress the order because you know very well the endpoint.
Here's a quote from Baudrillard's "Simulacra and Simulation":
"In the end, the game of power becomes nothing but the critical obsession with power–obsession with its death, obsession with its survival, which increases as it disappears. When it has totally disappeared, we will logically be under the total hallucination of power — a haunting memory that is already in evidence everywhere, expressing at once the compulsion to get rid of it (no one wants it anymore, everyone unloads it on everyone else) and the panicked nostalgia over its loss. The melancholy of societies without power: this has already stirred up fascism, that overdose of a strong referential in a society that cannot terminate its mourning."
It is that power which benefitted from Kennedy's death: a power terrified of seeing its raison d'être disappear.
They may have assassinated democracy through the symbol of Kennedy, but they have not terminated the will of those able to see the machinery behind the illusion.
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We love our clients & they love us
Over the last 15 years we have worked with hundreds of clients: global, national and regional organisations across the private, public and charity sectors. Our clients choose us because of our honest, flexible approach, our breadth and depth of technical ability and our proven track record delivering what we promise. Below is a small selection of the intranets, portals and websites that we are proud to have worked on, solving customer problems and creating great experiences.


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Dakota Electronics necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 65 diseños de 30 diseñadores freelance.
Site to sell consolidated reports containing information about various types of tools/equipment and parts.
Will also sell information booklets and cheat sheets for industrial applications.
Companies and individuals trying to locate information on specific tools and parts.
The logo will be at top left of our e-commerce shop homepage. Specific requirements are that:
- It needs to include the text "PartReports" (do not include ".com")
- The text needs to be easily readable and any associated graphic instantly recognizable.
- The logo will be our brand. As such it should be kept simple.
- The logo should be delivered as a vector file in Illustrator 10 format.
In terms of the design we want to give you scope to be creative. We are keen to see innovative designs:
- The look and feel should be cutting edge, reflecting the realtime nature of the report engine.
- Use a modern font.
- Base colors for the site are (or their web-safe equivalents)
- We would like to include a graphic within the logo reflecting the fast, realtime nature of the
report generation engine.
- The currently used Prestashop theme site will be redesigned around the logo.
- Any copyright violations WILL be reported so these must be new, unique designs.
- We do NOT want copycat, cookie cutter designs that look the same as 90% of the ones
that have been seen on this site.
- If we see the type of innovation we are looking for, the prize amount may be increased.
NOTE: No Gears and NO wrenches
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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So, here's what I did.
Ingredients :
500gm all purpose flour
2 TB sugar
1 TB lemon zest
a pinch of salt
1/2 TB cinnamon powder
100ml lukewarm milk
3 tspn yeast
(combine and leave to rest for 10 mins)
200gm butter, melted
80gm sugar
50gm almond meal
150ml yogurt
(combined all ingredients & mix well)
100gm dried cranberry, washed
50gm candied nutmeg, washed
30gm candied orange peeled, washed
4 TB brandy
(stir brandy into mix fruit and let to rest for an hour before used)
For topping : 50gm butter, melted & icing sugar for dusting
For filling : store bought toffee candy
Method :
(1) combine ingredients (A) into a big bowl & mix well.
(2) now, stir mixture (B) & (C) into ingredients (A) and mix to form a soft dough.
(3) finally, add ingredients (D) into soft dough and knead to combine.
(4) then let dough rest for 1-1/2 hour and again knead dough to smooth.
(5) divide dough into 4 portions and then cut each portion into 10 pcs.
(6) wrap each dough with toffee candies and arrange them on baking tray.
(7) again let dough rest for 30 mins.
(8) now, bake at preheated oven 195-200'C for about 15-20 mins or till brown.
(9) for final touch up, brush on melted butter and dust with icing sugar once cooled completely.
I'm sending this to Wild Yeast Blog @ Yeastspotting & Bake Your Own Bread.


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But the fact that this insurance is a state requirement is not the only reason you should carry it. The financial fallout from an accident, theft, or accident-related injury can be devastating. Without insurance, you could be forced to liquidate your personal assets and empty your savings to pay for the liabilities. An insurance policy protects you and your assets from this burden in exchange for a simple premium payment.
Considerations Before You Buy
While high deductibles keep your insurance premiums low, you need to make sure that you can actually afford to pay the deductibles.
Low limits also help to reduce your premium, but if the cost of your accident exceeds those limits, you will be responsible for meeting the liability.
Insurance companies often offer discounts to policyholders for having anti-theft and safety devices in their vehicles and for taking driving classes.
The claims process can vary by insurer, so when you get car insurance quotes, make sure the companies quoting you handle claims in a manner you are comfortable with.
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e-Newsletter - Volume 3, Number 55
George Bullard's "Every Congregation Needs a Little Conflict" Start Today!
by Bill Anderton
The first live session for "Every Congregation Needs a Little Conflict" starts today, Tuesday, October 15th at 3:30pm EDT/2:30pm CDT.
Today's live session will be done in a conference call. Instructions and the access code for the call can be found in the Virtual Classroom. See the "Live Audio Conference Call" button the the sidebar on the right side of most pages in the Virtual Classroom. The direct link to this page is https://www.transformingthechurch.org/pages/GB-02_audio_conference_calls
Audio Access Telephone Numbers:
TeleWorship Local : 1-(513) 977-8981 (from anywhere) TeleWorship Toll Free : 1-(866) 844-6291 (from North America)
You can dial into the conference bridge using either of the numbers shown above.
You will then hear the prompts of our auto-attendant. When prompted please enter your access code:
Access Code: 1968235
The conference bridge will be opened 20 minutes before the starting time of the class. You're welcome to enter the class and chat with your classmates until the start of the class. Please be on the call before the start of the class so we can start promptly.
For More Information:


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| Alcohol fuels: Options for Developing Countries
The technical options associated with an alcohol fuel program must be coupled with organizational strategies that will ensure maximum social benefits. Substituting fuel crops for food crops in a marginally self-sufficient country, for example, could result merely in importing food instead of fuel. A small-scale production facility in a rural area will have a significantly different impact than a single large unit in an urban location, in terms of employment generation, transportation, environmental consequences, and overall economic effects. An awareness of the options, and a careful assessment of the impact of each, can provide a powerful planning and screening tool.
Alcohols have been made and used by man for thousands of years. Their use as fuels, while never large scale, was almost totally replaced by fractions of crude oil when these derivatives were cheaper than almost any other form of energy, including the lower alcohols. The interest in alcohol fuels for developing countries is almost entirely a result of the reversal of this situation, and alcohol fuels are therefore seen almost exclusively as a substitute for imported crude oil. However, the variety of energy uses for petroleum products cannot be replaced simply by alcohol fuels. This has implications for the choice of alcohol-producing technologies and ultimately for the social, economic, and environmental consequences. The advantages and limitations of alcohol fuels as opposed to alternatives (such as producer gas and vegetable oils) must be weighed, and the choices must be defined before the impacts can be assessed.
Alcohol fuels are attractive alternatives to some petroleum derivatives. Their use entails a minimum of adjustment to many engines now designed to run on petroleum fuels, and the whole fuel distributive network could readily be adapted to alcohol fuels. Indeed, in Brazil the replacement of gasoline in new automobiles designed to burn 95 percent ethanol was accomplished simply by distributing it through retail pumps previously used to dispense high-octane gasoline.
However, only 40-45 percent of crude oil, the "light distillate" fraction, yields gasoline in refining. The other 55-60 percent, the "middle and heavy distillate" fractions, yield mainly diesel oil and fuel oil, respectively, along with a variety of petrochemicals. Although the composition of crude oil from different sources may vary and yield different proportions of these three fractions on processing, the effect of this variability on the proportions is limited. It is also possible to alter the relative proportions of the fractions yielded in the refining process (to increase the proportion of diesel at the expense of fuel oil, for example), but without extensive and expensive further chemical treatment the effect is relatively minor. It is a convenient oversimplification to consider the proportions of the three fuel fractions yielded as a constant ratio of approximately 45:30:10.
As a result, substitution of imported crude oil requires alternative sources for all three fractions (since it is normally much cheaper to import crude oil and refine it locally than to import specific fractions). Figure 26 shows potential sources of substitutes for the three crude oil fractions used as fuels.
Light Distillate
Light distillate substitutes have been produced from renewable sources in several ways, mainly, as we have seen, from alcohol fuels.
An alternative substitute is found in the wood-gas-powered engines redeveloped in Europe and Asia during World War II. A firebox with smoldering wood or charcoal is interposed between incoming air and the unmodified auto-engine manifold so that a mixture of combustible gases is produced. These gases include a high proportion of carbon monoxide, which is sufficiently flammable to power the engine at only slightly less output than gasoline.
Both these petroleum substitutes require large amounts of biomass. If 1 hectare of sugarcane is assumed to produce 3,600 lifers of alcohol, this can provide the average driver with 10 liters daily (enough for 23,000 km per year at 6.4 km per lifer); figures for current experimental producer gas powered automobiles in the Philippines are typically 8 km per kg of charcoal. An average 20,000 km driven annually would require 2.5 tons of charcoal, which would require upwards of 0.25 ha per year of trees, depending on species and location.
Middle Distillate
The middle distillate fraction can be replaced by alcohol fuels, but because of the compression-ignition character of diesel engines, this is not as simple as with spark-ignition engines. The simplest technique is to enhance the ignition of the alcohol fuel by adding about 20 percent of amyl nitrate, but this is a costly addition.
Another method of replacing part of the diesel fuel with alcohol is to aspirate alcohol into the air intake of the engine. Various devices that will do this are available commercially. Savings of diesel fuel of up to 35 percent are claimed, and the alcohol need not be pure, as it must be with gasohol; a 50:50 ethanol-water mixture (such as is obtained in the first distillation of yeast-fermented mash) is reported to work satisfactorily. Aspiration is reported to work particularly well in turbocharged diesel engines.
The most promising option for replacing diesel fuel with alcohol is by major engine modification, such as providing spark-assisted ignition and providing additional lubrication, which the diesel oil normally supplies. Some engine manufacturers are working on this.
An entirely different substitute that avoids these particular problems is light vegetable oil, such as soybean, sunflower, coconut, or peanut oil. Provided these oils are used in relatively warm conditions where their viscosity is low, they may replace large proportions of diesel fuel. Typically, an engine is fitted with a device that permits it to be started on the diesel fuel and then switched over to vegetable oil or to a diesel-vegetable oil mixture. The efficiency of combustion and fuel consumption is comparable to pure diesel. This must be carefully monitored, however, because residues can build up and cause the engine to seize.
In many countries engineers are experimenting with methods to overcome high viscosity of vegetable oils and their tendency to leave coke deposits on the injector nozzles and in the cylinders. One promising approach involves transesterification of the vegetable oil with methanol; the reaction mixture can have a viscosity closer to diesel oil. Noting that coconut oil or its simple derivatives have been used alone or in blends with diesel oil in engines ranging from 6 to 350 horsepower, Solly suggests that coconut oil is a practical and economic fuel in many areas of the Pacific at present. He states that a plant to produce 32 lifers of coconut oil per hour from 50 kg of copra costs about $20,000.
In the Philippines the United Guardian company is planning a $12million plant to produce 10 million gallons per year of coconut methyl esters for partial use as diesel oil substitutes. The Luzon project is scheduled to begin operation in early 1984.
As with light distillate, huge areas of crops would be required to provide the vegetable oils for any appreciable quantity of diesel fuel substitute. The highest average yield of oilseed in large quantity is palm oil, with typical maximum yields under plantation conditions of around 4 tons per hectare. This is about 2,200 lifers per hectare, which is somewhat less than the amount of fuel produced by a hectare of sugarcane. On the other hand, its extraction is less complicated and energy-consuming, because the oil has only to be pressed or solvent-extracted from the seed.
In an analysis of the potential for biomass fuels in vehicle engines, Jones and Chatterjee compared the investments required to replace 1,000 barrels per day of petroleum fuels with ethanol, methanol, or vehicle-mounted gasifiers. The total investment required for the gasifiers was only 10-20 percent of that required for the production of the alcohols.
Heavy Distillate
Heavy distillate is the fuel oil fraction of crude oil that is commonly burned to generate electricity and to power large ships. In developing countries, its main use is in electrical generation and industry. It can be replaced by a wide variety of solid fuels, including wood and charcoal; pyrolytic char; rice hulls (several generating plants in Thailand are fueled this way); coconut hulls; dried bagasse; and compressed and dried municipal garbage.
One concern in replacing crude oil fractions by fuels produced from renewable sources is that unless such efforts are carefully administered, the rich may divert resources from the poor. In Brazil, for example, as the demand for alcohol increased, land in Sao Paulo State had to be zoned to prevent food-producing land from being converted to grow sugarcane. Otherwise the cost of food would have increased because of increased transportation costs. The Brazilian federal government also limits land to be used for sugarcane production and plans to evaluate the potential for wood-to-alcohol production.
When the price of gasoline increases, the incentive to replace considerable quantities with alcohol will increase; however, grain alcohol prices will then also rise as farmers' costs rise. In effect, the competition of petroleum prices may cause grain prices to rise as more and more is used to make alcohol at increasing prices. Less grain will be available for export, and the price of the exports will be higher for the importing country. The price of food for grain-short countries will thus be higher.
It is argued that in the United States alcohol could be produced from cornstarch in corn that is now being fed to animals (mainly to fatten cattle) with the dried stillage residues fed to the animals after the alcohol has been produced from the starch. The other nutrients would remain, the material would be more fibrous, and the animals would produce leaner meat, which is healthier for the consumer. However, cattle gain weight, and thereby value, more quickly and profitably on whole corn than on stillage residues. Further, the stillage residues are contained in a volume of liquid 10-15 times the amount of alcohol produced, and the costs of handling, drying, and transporting this product are considerable. In Brazil the stillage residues (vinaça) from sugarcane fermentation are returned directly to the canefields to conserve nutrients and avoid the environmental effects of other types of disposal.
The potential saving of nutrients by feeding stillage residues to farm animals is not as relevant in developing countries as it is in the United States and Europe. There are few facilities in developing countries for intensive feeding of animals; in many countries, animals are scavengers, obtaining their food wherever it can be found. Scavenging animals do not produce nearly as much meat, milk, or eggs as their well-fed counterparts. Nevertheless, they do not compete for human food. Although poultry and dairy projects have been set up in many places, poultry and milking cows are least able to obtain the required level of nutrition from alcohol crop stillage residues, only small amounts of which can be used in their rations.
The Brazilian decision to develop eucalyptus as a future source of ethanol can have far-reaching effects; growing fuelwood plantations on poor soils will reduce the competition for food-producing land, help to reduce erosion, and support decentralized energy production, encouraging creation of industry in rural areas and stemming the growth of industrial areas.
Although there are many ingenious ways in which increased demand for alcohols can be met from nonfood sources in temperate regions, most of these are still experimental or uneconomic compared with the proven, large-scale technology of grain alcohol production. However, large-scale ethanol production is likely to lead to a shortage of grain stocks at reasonable prices on the world market.
This situation may require regulation to limit the amount of grain that can be converted to alcohol and to encourage, by tax incentives or other means, alcohol production from nonfood sources. Regulation might also stimulate research into more efficient, cost-effective ways to make alcohol from nonfood sources, such as cellulose.
In the developing countries, the situation is more complex, since the elements essential for a successful alcohol fuel program-capital, land to produce biomass, management for the technology-are likely to be in relatively short supply. Use of personal automobiles, however, is proportionally much lower than in industrialized countries so that an alcohol production program can meet the fuel demand, and most developing countries have a climate suitable for year-round growth of biomass. There is a need to inventory and analyze possible sources of fuel alcohols in specific countries to determine the potential conflicts with food supplies and the economics of producing alcohol fuels. Policies can then be based on this kind of comprehensive analysis.
Potential conflicts also are possible in the use of vegetable oils for diesel fuel. Global production of all vegetable oils is estimated at about 40 million tons per year or roughly 10 kg per head for the world population. Much of the oil produced remains at the farm and village level for cooking, where it is an important source of vitamins and unsaturated fatty acids in the diet; the remainder enters the market mainly for industrial and pharmaceutical uses for hardening into margarine and soaps and for cooking oil.
World production is viewed as insufficient for current needs, though maldistribution creates periodic surpluses in some locations; prices are wildly unstable compared with other commodities. The most common oil, soybean oil, is currently in good supply, and with a market price of $400 per ton, or about 40 cents per lifer. Production costs are linked to energy costs, so the price tends to rise with increasing energy costs. Yields per hectare are low compared with sugarcane or eucalyptus sources for alcohol fuels. The highest yielding oilseed is palm oil at around 4 tons per ha and coconut oil is second with a potential of up to 2 tons per ha. Other oilseeds are much lower yielding (Table 11), though they are annual crops, whereas the palms are perennial tree crops that require about 5 years to begin to bear fruit. The area required to support vegetable fuel oil production will thus tend to be greater than for the equivalent production of fuel alcohol.
It is therefore unlikely in the near future that a large portion of diesel consumption in developing countries will be replaced with vegetable oil. It is more likely that in unusual circumstances in industrialized countries-such as a temporary glut of vegetable oil-a certain amount of oil could be diverted to fuel use, particularly where lowered crude oil refinement might have led to a relatively high demand for diesel fuel compared with alcohol-substituted light distillate.
TABLE 11 Edible Vegetable Oil Production Worldwide
Price Range
(in millions of tons)
(dollars per ton)
Palm oil
a USDA forecast for 1982/83.
b Yields vary widely depending on crop variety, soil, and season; these figures have been gathered from the literature as indications of the range of yield reported, rather than definitive values.
SOURCE: Foreign Agriculture Circular, Oilseeds and Products FOP 1-83, Foreign Agricultural Service, United States Department of Agriculture, January 1983.
Heavy distillate-fuel oil substitution is likely to have less direct impact on food production, since biomass sources, wood, and charcoal can be grown on marginal land unsuitable for most food crops.
A number of arguments have been advanced to counter the position that increasing fuel alcohol consumption in developing countries will inevitably lead to reduced food availability, rising food prices, and the rich fueling vehicles at the expense of the food supply of the poor.
In many developing countries, particularly in Africa, food crop yields are very low. Among the contributory factors are lack of market incentives, poor management, lack of delivery systems for high-yielding varieties and the fertilizers and pesticides that comprise the packages of "green revolution" technology, and weak research and extension infrastructures. Yields could be doubled or even tripled, with adequate incentives - without additional costly fertilizer and pesticides-in properly managed rotation systems. With added technical inputs, yields comparable to those obtained anywhere can be achieved, though it is true that lowland tropical soils are difficult to manage under sustained high-yielding annual food crop production other than paddy rice. Nevertheless, the potential for considerable expansion of crop production exists without costly inputs and without expanding acreage. These arguments include the point that fuel alcohol production, suitably organized, could provide a critical stimulus for agriculture. Fuel alcohol production could provide incentives for increasing production and farmers' incomes, as well as for upgrading the infrastructure and availability of services to farmers. It could also supply fuel to support farm mechanization and the use of equipment for which petroleum fuels are unavailable or too costly. In this way, both food and fuel requirements could be met. Plantation crops such as oil palm could meet diesel fuel needs and increase farmers' incomes, while also serving to stabilize the humid tropical soils. Developing countries could thereby enhance their productivity and take advantage of their more favorable photosynthesis location.
In considering the production of biomass for conversion to alcohol fuel, potential impacts should be assessed on two levels: at the plantation level, in which the biomass for alcohol production utilizes most or all of the land area; or on a smaller scale in which crop production for alcohol is subsidiary to the production of other crops or to other kinds of agricultural enterprise. In each system there are economic and social considerations and direct environmental effects.
Plantation Production
Land Ownership
Among the first considerations that affect the production of biomass for alcohol fuels in the commercial plantation sphere are the availability and ownership of large tracts of land. The consequences of bringing land into use or converting it from other uses to biomass production will obviously have to be weighed in terms of capital required and of alternative capital uses. The question of whether to encourage the private sector to develop land for this purpose or to do it through government investment depends on the political philosophy of those making the decision and the social structure of the area in question. In this context, the traditional size of farms and the organization of land use and labor will be important factors.
Possibly the most important consideration in a decision to produce alcohol fuels on a large scale is the potential competition of alcohol substrates for arable land on which food would otherwise be produced, along with the labor and other inputs, such as fertilizer and pesticides, that would be diverted to this purpose from food production. Governments will be faced with the need to control land use where market forces, in response to the profitability of alcohol, might displace food production in favor of large mechanized plantations.
Economies of Scale
In certain cases there may be difficult trade-off decisions, for example, where fuel is needed to support agricultural development or where questions of scale arise-whether it would be more in the national interest to forego the large plantation in favor of dispersed, smallscale production for local use, even at the higher cost of less-efficient technology. A decision in favor of less economic, small-scale production may, however, imply a permanent subsidy, as Eckhaus has argued. More cost-effective technology will tend to edge out the less efficient.
Capital Demand
Like large-scale biomass production, large fermentation and distillation alcohol plants are more energy-efficient than small plants and more cost-effective in terms of lifers of alcohol produced per unit of investment. However, this does not necessarily imply that large-scale plants are more desirable. The level of capital investment required, not only for the plant itself, but for crop land, housing, and other services for employees, may be in competition with other major national undertakings (a hydroelectric plant and dam, for example; or a major road to provide access to markets). High interest rates may make large loans uneconomic.
In this context, however, there may be other possibilities that would support the large plantation choice. In many tropical countries in the last decade, the high price of sugar on the world market encouraged the construction of sugar mills that, as the price of sugar fell, became unprofitable and were closed down. These could be valuable assets to alcohol production, in terms of both money and time that would otherwise be needed for construction. Smaller sugar mills no longer economic for sugar production may be economic for alcohol production. A 100,000 lifer-per-day distillery requires only 60 tons of cane per hour, operating on a 24-hour basis.
The potential competition of large-scale alcohol production for foodproducing land, along with the employment or displacement of food-producing farmers, has been noted. There is, however, a wider employment consideration: the extent to which a large-scale alcohol plant will attract industries to the area by the presence of the plant and its fuel, and the opportunities for utilizing its by-products, as well as the extent to which it will create employment by supplying goods and services to the entire community. The location of the plant and the scale and range of its production (for example, simple alcohol plus animal feed by-products or a complex alcohol-based synthetic chemical industry) will have a profound effect on employment levels and on the kinds of jobs created. Choices about fuel alcohol production will also affect the composition and distribution of society, stemming or encouraging urban drift and concentrating or dispersing economic activity.
Environmental Consequences
Plantation crop production may affect the environment through the use of chemical fertilizer, including the effects of energy used to produce the fertilizer itself and other consequences of its production, such as thermal or chemical pollution. Secondary considerations are more subtle and long range. They include loss of topsoil-which regenerates very slowly - owing to production of crops. They also include the loss of wilderness, of uncultivated land that serves as both an aesthetic and genetic resource, where wild plants, animals, birds, and microorganisms can maintain the original (or less-modified) ecology of the area. This is important for natural regeneration of species and for providing a reservoir of genes that may subsequently be needed for disease control or other biological purposes.
At present, unused land is lying fallow and regaining some natural fertility; the grass or legume cover is slowing erosion, when compared with the net loss of topsoil on cropped land (which amounts to many tons per hectare per year, depending on the crop). Ingraham estimates that soil loss due to erosion in developing countries is nearly twice as great as his estimate of 27 tons per ha per year in the United States. Pimentel et al. calculated that it may take 100 years to replace one year's loss of topsoil from land on which cereal grains are raised in the United States, and it is evident that soil losses in the tropics will require much longer to replace because the more even climate breaks down rock into soil more slowly than in temperate zones where freezing is an important factor.
Small-Scale Production
Economic and Social Impact
Small-scale production involves less capital and land investment; however, more investment is required in the system for collecting feedstock to be processed at a central point (such as crop residues from a group of farmers to be used by a village or town distillery). Smallscale production may also increase the price of food or feed by diverting traditional foodstuffs for use in alcohol production. In part, the animal feed may be replaced by stillage residues; human food may be replaced through the use of cash obtained from the sale of alcohol. One result may be the increasing monetarization of the rural economy. The net effect may be greater in a subsistence rural area because of the disproportionately large infusion of cash even where relatively small amounts of alcohol are produced, as compared with cash brought into a pert-urban area by a large-scale production plant.
Environmental Impact
Small-scale production may have the effect of bringing marginal land into production. Logistically, recycling of waste may be simpler. It may also lead to fermentable uses of wastes and residues that otherwise are normally local environmental nuisances.
Economic and Social Impact
The fermentation and distillation plant will create new employment profiles in the society, diverting skilled manpower to new areas, and depriving other areas of this resource. In both urban or rural situations it will generate new jobs or sources of income. The plant will also require a source of capital proportional to its scale. This capital, whether raised locally or abroad, will create secondary economic effects. Further, the licensing and regulation of dispersed production will necessitate its own bureaucracy, with the associated costs.
Environmental Effects
There are likely to be negligible direct emission pollution effects unless coal or oil is used to heat the still. Stillage residues will constitute the major pollutant, and their further use is an important consideration. They can contribute to thermal and water pollution; eutrophication of ponds and streams from the organic matter in the liquid effluent is a constant hazard. The solid residues can be used for animal feed but can create environmental problems if not properly handled. Hira et al. have examined the air, water, solid waste, and occupational safes, and health problems that might arise at biomass-based ethanol and methanol production facilities.
Large-Scale Utilization
Large-scale production and use of alcohol fuels in the short term will be for transportation rather than for industrial conversion. This use will place alcohol fuels in direct competition with petroleum fuels, and the impacts are likely to be beneficial. They will include additional employment and diminished need for imported oil in nonproducing countries. In those countries that produce oil, widespread use of alcohol fuel will free petroleum products for export or for processing as industrial feedstocks.
Direct environmental factors are also likely to be favorable. The emission characteristics from internal combustion engines are given by Pullman.
The main environmental impact of large-scale utilization of alcohol fuels is likely to be an increase in aldehydes in the atmosphere, but this should be more than offset by a reduction in other emitted pollutants.
With respect to direct pollution by the fuels themselves, spilled alcohol is likely to be much less hazardous than oil or gasoline spills in all but the most extreme cases; alcohol spills at sea could affect on marine life more severely than petroleum because alcohol is miscible with water.
Small-Scale Utilization
Small-scale uses include powering farm equipment and fishing boats, heating and cooking, and small-scale power generation.
The economic and social impacts are likely to be varied and farreaching. In areas where these technologies are used, they may lead to monetary economics as opposed to barter, which, in turn, will have an effect in changing the role of women by reducing the need to gather fuel. It may also change the roles of the family members and villagers who process food and feed and who thresh and mill grain or perform other tasks. To the extent that small-scale use of alcohol involves income generation and income use, it has the potential for changing many of the traditional home and village leisure and cultural activities. Availability of alcohol fuels opens up possibilities for cooperative uses of electricity to power radios or television. This can increase political involvement through greater awareness of local, national, and world events. On the negative side, there will also be increased possibilities for abuse of alcohol-intoxication, poisoning, and increased fire hazards.
Many factors will contribute to the local and national impact of alcohol fuel technology. The way in which the technology is used should be planned with considerable awareness of the consequences.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1982. Vegetable Oil Fuels. ASAE, St. Joseph, Michigan, USA.
Anonymous. 1983. United Guardian to build coconut-to-diesel and chemicals plant in Luzon. Synfuel February 4:7.
Barzelay, M., and Pearson, S.R. 1982. The efficiency of producing alcohol for energy in Brazil. Economic Development and Cultural Change 31:131-144.
Branco, G.M., and de Toledo, M.P. 1980. Brazilian evolution of alcohol on automotive use and its air pollution concerns. In: IV International Symposium or' Alcohol Fuels Technology. Guaruja, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Brown, L.R. 1980. Food or fuel: new competition for the world's cropland. Interciencia 5(6):365-372.
Caron, D. 1980. Social impacts associated with the implementation of Brazil's proalcohol program. In: IV International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology. Guaruja, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Eckhaus, R. 1977. Appropriate Technologies for Developing Countries. Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., USA.
Hira, A.U., et al. 1983. Alcohol fuels from biomass. Environmental Science and Technology 17(5):202A-213A.
Ingraham, E.W. 1975. A Query into the Quarter Century. Wright-Ingraham Institute, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.
Jones, J.L., and Chatterjee, A.K. 1980. Preliminary analysis of the potential for developing nations to use biomass fuels in vehicle engines. Pp. 689-704 in: Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass, edited by J.L.Jones and S.P. Radding. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., USA.
Kovarik, B. 1981. Fuel Alcohol: Energy and Environment in a Hungry World. Earthscan Publication, London, England.
La Rovere, E.L. 1980. Consequences of the Brazilian alcohol plan. Ecodevelopment News 13: 14-22.
Madeley, J. 1981. Ethanol production runs into environmental difficulties. Mazingira 5(3) :42-51.
Nemir, A.S. 1980. Possible impact on human food supplies as a result of worldwide alcohol production from sugar crops. Sugar Journal 42(12):13-16.
Pelin, E.R. 1980. Impact of Brazil's proalcohol on land prices and crop substitutions. In: IV International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology. Guaruja, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Pimentel, D., et al. 1981. Environmental and Social Costs of Biomass Energy. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Pimentel, D., Terhune, E.C., Dyson-Hudson, R., Rochereau, S., Samis, P., Smith, E. Denman, D., Reifschneider, D., and Shepard, M. 1976. Land degradation: effect on food and energy resources: Science 194:149-155.
Pullman, J.B. 1979. Alcohol Fuel Impacts upon Energy Conservation and Air Quality Paper prepared for Specialty Conference on Transportation and the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments. American Society of Civil Engineers, Urban Transportation Division, San Francisco, California, USA.
Saint, W.S. 1982. Farming for energy: social options under Brazil's National Alcoho Programme. World Development 10(3):223-238.
Solly, R.K. 1982. Utilization of coconut oil as a fuel for petroleum diesel and kerosense substitution. University of the South Pacific, P.O. Box 1168, Suva, Fiji.
Webb, S.B. 1982. Social cost of alcohol-fuel subsidies. Order number DE 8202 1187. NTIS, Springfield, Virginia, USA.


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Lesson Plan
Guided Comprehension: Evaluating Using the Meeting of the Minds Technique
|3 – 5
|Lesson Plan Type
|Recurring Lesson
|Estimated Time
|Three 60-minute sessions
|Lesson Author
Avon, Massachusetts
Who is to blame for the plight of the three little pigsthe wolf or the pigs themselves? Students ask themselves questions like this as they read multiple versions of a familiar fairy tale. In this lesson, students use the Meeting of the Minds technique, a comprehension strategy that teaches them to act out the opposing views of two or more characters in an oral debate or interview format. Students begin with teacher-directed, whole-group instruction for using this strategy. As students read various versions of The Three Little Pigs, they assume the role of the characters and respond to questions in character. Students then work in small groups to complete various activities, including using Meeting of the Minds, writing stories and dramas, and comparing two versions of a fairy tale. As a culminating activity, students reflect on how the reading strategy helps improve their comprehension.
Meeting of the Minds Chart: This chart allows students to view a story from different characters' points of view.
McLaughlin, M., & Allen, M.B. (2002). Guided Comprehension: A teaching model for grades 38. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
- Guided Comprehension is a context in which students learn comprehension strategies in a variety of settings using multiple levels and types of text. It is a three-stage process focused on direct instruction, application, and reflection.
- The Guided Comprehension Model progresses from explicit teaching to independent practice and transfer.
- Evaluating is defined as making judgments. The meeting of the minds technique uses the evaluating strategy by means of a debate format between two characters that have differing viewpoints on a topic or situation.
- Current studies demonstrate that when students experience explicit instruction of comprehension strategies, it improves their comprehension of new texts and topics (Hiebert et al., 1998).
Hiebert, E.H., Pearson, P.D., Taylor, B.M., Richardson, V., & Paris, S.G. (1998). Every child a reader. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement (CIERA).