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Degree Programs
Facts & Figures
Master's Programs
Doctoral Programs
Combined Programs
Centers & Institutes
Master's Programs
For the student who has just completed undergraduate studies or the professional with a few years of experience, the Bloomberg School offers several master's degree programs.
Doctoral Programs
The Bloomberg School's doctoral degree programs target students with specific career goals in public health research, teaching or leadership, and typically require a longer time commitment.
Combined Programs
The Bloomberg School offers additional degree programs for students interested in combining various fields and disciplines – from medicine and public health to international relations and public health.
- Master of Public Health and Master of Business Administration (MPH/MBA)
- Master of Public Health and Master of Social Work (MSW/MPH)
- Master of Public Health and Master of Science in Nursing (MSN/MPH)
- Master of Public Health and Juris Doctor (MPH/JD)
- Master of Arts and Master of Science in Public Health (MA/MSPH)
Postdoctoral Programs
Postdoctoral programs at the Bloomberg School provide training opportunities for students who have already earned their doctoral degrees, and wish to further their knowledge and skills in a particular area of public health.
Residency Programs
For physicians interested in preventive medicine, the Bloomberg School offers two residency programs – General Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine.
Clery Notice of Availability


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- Inside Athletics
- Tickets
- Fan Zone
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- Social
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- Donate Now
Johnson City, Tenn. - The ETSU Athletic Department announced the signings of Brandon Calton and Allen Davis to National Letters of Intent to play football for the Bucs. Calton and Davis join 19 student-athletes who signed with ETSU on Feb. 2.
"Calton is a lineman that was offered by Pittsburgh, Iowa and North Carolina," said Head Coach Paul Hamilton. "He puts icing on the cake for our recruiting class. Davis has a chance to see time in the future since both Denario Smalls and Keyandre Fenn will be seniors this season."
Brandon Calton * 6-4 * 288 * Pennington Gap, Va./Fork Union * Offensive/Defensive Lineman
Led Fork Union with 120 tackles last season... finished the year with 20 sacks and led team in tackles for loss... a very fast and agile lineman... was the Team Most Valuable Player on Defense... led Fork Union to 7-4 record...4.5 40.
Allen Davis * 6-1 * 180 * Mullins, S.C./Mullins HS * Wide Receiver/Safety
Finished the season with 40 catches for 792 yards... made nine touchdown receptions... as a defensive back ranked third on the team with 93 total tackles... four interceptions... earned first team All-State Honors... was named to the Toast of the Coast All-Area Team by the Sun News.

subset: commoncrawl


text: RecycleWhere is a collaboration amongst local governmental agencies including San Francisco Department of the Environment, StopWaste (Alameda County Waste Management Authority), Contra Costa County and City of Palo Alto. The goal of RecycleWhere is to reduce waste by providing accurate information about recycling, reuse, and proper disposal options for residents and businesses without regard to traditional municipal boundaries. This project was created using OpenSource software and an Open Data model.


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Idea Booth necesitaba un nuevo diseño de fondo de Twitter y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 14 diseños de 9 diseñadores freelance.
Iron Phoenix Marketing is a Consumer Engagement firm that drives breakthrough innovation while delivering measurable results through word of mouth, social interactive, and experiential marketing.
We are working with a national baking company, Turano Baking Co on developing their social media presence.
DEMOGRAPHIC: The general audience are consumers of breads. Mothers that shop for bread at supermarkets. Men who grill during the summer or purchase bread at the deli.
BRAND AWARENESS: Clearly demonstrate the authentic artisanal quality of the Turano brand, while creating a point of difference to have a brand your consumers associate instantly with your products.
BRAND POSITIONING: Reinforce and strengthen the Turano Baking Company brand position in the market by heightening customer perception of the brand's superiority over competitors.
INCREASE AND DRIVE SALES: Increasing market share is the goal of all our marketing strategy. We will create a competitive advantages so powerful you will affect the behavior of target audiences, spur them to action and create preferences within the current market.
We have a design for a twitter background that we would like to have revised. The background should use the current look and feel but be designed for all resolutions. In addition the design should provide hyper to other online assets such as the Turano Website and Facebook pages, if possible.
Use the attached file as direction for the look and feel. We are simply looking for a professional touch. The design should be revised to be clean and flexible for all types of screen resolutions.
Try to use the brand assets in the PSD file, including the truck, which is a local fixture. Visuals of the bread are critical to the design. Preferably we would like to have designs closely reflect the attached design.


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In the late 19th century trade cards distributed by merchants and manufacturers were an inexpensive and very effective way to advertise.They were printed in relatively large quantities and often pasted in scrap books. What I like most about them are the colorful quirky themes .The group above shows how interest in arctic exploration was used to promote all sorts of products.Click on the images to enlarge them.
The Byrd bookplate was originally engraved by E.D. French for Admiral Byrd's grandfather . Admiral Byrd had it reproduced for the books in his library by Dempsey and Caroll in New York City


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RAS - Real Art Supplies for Kids
Wholesale Real Art Supplies for Kids - Encourage your children's imaginations and creativity by giving them the best art supplies they can get: RAS paints and materials! RAS colors are Real Art Supplies for Kids, specially developed, formulated, and named after the traditional artists' color palette. These high quality tempera and acrylic paints are designed to allow an easy transition to student or artist grade materials at any time. With vibrant colors that cover well, go on velvety smooth, and clean up with just soap and water, RAS for Kids paints have all the convenience of kids' art supplies, with the quality of Real Art Supplies!
Call today for details (9am-6pm, M-F)


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With 16-years of reputable experience, BEAST Sports has positioned itself as the fastest-growing brand in the sports nutrition industry. BEAST Sports is committed to delivering innovative, premium-quality products, manufactured under the strictest industry guidelines, that are affordable to everyone! From the fitness newbie, to the competitive athlete, BEAST Sports products are developed with you in mind.
BEAST Sports supplement products are designed for people who are serious about fitness – getting strong, getting big and staying healthy. In order to deliver the most effective products at an affordable price, BEAST Sports has led the innovation of manufacturing "multi-purpose" products. A true industry leader, BEAST Sports unique line of combination products has brought them recognition as Breakout Brand of The Year in 2011 AND 2013. Additionally, BEAST Sports Creature Creatine has been acknowledged as an industry standout as a nominee for Creatine Supplement of the Year in 2013. Truly a remarkable brand, BEAST Sports is "The Strongest Name in Sports Nutrition".
Checkout TFSupplements' Most Popular BEAST Sports Products: 2 Shredded, Aminolytes, Amphetalean, & Beast Mode.


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Transfer news: Atletico Madrid sign ex-Malaga defender Martin Demichelis
Atletico Madrid have signed Martin Demichelis on a free transfer after his Malaga contract expired earlier this summer.
Last Updated: 11/07/13 1:28pm
The Argentina centre-back has signed a one-year deal with Diego Simeone's side after leaving Malaga on June 30.
The 32-year-old passed a medical on Thursday and then spoke to reporters about the move, saying: "I'm very proud to have joined such a successful and winning group. Next year the team will compete even more than last season and there are many challenges to face."
Demichelis, who has also played for River Plate and Bayern Munich, joins an Atletico defence which conceded the least goals in La Liga last season, and will have to fight Diego Godin and Miranda for a regular place in the starting line-up.
"I know that I'm joining the best defence in the league I hope we can keep that up. I will come here with a humble attitude and will contribute what I can. I hope it's a successful year for me and for the team," he added.
"I know that Miranda and Godin have a huge amount of respect in the team, they have both performed exceptionally well in the last few years.
"My career has never been easy and I've always had healthy competition for places."
The Argentinian rejected moves to return to his boyhood club River Plate and also turned down a contract extension with Malaga. He explained that the presence of compatriot Simeone was key to him opting for the Rojiblancos.
He said: "It was a difficult decision because two clubs to which I am eternally grateful, River and Malaga, wanted to sign me. I went to Argentina and I was thinking about staying there, but then Atletico appeared and Simeone was key in convincing me to join a consolidated group that was playing for trophies.
"Simeone has known about me for a long time and is aware of my performances in the last few years. He is one of the main reasons I'm now an Atletico player."
Atletico, who finished third in the Primera Division last season and won the Copa del Rey, have signed forwards David Villa and Leo Baptistao already this summer and brought back goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois for a third year on loan from Chelsea.


text: Royalty Free Vectors Banana Vectors Naturalistic colorful leaf of banana palm vector image LicenseLearn More Standard For Print, Advertising, Design Expanded For Resale & Reproduction The license type determines how you can use this image. Std. Exp. Print / Editorial Graphic Design Web Design Social Media Edit & Modify Multi-user Resale Items Unlimited Runs Ways to BuyCompare Pay-per-Image $14.99 Credits $1.00 Subscription $0.69 There are three ways to pay for Standard licenses. Prices are $US. Pay with Image Price Pay-per-Image $14.99 One-time payment Pre-paid Credits $1 Download images on-demand (1 credit = $1). Minimum purchase of 30. Subscription Plan From 69c Choose a monthly plan. Unused downloads automatically roll into following month. Ways to BuyCompare Pay-per-Image $29.99 Credits $30.00 There are two ways to pay for Expanded licenses. Prices are $US. Pay with Cost per Image Pay-per-Image $29.99 One-off payment, no signup needed. Pre-paid Credits $30 Download images on-demand (1 credit = $1). Download Image Files Included Loading Details... Download File/s: ZIP Archive ZIP Archive High-res JPG (300 DPI+) High-res PNG (300 DPI+) Adobe Illustrator (v10+) Vector EPS (v8+) Vector PDF Download ZIP Share on Pinterest Facebook Twitter Download JPG Preview Image Image ID19158699 Artist oleggankoFollow ♥Like +Cart 0.69 USD Similar Images More Images…More More by olegganko More Images…More Related Searches Banana Beach Summer Pattern Colorful Leaf Palm Leaves Nature Green Isolated Coconut Exotic Tree Trees Tropical White Island Flora Silhouette Plant Icon Travel Holiday Design Set Beautiful Tropic Natural


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Looking for Wooden Garage Doors on your Teignmouth home?
We love wooden garage doors, they offer a real touch of class to any Teignmouth property. As the garage door manufactures have improved their style and designs of garage doors having a workable real wood garage door is a great choice for many of the homes around Teignmouth and the South West.
With a the use of a natural material on the outside of your home, it is important to discuss all options available from a well respected and experience garage door company.
Time spent at the deciding stage will ensure you've not left with having to replace your door within the first couple of years.
With over 30 years experience our customer tell use we are the "Leading Garage Door Company for the Devon and the South West", whilst great feedback, we pride ourselves of delivering only the best service and reliability you would expect from a local family business.
For a free survey call us today on 01626 259425
What are Wooden Garage Door Prices?
All wooden doors come at a price, however in our experience often the costs involve vary greatly on a number of facts - from the amount of doors you require, size of garage front, style of door and garage door opening mechanism all have a part to play. To really get the best price for your wooden garage door call one of our helpful team now 01626 259425.
Choosing A and A Garage Doors for your door can save £100's as the largest independent garage door company in Teignmouth we are pleased to be able to offer our doors at very competitive rates including the fitting of your garage door.
Will a Timber Garage Door be right for your Teignmouth Property?
Choosing the right garage door for your home in our view is an important decision and whilst costs will always be a factor, it is one we would welcome the chance to help you understand your choices.
For some customers having a real timber garage door is the final part to complete the final look to their home and can create massive kerb appeal. However some consider the level of maintenance and treatments on the door is too much for them, for these customer we have some amazing alternative wood effect garage doors that look like the real thing but offer low maintenance and lightweight solutions.
Automatic Wooden Garage Door Fitters in Teignmouth
Why not automate your Timber garage door with A&A Garage Doors. This really finishes off your door and using the latest technology to more than open and close your garage to include gated entry systems, return home lighting and security activations. We can ensure you get the correct electric operator for your garage door, either new or existing. Call to find out more about our automatic timber garage doors 01626 259425.
The Benefits
- Convenience
- Security
- Safety
Still not sure which type of garage door is best for your Teignmouth home?
If you know what type of garage door you want click one of the lists below:
- Awnings
- Electric Garage Door Automation
- Fire Shutters
- Garage Door Repairs
- Garage Doors
- Gates
- Industrial Shutters
- Roller Garage Doors
- Roller Security Shutters
- Sectional Garage Doors
- Sectional Overhead Doors
- Shutters
- Up & Over Garage Doors
Talk to us before you decide which garage door you want Teignmouth 01626 259425
Request a call back
Next Previous Customer Testimonials
I would like to say that the service from this company was superb. My door broke on a Sunday and they come out and fixed it that day. Thank you I will recommend you to allScott Chisholm
More than happy with the awning which A & A Garage Doors fitted a few weeks ago. Cannot recommend them highly enough, efficient friendly service, with both engineers going that extra mile.Sarah Reay
Thank you A and A garage doors for a great job. I thought you were professional from start to finish. My new sectional doors are above and beyond what I could have imagined.Tom Pike
A good company. The door was fitted efficiently and quickly. I am now the proud owner of a lovely new insulated roller shutter door. I would recommend them to friends and family.Darren Cain


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Office Spaces for Rent in the Harborview Area
Make a Quick Enquiry or Add to List, then click SHORTLIST in top right hand corner.
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Our ref: # 29188
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CCS is actively monitoring and responding to the recommendations of the Public Health Agency of Canada regarding coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
Host your own fundraiser
Be a Cancer Fighter!
Organize a fundraiser in support of the Canadian Cancer Society and help change the lives of Canadians affected by this disease.
Why get involved?
- Your support matters – With nearly 1 in 2 Canadians expected to be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime, your support is more important than ever.
- You will make an impact – Every dollar raised will help us fund the most promising cancer research, advocate for policies that protect the health of Canadians and provide vital support services to patients and their families.
- You can choose how funds will be used – When you organize a fundraiser, you can choose where the donations will be put into action. For instance, if breast cancer research is close to your heart, then the funds raised could be designated to that area.
- You will receive a free toolkit – As a Cancer Fighter, you will get access to an online toolkit that has a step-by-step guide and helpful resources that will make fundraising simple and fun!
Be a Cancer Fighter!
If you have the passion, but you're not sure how to turn it into action, then take a look at these fundraising ideas and stories of successful events for inspiration!
Need help?
If you have a question or need support, then check out our Frequently Asked Questions page or get in touch with us at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text: It's a special day for the National Aquarium family! Today marks both the one-year anniversary of the opening of our Blacktip Reef exhibit and the 33rd anniversary of the Aquarium's grand opening! In celebration of this milestone, check out our "by-the-numbers" breakdown of Blacktip Reef and the coral reef habitat it represents! Blacktip Reef, by the numbers: Construction time: 11 months Square footage: 13,500 square feet Cost: $12.7 million Gallons of water: 270,000 Handcrafted coral pieces: 3,000+ Species: 65, including 4 shark species, 1 turtle species and 2 ray species Coral reefs, by the numbers: With over 700 species of coral and 3,000 species of fish, Indo-Pacific reefs are some of the world's most biodiverse! While reefs make up just .2 percent of the ocean floor, they support an estimated 25 percent of ocean life! Seventy-five percent of the world's reefs are considered threatened! Can't stop by Blacktip Reef in person today? Tune into Shark Cam at 2pm EST to virtually join our underwater birthday celebration! Tags: animals, blacktip-reef, blacktip-reef-anniversary, exhibits, sharks Categories: Animals Previous Post Next Post


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What is Fractional CO2 Laser?
Our Fractional CO2 Laser treatment stimulates your skin's natural healing process, resulting in accelerated collagen production and a renewal process that takes years off your skin. Fractional CO2 laser skin resurfacing can remedy a number of common skin concerns. Our most anti-ageing laser procedure, the Fractional CO2 laser technology can treat lines and wrinkles, improve overall skin tone and elasticity and restore a youthful glow. Fractional CO2 laser resurfacing also finally offers a solution for Acne Scarring, Sun Damaged skin and pigment disorders such as melasma and stretch marks.
This treatment is for you if:
You wish to improve the overall quality tone and texture of your skin
You want to improve acne, acne scars, melasma,pigmentation, cholasma, stretch marks or surgical scars
You desire smoother, fresher, younger looking skin
You wish to improve fine lines around your eyes
Common Questions
What is Fractional CO2 Laser Treatment?
Fractional CO2 Laser Treatment is a 'fractional' treatment that treats minute sections of the skin, which penetrate into the dermis to stimulate significant collagen renewal. The surrounding non-affected areas of the skin aid the body's natural recovery process for dramatic results without significant recovery time. As the new collagen filled cells replace the old tissue the skin has an even tone, becomes plumper, smoother and less lined.
What does treatment feel like?
A warm, heating sensation may be felt but is considered very tolerable by most people. The system has an inbuilt cooler which will cool the skin first, ensuring treatment is more comfortable.
What should I expect after treatment?
Your skin may appear red and flushed for a few hours after treatment. However, our Fractional CO2 Laser is unique and treats the tiniest section of skin in comparison to other fractional lasers. Therefore, any redness or swelling is very minimal. As the old skin tissue sheds your skin may appear more bronzed or tanned for a few days post treatment. Your skin will naturally exfoliate and may flake as if you have mild sunburn.
How many treatments will I need?
We often advise a series of three to six treatments for optimal results. If acne scarring is your primary concern you may require additional sessions. Treatment is carried out every three to six weeks but your laser clinician will advise the optimal frequency during your consultation.
Are there any side effects?
Side effects are rare but could include a small blister,redness(sunburn),
swollen, Any blistering is superficial and would heal within 5 days to 7 days.
Why choose the Klinik Qistina?
At The Klinik Qistina we have high caliber equipment to complete the task but more importantly we understand how laser light works and interacts with the skin. Our laser clinicians are all very experienced and not only do they see clients at the clinic but they also train other practitioners.
'I suffered from acne most of my teenage years and having an ambition to go to Paris to study fashion and design I wanted to feel good about myself. I had Fractional CO2 Laser Treatment at The Klinik Qistina in Pusat Bandar Putra Permai which helped with my acne scars and general skin pigmentation. I had always tried to find ways to improve my skin and confidence and even though the treatment I opted for was sometimes uncomfortable, it was definitely worth it. Now one year on I couldn't be happier and I can finally leave the house without make-up on' - Maisarah Salleh, Kuantan
1) Berkhatan Dewasa - RM450
2) Berkhatan Kanak2 - Biasa - RM150
3) Berkhatan Bayi (Perempuan) - RM60
Setiap Suntikan - RM65
Suntikan Berkumpulan & "On SIte" juga boleh diuruskan.
Suntikan Vaksin Meningococcal (Meningitis)- Bersama Buku (Harga Biasa - RM150 per suntikan/org)
Seorang - RM150 per suntikan/org
Berdua - RM140 per suntikan/org
Lebih 3 org - RM130 per suntikan/ org
Suntikan Vaksin Pencegahan Influenza H1N1 = Antibacteria
Seorg - RM80 per suntikan.
Manakala suntikan TamiFlu - RM190 setiap suntikan. Temujanji sangat diperlukan kerana stok sangat terhad.
Termasuk - Pemeriksaan Perubatan Fizikal Umum, Tekanan darah, ujian darah (hemoglobin, blood picture, buah pinggang, hati, kencing manis, kolesterol), ujian air kencing (microscopic, infection, batu karang, GFR) & Nasihat Pemakanan.
Pemeriksaan perubatan fizikal umum, tekanan darah, ujian darah (Blood Group, blood picture, G6PD, Hep B Ag/Ab, VDRL, HIV
Optional :
Hep B Ag/Ab screening - RM30.00
Microdermabrasion is one of the more recent skin-care techniques to have crossed over from Hollywood to the mainstream. It's being advanced as an "instant facelift" -- an effective alternative to costlier and more invasive procedures like plastic surgery, chemical peels and botox injections. Recently, more and more men are trying it, instead of pursuing cosmetic surgery.
So what exactly is microdermabrasion, what does it promise and what effect does it actually have on your face? Do you need a doctor, or is it something you can do yourself? In this article, we'll look at the science behind microdermabrasion, see what a treatment is like and find out what it does to your skin.
Microdermabrasion is a general term for the application of tiny rough grains to buff away the surface layer of skin.. Many different products and treatments use this method, including medical procedures, salon treatments and creams and scrubs that you apply yourself at home. It's usually done to the face, chest, neck, arms or hands. Before we can understand how microdermabrasion does what it does, it's important to understand how skin works.
Your skin is made up of two main layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the layer closest to the outside world. It's a set of dead skin cells on top of another layer of cells that are in the process of maturing. The topmost layer is called the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum mostly acts as a barrier between the outside world and the lower skin layers. It keeps all but the smallest molecules from getting through.
When you put lotions or creams on your skin, some of the moisture passes through the stratum corneum, but not all of it. This layer is home to many minor skin imperfections like fine wrinkle lines and blemishes.
All of the action in microdermabrasion takes place at the level of the stratum corneum. Since it only really targets the epidermis (and not the dermis), it is more accurate to call it micro-epi-dermabrasion. Affecting deeper layers of skin would be painful and harmful, and it would risk permanently embedding the tiny grains into the skin.
Few things are as beautiful as soft, smooth, healthy skin. Unfortunately, time, heredity and gravity play a daily role in creating fine lines and wrinkles, especially noticeable around the mouth and eyes. Moreover, prolonged sun exposure and smoking are known to significantly accelerate the development of these natural signs of aging.
Wouldn't it be great if your friends and family could see you the way you feel inside? What if you could reverse the visible signs of aging, or years of Malaysia sunshine?
In the past your options were limited to harsh chemical peels, dermabrasion, destructive laser peels or the use of temporary fillers.
Today we have a treatment unlike anything that has gone before... Fractional CO2 Laser Skin Resurfacing.
Our CO2 laser skin resurfacing device, using the partially ablative method, removes a fraction of the epidermis and deeper dermis, while the surrounding skin remains un-injured, a technique that produces incredible results with a remarkably short recovery period.
What is laser skin resurfacing?
The CO2 laser remains the superior tool for aesthetic skin resurfacing, ( a procedure designed to remove superficial wrinkles around the eyes, lips, forehead and cheeks), so apparent in aging skin. Patients with facial acne scars, enlarged pores, or sun-damaged skin with uneven pigmentation also make excellent candidates for this treatment.
Choosing laser skin surgery
At the time of your consultation, it is important to mention any history of viral infections, sensitivity to the sun, or prior skin treatments such as skin peels, dermabrasion or Accutane treatments, occurring within the past six months. You should also describe to Dr. Sherman the level of improvement you are hoping to achieve. Then, mindful of your expectations, he will review your medical history, and closely examine your skin type and pigmentation to determine if you are a potential candidate. Afterwards, you and the doctor can discuss your options, evaluate desired results, and decide on your best treatment protocol.
What kind of results can I expect?
Fine lines and wrinkles around the eyes and mouth, brown spots and red blotches will be removed, and deeper frown lines and grooves will be greatly softened. Large pores are reduced in size, and your overall skin texture and appearance will be firmer and tighter. Once the outer layer of skin has been partially removed, the new skin underneath presents a softer, smoother, more youthful appearance. The message from our many happy patients is that less than an hour with the fractional laser can erase up to ten years from your face.
What makes fractional CO2 laser resurfacing the gold standard?
Fractional CO2 skin resurfacing is the only treatment that provides excellent results with minimal down time. "Fractional" means that only a percentage of the skin is affected by the laser. The untouched skin surrounding the laser microbeam contact stimulates rapid, painless healing with no lasting redness. When using the laser, Doctor has precise control over the natural exfoliation process as he gently vaporizes the outer layer of aging, sun-damaged or acne-scarred skin to reveal the smooth, fresh skin underneath. Lines are removed in a precise, rapid, bloodless fashion, achieving excellent results. Laser skin resurfacing can be performed with only local anesthesia and can be tailored to treat any area of the body, including the face, chest, arms, and back of the hands.
Benefits of fractional CO2 laser resurfacing over chemical peels, dermabrasion and other, non-fractional laser treatments,
The fractional laser:
What is treatment like?
After the area to be treated is thoroughly cleansed, a topical anesthetic ointment is applied and left on for 45 minutes after which a nerve block is administered. The fractional hand piece is then precisely and quickly passed over the contours of your skin, (throughout the procedure, cold air is continuously passed over the surface of the skin to eliminate any minor discomfort). Actual treatment time can vary between 20-45 minutes depending upon the surface area treated. Rarely is there a need for a second treatment.
In the first few days following the procedure, your skin will have a "weepy consistency", while new collagen is forming to rebuild the skin from the bottom up. Some minimal crusting may develop as the new skin surface is formed. You will be supplied with a carefully selected trio of skin care products to keep the treated areas moist. No bandages are required. Within 4 to 5 days your skin, although smooth and beautiful, may still retain a mild reddish appearance, (similar to a sunburn), which will fade within a week or two. These visible traces of redness can be easily concealed with a little foundation and will completely disappear. Some patients have experienced temporary swelling in the tissues surrounding the eyes. Those with darker skin types may run the risk of some pigmentation disturbances. You can expect to be comfortable returning to normal activity within 4-5 days.
Although initial results show a marked improvement, the full effect of your treatment is not apparent until a few months after your procedure. These dramatic results can be expected to last for many years, and can be maximized by following our recommendations: avoid sun exposure and be consistent in your application of the newer skin care products, designed to protect and stimulate your skin and help it to maintain a vital, youthful appearance.
(Although there is rarely a need, touch ups can be performed in 4-6 months. While the benefits of laser resurfacing are permanent, as with any cosmetic procedure, the dramatic effect can be expected to lessen over time. However, the gentle nature of laser skin resurfacing affords the patient the option of additional treatments with further improvement in years to come.)
Over the past 30 years lasers have evolved significantly in order to improve the skin's appearance. The goal of laser facial skin rejuvenation is to improve the appearance of the skin by reducing wrinkles, improving the skin's color/tone/texture (reversing sun damage and sun spots), and tightening the skin. The fractional CO2 laser is the latest technology to help improve the appearance of your skin.
Here are 4 reasons why the fractional CO2 laser technology makes sense:
1) Time Tested Technology- The CO2 laser is the gold standard laser for skin resurfacing and rejuvenation. It has been around for over 20 years and is proven to work well. Fractional CO2 technology uses this same type laser that is time tested.
2) Decreased Downtime- The fractionated CO2 laser has significantly less down time then the traditional CO2 laser. Whereas the traditional CO2 laser resurfaced 100% of the skin to which it was applied, this created a long (2 week) healing time and produced significant and long-term redness (up to 3 months). On the other hand the "fractionated" in fractional laser means that only a fraction of the skin is treated. Since bridges of healthy skin are left in between the treated areas, the downtime is significantly less, with the peeling portion complete in around 5 days.
3) Less Side Effects- The most hated side effect of the traditional CO2 laser is a long-term lightening/whitening of the skin that it produced by damage to the pigment producing cells of the skin (melanocytes). This was an effect of treating 100% of the skin. Since fractional technology only treats a fraction of the skin surface, permanent lightening of the skin (hypopigmentation) is not a risk.
4) It can be used on most skin types- Many lasers cannot be used in darker skinned individuals. The fractional laser can be safely used, by an experienced physician, in most skin types.


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The root of their collaboration will be in the method of the 'exquisite corpse', a technique invented by the Surrealists in the early 1900's, which a collection of words or images is collectively assembled. Each collaborator adds to the composition in a sequence either by following a rule or by being allowed to see the end of what the previous person contributed. "E.T." uses this process as the starting point for their collaboration, which began several months before arrival to Berlin.
"Through this process of the 'exquisite corpse' a large amount of new work will be created between those located in Europe and those in the United States", says Arena. "This work will encompass all our methods of art making and will mold us into a cohesive unit in preparation for our time in Berlin. The intent is to have these exercises be the framework for our collaboration in Berlin and this process will be demonstrated on the walls of Okazi Gallery."
"E.T." is also a participant of Month of Performance Art –Berlin (www.mpa-b.org), a month-long platform dedicated to highlighting, promoting and interconnecting the wealth and diversity of independent, contemporary and experimental performance art practices thriving in Berlin. E.T. is offering "Esprit de Corps", a series of events to promote, encourage and motivate all ages to become physically active as a means to participate in Art.
"Out of these exquisite corpse exercises and our unification in Berlin, we will be creating a new sport and its various paraphernalia: its uniforms, instruments, anthems, awards and opening ceremonies", says Michael Loverich, member of Bittertang. "Unlike most sporting events which are organized in advance around commonly understood rules our sports will be created on site, in the context of our temporary and intimate union in Berlin and directed by our new found friendships and interests. It will be an open experiment in gathering, interactive behavior, field design, sound tracking and accoutrement."
Opening Ceremony of "Esprit de Corps" will commence at 7pm on May 18th at Okazi Gallery. All the people of Berlin are encouraged to attend and participate. The opening ceremony will include various performances and programs will be handed out listing Esprit de Corps events happening at various times throughout Berlin.
Okazi Gallery will be the hub of all the activity by the collective. The exhibition is about the process of this collaboration rather than the work itself. Okazi Gallery is located at Türrschmidtstr. 18, 10317 Berlin, Germany. The opening reception is on May 18th at 6pm and opening ceremony for "Esprit de Corps" is at 7pm.
The members of "E.T." are Øh1Øm1ke (NYC), Yannis Angelopoulos (Berlin), Laura Arena (NYC), Bittertang (NYC and Guadalajara), Stephanie Homa (London), TJ Hospodar (NYC), and Tina Schott (Antwerp).


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text: Buy Perfect Crime tickets for the show being held on Mon, 13 Apr at the Anne L. Bernstein Theater at The Theater Center, New York, NY. The price of tickets for these off-broadway productions might change because of demand, but for now they are available for as low as approximately $101. Book your tickets ahead of time to ensure you get the best seats.


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Author Name: Rajeev K. Varshney Keyword Term: SSR Author Name: P. B. Kavi Kishor Author Name: M. Sharma Author Name: M. Byregowda
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B. N. Gnanesh; Abhishek Bohra; M. Sharma; M. Byregowda; S. Pande; V. Wesley; Rachit K Saxena; K.B. Saxena; P. B. Kavi Kishor; Rajeev K. Varshney, 2016, "Intra-specific genetic map data from ICP 8863 × ICPL 20097 and TTB 7 × ICP 7035 populations", https://doi.org/10.21421/D2/L3GSS7, ICRISAT Dataverse, V1The datset contains over 3000 SSR markers details on parental genotypes of each mapping population. Intra-specific genetic maps comprising of 11 linkage groups and 120 and 78 SSR loci were developed for ICP 8863 × ICPL 20097 and TTB 7 × ICP 7035 populations, respectively. Composi...
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TM Coaching necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 81 diseños de 21 diseñadores freelance.
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I am a web designer who has been designing intranets and web sites for the last 10 years and I am beginning a new company. Web Design Studio West will design web site portals for Company Intranet design, small business web sites and construct content management systems (SharePoint). Our web sites will be simple-clean designs, some flash content and will present a professional small business and corporate image.
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1. No Cartoons - we want it to be a professional and a progressive image.
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3. The typeface should be clear, professional and readable. I want something that stands out. I like designs that incorporate blue and green and some curves but where the name stands out.More Dark Blue than Green and less teal... Maybe bolding "Studio West" would help to make the name stand out. Maybe replacing the light green with a light blue...
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Tropical and subtropical agroecosystems
versión On-line ISSN 1870-0462
Trop. subtrop. agroecosyt vol.14 no.3 Mérida sep./dic. 2011
Estudios sobre agroecosistemas
Impact of Acacia drepanolobium (an invasive woody species) on gum-resin resources and local livelihood in Borana, Southern Ethiopia
Impacto de Acacia drepanolobium (una especie leñosa indígena invasora) sobre los recursos de goma-resina y estrategias de vida local en Borana, Sureste de Etiopía
B. Terefeª, M. Limenihb, A. Gureb, A. Angassac,d*
ªSamara University, Ethiopia,
bWondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resource Management, Hawassa University
cDepartment of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University,
dBotanical Institute, University of Cologne E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
* Corresponding Author
Submitted June 08, 2011
Accepted August 27, 2011
Revised received September 03, 2011
We investigated the impact of Acacia drepanolobium, a species threatening rangeland resources including Gum-resin production and pastoralists' livelihoods in Borana. Data were collected through vegetation surveys, key informant interviews, use of formal questionnaires and focus group discussions. We found a total of 22 woody species in the study area. A. drepanolobium was found to be the most dominant (22%) and abundant (65%) invasive woody species with an importance value index (IVI) of 103. According to our respondents, A. drepanolobium was the first widely expanded woody species followed by Dichrostachys cinerea_and A. mellifera. Eighty seven percent of our respondents ranked A. drepanolobium as the most invading woody species during their life time. Overall, our results demonstrated that the impact of A. drepanolobium had greatly affected the condition of rangeland vegetation. The implication is that the reduction in the capacity of rangelands for livestock grazing could reduce the resilience of local livelihood under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, pastoralists' perception indicated that the expansion of A. drepanolobium had reduced the survival of Gum-resin producing species. Generally, the shift from cattle based pastoral economy to mixed livestock types could be attributed to the expansion of A. drepanolobium that forced the community to shift their mode of production. We confirmed that A. drepanolobium is an invasive indigenous woody species with multiple effects on the ecology of rangelands and on the livelihood security of pastoral communities.
Keywords: Acacia drepanolobium; Borana; Bush encroachment; Importance value index; Invasiveness; Livelihood security; Rangeland ecology.
Se investigó el impacto de Acacia drepanolobium, una especie que amenaza los recursos disponibles en los agostaderos, incluyendo la producción de goma-resina y las formas de vida pastoralista tradicional en Borana. Se colectó información mediante muéstreos de vegetación, cuestionarios, entrevistas a informantes clave y grupos focales de discusión. Se encontró que de un total de 22 leñosas en el área de estudio A. drepanolobium fue la especie dominante (22%) y abundante (65%) con un índice de valor de importancia de 103. De acuerdo a los resultados, A. drepanolobium es la leñosa con mayor expansión seguida de D. cinérea y A. mellifera. Ochenta y siete por ciento de los encuestados calificaron A. drepanolobium como la especie más invasiva durante su tiempo de vida. En general, los resultados muestran que A drepanolobium ha tenido un gran efecto sobre 1 vegetación del agostadero. La implicación es una reducción en la capacidad de los agostadores para pastoreo y pudiera reducir la capacidad de respuesta de las formas de vida a los cambios ambientales. Más aún la precepción de los grupos pastorales indica que la expansión de A. drepanolobium ha reducido la sobrevivencia de especies productoras de goma-resina. Generalmente, el cambio de un sistema de ganadería pastoral a un sistema mixto pudiera ser atribuido a la expansión de A. drepanolobium. Se confirmó que A. drepanolobium es una invasora nativa con múltiples efectos en la ecología de los agostaderos y las formas de vida de las comunidades pastoralistas.
Palabras clave: Acacia drepanolobium; Borana; índice de valor; índice de importancia; invasividad; agostadero; medios de subsistencia.
The spread of invasive woody plants is a common phenomenon in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. In arid and semi-arid rangelands bush encroachment is considered as a major bottleneck for the survival of pastoral production and the conservation of biodiversity. The incursion of bush encroachment in savanna rangelands is usually triggered by the suppression of fire (Oba et al., 2000), heavy grazing pressure (Coppock, 1994) and anthropogenic factors (Angassa and Oba, 2008a, 2009). In parts of East African rangelands, large numbers of invasive woody plants were identified (Tamene, 1990; Coppock, 1994; Oba et al., 2000; Angassa and Baars, 2000).
Similarly, extensive areas of the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia have already been encroached by native woody species (Tamene, 1990; Coppock, 1994; Angassa and Oba, 2008b), which dramatically affected the structure and function of rangeland ecosystems with implication on local livelihood systems. Previous studies (e.g. Hogg, 1997; Oba, 1998; Oba et al., 2000; Gemedo et al., 2006; Angassa and Oba, 2008b, 2009) have shown that the grazing capacity of arid and semi-arid rangelands has significantly diminished in terms of sustainable forage production for grazers that supported local livelihood for centuries. Others (e.g. Primental et al., 2000; Wittenberg and Coke, 2001; Stohlgren, 2002; Tesfaye, 2002) have also argued that the expansion of invasive woody plants have already affected the productivity of economically important woody species, especially Gum-resin resources (Limenih, 2005).
In the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia, the proliferation of indigenous invasive woody species has been widespread since the last four decades threatening the cattle based pastoral economy and the livelihood security of most inhabitants. Generally, many invasive woody species have been documented in the southern rangelands of Ethiopia (Assefa et al., 1986; Tamene, 1990; Coppock, 1994; Oba et al., 2000; Gemedo et al., 2006; Angassa and Oba, 2008b). According to Tamene (1990), most invading woody species are thorny plants, particularly the Genus Acacia. Acacia drepanolobium, commonly known as a whisthing thorny plant (family Fabaceae) is one of the indigenous species widely distributed in the Borana rangelands. The species is believed to be native to northeast tropical Africa including Ethiopia and other East and central African regions (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, 2008 and ILDIS, 2008). However, the species for several reasons is notoriously invading the Borana rangelands and emerging as an indigenous invasive woody plant in the southern region of Ethiopia (Tamene, 1990; Coppock, 1994).
Another peculiar feature of A. drepanolobium is its association with populations of symbiotic ants (Young et al., 1997; Young and Okello, 1998), with several impacts on the ecology of grazing (Oba, 1998). On the contrary, earlier evidence (e.g. Okello et al., 2001) has also shown that A. drepanolobium might be used for charcoal making and as feed for some browsers. Furthermore, Limenih (2005) has reported that its Gum could be collected and traded as Gum Arabic for income generation by pastoral households.
Generally, it is argued that a ban on the use of traditional range fire is probably one of the reasons for the expansion of bush encroachment at the expense of important rangeland species and human livelihood (Coppock, 1994; Oba, 1998; Oba et al., 2000). Most threatened plant species have significant values as human food, for medicinal purposes, feed for animal, construction materials, Gum-resin sources and/or are useful for other cultural purposes (Coppock, 1994). According to Gemedo et al. (2005), Gum-resin bearing species are among the predominant components of rangeland resources in Borana. However, the influence of Acacia drepanolobium on rangeland resources and useful woody species has been rarely investigated. Due to its potential impact on the resilience of rangeland resources, conservation of biodiversity and local livelihood security, understanding these multiple impacts oí Acacia drepanolobium is a priority. Thus, this paper attempts to address the invasiveness of A. drepanolobium and its impact on rangeland resources and local livelihood. Therefore, our objectives were: (1) Assessing the impact of A. drepanolobium on rangeland Gum yielding species and livelihoods of pastoral communities in Borana; (2) Understanding herders' perception about the characteristics of A. drepanolobium in Borana; and (3) Understanding the role of traditional management in preventing impacts of A. drepanolobium on Gum yielding species and other rangeland resources.
Study area
The study was conducted in the districts of Arero, Dirre and Yabello in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia. The Borana rangelands cover a total area of approximately 95,000 square kilometer (Coppock, 1994). The northern parts of the Borana rangeland is bordered by Jemjem high forest landscape with a combination of Arsi and Guji Oromo land use systems. The southeastern and south limit of the Borana rangeland extends to the Ethio-Somalia and Ethio-Kenya borders, respectively (Figure 1). Generally, the elevation of the Borana rangelands is within the range of 1000 - 1500 meter above sea level with few hills up to 2000 m.a.s.l. (Coppock, 1994).
The Borana rangeland is characterized by arid to semi-arid climate with extreme inter-annual rainfall variability (Coppok, 1994). The mean annual rainfall is about 500 mm (Angassa and Oba, 2007). The rainfall is bimodal with long rains (ganna) that occurs between March and May and the short rains (hagayya) usually between September and October. The long rains account for 60% of the total annual rainfall, while the short rains contribute about 30% (Coppock, 1994). Pastoralists state that about 10% of the total rainfall is expected from the occasional rains termed as furmaata, which offer irregular relief by interrupting the dry season stress on human and livestock populations. The mean annual temperature is about 24 °C with a mean maximum of 28 °C and mean minimum of 17 °C (Adefris, 2006).
The inhabitants of Borana are estimated at 966,467 (CSA, 2008). The Borana Oromo are numerically the dominant ethnic group inhabiting the lowlands of Borana, and are predominatly pastoralists. Their economy is mainly based on cattle herding (Oba, 1998; Gemedo et al., 2005). The vegetation is tropical savanna with varying proportions of open grassland, and perennial herbaceous and woody vegetation (Pratt and Gwynne, 1977). The Borana rangeland also has stretches of Acacia-Commiphora small-leaved deciduous woodlands, with a mixture of the genera Acacia, Boswellia and Commiphora. Other important genera include Boscia, Maerua, Lannea, Balanites and Aloe (Coppock, 1993; Gemedo et al., 2005; Adefris, 2006).
Methods of data collection
Initially, a reconnaissance survey was conducted and contacts with the local leaders and development agents (DAs) were established. Both vegetation and socio-economic data were collected to capture important information in order to address the specific objectives of the study. Then, we established a total of 50 circular sampling plots of 500 m2 (radius 12.56 m) to gather data on vegetation variables (Limenih et al., 2003). We excluded villages and agricultural lands from sampling. Sampling plots were systematically placed along eight transect lines running parallel on both sides of the high way between Yabello and Maga towns, a gravel road between Yabello and Arero, as well as from Mega to Wachile. The distance between roads and transect lines was 2.5 km, while the distance between sample plots was 7 km. All woody individuals within each plot were counted, and their species was recorded. Diameters at breast height (dbh) of tree individuals ≥ 5 cm were recorded. Local names of species were recorded with the assistance of local key informants. Based on the local names of species, corresponding scientific names were obtained with the aid of taxonomic publications (Bekele, 2007; Kelecha, 1987; Edwards et al., 1995; Hedberg and Edwards, 1989).
The socio-economic data were collected using a structured questionnaire survey with 215 households encountered on the transect lines of the vegetation study. The questionnaire was translated into Afaan Oromo, the Oromo language, pre-tested and adjusted subsequently. Then, ten trained enumerators were used to conduct the socio-economic survey with close supervision of the principal investigator. Special attention was given to capturing information on the impact of A. drepanolobium on rangeland resources, as well as on local livelihood systems. Furthermore, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and personal observations were used to gain an in-depth understanding of specific conditions related to the species. Knowledgeable key informants were selected with the help of DAs and PA administrators. These informants were mainly elderly men, women, religious leaders and opinion makers in the community especially of the Abba Gada (Legesse, 1973, 2000; Watson, 2003). Additionally, an interview with 27 individuals involving DAs, PA administrators and experts from Yabello Pastoral Development office was conducted. Furthermore, a total of seven focus group discussions (FGD) each comprising 5 to 7 participants was undertaken, while FGD's participants included: Abbaa Gada, DAs, development experts and knowledgeable community representatives (Watson, 2003). We used checklists with important topics to facilitate discussion during key informant interviews and focus group discussions.
Data analysis
Data were analyzed by various techniques. Qualitative data obtained through key informant interviews and focus group discussions were summarized and analyzed using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0 for windows. The quantitative data were analyzed using MINITAB version 13. The importance value index (IVI) that indicates the importance of species in an ecosystem was calculated as follows (Kent and Coker, 1992):
Relative density = Number of individuals of species x 100 Total number of individuals
Relative dominance = *Dominance of species x 100 Total dominance of all species
Relative Frequency = Frequency of species x 100 Frequency of all species
*Dominance is defined as the mean basal area per tree times the number of species.
The importance value index for each woody species is the sum of its relative abundance, relative dominance and relative frequency was used to evaluate the importance of woody species. The information collected through vegetation surveys was analyzed using MINITAB version 13. The invasive woody species ratio (IWSR) was computed to assess whether A. drepanolobium is an invasive species or not. The ratio is defined as the density of species regarded as invasive divided by others regarded as non-invasive (i.e. a ratio of > 1.0 is an indication of a high invasive threat, while < 1.0 represents a lesser threat of encroachment) (Angassa and Oba, 2008a).
Vegetation composition
We recorded a total of 22 woody species belonging to five families (i.e. Fabaceae, Burseraceae, Tiliaceae, Balantaceae and Ebenaceae, Table 1). Our results showed that Acacia drepanolobium was the most dominant (22%) and abundant (65%) invasive woody species followed by non-invasive species such as Acacia nilotica and Acacia tortilis in the study area (Table 1, see also Figures 2 and 3). Results also indicate that A. drepanolobium was the most frequently recorded woody species in almost all sampled plots, i.e., in 48 plots out of a total 50 (Table 1). In terms of the importance value index (IVI), A. drepanolobium was the most important invasive woody species accounting for 103% (Table 1). It was followed by A. nilotica (33%), Dichrostachys cinérea (23%), A. mellifera (20%), Lannea triphylla (15.4%), A. tortilis (15.11%), Commiphora africana (13.02%), A. seyal (12.21%), Commiphora ogadensis (12.10%) andÁ bussei (11%) (Table 1). Seedlings and saplings of A. drepanolobium were the highest (96%) species recorded in the majority of our sampling plots. The results of the present study indicated that 10% of the total sampled area was occupied by A. drepanolobium. For instance, seedlings and saplings of A. drepanolobium accounted for 69% (i.e. 2005 individuals per hectare) as compared to seedlings and saplings of all other species, which accounted for 31%. Furthermore, our results showed higher IWSR (3.02) for A. drepanolobium when compared to other species (Table 2).
Perceived trends of species composition and change
Respondents perceived that as A. drepanolobium advanced in abundance, important rangeland species declined over time (Table 3). Our respondents emphasized that although A. drepanolobium was the dominant species, D. cinérea and A. mellifera were also increasing in abundance next to A. drepanolobium (Tables 1 and 3). The majority of respondents (62%) ranked D. cinérea as the second most expanding woody species in the study area. Respondents ranked A. mellifera as the third invasive woody plant. Participants from group discussions attributed a decline in important rangeland condition to the expansion of A. drepanolobium. Our respondents emphasized that fire was used to be a key tool in the management of invasive woody species. The use of fire in rangeland management was prohibited by the former military government and local administrators. The suppression of range fire was perceived to give A. drepanolobium and other invasive species to expand at the expense of valuable species.
Pastoralists' perception on the characteristics of A. drepanolobium
Almost all respondents characterized A. drepanolobium as the most invading woody species in the study area. About 96.3% of our respondents believed that the invasion of A. drepanolobium was mainly facilitated through seed dispersal although the species could have multiple dispersal mechanisms (Oba et al., 2000). Respondents conceived animals (i.e. grazers and browsers), water and wind as major dispersal agents in disseminating seeds of A. drepanolobium. Pods of A. drepanolobium were considered by few respondents as suitable feed for goats, camels, and other animals during dry season. The majority of respondents did not generally consider A. drepanolobium as important livestock feed even in times of drought. A. drepanolobium was perceived to have a high regeneration potential in terms of coppicing ability following fire and cutting. It was reported that A. drepanolobium was mainly expanding in the bottomland areas in association with high silt deposition. Overall, respondents' opinion showed that A. drepanolobium is a typical invasive plant (see Table 3).
Impact on the rangeland resources
Respondents perceived that A. drepanolobium greatly affected key forage species and pasture condition. Pastoralists were concerned that such a threat had not only affected pastoral production and local livelihood security, but also had consequences on rangeland biodiversity (Table 3). Respondents mentioned that without grasses it was impossible for them to own cattle and that survival was entirely dependent on livestock production. Generally, our results showed that the impact of A. drepanolobium had forced local communities to change their lifestyle in terms of livestock type and herd size, which subsequently influenced milk production and local livelihood systems.
Impact of A. drepanolobium on Gum-resin and incense trees
Our respondents reported that economically important woody species were declining due to the impact of A. drepanolobium. For example, respondents attributed the decline in A. nilotica to the invasiveness of A. drepanolobium. Similarly, respondents indicated that Lannea triphylla, a key plant species in terms of its medicinal value for humans and cattle had declined due to the spread of A. drepanolobium. Overall, as reported by our respondents many other useful Gum-resin and incense producing species such as Boswellia neglecta and Commiphora species were adversely affected by the expansion of A. drepanolobium. Respondents claimed that A. drepanolobium was mostly expanding in areas where soil moisture was relatively high.
Attitude of respondents about A. drepanolobium
All respondents stated that A. drepanolobium was an impediment for rangeland resource management and their livelihood security that emphasized that A. drepanolobium had no contribution in terms of ecological value and socio-economic importance. For instance, it was stated that charcoal from A. drepanolobium was less valued by local communities due to its low quality. As a result about 93% of our respondents reported that they used to control the invasion of A. drepanolobium through bush clearing methods. However, respondents also noticed that due to its symbiotic association with biting ant species, it was difficult for the community to fully succeed in removing A. drepanolobium. Respondents also believed that A. drepanolobium could be more successfully suppressed by fire as a management tool.
The findings of our results show that saplings and seedlings of A. drepanolobium were expanding in abundance and frequency by dominating other species in the rangelands of Borana. The IWSR for A. drepanolobium was very high (3.02), suggesting that the species is largely expanding throughout the study area, posing a major threat to rangeland resources and local livelihood system. Similarly, previous research (e.g. Angassa and Oba, 2008) has reported that A. drepanolobium is among the most encroaching species with a high IWSR. The ecological mechanisms for that might be complex (Riginos and Young, 2007) as tree growth depends on several factors. These characteristics and the indicative trends mentioned by our respondents could signify the potential threat of A. drepanolobium as an indigenous invasive species (see Figure 3). This is in agreement with other field studies from the mid 1980s and earlyl990s (e.g. Assefa et al., 1983; Tamene, 1990; Coppock, 1994; Oba, 1998; Oba et al., 2000) and also reported by remote sensing studies on bush encroachment in this area (e.g. Hacker, 1990; Gadd et al., 2001). Others (e.g. Gemedo et al., 2006; Angassa and Oba, 2008a) suggested that vast areas of the Borana rangelands have experienced bush encroachment. These observations also corroborate well with the information generated from socio-economic surveys. Local observation suggested that A. drepanolobium and other invading woody species were expanding in abundance following the ban on bush fire related to government policy matters.
Although many factors could be responsible for the changing conditions of the Borana rangelands, the expansion of A. drepanolobium and other encroaching species is attributed to inappropriate land use policy linked to the ban of fire. According to Alemayehu (1998) and_Homann et al. (2008), suppression of fire is probably a primary factor for the expansion of A. drepanolobium. Furthermore, Homann et al. (2008) stated that the proclamation issued by the Government of Ethiopian that prohibited burning of forests in the highland areas equally applied to the rangeland areas without considering the potential impacts on pastoral production. However, our results on the basis of key informants' and experts' opinion suggest that the ban on fire has never been formalized and no legal guideline existed on fire ban as a tool for rangeland management. Thus, the present result indicated that the ban on fire was implemented in pastoral areas without any legal authorization. Borana elders generally blamed the heavy sanctions through PAs and district administrators that restricted the use of fire in preventing the encroachment of invasive woody species. An earlier study (e.g. Angassa and Oba, 2008b) has reported the ecological role and effectiveness of fire with other factors such as bush clearing in the control of bush encroachment in the study area.
Based on respondents' indicators and opinion, the character of A. drepanolobium was similar to that of other invasive species. Pastoralists' observation indicated that A drepanolobium had multiple dispersal agents. Camels and goats were believed to facilitate the spread of A. drepanolobium as compared to other livestock types.
Unfortunately, our results from the socio-economic survey indicated that A. drepanolobium had little to contribute to livelihoods of pastoral communities. Through accumulated experience, herders stated that A. drepanolobium has no significant contribution either to their livelihood security or to ecosystem performance. The thorny nature of A. drepanolobium and its ecology, particularly the symbiosis with stinging ants (Young, 1987; Young et al., 1997, 1998) makes the species more tolerant and resistant to browsing by animals (Figure 4). Pastoralists' observations indicated that the presence of heavy and elongated thorns and its symbiotic relation with biting ants leads to the labeling of A. drepanolobium as the most invasive woody plant with no contribution to livestock feed. Similarly, a study by FAO (2008) in the Borana rangelands indicated a low forage value and household use of A. drepanolobium. On the contrary, a study in Kenya (Okello et al., 2001) has demonstrated a positive contribution of A. drepanolobium to households' economy mainly through charcoal making. In line with the contribution of A. drepanolobium, Limenih (2005) reported that its Gum production could be used as an adulterant to the true Gum arabic from A. Senegal.
The results of our findings suggest that dramatic changes in species composition of rangeland vegetation related to the impact of A. drepanolobium had a negative implication on ecosystem processes and environmental changes in southern Ethiopia. Thus, beyond its socio-economic impacts A. drepanolobium might also cause a shift in the ecological balance of rangeland ecosystems and contribute to a loss of biodiversity. For instance, Kueffer et al. (2004) have reported similar results regarding the negative impact of invasive species on the sustainable use of rangelands.
Our results confirmed that the invasion of woody plants is becoming a major concern in the study area. Specifically, the present study suggests that the spread of invasive woody plants such as A. drepanolobium would end up the productivity of rangelands for cattle keeping and contribute to the loss of indigenous Borana cattle breed in the region. As a result, appropriate management practices for the control of bush encroachment including A. drepanolobium in the study area are urgently needed. Similar results by Angassa and Oba (2009) have suggested the need for the application of appropriate control measures, which should also be the focus of development actors in the study areas. Current management efforts in the control of invasive woody plants should be integrated and supported by research and policy so as to efficiently suppress A. drepanolobium and other species of major concern. Moreover, stinging ant species that live symbiotically with A. drepanolobium could hinder the efficiency of control measures. A. drepanolobium is hardly accessible to browsers as stinging ants are an excellent deterrent to herbivores (Figure 4).
Our results show that local peoples' interactions with their environments, i.e. own indigenous knowledge to live with and manage resources is probably a good opportunity to explore how to design future strategies for the control of bush encroachment. Borana Oromo could be one of the pastoral communities that have developed indigenous ecological knowledge and institutions for sustainable natural resource management. The traditional institution (Gada) plays a great role in mobilizing the community for suppressing the expansion of A. drepanolobium in the rangelands. Our respondents mentioned that about four decades ago they used to manage the population of A. drepanolobium in order to synchronize the natural balance of the rangeland ecosystem through the use of range fire. However, herders blamed the policy of the former Military government for prohibiting the use of fire as a tool for rangeland management that also undermined their indigenous knowledge in ecosystem management, which in turn contributed to the current situation. In line with this, Helland (2000) argued that development and policy interventions have eroded vital indigenous institutions and adversely affected the local environment.
Overall, Borana pastoralists perceived that the expansion of woody encroachment greatly contributed to the deteriorating nature of rangeland condition. Gemedo (2004) argued that because of heavy encroachment, the Borana rangelands might have already crossed a threshold towards shrub-invaded grassland. In congruence to this the present observation indicated a poor grass diversity with a low proportion of perennial grasses, while less palatable grasses were common and dominated the herbaceous community in some cases. According to Homann et al. (2008) this process of bush encroachment and decline in perennial grasses were started some three decades ago with the initial interference of development interventions. Our results suggested that the expansion of A. drepanolobium in the rangelands of Borana forced the pastoral community to shift their herds from cattle (i.e. grazer) to browsers such as camels and goats. A similar finding (Angassa, 2005) has also showed that the Borana pastoralists have been diversifying their livestock species, and raising an increasing number of camels.
From the results of our study we confirmed that the encroachment by A. drepanolobium greatly influenced rangeland productivity and the life style of pastoral communities. The invasion of A. drepanolobium and its threat to the pastoral way of life is one of the most urgent issues in the rangeland management of Borana. According to our respondents' observations, in addition to A. drepanolobium three other major woody species are currently threatening the rangelands. The increased trends of woody encroachment, decline in forage resources, change in livestock type, decreased milk production, deteriorated local livelihood conditions and the implications on local food insecurity were some of the emerging issues. Overall, respondents' observations indicated that A. drepanolobium is the most invasive woody species with a typical invasive plant character. It poses a serious socio-economic thread on livelihood security in Borana pastoral areas.
A. drepanolobium is threatening the rangeland resources and other multipurpose tree species in the study area. Hence, it is a species emerging with serious implication on rangeland resources and communities' livelihoods. It was also a learning experience that pastoralists are knowledgeable about the adverse impact of A. drepanolobium on the ecology of grazing and rangeland performance. As it was evident from field observations, girdled A. drepanolobium individuals died. Thus, it can be concluded that girdling could be one of the management options in the control of A. drepanolobium. The Borana had a traditional system of rangeland management through the use of fire. We suggest to integrate communities' indigenous ecological knowledge with the scientific approach in the formulation of policy and development strategies for future interventions in the management of invasive woody plants. Further research is needed to look into the socio-economic and ecological value of A. drepanolobium in terms of its Gum utilization. It is also important to explore the impact of A. drepanolobium on soil properties and the soil seed bank in the Borana rangelands.
This research was funded by SIDA and AFORNET through Gum Arabic research to Mulugeta Limenih. We thank Anja Linstadter and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments which greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. We also thank staff members of Yabelo Pastoral Development Office, and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for a Georg Forster Research Fellowship to A. Angassa during write up.
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Gadd, M. E., Young, T. P. and Palmer, T. M. 2001. Effects of simulated shoot and leaf herbivory on vegetative growth and plant defense in A cacia drepanolobium. Oikos. 92: 515-521. [ Links ]
Gemedo, D. 2004. Vegetation Ecology, Rangeland Condition and Forage Resources Evaluation in the Borana Lowlands, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia, Dissertation. Cuvillier Verlag: Göttingen. [ Links ]
Gemedo, D., Brigittie, L.M. and Johannes, I. 2005. Plant Biodiversity and Ethnobotany of Borana Pastoralists in southern Oromia, Ethiopia. Economic Botany. 59: 43-65. [ Links ]
Gemedo-Dalle, Maass, B.L. and Isselstein, J. 2006. Encroachment of woody plants and its impact on pastoral livestock production in the Borana lowlands, southern Oromia, Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology. 44: 113-299. [ Links ]
Hacker, R. 1990. Range condition and shrub encroachment in the SORDU pilot project area. Report commissioned by the Fourth Livestock Development Project of the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture. GRM International Pty Ltd. 54 pp. [ Links ]
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Helland, J. 2000. Institutional erosion in the drylands: the case of the Borena pastoralists. In Pastoralists and environment: Experience from the Greater Horn of Africa, edited by Leif Manger, and Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed. Addis Ababa: OSSREA. [ Links ]
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Photoshop Madness : fall facebook madness reveals some real mad winners!
Here we go with a mad, wild, visit to Photoshop on Facebook . . . but be careful folks, it's a madhouse out there and you just never know where the madess with lead! This time it's all good. We've culled out most of the crap ...
- 8 Questions With Alberto Seveso
- Eric Scala Rare Visions
- 1940 Chevy convertible
- Cameron Phillips Redux
- Photoshop Designer


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I lie in the grass, my hands propping my head up slightly and look at the house in front of me. It is still beautiful, despite the scars from the fire, and holding up the thin sheet of paper with the architect's sketching in front, I can see the beauty that can grew up in its place. The man beside me, with the ruffled dark hair and black eyes, rolls over on to his side.
"Shall we go?" I say.
"Hang on a sec. I know you were really disappointed that none of those photos showed Alice; I know you wanted to see her for yourself."
"Oh, Isak; that doesn't matter any more; besides, I had her own words."
"But just look at this," he says, and pulls a packet from his bag.
"We've seen these before," I say, as I shuffle through the images of the empty flat.
"No; look at this one." He stops my hand at a picture of me, sitting on the sofa; the only one that he took.
"What? It's just me."
"Look closely; there."
"Oh my god," I say, and goose bumps immediately pop on to my skin. "Is that…?"
"I don't know, is it? All I know is she wasn't there when we looked at them before."
Standing behind me there is a foggy shape, perhaps only discernable as a figure when searching for it; it's impossible to see any real features, but the longer I stare at the photo, the more convinced I am of her. Isak gives me a moment more, before speaking.
"Are you ready? Your mother will be here in a few minutes, and Evie and Ethel."
"Yes," I say. He takes the photo from my hands, carefully slots it back into the file, and kisses me. A deep kiss; long, slow and satisfying.
"Have you got everything?"
"It's all in here," and I point to my own bag.
"Let's go then."
The long strands of the weeping willow trees have been tied carefully back and the grass around them trimmed. Evie has been busy setting garden torches deep in the ground and they shine like a beacon, drawing your eyes to the little cemetery.
My mother is there already and Ethel also stands close. Other villagers have also made the journey, each clutching a lit candle, the flames dancing delicately in the light breeze. I walk towards the group, and pause to hug my mum tightly.
"Thank you all for coming," I say, breaking the hushed silence. "It really means a lot to me, to us. We're here to honour the passing of Giles and Matthew Blenkinsop; both taken too soon. They are greatly missed."
I bend down and place a single brilliantly blooming lily on each grave. To the left of my brother's grave is the white rose bush I planted yesterday, its buds still tightly furled, to remember the daughter that I lost. It's enough that I know she's there; she is my private grief. I kiss my fingers and touch the leaves before getting to my knees, and turning back to the onlookers.
"We are also here to honour Alice. Not Mad Alice as the rumours would have us believe. But a Blenkinsop in all but name, buried here, next to her son, James Samuel."
I walk past the graves of my father and brother, further back into the cemetery and to the older headstones, to one with a single word engraved upon it, 'Alice'.
"This is for you, Alice," I whisper, as I put another lily down in the grass before her. "This is for Samuel. I know you, Alice, and I will never forget you, but it's time for you to go. Be at peace."
The candles and torches around me flicker, slightly, almost imperceptibly, but I hear a voice calling mine, a familiar voice, just once, and then it is gone. I know I won't hear it again.


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Now that the bugs are biting again, it's a good idea to have a natural bug repellent on hand, but there are also 2 things you can add to your diet to hopefully prevent the bugs from biting:
- APPLE CIDER VINEGAR: Add 1 – 2 tablespoons of organic apple cider vinegar to your daily diet (buy a good quality one like BRAGG). You can add the ACV to a glass of hot or cold water (quick but not the tastiest option), to homemade salad dressings in place of other vinegars, or to homemade soups (I do this for almost every soup I make).
- GARLIC: Eat more garlic each day. The list of meals you can add cooked or raw garlic to goes on and on, but some of my favorites include sauteed vegetables, pasta dishes, and baked fish.
photo credit: branchandvinebeauty.com
I actually made a delicious homemade salad dressing last night that includes both of these mosquito-deterrents. Simply combine the following, mix well, and enjoy it on your next salad:
- 1 cup extra virgin olive oil
- 1/2 cup apple cider vinegar
- 2 garlic cloves finely chopped
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1 teaspoon sea salt
- 1/2 teaspoon fresh ground black pepper
Makes about 8 servings and will last in the fridge up to 4 days. You can add more or less of any of the ingredients depending on your taste buds. I always adjust it a few times before I get it just right.
Hope the bugs leave you alone this 4th of July weekend!


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Manuka Oval. Photo: Graham TidySydney are considering playing premiership games in Canberra from 2017 as part of a move to increase the club's flexibility with scheduling.
The Swans say they will continue to play the bulk of their home games at the SCG, but Canberra and Spotless Stadium are emerging as contenders to play host for an "occasional game", along with ANZ Stadium.
Sydney have not played a premiership match in the nation's capital since 2011 but did play regular games there from 2003 against North Melbourne, Western Bulldogs and Melbourne – all smaller Melbourne-based clubs keen to sell home games outside of Victoria.
Swans chairman Andrew Pridham said the Canberra idea was only "exploratory" but said the ACT government was interested.
"Playing an occasional game in Canberra is an option we would look at," Pridham said.
"It could be none, it could be one a year, one every two years, it could be a Melbourne team buys a regular slot in Canberra playing us.
"There's all sorts of options we would look at. We have a lot of support and members in Canberra, so it's something we'd think about, but we're not about to play a whole heap of games there."
The move would help safeguard the club from situations like this year when they were not able to get onto the SCG until round four due to the ground hosting Major League Baseball matches, or occasions when the season starts earlier and clashes with cricket.
The Swans are about to enter negotiations with the SCG Trust and ANZ Stadium for a new tenancy agreement after their deal expires at the end of the 2016 season. The current deal stipulates the Swans play three home and away games, plus home finals, at the Sydney Olympic Park venue.
Pridham said he was aware there were plenty of Swans members who preferred to watch games at the SCG but said the club also had members in the Hills District who preferred ANZ Stadium.
"The big thing is we need some flexibility because we need to be able to schedule games for clashes with other sports," Pridham said.
"Part of that flexibility is we will look at the three major stadiums in Sydney and Canberra, where we have played in the past and have support and members.
"That's something the ACT government has mentioned they would like – the occasional game."
The Canberra revelation follows comments Swans chief Andrew Ireland made on Melbourne radio, on Tuesday night, that the club would like to return finals to the SCG.
Sydney have not played a final at the venue since 2005, when Nick Davis kicked four goals to sink Geelong in a semi-final en route to the Swans' drought-breaking flag.
Swans forward Sam Reid was non-committal on whether he preferred to play a final at the SCG or ANZ Stadium but said the 41,317 fans who watched the club beat Port Adelaide on Saturday had created an "electric" atmosphere at the SCG.
"It's the first I've played in front of so many at the SCG," Reid said.
"It was a good experience for me. A high percentage of fans were Sydney supporters. It was one of the louder crowds I've played in front of and it's really exciting."
The Swans will travel to Melbourne on Thursday. They take on Richmond at the MCG on Friday night.


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Thanks to new fully multi coated lenses, phase correction, BaK4 prism, and new enhanced light transmission coating, these binoculars provide crystal sharp images and superb contrast. They have all the quality features found in the entire roof prism range PENTAX has on offer: inner focusing, water and dust proof, nitrogen-purged, fully rubberized body, focus wheel and twist-up eyecups for comfortable handling and easy focusing. Thanks to modern design, compactness and high performance features, they deliver outstanding viewing enjoyment.
The AD 10x36 WP Sport Optics from the A-series have the following specifications:
The A-series consists of roof and porro prism models with objective lenses < 40mm. Offering impeccable viewing quality through the application of the same advanced coatings, this series is considered the compact, portable and durable smaller brother of the S-series. Users can enjoy a mobility convenience without compromising optical performance.
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