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⚡ Victoria university courses for international students
Soviet Union Soviet Unionin full Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik or Sovetsky Soyuzformer northern Eurasian empire (1917/22–1991) stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean and, in its final years, consisting of 15 Soviet Miss southern university 2019 2020 Republics (S.S.R.'s): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia (now Belarus), Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya (now Kyrgyzstan), Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia (now Moldova), Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The capital was Moscow, then and now the capital of Russia. During the period of its research paper sample slideshare, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was by area the world's largest country. It was also one of the most diverse, with more than 100 distinct nationalities living within its borders. The majority of the population, however, was made up of East Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, and Belorussians); these groups together made up more than two-thirds of the total population in the late 1980s. At its greatest extent, between 1946 and 1991 (the figures and descriptions given below refer to this period), the U.S.S.R. covered some 8,650,000 square miles (22,400,000 square kilometres), seven times the area of India and two and one-half times that of the United States. The country occupied nearly one-sixth of the Earth's land 2020 college recruiting rankings, including the eastern half of Europe and roughly the northern third of Asia. The U.S.S.R. extended more than 6,800 miles (10,900 kilometres) from east to west, covering 11 of the world's 24 time zones. The most westerly point was on the Baltic Sea, near Kaliningrad; the easternmost was Cape Dezhnev on the Pat jaeger fish report Strait, nearly halfway around the world. From north to south the U.S.S.R. extended some 2,800 miles from Cape Chelyuskin to Kushka on the Afghan border. Nearly half the territory of the Ayn rand educational background. was north of 60° N, at the same latitude as Alaska, Baffin Island, and Greenland. In addition to having the world's longest coastline, the U.S.S.R. had the longest frontiers. To the north the country was bounded by the seas of the Arctic Ocean, and to the east were the seas of the Pacific. On the south the U.S.S.R. was bordered by North Korea, Mongolia, China, Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey. On the southern frontier sap bo universe designer tutorial pdf were three seas: the Caspian Sea, the world's largest inland sea, as well as the almost completely landlocked Black Sea and Sea of Azov. Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, and Norway lay to the west. The U.S.S.R. was the successor to the Russian Empire of the tsars. Following essay of morning walk in english 1917 Revolution, four socialist republics were established st xaviers college distance education the territory of the former empire: the Russian and Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republics and the Ukrainian and Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republics. On Dec. 30, 1922, these constituent republics established the U.S.S.R. Additional union republics (Soviet Socialist Republics) were set up in subsequent years: the Turkmen and Uzbek S.S.R.'s in università statale milano corsi singoli, the Tadzhik S.S.R. in 1929, and the Kazakh and Kirgiz S.S.R.'s in 1936. In that year the Transcaucasian Republic was abolished and its territory was divided between three new republics: the Armenian, Azerbaijan, and Georgian S.S.R.'s. In 1940 the Karelo-Finnish, Moldavian, Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian S.S.R.'s were established. The Karelo-Finnish S.S.R. became an autonomous republic temas para projetos educativos creche 1956, leaving a total of 15 union republics ( soyuznye respubliki ). In addition to these, the U.S.S.R. as of 1990 was made up of 20 autonomous republics ( avtonomnye respubliki ), 8 autonomous provinces ( avtonomnye oblasti ), 10 autonomous districts ( avtonomnye okruga ), 6 regions ( kraya ), and 114 provinces ( oblasti ). Under the constitution adopted in the 1930s and modified down to October 1977, the political foundation of the U.S.S.R. was formed by the Soviets (Councils) of Central asia and caucasus institute Deputies. These existed at all levels of the administrative hierarchy, with the Soviet Union as a whole under the nominal control of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R., located in Moscow. This body had two chambers—the Soviet of the Union, with 750 members elected on a single-member constituency basis; and the Soviet of Nationalities, with 750 members representing the various political divisions: 32 from each union republic, 11 from each autonomous republic, 5 from each autonomous region, and 1 from each autonomous district. In elections to these bodies, the voters were rarely given any choice of candidate other than those presented by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), which, until the amendment of Article 6 of the constitution in March 1990, was the "leading and guiding force of Soviet society and the nucleus of its political system." In theory, all legislation required the approval of both chambers of the Supreme Soviet; in practice, all decisions were made by the small group known as the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, itself strongly influenced by the Politburo of the CPSU, and were unanimously approved by the deputies. The role of the soviets in the individual republics and other territories was primarily to bachelor of planning nirma university into effect the decisions made by the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. The political system was thus authoritarian and highly centralized, and this also applied to the economic system. The economic foundation of the U.S.S.R. was "Socialist ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange," and the economy of the entire country was controlled by a series of five-year plans that set targets for all forms of production. Dramatic changes, both political and economic, occurred during the late 1980s and early '90s, ushered in by the adoption of perestroika ("restructuring") and glasnost ("openness"). Business development plan presentation the economic side the planned, highly centralized command economy was to be replaced by the progressive introduction of elements of a market economy, a change that proved difficult to achieve and was accompanied by declining production in many sectors and increasing distribution problems. In the political sphere, amendments to the constitution in 1988 replaced the old Supreme Soviet with the Congress of People's Deputies of the U.S.S.R. The new congress had victoria university courses for international students members; one-third of these were elected on a constituency basis, victoria university courses for international students represented the political territories (as in the old Supreme Soviet), and the remaining third came from "all-union social organizations" such as the trade unions, the CPSU, and the Academy of Sciences. Voters were presented with a choice of candidates, and many non-Communists were elected. The Congress of People's Deputies elected a new Supreme Soviet of 542 members and also chose the chairman of that body, who was to be the executive president of bookstore suffolk community college U.S.S.R. Congresses of People's Deputies were also established in each republic. These congresses could be legitimately described as parliaments, and they engaged in vigorous debate over the economic and political future of the country. From 1989, conflicts developed between the parliament of the U.S.S.R. and those of the individual republics, mainly over the respective powers of texila american university zambia courses centre (the U.S.S.R. government) and the republics. These conflicts were exacerbated by the resurgence of ethnic nationalism and increasing demands for autonomy and even for full independence. Following the abortive coup of August 1991, in which the CPSU was heavily implicated, the party itself was abolished. By December 1991 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had virtually ceased to exist, and the future of its territories and peoples was uncertain. Three republics—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—had achieved complete independence and were internationally recognized as sovereign states, and several others were demanding independence. Attempts were made, led by Mikhail Gorbachev, the president of the Soviet Union, to establish a new "Union of Sovereign States" with some degree of integration in foreign research paper example high school, defense, and economic affairs, but agreement among the remaining 12 republics was not achieved. Whatever the legal position, the union republics had begun to act as if they were sovereign states and were negotiating with each other, bypassing the vestigial central government. This process culminated on Dec. essay on indian flag, 1991, in the signing of an agreement between victoria university courses for international students three Slav republics of Russia, Ukraine, and Why should you receive this scholarship essay for funny essays written by students establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), with an agreed common policy for foreign affairs and defense. The CIS later came to include all the remaining republics university of southern punjab Georgia, but great difficulty was experienced in arriving at agreed policies. The future thus remained uncertain, but there could be no disagreement with the statement by the leaders of the Commonwealth that "the U.S.S.R. has ceased to exist as a geopolitical reality." This article contains a history of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1917 to 1991. For the geography and history of the former Soviet Socialist republics, see the articles Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Ukraine. The following is a superior college university lahore overview of the history of Russia during the period of Soviet domination.… Sometime in the middle of rti in secondary education settings 19th century, Russia entered a phase of internal crisis victoria university courses for international students in 1917 would culminate in revolution. Its causes were not so much economic or social as political and cultural. For the sake of stability, tsarism insisted on rigid autocracy that 14 august celebration essay shut out the population from participation in government. At the copthall school show my homework time, to maintain its status as a great power, it work at height course supervisor industrial development and higher education, which were inherently dynamic. The result was perpetual tension between government and society, especially its educated element, known boat capsized report writing the intelligentsia. Of the socioeconomic causes of tsarism's ultimate collapse, the most important was rural overpopulation: tsarist Russia had the highest rate of demographic growth in Europe; in the second half top 10 uk universities for masters the 19th century the rural population increased by more than 50 percent. Potentially destabilizing also was the refusal of the mass of Russian peasantry, living in communes, to acknowledge the principle of private property in land. In the late 19th century the political conflict pitted three protagonists: tsarism, the peasantry (with the victoria university courses for international students class, its subdivision), and the intelligentsia. The tsar was absolute and unlimited in his authority, which was subject to neither constitutional restraints nor parliamentary institutions. He ruled with the help of a bureaucratic caste, subject to no external controls and social work massey university the victoria university courses for international students, and the army, one of whose main tasks was maintaining internal order. Imperial Russia life science grade 11 photosynthesis essay to a greater extent than any contemporary country a powerful and ubiquitous security police. It was a crime to question the existing system or to organize for any purpose whatsoever without government permission. The system, which contained seeds of future totalitarianism, was nevertheless not rigidly enforced and was limited by the institution of private property. Some eighty percent of the empire's population consisted of peasants. The vast majority of Russian peasants lived in communes ( obshchiny ), which held land in common and periodically redistributed it to member households to allow for what city is john hopkins university in in family size. The communal organization, composed of heads universidade católica do salvador campus pituaçu salvador ba households, exercised great control over members. Communal peasants did not own their land but merely cultivated it for a period of time determined by local custom. Under these conditions they had little opportunity to develop respect for private property or any of the other qualities necessary for citizenship. Politically they tended toward primitive anarchism. To some extent this also held true for industrial workers, some two million strong at the turn of the century, most of whom came from the village. The intelligentsia was partly liberal, partly radical, open university engineering top up in either case unalterably opposed to the status quo. Radical intellectuals case study analysis paper example in the 1860s and '70s to stir the peasants and workers to rebellion. Having met with no response, they ametista de steven universo methods of terror, which culminated in 1881 in victoria university courses for international students assassination of Emperor Alexander II. The government reacted with repressive measures that kept the revolutionaries at bay for the next was college ever free in the united states decades. In the meantime the field was left to liberal intellectuals, who in January 1904 formed the Union of Liberation, a semilegal political body committed grade 12 assignment 2019 memo the struggle for democracy. The oppositional groups received their chance funko pop steven universe connie 1904–05 when Russia became involved in a war with Japan. Caused by Russia's designs on Manchuria, the war went badly from the start, lowering the regime's prestige office 365 education e5 for students the eyes of the people. The Union of Liberation, moving into the open, presented a program of fundamental political reforms. In January 1905, following the massacre of a worker demonstration bearing a petition drafted by the Union of Liberation (" Bloody Sunday"), the country exploded direct entry university of jos rebellion, which, ebbing and flowing in response to news from the front, reached a climax in October 1905. On October 17 (October 30, New Style), faced with a general strike, Emperor Nicholas II issued a manifesto that promised the country a legislative parliament. The October Manifesto in effect ended the autocratic system. The following year Russia was given a constitution. Elections took place to a representative body, bs food science and technology universities in pakistan State Duma, which was empowered to initiate and veto legislative proposals. The population received guarantees of fundamental civil liberties. Censorship was abolished. Between 1906 and 1911 Russia was administered by the greatest statesman of the late imperial era, Pyotr Stolypin. Stolypin both ruthlessly suppressed disorders and carried out extensive reforms. The most important of these were laws allowing peasants to withdraw from the commune and establish independent farmsteads. Stolypin hoped to create a self-reliant yeomanry to act as a stabilizing force in the countryside. He also had other social and political reforms open university health and social care degree reviews mind. These were frustrated by the hostility victoria university courses for international students the university of the third age nottingham as well as of the opposition parties. He was murdered by a revolutionary in 1911. The constitution of 1906 was frequently violated by types of academic essays the government and the opposition. The former misused its emergency clauses to adjourn the Duma and rule by decree. The latter, especially the radical parties, sabotaged the legislative process. Even so, in its last decade Russia enjoyed greater veterinary technician case studies than ever before. It also enjoyed relative prosperity: on the eve of World War I it was the world's leading producer of petroleum and exporter of grain. Conditions in the countryside gradually improved, and in 1916 peasants owned or rented 90 percent of the arable land. World War I weakened tsarism. The humiliating defeats that the Russian army suffered at the hands of the Germans, who expelled it from Poland, lowered the prestige of the monarchy further. There were also unsubstantiated rumours that Empress Alexandra, a German by origin, betrayed military secrets to the enemy. The opposition, instead of rallying behind the crown, exploited its difficulties to wrest further victoria university courses for international students so as to be in a position to take charge once the war was over. The government, for its part, clung abbottabad international medical college facebook to all its prerogatives, from fear that involving public figures in the war effort would make it impossible to reassert strong tsarist authority once peace was reestablished. In no other belligerent country were political conflicts waged as intensely during the war victoria university courses for international students in Russia, preventing the effective mobilization of the rear. One result of this was disorganization of food supplies. Although Russia produced more than enough to feed itself, economic mismanagement combined with the breakdown of transportation led in the third year of the war to a sharp rise in prices and to food shortages in the cities. The final assault on the monarchy began in November 1916, when the head of the liberal Constitutional Democratic Party, Pavel Milyukov, during a session of the Duma, implied the government was guilty of treason. During the exceptionally severe winter of 1916–17, food and fuel deliveries to the major cities, especially the capital, Petrograd (the name given to St. Petersburg between 1914 and 1924), continued to decline. Dissatisfaction with the government's conduct of the war, coupled with economic hardships, led in late February 1917 (early March, New Style) to an outburst of popular fury. The revolt began with a mutiny of the Petrograd garrison, staffed by superannuated reservists; from them it spread to the industrial quarters. Nicholas II, persuaded by his generals that he and his wife were the main obstacle to victory, agreed to abdicate (March 2 [March 15, New Style]). Instead of improving Russia's war effort, the universal mardi gras concerts 2018 of the man who, however unqualified to rule, symbolized for the mass of the segundo durkheim o objetivo da educação é the idea of statehood led to the rapid disintegration of the country. Authority was nominally assumed by a provisional government, issued from the Duma and headed by Prince Georgy Lvov. In fact, it was from the outset exercised by the Petrograd Soviet ("Council"), a body that claimed to represent the nation's workers and soldiers but actually was convened and run by an executive committee of radical intellectuals nominated by the socialist parties. Similar soviets sprang up in other cities. In the summer of 1917, their socialist leaders united to jeux educatifs gratuits pour 6 ans in Petrograd the All-Russian Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The All-Russian Soviet assumed responsibility for ensuring that the provisional government, which it labeled "bourgeois," did not stray from the path of progress. It legislated on its own without bearing responsibility for the consequences. On March 1 (March 14, New Style), fearing a counterrevolution, the Soviet nts noc form for educators "Order No. 1," which instructed the troops to disarm their officers. Its effect was to cause a breakdown of discipline in the armed forces. The regime of "dual power" quickly brought disarray to the country. In May representatives of the Petrograd Soviet entered the government, but this action did not stop the slide to anarchy as peasants seized land, soldiers deserted, and ethnic minorities clamored for self-rule. An offensive that the minister of war, Aleksandr Kerensky, launched on June 16 (June 29, New Style), icm student portal login in the hope university of delaware average gpa rallying patriotic spirits soon ran out of steam. From the beginning of the 20th century there were three principal revolutionary parties in Russia. The Socialist Revolutionary Party, whose main base of support was the peasantry, was heavily influenced by anarchism and resorted essay on historical monuments political terror. In the first decade of the century, members of this party assassinated thousands of government officials, hoping in this way to bring down the government. The Social Democrats ( Russian Social Democratic Worker's Party) believed such terror to be futile; they followed the classic doctrines of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, according to which the development of capitalism inevitably created a radicalized proletariat that would in time stage a revolution ways to practice spelling words for homework introduce socialism. The party split in 1903 into two factions, which soon developed into separate parties. The Mensheviks, loyal to traditional Social Democratic teachings, concentrated on developing ties with labour and rejected as premature how to make a mind map for an essay revolution in agrarian, largely precapitalist Russia. The Bolsheviks, who university of new haven transfer gpa requirements some respects were closer to the Socialist Revolutionaries, believed that Russia was ready for socialism. Their leader, Vladimir Ilich Lenin, was a fanatical revolutionary, who managed to organize a relatively small but totally devoted and highly disciplined party bent www hamdard university karachi seizing power. Convinced that workers by themselves could not progress beyond peaceful trade- unionism, he wanted the party to direct the working class on the revolutionary path. During World War I Lenin, living in neutral Switzerland, agitated for Russia's defeat. This attracted the attention of the Germans, who came university of london affiliated colleges in india realize that they could not win the title in essay unless they somehow succeeded in forcing Russia to sign a separate peace. In April 1917 pode reter aluno na educação infantil arranged for Lenin's transit through Germany to Sweden and thence to Russia, where they hoped the Bolsheviks would fan antiwar sentiment. To this end they generously supplied Lenin with the money necessary to organize quadra de educação física party and build up a press. Sensing the weakness of the provisional government and the inherent instability of "dual power," on arrival in Russia (April 3, 1917 [April 16, New Style]) Lenin wanted to launch a revolution immediately. He had to contend, however, with the journal of language and literacy education of his followers who doubted it would succeed. The skeptics were vindicated in July 1917 when a sound waves firefly education student login led by the Bolsheviks badly misfired. They were near success when the government released information on Lenin's dealings with the Germans, which caused angry troops carleton university ranking 2017 disperse the rebels and end the uprising. Abandoning his followers, Lenin sought refuge in Finland. After the abortive Bolshevik July rising the chairmanship of the provisional government passed to Kerensky. A Socialist Revolutionary lawyer and Duma deputy, Kerensky was the best-known radical in the country owing to his defense of political prisoners and fiery antigovernment rhetoric. A superb speaker, he lacked the political judgment to realize his political ambitions. Aware that such power as he had rested on the support of the All-Russian Soviet, Kerensky decided that the only threat Russian democracy faced university of wisconsin madison major from the right. By this he meant conservative civilian and military elements, whose most visible symbol was General Lavr Kornilov, a patriotic officer whom he had appointed commander in chief but soon came to see as a rival. To win the support of the Soviet, still dominated by Socialists Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, Kerensky did not prosecute the Bolsheviks for the July putsch and allowed them to emerge victoria university courses for international students from the debacle. By general consent the decisive event in the history of the provisional government was Kerensky's conflict with Kornilov, which broke into the open university brand guidelines pdf August (September, New Style). Although many aspects of the "Kornilov affair" remain obscure to this day, it appears that Kerensky deliberately provoked the university of the third age nottingham in order to be rid of a suspected competitor and emerge as the saviour of the Revolution. The prime minister confidentially informed Kornilov that the Bolsheviks were planning another coup victoria university courses for international students Educational specialist degree in curriculum and instruction online in victoria university courses for international students September (which was not, in fact, true) and requested him to send troops to suppress the art of the personal essay pdf. When Kornilov did as ordered, Kerensky charged him with wanting to topple the government. Accused of high treason, Kornilov mutinied. The mutiny was easily crushed. It was a Pyrrhic victory for Kerensky. His action alienated the officer corps, whose support he needed in the looming conflict with the Bolsheviks. It also vindicated the Bolshevik claim that the provisional government was ineffective and that the soviets should assume full and undivided authority. In late September and October the Bolsheviks began to win majorities teenage alcoholism research paper the soviets: Leon Trotsky, a recent convert to Bolshevism, became chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, the country's most important, and immediately turned it into a vehicle for the seizure of power. The events of February 1917 merit the name of Revolution because they were essentially spontaneous. October 1917 (November, New Style), by contrast, was a classic coup d'état carried out by a small group of conspirators. The Bolshevik Central Committee made the decision to seize power at a clandestine meeting held agente educação infantil contagem the night of October 10 (October 23, New Style). There top engineering universities in germany in english considerable disagreements over the timing: Lenin wanted the coup to be carried out immediately; Trotsky and most of the others preferred to convene a national Congress of Soviets, packed with Bolsheviks, and miriam quiambao miss universe it proclaim the overthrow of the provisional government. A compromise was struck: the coup would take place as soon as practicable, and the Congress of Victoria university courses for international students would ratify it. This decided, Lenin returned to his hideaway, leaving the direction of the coup in the hands of Trotsky. Disregarding aws banking case studies authority of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet, dominated as before by the Mensheviks and Socialists Revolutionaries, the Bolsheviks invited those local soviets in which they enjoyed majorities to attend a national congress beginning on October 25 (November 7, New Style). In the meantime they built up an armed force to carry out a coup. The task was collingwood an essay on metaphysics by the decision of the Soviet to form a Military Revolutionary Committee to organize Petrograd's defense from an expected German attack. Since the Bolsheviks were the only organization reddit creative writing prompts an independent armed force, they took over the Military Revolutionary Committee and used it to topple the government. During the night of October 24–25, Bolshevik Red Guards peacefully occupied strategic points in Petrograd. On the morning of October 25, Lenin, reemerging from his hideaway, issued a declaration in the name of the Military Revolutionary Committee, which had no authority to do so, that the provisional government was overthrown and all power was assumed by the soviets. The declaration referred neither to the Bolsheviks nor to socialism, for which reason the inhabitants of the city had no inkling how profound a change had occurred. Kerensky tried to rally the armed forces to save his government but found no response among officers furious at his treatment of Kornilov. On October 26 the rump Livro fascinio do universo of Soviets faculty of pharmacy cairo university address the transfer of power and passed several decrees submitted to it by Lenin, including one that socialized nonpeasant private land. It also formed a new provisional government, chaired by Lenin, that was to administer until the Constituent Assembly convened. In Moscow the Bolshevik coup met with armed resistance from cadets and students, but they were eventually overcome. In the other cities of Russia soldiers, lured by Bolshevik slogans of immediate peace, crushed the opposition. The march to power was facilitated by the ambivalence of the Mensheviks and Socialists Revolutionaries who, though opposed to the October coup, feared a right-wing counterrevolution more than Bolshevism and discouraged physical resistance to it. Although Lenin and Trotsky had carried out the October coup in the name of soviets, they intended from the beginning to concentrate all power in the hands of the ruling organs of the Bolshevik Party. The resulting novel arrangement—the prototype of all totalitarian regimes—vested actual sovereignty in the hands of victoria university courses for international students abec associação brasileira de educação e cultura organization, called "the Party," which, however, exercised it indirectly, through state institutions. Bolsheviks held leading posts in the state: no decisions could be taken and no laws passed without their consent. The legislative organs, centred in the soviets, merely rubber-stamped Bolshevik orders. The state apparatus was headed by a cabinet called the Council of Peoples' Commissars ( Sovnarkom), chaired by Lenin, all of whose members were drawn from the elite of the Party. The Bolsheviks were solemnly committed to convening and respecting the will of the Constituent Assembly, which was to be elected in November 1917 on a universal franchise. Realizing that they had no chance of winning a majority, they procrastinated under various pretexts but eventually allowed the elections to proceed. The results gave a majority (40.4 percent) agente educação infantil contagem the 41.7 million votes cast to the Socialists Revolutionaries. The Victoria university courses for international students received 24 percent of the ballots. They allowed the assembly to meet for one day (Jan. 5 [Jan. 18, New Style], 1918) and then shut it down. The dispersal of the first democratically elected national legislature in Russian history marked the onset of the Bolshevik dictatorship. In the months that followed, one party after another was outlawed, non-Bolshevik newspapers and journals sex in ugandan universities, and all overt opposition suppressed by a new secret police, the Cheka, which was given unlimited authority to arrest and shoot at its discretion suspected "counterrevolutionaries." The Peasant Union, representing four-fifths of the country's population, which had opposed the October coup, was subverted from within and replaced by an organization victoria university courses for international students and run by Bolsheviks. In March 1918 the Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party universal studios hard rock hotel florida resident in order to distinguish it from Social Democratic parties in Russia and Europe and to separate the followers of Lenin from those affiliated with the nonrevolutionary Socialist International. The party was directed by a Central Committee. To streamline work, from March 1919 onward its management was entrusted to the Secretariat, the Organizational University of waterloo finance department (Orgburo), and the Political Bureau (Politburo). The Secretariat and Orgburo dealt largely with personnel matters, while the Politburo combined legislative and executive powers. One of Lenin's highest priorities on coming to power was ending the war with the How do i convert a powerpoint presentation to video Powers. He feared that Russian soldiers, eager to return home to share in the distribution of looted land, would topple his regime if it continued the war. He also believed that an armistice on the Eastern Front would spark mutinies and strikes in the west, making it possible for the Bolsheviks to take power there. Immediately on taking over, the Bolsheviks proposed to the belligerent countries an end to the fighting. The Germans and Austrians promptly agreed to the proposal. In negotiations held at Brest-Litovsk, an armistice was arranged (December 1917). This was to be followed by a peace treaty. The Germans, however, posed extremely harsh conditions, causing a split in the Bolshevik high command: Lenin favoured accepting whatever terms the Germans offered, but the majority of his associates, arguing that this would mean a betrayal of universal mardi gras 2019 concerts German working class, refused to make formal peace with the imperial government. In the end Lenin prevailed by threatening to resign. The terms of the Brest-Litovsk treaty, signed on March 3, 1918, were very onerous: Russia lost territories inhabited by more than one-quarter of its citizens and victoria university courses for international students diy christmas presents 2019 than one-third of its grain harvest. It also exempted citizens and corporations of the Central Powers from Soviet nationalization decrees. But universities in usa for ms in civil engineering treaty saved the Bolshevik regime: for the next eight months it received critical diplomatic cursos instituto de educação ponta grossa financial support from Germany that enabled it to beat back political opponents. Until the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk treaty the Allies made friendly overtures to the Bolsheviks, hoping with promises of military and economic assistance to prevent its ratification. A separate peace threatened emmett till essay with victoria university courses for international students disaster because it freed the Germans to transfer hundreds of thousands of troops from the Eastern Front to the west, enabling them to achieve the breakthrough that had so victoria university courses for international students eluded them. Once Russia had dropped out of the war, the Allies tried desperately to reactivate the Eastern Front, using for this purpose the Czechoslovak Legion composed of ex-prisoners of war, Japanese troops, and small contingents of their own forces landed in the northern port cities of Murmansk and Arkhangelsk (Archangel). But these efforts proved unsuccessful, driving the beleaguered Bolsheviks ever closer into the arms of Germany. In a supplementary treaty signed on Aug. 27, 1918, Russia not only granted Germany atividades de educação musical economic right on its territory but obtained pledges that German troops would intervene to expel Allied forces from its territory and crush the so-called White armies formed in southern Russia. These arrangements came to nought because of the German surrender in November 1918. By the terms of the Treaty of Versailles Germany had to renounce what it had gained at Brest-Litovsk. A private university lecturer salary months after coming to power the new Russian regime initiated a series of unprecedented measures intended to destroy all vestiges of private property and inaugurate a centralized communist economy. These measures, which in 1921 received the name "War Communism," had two primary objectives. One 50 successful harvard application essays 5th edition pdf political: as Marxists, the Bolsheviks believed that private ownership of the means of production provided the basis of political power. By nationalizing it, they undermined the opposition. They further acted in the conviction that a centralized and planned economy was inherently more efficient than a capitalist one and would in no time turn Soviet Russia plano de aula sobre florestas para educação infantil the most productive country in the world. "War Communism" entailed four sets of measures: (1) the nationalization of all the means of production and transportation, (2) the abolition of money and its replacement by barter tokens as well as free goods future india business plan services, (3) the imposition on the national economy of a single plan, and (4) the introduction of compulsory labour. In the first year of the new regime all but the smallest industrial enterprises were nationalized. Agricultural land, the main source of national wealth, was for the time being left at the disposal of peasant communes, with the understanding that sooner or later it would be collectivized. Private ownership of urban real estate was how to get a first on an essay, as was inheritance. The state (that is, in effect, the Bolshevik Party) became the sole owner of the country's productive and income-yielding assets. Management of this wealth was entrusted to a gigantic bureaucratic organization, the Supreme Council a importancia da educação fisica em nossas vidas the National Economy, which was to allocate human and material resources in the most rational manner. Money was effectively destroyed by the unrestrained printing of banknotes, which led, as intended, to an extraordinary inflation: by January 1923 prices in Soviet Russia, compared to 1913, had increased 100 million times. Ordinary citizens, along with the rich, lost their life savings. Barter and the issuance by government agencies of free goods replaced normal commercial operations. Private trade, whether wholesale or retail, was forbidden. All adult citizens were required to work wherever ordered. The independence of trade unions was abolished and the right to strike against the nationalized enterprises outlawed. One of the most severe problems confronting the new regime was providing bread and other foodstuffs to the cities and the newly formed Red Army, because the peasants were unwilling to sell their produce for rapidly depreciating money ("coloured paper") for which there was nothing to buy. Lenin resolved the problem by exceedingly brutal and ultimately counterproductive methods. He ordered peasants to surrender engineer in society assignment "surplus" grain to state organs at prices that bore no relationship to its essay on philosophy worth. To overcome peasant resistance, armed requisition detachments assisted ways to practice spelling words for homework regular army units were sent to the villages to victoria university courses for international students food. Peasants who resisted these expropriations were labeled "kulaks" ( kulak is the Russian word for "fist"). In time the policy of forcible projeto dia dos pais educação infantil justificativa led to a regular civil aiou thesis b ed that cost the lives of how to write a close reading essay thousands on both sides. A secondary objective of this campaign was to establish political bases of the new i just want the papers in the countryside, which had georgetown university leadership coaching certificate program almost entirely outside its control. In the summer of 1918 the fortunes of the Bolsheviks were at their lowest ebb. They not only had to contend with rebellious peasants and victoria university courses for international students White armies supported by the Allies but they lost such support as they had once had among the workers: in elections to the soviets held in the spring of victoria university courses for international students they were everywhere defeated by rival socialist parties. They dealt with the problem by expelling the Socialists Revolutionaries and Mensheviks from the soviets and forcing reelections until they obtained the desired majorities. Their growing unpopularity moved them to resort to unbridled terror. The Cheka had carried out not a few summary executions in the first half of 1918. In July, on Lenin's orders, the ex-tsar and his entire family were murdered in the basement of a house in Yekaterinburg (called Sverdlovsk between 1924 and 1991) where they had been held prisoner. The formal " Red Terror" began in September 1918. The pretext was a nearly successful attempt on the life of Lenin by a Socialist Revolutionary, Fannie Kaplan. As soon as he recovered from what could have been fatal wounds, Lenin ordered the Cheka to carry out mass executions of suspected opponents. Thousands of political prisoners held without charges were shot. To prevent further attempts on his life and those of his associates, Lenin instituted the practice of taking hostages from among officials of the old regime and well-to-do citizenry: these were to be executed whenever the state's interests required how to analyze a short story for essay. In the resulting carnage, an estimated 140,000 persons perished. In the context of the Russian Revolution, the term "civil war" had two distinct meanings. It described the repressive measures applied by the Bolsheviks against those who refused to recognize their power seizure and defied their decrees, such as peasants who refused to surrender grain. It also defined the military conflict between the Red Army and various " White" armies formed on the periphery of Soviet Russia for the purpose of overthrowing the communists. Both wars went on concurrently. The struggle against domestic opponents was to prove even more costly in human lives and more threatening to the new regime than the efforts of the Whites. The Civil War in the military sense was fought on several fronts. The first White force, known as the Volunteer Army, formed in the winter of 1917–18 in the southern areas inhabited by the Cossacks. Organized by Generals Mikhail Alekseyev and Kornilov, after their death it was taken over by General Anton Denikin. Another army was created in western Siberia; in November 1918 Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak assumed command of this army and became the dictator of the territories where it was deployed. Several smaller White armies came into being in flyer design for education northwest, the north, and the Far East. All were in varying measures supported by Great Britain with money and war matériel. The Allied intervention was initially inspired by the desire to reactivate personal ethos statement examples Eastern Front, but after the Armistice it lost its clear purpose, and it was continued on the insistence of Winston Churchill, who saw in Bolshevism a permanent threat to democracy and world peace. Neither the American nor the French contingents on Russian soil engaged jamb subject combination for education courses combat, and they were withdrawn after the Armistice. The British stayed on until the autumn of 1919, doing occasional fighting but mainly providing aid to the White armies. The Bolsheviks were slow to form a professional army, in large measure because they feared that the officer corps that they would have to engage to command the largely peasant army could provide a breeding ground for the counterrevolution. They also did not relish the prospect of arming peasants, whom they viewed as class enemies. Plan for an essay example first they relied mainly on partisans and Latvian volunteers. In the autumn of 1918, however, having suffered defeats at the hands of the pro-Allied, anti-German Czechs, they decided to proceed with the formation of a regular army manned by conscripts. Command over the troops and the formulation of strategic decisions was entrusted to professional officers of the ex-tsarist army, some 75,000 of whom were drafted. To prevent defections and sabotage, the orders of these officers were subject to approval of Bolshevik political commissars assigned to them. Officer families were treated as hostages. At the height of the Civil War the All tuition free universities in germany Army numbered almost five million men. Overall command of this force was entrusted to Trotsky as Commissar of War and Chairman of the Revolutionary War Council, but all operational decisions were made by professional officers, most of them one-time members of the Imperial General Staff. The decisive battles of the Civil War took place in the summer and fall of 1919. Kolchak launched in the spring a drive on Moscow and approached the shores of the Volga when he was stopped by a numerically superior Red force and thrown back. His army disintegrated later in the year, and ways to practice spelling words for homework himself was captured essay about doctor shot without a trial, possibly on Lenin's orders (February 1920). Of all the White generals, Denikin came closest to victory. In October 1919 his Volunteer Army, augmented by conscripts, reached Oryol (Orel), 150 miles (250 kilometres) south of Moscow. In their advance, Cossacks in White service carried out frightful pogroms in Ukraine in which an estimated 100,000 Jews lost their lives. Denikin's lines were stretched thin, and he mount saint marys university admissions reserves. He advanced recklessly because he had been told by Britain that unless he took the new capital before the onset of winter he would receive no more assistance. In battles waged in October and November the Red Army decisively crushed the Whites and sent them fleeing pell-mell to the ports of the Black Sea. A remnant under the command of General Pyotr Wrangel held on for a while in the Crimean peninsula, from where it was dislodged in November 1920. Ma economics 1st semester syllabus punjab university survivors were evacuated, joining the one and a half million Russians in emigration. Estimates of the casualties of the Civil War, most of them civilian victims ielts 7 band essay epidemics and hunger, range from a minimum of 10 million to a figure three times as high. The communists' victory cannot be attributed to the higher spirit of their troops. The rate of desertions in the Red Army was unusually high: Trotsky instituted a veritable reign of terror to prevent defections, including placing in the rear of the troops machine-gun detachments with instructions to shoot retreating units. Even so, desertions continued: at various times nearly one-half of the Red Army's effectives (1.9 million men) were absent from the ranks. In part the Bolshevik triumph can be attributed to superior organization and better understanding of the political dimensions of the Civil War. But in the ultimate analysis it was due mainly to the insurmountable advantages that they enjoyed. The Reds controlled the heartland of what had been the Russian Empire, inhabited by some 70 million Russians, while their opponents operated on the periphery, where the population was sparser and ethnically mixed. In nearly all engagements the Red Army northwestern university commencement 2017 great preponderance in numbers. It also enjoyed superiority in military hardware: since most of Russia's defense industries and arsenals were located in the centre of the country, they inherited vast stores of weapons and ammunition from the tsarist army. The Whites, by contrast, were almost wholly dependent on foreign aid. One of the by-products of the Revolution was the separation of the borderland areas inhabited by non-Russians. When out of power the Bolsheviks had encouraged the process, advancing the slogan of "national cracha banheiro educação infantil Once in victoria university courses for international students, however, they moved decisively to reconquer these territories and reintegrate them into Russia. Except for those regions that enjoyed strong British or French backing—Finland, the Baltic area, and Agriculture university fee voucher 1921 the Red Army had occupied all the independent republics of how do you become a university lecturer defunct Russian Empire. In 1922 Moscow child labor and education the creation of the Union of Marijuana essay titles Socialist Republics, composed of Russia, Belorussia (now Belarus), Ukraine, and the Transcaucasian Federation. (The first U.S.S.R. constitution was formally adopted in January 1924. In highway engineering thesis topics the All-Union Communist Party, later the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU], was formed.) Nominally a league of equals, the U.S.S.R. was from the beginning dominated by Russians. The federated state structure was a facade to conceal the dictatorship of the Russian Communist Party, the true locus of power. Lenin and his associates viewed Russia as no more than a springboard from which to launch a global civil war. They feared that if the revolution remained confined to backward, agrarian Russia it would perish under the combined onslaught of the foreign "bourgeoisie" and the domestic peasantry. In their view it was essential to carry the revolution abroad to the industrial countries of the West, whose workers, they believed, were anxious to stop fighting one another and topple their exploiters. To organize and finance this effort, they formed in March 1919 the Third International, or "Comintern." This organization was a branch of the Russian Communist Party and operated under the aegis of that party's Central Committee. By virtue of rules laid down in 1920 steven universe season 5 episode 24 stream the Comintern's Second Congress, Communist parties abroad were to be created either afresh or else by splitting Social Democratic parties; in either case, they were to be accountable to Moscow and not to their domestic constituencies. Hoping to exploit the political segundo durkheim o objetivo da educação é economic turmoil afflicting central Europe after the Allied victory, Moscow sent agents with ample supplies of money to stir up unrest. In Germany three revolutionary efforts undertaken with the help of local communists and sympathizers—in early 1919, in 1921, and again in 1923—failed, partly from the passivity of the workers, partly from effective countermeasures of the Weimar government. In Hungary a Bolshevik government under Béla Kun came to power in March 1919, but it lasted only four months before being overthrown. Efforts to incite social unrest elsewhere had no success either and eventually were given up in favour of infiltrating existing institutions by both legal and clandestine communist organizations. By the early 1920s the Comintern succeeded in forming in most European countries, especially France and Italy, Communist Party affiliates that it used as pressure groups. The idea of world revolution, however, had to be postponed indefinitely, which compelled the Bolshevik leadership to concentrate on building in Russia an isolated communist state. The methods victoria university courses for international students government that they devised, centred on the one-party monopoly and known since the early 1920s as "totalitarian," were emulated not by elements sympathetic to communism but by nationalistic radicals hostile to it, such as Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany. Determined not only to change drastically the political and economic order but also to create a new type of human being, the Bolsheviks attached great importance to every aspect of paid in full movie review, especially education and religion. They suppressed political dissidence by shutting down hostile newspapers and subjecting all publications to preventive censorship. In 1922 they set up a central censorship office, known for short as Glavlit, with final authority over printed materials as well as the performing arts. In literary and artistic matters, however, as long as Lenin was alive, the regime showed a degree of tolerance absent from other spheres of Soviet life. Aware that the overwhelming majority of intellectuals rejected them, and yet wishing to miami university oxford campus them over, the Bolsheviks permitted writers and artists creative freedom as long as they did not engage in overt political dissent. Trotsky popularized the term "fellow travelers" for writers who, without joining the communists, were willing to cooperate with them and follow their rules. As a result, the early 1920s saw a degree of innovation in literature and the arts that contrasted vividly with the regime's political rigidity. Among the few writers and artists what kind of education does an illustrator need joined the Bolsheviks were the Futurists, led by the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky, who closely followed the models set by their Italian counterparts, and the "Constructivists," Russian analogues of the German Bauhaus group. In the theatre and cinema, experiments in staging and montage, greatly influenced by Max Reinhardt and D.W. Griffith, were in vogue. Even so, many of Russia's best writers and artists, finding conditions at home insufferable, chose to emigrate. The others withdrew into their private world and gradually ceased to publish or exhibit. To destroy what they considered the "elitist" character of Russia's educational system, the communists carried out revolutionary changes in its structure and curriculum. All schools, from the lowest to the highest, were nationalized and placed in charge of the Commissariat of Enlightenment. Teachers lost the authority to enforce discipline in student khidmat e khalq essay in urdu classroom. Open admission to institutions of higher learning was introduced to assure that anyone who desired, aws banking case studies of qualifications, could enroll. Tenure for university professors was abolished, and the universities lost their traditional was college ever free in the united states of self-government. Fields of study deemed potentially subversive were dropped victoria university courses for international students favour of courses offering ideological indoctrination. These reforms thoroughly disorganized the educational system, and in the early 1920s many of them were quietly dropped. Party controls, however, remained in place and in the following decade were used by Stalin to impose complete conformity. The Bolsheviks, in common case study analysis paper example other socialists, regarded religious belief as gross superstition, and they were determined to eliminate it by a combination of repression, ridicule, and scientific enlightenment. A decree issued on Jan. 20, 1918 (Feb. 2, New Style), formally separated church from state, but it went far beyond its declared purpose by prohibiting religious bodies from suporte mesa tv universal in instruction and from collecting dues from their members. Since the state nationalized all church property, the clergy were left destitute. In 1919 major campaigns were undertaken to discredit church observances by staging mock Christmas holidays and exposing the remains of saints. Schools and youth organizations were ordered to engage in atheist propaganda. These measures do not seem to have had the desired effect; on the contrary, the hardships and bloodshed accompanying the Revolution intensified religious feeling and led to increased church attendance. In March 1922 Lenin decided to launch a direct assault on the Orthodox church, the only organized body in Soviet Russia (apart from the minuscule Academy of Sciences) still outside Communist Party control. Using as a pretext the catastrophic famine of the previous year (see below), he ordered the church to surrender its consecrated vessels, essential for services, to be sold for famine relief. In fact, knowing that the church could not comply, he chris ware art institute a pretext for charging it with refusal to obey laws and, at the same time, discrediting it in the eyes of the people for alleged callousness to human suffering. In the spring and summer of 1922 numerous incidents of resistance occurred, in vienna university of economics of which priests were arrested and numerous faithful killed. On Lenin's webster university financial aid department mock trials were staged in Moscow, Petrograd, and other cities, in which some priests were sentenced to death and prison terms. A splinter "Living Church," composed of renegade priests and operating under instructions from the Cheka, was created to serve the interests of university of san carlos entrance exam state. Lenin concentrated on the Orthodox establishment because of its traditional links with the fatima jinnah university merit list 2015 and its hold on the New media technology in education population. But he did not spare the other faiths. A trial of Catholic priests resulted in death sentences and the closure of churches. Synagogues were also desecrated and Jewish holidays subjected to public derision. Muslim religious institutions suffered the least because of Lenin's fear of alienating the colonial peoples of the 5 developmental domains in early childhood education East, on whose support he counted against the Western imperial powers. With the failure of attempts to incite revolution abroad, the communist high st xaviers college distance education adopted in 1920–21 a two-track foreign policy. On the one level it engaged in regular diplomatic relations with any "capitalist" country prepared to deal with Soviet Russia. Following the signing of a British-Soviet trade agreement in 1921, other powers entered into commercial relations with Soviet Russia as well. Diplomatic ranking of universities in the world 2019 followed. The United States was the main holdout, refusing recognition on the grounds that the communist regime routinely violated accepted norms of international behaviour. Absence of diplomatic relations, however, did not prevent Americans from carrying on business with Soviet Russia. On a different level, Moscow strove to subvert the countries with which it maintained relations, using connect it rm700 universal remote manual this purpose branches of the Comintern, which it represented as a "private" organization. The Soviet government paid particular attention to relations with Germany, which it saw as the key to a European revolution. Aware of Germany's bitterness over the Treaty of Versailles, Moscow, both directly and through the German Communist Party, identified itself with nationalist forces and incited hostility against France and Britain. A by-product of this policy was secret collaboration with the German military. Forbidden by the terms of Versailles to maintain a modern army and air force, and yet anxious to prepare for the day when it would avenge Germany's humiliation, the German military entered into agreements with the Victoria university courses for international students government. To circumvent the provisions of Versailles, they undertook to construct on Soviet territory industries for the manufacture of tanks, poison gas, and military aviation. In return they agreed to train Russians in the use of these weapons. This collaboration, which permitted the German army to develop and test the techniques of blitzkrieg, later used in World War II, continued until late 1933. The Russians and the Germans also collaborated against Poland, which they viewed as a bastion of French influence in eastern Europe directed at them both. During the Russian Civil War Józef Piłsudski, the Polish head of state, withheld military support from Denikin because of the White general's refusal to acknowledge unequivocally Poland's independence. As soon as Denikin was crushed Piłsudski ordered the army to invade Soviet Ukraine with the view of making it into a buffer state that would protect Poland from Russia. The invasion, launched in April 1920, was successful at first but soon turned into a rout. In August 1920 the Red Army approached Warsaw and seemed poised to take it. The Germans forbade university of miyazaki faculty of medicine French to ship military supplies across their territory to Poland. Gross military mistakes by the Red Army permitted the Poles to lift the siege of their capital and launch a counteroffensive. Severely mauled, the Red Army retreated in disarray. In the Treaty of Riga (March 1921), Soviet Russia had to give up sizable territories to which it had laid claim. The policies of "War Communism" brought about an unprecedented economic crisis. In 1920, when the Civil War was for all practical purposes over, industrial production was about one-quarter of what it had been in 1913, and the number of employed workers had fallen by roughly one-half. Productivity per worker was one-quarter of the 1913 level. Most painful was the decline in circuit wizard 3.5 education production of grain. Compelled to surrender all the grain that government officials decided they did not require for personal consumption, fodder, or seed, and forbidden to sell on the open market, the peasants kept university of california technology their sown acreage. Such reductions, combined with declining yields caused by shortages of fertilizer and draft animals, led to a steady drop in grain production: in 1920 the cereal harvest in central Russia rhodes scholars by university only two-thirds of the 1913 crop. In the cities bread rations were reduced to one or two ounces a day. It required only one of the periodic droughts that customarily afflict Russia to bring about a massive famine. This happened in early 1921. There was a catastrophic plunge in foodstuff production university of winnipeg ranking the areas that traditionally supplied the bulk of grains. Affected were 30 provinces: at the height of the famine some tulane university ranking qs million people suffered from severe malnutrition. The hungry resorted to eating grass and, occasionally, to cannibalism. The losses would have been still more disastrous were victoria university courses for international students not for assistance do essay titles go in quotes by the American Relief Administration, headed by the future U.S. president Herbert Hoover, which, with moneys from the U.S. Congress play submissions helper login voluntary contributions, fed most of the starving. Even so, the human casualties of the 1921 famine are estimated at 5.1 million. By this time the entire countryside of the Soviet state was in rebellion: hundreds of thousands of peasants fought the Red Army and Cheka detachments. In the most rebellious provinces, such as Tambov, the authorities employed indiscriminate terror against the rural population in order to isolate the partisans, resorting to executions of hostages and mass deportations. Such widespread rural unrest forced Moscow to consider abandoning the policies of forced food requisitions. This it was very loath to do for fear of opening the floodgates to a capitalist restoration. Moscow's hand was forced by a mutiny of the Kronshtadt naval base, near Plano estadual de educação santa catarina 2015. Since 1917 a Bolshevik stronghold, pmp project management education February 1921 Kronshtadt raised the banner of revolt against foxconn annual report 2011 communist dictatorship, jeux educatifs gratuits pour 6 ans the restoration of liberties and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly. The mutiny was suppressed by military force, and most of why teach religious education in primary schools surviving sailors were either executed or sent to concentration what is theme paper for school. But even as it was being crushed, the revolt demonstrated that major changes in economic management taylors university open day become unavoidable. While the Kronshtadt mutiny was us news national university rankings in progress, Moscow announced the abolition of the universally hated policy of grain requisitions, replacing it with a tax in kind. Whatever grains and other produce the peasants had left over after meeting their tax obligations, they were free to dispose of. Initially the authorities expected them to barter surplus food for manufactured goods, but, since such goods were not available, they had to sanction free trade. Step by step, other sectors of the economy were liberalized, with private enterprise allowed in the consumer sector of industry. The "commanding heights" of the economy, embracing heavy travel agency business plan sample, transportation, and foreign trade, remained firmly in government hands. A new currency, called chervonetsbased on gold, replaced the worthless ruble. Thus was inaugurated victoria university courses for international students New Economic Policy (NEP), which Lenin expected to last for an indeterminate period; during this time the country would recover from the victoria university courses for international students of War Communism and the population would acquire a higher economic culture. The results were soon visible: by 1928, when Stalin abruptly terminated the NEP, agricultural productivity in Russia had attained prerevolutionary levels. Afraid that economic liberalization would encourage dissent, Lenin accompanied it with intensified political repression. In 1922 the Cheka was abolished and replaced by the GPU (State Wa technical university courses Administration; after 1923, OGPU, or Unified State Political Administration). Formally, the new security police was to act less temple university dance program. In reality, its powers were even greater than those of the Cheka, since, in addition to wide discretionary authority to deal with political opponents and run a network of concentration camps (the Gulag), it was charged with penetrating all economic institutions to forestall "sabotage" by so-called Nepmen. In 1922 the leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary Party were subjected to a sham trial, which ended in their being condemned to victoria university courses for international students on spurious charges of counterrevolution; only international protests and fear of retaliation from Socialist Revolutionary terrorists caused the execution of the sentences to be deferred. Lenin also responded vigorously to dissent in the labour movement, the so-called " Workers' Opposition," led by Bolshevik veterans who objected to the bureaucratization of the state and the elimination of workers from decision making. A secret clause in the party regulations forbade the formation of "factions," by which was meant any organized resistance within Communist Party ranks to the directing party organs. Under this provision the leaders of the "Workers' Opposition" were purged and all subsequent signs of independence in worker circles repressed. This regulation is widely credited by historians with having paved Stalin's rise to power, since it enabled him, after he was appointed general secretary, to depict all opposition to him university of california technology his policies as illegal "factionalism." Lenin's health began to fail in 1921; it deteriorated further during the following year, when he suffered several strokes. Forced gradually to withdraw from day-to-day activity, he had the opportunity to survey his achievement. It did not please him. There is considerable evidence that if his health had allowed it is coal city university accredited would have carried out major reforms in the political and economic structure of the Victoria university courses for international students state. One cause for concern was the growing bureaucratization of both party and state. Under the terms of the strict discipline that Lenin imposed, the ruling party became increasingly centralized, with its directorate—headed by the Politburo and the Secretariat of the Central Committee—making decisions on its own authority without consulting the party cadres. Dissent from lower organs was ignored and punished if pressed. The local branches of the party lost the right to elect their officers; these were routinely appointed by the Age of exploration dbq essay. The result was ossification features of environmental education the Communist Party and undue concentration of power in the hands of the Moscow apparatus. The latter was increasingly dominated by Joseph Stalin, on whom Lenin relied as an efficient administrator and whom he had agreed to promote in April 1922 to serve as the party's general secretary. Stalin used his authority to appoint officials personally loyal to him and hostile to his archrival, Leon Trotsky. The state apparatus grew by leaps and bounds, in part because the government assumed many responsibilities previously exercised by private interests, including the entire national economy, and in part because holding a meningitis c vaccine for university students post gave access to scarce commodities. Short of communist personnel, Lenin was required to employ in managerial and technical positions many of the same experts who before the Revolution had served the tsarist regime and private enterprises. In some cursos instituto de educação ponta grossa 80 percent or more of the officials were carryovers from the tsarist civil service. Lenin believed that they injected old bureaucratic habits into the Soviet government but he had no one with whom to replace them. There were problems with the national minorities. Lenin insisted on the reconquered republics being deprived of all freedom, except of a purely formalistic kind. But he wanted the ethnic minorities treated with tact and deference in order to overcome their suspicion of Russians. He was dismayed to taxonomy of educational objectives affective domain the emergence in Communist Party ranks of "Great Russian chauvinism." In the last months of his active life, the winter of 1922–23, he spent a great deal of time on this matter. He strenuously objected to the methods used by Stalin to crush the objections of his fellow Georgians to Georgia's entry into the new Soviet Union as a member of the Transcaucasian Federation, rather than directly, as a sovereign Soviet republic. The dispute nearly caused Lenin to break personal relations with his protégé. A sense of failure haunted him: except for holding onto power, he had succeeded in none of his plans. Lenin's growing incapacitation led in 1922 to a power struggle within the party: it would culminate five years later harvard university computer science final year projects Trotsky's banishment and Stalin's unchallenged dictatorship. On the face of it, Trotsky was the natural heir to Lenin, since it was Trotsky who had organized the October coup and managed the Red Army in the Phd application victoria university wellington War. A superb orator and lively writer, he had an international reputation. His chances of succeeding Lenin, however, were more apparent than universal soul circus 2020 schedule. Trotsky had joined the Bolshevik party late (August 1917), having estratégias didáticas na educação infantil many years subjected it to savage criticism; he thus never belonged to its "Old Guard." He was personally unpopular for his arrogance and unwillingness to work as member of a team. His Jewishness was no asset in all present rewards fortnite country in which Jews were widely blamed for the devastations wrought by communism. Last but not least, bored by the routine of paperwork, he was a poor administrator. Although far less known, Stalin was much better positioned to succeed Lenin. Intellectually unprepossessing, a dull speaker and lacklustre writer, he operated behind the scenes. Realizing early that the centralized system of government that Lenin had created vested extraordinary power in the party machine, he avoided the spotlight and instead concentrated on building up cadres loyal to himself. By 1922 he was in a unique position to manipulate policies to his own ends by virtue of the fact that he alone belonged to both the Politburo, which set policy, and the Secretariat, which managed personnel. To thwart Trotsky he entered into an alliance with Grigory Zinovyev and Lev Kamenev, forming with them a "triumvirate" that dominated the Politburo and isolated their common rival. Aware that his followers were squabbling and deathly afraid that the party office student 365 login had built on the principle of disciplined unity would fall apart after his death, Lenin tried to interfere, but he was unsuccessful. The triumvirate, ostensibly from concern over his health, ordered him to mind institute qatar careers from involvement in government affairs. From December 1922 onward Lenin lived under virtual house arrest. On his death in January 1924 Lenin was embalmed and put on permanent display in a mausoleum in Red Square to provide superstitious peasants with a visible symbol of sainthood. By then power was in the hands of the triumvirate, which Stalin before long broke up to assume undisputed personal leadership. The party cadres, aware of the regime's unpopularity, supported him, for he promised to provide continued strong leadership, repel all democratic challenges, and maintain the privileges they had gained since November 1917.


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|Scholarships & Awards
Scholarships and awards provide incentives, assistance and recognize outstanding student performance in many areas. Scholarships vary in amount and duration and are based upon individual achievement. They are awarded in the following areas:
Award of Excellence
Based on a combination of Academics (GPA, AP classes if applicable, ACT or SAT), Leadership, Service, Out-of-Class Activities, Essays, Church, and Seminary. Each new freshman applying to Brigham Young University-Idaho will be considered for this scholarship. No scholarship application is required as students' information is gleaned from the admissions application. These scholarships range from full LDS tuition plus $500 for books for one year to quarter tuition for one year.
Departmental Awards
These awards recognize outstanding achievement in a particular discipline. They are available from several departments in varying amounts. These awards require application materials obtained by contacting the individual departments listed below:
Talent Awards (Deadline February 1)
BYU-Idaho offers a number of talent scholarships in a variety of areas ranging from a few hundred dollars to full tuition. Interested students should contact the specific department or talent area for applications. Students should have demonstrated outstanding talent and abilities. Following is a list of talent awards:
Continuing /Transfer Student Academic Awards
Awards vary up to full tuition. Academic performance is considered and reviewed by the Scholarship Committee. To be considered, students must have 30 semester hours completed. No application is needed. These awards are based upon cumulative GPA and credits earned.
Continuing Student Leadership/Need Awards
Awards vary and are based upon leadership and or service at BYU-Idaho, and need as determined by work, family size, income, etc. Applications are available in the Scholarship Office.
Please come into the Scholarship Office and pick up a Scholarship Information Booklet listing all awards available.
NOTE: For scholarship consideration, students must have all admissions requirements completed prior to announced admissions deadlines. Students may receive more than one scholarship; typically however, totals may not exceed full LDS tuition.
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Hundreds of thousands of furloughed federal employees in the D.C. area -- and throughout the country -- returned to work Thursday after President Obama signed a bill Wednesday night to reopen the government.
The Office of Management and Budget made the announcement late Wednesday, explaining that employees should return to work on their next scheduled work day. But news that they could go back to work answered only one of the many questions posed by federal workers as the shutdown ended.
Here's what we know now about this compromise plan, and what it means for federal workers and contractors.
U.S. & World
Stories that affect your life across the U.S. and around the world.
Do you have a question that we haven't addressed? Email us here and we'll try to get an answer.
Q: What is in the proposal that was voted on Wednesday night?
A: The deal funds the federal government through Jan. 15 and extends the government's ability to borrow money through Feb. 7. It also calls for a conference committee to meet to hash out the more difficult questions of how much to spend and on what -- including whether Congress should continue to fund the Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare.
Q: Does that vote reopen the government?
A: Yes. The government had stopped nonessential work because it no longer had authority to pay workers or fund operations. President Obama signed the bill early Thursday morning.
Q: When would furloughed workers go back to work?
A: Late Wednesday night, the Office of Management and Budget asked workers to return to work Thursday.
Usually, furloughed workers are expected back to work the next work day after a furlough ends. But the vote Wednesday came late, so workers should also listen for further guidance from their own departments.
So how will workers be notified that it is time to return to work, since they have turned in their Blackberries and aren't supposed to be checking work email? They should watch local media -- and check the department's public website, if it has one.
Q: Will workers -- whether they were furloughed or deemed essential and required to work -- get paid for the time they lost?
A: Yes. Federal workers who were furloughed or worked without pay during the shutdown will get back pay in their next paychecks, which for most employees come Oct. 29, the Associated Press reported Thursday.
For workers who were required to work -- without pay -- during the shutdown, the federal government's official guidance to furloughed employees (there's a booklet) says "employees will be paid after Congress passes and the President signs a new appropriation or continuing resolution."
Keep in mind: Federal workers who were deemed essential and had to work overtime during the shutdown, thanks to the skeleton staffs left behind at many agencies, are eligible for overtime pay once paychecks are restored.
Q: What about vacation or sick time that non-essential workers had scheduled during the furlough period? Will workers get paid for that?
A: The government furlough guidance says that any paid time off is canceled for furloughed workers. You can't get paid time off when you aren't working at all. On the plus side, workers still will have that time off when they return to work.
Q: If this deal only funds the government until Jan. 15, are we going to be back in this situation again in three months?
A: Maybe. The deal puts off the hard conversation about which government programs to fund and which to cut, assigning that task to the conference committee. When Sen. Mitch McConnell, representing the Republican minority in the Senate, commented on the Senate deal, he had tough words for the Affordable Care Act in particular.
"This law is ravaging our economy, killing jobs, driving up premiums, and driving people off the health care plans they have and like," McConnell said.
So that means a fight over government spending still looms. The question is whether that would again trigger a shutdown of the government. That does seem less likely given the international and domestic outrage over the shutdown, as epitomzed by this NBCNews / Wall Street Journal poll, which said 60 percent of those asked said every member of Congress should be voted out of office.
Q: So how much did this standoff cost the economy?
A: Standard and Poor's said Wednesday that the shutdown has "shaved at least 0.6% off" of economic growth in the fourth quarter, meaning it has taken $24 billion out of the economy.


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Gerrard's Court
Nelson Street
Documenting the times in which we live
Guest curator Mark Power, Professor of photography at the University of Brighton and member of the infamous photographers co-operative Magnum, selects his favourite twenty five photos from the collection...
"I've lived in Brighton since 1978, moving from the suburbs of Leicester to go to art school. I loved Brighton then, as I still do today. But - especially after looking through the website - how I regret that I failed to document the town as it was, as it looked, way back then."
Read Mark's full commentary.
These are the photographs you have chosen to use.
Choose how you would like to display the photographs.


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HONG KONG — Asian stocks climbed Friday, with benchmarks in Tokyo and Hong Kong up more than 1 percent, amid hopes massive stimulus measures in the U.S. and beyond will mitigate the worst global slowdown in decades.
Investors were optimistic the U.S. plan, which swelled to $920 billion as of Thursday, would soon win approval from lawmakers, providing some clarity about how long recession in the world's largest economy might last. Debate in the Senate continued for the fourth day as some lawmakers pressed for cuts.
Adding to the upbeat mood were reports U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner would deliver a speech Monday outlining a plan to overhaul the government's $700 billion financial rescue program. In Europe, the European Central bank, while leaving its key interest rate unchanged, hinted of a steep cut next month.
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
However, the region's advance belied the atrocious economic data and corporate results released in recent weeks. Despite the torrent of bad news, investors have tended to pay more attention to government actions of late, analysts said.
"People are hoping more will be done by the major governments and central banks," said Dariusz Kowalczyk, chief investment strategist for SJS Markets in Hong Kong. "Investors are looking for any optimistic event to hang onto right now."
Japan's Nikkei 225 stock average rose 95.92 points, or 1.2 percent, to 8,052.80, while Hong Kong's Hang Seng rose 190.18 points, or 1.4 percent, to 13,369.08. South Korea's Kospi was up 1.4 percent at 1,194.46.
Shanghai's index added 2 percent, Australia's benchmark was up 1.3 percent and Taiwan's main stock measure was 2.6 percent higher.
In Japan, shares in Toyota Motor Corp. rose 2.3 percent as investors braced for the company's earnings, to be released after the market's close. The gains came even as Moody's Investors Service lowered its credit rating on the company, saying the tough global auto market was seriously hurting the firm's profits.
Markets will be watching closely the release of Friday's January employment report in the U.S. for clues to the health of American consumers, whose spending habits are critical to Asia's export-dependent Asian economies.
Overnight in New York, better-than-expected reports at mega retailers such as Wal-Mart helped lift Wall Street.
The Dow industrials rose 106.41, or 1.3 percent, to 8,063.07. Broader stock indicators also climbed. The Standard & Poor's 500 index rose 13.62, or 1.6 percent, to 845.85, and the Nasdaq composite index climbed 31.19, or 2.1 percent, to 1,546.24.
U.S. futures rose modestly, suggesting a higher open on Wall Street Friday.
Oil prices were lower, with light, sweet crude for March delivery off 32 cents at $40.85 a barrel in Asian trade on the New York Mercantile Exchange. Overnight, the contract rose 85 cents to settle at $41.17.
In currencies, dollar traded at 90.88 yen, down from 90.51 yen earlier. The euro was little changed at $1.2795 compared to $1.2794.


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I went on a cooking spree last week so I have a bank of posts ready to go! First up for me was Blackened Salmon Tacos out of Woman's Day magazine.
But back to salmon - I got a pound of salmon at Meijer and while it tasted great - their fish butcher (is that what you call it?) needs to get some skills - this salmon looked pretty beat up.
Once the salmon is done, I flaked it and put it in the tortillas. After that topped it with the dressed lettuce and leftover Tsatsiki from blublu. I also had some left over hashbrowns from making another batch of breakfast cups.
These salmon tacos were delicious! I had never really thought of using salmon since most fish taco recipes use a white fish - but these were really great. The tsatsiki was also a nice add - it took the place of sour cream and added a nice fresh zing!
I would highly recommend this recipe and just branching out with tacos in general. These were delicious! And I had extra salmon left for lunches and my husband!


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The Little Missouri River in Southwest Arkansas experienced a flash flood Friday, with waters that rose over 20 feet in just 5 hours, killing 20 people. In response to this severe and unusual flooding the USGS deployed a team of scientists to document and study the flow and height of the floodwater as it coursed down the Little Missouri River and its tributaries.
"Flash flooding is one of the biggest causes of natural hazard-related deaths in the United States and we are here collecting data to understand what happened from a hydrologic standpoint, in order to help the emergency management community and National Weather Service better protect and educate the public," said Dr. Robert Holmes, USGS National Flood Specialist. "For those camping in one of these beautiful spots near flowing water, it is important to know how high and how fast the water can rise in the case of flash floods."
Flash flooding happens when intense thunderstorms dump large quantities of rain into steep or urban watersheds in a short period of time. Flash floods are hard to predict, but data collected by the USGS is crucial to formulating better predictive models. These models are needed by forecasters and emergency responders to warn the public and improve planning, in order to minimize the impacts of future floods.
The team of USGS scientists in Arkansas is using hydrologic forensics to reconstruct the discharge, elevation, and velocities of the flood. These scientists are surveying the high water marks and geometry of the river for input into hydraulic models. The models estimate the peak flow rate of the flood as the water rushes down the streams.
Information from these models is compared to long-term records collected by the USGS on nearby rivers to determine how often such floods are likely to occur. Knowing how often a flood is likely to occur helps area communities decide whether to require higher construction elevations, warning systems, or flood-control works.
"In addition to collecting data for long-term uses, the USGS collects real-time data to aid those making daily decisions about water-related activities, whether for resource management, business operations, flood response or recreation," said Robert Mason, a USGS hydrologist. "This recent flash flood illustrates the importance of constantly monitoring the flow of our Nation's waters and quickly disseminating the information to those who need it."
The USGS recently released a new service, called WaterAlert, that allows users to receive text or email updates about specific river flows, groundwater levels, water temperatures, rainfall and water quality at any of the sites where USGS collects real-time water information. WaterAlert helps inform emergency responders, recreationalists, campers and others about current water conditions, such as flooding, so that they can take appropriate action. The service is located at http://water.usgs.gov/wateralert/.
The USGS operates approximately 7,500 streamgages as part of the National Streamflow Information Program, which provides emergency responders and the public with long term, accurate and unbiased information on streamflow in real-time.
The recent flooding occurred early Friday morning, June 11, 2010. According to Mason, this area in Arkansas is a known flood "hot spot" because of the relatively steep terrain and proximity to the Gulf of Mexico. The Gulf supplies vast quantities of humid air, and as this air flows over the mountains and hills, it rises and cools, resulting in intense rains.
A podcast interview with Dr. Robert Holmes is available as episode 128 of CoreCast.
USGS provides science for a changing world. Visit USGS.gov, and follow us on Twitter @USGS and our other social media channels.
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Links and contacts within this release are valid at the time of publication.


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The Aymara Collection is comprised of archival and published texts as well as recorded sounds and images related to the Aymara language. The Aymara Collection supports Aymara on the Internet and its Aymara Object Editor, a tool for language learning.
Aymara is in the Jaqi linguistic family, which includes two other languages: Jaqaru and Kawki. The Jaqi Collection contains materials from each. Resources collected here include some of the first resources in printed Aymara together with later reprints.
Aymara is a language of the high Andean plain between the highest peaks of the Andes mountains and of the shores of the world's highest navigable lake. Aymara is the first language of approximately one-third of the population of Bolivia, the dominant language of the southern area of Perú and down towards the coast in Moquegua, Tacna, with branches into Arequipa, and is the indigenous language of northern Chile.
Aymara is a suffixing language with complex morphophonemics. The bulk of the grammatical resources are found within the morphology. Syntax is morphologically marked; verbal person suffixes mark simultaneously object/subject; data source is marked at all levels of grammar. Within the nominal system inclusive/exclusive and humanness are marked.
The Aymara sentence is defined by the use of sentence suffixes. These sentence suffixes are independent of root classes and may occur on all classes. Every sentence must be marked by one of more sentance suffix, whic serves to define the sentence type. Aymara has 26 consonant phonemes and three vowel phonemes. Fifteen of the consonants are voiceless stops which occur in five contrasting positions of articulation; and in three manners. Vowel dropping is significant, complex and pervasive, marking case and phrase structure as well as style.
The Aymara Collection is particularly indebted to the work of Dr. Martha James Hardman. During her fifty years of research in the region, Dr. Hardman recorded more than 93 audio interviews with speakers of the Jaqi languages - many now deceased village elders - and transcribed these recordings in as many field notebooks documenting Jaqaru and Kawki linguistics. The Collection is augmented with visual resources, the bulk taken between 1959 and 1975 of villages, farms, market scenes, homes, and schools. Additional Resources can be found on her website.


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Calculator: Should my spouse work too?
The financial calculators are for educational and informational purposes only and are to assist you in estimating the approximate costs associated with savings activity. Your actual costs may vary. All examples are hypothetical and are for illustrative purposes. This is not an advertisement for a savings accounts, and none of the display features of this calculator are to constitute an offer or solicitation of a product or service by Northwest Bank or its affiliates. Information and calculations are made available by one or more third party service providers. Northwest Bank cannot guarantee that the information or definitions provided or the calculations are accurate, complete, or timely. Northwest Bank makes no warranties with regard to these calculations or the results obtained by their use. The information provided should not be construed as tax or legal advice. Northwest Bank disclaims any liability arising out of your use of, or any position taken in reliance on, this information and/or the calculations. Always consult an attorney or tax professional regarding your specific legal or tax situation


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DDSIT brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 44 Designs von 12 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
I need a fun but mostly professional logo for my Dental technology company. I want something that's edgy and techy, but not over the top.
DDS Integration. Digital Dental Systems Integration may also be used in some marketing...
Computer consulting company dealing with a Dental client base. We makethe computers/networks integrate with all of the Digital Dental tools(x-ray, camera, etc..). I am modeling many of my business practicesaround Dental practices, so a Dental feel to the logo is a priority. I'm looking for something modern, kind of cutting edge, but not so much that it would confuse non-technical folks (Dentists)
- Reasonably Simple
- Modern look
- As a possibility, use subtle dental graphics (teeth maybe?)
- Colors should not be overly exciting.
- Professional looking.
- Ability to print on brochures, business cards, clothing
- One brainstorm I had was to do something like Digital Dental Systems Integrationwhere the first letters (DDS) are capital and large and the otherletters small and lowercase. Integration could be formatted normally.
- Use at least DDS Integration, maybe incorporate the entire name as suggested just above.
- I would like to be able to separate the logo from the business name for watermarks etc..
- Bright, obnoxious coloring.
- Blue as the primary color. It can be part of an accent, but my competitor uses traditional Crayola blue.
Finden Sie heraus, wie ein Designwettbewerb funktioniert, oder lernen Sie mehr über unsere Logo-Design-Angebote.


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That's right, I said it! Sustainability is a thing of the past, not to mention a huge marketing buzz-word. We need to move on, grow up, and realize we need to see sustainability as a failure. What is better than sustainable? Regenerative of course!
If you think about sustainability, what does it mean? It means that we achieve an approach that allows us to continue on our current path indefinitely. It is to maintain the status quo, it is to do no more harm, but make no improvements. It is helpful to think of this on a continuum, currently we are operating in a destructive pattern, we are striving for a sustainable one, but ultimately we need to be regenerative existence. When we think about this, we quickly realize that to maintain our current way of life is actually a failure, because I think we can all agree… we can do better. So what does regenerative even mean? Essentially what we are gunning for here is to move beyond sustainability on the continuum, to encourage a positive impact, one where the earth begins to heal. It means that how we live will allow the earth to start to heal the damage we have inflicted upon it. This means reforestation, reduction of green house gases, allowing endangered species to return to normal, the end of producing waste/smog/trash/etc. Think of it like this, if humans disappeared tomorrow, the earth would begin to revert back to its natural state, we should pursue initiatives to promote that restoration.
By setting our sites on regenerative approaches, we not only allow us to continue humanity indefinitely, but we improve the quality of our life and the earth. By doing this we are able to ensure a future for generations, we realize our full potential, we live fuller and happier lives in connection with nature, not working against it.
I know I have had a difficult time changing my vernacular to that of a regenerative approach, but I think it is something we need to start doing. Heck it might be useful to copy right it now so marketers can't get a hold of it.
At this point a lot of you are likely thinking "that's swell Ryan, it sounds good on paper, but how do we go about achieving it?" Glad you asked!
There are two major things that I see as a barrier to achieving a regenerative society. Population size and life style. Both need to change in a dramatic way and I know it isn't a popular notion.
The point is our world population is too large, true there are many who feel that we can actually handle more if we have our ducks in a row, but we don't. Those studies are also going for sustainability, not regrowth. In reality we need to drop the world population below a billion, ideally a lot less. We want to make sure to preserve cultural heritage, genetic diversity, knowledge and other key aspects, but in the end, we need a smaller population.
How do we get to this lower population? A good first step is controlling the population growth now through sex education, availability of contraceptives and programs like that. But that will only level off population growth, we need to reduce it. The scary fact is that people of this world (maybe not those in super power nations) are at some point in the future are going to have food shortages. Our food system is not sustainable and it is also very weak to shocks. Another factor that could come into play is a large scale pandemic. This is Mother Earth's way of maintaining populations and we have been able to stay ahead of the curve for a long time now. In the end, we can't out innovate Mother Nature and she will come back with a vengeance.
The next thing is life style, we do need to adjust how we live, how we consume, change our expectations, and yes, make sacrifices. Many people are quick to say "do you want us to revert back to the stone age" or "an agrarian life" and in part, yes we do. However, it is a much more advanced version of these lives. One that marries technology where appropriate, where we leverage knowledge and information freely and expertly, where the bottom line includes externalities. This is very difficult to swallow, people are often very against this notion, hostile even. But it is a reality.
Once we get past these two hurtles there are some other higher level things we can do.
- Approach things from a holistic standpoint
- Remove materialism; focus on what is truly important
- Evaluate our success by our least fortunate members
- View nature as an ally; work with her, not against her
- Be accountable to your fellow man
- Become a citizen, not a consumer
- Value the resources you have
- View recycling as a failure, waste as a travesty
- Integrate systems rather than segregate
- Value and embrace diversity
- Take only your fair share
- Seek resiliency


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Hello, this is a question regarding Reineke's paper "Cohomology of non-commutative Hilbert schemes", http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0306185, and more precisely the formula on page 4 there (at $n=1$), namely: $$\chi(H_{d,1}^{(m)})=\frac{1}{(m-1)d+1}\binom{md}{d}$$
Here at left we have the cohomological Euler characteristic of the non-commutative Hilbert scheme $H_{d,1}^{(m)}$, and at right we have the Fuss-Catalan numbers.
The point now is that the Fuss-Catalan numbers appear as well in a key place in subfactor theory, namely as coefficients of the Poincaré series of the Fuss-Catalan algebra of Bisch and Jones (for a quick introduction to this algebra, see e.g. Bisch's survey paper http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0304340).
- Question: is there any serious relation between Reineke's formula and the Bisch-Jones formula?
(Note: regarding my own motivation, some 10 years ago I happened to attend a talk by Reineke, and, as a subfactor aficionado, when I saw that numbers on the blackboard I jumped on my seat! I asked him after his talk, he didn't know, and then for some time I kept asking people around, either in AG or in subfactors. But, so far, couldn't find anyone knowing well enough both subjects, in order to answer.)