text:
- Research article
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
The transition of reported pain in different body regions – a one-year follow-up study
- Christina Gummesson1Email author,
- Sven-Olof Isacsson2,
- Agneta H Isacsson2,
- H Ingemar Andersson3,
- John Ektor-Andersen5,
- Per-Olof Östergren2,
- Bertil Hanson^2 and
- the Malmö Shoulder-Neck Study group2, 4, 6
© Gummesson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006
- Received: 19 July 2005
- Accepted: 23 February 2006
- Published: 23 February 2006
The course of pain at a specific region such as the lower back has previously been shown as well as for generalized pain. However we have not found any report on the course of pain from various different specific regions. The aim of this investigation was to study the one-year transition of reported pain in different body locations.
From a general population 14555 men and women, 46–68 years, responded to an extensive health questionnaire including the standardized Nordic questionnaire. The population represented 27% of the total population within the age group in Malmö, Sweden. At the one year follow-up 12607 responded to the questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 87%. The one year prevalence of long-lasting pain and the pattern of pain reporting from different regions were studied for men and women.
The one-year prevalence of long-lasting neck pain was 14% (95% CI 13–15) among men and 25% (95% CI 24–26) among women at baseline and 15% (95% CI 14–16) for the men and 23% (95% CI 22–24) for the women at follow-up. Of those reporting neck pain "all the time" at baseline, 48% of the men and 54% of the women also reported neck pain "all the time" at the one-year follow-up. At the follow-up neck pain was reported as present "often" by 43% of the men and 47% of the women who reported neck pain "often" at baseline. Similar transition pattern were found for neck, shoulders, elbow/wrist/hand and lower back symptoms, as well as consistent prevalence rates.
The one-year transition pattern of reported pain was similar in different body regions and among men and women. Furthermore the prevalence rates of long-lasting pain in the population were consistent at baseline and the follow-up. The findings of similar transition patterns support the interpretation of long-lasting pain as a generalized phenomenon rather than attributed to specific exposure. This may have implications for future pain research.
- Transition Pattern
- Musculoskeletal Symptom
- Widespread Pain
- Chronic Widespread Pain
- Pain Reporting
Musculoskeletal pain is common in the adult population and one of the most common reasons to seek primary care[1]. The prevalence of long-lasting pain has been described according to specific locations [2–6] or as regional and widespread pain [7–9]. In cross-sectional general population studies it has been recognized that 67%-91% of the participants reporting long-lasting pain report more than one location [2, 4–6]. However, specific locations and associated other pain locations have been sparsely investigated. In one general population study, 81% of those reporting long-lasting upper extremity pain also reported long-lasting neck, low back and/or lower extremity pain [4], indicating that long-lasting pain was often not localized to one region only. Pain in several regions has been recognized as a risk factor for more or long-lasting pain [9–12]. Long-lasting pain may be attributed to specific exposure or interpreted as a generalized phenomenon. Considering possibly similar risk factors for persistence of pain in different locations, similar transition of pain reporting in different body locations could be expected.
To provide further insight in pain transition pattern and persistence, different approaches have been used. Longitudinal general population studies of long-lasting pain have indicated a variation in symptoms between chronic, recurrent or transient when studying pain at one specific region [13, 14] or generalized pain [9, 13, 15, 16]. For example, at a one-year follow-up of participants reporting chronic widespread pain at baseline, 56% remained classified as having chronic widespread pain [15]. Similar results were found at a 3-year follow-up among responders reporting chronic widespread pain, where 45% were still classified as having chronic widespread pain [9]. Even in a study of chronic widespread pain with a 7-year follow-up, the finding was similar[16]. Thirty-four percent were still classified as having chronic widespread pain. However, widespread pain classification is dependent on the definition used. Mainly it is based on the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria which require pain to be present in at least two contra-lateral body quadrants and the axial skeleton. By this definition these results mainly imply that the number of reported painful regions fluctuate at least in some locations, however it does not give any information on the course of specific pain.
In studies focusing on a single location also a transition of pain reporting has been noted [13, 14]. At a 2-year follow-up in a population reporting long-lasting neck/shoulder pain, 63% still reported neck/shoulder pain or generalized pain. Of those initially classified as having generalized pain, 85% remained classified having generalized pain [13]. A 5-year follow-up study describing the reporting and transition of low back pain [14] revealed a large fluctuation of the reporting of pain among the individuals. Of those reporting long-lasting/recurrent low back pain at baseline, 39% still reported long-lasting symptoms at the follow-up.
It seems well established that the prevalence of long-lasting pain is higher among women than men [3–5, 7, 13]. Though, we have not found any study on if transition patterns and persistence of pain are different or similar in different locations, among men and women.
The aim of this investigation was to study the one year transition of reported pain at different body locations.
This epidemiological study (the Malmö Shoulder and Neck Study) was part of a large population study which took place 1992–1996. All inhabitants in Malmö born 1926–1945 were defined as the cohort, n = 53325 in the Malmö Diet and Cancer study. Recruitment was done by media campaign and personal invitations. The present study cohort consisted of all participants who were enrolled during February 1992 – December 1994 [17].
The focus on the information in the invitation was on the relation between diet and cancer. The questionnaires were designed to assess different aspects of health. The baseline questionnaire was administered at a medical visit and a follow-up was sent by mail one year later (median 12.6 months, inter quartiles 12.3–13.3). Two written reminders and one telephone reminder followed when needed. The questionnaires were immediately checked for missing data and completed by telephone interview by one investigator (AI), when necessary.
Musculoskeletal symptoms was assessed by the standardized Nordic questionnaire previously shown to be reliable and valid [18] inquiring about symptoms at different regions (neck, shoulders, lower back, and elbows/wrists/hands); "During the past twelve months, have you had any symptoms (pain, ache, or discomfort) in the neck? The five response options were adjusted from the original version, and were; "no, never", "yes, occasionally", "yes, sometimes", "yes, often" "yes, all the time".
Additional questions were included regarding sociodemographics and general health. For global health assessment an inquiry about self-reported health was used; "How do you feel right now, physically and mentally, considering your health and wellbeing". This item had seven response options, from "Feeling very bad" to "feeling very well". The complete questionnaire can be obtained from the authors upon request.
The Malmö Shoulder Neck Study took place between February 1992 and December 1994 and included 14 555 participants 46–68 years old (27% of the total Malmö population within the age group). At the one-year follow-up 12607 responded to the questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 87%.
Assessment of possible selection bias was done by comparing sociodemographic data from the 1994 municipal statistics office. The variables compared to the total population of Malmö within the same age group were; gender, socioeconomic status (job title, task and position at work), and born abroad or in Sweden. The analysis showed that the Malmö Shoulder Neck Study cohort was representative of the total population in Malmö in the same age range, however those born abroad were underrepresented [19].
Prevalence rates for the one-year point prevalence were calculated as percentage of responses in each category. The responses indicating musculoskeletal symptoms "often" and "all the time" during the past twelve months were used to define long-lasting musculoskeletal pain, for the prevalence estimates.
The transition probabilities of musculoskeletal symptoms between the five response options from baseline to follow-up were assessed by percentage calculations for each category at each occasion.
For the assessment of self-reported global health, the item responses were dichotomized into poor health (response 1–3) and good health (response 4–7).
Test-retest reliability assessment was performed with a two week interval at the baseline study. A random sample of 232 participants was invited to complete the same questionnaires a second time. Two hundred eleven participated (90%). Kendall's Tau-B was used for the analysis.
The study was approved by Lund University Committee of ethics. All participants received written information. Approval for the data register was obtained from the Swedish Data Inspection Board.
Age, gender and pain reporting for those responding to the baseline and the follow-up, and those only responding to the baseline survey.
Baseline for responders to both surveys n = 12607
Baseline for those responding only to the baseline survey n = 1948
Age, years mean (sd)
57.2 (6)
56.5 (6)
Women/men, %
Neck pain, %
Occassionally or sometimes
Often or all the time
Shoulder pain, %
Occassionally or sometimes
Often or all the time
Hand/elbow pain, %
Occassionally or sometimes
Often or all the time
Low back pain, %
Occassionally or sometimes
Often or all the time
Prevalence rates for long-lasting pain among men and women at baseline and one year follow-up.
One year follow-up
Responders with Long-lasting pain% (95%CI)
Responders with Long-lasting pain % (95%CI)
Men, n = 5593
33 (32–34)
32 (31–34)
14 (13–15)
15 (14–16)
16 (15–17)
15 (14–16)
11 (10–12)
11 (11–12)
Low back
16 (16–17)
16 (15–17)
Women, n = 7014
46 (45–47)
44 (43–45)
25 (24–26)
23 (22–24)
25 (24–26)
24 (23–25)
20 (19–21)
20 (19–21)
Low back
20 (19–21)
21 (20–22)
Among the responders reporting long-lasting pain in the neck, shoulders, elbows/wrists/hands and lower back 34% of the women and 36% of the men reported poor health on the global assessment of self-rated health. An increase of reported poor health was found among those reporting more areas of symptoms compared to those reporting no symptoms or fewer regions. Among men, 10% (95% CI 8–12) of those with long-lasting pain in one region reported poor health. Of those reporting three regions with long-lasting pain, 25% (95%CI 20–31) also reported poor health, and 36% (95% CI 27–47) of those reporting pain from four region also reported poor health. Among women, 10% (95% CI 8–12) of those with long-lasting pain in one region also reported poor health. Of those reporting three regions, 25% (95% CI 20–31) also reported poor health and 34% (95% CI 28–40) of those reporting pain in four regions.
The Kendall's Tau-B was 0.80 for reporting of shoulder and neck symptoms, 0.76 for shoulder symptoms, 0.77 for neck symptoms and 0.70 for arm symptoms at the test-retest reliability assessment at the baseline study. For the item on self-rated health the Kendall's Tau-B was 0.72.
The aim of this investigation was to assess the pain reporting from several different locations, at baseline and at a one-year follow-up. The reported course of pain was similar in different body regions. For the studied regions, the transition patterns were similar for men and women. none was found to have more persistent pain than others or different pattern of symptom change.
In spite of similar prevalence rates at the two occasions, transition of symptom reporting had occurred. Transition of pain has in general population studies earlier been described for a specific body region [13, 14, 20] or by the use of widespread pain definition [9, 15, 16]. This study extends the previous findings to more detailed information on pattern of symptom transition from several specific body regions.
These findings add to previous literature as it, from a large general population, describes patterns of pain reporting from several regions, among men and women. In consistence with previous findings a higher prevalence of reported pain was found among women than men, for all regions [2–8, 16, 21–23]. Even though the prevalence of pain consistently was shown to be higher among women, the transition pattern appeared to be similar.
The exact prevalence rates will differ between different studies due to factors such as the use of different questionnaires and long-lasting pain definitions. In this study the symptoms were referred to as pain, ache or discomfort, possibly including more symptom-reporting than when the inquiry only reflects pain. However, in spite of study design differences, findings are in concordance regarding gender differences and which regions are most common, i.e. lower back, neck and shoulders [2, 3, 5, 6]. In addition, some have described knee pain being among the most important pain regions [22, 23], however that was not included in our study.
Poor general health has previously been reported to contribute to an increased risk of long-lasting pain, such as neck pain [11] or any long-lasting pain [6, 11, 24]. We studied how perceived global health was reported among those reporting musculoskeletal symptoms. In agreement with other studies, more responders reported poor health among those with multiple pain regions [9, 25].
Our findings indicate that among persons experiencing pain even occasionally, the majority will during a one-year time still experience pain. Few move from pain "all the time" or "often" to "never" within one year. The current analysis focused on the reported musculoskeletal symptoms. For future studies the cohort of participants reporting increased pain is important to further investigate. In earlier occupational studies physical and psychosocial factors have been recognized as important for the reporting of discomfort from the neck and shoulder/arms [26]. Similarly it has been indicated that there is a strong interaction between physical and psychosocial risk factors and the onset of symptoms from the neck/shoulders/arms [17, 27]. Also the influence of trauma as a risk factor has been assessed and described [28]. Because the transition patterns from the different body regions are similar in this general population sample, it would be important to further investigate risk factors for the different body regions simultaneously. The findings in the current study may reflect shared risk factors, such as depression. This study was not designed to explain the findings, rather highlight pain patterns among both men and women for different body region. When interpreting the results, it is important to consider that the results in this study may potentially be biased by the risk that if a person reports one symptom, they may be more likely to report several symptoms. Possibly also the perception of pain when rating several regions may be influenced by each other, so that changes in pain in one region affect the reporting in similar manner for other regions as well.
The common transition pattern for various body regions found in our study, may be difficult to explain by variation of exposure. The mechanisms of sensitisation and disinhibition of pain shown to be important in chronic pain status [29–31] could contribute to spreading of pain but also to a common variation of pain from different regions[32, 33].
This study adds to the knowledge base among the community working on management of long-lasting pain. It confirms the previous well known fact that the prevalence of long-lasting pain is higher among women than men. In this large general population study the transition of pain ratings at the one-year follow-up indicated that the change is mainly to the next level, such as from "all the time" to "often" or no change at all, irrespective of location affected. The findings further highlights that this transition pattern of symptoms appears to be similar among men and women irrespective of location.
The one-year transition pattern of reported pain was similar in different body regions and among men and women. Furthermore the one year prevalence rates of long-lasting pain in the population were consistent at baseline and the follow-up. The findings of similar transition patterns support the interpretation of long-lasting pain as a generalized phenomenon rather than attributed to specific exposure. This may have implications for future pain research.
The study was supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (Grant no.B93-27X-10428-01A), the Swedish Council for Social Research (Grant no. 92-0098:0B), from the Medical Faculty, Lund University, Sweden and the Council for Medical Care Research in South Sweden.
The authors would like to thank Anna Lindgren, Division of Health Economics and Forensic Medicine, Lund University Sweden for statistical support.
Authors' Affiliations
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Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Secret Summer Garden of the Ozarks0
June 4, 2012 by Joseph C. Neal
I can't decide what is best: swamp milkweed with masses of reddish-pink flowers well-attended by lady beetles and butterflies? Big colonies of what in later summer will be 8-foot tall sawtooth sunflowers attended by goldfinches on yellow flower heads, sky scraping sky blue? Or the buttonbushes, blooming right now, deep green with perfectly round white spheres of flowers, attended by monarch butterflies?Read More...
Category Bird Notes, Columns, Outdoors | Tags: joe neal
Editor's Interview0
June 4, 2012 by wcobserver
The Washington County Observer's Editor and Publisher, Steve Winkler sat down with "On the Air" host (and frequent WCO columnist) Richard Drake for a rousing interview about running a small-town newspaper in these rough-and-tumble times. "On the Air with Richard Drake" is a Community Access Television show that Drake, a veteran of the media world, has been hosting for more than 20 years. Part 1:Read More...
Category Front Page, Opinion | Tags: On the air, Richard Drake, steve winkler

subset: commoncrawl


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Ashburton Investments National MTB Series #3 – Clarens
If there is one event in the Ashburton Series that I wouldn't want to miss, it would surely be the one taking place in and around the artistic hamlet of Clarens. Every race has its own appeal and for Clarens the breathtaking surroundings are what defines this specific leg in the series.
Rumours of a wet and cold weekend circulated but come race day, we were blessed with dry weather even if it was rather 'fresh'. When you expect rain and not a single drop falls, then even the chilly, cloudy conditions we had was an absolutely treat.
The Ashburton Series is the biggest and toughest mountain bike series in the country and for this reason always attracts a strong ladies and men's field with both local and international riders toeing the start.
The 70km circular route was laid out on the western side of Clarens and included a rich mixture of challenging terrain. The highlight of the course is the final 15km single track on slick rock which descends back to the finish in the town square.
I was very pleased with how my legs felt on the day but not so much with my technical skills. Fortunately I seemed to warm to the task and my skill improved as the race progressed albeit too little too late. During the opening kilometres I kept losing ground on the short technical sections and this forced me to chase back to the leading quartet. This unfortunate sequence was repeated three or four times until finally I failed to get back to the leaders, riding in solo to finish in 5th place on the day.
Arianne Kleinhans had another great ride to take the victory with teammate Cherise Stander in 2nd place. Jennie Stennerhag finished in 3rd place and Vera Adrian in 4th. Upon reflection finishing on the podium in one of these intensely contested events is something to be proud of, but at the same time I know where I can improve.
MTN Panorama Road Tour
The MTN Panorama Tour was the first ever road stage race for teams of two and they celebrated their 10th birthday this year proving the success of the concept.
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This year was my 3rd time competing at the event and for the 2015 edition I teamed up with my good friend Francois Lourens. Francois and I have raced several mountain bike stage races together and we work well as a team. Francois and I rode very consistently throughout the tour, placing 2nd each day and finally securing 2nd place overall in the mixed category. Stefan Oberholzer and his wife Carla had a very strong ride to take the overall victory with Patsy Hime and Justin Behrendt rounding out the podium in 3rd place.
The MTN Panorama Tour is definitely a bucket list event as it promotes friendly racing (or that is the idea) in the picturesque surrounds of the Lowveld. Thanks Francois for being a great teammate and to the entire Lourens family for all the support and warm hospitality during the tour.


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Prerequisite: Basic understanding of Photoshop or similar programs.
To sign up for this class, email email@example.com with the name of the class and your contact information.
ETP Students: Also complete & attach this form (PDF)
Click here for more information about funding options.
(Note: class includes both Lecture and Instructed Lab)
Sunday 1 Day WS: 8 hrs - Lecture 10am-6pm


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Emilia Wickstead
Sally High-Waisted Flared Trousers
Style, Fit & Opacity
- Fits true to size
- High-rise, flared cut
- Ankle length
- Opaque
- Lightweight fabric
- Model is 180cm tall and a size 8 (UK), she is wearing a size 8 (UK) (IT40/FR36/US04)
Modist Memo
Emila Wickstead merges elegant, ladylike style with modern detailing. The Sally trousers are cut from a structured woven fabric that still feels lightweight and detailed with contrast seams that elongate the figure. The flared cut is both timeless and interesting, making this off-white pair easily dressed up or down. Show off the flattering high waist with a tucked-in T-shirt or sweater.
Styled here with: Bella Freud Jumper and Malone Souliers Shoes
- Clasp, button and zip fastening at front
- 47% viscose, 41% cotton, 12% polyamide (main). 100% silk (lining)
- Dry clean
- Country of origin: Portugal
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When I was down at the mailbox yesterday, the ice cream man came by. It was kind of a strange moment, because he was playing Christmas music instead of his usual anthem. So while posting my letter I was treated to tinkly versions of "Jingle Bells" and "Silent Night."
End of the summer, indeed.


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Monday, December 10, 2012
~ on having realised there's only 2 weeks until the man with the big red suit arrives ~
I'm floundering a little this year.
I haven't bought all my presents (or even most. I really should write a list instead of just buying more for my kids and ignoring all the others who should be on my list if it existed)
I haven't sent any cards (and I love sending the cards. I'm a total Christmas card fan...no surprises there given my love of snail mail)
I have made white rocky road, rumless rum balls and gingerbread (but we've eaten them all)
But back to the cards. I love getting them and sending them. I do a letter (only for certain people - I don't subject everyone to that!) and I really enjoy the process of sitting down and writing our news and love across the oceans.
I was super organised (earlier) this year and ordered cards from Moo* (of these photos) months ago.
I love them - they're very me and they feel nice too ( I like that in a card).
But... (big problem)...they're still blank.
I can feel some late nights coming on this week... list making, restocking the treats and writing those cards.
How are you faring this December?
Are you a card sender?
*Its probably too late to order now but I think you get a 10% discount on your first order if you click here (and if 10000000 people click I might earn some free stickers or something)
9 comments:
Definitely a card sender...I want to make them though and haven't designed anything yet...so this year am very behind also. Organised in the present department and cake number 2 is in the oven (haha...funny...so is bubba number 2....sorry I digress)...but I foresee some very late ones too! Your cards are gorgeous. Good luck! xReplyDelete
I used to be a card sender, I like the idea but somewhere along the way i just stopped. Love the cards that you made & I'm sure you'll get into the swing of it soon!ReplyDelete
Hmm well I am woefully behind on everything Christmas-related this year! Thank you for the alarming reminder that it is only two weeks away ;)ReplyDelete
Oh golly, every year I send cards and every year I send them late! But this year is the worst! I have half written them, bought stamps and they have been sitting on the bench for a few days! I don't know when I'll send them! I'm a little flat this year. Christmas is rolling towards us way too fast!! I'm not ready, motivated or excited.....yet. But the tree is up and it looks good! i just need some quiet time to stare at the tree!ReplyDelete
your cards are gorgeous :)ReplyDelete
we've been busy cleaning, cooking & decorating - cards are on the to-do list for Thursday.
I was super-organised this year, also made our own Christmas cards. I hope you have received yours already, as it went in Dad's case to Aus x.ReplyDelete
Sometimes it's hard to get your festive happening on cue. You'll get there, Ally. xReplyDelete
Despite my best intention the days up to Christmas always get away from me. I love receiving cards but hate writing them. Although I want to, I never seem to have any inspiration when I write, too tired usually and then I start to make mistakes and have to start again and then it really starts to lose it's appeal! xReplyDelete
Beautiful cards by the way!


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Hotel Rheinfall
The Rheinfall Hotel is one of the most popular hotels near Schaffhausen. It was renovated recently and now shines in new splendor. The hotel has a cafe-bar-lounge to relax and enjoy. Located in the center of Neuhausen, just steps away from the Rheinfall, the largest waterfall in Europe.


text: Today, order both the rural municipality and its center carry the name "Sangaste". Sangaste rural municipality has an area of 144.7 km2 and is a home for 1433 residents. Sangaste rural municipality includes a municipality center (village of Sangaste) and 13 smaller villages. Sangaste municipality has a well-developed tourism sector (Sangaste Castle, Sangaste Rye House, several tourism farms and active vacation provides who have formed a cooperation network "Sangaste Rye Village") and agriculture. Sangaste is proud to have its own traditional music choir "Koidu Tähed" and folk dance ensemble "Kõvverad Kõdarad".


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Whenever you apply for a new job, it can be hard to know what to expect when you are asked to come in to talk with your potential news boss. Receiving the call for a job interview can come with feelings of relief, excitement and apprehension. Relief that your potential employer has chosen your resume out of the many that were submitted and excitement at being one step closer to your next opportunity, but also apprehension that you will now have to engage face-to-face with your chosen organisation to prove that you are the best applicant for the position.
At Career Oracle, our interview coaching services provide you with coaching that is specific to your job description and personally tailored to help create the confidence you'll need to put yourself across as an excellent candidate. We will teach you how to identify your proven achievements and clearly discuss how you will add value to the organisation you are applying with.
We have helped people of different stages in their career, from having just completed university to having decades of experience. Our interviewing coaching services will equip you with relevant, accurate and comprehensive insight into the questions you could be asked, as well as practical tips for assessing whether the culture and values of the company are a right fit for you! You will be able to get a job anywhere from Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and anywhere else in the country.
The process of engaging with our interview coaching services is simple, easy and affordable
Step 1: Simply send us an online enquiry.
Step 2: We'll respond to your enquiry within one business day and follow up with a free, no-obligation phone consultation.
Step 3: If you choose to engage our team's quality services, we will provide you with one-to-one coaching and personal evaluation either in-person, via Skype or over the phone – whichever is more convenient for you.
We have help people from many places including Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, Singapore, Malaysia, Dubai and India asking for our services to improve their speaking skills and help with understanding what to keep in mind when trying to get a new job.
Want more information? Call us at 1300 889 703 or send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com to talk to our friendly Career Oracle team.


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The Miscarriage Priority Setting Partnership (PSP) aims to help women and those affected by miscarriage work together with professionals to agree which are the most important questions that still need to be answered by miscarriage research.
We hope this will help direct research and address existing gaps in understanding, for both women and those affected by miscarriage. The idea of a Miscarriage PSP was originally explored as part of a programme of patient led research in early pregnancy and reproduction (PREPARE) at the University of Nottingham. Working in partnership with the Miscarriage Association a Steering Group of key stakeholders was established and met in London for the first time in July 2015.
The Miscarriage PSP is a project involving a number of different individuals and organisations that aims to establish what miscarriage research topics are important for women and those affected by miscarriage as well as from professionals. Dr Matthew Prior from the University of Nottingham has coordinated a large number of patient and clinical organisations to come together to form the Miscarriage PSP with the support of the James Lind Alliance. This means that for the first time, people directly affected will get the chance to have their say in setting research priorities for miscarriage. We are particularly looking to hear from women who have been affected by miscarriage, and healthcare professionals.
The aim of the project is to prioritise the top ten research uncertainties in miscarriage. We hope that the results of the project will shape the miscarriage research agenda and act as a catalyst for more funding opportunities for research in this area.
If you would like further information or want to be involved please contact firstname.lastname@example.com


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And the second one:
You can watch the trailers by clicking the class links above.
If you follow my blog, you can browse and see how I create detailed tutorials of projects. These video workshops take that to the next level. If you have never taken a class from me, I think this is a good place to start. If you have taken my workshops at Big Picture classes or another live event, you might enjoy these as the next step in our mixed media journey. You can find out more about these workshops and me right here. Please feel free to email me any questions you have about these workshops at firstname.lastname@example.com and I'll get back to you as soon as I can. Hope to have you in my classes :)


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A Big Loss for the GOP in Rhode Island
Former Rhode Island Attorney General Sheldon Whitehouse (D) ousted Sen. Lincoln Chafee (R), bringing Demoocratic gains in the Senate to 3.
Republicans had grown increasingly optimistic about Chafee's chances in the final few days, but ultimately voters in this strongly Democratic seat could not bring themselves to pull the lever for Chafee.
Chafee joins Sens. Rick Santorum (R-Pa.) and Mike DeWine (R-Ohio) on the sidelines.
The races to watch now in the fight for control of the Senate are in Missouri, Tennessee, Montana and Virginia.
Democrats have now pulled off a clean sweep in Indiana, winning three Republican-held seats. Rep. Mike Sodrel (R) is the latest victim, falling short to former Rep. Baron Hill (D) in the state's 9th District. Rep. Nancy Johnson (R) has also lost her reelection bid in Connecticut's 5th District. That brings Democratic gains to 5 seats -- one third of the seats they need to claim the House majority.
Chris Cillizza
November 7, 2006; 10:04 PM ET
Categories: House , Senate
Save & Share: Previous: Democrats Pick Up Seats in Kentucky and Indiana
Next: Revisiting the Ohio River Ramble
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classic black + white
14 comments:
- Jackie said...
Ahh, yes, I love black & white as well. The silhouette wall is great!
- February 2, 2009 at 10:42 PM
- seesaw designs said...
love the subtle contrast in the last image. beautiful!
- February 2, 2009 at 10:47 PM
- dwellings and decor said...
There is something so timeless about black and white. I really love how the artwork is arranged in these interiors as well.
- February 3, 2009 at 3:04 AM
- Tina said...
these are gorgeous, look at all those art!
- February 3, 2009 at 5:13 AM
- paula said...
i would love tho have a black wall like that. probably not great for resale though:(
- February 3, 2009 at 9:16 AM
- christina said...
I love black and white so much that I have to force myself to use other colors. I might have to have a silouhette wall, though.
- February 3, 2009 at 10:40 AM
- Joslyn said...
oh wow...his portfolio is gorgeous. i'm such a sucker for silhouettes...love them.
- February 3, 2009 at 11:21 AM
- Rachel said...
Those silhouettes are fabulous!
- February 3, 2009 at 12:39 PM
- jess@thehomebound said...
Love black and white. These pics are fantastic.
- February 3, 2009 at 1:00 PM
- Tracey said...
I love the photography wall and how they are displayed. The back/white striped wall piece on the last pic caught my eye also. Great for a message board anywhere in the house!
- February 3, 2009 at 1:40 PM
- summer said...
ooh! i love that first image- the photo wall is so perfectly designed!
- February 3, 2009 at 2:34 PM
- Courtney said...
I am always a fan of black and white (been gathering images for a theme!) These are absolutely beautiful spaces; I love each one.
- February 5, 2009 at 7:50 PM
- Kimberlee said...
trying to comment on which one is my fav is impoosible. stunning collection - black and white gets me every time. x
- February 6, 2009 at 6:18 AM
- Eric K. Rust said...
Black and white is perfect match color and i also like this . Cut Out Image
- December 31, 2016 at 2:09 AM


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Wendling on Rosenfeld, 'Common Sense: A Political History'
Sophia A. Rosenfeld. Common Sense: A Political History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011. 368 pp. $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-674-05781-4.
Reviewed by Linda Wendling (North Carolina Central School of Law and North Carolina State) Published on H-Law (January, 2012) Commissioned by Ethan Zadoff
Isn't It Ironic? The Radical Use of the Conventional Wisdom Known as Common Sense
In a brilliant sweep, Sophia A. Rosenfeld clarifies the misconceptions of Common Sense (1776) as springing fully grown like Athena from the head of Zeus from our deified Thomas Paine and the Founding Fathers. This is a common historio-cultural perception unique to Americans who disdain history before 1776. Indeed, there is no ordinary path of the usage of the term "common sense" throughout European and American history. Rosenfeld explores the unconventional ideas supported by the appeal to what should be familiar and incontrovertible. The constant juxtapositioning of the ordinary and the extraordinary definitions make for an interesting and jarring read. Ironically, radicals use the appeal to Common Sense to reverse the status quo and restore the "natural" state of politics.
Irony is not the only literary device applicable to the history of such a critical idea; circular logic also pervades the description of the necessity of its implementation in early American politics. Common sense was at the same time the basis for the theory of government by all of the people's will--the communally held set of beliefs and experiences--and the method of persuading the people that it was indeed their will to create such a government; "common sense is employed as both a mode of persuasion and a proposed solution" (p. 168). If the mode of proposed government was so easily perceived as the commonsensical way of conduct, then why was it not already implemented? Why was the most obvious solution to civil accord not already in play? In response, Rosenfeld writes that "these principles had been threatened often enough in history that they needed now to be documented, in written form, for the people's future protection" (p. 169). Doubly ironic is the use of common sense in the French Revolution, hot on the heels of our colonial uprising. Across the Atlantic, common sense's primary job was to bolster "a self-conscious defense of the pre-revolutionary status quo, the very world that revolutionaries were eager to leave behind" (p. 181). This undeniable shift in meaning clearly underscores Rosenfeld's core thesis about the uncommon nature of this historical concept and its instability and unpredictable usages in political thought.
Throughout its life, common sense has had to walk the fine line between good judgment and educated wisdom. The authority for a new form of government was based on power deriving from the people and their common sense in acknowledging that this was indeed the proper and finest means of governing a new independent nation. But it was not actually a system of common rule: "as the historian Edmund Morgan pithily notes, the success of the concept of popular sovereignty in eighteenth-century America was less the result of popular demand than 'a question of some of the few enlisting the many against the rest of the few'" (pp. 169-170). This may very well sum up the entire course of the term's political history. It really depended on who seized the idea to use it first and of course, the winners are the ones who write the history of its superiority over other defeated forms. The idea of common sense has much more power than the implementation of it; after all, "there remain[s] an important difference between power derived from the people in the abstract and power actually seated in the people" (p. 175). And as history attests, the opposition, the radicals, the minority, will resurrect it to challenge the current regime. Its roots have little relevance to its utility. "Of course, this mode of politicking, in which native smarts matter more than expertise or formal education and simplicity is prized over complexity, now exists independently of its sources.... It has fueled efforts at national union and local, grassroots initiatives alike. But this mutability exists only because faith in an indisputable, plainspoken, popular common sense, along with an accompanying egalitarian impulse, remains unmistakably linked to the idea of democracy as it initially took root in North America" (pp. 178-179).
Rosenfeld makes her points clearly despite the circumlocutions of the phrase she seeks to define. Even the great Immanuel Kant had to acknowledge the ironic nature of the phrase. "Common," having two definitions--that which is base or vulgar and that which is a judgment held by most of the population--must be reconciled with the idea that each individual seeks a personal higher meaning from experiences. At the same time, we as individuals make our highly subjective and emotional judgment based on our common sense, and we also become "unusually aware of our links to others, for we necessarily compare our own judgments with the (conjectural); 'collective reason' of humanity as a whole" (p. 223). In this way, we can forge a community based on collective acceptance of what is the proper way to govern ourselves. The irony continues, however, once we remember that historically, common sense was used to combat the current state of communal organization. Is it apropos that a dramatist and poet (Friedrich Schiller, not a political theorist) explained this irony of the triumph of the individual, which then renders a "harmony and equality to society as a whole and produces the triumph of common sense" (p. 225)? Of course, poetically just, this concept was only applicable to a "tiny, rarified portion of the population" (p. 226).
Ever the contrarian, "common sense" did not emerge in the way that philosophers thought that it would, as the "backbone of a new social order" based on noble, egalitarian principles accepted by all because they came to it by their own internal sense of reason. It was pushed in the opposite direction. "It would be adopted by a wide variety of different political constituencies armed with mutually exclusive agendas and vocabularies" (p. 227). In her final chapter, "The Fate of Common Sense in the Modern World," Rosenfeld brilliantly exposes the wide-ranging ironic usages of common sense in more modern contexts from slavery to the world wars. The rise of ideological thinking via totalitarian, communist regimes negated the ability of individuals to judge anything for themselves and therefore the death knell of common sense rang loudly. And therefore the reader can make sense of Rosenfeld's heavy reliance on Hannah Arendt's theories in that she believed that common sense has a "high rank in the hierarchy of political qualities." Indeed, the basis of modern governments depend on "a noncoercive but vital form of social glue suitable to a pluralist and talkative world. True common sense, Arendt insists, can be produced only in the context of a robust public sphere.... In other words, common sense is simultaneously a means and an end, the ground on which true democracy forms and the product that true democracy creates" (p. 252).
What this book makes clear is the constant state of flux that the definition of "common sense" has experienced (and indeed still does) throughout history. Belonging to the masses but used by reactionary forces as their exclusive weapon, common sense has not held a common definition nor common master. Rosenfeld has sparked the imagination of those whose interest lies in the history of ideas and their mutability over time despite their presumptive cohesiveness in popular political culture.
Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=33539
Citation: Linda Wendling. Review of Rosenfeld, Sophia A., Common Sense: A Political History. H-Law, H-Net Reviews. January, 2012. URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=33539This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.


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18. Guitar Hero II
The first 18 months of the Xbox 360's lifespan were dark days for fans of music games, as the system had nothing that came even close to rivaling the success of the original Guitar Hero game for the PlayStation 2. Thankfully, it didn't take long after the release of Guitar Hero II for the archaic, soooo last-gen PS2 for us to see an Xbox 360 version of the game, complete with shinier bells and whistles and a brand-new Flying V plastic guitar peripheral. The gaming landscape hasn't been the same since.
Will: I have to admit that I never really had a strong urge to play Guitar Hero on the PS2, as I figured it was impossible not to look like a tool doing so. That all changed the day the sequel came out for Xbox 360. I remember trying to play the game and failing multiple times, even on the easiest difficulty. Of course, being the addictive gamer that I am, that didn't stop me from staying up playing until 4 a.m. that night (and every night thereafter).
Gerald: The original Guitar Hero was one of the only reasons I had for keeping the PlayStation 2 connected to my television. Guitar Hero II for the Xbox 360 gave me all the reasons I needed to lay that system to rest. Once I played Guitar Hero with achievements, online leaderboards, and high-definition visuals, there was no going back. The only downside to moving to the 360? I now own six plastic guitars.
Will: You and me both, brother! It's funny though, because while I certainly enjoyed Guitar Hero III and World Tour, this is the Guitar Hero game that I keep coming back to when I'm not otherwise busy playing Rock Band or SingStar (what can I say, I'm a crooner!). It's hard to put a finger on what made it my favorite, but I'm guessing it's the inclusion of "Freya" by The Sword. Rawk!
Gerald: You hit on something there. Even though Guitar Hero II was still using WaveGroup for song covers, this game still had an awesome song lineup. Jane's Addiction's "Stop," Iron Maiden's "The Trooper," Rush's "YYZ"... the track list was stacked from top to bottom. But really, I think what made this version so memorable was Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird." Playing through that endurance test at Stonehenge is one of my fondest gaming memories.


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301 1534 Harwood Street, Vancouver Listing #: R2339807
Located on a quiet & tree lined street in West End. This unit has beautiful English Bay views from this corner suite facing south west and in move in condition. Perfect for investor, student or lifestyle as the price includes all the furniture, plates & cutlery. The St. Pierre is well managed & maintained with live-in caretaker, updated balconies, lobby & new door fobs, lovely gardens, nicely painted outside. This Concrete leasehold property has been pre-paid until 2073. One Block to Sunset Beach, English Bay, Parks and Seawall. Maintenance Fee includes caretaker, property taxes, garbage pickup, heat & hot water. Parking can be rented for $100/month now 2 person wait list. Rentals allowed. Small pets allowed w/approval-dogs max 30 lbs. 35% down payment required for financing. Call to view!
- Elevator
- Shared Laundry
- Storage
- Drapes
- Window Coverings
- Refrigerator
- Stove
Site Influences
- Central Location
- Recreation Nearby
- Shopping Nearby
Similar Listings
Listed By: RE/MAX Crest Realty
Disclaimer: The data relating to real estate on this web site comes in part from the MLS Reciprocity program of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board. Real estate listings held by participating real estate firms are marked with the MLS Reciprocity logo and detailed information about the listing includes the name of the listing agent. This representation is based in whole or part on data generated by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board which assumes no responsibility for its accuracy. The materials contained on this page may not be reproduced without the express written consent of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board.


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The breasts happen to be one of the most appealing physical features of a woman. In addition to making a woman look more attractive, they can boost a woman's self-confidence and moral esteem. Sadly, not every woman out there is endowed with the perfect pair of breasts that match her height, weight and personality.
During puberty, the breasts respond to hormonal changes in the body and begin to develop. Estrogen and progesterone are the two hormones that play a key role in the development of breasts. Nutrition and genetics also play an important role in determining the size of a woman's breasts.
The beauty industry is flooded with a variety of breast Increase options ranging from creams, pills and hormonal injections to expensive surgical options. If you want to go the natural way, there are some natural remedies that can give you good results.
Natural methods can be effective but will take time, patience and consistency in your approach. However, natural remedies may not help women who have small breasts due to hereditary factor.
8. Natural Home Remedies For Increase Breast Size
1. Breast Massage
Best Oils For Breast Massage :
- Almond Oil
- Avocado Oil
- Cocoa Butter
- Coconut Oil
- Geranium Oil
- Jojoba Oil
- Olive Oil
- Sesame
- Shea Butter
- Vitamin E Oil
- Wheat Germ
- Ylang Ylang Oil
Massaging breasts regularly increases blood circulation in them. To increase your breast size, you can use any of the above natural massage oil available at the health store. Massage your breasts twice a day with this oil. You can warm this oil slightly before using. If you do not have the time or find the oil application messy, a simple way is to just massage your breasts with your palms.
Rub the palms together so that the friction makes them slightly warm. Then do circular massages on each breast for fifteen minutes in the morning and at bed time. Do minimum of hundred rubs on each breast. Doing this simple massage twice a day for at least three to four months, shows good results in breast enhancement.
2. Don't Stay Hungry
If you are skipping your meals, and replacing them with unhealthy food taken whenever you suddenly remember that you are hungry, chances are your breasts are suffering along with your body. A healthy diet, consumed at regular intervals, is necessary to keep our body in shape.
Consume lots of protein rich food like milk, cheese, eggs, lean meat, fish, etc. Healthy foods possess tissue tightening benefits and help to make breasts fuller and prevent sagging. Eat at regular intervals. This is the simplest home remedy that one can follow for breast enlargement.
3. Drink Lots Of Water
Keeping your body well hydrated is most essential in order to maintain healthy tissues and organs. Water helps flush out the toxins from your body and helps maintain the health of the breast tissue as well.
It is quite natural for a dehydrated person to have smaller breasts as the muscle tissue loses elasticity. So, drink plenty of water throughout the day.
4. Eat Bananas
Your breasts are made up of fat and tissues of the mammary glands. It is quite obvious that larger breasts mean more fat. If you are quite thin, it is quite natural that there is less fat in the body, and hence the smaller breasts. If you wish to increase the breast size, the easy and ideal way is to eat bananas every day.
Bananas are considered the best health food. Have two to three bananas everyday if being thin is the reason behind the breast size. Do not make the mistake of choosing unhealthy, junk food for the requirement of fat. Within a few months of having a healthy diet, you will notice an enlargement in the breasts.
5. Eat Radish
Radish has been linked to natural breast enhancement in several studies and is known to contain potent astringent properties that would help improve the blood flow to the local tissues, including those found in the breasts.
Increased blood circulation to the breasts would help increase breast size quickly and effectively.
6. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is considered as one of the foremost herbs recommended for natural breast enlargement. Available in the form of pills (need to be taken thrice a day) or creams, Fenugreek can also be used for home made remedies used for breast enlargement. Accordingly, all you would need to do is immerse 4-5 tablespoons of water in 2 cups of water and boil the same. Add a pinch of caraway, licorice, anise and fennel for added effect.
You can even add a spoon of honey to enhance the taste. After a good couple of minutes, strain the mixture and drink it warm. 2 cups of this tasteful concoction a day would have amazing effects on your breasts. You can also use a portion of the mixture as a body lotion. Accordingly, add a part of the mixture to the body lotion you usually apply (1:2 ratio) and massage the same onto your breasts twice a day for better results.
Make sure that you check out a particular herbal supplement with a doctor before opting for the same. This would prevent unnecessary side effects or allergies that may otherwise crop up during the treatment.
7. Fennel Seeds
Fennel seeds contain a high content of flavonoids and are therefore useful in increasing the amount of estrogen in the body. These seeds are also effective as stimulants and tonics. These seeds play a wonderful role in the formation of new cells and tissues in the breasts, which can increase their size.
8. Flax seed
Flax seed is another important food for inducing natural breast enlargement. Flax seeds contain a kind of plant estrogen called phytoestrogen, very helpful for bigger breasts naturally. Also drink a glass of papaya shake thrice a week for meaningful enlargement of breasts. Besides hormone boosters you need optimum protein supply and rich blood circulation to support the new cell building process in your mammary glands. Feed yourself with protein rich diet; do eat green leafy vegetables, Indian gooseberry juice and pomegranate to cast away haemoglobin deficiency successfully.


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Nonbinding Quotes
Bay County voters rejected the airport proposal in a 2004 nonbinding referendum, but that hasn't stopped St. Joe or the state from pursuing this boondoggle. This is neither the time nor the place to build a destructive new airport as corporate welfare. We already have an underutilized airport that can serve the region well into the future when we will know much more about the troubled aviation industry, the realistic prospects for another airport, and the true environmental and financial cost. - Don Hodges
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Windward Passage Holiday Apartments
Windward Passage Holiday Apartments - Golden Beach Accommodation Caloundra.
Absolute waterfront, no roads, no footpaths only the landscaped gardens of Windward Passage and parkland are between you and the beach... and it is the perfectly safe, clean and sheltered beach of pumicestone passage.
From your spacious balcony, enjoy the spectacular ocean view and untouched beauty of Bribie Island. To your left the panoramic night time view of the city of Caloundra is simply breathtaking.
Whether you enjoy fishing, windsurfing or just relaxing on the sand, it is right on your doorstep.
And all of this in the sub-tropical beauty and wonderful unpolluted climate of Queensland's Sunshine Coast.
Our fully self contained accommodation includes a magnificent Penthouse, superb Executive suite, two
All accommodation include ensuites, complimentary Pay TV and DVDs, most with airconditioning, some with spas, heated pool, lift, wireless internet available, undercover b.b.q area, isd phones, tour desk and disabled parking.


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Coming all the way from Madeira Portugal is a brutal onslaught 4 piece band known as Altar of Pain. Formed in 2010, this band has proven that they can be a part of the underground death metal community. This album entitled Severe Scourge is amazingly fast, brutal & most of all a rare find for anyone's collection that are into extreme music such as death metal. I can hear some of their influences like Carcass, Fleshgod Apocalypse & Morbid Angel. This album will impale you with their slow yet pummeling breakdowns, along with ferocious growls and semi-technical guitars and of course some excellent blast beats. It sounds like the drummer's major influence is Mike Smith of Suffocation. I wonder sometimes about that, lol. A band like this is on my bucket list to see play LIVE, so it had better happen soon. The guitar solos are very harmonic and dark like Morbid Angel when Erik Rutan was in the band. I can definitely see this band getting better and better as time goes on. Determination by the band is what will carry them into the future of metal. See, this is something people are missing about death metal nowadays. It doesn't have to be SUPER FAST, or SUPER BRUTAL...just give it a good beat and some good riffs and that's what makes Altar of Pain separate from many bands I've heard that are trying way too hard to be good. Don't get me wrong, some of the death metal bands these days are good, but Altar of Pain is bringing back the old school sound that a lot of death metalheads have actually been missing for about a decade now. So as far as Severe Scourge goes, I'm going to give it a 4.5/5 only because I think some of the riffs such as the same note being played..that gets dull and boring to me, but some might find it to be cool, and that's all right...just not my thing. The 6th song on this album starts off reminding me of early Jungle Rot then into a harmonizing riff swapping situation. Anyhow, give them a listen..they are a good band regardless as to how I feel about them. So, with all of that said, KEEP METAL ALIVE, KEEP THE UNDERGROUND ALIVE AND MOST OF ALL...KEEP THOSE HORNS UP!! \m/-_-\m/ EVILVENGEANCE666
Track LIsting:
1) Death By Exsaguination
1) Death By Exsaguination
2) Fatal Disease
3) The Fleshless Goddess
4) Infected
5) Organic Pathogen
6) Scriptorium
7) Void Dimension
Members at the time when this EP was made:Zé Rodrigues- Guitars
Elder Abreu- Vocals
Guilherne Abreu- Guitars
Marcelo- Drum Programming & Bass
Here is the song Infected, blast it LOUD...\m/-_-\m/


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India's government is promising more inclusive growth as it begins its fourth year in office. As Anjana Pasricha reports from New Delhi, the pledge follows a series of recent electoral setbacks that have raised fears that the popularity of the Congress Party, which heads the governing coalition, is waning.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh says his government recognizes that high economic growth alone will not necessarily provide employment and reduce poverty.
At a dinner held Tuesday to mark his government's three years in office, he pledged to improve the lives of all Indians by boosting investment in agriculture, and tackling such issues as rising food prices.
"We have taken credible steps to control inflation, and we will continue to be vigilant on this front, so that the poor and vulnerable sections of society do not suffer unduly," he said. "In the next 10 days, we will be unveiling a major initiative which will not only enhance the total public investment in agriculture, but will also enable states to resolve problems of agriculture with comprehensive localized plans."
The prime minister's assurances of more inclusive growth followed criticism that the fruits of the country's rapidly rising economy have failed to trickle down to the poor. This has triggered disillusionment with a party that came to power promising the poor a share in the country's growing prosperity.
Local elections held recently in three states indicate the Congress Party-led coalition is losing support. Uttar Pradesh is India's most populous and politically significant state, and results there usually indicate which direction the country will take in national elections. In voting there this month, Congress emerged a distant fourth. Earlier, the party suffered electoral losses in Punjab and Uttarakhand.
Political observers say the problem is the most severe in the countryside, where nearly two-thirds of India's billion-plus people depend on farming.
Mahesh Rangarajan, an independent political analyst in New Delhi, says the government has failed to do enough to turn around the deteriorating farm sector, which he says is in crisis.
"Agriculture now for the first time accounts for less than 19 percent of the gross domestic product.," he said. "The growth has really been in services ... Those who are benefiting are very small in number, and those who are not benefiting are very large in number."
Rangarajan says what is needed is the large-scale production of labor-intensive jobs in both manufacturing and agriculture. This, he says, is where the government has fallen short.


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Author Archives: David
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Brown & Michaels
Am I entitled to Small Entity or Micro Entity fee status?
Many USPTO fees are discounted by 50% for applicants and patentees who qualify
as "Small Entities", and (through the 2011 Patent Reform Act) by 75%
for "Micro Entities" . Determining whether or not you fit within the
"Small Entity" or "Micro Entity" class or not can be complicated. However, it is
important to do it right, because the consequences of claiming Small Entity
status when you are, in fact, a Large Entity, can be draconian - complete
invalidity of a patent and loss of patent rights due to "fraud on the Patent
Micro Entity Status
According to the 2011 America Invents Act (a/k/a "Patent Reform"), which became effective on September 16, 2011, implemented in the USPTO rules at 37 CFR 1.29, a "Micro Entity" is an applicant who qualifies under one of these two categories:
A. Qualification based on experience and income:
B. Qualification based on Institution of Higher Education status:
"Micro Entities" also include applicants who certify that either:
Rules and forms:
The final regulations from the USPTO also include the provision that the party claiming Micro Entity status under this section must also qualify as a "Small Entity" (see below). This is intended to prevent Large Entities from qualifying for "Micro Entity" fees by granting some rights to an institution of higher learning.
The "Micro Entity" 75% discount applies to fees for filing, searching, examining, issuing, appealing, and maintaining patent applications and patents. See our USPTO Patent Fees page for a complete list of fees and discounts.
The USPTO published final rules for administering Micro Entity status on December 19, 2012. The rules were published in the Federal Register at vol 77 page 75019, and went into effect on March 19, 2013.
The USPTO has certification forms which would need to be filed once in any application to give the applicant "Micro Entity" status. There are separate forms for qualification under Experience and Income status (SB15A) and under Institute of Higher Education status (SB15B). The certification of micro entity status forms may only be signed by an authorized party as set forth in 37 CFR 1.33(b)- an officer of an assignee corporation or organization is not authorized to sign a certification of micro entity status form. This means that the only parties who may sign a certification of micro entity status form are:
While the certification form only needs to be filed once, the applicant's status needs to be reviewed each time a fee is paid to make sure that the applicant is still a "Micro Entity" - the status is tied to a comparison of the applicant's income and the income limit published by the PTO for the year in which the fee is paid, or that the majority of the applicant's income comes from an Institute of Higher Education, and that the application wasn't assigned or licensed to a non-Micro Entity, and that may have changed since the form was filed. For example, any of the following would result in a loss of Micro Entity status:
Small Entity Status
Assuming you are entitled to it, you must make an assertion of your Small Entity status when you file the application. You do this either by checking the "Applicant claims small entity status" box on the transmittal form, or by paying the small entity fee exactly.
This is the last time you get to claim small entity status just by paying the right fee, though - if your status changes before you have to pay the issue fee (or one of the maintenance fees after issue) you must file a written assertion that you are now a Large Entity when you pay the fee. Merely paying the Large Entity fee will not correct your status. Similarly, if you filed your application as a Large Entity, and at the time of paying an issue or maintenance fee you are entitled to Small Entity status, you must file a written assertion of your new status.
Once you've established your Small Entity status when you file the application, you can continue to pay small entity fees until you (a) file a continuing application (continuation, division, CIP), or (b) file a reissue application, or (c) pay the issue fee, or (d) pay any maintenance fee which is due after the patent issues. Before you take any of these actions, you need to make a new determination of your eligibility for small entity treatment. This is set forth in the Patent Rules at 37 CFR 1.27(f) and (g):
Note that the "Small Entity" or "Large Entity" status applies to the owner of the patent rights - not the inventor or inventors, who would always be individuals under US law. If the owner has granted patent rights to an entity which is not a Small Entity, then the owner cannot claim Small Entity status.
As stated in 35 U.S.C. 41(h)(1) and 37 CFR 1.27(a), an owner of a patent or patent application is entitled to Small Entity Status if and only if:
What about rights held by Government Agencies?
Normally, transfer of any rights to an entity which does not qualify for Small Entity status means that Large Entity fees must be paid. Government agencies are not, themselves, Small Entities. The MPEP says so explicitly in section 509.02 - "Federal government agencies do not qualify as nonprofit organizations for paying reduced fees under the rules ... 37 CFR 1.27(a)(3) is not intended to include within the definition of a nonprofit organization government organizations of any kind located in any country".
There are certain exceptions to the general rule where some licenses to government agencies by those who themselves qualify as Small Entities will not preclude Small Entity treatment. Those exceptions deal with compulsory licenses granted the government under Executive Order 10096 (inventions by government employees) and 35 USC 202(c) (inventions by private contractors who make inventions while receiving Federal funding, where a license is required as a condition of financing).
If a Federal agency (or any other government body) is an owner of a patent or application (even a co-owner), rather than a licensee, the application/patent would NOT qualify for Small Entity fees.
For details on this, see MPEP 509.02, particularly section VI - RIGHTS HELD BY GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS - http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/0500_509_02.htm
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Additional useful free databases can be found on our Florida Statewide Public Records pages or look in our Florida Counties Free Public Records pages.
If you find a broken link below, please use the Report a Broken Link form to let us know.
|Umatilla Businesses
City of Umatilla, Florida Chamber of Commerce member registry of local businesses and services.
|Umatilla | Code
City of Umatilla code of ordinances.
Please use the Report Broken Link form if any of the above resources do not connect


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Soon after I became part of Fillmore Management, Lamb and Victoria were recording new albums. I had never been in a recording studio nor knew what a recording session was like.
My first session was at the Wally Heider Studio, one of the San Francisco greats, located in the old Tenderloin District. Santana, Crosby Stills Nash and Young, Steve Miller, The Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival and Herbie Hancock were some of the bands that recorded their albums there.
The receptionist pointed me into two dark rooms separated by a huge piece of plate glass. Bob Swanson and Barbara Mauritz of Lamb were recording songs for "Cross Between," their second album.
I walked into a dimly lit room and introduced myself to Fred Catero, one of the greatest recording engineers of all time. He was seated the controls of a very complicated console with levers, knobs, lights and instrument panels. He explained to me that I was looking at a mixing board, each lever accessing and controlling volume at one of the microphones in the other room. As Barbara had not yet arrived, he had time to explain what some of the other equipment in the room was all about.
In the second room, behind the glass, Bob Swanson was tuning his guitar and Walter Rapaport was setting up microphones and joking with Bob. Walter was the sound and road manager for Lamb; in the studio he acted as a production helper. The album called him "a shepherd' which was an accurate title for someone who know what Lamb's music should sound like and worked with an engineer to get it.
When Barbara Mauritz arrived 45 minutes time was spent setting her up with microphones and testing recording levels at the mixing board.
Then Bob and Barbara tried out a song. For whatever reason, there were a lot of false starts and stops during the song and there were a lot of breaks. Fred would talk to them and instruct them when to start. Fred explained that he could piece together the best parts of a song without their having to play and sing it perfectly all the way through.
During this time, I'm counting minutes. Wally Heider was charging $250 an hour, about $4.00 a minute. During that four-hour session, almost two hours were time spent on lateness, false stops and starts, jokes, breaks. Maybe two songs got recorded. Fred was the soul of patience. One of his jobs was to help musicians relax, so he gave them a lot of leeway.
David Rubinson, Executive Producer for the album, popped in for a few minutes.
As today, money spent recording an album is a loan from a record company to be paid back (recouped) out of the money earned in sales (royalties). Lamb would spend an excess of $250,000 recording "Cross Between" and it would take sales of more than 150,000 records to recoup the expense. Until then, their living would depend on earnings from gigs and advances (about $15,000 per album, also an advance against future royalties).
At the rate of time spent on that very first session, I well understood why many bands became indentured servants to the record companies during their entire musical careers. Unless they sold millions of records, recording expenses kept compounding, album after album. The farther behind a band got, the harder to sell enough records to recoup expenses. Lamb perhaps sold 150,000 copies of their first three recordings and racked up more than $750,000 in expenses!
The 'loan' made it very difficult for bands to change record labels, even when their albums did not sell nearly enough to 'recoup' expenses, much less make any money for the bands. And if they did sell millions, I discovered, record companies often 'cheated' on what they reported was due. Whole companies were set up to 'audit' the royalties owed for 10% or more of whatever they recovered. What does this tell you? That there had to be enough money owed the bands for those companies to make a profit.
As an example of a lifetime of indentured servitude, Pamela Polland's album "Gentle Soul" was re-released on Sundazed Music in the last few years. I asked her if they were paying her. She wrote, "The reason I can't get any money is because A) I still owe Sony a couple hundred grand for the cost of all three of my albums: "Gentle Soul," and my two solo albums, the second of which was never released. And B) when a company like Sundazed does a re-issue, they pay Sony, not me. Sigh.")
Bob Swanson was to find essentially the same explanation when he tried to get Sony to pay for re-releases of Lamb's albums.
Holding Down Expenses
One of my jobs as a manager was to try and hold down expenses for recording. A lot of money could and did get eaten up in experimentation, mediocre sessions, tuning, and ideas for adding flutes or violas, or even whole orchestras. Bands would come up with ideas for new tunes or new arrangements and the clock would keep right on ticking. Part of the reason for this was that many bands heard what they were playing for the first time over very very good speakers. Once they did, they knew what had to be changed, or done better or differently. Drummers sometimes needed metronomes because they didn't keep accurate beats. Guitars frequently went out of tune, and so on. Unfortunately, $250 an hour was a harsh price to pay for learning to listen.
Not only was my job to hold down expenses, but to argue with record companies about expenses that were charged my artists that I considered unfair. For example, When Pamela Polland recorded her first album for Columbia Records, Clive Davis 'assigned' a young, very untried producer to work with her. The producer spent in excess of $35,000 'mixing' the album because he couldn't quite make up his mind about how prominent Pamela's vocals should be and whether there should be more echo, on her voice; whether the drums should be louder and on and on. He was indecisive at every turn and to compensate tried everything. I know because I attended those sessions. Even though I hadn't had a lot of experience, I knew that the producer was spending Pamela's recording budget on 'learning.' She, not the record company, was on the hook. And that pissed me off.
When I went to New York, I made an appointment to see Clive Davis, then head of Columbia, the record company that signed Pamela. I was in high dudgeon and demanded that $25,000 be taken off her recording budget and explained why. Clive finally agreed. He later told me I was the only manager that walked in and asked him to do this.
After that, my motto became, "You don't ask, you don't get."
Brian Rohan: The People's Lawyer
Soon after joining Fillmore Management, I met Brian Rohan, the third member of the Fillmore triumvirate (with Bill Graham and David Rubinson), a handsome, burly Irishman that I nicknamed the Marlon Brandon of the record industry. He got the prettiest women to fall madly in love with him and then treated them in the cavalier fashion of a scoundrel and a rogue.
Rohan got his start in San Francisco by defending pot and LSD dealers and saved them from the clutches of jail. For this he became known as a 'people's lawyer. Ken Kesey was one of his clients and so was Neil Cassady, Jack Kerouac's sidekick, who was a close friend of mine when I lived in San Miguel de Allende and started managing a band there.
Rohan negotiated all recording and publishing contracts negotiated on behalf of Fillmore Management, Fillmore Records and Pamela Polland. He was the lawyer for the Grateful Dead. He negotiated the most complete and remarkable contracts recording artists signed at that time. His negotiating tactic was procrastination. He would drive record company executives crazy with a stall until they gave in to his demands. Drove the bands crazy with waiting as well.
One day Rohan asked me if wanted to go with him to the Grateful Dead house in Larkspur (a Marin County town, just north of San Francisco). I was introduced to a bunch of guys lolling around the couches with their girlfriends, the smell of pot prominent. Before too many minutes went by, Brian launched into a half hour diatribe about how much money they were racking up in studio time. "You're never going to make any money. . ." They just rolled their eyes. It was legion in San Francisco that the Dead always spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on recording and sound equipment when they gigged. They had a huge draw at their gigs, but it wasn't until the eighties that they actually had a hit song with "Touch of Grey." It was the band's only commercial hit. The song is known for its refrain
"I will get by / I will survive."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l38YXrGJxx0 Bill Graham Memorial Concert 1991.
What is more unbelievable is that the first Dead concert I went to was after I quit Fillmore Management in 1974. I was way too busy to go to concerts for other than the bands that I managed. And when I did have a free evening, I'd just as soon spend it at home with my two children.
Perhaps the most frustrating aspect of my job was to persuade record companies to put promotional dollars into recordings of the bands that I was managing and persuade promotion people to get their records played on the radio. Promotion almost solely meant getting radio stations to play music of newly released albums.
By taking record company executives to 'lunch,' I learned that few had never even listened to the music.
Then I learned what the actual system was for assigning 'priorities' for airplay within the record companies.During any three-month period, a record company might release up to ten albums in any one genre, primarily rock, country and middle-of-the road. Three might be records of known stars—the major promotional dollars would be spent on them. Three releases might be from artists that were beginning to have promising followings and promo dollars were targeted for cities that they were popular in. Money for the albums of say four unknowns was divvied up according to the push of managers, whether there was even a possibility of a 'hit' single on their albums, and any number of other factors. Who got what portion of promotional dollars was pre-decided in a meeting of the record company president and his promotional and marketing staff.
One day, the promo guy at Warner Brothers called to tell me that one of Lamb's singles was going to be put on radio rotation all over the country and to listen in the next day to the promotional conversation as he instructed the regional guys. But when I listened in, I heard him tell his regional guys to push Malo, a spinoff of Santana, that David Rubinson was also the producer for. When I called, quite pissed off, he blandly told me that David Rubinson had called in one of his favors.
Once again, I was fighting internecine warfare within Fillmore Records. Even harder to stomach was that some of the members of Malo were too incapacitated by heroin to go on the road and support that album, despite the airplay they received.
And then there was payola. Pay for play. Payola was cash spent under the table to bribe DJ's or major station conglomerates to play certain tunes. Very illegal, but i those days standard operating procedure between record companies and radio stations. Payola was extremely difficult to prove because the cash couldn't be traced. And it wasn't just direct pay for play.
There was what I used to call party payola: the free tickets, the back stage passes, the invitations to parties on record executive yachts, the free booze and drugs at conventions. It was an entrenched system that was impossible to buck, but something that was always there, taken for granted, like the air you breathed. And all around was a conspiracy of silence.
In 1973, Clive Davis was accused of embezzling $93,000 for his son's bar mitzvah and fired. Other arrests were made and underlying it all was a huge investigation of payola. Nothing was ever proved and for awhile, payola became even more hidden.
The only person I knew that did jail time was an unassuming fifty-year old man, with a big paunch whose job it was to provide drugs and women (or men) for the pleasure of bands and executives at annual conventions. It was all part of party payola.
When an organization called Women in Music asked me to give a talk about how women could rise above being secretaries and public relations employees, I ended the lecture by saying: "If you do rise above those jobs, the biggest challenge you will face is dealing with people in positions above yours, most of them men, some brilliant, some incompetent, some stupid, many stuck in their own egos, some who consider themselves gifts to women and some corrupt—sometimes in one package. The most heartbreaking combination is brilliance mixed with corruption. These people controlled the money and the business attention that I and the artists that I managed received. Learning to maneuver without losing your sanity or your own sense of ethics will be your primary challenge."
For sure it was mine; and when I couldn't deal with it anymore with any sense of dignity or ethics, I quit Fillmore Management and the entertainment industry that went with it. The more I knew, the more I understood about how it all worked, the more squeezed I felt inside. And what I couldn't deal with, above the corruption I was privy to, was that the bands were the fall guys, a lot of talent that became pawns of corruption and indentured servants to companies that did not serve them.


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Modern Wallpaper Patterns Creating Realistic Concrete Wall Design
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Modern wallpaper designs with decorative concrete look is one of latest trends in wallpapers. Decorative concrete is widely used in modern interior design, and it looks especially attractive in loft style contemporary apartments.
Modern wallpaper patterns that mimic concrete texture are a great way to add an elegant and stylish gray color to contemporary interior design and create unique room decor. Loft style is inspired by the industrial areas of New York in 40s, when conversion of large factories and industrial buildings turned them into modern home interiors in loft style.
Pipes, rough masonry and concrete walls are elements of loft apartment decorating. Modern wallpaper designs with high-resolution photos and some special textural effects are excellent for creating stylish wall decoration with unique not repeating patterns that create a realistic look of concrete.
Modern wallpaper patterns for creating realistic concrete wall design
The decorative concrete elements look beautiful and original. If you do not want to change your wall design, but like to create a decorative concrete wall, then modern wallpaper patterns that mimic concrete are ideal for your interior decorating project.
These wallpaper designs turn any wall into a modern wall with an industrial feel. Modern wallpaper patterns are developed by Norwegian designer Tom Haga, offering a unique collection of wallpaper patterns imitating concrete.
Modern wallpaper collection ConcreteWall are great for any interior decorating, from residential to public buildings. These realistic wallpaper designs are perfect for creating contemporary rooms with industrial feel and look. They add elegant neutral color and fresh design to creative interior decorating.
Neutral color palette and elegance of dining room decorating in gray color
Wood and concrete in modern houses, La Boyita Residence
by Ena Russ
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