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|University of Cambridge
|Latin: Academia Cantabrigiensis
|Hinc lucem et pocula sacra (Latin)
|Motto in English
|Literal: From here, light and sacred draughts
Non-literal:From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge
|c. 1209
|£4.1 billion (2006, incl. colleges)[1]
|HRH The Duke of Edinburgh
|Alison Richard to 2010, Prof Sir Leszek Borysiewicz from 2010.
|Cambridge, England, UK
| Cambridge Blue[4]
|The Sporting Blue
|Russell Group
Coimbra Group
|Official Website
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University, or simply Cambridge) is the second oldest university in England and the fourth oldest in Europe. In post-nominals the university's name is abbreviated as Cantab., a shortened form of Cantabrigiensis (an adjective derived from Cantabrigia, the Latinised form of Cambridge).
The university grew out of an association of scholars in the city of Cambridge that was formed, early records suggest, in 1209 by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk.[5] The two "ancient universities" have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of British society, the two universities have a long history of rivalry with each other.
Academically, Cambridge is consistently ranked in the world's top five universities and as the leading university in Europe by numerous media and academic rankings.[6][7][8][9] The University's alumni include 87 Nobel Laureates as of 2010.[10] The University is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the Coimbra Group, the League of European Research Universities and the International Alliance of Research Universities.
Roger of Wendover wrote shortly after its foundation that the University of Cambridge could trace its origins to a crime committed in 1209. Although not always a reliable source, the detail given in his contemporaneous writings lends them credence.
Two Oxford scholars were convicted of the murder or manslaughter of a woman and were hanged by the town authorities with the assent of King John. In protest at the hanging, the University of Oxford went into voluntary suspension, and scholars migrated to a number of other locations, including the pre-existing school at Cambridge (Cambridge had been recorded as a "school" rather than as a university when John Grim held the office of Master there in 1201). These exile Oxford scholars (post-graduate researchers by present day terminology) started Cambridge's life as a university in 1209.
Cambridge's status was enhanced by a charter in 1231 from King Henry III of England which awarded the ius non trahi extra (a right to discipline its own members) plus some exemption from taxes, and a bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX that gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom.
After Cambridge was described as a studium generale in a letter by Pope Nicholas IV in 1290, and confirmed as such in a bull by Pope John XXII in 1318, it became common for researchers from other European medieval universities to come and visit Cambridge to study or to give lecture courses.[11]
Cambridge's colleges were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself. The colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels. The hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane.
Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse in 1284, Cambridge's first college. Many colleges were founded during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but colleges continued to be established throughout the centuries to modern times, although there was a gap of 204 years between the founding of Sidney Sussex in 1596 and Downing in 1800. The most recent college established is Robinson, built in the late 1970s. However, Hughes Hall only achieved full university college status in April 2007, making it the newest full college.[12]
In medieval times, colleges were founded so that their students would pray for the souls of the founders. For that reason they were often associated with chapels or abbeys. A change in the colleges' focus occurred in 1536 with the Dissolution of the Monasteries. King Henry VIII ordered the university to disband its Faculty of Canon Law and to stop teaching "scholastic philosophy". In response, colleges changed their curricula away from canon law and towards the classics, the Bible, and mathematics.
As Cambridge moved away from Canon Law so too did it move away from Catholicism. As early as the 1520's, the continental rumblings of Lutheranism and what was to become more broadly known as the Protestant Reformation were making their presence felt in the intellectual discourse of the university. Among the intellectuals involved was the theologically influential Thomas Cranmer, later to become Archbishop of Canterbury. As it became convenient to Henry VIII in the 1530's, the King looked to Cranmer and others (within and without Cambridge) to craft a new religious path that was wholly different from Catholicism yet also different from what Martin Luther had in mind.
Nearly a century later, the university was at the center of another Christian schism. Many nobles, intellectuals and even common folk saw the ways of the Church of England as being all too similar to the Catholic Church and moreover that it was used by the crown to usurp the rightful powers of the counties. East Anglia was the center of what became the Puritan movement and at Cambridge, it was particularly strong at Emmanuel, St. Catherine's Hall, Sidney Sussex and Christ's College.[13] They produced many "non-conformist" graduates who greatly influenced, by social position or pulpit, the approximately 20,000 Puritans who left for New England and especially the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the Great Migration decade of the 1630's.
From the time of Isaac Newton in the later 17th century until the mid-19th century, the university maintained a strong emphasis on mathematics. Study of this subject was compulsory for graduation, and students were required to take an exam for the Bachelor of Arts degree, the main first degree at Cambridge in both arts and science subjects. This exam is known as a Tripos.
Students awarded first-class honours after completing the mathematics Tripos were named wranglers. The Cambridge Mathematical Tripos was competitive and helped produce some of the most famous names in British science, including James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin, and Lord Rayleigh. However, some famous students, such as G. H. Hardy, disliked the system, feeling that people were too interested in accumulating marks in exams and not interested in the subject itself.
Although diversified in its research and teaching interests, Cambridge today maintains its strength in mathematics. The Isaac Newton Institute, part of the university, is widely regarded as the UK's national research institute for mathematics and theoretical physics. Cambridge alumni have won eight[citation needed] Fields Medals and one Abel Prize for mathematics, while individuals representing Cambridge have won four Fields Medals.[14] The University also runs a special Certificate of Advanced Studies in Mathematics course.
Many of the most important scientific discoveries and revolutions were made by Cambridge alumni. These include:
Initially, only male students were enrolled into the university. The first colleges for women were Girton College (founded by Emily Davies) in 1869 and Newnham College in 1872 (founded by Anne Clough and Henry Sidgwick) followed by New Hall in 1954. The first women students were examined in 1882 but attempts to make women full members of the university did not succeed until 1947. Although Cambridge did not give degrees to women until 1921, women were in fact allowed to study courses, sit examinations, and have their results recorded from 1881; for a brief period after the turn of the twentieth century, this allowed women to receive ad eundem degrees from the University of Dublin (see steamboat ladies). Later, women could be given a "titular degree"; although they were not denied recognised qualifications, without a full degree they were excluded from the governing of the university. Since students must belong to a college, and since established colleges remained closed to women, women found admissions restricted to colleges established only for women. Starting with Churchill College, all of the men's colleges began to admit women between 1972 and 1988. One women's college, Girton, also began to admit male students from 1979, but the other women's colleges did not follow suit. As a result of St Hilda's College, Oxford ending its ban on male students in 2008, Cambridge is now the only remaining United Kingdom University with colleges which refuse to admit males, with three such institutions in total.[15][16][17] In the academic year 2004–5, the university's student gender ratio, including post-graduates, was male 52%: female 48%.[18]
As an institution with such a long history, the University has developed a large number of myths and legends. The vast majority of these are untrue, but have been propagated nonetheless by generations of students and tour guides.
A discontinued tradition is that of the wooden spoon, the 'prize' awarded to the student with the lowest passing grade in the final examinations of the Mathematical Tripos. The last of these spoons was awarded in 1909 to Cuthbert Lempriere Holthouse, an oarsman of the Lady Margaret Boat Club of St John's College. It was over one metre in length and had an oar blade for a handle. It can now be seen outside the Senior Combination Room of St John's. Since 1909, results were published alphabetically within class rather than score order. This made it harder to ascertain who the winner of the spoon was (unless there was only one person in the third class), and so the practice was abandoned.
Each Christmas Eve, BBC radio and television broadcasts The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge. The radio broadcast has been a national Christmas tradition since it was first transmitted in 1928 (though the festival has existed since 1918). The radio broadcast is carried worldwide by the BBC World Service and is also syndicated to hundreds of radio stations in the USA. The first television broadcast of the festival was in 1954.[19][20]
Cambridge is a collegiate university, meaning that it is made up of self-governing and independent colleges, each with its own property and income. Most colleges bring together academics and students from a broad range of disciplines, and within each faculty, school or department within the university, academics from many different colleges will be found.
The faculties are responsible for ensuring that lectures are given, arranging seminars, performing research and determining the syllabi for teaching, overseen by the General Board. Together with the central administration headed by the Vice-Chancellor, they make up the entire Cambridge University. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels: by the University (the Cambridge University Library), by the departments (departmental libraries such as the Squire Law Library), and by the individual colleges (all of which maintain a multi-discipline library, generally aimed mainly at their undergraduates).
All students and many of the academics are attached to colleges, where they socialise. It is also the place where students may receive their small group teaching sessions, known as supervisions. Each college appoints its own teaching staff and fellows in each subject; decides which students to admit, in accordance with university regulations; provides small group teaching sessions, for undergraduates (though lectures are arranged and degrees are awarded by the university); and is responsible for the domestic arrangements and welfare of its own undergraduates, graduates, post-doctoral researchers, and staff in general.
The University of Cambridge currently has 31 colleges, of which three, Murray Edwards, Newnham and Lucy Cavendish, admit only women. The other colleges are now mixed, though most were originally all-male. Darwin was the first college to admit both men and women, while Churchill, Clare and King's colleges were the first previously all-male colleges to admit female undergraduates in 1972. Magdalene was the last all-male college to become mixed in 1988.[21] Clare Hall and Darwin admit only postgraduates, and Hughes Hall, Lucy Cavendish, St Edmund's and Wolfson admit only mature (i.e. 21 years or older on date of matriculation) and graduate students. All other colleges admit both undergraduate and postgraduate students with no age restrictions. Colleges are not required to admit students in all subjects, with some colleges choosing not to offer subjects such as architecture, history of art or theology, but most offer close to the complete range. Some colleges maintain a bias towards certain subjects, for example with Churchill leaning towards the sciences and engineering,[22] while others such as St Catharine's aim for a balanced intake.[23] Costs to students (accommodation and food prices) vary considerably from college to college.[24][25] Others maintain much more informal reputations, such as for the students of King's College to hold left-wing political views,[26] or Robinson College and Churchill College's attempts to minimise its environmental impact.[27]
There are also several theological colleges in Cambridge, including Westcott House, Westminster College and Ridley Hall Theological College, that are affiliated to the university and are members of the Cambridge Theological Federation.
The principal method of teaching at Cambridge colleges is the supervision. These are typically weekly hour-long sessions in which small groups of students – usually between one and three – meet with a member of the university's teaching staff or a doctoral student. Students are normally required to complete an essay or assignment in advance of the supervision, which they will discuss with the supervisor during the session, along with any concerns or difficulties they have had with the material presented in that week's lectures. Lectures at Cambridge are often described as being almost a mere 'bolt-on' to these supervisions. Students typically receive two or three supervisions per week. This pedagogical system is often cited as being unique to Cambridge and Oxford (where "supervisions" are known as "tutorials")
The concept of grading students' work quantitatively was developed by a tutor named William Farish at the University of Cambridge in 1792.[28]
In addition to the 31 colleges, the university is made up of over 150 departments, faculties, schools, syndicates and other institutions. Members of these are usually also members of one or more of the colleges and responsibility for running the entire academic programme of the university is divided amongst them.
A 'School' in the University of Cambridge is a broad administrative grouping of related faculties and other units. Each has an elected supervisory body – the 'Council' of the school – comprising representatives of the constituent bodies. There are six schools:[29]
Teaching and research in Cambridge is organised by faculties. The faculties have different organisational sub-structures which partly reflect their history and partly their operational needs, which may include a number of departments and other institutions. In addition, a small number of bodies entitled 'Syndicates' have responsibilities for teaching and research, e.g. Cambridge Assessment, the University Press, and the University Library.
The academic year is divided into three terms, determined by the Statues of the University.[30] Michaelmas Term lasts from October to December; Lent Term from January to March; and Easter Term from April to June.
Within these terms undergraduate teaching takes place within eight-week periods called Full Terms. These terms are shorter than those of many other British universities.[31] Undergraduates are also expected to prepare heavily in the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter and Long Vacations).
The current Chancellor of the University is the Duke of Edinburgh. The current Vice-Chancellor is Alison Richard. The office of Chancellor, which is held for life, is mainly ceremonial, while the Vice-Chancellor is de facto the principal academic and administrative officer. The University's internal governance is carried out almost entirely by its own members,[32] with very little external representation on its governing body, the Regent House (though there is external representation on the Audit Committee, and there are four external members on the University's Council, who are the only external members of the Regent House).[33]
The Senate consists of all holders of the MA degree or higher degrees. It elects the Chancellor and the High Steward, and elected two members of the House of Commons until the Cambridge University constituency was abolished in 1950. Prior to 1926, it was the University's governing body, fulfilling the functions that the Regent House fulfils today.[citation needed]
The Regent House is the University's governing body, a direct democracy comprising all resident senior members of the University and the Colleges, together with the Chancellor, the High Steward, the Deputy High Steward, and the Commissary.[34] The public representatives of the Regent House are the two Proctors, elected to serve for one year, on the nomination of the Colleges.
Although the University Council is the principal executive and policy-making body of the University, therefore, it must report and be accountable to the Regent House through a variety of checks and balances. It has the right of reporting to the University, and is obliged to advise the Regent House on matters of general concern to the University. It does both of these by causing notices to be published by authority in the Cambridge University Reporter, the official journal of the University. Since January 2005, the membership of the Council has included two external members,[35] and the Regent House voted for an increase from two to four in the number of external members in March 2008,[36][37] and this was approved by Her Majesty the Queen in July 2008.[38]
The General Board of the Faculties is responsible for the academic and educational policy of the University,[39] and is accountable to the Council for its management of these affairs.
Faculty Boards are responsible to the General Board; other Boards and Syndicates are responsible either to the General Board (if primarily for academic purposes) or to the Council. In this way, the various arms of the University are kept under the supervision of the central administration, and thus the Regent House.
In late 2006, the total financial endowment of the university and the colleges was estimated at £4.1 billion (US$8.2 billion): £1.2 billion tied directly to the university, £2.9 billion to the colleges.[1] Oxford (including its colleges) is possibly ranked second, having reported an endowment valued at £3.9bn in mid-2006.[40] Each college is an independent charitable institution with its own endowment, separate from that of the central university endowment.
If ranked on a US university endowment table using figures reported in 2006, Cambridge would rank sixth or seventh (depending on whether one includes the University of Texas System – which incorporates nine full scale universities and six health institutions), or fourth in a ranking compared with only the eight Ivy League institutions.[41]
Comparisons between Cambridge's endowment and those of other top US universities are, however, inaccurate because being a state-funded public university, Cambridge receives a major portion of its income through education and research grants from the British Government. In 2006, it was reported that approximately one third of Cambridge's income comes from UK government funding for teaching and research, with another third coming from other research grants. Endowment income contributes around 6%.[42]
In 2000, Bill Gates of Microsoft donated US$210 million through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to endow the Gates Scholarships for students from outside the UK seeking postgraduate study at Cambridge.[43] The University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, which taught the world's first computing course in 1953, is housed in a building partly funded by Gates and named after his father, William Gates.[citation needed]
In 2005, the Cambridge 800th Anniversary Campaign was launched, aimed at raising £1 billion by 2012 – the first US-style university fund-raising campaign in Europe. £800 million of funds have been secured to date.[44]
Cambridge University has research departments and teaching faculties in most academic disciplines. All research and lectures are conducted by University Departments. The colleges are in charge of giving or arranging most supervisions, student accommodation, and funding most extracurricular activities. During the 1990s Cambridge added a substantial number of new specialist research laboratories on several University sites around the city, and major expansion continues on a number of sites.[45]
Cambridge is a member of the Russell Group, a network of research-led British universities; the Coimbra Group, an association of leading European universities; the League of European Research Universities; and the International Alliance of Research Universities. It is also considered part of the "Golden Triangle", a geographical concentration of UK university research.
Building on its reputation for enterprise, science and technology, Cambridge has a partnership with MIT in the United States, the Cambridge – MIT Institute.
The application system to Cambridge and Oxford often involves additional requirements, with candidates typically called to face-to-face interviews.
How applicants perform in the interview process is an important factor in determining which students are accepted.[46] Most applicants are expected to be predicted at least three A-grade A-level qualifications relevant to their chosen undergraduate course, or equivalent overseas qualifications. However, it has been confirmed that the new A* A-level grade (to be introduced in 2010) will play a part in the acceptance of applications.[47] Due to a very high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, the interview process is crucial for distinguishing between the most able candidates.[46] In 2006, 5,228 students who were rejected went on to get 3 A levels or more at grade A, representing about 63% of all applicants rejected.[48] The interview is performed by College Fellows, who evaluate candidates on unexamined factors such as potential for original thinking and creativity.[46] For exceptional candidates, a Matriculation Offer is sometimes offered, requiring only two A-levels at grade E or above – Christ's College is unusual in making this offer to about one-third of successful candidates, in order to relieve very able candidates of some pressure in their final year.[citation needed]
Graduate admission is first decided by the faculty or department relating to the applicant's subject. This effectively guarantees admission to a college - though not necessarily the applicant's preferred choice.[49]
Public debate in the United Kingdom continues over whether admissions processes at Oxford and Cambridge are entirely merit based and fair; whether enough students from state schools are encouraged to apply to Cambridge; and whether these students succeed in gaining entry. In 2007-08, 57% of all successful applicants were from state schools.[50] However, the average qualifications for successful applicants from state schools are slightly lower than the average qualification of successful applicants from private schools.[citation needed] Critics have argued that the lack of state school applicants with the required grades applying to Cambridge and Oxford has had a negative impact on Oxbridge's reputation for many years, and the University has encouraged pupils from state schools to apply for Cambridge to help redress the imbalance.[citation needed] Others counter that government pressure to increase state school admissions constitutes inappropriate social engineering.[51][52] The proportion of undergraduates drawn from independent schools has dropped over the years, and such applicants now form only a significant minority (43%)[50][53] of the intake. In 2005, 32% of the 3599 applicants from independent schools were admitted to Cambridge, as opposed to 24% of the 6674 applications from state schools.[54] In 2008 the University of Cambridge received a gift of £4m to improve its accessibility to candidates from maintained schools.[55] Cambridge, together with Oxford and Durham, is among those universities that have adopted formulae that gives a rating to the GCSE performance of every school in the country to "weight" the scores of university applicants.[56]
In the last two British Government Research Assessment Exercise in 2001 and 2008 respectively,[57] Cambridge was ranked first in the country. In 2005, it was reported that Cambridge produces more PhDs per year than any other British university (over 30% more than second placed Oxford).[58] In 2006, a Thomson Scientific study showed that Cambridge has the highest research paper output of any British university, and is also the top research producer (as assessed by total paper citation count) in 10 out of 21 major British research fields analysed.[59] Another study published the same year by Evidence showed that Cambridge won a larger proportion (6.6%) of total British research grants and contracts than any other university (coming first in three out of four broad discipline fields).[60]
The university is also closely linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster in and around Cambridge, which forms the area known as Silicon Fen or sometimes the "Cambridge Phenomenon". In 2004, it was reported that Silicon Fen was the second largest venture capital market in the world, after Silicon Valley. Estimates reported in February 2006 suggest that there were about 250 active startup companies directly linked with the university, worth around US$6 billion.[61]
In 2009, the marketing consultancy World Brand Lab rated Cambridge University as the 50th most influential brand in the world, and the 4th most influential university brand, behind only Harvard, MIT and Stanford University.[62]
|University of Cambridge Ranking in League Tables
|Below is the ranking of the University of Cambridge in various university league tables
In the 2009 Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings[89], Cambridge was ranked 2nd amongst world universities, behind Harvard. It came in first in the international academic reputation peer review, first in the natural sciences, first in biomedicine, first in the arts & humanities, fourth in the social sciences, and sixth in technology. In the 2008 Academic Ranking of World Universities compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Cambridge was placed 4th amongst world universities. A 2006 Newsweek ranking which combined elements of the THES-QS and ARWU rankings with other factors that purportedly evaluated an institution's global "openness and diversity" suggested that Cambridge was ranked 6th in the world overall.[90]
In the 2008 Sunday Times University Guide, Cambridge was ranked first for the 11th straight year since the guide's first publication in 1998. In the 2008 Times Good University Guide, Cambridge topped 37 of the guide's 61 subject tables, including Law, Medicine, Economics, Mathematics, Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry and has the best record on research, entry standards and graduate destinations amongst UK universities. Cambridge was also awarded the University of the Year award.
In the 2009 The Times Good University Guide Subject Rankings, Cambridge was ranked top (or joint top) in 34 out of the 42 subjects which it offers.[91] The overall ranking placed Cambridge in 2nd behind Oxford. The 2009 Guardian University Guide Rankings also placed Cambridge 2nd in the UK behind Oxford.
The University's publishing arm, the Cambridge University Press, is the oldest printer and publisher in the world.[citation needed]
The university set up its Local Examination Syndicate in 1858. Today, the syndicate, which is known as Cambridge Assessment, is Europe's largest assessment agency and it plays a leading role in researching, developing and delivering assessments across the globe.[citation needed]
Cambridge maintains a long tradition of student participation in sport and recreation. Rowing is a particularly popular sport at Cambridge, and there are competitions between colleges, notably the bumps races, and against Oxford, the Boat Race. There are also Varsity matches against Oxford in many other sports, ranging from cricket and rugby, to chess and tiddlywinks. Athletes representing the university in certain sports entitle them to apply for a Cambridge Blue at the discretion of the Blues Committee, consisting of the captains of the thirteen most prestigious sports. There is also the self-described "unashamedly elite" Hawks' Club, which is for men only, whose membership is usually restricted to Cambridge Full Blues and Half Blues.
The Cambridge Union serves as a focus for debating. Drama societies notably include the Amateur Dramatic Club (ADC) and the comedy club Footlights, which are known for producing well-known showbusiness personalities. Student newspapers include the long-established Varsity and its younger rival, The Cambridge Student. In the last year, both have been challanged by the emergence of The Tab, Cambridge's fist student tabloid. The student-run radio station, CUR1350, promotes broadcast journalism.
The Cambridge University Chamber Orchestra explores a range of programmes, from popular symphonies to lesser known works. Membership of the orchestra is composed of students of the university and it has also attracted a variety of conductors and soloists, including Wayne Marshall, Jane Glover, and Nicholas Cleobury.[citation needed]
Cambridge University has over the course of its history built up a sizeable number of alumni who are notable in their fields, both academic, and in the wider world. Depending on criteria, affiliates of the University of Cambridge have won between 84 and 87 Nobel prizes, more than any other institution according to some counts. Former undergraduates of the university have won a grand total of 61 Nobel prizes, 13 more than the undergraduates of any other university. Cambridge academics have also won 8 Fields Medals and 2 Abel Prizes (since the award was first distributed in 2003).
Perhaps most of all, the university is renowned for a long and distinguished tradition in mathematics and the sciences.
Among the most famous of Cambridge polymaths is Sir Isaac Newton, who spent the majority of his life at the university and conducted many of his now famous experiments within the grounds of Trinity College. Sir Francis Bacon, responsible for the development of the Scientific Method, entered the university when he was just twelve, and pioneering mathematicians John Dee and Brook Taylor soon followed in his wake.
Other ground-breaking mathematicians to have studied at the university include Hardy, Littlewood and De Morgan, three of the most renowned pure mathematicians in modern history; Sir Michael Atiyah, arguably the most important mathematician of the last half-century; William Oughtred, the inventor of the logarithmic scale; John Wallis, the inventor of modern calculus; Srinivasa Ramanujan, the self-taught genius who made incomparable contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions;
and, perhaps most importantly of all, James Clerk Maxwell, who is also considered to have brought about the second great unification of Physics (the first being accredited to Newton) with his classical electromagnetic theory.
Another Cambridge scholar responsible for major developments in scientific understanding was Charles Darwin, the biologist who first suggested the theory of evolution. Later Cambridge biologists include Francis Crick and James D. Watson, who developed a model for the three-dimensional structure of DNA whilst working at the university's Cavendish Laboratory along with Maurice Wilkins and leading female X-ray chrystallographer Rosalind Franklin. More recently, Sir Ian Wilmut, the man who was responsible for the first cloning of a mammal with Dolly the Sheep in 1996, was an undergraduate at Darwin College.
The university is also the essential birthplace of the computer with mathematician Charles Babbage having designed the world's first computing system as early as the mid-1800s. Alan Turing went on to invent what is essentially the basis for the modern computer and Maurice Wilkes later created the first programmable computer. The webcam was also invented at Cambridge University, somewhat infamously, as a means for scientists to avoid interrupting their research and going all the way down the to the laboratory dining room only to be disappointed by an empty coffee pot.
Ernest Rutherford, the man generally regarded to be the father of nuclear physics spent much of his life at the university, where he worked closely with the likes of Niels Bohr, a major contributor to the understanding of the structure and function of the atom, J. J. Thompson, discoverer of the electron, Sir James Chadwick, discoverer of the neutron, and Sir John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, the partnership responsible for first splitting the atom. J. Robert Oppenheimer, leader of the Manhatten Project and de facto inventor of the atomic bomb, also studied at Cambridge under Rutherford and Thompson.
Major astronomers John Herschel and Sir Arthur Eddington both spent much of their careers at Cambridge, as did Paul Dirac, the discoverer of antimatter and one of the pioneers of Quantum Mechanics; Stephen Hawking, the founding father of the study of singularities and the university's long-serving Lucasian Professor of Mathematics; and Lord Martin Rees, the current Astronomer Royal and Master of Trinity College.
A number of other significant Cambridge scientists include Henry Cavendish, the discoverer of Hydrogen; Frank Whittle, inventor of the jet engine; Lord Kelvin, who formulated the original Laws of Thermodynamics; William Fox Talbot, who invented the camera, Alfred North Whitehead, Einstein's major opponent; Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, the man dubbed the "the father of radio science"; Lord Rayleigh, one of the most pre-eminent physicists of the 20th century; Georges Lemaître, who first proposed the Big Bang Theory; and Frederick Sanger, the last man to win two Nobel prizes.
Other Cambridge academics include major economists such as John Maynard Keynes, Thomas Malthus, Alfred Marshall, Milton Friedman, Piero Sraffa and Amartya Sen, another former Master of Trinity College.
Significant Philosophers Desiderius Erasmus, Sir Francis Bacon, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, George Santayana, Sir Karl Popper, Allama Iqbal and G. E. Moore were all Cambridge scholars, as were renowned historians such as Lord Acton, E. H. Carr, Hugh Trevor-Roper, E. P. Thompson and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
Religious figures at the university have included Rowan Williams, the current Archbishop of Canterbury and many of his predecessors; William Tyndale, the early biblical translator responsible for much of the King James "Authorised Version"; William Paley, the Christian philosopher known primarily for formulating the teleological argument for the existence of God; William Wilberforce, the man responsible for the abolition of the slave trade; and six winners of the prestigious Templeton Prize, the highest accolade for the study of religion since its foundation in 1972.
Composers Ralph Vaughan Williams, Sir Charles Villers Stanford, William Sterndale Bennett, Orlando Gibbons and, more recently, George Benjamin, Alexander Goehr, Thomas Adès and Julian Anderson were all at Cambridge.
Artists Quentin Blake, Roger Fry, Duncan Grant and Vanessa Bell also attended as undergraduates.
Acclaimed writers such as E. M. Forster, Virginia Woolf, Charles Kingsley, C. S. Lewis, Christopher Marlowe, Vladmir Nabokov, Samuel Butler, W. M. Thackeray, Lawrence Sterne, Sir Hugh Walpole, Jin Yong, Sir Kingsley Amis, C. P. Snow, J. G. Ballard, John Fletcher, E. R. Braithwaite,
Iris Murdoch, J. B. Priestley, Patrick White, M. R. James and A. A. Milne were all at Cambridge.
More recently A. S. Byatt, Douglas Adams, Sir Salman Rushdie, Nick Hornby, Zadie Smith, Robert Harris, Sebastian Faulks, Stephen Poliakoff, Michael Frayn, Alan Bennett and Sir Peter Shaffer all studied at the university.
Poets A. E. Houseman, Robert Herrick, William Wordsworth, John Donne, Alfred Tennyson, Lord Byron, Rupert Brooke, John Dryden, Siegfried Sassoon, Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath, John Milton, George Herbert, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Thomas Gray, Edmund Spenser and Sir Muhammad Iqbal
are all associated with Cambridge, as are renowned literary critics F. R. Leavis, Sir William Empson, Lytton Strachey, I. A. Richards, Christopher Isherwood and Peter Ackroyd. Furthermore, at least nine of the Poet Laureates graduated from Cambridge.
Actors and directors such as Lord Richard Attenborough, Sir Ian McKellen, Sir Derek Jacobi, Sir Michael Redgrave, James Mason, Emma Thompson, Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Graham Chapman, Simon Russell Beale, Tilda Swinton, Thandie Newton, Rachel Weisz and Sacha Baron Cohen all studied at the university, as did recently acclaimed directors such as Mike Newell, Sam Mendes, Stephen Frears, Paul Greengrass and John Madden.
The University is also known for its prodigious sporting reputation and has produced many fine athletes, including more than 50 Olympic medalists (6 in 2008 alone); the legendary Chineese six-time world table tennis champion Deng Yaping; the sprinter and athletics hero Harold Abrahams; the inventors of the modern game of Football, Winton and Thring; and George Mallory, the famed mountaineer and possibly the first man ever to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
Notable educationalists to have attended the university include the founders and early professors of Harvard University, including John Harvard himself; Emily Davies, founder of Girton College, the first residential higher education institution for women, and John Haden Badley, founder of the first mixed-sex school in England.
Cambridge also has a strong reputation in the fields of politics and governance, having educated:
Cambridge also maintains a certain pride in the fact that, up until now, nobody affiliated with the university has ever won the infamous Ig Nobel Prize.
Coordinates: 52°12′11″N 0°07′12″E / 52.203°N 0.120°E


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I LOVE hearing from you and feel privileged in all that you share with me (even those "special" stories about how you were terribly glutened and what happened afterwards!).
Have a question or comment? You can contact me directly here or within the blog posts. If for some reason you don't hear back from me in a "timely fashion" it may be due to the following: (a) my energetic nutball crazy children have duct taped me in the pantry again (b) my spirited nutball crazy dogs have eaten my keyboard and/or mouse (c) I have been held captive by bad Reality TV and must regenerate brain cells before I properly respond to you.
Thanks for being a part of the Hold The Gluten family! By the way, it's your turn to host Thanksgiving dinner this year.


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(The following essay was submitted as part of Desert Exposure's October 2016 Writing Contest. It was not chosen as a winner. Nevertheless, I would like to share it with our community. Thank you.)
3.3 Million Acres of Heaven on Earth
Many describe specific places on our planet as "Heaven on Earth". Words used by many to describe these sacred places are "power spots", "vortexes", and even doors to other dimensions. I feel that out of our beautiful Mother Earth birth is given to all of these things and that our Gila National Forest and all of its formations like the Gila River are the greatest manifestations and expressions of her love for us.
Whether we live near or far away, whether hiking, running, cycling, swimming, birding, hunting, or fishing in the Gila this ancient land provides in so many more ways than we expect, demand, and receive from her. The Gila is alive and can never be taken for granted.
I know this because deep within my soul and in the eyes and smiles of my children resides the entire 3.3 million acres. Every morning when the sun rises over the Kneeling Nun and Geronimo nods at us from his mountain in the east, the Gila says good morning and strengthens my heart for the day ahead. Even if times are turbulent and life is challenging, somehow, someway those beams of light, no matter the season, massage my morning eyes and bring peace into my heart preparing me for another day on earth, another breath, another smile and another adventure in our forested lands here in Southwest New Mexico.
Mornings are my most favorite time of day. As I stand in the mist of the dawn, it is that time of day when darkness and light dance together. It is the time of day when the first of female birds announce themselves from the many branches of the thousands of Oaks, Junipers, Pine, and Aspen trees that we are surrounded by. I am sleepy but my ears perk up to listen. This sacred bird announces herself as the feathered one who carries the sun beams that spark the light into another day on earth for us. She is fire and water and we say good morning with the prayers of the night in our hearts.
Greeting Grandfather Sun as we stand on the wild buffalo grass, our face is lifted upward thinking about those who came before us, our ancestors of the Gila who are the mountains, the cliffs, the caves, hills, and the majestic Gila River - all of which is the homeland of the Apaches. Our ancestors are ever present and are listening, watching, and helping us at all times, everywhere. It is at this sacred time in the morning that Mangas, Geronimo, Nana, and Lozen whisper into our ears and breathe into our hearts the message of peace and the eternal call to action in defense of our birthright.
I open my hands and extend my arms for a hug. I want to be embraced this morning and be held like the baby or child that each new day brings in the face of such greatness and ancient harmony that is stoked by every sound, every movement, and every breath of life that resides in this place and in our people. All of this surrounds and envelopes me through my senses and teaches me that heaven and earth are truly one in the same. This is our spiritual path. My day has begun.
Standing on top of any one of the countless hills and mountains after a long trek in the high altitude air that is as fresh and clear as the most pure and translucent quartz crystal, I look around and inhale. My lungs burn slightly and upon exhaling it seems for a brief moment that I can see and feel everything more clearly. I feel energized in my heart too and I know that I am being given another chance to walk upright, straight forward, and immune to the many distractions that create imbalance in our lives. I am thankful for the opportunities the Gila Forest provides in our lives to be better human beings, to be better relatives to each other, and to heal.
I sit on the earth from my rocky perch and look out into the vast wild open lands. The wind begins to blow. Slowly at first and then faster, on to a roar in such a way that while moving through the tall pine trees and their millions of needles and cones I'm reminded of a massive crowd of cheering fans in a stadium who just witnessed their best team score.
I smile at what I perceive to be the Gila's applause for the intention of balance, respect, and harmony that I carry in my heart and mind that is at its core inspired by much time spent in these mountains and the spirit of co-existence that it cultivates in me. In my genetic code flows the electricity of thousands of years of Native tradition and teachings that admonish us to walk softly and live simply on earth leaving everything as it is meant to be. This genetic vibration, our ancient teachings are cosmic in origin and guide us to let the earth be without interference and to allow those who reside in her womb to be alone to live their lives. It has taught us to humble ourselves and show respect for the existence of her creations and those who dwell upon her whom she gives birth to. This in turn helps us to become more fully human. By taking only what we need and leaving enough alone for eternal future generations to benefit from we can enjoy and be inspired by her forever.
As I continue to meditate, the wind is blowing across my face and through my hair. I close my eyes and imagine that I am with so many things that I've seen while in the forest: An Eagle up high floating with open, steady wings spread wide while looking under them and down at what is on the earth below. I feel myself as the red and brown earth that roots the sweet, fragrant sagebrush and provides warm dens for the small animals and insects. I imagine that I am flowing with the water in the Gila River moving ever so swift over smooth, rounded edges of river rocks only to make my way once again to and through every living thing that has ever lived. Like the river water, I feel that I am the swiftness of the deer as it leaps and bounds over tall grasses and skirts around the millions of trees sharing and giving us the oxygen necessary to believe in ourselves once again and to go on living another day and carrying on through the beautiful four seasons of our land and our lives.
I rise and begin to walk. It happens to be summer time and I make my way home to the slow, gentle, rolling thunder off in the distance coming from massive, puffy grey and white clouds that are full of water pulled up from the earth and gathered in the thick cloth of their Monsoon cotton bodies. Returning to us now as heavy droplets of holy rain water being delivered to our communities by the great slopes of the Gila, I am thankful for the mountains that envelope us, that provide for and protect us.
I can smell the electrical pulses in the charged air that the Monsoons bring. Rolling thunder, like all living things, seeks its ultimate expression in transformation. For the clouds over the Gila this always means lightning which is the one of the most powerful sky vehicles in which the energy of our forested earth is nourished and maintains its connection, its path of communication reciprocated continuously and eternally between earth and sky. Knowing this, I pause and take long deep breaths of the charged air. It fills me with the seeds of fire, change, rebirth, revolution, and the spark that the beginning of all life is defined by.
The Gila makes me thankful for my life. In these ways she is a blessing that I cannot even begin to try to understand but to only feel deeply grateful for living in and around. I love her so much that I often times think about her pain. The pain we cause her when we take her for granted. She is so beautiful and has so much to offer that I cannot understand why to those who suffer from the sickness of violence make her their personal target. Sometimes I ask myself why her precious metals - her conductors and transformers - are extracted for profit and it makes me begin to question everything about the way those extractive industries have tried to turn our hearts and minds toward the false idea that a society structured around the abusive, unsustainable use of her flesh and blood is the only way.
What is it in their hearts and minds, I ask God in these quietest of meditative moments, that make it possible for them to continually scratch and claw at her skin opening up deep poisonous wounds that surely energize the stock markets, their bank deposits, their giant tractors, drills and machinery but that leave behind a honey combed earth, deep hollow pits in her bosom, acid burns on her flesh, manmade ponds of poison that have killed the cosmic vibration of that water, and tainted our community's future water downstream? What is it that makes them try to border, coral, and plug her veins of free flowing waters? Do they not see the legacy they are leaving behind for their children and the example they set for others in every part of the world where sacred forests and land like the Gila are being targeted for exploitation? If we cannot protect our own Mother than how can we expect our children to learn the importance of the sacred acts of self-respect, self-love, and self-care?
Some may say that it is only a very small part of the land that is being affected so it won't harm much. But I ask them when they shortsightedly justify their actions if any form of cancer takes the entire body all at once or even kills a living thing immediately? I pray deeply for the Gila to touch their hearts and teach them that immediate survival is never more important than the long term health, well-being, and survival of our earth and her species.
When I engage with others like this the hardest thing to come to terms with is that it's very hard to have a civil discussion or difference of opinion when over many generations they've profited from crises and have chosen to adopt and identify with religious tenets and a worldview that is fueled by the tantalizing energy of power, control, and domination over our natural world. It's even harder to try to resist the way they continue to use science to try to achieve absolute power over nature and empower the fast paced, unsustainable construction of our world that in essence is at the root of every earth crisis and the destructive times we are living in. In the end, the only thing they seem to understand when that way of life is threatened is violent force and unfortunately they have every means for that at their disposal.
But our weapon of peace has always been the Gila. We can always call upon her magical transformative powers to help our fellow human beings heal. Our ancient belief in the power of the Gila, her river, and the harmonic forces of creation that continue to manifest all of her abundance in our lives is the way. It is increasingly becoming apparent that living in harmony with this is our hope and our road to salvation and joining forces with those who have allowed the power of the Gila into their hearts to transform and guide them in their life and relationships is a powerful way toward the life-long pursuit of spiritual evolution and maturity.
There are so many courses of action we can take to preserve our heritage, traditions, and culture that serve to preserve and uplift our beautiful lands, resources, and the forest that grows here. Gardens, Food Forests, small scale water harvesting, growing soil, networking in trade, barter, and sustainable local business that helps rather than harms the earth are the solutions of a new day and a new time.
As we come together this summer to celebrate the 100th birthday of The National Park Service we also begin celebrating and extending the idea that all places in nature should remain pristine and protected for all walks of life. Our Mother Earth, who is a live, sentient being, deserves our recognizing her and validating her as such. The Gila is not in our backyard. The Gila is in our blood. It is our home and the place where we live and grow. As an extension of the protected status we reserve for so many sacred places in our country we have the honor, duty, and responsibility to protect our great National Forest and to do anything and everything in our power to keep the Gila River flowing wild and free.
This essay is written in gratitude for the elements that give us life and to all peoples of the world who are working together to unite, honor, and uplift our voices, songs, and prayers on behalf of our beautiful Mother Earth.
El Machete - ("The Machete serves to cut the cane, to open paths in shadowed woods, to decapitate serpents, to cut down weeds, and to humble the pride of the impious rich.") - Diego Rivera
A resident of San Vicente de la Cienega (Silver City) Mr. Lopez is a husband and father of two sons and a daughter. He is an indigenous Kawiya (Cahuilla) from southern California who is a Social Justice Educator, a Labor Organizer, and teacher and preservationist of Native traditions, language, and culture.
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- The text/css media type is not listed among the registered media types at <ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/media-types/media-types>. Has there been any effort to get it registered? It was my understanding that un-registered media types usually were prefixed with "x-", as in text/x-css. -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: PGP for Personal Privacy 5.0 Charset: noconv iQB1AwUBM+kP1Q/JhtXygIx1AQGmBAMAsfT09sdAPornqD13t3i1+H7k+9HOTLhh OFuy0rJ/gehKR3bWMmU5R1xgw0peoZvdBToevruIxCF/7irm4LiTtwKit/XL9LQC RUSFyd8/p+nz3XLlEkUOwmmvXWncz2AP =RGEm -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- Liam Quinn =============== http://www.htmlhelp.com/%7Eliam/ =============== Web Design Group Enhanced Designs, Web Site Development http://www.htmlhelp.com/ http://enhanced-designs.com/ ====== PGP Key at http://www.htmlhelp.com/%7Eliam/pgp.html =====Received on Wednesday, 6 August 1997 19:58:33 UTC
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Why Summer Is The Best Time To Start Foam Rolling
You're running a few miles a day in your local park and spiking volleyballs on the beach. Maybe you're even dabbling in surfing for the first time or at least stand-up paddle boarding. Summer is in full swing, and you have every intention of being as active as possible.
The only problem? More time spent running, jumping, biking, and walking means tight muscles, and your fascia—the "scaffolding of the body," as mbg class instructor and Taller, Slimmer, Younger author Lo Roxburgh describes it—needs some love. So if you've been meaning to try foam rolling but have been putting it off, this is the season to get started. Here's why.
Counterbalancing summer activities with foam rolling.
While it's good a good idea to complement most activities with a few minutes on your foam roller every day, summer sports are particularly hard on areas of the body that foam rollers can help with. "Running, swimming, and other beach jumping sports such as volleyball and basketball actively use big movers in our hips and back," physical therapist Dara Richman explains. "Ideally those bigger muscle groups should be targeted, including (but not limited to) the lats, glutes, quads."
By now, you've heard about the benefits of active recovery, and your foam roller is a great way to get those benefits quickly and easily. "The foam roller works like the rolling pin, in that when you put weight on it, the pressure you feel as you move over the roller is healing your tissue, smoothing it out and wringing out toxins and scar tissue that build up in the fascia," explains Lo. "This oxygenates the blood, 'lubricates' the joints, and reduces inflammation in the body, all while increasing flexibility and range of motion."
Also, foam rolling helps hydrate connective tissue—and when the temperatures rise, our bodies need all the hydration they can get.
When should you foam roll, and for how long?
Here's the great thing about foam rolling: It doesn't take an hour, or even half an hour. Holly Rilinger, Nike coach and author of Lifted: 28 Days to Focus Your Mind, Strengthen Your Body, and Elevate Your Spirit, says that while foam rolling every day is essential, it's an easy active recovery method to fit in to your busy life. "Make a point of foam rolling for a few minutes each day, either in the morning or evening," she says.
Dara expands on this point, noting that when you choose to foam roll depends on what your goals are. "Before exercise can help to increase blood flow to the muscles and prep the body for mobility while post exercise helps relieve tension built up in the working muscles while helping to facilitate new blood flow and recovery to muscles and tissue. Both are a great way to not only prevent injury, but reduce soreness."
The hidden benefits of foam rolling.
While the obvious benefit of regular foam rolling is looser muscles, Lo makes it clear that the benefits go way beyond that. Rolling also flushes out toxins and emotional energy that can get stuck in the body. "I often say rolling out is like giving yourself an internal juice cleanse, wringing out your tissue, helping your lymphatic system, which is the body's garbage disposal responsible for filtering and flushing toxins from your entire system," she says. "Getting rid of these toxins is vital for that radiant glow and to help flush fat for that healthy summer body and spirit."
Want more active recovery ideas? Find out why the future of fitness is looking lazy, and why slow fitness was what finally worked for one workout fiend.
Ready to learn more about how to unlock the power of food to heal your body, prevent disease & achieve optimal health? Register now for our FREE Functional Nutrition Webinar with Kelly LeVeque.


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Understanding the King.
Throughout a chess game a player hides his King away on the sidelines where it quivers in a perpetual state of martial law exists on the chess board and a
wandering King will be quickly executed by a vindictive Queen and her cohorts.This matriarchy exists as long as the all-powerful Queens roam. Eventually though, all goes quiet; the warring factions have bludgeoned each other into oblivion and only the kings and a few faithful pawns are left ( a remaining Knight, Bishop, or Rook may also exist, acting as small dogs that bark and snap at the King's heels).
When the board is finally cleared of hostile pieces the kings finally become supreme. Now, safe from attack from the extinct larger pieces, the Kings are free to leave their respective bunkers and go for a stroll. At times what's left of the two male run armies give up hostilities and make peace - a draw is declared. More often the not though, the King, so recently freed from the bullying presence of the dominating Queen, finds himself lonely. He misses his lay and goes in search of a new one. Thus the queening of a pawn becomes his sole ambition and he roams the face of the board in an effort to turn this dream into reality.
Therefore, it is necessary to understand the basic movements of the King and the relation that the opposing Kings have to each other.
The fight between Kings to determine which one is stronger is called the opposition.
Both Kings would like to advance but they are placed in a way that prevents their counterpart from doing so. In this type of situation it is disadvantageous to have the move since you must then give up control of one of the critical 'X' squares and allow the enemy king to advance. With this in mind, we can see that White to move gives Black the opposition since 1 Kd3 allows 1 ... Kb4, ehilr 1Kb3 allows 1 ... Kd4. In both cases, Black's King is making headway into White's position.
The following diagram demonstrates the same concept, only in extended form,
This is called the distant opposition, The rule is : Whoever is to move when there is an odd number of squares between the Kings does not have the opposition. ther reverse is : Whoever is to move when there is an even number of squares between the King does have the opposition. If they continue to walk towards each other we will arrive at diagram 1 again.
These same rules also apply to diagonals. If it is White to move then who has the opposition? The answer is that white does since there is an even number of squares between the Kings. This White would play 1 Kb2 which would leave Black on the move with an odd number of squares between the KIngs.
It now should not be difficult to determine who has the opposition when the Kings connect on a rank, file or diagonal. But what if they fail to connect altogether? Does one then need to work out difficult mathematical formulas? Hardly! Let us look at the following diagram.
In nonconnecting situations the rule is : Move the King to a square or rectangel in which each corner is the same colour That is illustrated in the following diagram.
White has just Played 1 Kb2. Theconnecting points b2, b8, f8, and f2 are all dark squares and form a rectangle. After 1 Kb2 White has the opposition. Let's see if I'm telling truth,
1 ... Ke8 ( ...Kf7 2 Kb3 gives us direct diagonal opposition) 2 Kc2 Kf8 ( Kd7 3 Kd3 or 2 ...Kd8 3 Kd2 both give us direct connection)
3 Kd2 Kg8 4 Ke2 Kh8 5 Kf2 Kh7 6 Kf3 Kh8 7 Kf4 and black can no longer avoid a direct connection ( 7...Kh7 8 Kf5; 7...Kg7 8 Kg5 ; 7 ...Kg8 8 Kg4)
Note that each time someone moves , a new series of connection points are formed.


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2017 Customer Reviews
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Jackie S. – 12/7/17
As always, their service has been fantastic! We absolutely love the fact that they are green. We have peace of mind that we're not being harmed by harsh chemicals, and that kids are also safe. Once they're done with their visit, the house smells amazing because of the oils that are sprayed throughout. Their methods have been very effective at removing a few field mice that entered our home. They checked through every crevice outside to cover up any holes and inside added oils that made it very uncomfortable for the little guys and they peacefully went away. The idea of using glue traps or the other snappy ones really made us very uncomfortable. We also had a wasp situation that was a little tricky to address and they patiently worked with us to remedy it. We've had peace of mind when using their service and highly recommend it to anyone looking for an effective and green exterminator. Thanks so much for being there for us."
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DIRECT REFERRALS FOR FREE with every Upgrade or Advertising Pack.
Not only are you familiar with Dilbert as a member of the business world, but as a boss in the business world, you probably even think that Dilbert is sometimes funny. After all, these cartoons are not making fun of you, right? But then again, it is easy to second-guess this sentiment when you start to see Dilbert cartoons tacked up on the cubicle walls of your employees. Of course, at first, it feels like you are just being overly paranoid to think that a cartoon strip could have any effect on the morale of your employees, but it is also difficult to shed from your mind those articles that talked about how Dilbert actually can have a negative effect on employees. And so the question becomes, are Dilbert cartoons bad for employee morale? First off all, one must remember that humor and laughter is good for morale. Certainly, these cartoons are posted on people's walls because they induced a laugh, so this is a sign in the right direction. The issue, of course, is that many of these cartoons induce laughs by poking fun at corporate culture. And when you see a cartoon on someone's wall where the boss is made fun of, it is difficult to keep your mind from wandering to the question: Why did this employee post this particular cartoon on their wall? But the solution to the problem might be more complicated than just banning these comic strips. After all, it is unlikely that banning these strips would have any effect except to make employees think that you are out of touch with the way they feel. Instead of reacting brashly and ordering all Dilbert strips to be taken down from cubicle walls, a better approach is to look at the strips yourself. Many of these strips are funny because they poke fun at the way businesses are run; if your employees think that these strips are applicable enough to be tacked on their cubicle wall, the problem might not be with the strip itself. The problem might be a whole lot closer to home; perhaps the problem is with your company and the way it is run! While some might think it is trivial to turn Dilbert into a topic of serious discussion, many businesses have, in fact, banned these cartoons from cubicle walls. If you are wanting to improve morale around your office, do not alienate employees by acting in this manner; instead, take a look at the way your business is run, and aim to improve morale by improving your business!


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DURANT, Okla. – Southeastern Oklahoma State University will honor three Distinguished Alumni during homecoming festivities on September 22-23-24.
This year's honorees are William Fahrendorf, Bill Groom, and Lee Lipscomb. They will be recognized at the Southeastern Alumni Association's Distinguished Awards Banquet on Friday, September 23, at 5:30 p.m. in the Visual and Performing Arts Center.
In addition, all of the current and former Distinguished Alumni will be introduced in pre-game ceremonies on Saturday, September 24, as Southeastern takes on Southern Nazarene in a 2 p.m. kickoff at Paul Laird Field.
"This year's group of honorees is truly exceptional,'' said Southeastern president Sean Burrage. "They have demonstrated a high standard of excellence in their chosen fields, while serving as great ambassadors for Southeastern for many, many years. Their success also serves as an inspiration for our current students and the dreams they have.''
William Fahrendorf serves as Executive Vice President/Chief Administration Officer of First United Bank. In this role, he oversees the planning and directing of the bank's staff and service functions; develops and oversees staff and service policies, objectives and initiatives; and monitors operational performances.
Fahrendorf's banking career began in 1971, over 45 years ago, with Durant Bank and Trust Company, a one-location operation with $23 million inassets. First United is now a $3.2 billion financial institution serving 30-plus communities in Oklahoma and Texas.
While working at Durant Bank and Trust and carrying a full college course load, Fahrendorf also served his country as a Staff Sergeant and Drill Instructorwith the 95th Division of the United States Army Reserve. He is a 1976 graduate of Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
Known for his quiet, low-key manner, Fahrendorf is also recognized for his local and state leadership in service to the governance of the Oklahoma Public Education System. He wasappointed to the Durant School Board to serve the remainder of a term in 1989 and remained on the board until 2000. He was also elected to the Oklahoma State School Board Association and served from 1994 until 2000. In 1998, he served as the association's President.
Along with his success in business and stewardship of Oklahoma's public schools, Fahrendorf's contributions to Southeastern Oklahoma State University are also significant.
He served on the Southeastern Foundation's Board of Trustees from 1989 to 2010, and as chairman from 1997 until his retirement in 2010. During his tenure, the assets of the Foundation more than quadrupled.
Fahrendorf, and his wife Pam, a retired Chair of Computer Science at SOSU, reside in Durant and have three daughters and four grandchildren. His family has established a fully-fundedendowed scholarship.
Bill Groom has enjoyed a long career as a successful television and film designer.
Groom graduated from Southeastern in 1972 with a double major in art and theatre. He earned a Master's in Fine Arts degree in Theater Design from Tulane University in 1974.
He was the recipient of a record four consecutive Emmys for his work on HBO's "Boardwalk Empire.'' Other recent TV credits include HBO's "Vinyl,'' and "When We Rise," an ABC TV 7-part series about the history of the LGBTQ movement that will air next year.
Among Groom's other credits is a 7-year stint as the art director of the popular TV comedy show, "Saturday Night Live'' on NBC.
Since leaving SNL in 1984, he has worked on hundreds of TV shows and scores of movies, including "Milk," "Eat, Pray, Love," "A League Of Their Own" and "Preacher's Wife."
Prior to his career in television and film design, Groom taught in the Theater Department of State University of New York at Stony Brook.
Groom, originally from California, Missouri, is married to the Rev. Dr. Jane Ann Looney Groom, also a Southeastern graduate. Their two sons both work in the entertainment industry. Brooklyn, New York, and a tiny hamlet in the Catskills are home to the Grooms.
Lee Lipscomb enjoyed a successful 42-year career with Engstrom, Lipscomb & Lack in Los Angeles, a law firm he co-founded in 1974. He retired in 2014.
Lipscomb graduated from Durant High School and earned a bachelor's degree in economics from Southeastern in 1961.
Four decades as a litigator in California found Lipscomb and his company in the thick of many interesting cases. In the early years, the firm primarily defended aviation insurance companies, but his ties to Lloyds of London Underwriters led to high profile cases involving entertainment law and motion picture litigation.
Lipscomb handled the Lloyds' claims of MGM arising from the death of actress Natalie Wood and was successful in forcing MGM to finish her last, nearly completed film, "Brainstorm." He also worked on the case of Bette Davis, when the movie star walked off the set of her last film, "Wicked Stepmother."
Engstrom, Lipscomb & Lack is also well-known known as lead counsel in the Hinckley and Kettleman, California, water contamination cases against Pacific Gas & Electric Company. This resulted in approximately $700 million recovered for 1,500 clients and is commonly referred to as the "Erin Brockovich" case.
During his summers in high school and college, Lipscomb worked as a firefighter with the U.S Forest Service. This included a five-year stint as a parachute firefighter. He completed his military service with the U.S. Army Reserve in 1968.
After his firefighting career, Lipscomb obtained his Commercial, Multi-Engine instrument and instructor pilot ratings. He then started an independent aircraft insurance claims adjusting company and later incorporated Aero Loss Adjustors, Inc., which he operated for four years while attending the Southwestern University School of Law in Los Angeles.
Lipscomb enjoys retirement life with his family — wife Robin, two sons, a stepdaughter and two grandchildren. The Lipscombs currently reside in Jackson, Wyoming.


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See This Report on Passive Income In Tfyr Macedonia
Many people imagine life following passive income as laying on a beach all day without a care in the world. The actual point of earning passive income is not to sit around on your bum all day. Its to spare your time to perform more fulfilling ventures.Passive income is freedom.
An escape from the 9-to-5 job. There are dozens of ways to generate passive income. Here are our favourite 31. Passive Income: What it is and Why You Want ItThere is a lot of chatter in the personal finance world about passive income, why you need it and how good it is.
The smart Trick of Passive Income Ideas In Tfyr Macedonia That Nobody is Discussing
This includes royalties from publications, videos, or songs and also revenue that comes from property investments or business investments where you dont need to be present to earn it.Some passive income thoughts take a degree of upfront work to earn, like writing an e-book and some dont require any effort in any way, such as investing using a robo advisor.Having passive income flows might not substitute your entire salary if you were to lose your job but having something coming in is much better than having nothing coming in.
It doesnt usually work like that. While some people today make a fantastic living from one kind of passive income, its more common you will have small amounts from a couple of different sources coming in.Choose a few things that sound interesting to you and try them out. Try to choose a couple that do require some work as an e-commerce website and a few that dont like buying dividend yielding stocks.Something will appear which either you enjoy the maximum or is making the most money.
The Greatest Guide To Passive Income In Tfyr Macedonia - Passive Income Ideas
Put a little time and effort into it. Most of us hear stories about blogs making thousands of dollars a month but what we dont know is how much time and effort went into that blog before it was able to break even, never mind make money.Get our very best money lessons:How to Use This ListEach suggestion is ranked by how much effort you need to put in up front before you could begin seeing some money come in.
You should try out some of the very low effort passive income ideas and one or two of the higher effort ones and see which work best for you.InvestingInvesting is the ultimate and most accessible type of passive income. You can undoubtedly devote lots of time to researching companies and important site markets, but you dont have to do that to invest.
4 Easy Facts About Passive Income In Tfyr Macedonia - Passive Income Ideas Explained
There's no minimum to investthe prices are low, between 0.25-0.40 percent, and also you dont have to know anything about money or investing to begin. Betterment offers automatic rebalancing and tax reduction harvesting.To make things even easier, you can set up automatic deposits from your checking account or savings account into your Betterment account.
As it turns out, Acorns will pay you $5 to start investing together for as little as $1. Thats a 500% return, and its probably time you began investing for your future. They even have features like round-up and found money that lets you find free money from places you already shop at.
Chances are the funds in your account are filled with fees and that should scare you try this out even 1% in fees can consume 25% of your returns over 30 years.Not only will they slash your charges so that you keep more for retirement, theyll also rebalance your portfolio based on your age and provide open-ended fiduciary grade advice.Want to know whether you have to refinance your mortgage Request them.
Plus, they will present your retirement accounts a free analysis so if youre of the DIY kind you can just take their advice and go implement it for free.Personal Capital: Personal Capital has a minimum that is out of reach for many of us, $100,000. The prices they charge are also greater than a fellow robo advisors at 0.49-0.89%.
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And the more information that you have, the more intelligent your investment decisions will be. You can use Personal Capital to monitor the performance of your investments throughout all your accounts. Additionally they also have a 401k charge analyzer. Weve talked in the past about how even seemingly tiny fees can eat into your retirement accounts.
Equipped with this information, you can move your money to an account with reduced fees, like Vanguard which charges just 0.20percent and has a list of excellent performance.We did a complete overview check this site out of Personal Capital and an overview of the 401k fee analyzer because we feel its important.Vanguard: Vanguard has a minimum of $50,000 and a fee of 0.3%.


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|Looks like Ringo's new CD is finished.
Thursday, 15 June 2017
Ringo 2017
6 comments:
- Tony said...
Ringo 2012 was a terrible title. If the new one is Ringo 2017, then that would be even worse.
- 18 June 2017 at 22:58
Hey, news about the next July 6? A release or something?
- 19 June 2017 at 20:42
- Edward Russell said...
Let's hope the album is a lot better than Ringo 2012 .
- 20 June 2017 at 13:47
- Debjorgo said...
Ringo 2012 had a lot of good music on it. I loved Anthem and the Wings remake. I already had Think it Over from the Buddy Holly album. Slow Down was great. I don't recall anything I didn't like.
- 20 June 2017 at 23:28
- Michael Best said...
I love the cover image of Ringo bursting through a wall with peace hand signs. In 2017, a photo of someone knocking down a wall could easily be seen as a political statement, that peace and love trumps the building of walls between people. In this sense, the title Ringo 2017 would be apt. (Or am I reading too much into it?)
- 21 June 2017 at 15:06
- RAJ said...
I think Ringo is punching through the wall that surrounds his home in California! ;-)
- 21 June 2017 at 17:13


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A look at voters and polling places around the country on Election Day
See Gallery
Voting is one of the most important rights American citizens are able to exercise.
Elections are held on some level, from assorted states up to the Oval Office, every single year. 2016 happens to be a year in which we're not only electing a new president, but also 34 senators, 11 governors and all 435 members of the House of Representatives.
Polling places can vary from schools to county election offices to office buildings. If you're unsure of how late your local polling place is open, you can check a state-by-state list here.
Take a look above at citizens around the country supporting their candidates of choice and making their voices heard in one of the most historic elections the U.S. has ever seen.
Related: Meet the voters who were able to get their ballots in early:
See Gallery


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If Kellermann's data pool were a 50/50 split of urban and rural households, he would never get the results he intended because so many of those households would own guns without anyone being murder.
This is why epidemiologists, pollsters, quality controllers and statisticians exist. Nothing is fifty-fifty. And you can't poll everyone and you can't test each and every part and you can't ensure every side is evenly distributed.
The fact is Kellermann controlled for owning v renting, rural v urban, poor v affluent and a ton of other variables. TS still refuses to read the study which indicates he either cannot read or doesn't understand what he does read.


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Police have released details of a third attack on sheep in the Ballyholland area of Co Down in as many weeks.
They are appealing for witness to the latest incident which occurred some time between Wednesday and Friday.
Chief Inspector Roy Robinson said: "It was reported that some time between 8.30pm on Wednesday, 05 July and 8pm last night, Friday 7 July three sheep were attacked and killed.
"This is the second brutal attack on animals in the local area in recent days and we would appeal to the public for their assistance in dealing with these incidents.
"I am appealing that anyone with information that can assist with the investigation contact officers in Newry on 101 quoting reference number 1246 of 07/07/17. Information can also be passed anonymously via the independent charity Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111."
The first attack on sheep occurred in June at the Mass Rock Road, Ballyholland while the two other incidents took place during the past week. In both the ears were cut off the sheep.


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KS2 Teacher - Full-time
- Recruiter
- Location
- New Road, Sheerness, Kent
- Salary
- Main Scale and up to UP2
- Posted
- 01 Nov 2018
- Closing date
- 26 Nov 2018
- Ref
- Industry
- Schools, Primary teaching, Age 7-11
- Job level
- Experienced (non manager)
- Hours
- Full time
- Contract
- Permanent
- Listing type
- Job vacancy
Pay: Main Scale and up to UP2
Start Date: Jan 2019
Are you a dynamic teacher determined to change the life chances of children? We are keen to receive applications from those starting out on their career or those with more experience and eager to take on more of a middle leadership role. If you agree with our core values of Respect, Kindness, Forgiveness, Trust, Love and Achieve then we want to hear from you.
We are seeking to appoint a teacher with recent experience of teaching the Key Stage 2 curriculum. Knowledge and understanding of the expectations of assessment and moderation are essential.
We are working so hard to improve pupil's outcomes and we want someone who is prepared to go 'the extra mile' and join us on our journey to make St Edward's an even more great and fantastic school.
We can offer you:
- Amazing, well behaved, polite children who deserve the very best teachers.
- Supportive parents and governors and a strong PTA
- A determined, dedicated and caring team that will support you in whatever stage of career you are
- We are part of the Island Collaboration of schools as well as KCSP who share excellence and offer support
- An opportunity to be part of our journey, going from strength to strength each and every day.
Can you offer us:
- Enthusiasm - to teach, to be part of our school community and team and to make a difference
- Confident and competent subject knowledge
- Willingness to embrace the Catholic ethos of our school
- Great, inspirational teaching - wonderment and awe!
- Strategies to ensure all succeed irrespective of their starting points
We really want to meet you so do come and visit us.
This school and all its personnel are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young persons. The post is subject to a DBS check, references and the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006.
Closing Date: 23/11/2018 at 12:00
Interviews: 28th November 2018
Information about the school
St. Edward's Catholic Primary School is a small one form entry school in the heart of Sheerness. We attract pupils from all faiths.
We have an amazing and dedicated staff team who are all committed to improving the life chances of each and every child they work with.
St Edward's is part of the Kent Catholic Schools Partnership. It prides itself on being a Catholic Multi Academy Trust that welcomes all. We also work in collaboration with other Island schools and share many CPD opportunities.
We are rapidly improving with an ambitious and exciting vision for the future of our school. Come and see for yourself.
Our School and all its personnel are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the children. This post is subject to an Enhanced Disclosure Application to the Disclosure and Barring Service.
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Infant & Toddler
KSIT009 - Imbucare Box w/ Small Cylinder
Product Description
This set includes a box with a door, and a small, red cylinder.
This imbucare box helps your child to recognize different shapes of the same size.
The purpose of this unit is to develop hand eye coordination,to develop concentration,to refine fine motor skills.It also greatly improved the fun of the toy.


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Image source: photographed at the San Gabriel Mission Museum.
This station is drawn from church tradition and isn't found in the Gospel accounts of Jesus. In brief, the story is that Veronica, moved by the sight of Jesus suffering, used her veil to wipe the face of Jesus. We shall set aside the question of whether the event actually happened or not.
In the art pieces, the central figures are of course Veronica and Jesus. Also, take a look around and see the other faces and figures observing the scene. Who is sympathetic? Who seem angry? Who seems indifferent?
Let's put ourselves into the place of Veronica. On one hand, what she did was a small thing. But in context, it was a big thing. If her action was taken with no one seeing it, Jesus would know the compassion in her heart. But her small deed of compassion was done in full view of people among which were people NOT sympathetic and even outright OPPOSED to Jesus.
Does this remind you of one of the teachings of Jesus?
Matthew 25:34-40
Then the king will say to those at his right hand, 'Come, you that are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world; for I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me, I was naked and you gave me clothing, I was sick and you took care of me, I was in prison and you visited me.' Then the righteous will answer him, 'Lord, when was it that we saw you hungry and gave you food, or thirsty and gave you something to drink? And when was it that we saw you a stranger and welcomed you, or naked and gave you clothing? And when was it that we saw you sick or in prison and visited you?' And the king will answer them, 'Truly I tell you, just as you did it to one of the least of these who are members of my family, you did it to me.' (NRSV)
We are to extend kindness and compassion to those in need regardless of whether they could pay it back or even pay it forward. In the Matthew 25 teaching, in the second half of it, there is a group of people who say, 'Lord, when was it that we saw you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or sick or in prison, and did not take care of you?' (v. 44). The subtext of their statement is, we would have done those things if we knew it was you O king! To which the king replied, Truly I tell you, just as you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to me (v. 45).
And what of Jesus? What did he do for the least of these … for us … for me. Jesus died for us … for me while we were … I was yet a sinner.
I stand amazed in the presence
of Jesus the Nazarene,
and wonder how he could love me,
a sinner, condemned, unclean.
How marvelous! How wonderful!
And my song shall ever be:
How marvelous! How wonderful
is my Savior's love for me!
— Charles H. Gabriel


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"To workout or not to workout. That is a dumb question!"
If you know me, you know I workout fairly regularly. I've gotten into the habit of going to gym at least 3-4 times a week and I'm proud of that - especially not having any sort of fitness background, and being a generally lazy person (just being honest here - I love the vegging out on the couch as much as the next girl!).
Of course, going to the gym isn't always easy, and in fact, often times I don't feel like going. But, it always holds true that when I do go, I'm always so glad that I did.
I put together a small list of ideas to help those of you trying to get (back) into a routine. These things have helped me TREMENDOUSLY and I know they'll help you.
1. Get a buddy.
Funny story - when I first started getting into the gym, I got on Craigslist (yes - Craigslist - it's actually kind of creepy) to find a workout buddy, and guess what? I did! My first workout partner was a girl named Claire and let me tell ya, we were dedicated! Sometimes we met TWICE a day at the gym (morning and after work). Claire got me running - for the first time ever, and let me work out with her and her trainer. Claire and I eventually parted ways (weddings, jobs, babies, you know how it goes) but it wasn't long after that I started working out with coworkers. I started off going running with one guy, and then, two girls joined the same gym and three of us eventually all chipped in to get a personal trainer!
2. Get a Personal Trainer.
That same personal trainer was the one who got me in tip-top shape for my wedding day! (Personal trainers are a great resource if you DON'T have a gym buddy.) Below is a picture of the personal trainer I have at my work gym. His name is Larry but we call him Scary Larry because of his crazy workouts!
I think the convenience of a work gym makes a huge difference, but to be honest, I wouldn't go as often as I do if it wasn't for this girl, Karlye! She keeps me dedicated! We try to go at least twice a week to workout with Scary Larry.
There's also my hubby who keeps me going to crossfit. There are so many nights after work, when I just want to go home, but I know he's pumped and ready for Crossfit, so I go! (Again, it's the buddy system. Refer to #1)
I swear gym buddies make the biggest difference!
3. Do workouts that make you happy!
I've gotten to a point where I don't particularily enjoy traditional weight lifting or using weight machines in the gym. I've never really enjoyed weight lifting (until I started CrossFit and began doing Olympic lifts), so if I'm going to the gym after work, it's more than likely going to be to go to a class, do some running, or come up with a routine using my workout sticks. I'm not going to force myself to do something I don't enjoy. If I did force myself, chances are I'd half-ass it or quit really early on. Hate running? (Or, like most people, cardio in general?) Then try weight lifting at the gym - everyone's different. I really like this beginner's guide for weight lifting.
4. Change at work for an after-work sweat fest, or sleep in your clothes to workout first thing.
It sounds silly but it's so true! Once you're dressed, you're practically out the door. Of course this isn't a sure thing (what is?), but you're one step closer. This has really worked for me lately. I used to workout at lunch and going after work has been HARD. Around 4 or 4:30, I'm thinking of ways to bail out. But then, I get dressed and voila, suddenly, I feel like going. Suddenly, I AM GOING.
5. Challenge yourself.
I love a good challenge, especially one that helps me get into a habit bootcamp style. If you're trying to get into the habit of getting to the gym, challenge yourself to go 4 days a week next week. But like REALLY challenge yourself, don't just say it and then not do it. Declare it and then actually follow through.
This is me challenging myself to do a pull-up. Even with a band they're hard!
6. Track your progress.
I love Streaks for tracking my progress sticking to an everyday goal. I've been using it to hold myself accoubtable for practicing handstands and eating paleo. If you've set a challenge to go to the gym 3 times a week throughout January (read above), find someway to track your progress. I'm a huge fan of visual motivators - try making a calendar out of sticky notes like I did, or any of these tactics to stay inspired.
What tactics do you use to get to the gym?
Is going to the gym part of your routine?


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Browsing Category Video Game
Dead Rising Wallpaper Set.
Final fantasy XII Wallpaper Set.
Hey what's up everybody, sorry I have been a bit inactive the last few days. I am currently playing Final Fantasy XII, so I thought it called for a wallpaper set. ENJOY!
Side Note: In my honest opinion Final Fantasy XII is one of the most underrated games of all time. The gambit system is genius, and very fun to use.


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Francellia Bandy Testimonial
Genenratonal Property Solution Inc. in Hamptom, GA
I just want to give shout out Mel Feller my coach thanks for the wealth of knowledge. and the support. I am hype to were my company is going being connected to the Fortune Builders family. Looking forward to the next wholesalers boot camp !
* These examples depicting income or earnings are NOT to be interpreted as common, typical, expected, or normal for an average student. Although we have numerous documented successful deals from our coaching students, we cannot track all of our students' results, and therefore cannot provide a typical result. You should assume that the average person makes little to no money or could lose money as there is work and risk associated with investing in real estate. The students depicted have participated in advanced FortuneBuilders' training and coaching. The participants shown are not paid for their stories; however, some of the students depicted may also be a FortuneBuilders' coach, and our coaches are compensated for their services. We believe in full transparency, so please read our Earnings and Income Disclaimers and Terms of Use.


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Feeling FM 91.9 provides the best programming during the day.
The musical selection pleases the preferences of the public like for example: 80's, 90's, Contemporary Adults, Music in Spanish, Oldies, Pop.
To know more about their programming you can visit its website, or its social networks.
Website: http://fmfeeling.com
Facebook: feelingfm919
Twitter: @radiofeeling


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Hans Engel began his current role of Chairman and CEO of BASF Corporation and Chief Financial Officer, BASF SE in May of 2010.
A lawyer by training, Hans began his BASF career in legal department in 1988. In 1993, he performed a one-year delegation in BASF's North American headquarters in Mount Olive, NJ, returning to BASF's legal department in Ludwigshafen the following year.
In 1996, he was named staff to Chairman of the Board of Directors Jürgen Strube, and took over as the Managing Director of BASF Schwarzheide in eastern Germany in 1997.
In 2000, Hans returned to the U.S. after accepting the position of BASF Corporation's Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.
Beginning in 2006, he played a major leadership role in the acquisition and integration of Engelhard Corp. and the establishment of BASF's Global Catalysts Division.
Following the integration, Hans accepted a position on BASF SE's Board of Executive Directors, serving as President, Legal, Taxes and Insurance. In 2008, Hans was named Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Wintershall Holding GmbH and Wintershall AG, helping to shape the success of BASF's oil and gas business throughout the world. Since 2010, he has also served as a member of the Supervisory Board of Cognis GmbH.
In addition to these responsibilities, as a member of the BASF Board, Hans leads all activities in the North American business region including BASF Corporation in the U.S., BASF Canada, BASF Mexicana and the Global Catalysts Division.
Hans studied law at the Universities of Göttingen and Freiburg, completed his legal training at the Higher Regional Court, Oldenburg, and holds a doctorate from the University of Göttingen, Germany.
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The CNC controlled beam coping systems of Voortman are the only robotic systems in the world today combined with a roller feed measuring system for total flexibility and accuracy. The advantages of a roller feed measuring system includes space saving, the possibility to produce beams with an unlimited length, higher production speed with significant time savings.
The V806M is a beam coping system with a universal six axis industrial robot especially designed for cutting I-beams, H-beams, channels, angles, rectangular tubes and flat-bars. The system is capable of cutting in both flanges (from left and right side) and the web (from above) of beams and can also carry out web and flange bevels.
The V808M is designed and built using an industrial robot, which has the flexibility to cut all possible copes, contours and produce layout marks on steel profiles. This provides not only an enormous freedom to design and produce structures with the most complex connections and copes, but also a significant increase in production speed.