text:
- Review
- Open Access
Diversity and function of bacterial microbiota in the mosquito holobiont
- Guillaume Minard1,
- Patrick Mavingui1Email author and
- Claire Valiente Moro1Email author
© Minard et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
- Received: 19 March 2013
- Accepted: 8 May 2013
- Published: 20 May 2013
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) have been shown to host diverse bacterial communities that vary depending on the sex of the mosquito, the developmental stage, and ecological factors. Some studies have suggested a potential role of microbiota in the nutritional, developmental and reproductive biology of mosquitoes. Here, we present a review of the diversity and functions of mosquito-associated bacteria across multiple variation factors, emphasizing recent findings. Mosquito microbiota is considered in the context of possible extended phenotypes conferred on the insect hosts that allow niche diversification and rapid adaptive evolution in other insects. These kinds of observations have prompted the recent development of new mosquito control methods based on the use of symbiotically-modified mosquitoes to interfere with pathogen transmission or reduce the host life span and reproduction. New opportunities for exploiting bacterial function for vector control are highlighted.
- Mosquito
- Microbiome
- Symbiont
- Extended phenotype
- Bacterial community
Sustained relationships between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are known to be an important factor in the evolution and speciation of the interacting partners [1]. The classic example of this evolutionary process is the mitochondrion, an organelle essential for cell metabolism in eukaryotes that derives from a bacterial ancestor [2]. Another example is summed up in the coral probiotic hypothesis proposed by Reshef et al. (2006) which posits that corals can adapt to their environment by changing their symbiotic bacteria [3]. The symbiotic relationships between microbiota, whether algae, archaebacteria, eubacteria, protozoa or viruses, and their invertebrate host were shown to contribute to the acquisition of resistance to pathogens or tolerance to abiotic stresses [3, 4]. Rosenberg et al. (2007) recently proposed the hologenome theory to explain such interactions between higher organisms and microbiota [5]. The hologenome theory is based on the concept that higher organisms are not dissociable from their microbial partners, and so together form a unit of selection in which genes from the interacting partners are pooled for the global function of the holobiont [6].
There are numerous examples of microbes influencing so-called extended phenotypes of different taxa, particularly insects which establish association with microbial communities ranging from parasitism to mutualism [7, 8]. Bacterial endosymbionts are now known to play roles in many key insect functions such as nutrition, reproduction, development or protection against enemies [8]. For example, the facultative bacterium Hamiltonella defensa makes phytophagous aphids more resistant to parasitic wasps [9], whereas the primary symbiont Buchnera aphidicola provides essential amino acids [10]. The bacterium Wigglesworthia glossinidi is thought to provide vitamins to the hematophagous tsetse fly, an important vector of African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, and benefits in return from carbon sources and protection from the insect host [11, 12].
Mosquitoes, the Culicidae family, number more than 3,500 different species with a worldwide distribution [13]. Most species described are in the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex including several blood feeding members able to transmit pathogens to humans and animals, a great concern for public health [14]. Anopheles mostly transmit parasites such as Plasmodium, whereas Aedes and Culex are responsible for the transmission of arboviruses including Dengue (Flavivirus), Chikungunya (Alphavirus) or Japanese Encephalitis viruses, and filariases such as Wuchereria bancrofti or Onchocerca volvulus. Despite intensive efforts, many mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) are increasing worldwide, partly due to the lack of effective vaccines against etiological agents, but also due to global changes in human activities, especially international travel and trade, that have expanded the distribution of mosquito species previously confined to particular regions. To face these outbreaks, new control strategies based on manipulation of the mosquito hosts and their microbial partners have been proposed recently [15]. A well-known example of this in action is the use of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia[16, 17]. This bacterium has a direct impact on the development of some mosquito species by shortening the insect life span, and has indirect effects interfering with pathogen replication and dissemination that affect the vector transmission ability [18, 19].
Other than Wolbachia, the interactions between mosquitoes and their associated microbiota have yet to be investigated in depth. Most of the published studies describe bacterial diversity and how it varies according to particular factors. Nevertheless, a common conclusion is that a more comprehensive analysis of symbiotic mosquito interactions is needed at evolutionary and functional levels. Better knowledge of the biological impacts will enable the development of efficient biocontrol approaches for MBD. The present work provides an overview of the diversity of symbiotic bacteria and potential functions in the biology of mosquitoes, and highlights the current and future applications in symbiont-based mosquito control strategies.
I-Bacterial diversity and variation in mosquitoes
Complementary approaches are needed for in-depth analyses of microbial communities in complex ecosystems. Both culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques have been used to explore mosquito microbiota. Some microflora can be cultured by using various isolation procedures and media so that bacterial taxa can be identified [20–31] (for details see Additional file 1). The main difficulty of the culture-dependent approach is in recreating the complex physicochemical environment of the insect body [32]. To overcome this limitation and more thoroughly identify bacteria hosted by mosquito populations, culture-independent methods such as Denaturating Gradient Gel Electrophoresis fingerprints, taxonomic microarrays, and meta-taxogenomics can be used (Additional file 1). For example, such molecular approaches, mainly based on analyzing the sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rrs), have repeatedly shown the dominance of phylum Proteobacteria in mosquitoes [22–24, 28, 33–35]. Some bacterial taxa are often under-represented in results of these global methods, but primers targeting a particular region of rrs or other house-keeping genes can be designed to specifically test for their prevalence in mosquitoes [28, 36, 37]. While these methods are partially successful, they do not give complete overviews of the mosquito-associated bacterial populations. High-throughput sequencing methods are now being implemented to reveal the previously underestimated microbial diversity, and how certain factors impact the composition and structure of these bacterial populations during the life cycle of mosquitoes [33–35]. Microbial communities may be influenced by host intrinsic factors (species, developmental stage, tissue tropism and genetics), the dynamics of intra- and inter-specific interactions and environmental factors.
Host species
Localization in insect host
Bacteria colonize different organs in mosquitoes, mainly the midgut and to a lesser extent salivary glands and reproductive organs [22, 24, 25, 28, 42, 43]. As in most animal models, the insect gut is a key organ for nutrition and is now considered as being immune-competent [24, 32]. The gut is an interface with the external environment and provides resources and space that may be favorable to the multiplication of microorganisms ingested [32]. Active gut bacteria contribute to mosquito digestion through the release of lytic enzymes [44]. In some insect species such as aphids, beetles or cockroaches, specialized structures have evolved for microbial endosymbiosis called bacteriocytes or mycetocytes, which are known to be involved in functions including nutrition and immunity [10, 45, 46]. None of these structures has been described in mosquitoes. Insect salivary glands, ovaries and hemolymph are also known to be key organs for virus or parasite replication, but surprisingly the bacterial content of these organs in mosquitoes has not been fully characterized. Nevertheless, these organs were specifically screened for some bacterial endosymbionts. For example, the bacterium Asaia was detected in salivary glands and reproductive systems of different mosquitoes including Ae. aegypti, An. gambiae and An. stephensi[36, 40, 47]. The endosymbiont Wolbachia was also detected in the head, muscles, Malpighian tubules, ovaries and testes of Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus[48, 49]. Strikingly, Wolbachia was also found in Ae. albopictus hemolymph, a fluid which is generally assumed to be bacteria-free [48]. If multiple cell tropisms occur for bacterial partners that are almost fixed in the host population, it is not unreasonable to envisage that a physiological role is yet to be discovered.
Sex of mosquito
The sex of the mosquito is also an important factor that affects bacterial microbiota composition. Male and female mosquitoes exhibit different ecological behaviors in terms of nutritional and dispersal capabilities. Both sexes feed on nectar and plant saps and are able to hydrolyze sucrose, but females are also hematophagous. Indeed, female mosquitoes are anautogenous as they require blood for the completion of their reproductive cycles [50]. In the mosquito digestion process, different hydrolases are released into the anterior and posterior midgut, which constitutes a selective pressure for resident bacteria [51]. Consequently, the composition and distribution of ingested nutrients themselves may also be a constraint for bacterial communities. For instance, a high concentration of carbohydrates and an acidic pH (from 5.2 to 6.5) occurring in the diverticulum structure are selective for certain bacterial taxa [52, 53]. Blood digestion in females is also favored by the selection of bacteria for their hemolytic ability [25, 44]. Moreover, after a mosquito ingests a blood meal a temperature burst occurs and oxidative stress and immune responses are down regulated, which leads to an increase in the bacterial load [43, 54, 55].
Stages of mosquito development
Studies of mosquito-associated bacteria often compare the bacterial communities found in field and lab populations. However, results from lab-reared mosquitoes have revealed the limits of such an approach. By cloning and analyzing signature sequences, Rani et al. (2009) demonstrated that the bacterial diversity of midgut microflora in lab-reared An. stephensi was less than in field-caught ones, both for males (15 versus 27 bacterial taxa) and females (7 versus 36 bacterial taxa) [24]. Similarly, in An. gambiae 45 distinct OTU were identified in lab-reared mosquitoes compared to 155 in field-caught ones using a pyrosequencing approach [34]. Another study of An. gambiae also demonstrated that taxa richness in field-caught mosquitoes was higher than in lab-reared ones for any stage and nutritional condition [33]. Bacterial taxa richness in field-caught mosquitoes shows the extent to which bacteria are acquired from the habitat. Environmental factors should be considered as important drivers impacting the load and composition of bacteria in mosquitoes.
As previously discussed, Culicidae usually live in highly contrasting environments where biotic (like competition or the food chain) and abiotic (like temperature or humidity) factors can influence their microbiota [38]. The complexity of such ecosystems partly explains some of the conclusions drawn from the few existing studies of the role of environmental factors in modulating bacterial composition in field populations of mosquitoes [24]. Currently, the proportion of bacterial species acquired from the environment is unknown [32]. Each mosquito species has ecological preferences that could determine its bacterial content. For instance, some of the adult microflora is acquired from water during mosquito emergence [23]. Plant and animal hosts are a major source of bacterial acquisition through feeding so have a direct impact on the bacterial colonization of mosquitoes [33]. In Culicoides sonorensis, biting midges which transmit viruses to animals, the bacterial flora is derived from soil, plant, bovine and ovine sources [39]. The bacterium Acinetobacter was shown to be frequently associated with different mosquito species, including Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. triseriatus, An. stephensi, Cx. pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Psorophora columbiae. Interestingly, this bacterium was also found in mosquito larval breeding sites and in various imago food sources such as vertebrates or plants [20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 37, 62, 63]. In a similar way the genera Asaia and Pantoea, whose natural habitat is the nectar of tropical flowers, were also observed in mosquitoes [41, 64, 65]. Therefore, the environment may strongly affect the composition of mosquito-associated bacteria. We confirmed this recently by showing that Ae. albopictus individuals from urban areas of Madagascar with bush and fruit tree cover differed from those from suburban areas with bamboo cover [28]. We also demonstrated that the prevalence of Asaia in Ae. albopictus was significantly correlated with the ecological characteristics of sampling sites [37]. Generally, these observations support the idea that field studies are necessary to get an integrated view of mosquito-associated microbiota. However, studies of lab-reared mosquitoes may be a more convenient alternative to evaluate the impact of abiotic factors on the structure and composition of bacterial communities. For example, Wang and coworkers demonstrated that the main bacterial families Enterobacteriaceae, Flavobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae found in lab-reared An. gambiae were also identified in field-caught individuals from Kenya [33].
Interactions between microbial communities
Bacterial interactions are important regulators of ecosystem characteristics and species density. These interactions are ranged along the mutualism to parasitism continuum and structure communities [66]. One interesting example is the human gastrointestinal tract. The gut is naturally protected by a heterogeneous bacterial biofilm, a community of microorganisms living inside an adhesive matrix that forms a mutual structure. Pathogen colonization directly alters (dysbiosis) the biofilm structure [67]. Some recent studies focused on the positive and negative interactions between bacteria inside insect hosts. Terenius et al. (2012) tested bacterial interspecies competition with isolates from Ae. aegypti and showed that Serratia marcescens could create an inhibition zone area on Sphingomonas and members of the family Burkholderiaceae[30]. The authors suggested a potential link between the presence of S. marcescens and the low bacterial diversity observed in the mosquito midgut. Competitive colonization was previously reported in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria where bacterial diversity was shown to increase in the absence of S. marcescens[68]. Recently, we found a statistically convincing association between the bacteria Asaia and Acinetobacter in Ae. albopictus[37]. Even though additional analyses are still needed to better understand the degree of interactions between the two genera, we showed that bacterial interaction seems to be synergistic because more Asaia-Acinetobacter double-infections were observed than would be expected if the bacteria acted independently.
Bacterial symbionts associated with mosquito vectors have recently been found to interact with pathogens they transmit, modifying the outcome of the multipartite interactions. For instance, it was shown that removing bacterial communities from Anopheles gambiae increased its susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum infection [69]. On the contrary, Boissière et al. (2012) demonstrated that the presence of some bacteria could favor parasite infection, as they found a positive correlation between the abundance of members of the Enterobacteriaceae family in the mosquito midgut and the Plasmodium infection status [34]. Conversely, Zouache et al. (2012) demonstrated that chikungunya virus infection could modify the diversity of symbiotic bacteria in Ae. albopictus[34, 70]. Indeed, taxonomic microarray and quantitative PCR analyses showed that the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae increased with Chikungunya virus infection, whereas the abundance of some other bacterial genera such as Wolbachia and Blattabacterium decreased [70]. All these results suggest that complex microbial interactions (direct or indirect, cooperation or competition) occur between pathogens and microbiota that may affect mosquito traits such as vector competence.
II-Putative impact of bacteria on mosquito biology
The huge bacterial diversity associated with insects and the complexity of potential interactions between symbiotic microorganisms and their hosts pose a significant challenge to understanding extended phenotypes in mosquitoes. Current technologies are not sufficient to pinpoint all the fluxes of matter and energy between microorganisms and their hosts. However, some beneficial functions provided by bacteria, especially those living intracellularly, the endosymbionts, have been deciphered. Generally, insect-associated bacteria are classified in two broad categories, namely primary and secondary symbionts. Primary symbionts or obligate endosymbionts have co-evolved with their insect hosts while secondary symbionts have become associated with their insect hosts more recently and are not obligate. As yet, there is no description of primary endosymbionts in mosquitoes; all studies focusing on secondary symbionts and their potential role in host biology.
Bacteria contribute to the nutrition of insects in different ways. Midgut bacteria can produce compounds that are directly assimilated by the host or they can improve digestion by producing degradation enzymes which facilitate the assimilation of complex molecules. In phytophagous insects microbiota generally provide vitamins, amino acids and sterol that complement limited plant diets. The best known example is the involvement of the bacterium Buchnera in providing essential amino acids to aphids [10]. However, a role for bacteria in nutritional complementation in hematophagous insects has not been demonstrated so unequivocally. One interesting example are the bacteria that provide vitamin B which is not present in vertebrate blood, the sole nutrient source of Glossina tsetse flies [71].
In mosquitoes, such a nutritional function has never been formally demonstrated, but some evidence suggests that bacteria could be involved in some processes. For instance, Serratia and Enterobacter, which are known to contain hemolytic enzymes, could play a role in blood digestion in hematophagous Diptera [25, 39, 44]. In Ae. albopictus, Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter johnsonii could be involved in both blood digestion and nectar assimilation [37]. The evidence for this is that unlike environmental Acinetobacter strains, mosquito isolates were able to metabolize the amino acids α-keto-valeric acid and glycine, which are blood components, as well as 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid and xylose, which are common constituents of plant sap. The bacterial species Asaia bogorensis isolated from An. stephensi was shown to be prototrophic with respect to vitamins suggesting it may provide the mosquito with vitamins [40].
Bacteria are involved in nutrition through the release of various compounds useful for mosquito larval development. For instance, it has been demonstrated that a high level of Pseudomonas aeruginosa improved larval growth of Cx. quinquefasciatus in a phosphorus-rich medium while that of Cx. tarsalis was slowed down [72]. The level of phosphorus in breeding sites could be a factor explaining how mosquitoes can adapt to a specific condition according to their bacterial load, possibly with a trade-off between the nutritional and toxic roles of bacteria. Differential tolerance of larvae to putative toxins present in P. aeruginosa could explain why the two mosquito species are not found in the same aquatic habitat.
As previously shown, some bacteria colonize the reproductive organs of insects allowing them to manipulate host reproduction, allowing them to spread considerably through host populations. The genus Wolbachia is able to control mosquito mating by a phenomenon called cytoplasmic incompatibility. This process prevents infected males from producing viable progeny when mating with an uninfected female or a female infected with an incompatible Wolbachia strain. In this way, certain mosquito species of Aedes and Culex are dependent on Wolbachia to produce viable offspring. Besides Wolbachia, other bacteria could play a role in reproduction, such as the genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus suspected to affect the fertility of the mosquito Cx. pipiens, although the mechanisms remain to be determined [73].
Other potential functions
Bacteria occurring in the environment where mosquitoes mature may also impact on their behavior. This is the case for bacteria producing specific odorant compounds that can act as attractants towards mosquitoes. It was demonstrated that the composition of skin microbiota affects the degree of attractiveness of humans to mosquito species [74]. For example, Corynebacterium minutissimum produces volatile compounds such as lactic acid or butyl butyrate that attract An. gambiae[74]. Moreover, bacteria from breeding sites or water-soluble compounds secreted by those bacteria are able to stimulate the hatching of Ae. aegypti eggs [75]. Some studies demonstrated a link between the presence of bacteria in insect hosts and their ability to degrade some insecticide molecules. For instance, the stinkbug which lives on sugarcane may harbor some fenithrotion-resistant Burkholderia which are acquired from the environment [76]. The acquisition of these bacteria by each generation could be an easy way for the insect to detoxify itself from the insecticide without any genetic cost. As yet, very few studies have described the role of bacteria in the degradation of xenobiotic molecules, though this could be important in understanding why the number of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes is growing. The load of Wolbachia in Cx. pipiens seems to be positively correlated with insecticide resistance mediated by esterase genes at some metabolic cost to mosquitoes [77].
Finally, the effects of experimental depletion of the symbiotic strain Asaia SF2.1 in An. stephensi larvae strongly suggest that the bacterium is a beneficial symbiont of this insect. Indeed, the observation of a delay in the development in larvae after antibiotic treatment in parallel with a dramatic reduction of Asaia burden, led to the hypothesis that this bacterium plays a beneficial role in the development of the mosquitoes [78]. Even though the mechanism remains to be identified, the high prevalence of Asaia combined with their ability to be transmitted both horizontally and vertically provide evidence of the biological role of bacterium in these mosquitoes [36, 47, 79].
III-Potential applications of bacteria against mosquito vectors
Application of chemical insecticides is still the most common method for mosquito vector control. However, negative consequences like the emergence of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, environmental contamination and damage to non-target organisms have called chemical-based methods of control into question [80]. The use of bacteria to biologically control mosquito vectors has become a promising strategy.
Cytoplasmic incompatibility
In the last decade, one of the first efficient strategies to reduce crop insect pests was the introduction of sterile males into a population that, for instance, succeeded in limiting the expansion of the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata[81]. The major difficulty of applying the sterile insect technique (SIT) in mosquito populations was the loss of fitness observed in sterilized males [82–84]. Related to SIT, the incompatible insect technique (IIT) was developed based on Wolbachia-mediated cytoplasmic incompatibility [85]. The trans-infection of Ae. albopictus with Wolbachia strains w Ri and w Pip Istambul originating from Drosophila simulans and Cx. pipiens, respectively, caused a significant reduction in hatching rates [86, 87]. Interestingly, when Cx. pipiens was trans-infected with strain w Pip Istambul, no impact was observed on the mosquito's fitness, making this a more promising approach than SIT [82, 83, 87].
Transgenesis has also been proposed as a valuable method for controlling mosquito populations. This method is based on the introduction of a transgene in insect vectors which can directly impact on their life history traits or vector competence or indirectly interfere with pathogen replication and transmission [88]. One inconvenience of using transgenic mosquitoes is the cost to mosquito fitness as they are much less competitive [89]. Rather than modifying the insect genome per se, a complementary approach called paratransgenesis was proposed, which consists of using a genetically-modified symbiont known to have an impact on insect life history traits [90, 91]. Recently, Asaia was proposed as a promising symbiotic control agent for paratransgenesis as this bacterium is transformable and can be used to express candidate genes in key organs of infected mosquito species. Similarly, Pantoea, a newly identified mosquito symbiont that cross-colonizes several mosquito species and can be transformed and cultured, was also proposed for paratransgenic applications [27]. Recently, transgenic strains of Pantoea agglomerans were generated by transformation with a plasmid expressing antiplasmodial compounds [92].
Modification of vector competence
Vector competence is the ability of a vector to transmit a pathogen, i.e. the intrinsic permissiveness of a vector to be infected, then to replicate and to transmit a pathogen [93]. One strategy used to fight vector-borne pathogens is to decrease vector competence. There is a growing interest in discovering how bacteria interfere with pathogen transmission. In particular, several studies have shown that Wolbachia can decrease or inhibit pathogen replication or transmission in different mosquito species. In general, bacteria successfully interfered with pathogens when mosquitoes were trans-infected with strains isolated from a different host. This is the case for Ae. aegypti and Anopheles which are not naturally infected with Wolbachia. In such artificial systems, a significant reduction in life span and pathogen load (including viruses such as Dengue and Chikungunya or parasites such as plasmodiums and filariases) has been observed [16, 18, 19, 94, 95]. In Cx. pipiens which is naturally infected by Wolbachia, the West Nile virus load was reduced only 2–3 fold compared to individuals lacking Wolbachia[96]. More recently, the Ae. albopictus ALPROV line naturally harboring two Wolbachia strains, w AlbA and w AlbB, was shown to efficiently replicate the dengue virus but transmission, as measured by the amount of genomic RNA and infectious particles in salivary glands, was significantly reduced compared to the Wolbachia-uninfected line [97]. Mechanisms of bacterial interference of vector competence still remain to be deciphered, but some hypotheses have been suggested. As bacteria and pathogens can invade similar tissues or even the same cells, a theoretical assumption is that they could directly compete for resources and space [98]. The presence of bacteria could also induce the immune system by producing specific compounds that directly interact with pathogens like antiviral or antiparasitic compounds. Recently, Pan et al. (2012) demonstrated that the inhibition of dengue virus in the presence of Wolbachia was correlated with the induction of oxidative stress in the mosquito Ae. aegypti[99]. This response resulted in an activation of the Toll pathway allowing the production of antioxidant molecules and anti-microbial peptides (defensin and cecropins) against dengue virus. In An. gambiae, it was shown that oxidative compounds secreted by the strain Enterobacter Esp_Z. induced a large decrease in Plasmodium in mosquitoes [100]. Joyce et al. (2011) showed that half of the bacterial species isolated from Ae. albopictus midguts decreased the infectivity of the La Crosse virus in animal cells [101].
Bacteria used as insecticides
Some bacterial strains are able to produce insecticidal compounds that act like natural pesticides. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis produces two different toxins encoded by the cry and cyt genes located on a plasmid replicon [102]. The Cry toxins act on a large insect spectrum (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera), whereas the Cyt toxins act specifically on Diptera [103]. Both toxins are activated by the alkaline pH of the larval gut and are able to degrade the midgut membrane causing larvae to die [104]. The Firmicute Lysinibacillus sphaericus also contains the insecticidal Mtx and Bin toxins that are highly active against mosquito larvae [105]. These toxins paralyze the digestive system and disrupt the insect nervous system. These two classes of larvicidal bacteria are major mosquitocidal candidates and were successfully used in the field to reduce An. gambiae populations responsible for malaria outbreaks in Gambia and Ghana [106, 107]. Finally, larvicidal toxins of Clostridium bifermentans serovar Malaysia and the pupicidal toxin of Bacillus subtilis subspecies subtilis are also potential candidates as agents in biological control of mosquito populations [108, 109].
Even though information on the nature of mosquito-associated bacteria is increasing, their functions and genetic potential are still underexplored. This is partly due to the complexity of interactions in terms of bacterial population dynamics influenced by different biotic and abiotic factors. In the near future, the application of next generation sequencing should improve our knowledge of the essential microbial partners and their roles in mosquito biology. Interestingly, the recent development of techniques such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics is opening up the possibility of more comprehensive descriptions of molecular foundations and signatures of the relationships between insects and their microbiomes. Such high-throughput analysis will allow a better understanding of the dynamics and function of the mosquito-associated microbiota. It will be possible to explore bacterial communities in an unprecedented way by highlighting metabolically active bacteria and discovering novel bacterial genes that play important roles in chemical and biological processes of the insect host. Moreover, with global changes that have greatly contributed to increase the density and geographic expansion of mosquito populations, questions are now raised about the possible scenarios of emergence or re-emergence of mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. As microbial symbionts of insects often mediate or constrain adaptation to environmental fluctuations, better knowledge of mosquito-associated bacterial communities will be an important aspect of understanding what drives mosquito adaptation.
We thank anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. GM was supported by a grant from Academic Research Cluster 1 of Rhône-Alpes Region. This work was partially funded by the grant EC2CO CNRS, and was carried out with the support of CMIRA Coopéra Rhône-Alpes and within the frameworks of GDRIs "Biodiversité et Développement Durable à Madagascar" and "Biodiversity and Infectious Diseases" as well as COST action F0701 'Arthropod Symbioses: from fundamental to pest disease management'.
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I can't remember the last time I felt good. Yes, some days are better than others, but for the past….10? 15?… years of my life I have generally suffered through each day with some sort of ailment or another that the doctors could never figure out. They seem to be *kind* of connected, but not enough so for an obvious diagnosis. As a kid I always had random aches that were explained as "growing pains" and my parents often told me I was like the princess and the pea (meaning I was too sensitive and dramatic, for those who don't know that story).
My daily headaches began when I was in middle school, probably around age 11 or 12. I tried countless remedies but nothing made a difference. In my middle school and high school years headaches were just a normal thing for me. I never went anywhere without my Excedrin, a water bottle, and some snacks. I was always tired during the day, but wide awake when it would be time to fall asleep. Waking up in the morning, I would literally wonder if someone had drugged me – that's how awful I felt!
"I want you to get a sleep study, I think you might have narcolepsy."
yeah…right…sure I do… [I thought my doctor was crazy]
but it turns out I actually did.
So I thought I finally had my answer. But after taking my sleep medications for the past 2 years now – I'm still sick. I'll always be sick. I'm still trying to get used to the fact that I am going to have to be on medication for the rest of my life. Then there's also the question of which symptoms might actually be side effects of my various medications. Too many questions – not enough answers! It doesn't help that I'm so indecisive. Yes, I am functioning better than I was, but I still truly believe there is something the doctors are missing. I'm sure some of my doctors think I'm a hypochondriac (as do my parents) but the symptoms are real to me and therefore have to have an explanation of some sort, right? Especially because I tend to downplay my symptoms. I don't want people to feel bad for me. I'm tired of explaining things over and over and then having people not believe me anyway. It's often a cycle of me trying to stay strong until I get so tired of being "sick" that I break down crying. I need to stop hiding behind my shields I've built over the years.
try to remember:
I need to focus on all of the answers I have already found! I've made a lot of progress in my quest to solve my health issues. I've also accomplished A LOT despite all of my challenges. I have a tendency to downplay my accomplishments… almost like I attribute them to a fluke thing. When I stop to think about it, I should be proud that I was able get through high school and college with great grades, while looking back having undiagnosed/untreated narcolepsy. I should be proud that I pushed through my headaches and made it to classes, events, and everything I was possibly able to. I have a lot to be proud of. I need to focus on the good things rather than dwelling on what can't be explained.

subset: commoncrawl


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left for Topton, the family relocated to its farm outside of Taneytown, which made Syd, who was beginning his freshman year, a stranger in a strange land. Hunt made up for his early gaffe by gaining 25 yards on the tying drive, which Smith capped with a sharp 8 yard pass to Demetrius Harris..
The average salary of a physical therapist is $76,000.While not everyone can be a professional athlete, many more people have the ability to work in sports related fields and make anything from an average salary up acheter du cialis en ligne to a very high salary. Locsin holds a Bachelor of Arts in scientific and technical communications from the University of Washington.More Articles The Average Salary of a Kinesiologist The Average Salary of a Project Coordinator NFL Football Referee Salary How to Become a General Manager in the NFL How Much Money Do Physiotherapists Make? Advantages and Disadvantages of Being an Athletic Trainer.
And the Eagles did address the latter position when they took Pumphrey with the second of their two fourth round picks Saturday. A general view of AT Stadium before a game between the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys on December 26, 2016 in Arlington, Texas.
Shanahan reaction: probably yelled to get down seven times during the play. I will acknowledge that.". The item starts by questioning how well the Vikings offensive line will hold up even after adding new tackles Mike Remmers and Riley Reiff. This was done by a local trophy shop..
No one on this list looked likely to miss the cut other than Galambos. I saw Cormac wrote in to suggest a play off vintage basketball jerseys type system for the final Champions League berth, but why stop it there? Why not put the country biggest prize back on the pedestal it deserves? Let keep its destination unknown all the way until the last game of the season!.
But the Dolphins were suddenly forced to make a move for Jay Cutler when Ryan Tannehill aggravated his knee injury which required season ending surgery. The clearly suffered from the Super Bowl loser's hangover last season after falling to the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl 50.
As a relative of an active Air Force member, I saw this as a sign of disrespect to those who serve our country and those who lost their lives serving. Darian Thompson, last year's third round pick, now faces competition for a starting job after missing most of his rookie season with a foot injury that ultimately required surgery.
Omalu contacted her three years later to first seek permission to study her ex husband's brain, and later to inform her that he had CTE, she was at first struck with a sense of disbelief. A more important stat is last year. Impressive, sprawling flagships in high profile locations have long served as status symbols for retailers, more important for their brand wide promotional value than the profits they may or may basketball jersey store near me not have generated on the premises.
His college football career was over. To get inventory, such retailers buy from wholesale distributors of sports apparel. And you can't mention swag without mentioning Cam Newton. I don't think it's easy to play this sport. Too much complaining. "Rob took [it] a little better than I did.
Her husband was a choreographer, doing work for (the 1958 musical) Creole. (Take a hike, San Antonio.) While the Bears look like they'll be a better team in 2017, and running back Tarik Cohen looks like he could be a special one, Tampa Bay should be emotionally charged in their delayed season opener.


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Employee & Family Resources, Inc. is a not-for-profit human services organization established in 1964, headquartered in Des Moines, Iowa. As a leader and innovator in the field of human services, EFR is dedicated to helping people manage life's challenges so they can reach their full potential. EFR was established as the first and remains the only Iowa affiliate of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence.
To meet customer and client needs, EFR provides professional and culturally relevant services, including prevention, assessment, referral, counseling, case management, professional development and communication accessibility. EFR is well known for its work with youth, adults and families in the Des Moines area as well as its national employee assistance program (EAP) including services to corporate customers through Workplace Services.
EFR offers a wide range of services to individuals, families and employers. These range from comprehensive substance abuse, gambling and violence prevention. Additional programs address the needs of high-risk youth and their families, Spanish language counseling targeted at low-income individuals and families, behavior and performance issues for students and restorative justice for youth with substance abuse concerns.
With its reputation for high quality, outcome-based service, Employee & Family Resources is looked to for its expertise in caring for the needs of individuals, families and organizations.
EFR is dedicated to helping people manage life's challenges so they can reach their full potential.
EFR is a highly valued resource delivering prevention, intervention, and treatment services that support and enhance the health and wellbeing of individuals, families, and communities.
Employee & Family Resources is an organization with a strong commitment to:
Employee & Family Resources' Community Services help and support people of all ages and diverse backgrounds to address a wide variety of needs. Services range from case management, restorative justice programs, substance abuse and problem gambling prevention, to bilingual therapy, and interpretation services. Community Services programs help individuals and families to establish and meet goals, focus on increasing access and services for specific language and cultural groups, and provide substance abuse related prevention and programming. Most of the following services are available to the central Iowa community free of charge through public and private grant support.
EFR has contracted with the State of Iowa to provide independent substance abuse assessment and referral programming within Polk County for more than three decades to individuals, families, the courts, and correctional services.
In addition to self- and corrections-referred clients served at our downtown office, we also provide:
Counselors provide assessment, referral, and case management regarding coordination of care for clients incarcerated in the Polk County jail. These counselors also provide consultation to Fifth Judicial District judges, probation and parole officers, and Polk County Sheriff's Department staff.
EFR's counselor serves as a member of the Fifth Judicial District's multidisciplinary intensive supervision Drug Court team, providing case management, assessment, and drug screen urinalysis monitoring. The Drug Court's goal is to address, with a holistic approach, clients' substance abuse-related behavior problems which lead to criminal behavior.
Increasing productivity. Promoting whole health. Managing crises. EFR helps organizations perform optimally. Our services grow healthy and focused employees and provide guidance in times of crisis. Today, over 700 companies trust EFR for confidential behavioral-health and wellness solutions through the EAP, training, leadership coaching, mediation and crisis response.
When your employees have life support, work success will follow. Employees distracted with real life problems need help. That's where we come in. Our EAP has played a very real part in saving lives, preventing accidents, helping people break the hold of addiction, keeping families whole, assisting victims of partner violence to safety, encouraging productive employees, helping managers sleep at night, resolving workplace conflict, and helping business thrive. Hundreds of organizations consider EFR's EAP to be a core part of their work because of the toll everyday life can have on performance and health. Through our EAP, your employees will be given the behavioral and emotional support they need to be successful at work.
Better Living is your comprehensive and single-source solution for employee wellbeing and workplace culture. Designed to help your organization – and your employees – be better, Better Living focuses on impactful results: increased productivity and employee wellbeing and engagement.
Today's work challenges require an integrated approach. Our Workplace Performance Solutions provide employers and individuals with the right tool or combination of tools for each workplace challenge. Together the three tools — training, leadership coaching and mediation — help play a critical role in organizational/leadership success.
Unexpected crises can occur in the workplace. When your organization is affected by downsizing, accidents, robberies, death or other critical incidents, EFR has experienced crisis response professionals ready to help you respond. Our team will consult with your managers to plan an effective response tailored to your organization and the crisis at hand.


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- Renewal
- Visitors
- Businesses
- Investors
The star of 'Mock the Week', 'Live at the Apollo' and 'Crackerjack' embarks on a brand-new show, in this, his last tour EVER!!! See him before he heads off… INTO THE PUNSET.
"One of the funniest comedians in the world." Craig Ferguson, CBS' Late Late Show.


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Wooden Alligator Basket / Planter by the Old Coot
Wooden Alligator Basket hand crafted from pine with a natural finish. This small basket measures 13 inches long x 8 inches wide and 5 inches tall. This is a great item to make a gift pack for that special someone or place a potted plant in it. Free retail shipping within two business days. Custom orders are not a problem, contact me with your request.


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In Sierra Leone, a Village is Reborn
In the aftermath of the devastating Ebola epidemic that swept through West Africa last year, new hope is blooming in a particularly hard-hit village of Sierra Leone. Nurtured by the safe, clean water of a newly installed well, this hope may prove transformational for the village's tenacious survivors.
Kumbrabai, located just 100 kilometers from the capital city of Freetown and only accessible via poorly constructed country roads, is surrounded by dense vegetation that during the rainy season turns into soggy marshland. Still, its 270 residents once worked together under challenging weather conditions, frequent water shortages and other threats to grow crops and raise animals for their common benefit.
Then Ebola came. In all its ruthless fury, the virus wiped out several entire families and in other families, it spared just one survivor. All told, 82 villagers succumbed to Ebola, and 65 more who were infected fled the village. Those who remained became victims of another sort — shunned by their own people who became afraid to enter homes where someone died; the community was stigmatized and isolated by other villages out of fear.
Their future looked bleak. With fewer people to work the fields, how would they eat? With little knowledge of how to prevent another outbreak, how could they ensure their survival?
Fortunately, thanks to assistance from Salesian missionaries who began visiting and distributing food, water and other aid during the epidemic, they now have an answer — one that will help improve their health, upgrade hygiene and sanitation practices and enhance their agricultural capacity and success.
"Our missionaries developed a fondness for the people of Kumbrabai as they helped the villagers cope with Ebola's effects," says Father Mark Hyde, director of Salesian Missions. "And from the start, they resolved to support concrete, sustainable projects that could help villagers become more self-sufficient and see the future with hope. This new well is just one small step toward that overall vision."
Villagers used the same small swamp of dirty water for drinking, washing, watering their animals and even as a toilet. Fr. Mark stresses that "the importance of a clean water source cannot be overstated." In addition to providing safe drinking water, it offers the opportunity for people to learn healthy habits, like hand washing, that can help protect against many diseases. And, it provides further insurance for growing food. Before the well, nearly two-thirds of Kumbrabai's crops were annually lost to weather conditions, including drought.
Looking ahead, missionaries plan to further expand agricultural expertise among the villagers by teaching new farming techniques and animal management practices, and distributing seeds. And, they intend to create a local school where children can — for the very first time — begin their primary education.
Our mission renews and rebuilds lives after catastrophic events. What's your mission?


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Can't wait to get my hands on this!
Right on! Let the games begin
Anker products rock! Glad to be part of the team..
Looks great! Hopefully we can all share helpful comments and make the products even more tailored to our needs!
This should be interesting. Anker are my favourite company for products so i am glad to be involved.
This is quite exciting! Can't wait to see where all this goes!
Let's see where this goes
Looking forward to being a part of this!
Always happy to be a part of Anker progression
I have a feeling this will be a great forum from a quality brand with very loyal supporters!
Very cool! Can't wait to see how this goes!
Cool! Glad to see others here. Hope to have some great discussions!
Great to be here. Cannot wait to start!
Cool! I'm in!
This looks relatively interesting, should be fun!
This community looks great!
Simply said, Anker creates the best power products available!
Not sure what we'll discuss here, but it could be interesting!
Hi I am really excited for the community to grow
Excited to be part of this.


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Ok, I am going to walk away from this for a while I have to much stitching to do. Make sure you are signed up for my newsletters because if I have an update I will make sure to send out a newsletter, I can not trust blogger at the moment.
have a beautiful day
Wednesday, June 19, 2013
And they are back...
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About Me
- Donna
- Hi everyone, my name is Donna. I just love stitching of all sorts, I also love antique, and book stores. I am married and I have 2 children, and 2 grandchildren :). My Christian faith is the foundation of my life, and has sustained me through the ups and downs of this journey. Keep spreading kindness so you can change the world. So glad you stopped by, leave me a message and I will stop by and visit you.


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Aviva Investors has hired former Bank of England economist Michael Grady as senior economist and strategist for its Aviva Investors Multi-Strategy funds.
Grady will report to Ian Pizer, head of strategy at Aviva Investors.
He will be responsible for leading investment strategy on the AIMS range, as well as looking at macroeconomic developments across the globe for the firm. He will work alongside senior economist Stewart Robertson.
Grady joins from hedge fund Comac Capital, where he did analysis to feed into the investment process.
He previously worked at the Bank of England for 10 years in a number of roles, including as a senior manager in the markets directive.
Pizer says: "Michael brings considerable experience in market analysis and in the development of investment strategies, qualities that will help us achieve continued success.
"A deeply embedded discipline in fundamental research and strategy has proved pivotal so far in driving the strong performance of our AIMS funds and more widely across our fund range."


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Isabelle Kelley dedicated her life to public service and throughout her 33-year career with the United States Department of Agriculture, she worked tirelessly to improve the lives of children and low-income families, giving them increased access to proper nutrition. As the principal author of the Food Stamp Act of 1964 and the Food Stamp Program's first director, Kelley shepherded a revolutionary initiative from its pilot stage into a full-fledged nationwide program that has since grown to serve more than 40 million Americans.
Born July 27, 1917 in Ellington, Conn., Isabelle Kelley was the daughter of Thomas W. Kelley and Hannah O'Connell. Raised in Simsbury, Kelley attended Simsbury High School and the University of Connecticut, where she graduated in 1938 with a degree in economics. She went on to pursue graduate studies at the University of Iowa, graduating in 1940 with a degree in food economics. Immediately upon graduation, Kelley joined the USDA as an economist studying consumer purchasing trends. It was during these early days at the USDA that she began to pursue what would become her lifelong passion: helping to feed needy families and children around the country.
One of Kelley's primary areas of focus in her work at the USDA was improving the nutritional opportunities of school children. She was among the first to make the connection between optimal nutrition and proper learning believed, and one of her early projects was to administer the Penny Milk Program, an initiative that provided a half-pint of milk to school children for just a penny. Kelley's milk program was one of the first nationally organized programs to address school nutrition. For her role in the program, Kelley was awarded the Department of Agriculture's Superior Honor Award. In 1946, she continued her work with school-age children by helping to launch the first National School Lunch Program (NSLP), ensuring longstanding federal support and providing free or reduced-price lunches for the nation's poorest school children. As part of the program, school lunches were required to meet specific nutritional guidelines and be administered without discrimination. Revolutionary in its day, the NSLP is now available in schools nationwide and serves more than 20 million free and reduced-price meals to children every school day.
As part of President Kennedy's commitment to end hunger in America, in 1961 he appointed Isabelle Kelley to a four-person task force charged with designing and implementing a food stamp program. They began with a pilot program in eight of the poorest counties in the United States and studied the needs of poor families as well as the challenges of delivering food to them. Initially, program participants purchased coupons based on the dollar amount they typically spent on groceries. These coupons represented a higher monetary value and, thus, increased the amount of food that could be purchased. This pilot program was constructed on a sliding scale determined by the family's need and its geographical location. The purpose of the program was two-fold: increase the food purchasing power of the family (and, therefore, the nutritional value of the family's diet) and enhance the revenue of the local retail sector.
Under Kelley's leadership and guidance, the program was a success. Noting the pilot program's encouraging results, in 1962, President Kennedy asked the task force to continue its work in an expanded capacity to serve a greater number of communities. The program was expanded to an additional 25 areas in 18 states. The expanded program was a continued success and Isabelle Kelley and her team spent the next two years crafting the Food Stamp Act to make the program permanent and nationwide. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Food Stamp Act of 1964 into law. The following year, Isabelle Kelley was named the first Director of the Food Stamp Division of the USDA. Her appointment made both USDA and national history. She became the first woman to direct a national action program at the USDA and the first female director of a Consumer and Marketing Division of a government agency. Kelley rose through the ranks at the USDA at a time when there were few women in leadership roles.
By 1970, Kelley's program had expanded to serve more than 3.5 million Americans and she oversaw an annual budget of $610 million. Called "the richest woman in the world" by her co-workers, Kelley was known for her hands-on style of leadership, her acute grasp of policy and the inner workings of government and her determination to make a difference in the lives of children and families around the nation.
Isabelle Kelley retired from the USDA in 1973 after 33 years of service. She went on to lecture at the Georgetown University Graduate School and was a frequent speaker at USDA events and a revered mentor for many at the USDA for years to come. Long into her retirement, Kelley remained involved in the USDA and informed of policies and programs and was active in assuring continued funding for the Food Stamp Program (now known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or SNAP). In 1987, Kelley was selected as only one of 38 women to be interviewed for an oral history project conducted by Harvard University's Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America. The project's goal was to document the autobiographical memoirs of women who had achieved positions of high rank in the federal government during the middle decades of the 20th century.
Isabelle Kelley died in 1997 after a short illness. Her legacy of care and concern for the nutritional needs of low-income families lives on. In 2011, the USDA honored Kelley's lifetime of service by inducting her into the agency's Hall of Heroes.
During This Time
1946 - 1965: Women's Activism in Conservative Times
The Cold War in the 1950s between the Soviet Union and the United States produced fear of domestic subversion. The McCarthy Era purged suspected Communists from government, the entertainment industry, and universities, and labeled gays and lesbians as un-American security risks. General anxiety contributed to a popular conception of the family as a source of social stability, and reinforced traditional notions of women's place at home. In 1963, Betty Friedan called this promise of fulfillment through the domestic arts the "feminine mystique," and advocated instead that women seek personal careers.
For two decades, a burgeoning economy and a growing consumer culture had expanded the availability of jobs for women. Notable was the increase in the workforce of married women, especially middle-class white women and educated women, though they were viewed in the media as working less for a career than to assist their families with needed income or desirable amenities for the home.
Some working-class women in labor unions challenged traditional cultural norms, such as the United Electric, Radio and Machine Workers who achieved non-discrimination clauses in local contracts. Middle-class women moderated their interest in women's issues, promoting instead advancement through the League of Women Voters, YWCA, and the American Association of University Women. More radical women in Women Strike for Peace demonstrated against the nuclear arms race and were summoned to the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1962. Many activists would join the Civil Rights Movement.
The movement against segregation following World War II dates from the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled that segregated schools are inherently unequal and thus a violation of the 14th amendment. African-Americans were given new hope, and in 1955 Rosa Parks, a black seamstress who refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, triggered a bus boycott of critical importance. Black women and white women took part in boycotts, sit-ins, demonstrations, and marches. A culminating achievement in 1965 was the Voting Rights Act pushed through by President Johnson.
Mexican-Americans in the southwest also fought to improve their life and work conditions. In 1962, Dolores Huerta, co-founder with Cesar Chavez of the United Farm Workers, played a leading role in organizing a national boycott of grapes that forced growers to sign a contract with the union.
Other ethnic groups were soon to come to America, enriching its diversity. The Immigrant and Nationality Act of 1965 established an immigration system based on family preference. Half of the new immigrants came from Mexico and Central and South America, while a quarter were from Asia. Two-thirds of the immigrants were women and children. While poverty and acculturation were issues, for many the time-honored American process of upward social mobility had begun.
Special thanks to Barbara E. Lacey, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of History, St. Joseph's College (Hartford, CT) for preparing these historical summaries.


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Resume Tools with regard to Writing Resumes
Cv's are one of the most valuable equipment you will use when searching for employment. Resume tools are necessary when you have no clue of where to even commence writing your continue. If you are posting the resume for careers on the Internet, it could be seen by companies worldwide. Therefore, the structure from the resume is just as significant as information you choose to put in your resume.
Continue writing is not hard, yet many have difficulties writing resumes. Local English is the leading language in the world, along with online. However, a lot of people suffer from weak language and poor way with words-at all. If you have no experience with resume writing, you may not even know what you need to look like. Although cv writing is a valuable skill to have, resume writing tools on the internet will take care of the particular outline for you, and also some provide samples for your reference.
The resume writing tools online can assist you as long as you use a basic idea of your training history, experience, work history, skills, and interests. Some cv building sites on the web offer tools and samples for you to come up with your resume. Your website may also offer posts for jobs you could browse and apply for. This is very helpful if you want to submit your resume to apply for a job on the web.
With that in mind, we see which resume writing is paramount to opening the entranceway to getting a job. The objective and wording are generally important. If you are searching to get a job in sales and place \"cashier\" in the aim area, you will only become rejected for the most part. Getting very specific is needed when writing cv's. Remember to keep it simple, structured, and to the point.


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I have total empathy for the farm workers because I know from personal experience just how sickening, and detrimental to our health, exposure to pesticides can be. As a public school counselor, who was exposed to pesticides on a regular basis, at my schools…. I know just how helpless you can feel when you are forced to choose between your job and your health.
After I left my school counseling job to protect my health, I wrote a book to alert others to what goes on behind the school wall. Then, I contacted the UFW and was honored when they contributed the powerful, heart wrenching speech that Cesar Chavez delivered in March 1989, to my book, "Behind the School Wall."
Cesar Chavez is my hero, and I am grateful to the UFW for keeping his cause alive. My hope is that all living creations will be able to live and work with clean air… and that our food chain will not be destroyed by toxic pesticides used on genetically modified crops, or any other crops.
My prayers are with the UFW, and I hope that everyone will wake up and support your cause… BEFORE it is too late!!!


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Gentlemen, (and female football fans) you're about to find yourselves in a win-win situation.
What if I told you that this Sunday doesn't have to be the end of football season? Suppose instead there's a post-Super Bowl party featuring drinks and discussion with former NFL players, who will break down the biggest plays from Sunday's game?
Oh, and P.S., you'll simultaneously be helping area women break the cycle of poverty.
You're all in, right?
Next Wednesday, Dress for Success Charlotte and The Charlotte Former Player Foundation will host their first "Football Finale" event at Charlotte City Club. Cocktails start at 5:30 p.m. and the program will start at 6:30.
What exactly is Dress for Success Charlotte? It's the local affiliate of an international nonprofit that helps disadvantaged women achieve financial independence – by providing professional attire, career development resources and more – all at no cost.
|The Dress for Success Charlotte location is a former hardwood floor showroom that didn't survive the recession, Barr O'Connor said. The interior design was done pro bono and utilized donations such as the dressing room curtains.
Through Friday, tickets to the party are $40. After that, the price goes to $50. Either way, all proceeds go toward helping local women be successful in the workforce.
"A lot of these (NFL alum) get it, they were raised by single moms," Barr O'Connor said. "They're teddy bears off the field who want to open a door for women in the community."
I toured the Dress for Success Charlotte boutique off Clanton Road this week and was surprised and impressed with what I learned about the organization.
|Bobbi Brown, founder and CEO of the internationally-known cosmetics brand, is a board member of Dress for Success. The Charlotte location features a Bobbi Brown counter, part of the no-cost "suiting" each client receives.
Through community donations, volunteer help and agency partnerships, Dress for Success provides women with little to no income at least two interview-appropriate outfits for free. Job training resources, professional and leadership development are also available at no cost.
"We say women leave here four inches taller than when they walked in, and it has nothing to do with the shoes we give them" Barr O'Connor said, adding the right outfit helps to build a woman's confidence.
Yeah. Clothes can do that.
|Dress for Success Charlotte is one of 130 affiliates worldwide and works with more than 40 referral partners locally. Every affiliate is different, Barr O'Connor said, but the client suiting program is the one thing they all have in common.
Once she's landed the job, Barr O'Connor said, Dress for Success tries to make sure each client has up to five work-ready outfits when inventory allows.
1) I think I found the solution on where to donate clothing in the future and
2) Dress for Success Charlotte has an incredible inventory: Suits, separates, dresses, bags, accessories, shoes, etc. in a huge range of sizes.
And it's not like these items are visibly worn castoffs that are outdated.
Donations are taken by appointment only, Barr O'Connor said, and their inventory was impressive with its sizes, styles and brand representation.
While I was at the boutique, waiting in a plastic bin to be processed were a brand-new pair of Manolo Blahniks, still in the box. They were in good company with a pair of Salvatore Ferragamos, Tracy Reese and the like.
You'll be happy to hear that three times a year Dress for Success Charlotte hosts an "inventory reduction" event and the next one is March 8.
During the first two days of the sale, clients get first dibs, as their need for professional clothing is greatest. "We try to do inventory reduction at the first part of the month so clients can extend their wardrobe," Barr O'Connor said.
But the third and final day is open to the public and Barr O'Connor said there are "some fabulous deals."
Entire outfits (shoes, slacks or skirt, shirt and jacket) for $20; shoes (such as the pair of Stuart Weitzmans that Bar O'Connor found), blazers, purses and slacks for $5; two scarves for $1 and more. All proceeds go back into the program.
By the numbers
In 2012, Dress for Success Charlotte:
- had 950 women referred to the organization locally, and 842 used at least one of the career transformation services.
- On average, clients are 46 or older, 80 percent of those clients are single heads of households, Barr O'Connor said, and 10 percent are grandparents who find themselves in a parenting role.
- Of those who participate in the professional women's group - which offers free membership, financial literacy, leadership training and more - 75 percent of participants retain employment.