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Pain -- Receptors -- Spinal Cord -- Brain -- Nerve
A Short Course in Pain Physiology 101
Pain is not simple, and it can be quite complex to treat. We have pain receptors throughout the body. When our body feels pain, whether from touching a hot stove or from low back pain, the pain signals nocioceptors, or pain receptors. Hardly a second passes, and the spinal cord and brain begin responding.
The brain processes the pain stimulus, and sends an impulse down the spinal cord to the nerve in pain. It happens in microseconds. We remove our finger from the hot stove. We temporarily dull the pain with an anti-inflammatory medication, and call our doctor for an appointment.
The body's pain receptors are:
There is acute pain and chronic pain. If you prick yourself with a needle, you know exactly where the pain is, and it's instantaneous. The pain does not spread to other parts of the body. It can usually be treated with a local anesthetic or painkiller.
Chronic pain is pain that continues longer than would normally be associated with a certain type of injury. Back pain is an example of chronic pain, and is best treated by an interdisciplinary team that can break the pain cycle.
Physiological pain takes several forms, depending on the pain source and nocioceptors, or pain-detecting neurons.
Common Causes of Pain by Body Region
The brain has no pain receptors, and is not sensitive to pain. A headache comes from the membrane surround the brain and spinal cord (the dura mater). Stimulating these dural nocioceptors is thought to produce headache pain.
Commonly, aspirin is taken to relieve headache pain. Its active ingredient is acetylsalicylic acid -- a synthetic compound derived from salicin, found in the bark of the willow tree. Aspirin blocks the production of substances called prostaglandins, which the body produces when a cell in the body is injured. By design, aspirin relieves symptoms of pain, fever and inflammation.
Perception of Pain
Pain is sensed when the nocioceptors are stimulated. Pain signals are transmitted through sensory neurons in the spinal cord. These neurons release glutamate, an excitatory transmitter that relays signals from one neuron to another. The signals go to the thalmus, where you perceive pain. From here, the signal travels to the somatosenory cortex in the brain, where you are made fully aware of the degree and severity of pain.
Controlling pain
Depending on the degree and severity of pain, management can start with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, or rubbing the pain (which stimulates other nerve fibers that delay attention from the pain nerve fibers). Natural opoids in the brain are released to bind receptors in the pain pathway to block transmission and reception of pain. An endorphin is an example of a pain blocker. The release of endorphins allows runners or cyclists to "push on" despite muscle pain.
For chronic pain, specialists take a health history, and perform a physical exam. Some types of pain can be blocked by medications, implanted neurotransmitters or nerve blocks. Some types of pain -- herniated discs or tumors, for example, may require surgery for pain relief.
Pain: Our Survival Mechanism
While pain is never pleasant, pain stops an individual from an activity associated with pain. Pain can alert us that injury is imminent. Pain is part of the healing process, since we protect injuries to avoid further pain.


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4th and 5th grade students are invited to participate in the 12th annual Allatoona Ally and Friends Artist Challenge.
This is a drawing contest about water conservation. Winners will have their work published in the WaterSmart coloring book for 2017!
Follow the link below for more details:
Entry forms can be picked up in the art room and are due to Dr. Casey by November 3rd!

subset: commoncrawl


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The Cusp of a New Phase For Mobile Network Operators
October 19, 2015
The wireless industry is rapidly entering a phase of reduced spending on infrastructure. This is evident from the many operator discussions on their future plans and is inline with analysts forecast of peaking infrastructure spending at $23 billion this year. Deployments in in the US, Japan and Korea have taken their course, but still some recently acquired bands are due to be built (e.g. AWS in the US and 3.5 GHz in Japan). China will continue with LTE deployments as will lagging European operators. With most LTE infrastructure in place, the move to LTE Advanced is not as capital intensive, and I don't believe that we cannot count on densification to significantly increase spending. With 5G years away, where will operators focus and what will they increase spending on? Read more of this post


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Drinking Game
Take a Drink: whenever a Serb is a beast
Take a Drink: for roommate liaisons
Take a Drink: for exposition-heavy radio broadcasts
Take a Drink: when the father/officer gives a monologue
Do a Shot: for bombings
Community Review
Movie Review
By: Henry J. Fromage (Five Beers) –
This year's Oscar race is a lot more unsettled than in years past, but if you can call any film a season-long frontrunner, it would be Unbroken. Written by the Coen Brothers, shot by the legendary Roger Deakins, and starring a cross-section of fast-rising Hollywood talents (Jack O'Connell!) in an inspirational sports/WWII/survival/prison camp drama, on paper it boasts an almost ludicrous cocktail of everything Oscar likes. There is only one question mark, the director.
Hey, if Ben Affleck can do it…
Since a lot of Oscar commentators are already anointing her as a Best Director nominee at least, I figured now was the time to check out her fairly under the radar directorial debut, In the Land of Blood and Honey. Set during the 92-95 Bosnian War, the film is centered on the illicit romance between a Muslim Bosniak, Ajla (Zana Marjanovic) and a Serbian soldier/her captor Danijel (Goran Kostic).
A Toast
This movie sprang up out of Jolie's experiences as a U.N. Goodwill Ambassador in Bosnia and Herzegovina. She originally wrote the script for another director to handle, but eventually decided to take over the reins herself, and there's no doubt that it's a passion project for her. She clearly feels deeply about the myriad atrocities perpetrated during this conflict, particularly the "ethnic cleansing" by the Serbs which amounted to the largest-scale war crime in Europe since the Holocaust.
You would be on board with that, wouldn't you, you sick fuck.
At its best, this film communicates that passion and indicts the international institutions that stood by as it happened, as is too often the case. This in many ways is a spiritual cousin to devastatingly matter of fact Holocaust films like The Pianist, with an additional element of fury that something like this could even be possible in a post-Holocaust world. Jolie does a solid job in the director's chair, particularly showing an adept hand with the action scenes, and does pull things together for a shocking and effective finale.
Beer Two
This film is indelibly political, and distinctly one-sided. According to Jolie herself, "The war was not balanced. I can't understand people who are looking for a balance that did not exist. There are some people who don't want to be reminded of these things, some even who deny that these things even happened. Those people are going to be angry." Predictably, pretty much every Serb was, and Jolie's painting of every Serb character as a monster (even Danijel, eventually) eliminates any nuance the film might have had (and as a romance, practically demands).
Like if anybody'd taken this line seriously.
Beer Three
I called The Pianist "A Series of Utterly Unfortunate Events", and this film qualifies as such even more so. As a document of atrocities (many drawn from real experiences) it's quite effective, but dramatically it's completely inert. Just like The Pianist, the direction keeps the audience at arm's length from the characters, so while we pity their circumstances, it's impossible to identify with them.
Beer Four
This is compounded by the romantic angle. It is impossible to parse why Ajla is attracted to this brute, and the film doesn't have the subtlety to convey other interpretations for her actions for the majority of the film. Couching this as a romance at all just seems wrong-headed.
Given the choice between Serbian war criminal and bloodthirsty undead creature, I guess I'm Team Edward after all.
Beer Five
There is no good reason this should drone on for 2 hours and 7 minutes, and the glacial pacing needed to stretch it that far is a crucible for patience.
This is an earnest and competent effort from Angelina Jolie that certainly shows promise, but has enough story and pacing problems to indicate she has a long way to go to fulfill those Oscar aspirations.


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King Addas loves charades, and has a troupe of mimes in his harem. To ensure that they can never cheat he has had their tongues cut out, which is why they always look so miserable and never open their mouths (the stump of a tongue is not a pleasant sight).
Ideas ( NPCs ) | January 31, 2004 | 0xp


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In all the stories of doom and gloom, with pub closures a running theme, it's always good to relate a success story. Emma and Mike at Chapter 1 have taken a pub that looked as though it was dying and turned it into a community asset.
Readers of this blog will know that Chapter 1 has almost become our local – although it's the other side of the River Avon, a quick jaunt down to the canal, over Folly Footbridge, under the GWR and over the Avon then through Kensington Meadows and we're there. It's become such an institution with the London Road crowd that it seems hardly possible it's only been there a year. The weekend of 20th May incredibly saw the first birthday of the pub in its new guise.
Enjoying the incredible cheese birthday cake were, among other guests, Chris Scullion of Independent Spirit and Harry Speller of Albion Brewing Company, not to mention regular visitor Bertie the Cockapoo. Among the beers was the innovative Cream Soda from another small brewery, Hubris Id, whose beers can often be found on the list.
The owners Mike and Emma also got into the spirit of the election, offering a free beer to newly registered voters. Local issues were also discussed at Campfire Conversations, on May 28th. Organised by Pete Lawrence, it's a new initiative being held at places like Hay on Wye, Lewes, Brighton, Malvern and Frome. Among the speakers were Erica Seo from Vegmead, Emma Adams from Meadows Alliance and Luke Emmett from Theatre Bus. The Green candidate Eleanor Field and the Labour candidate Joe Rayment also dropped by. As might be expected, the discussion got a bit heated at times, but Pete Lawrence was a firm chairman, and it all ended amicably.
It's not all political discussion (although Johnny Clayton of Hubris Id wittily brewed Covfefe, an APA, at the end of May). Throughout the summer there will be a rare chance to see the paintings and prints by PHIL KELLY 1950-2010, in an exhibition called From The London Road to Mexico and back.
Phil lived in Bath in the early 1970s, in a flat just up the street from The Britannia – now Chapter One.
He moved to Mexico in 1980 and was a very successful, exhibiting at The Museum of Modern Art in Mexico City and in many prestigious galleries. His work is a distinctive feature in Rick Stein's Seafood Cafe in Padstow and his paintings are in many significant private collections.
The Spanish conversation group Todo el Mundo has already held one event there, and look to be planning more, while from time to time, local bands can be found playing there. There are plenty of other drinks from choose from if you're not keen on beer – they have been known to turn their hands to cocktails.
What you won't find are tv screens but you will find board games and newspapers. Emma and Mike are collecting some rave reviews from visitors and many local people are now dropping in. Chapter 1 is turning into a real hub for the rather diverse community on the London Road – and that's what pubs should be all about!


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Break a leg, this usually means good luck, at least when you say it to an actor/actress before they go on stage. No one knows where the phrase comes from, and I did look for it before writing this blog.
I was unfortunate to actually break my leg, on all days…my son's eighteenth birthday! Strangely, I was on a ski hill at the time. It was sunny, warm, and beautiful. You could see for miles. And, I was walking! I slipped on the hill, went down, heard a sickening crunch, and slid down on my back into this little gully. It took them a very long time to find me. I saw skiers going by on the hill, fast, and they didn't hear my shouts. By the time someone came along, I was all cried out. Not just the pain, but feeling sorry for myself. I had a lot to think about as I lay there. I did try to get back up the hill. My cell phone was in the little hut on the ski-hill, as was my walkie-talkie, and a phone to reach help. You see, I was working there part-time and I thought it would be fun. It was. The bonus was that you could ski for free. That weekend I was to receive my first lesson…that never happened.
One of the things in my job was to watch for skiers, accidents, all sorts of things that can go wrong when you have those lifts. People do really stupid things on snow and ice, much less skis. One of them wiped out my snow fences and I was going down to fix them when I slipped and fell. I accidentally pressed the emergency button instead of merely the stop button when he did that. So, I had extra time to fix them, after I apologized to everyone on the line because an emergency stop required extra steps. Well, they aren't to restart the lift until everyone responds…I couldn't respond, I was already down in the gully with my broken leg. I knew it was broken too, I'd heard, and felt, the crunch. It was really gross. There was no doubt in my mind that I had broken it, even though I'd never broken anything before (that I knew) in my life. It leads to a lot of introspection as you lay there, wondering if, or when, someone is going to find you.
They weren't to start the ski-lift until everyone checked in, each booth, but after buzzing my booth several times, I could hear it, they must have given up on me and started it back up. That was good for me as people getting off the lift at my station might actually see me. Those going on up the hill above me wouldn't be able to see me, that was the black diamond area. Those who don't know what that is, it's the more difficult part of the hill and only for experienced skiers. Below me was the bunny slope, perfect for beginners and children. Lucky for me a woman got off and asked if she could help. I immediately said yes and told her what had happened. Just then I could hear someone above us and I called to them. They looked over the edge and I told them to tell someone at the top of the lift when they got up there that the operator had fallen and broken her leg, to send someone. The woman who had first stopped stayed with me. I'd started to shake, not only from the cold, but from shock as it began to set in. I'd been there a while.
I saw the supervisor show up on a snowmobile, he asked me if I was okay. I replied through gritted teeth. I did try to keep my sense of humor and not be sarcastic. I was in a lot of pain. Ski-patrol arrived next and assessed me, put me in a basket to get me down the hill since I obviously couldn't ride on the back of a snowmobile, and strapped me in. I felt every single bump on the way down that mountain. Then, when I arrived at the ski-patrol lodge, they nearly dropped me as they lifted me to put me on a gurney. I don't look my weight (thank god) and I'm solidly built. They were surprised and I nearly panicked as they jostled me. The pain was something else. One idiot tried to do something with my leg, at the ankle where I had broken it. I threatened to slug him as he was causing me unnecessary pain. He looked alarmed at my very credible threat and they exchanged glances. They left my ankle alone after that. To this day I'm certain they were digging in their finger/thumb to see if I was faking it. Then, they left me lay for a long time on the gurney as we waited for an ambulance. I got to choose which hospital to go to. Since I lived not far from a brand-new facility, I chose that one.
As I lay there something about the date was niggling at my consciousness. I stared at the clock, watching the time tick by. By then I was becoming confused, a bit weird in the head from the pain, and tired…but certainly not enough to sleep. It was then that I realized that eighteen years previously, at about that time, I had gone into labor with my son Christopher (Chip). It was weird to realize that as I recalled the details. I couldn't share it with anyone but I tried, they looked at me as though I'd flipped out. Ah well.
The ride to the hospital was painful too. It seemed to take forever as they drove along the highways.
At the hospital they gave me something for the pain, only after they gave me narcotics did they test me for drugs, um, duh! That is not how you do it when it's a work-related injury! That is also how I found out I have a reaction to narcotics. Apparently, I can projectile vomit when I take them. Not everyone has this delightful ability and I don't recommend it in the least.
The guy who took my x-rays looked younger than Doogie Howser (remember that show)? I kid you not, I asked him how old he was, I don't remember now, but I do remember him laughing because apparently, he got that a lot. He confirmed the break. I do remember swearing when he did so. Apparently, I had a spiral fracture. That means where it broke it went up my leg and came back down. Ouch! They prescribed Oxy something for me…another narcotic that would make me ill (but, I didn't know that then).
That was when they 'allowed' me to call my girlfriend. Now my girlfriend at the time was down at the ranch riding horses with her girls. The reception down there was notoriously horrible for cell phones, dropped calls, and basically crappy. Fortunately for me, I had her number memorized, because, who remembers phone numbers when you have an auto dialer in your phone? Her youngest daughter answered the phone. This is sort of the conversation:
J: "Hello?"
Me: "J, this is not a joke, get your mom. I've broken my leg and I'm in the emergency room." Now, we'd had this standing joke about me working at the ski-hill and breaking my leg so that's why I prefaced it with, this is not a joke!
J goes running down the hill at the ranch screaming, "MOM!" and I hear the phone click, disconnected.
Shaking my head, I knew what had happened and considered calling my sister-in-law but she's not good in certain situations and I really didn't even want her to know. Fortunately for me, my girlfriend at the time, we'll call her K, knew I wouldn't joke about something like the emergency room. She also tried to call back and got the hospital, they wouldn't put her call through since she wasn't family. She decided to take her girls home and come to the hospital.
By the time she showed up, I was so loopy it was hilarious. I tend to get funnier at those points. She was not amused. Helping me get up into her Expedition was a lark as I always had to climb up into the big SUV. It wasn't easy that time, especially with a wrapped leg. They couldn't put a cast on it since it was swelling. The drugs they gave me were making me nauseous. She drove me, not home like I expected, but to her house. I had to crawl inside, using the crutches up her stairs didn't work. Damn, that hurt. I managed to get up again and to her easy chair, my leg up in the air. I almost immediately asked for a vomit bag, I must have vomited a gallon. K is a sympathetic vomiter and grossing out, she left the room.
I called my son, someone had gone up and gotten my things from the ski-shack and gave me them which was a good thing since I needed my cell-phone. I asked him to go pick up my jacket and return the one I'd worn on the hill. They supplied those things. His girlfriend at the time was not happy. She thought I deliberately ruined their dinner together on his birthday. Happy birthday Chip, it's a broken leg for your mom. I mean really, who would do that? The good thing for him was that he got to drive my SUV for those weeks I wasn't using it.
I was hopping into my girlfriend's kitchen one day on my crutches, slipped on water, and bumped my leg. They had to do surgery on that. One plate, seven screws, and they told me in eight weeks I'd get the cast off. They lied. It took eighteen. Even then it took me about eight months before I could walk fairly normal. I still can't run without looking like I'm spastic or something, but, that could just be my age, or me. Two years later, I couldn't move my toes so they removed the hardware from my leg. It's a lot better without it. They said the titanium wouldn't set off the alarms at the airport, but I never got to test that theory out…and I wanted to.
I got all sorts of casts, red ones, orange ones, but my favorite, which I still have glows in the dark. Pictured above. How cool is that? I thought maybe to make it into a lamp like the one they had in that movie.
My current girlfriend finds the idea repulsive, so maybe, not. She thinks I should throw it out.
So, break a leg means a whole lot of different to me…definitely NOT good luck!
So, on this, my oldest son's thirtieth birthday (damn, how'd he get to be that old!?!?), I'm remembering one of his more memorable birthdays…Happy birthday Chip, love Mom.
Btw, I'm 30 too (with a few years of experience, after all, wasn't I about 7 when you were born)? This should be interesting, being the same age as my firstborn!


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If you would like to print out this sermon:: click here to open it in a new window
Christ's Last Words
by Chuck in DC
based on John 17:1-11
In last week's service we read the apostle Paul's last words to the church. We talked about how important the last words of a person are and how we especially honor those last words.
A few moments ago, we read Jesus's last words to the church. He spoke these words right before he was taken up into heaven. That's why we celebrate Ascension Sunday today. Jesus is taken up by God and is no longer physically present with the church. And before Jesus leaves, we find him praying for the church, and blessing the church. One last time the disciples gather around the Master and listen intently to his words of prayer.
And how appropriate are Jesus' words of petition for the church. He prays for the church's unity, for oneness in Spirit, so that the church may keep the revelation of the one true God of love and peace. And as we look around us we realize how urgently we need this prayer: instead of being one we find ourselves separated. We find ourselves putting up dividers, fences.
Fences differ in function and purpose. Some fences are actually good. The ones we put up in our back yards, for instance, may serve for the protection of our little ones so they won't get hurt by the cars that go by. Then there are fences that deter burglars from breaking into our homes, prevent wildlife from destroying our gardens and dogs from using our backyard for their business.
Fences to keep out, fences to keep in, fences to protect or to guard--we are surrounded by fences. Our neighborhood is full of crisscrossing fences. And the thing about fences is that we tend not to see them until something happens to draw our attention to them. And if we do notice them, we are likely to say with Robert Frost: "Good fences make good neighbors!"
But, then there are also those barbed wire-fences from behind which we see outstretched arms and terrified faces, like those surrounding concentration camps, POW camps, refugee camps. There are fences or walls separating whole countries like the ones that separate Yugoslavia into Albanians and Serbs.
Our obsession with fences, whether they serve a right or wrong purpose, is really a reflection of our conflicts with one another. Would we really need fences if there was no such thing as burglary? If we got along with our neighbors? If there was unity and harmony in our neighborhoods and communities? Robert Frost, in the same poem I quoted above says, "Something there is (within us) that doesn't like a wall." In an ideal world, we feel, there is no need for fences. We hardly think of God's kingdom in terms of fenced-in properties, do we?
And the worst kind of fences--and the most difficult to detect--are the ones that are invisible to our eyes. Where are those invisible fences that keep us from being united with our neighbors and God, from being one in the Spirit? There are fences based on physical appearances, separating persons of different race or ethnicity or gender. There are fences based on nationality, regions, or language, or even accents. There are fences between different generations, between people of different theological, ethical, or political persuasions.
We do not easily agree on which fences to preserve and which to tear down in our Christian communities. Some say we must keep distinctions clear, those whom we allow to come to the Lord's table and those we need to refuse. Fences are erected over such issues as birth-control, sexuality, euthanasia, when or how Jesus will come again, whether or not women can preach, whether we should be one sort of church or another. We disagree over the length of the service, what kind of hymns or instrumentation is acceptable, what prayers should be included, who should or should not do certain parts of the service, how people should dress, and much more.
And amidst all our squabbles over where fences should be erected or preserved and where they should be torn down, amidst our disagreements and confusion, we find the Founder of the church praying--one last time. And he prays for unity, for peace and for love among the people of God. And as we listen to Jesus praying for the church's unity, we are reminded of Jesus ministry to the people. We see Christ with arms open wide, welcoming, forgiving, accepting, loving, healing, not just some, a few--no he stretched his arms out to all.
Jesus certainly gave us guidelines, he gave us fences, but Jesus certainly also abolished some of the fences of his time. His ministry was to all--even the outlawed, the unclean, the sinners: "For God so loved the world that God gave his only Son, that whosoever believes shall be saved--whosoever!!--not just a few elect...Teacher, how can you fellowship with the ceremonially unclean and with sinners? is the question the Pharisees asked. Jesus answered: "Those who are healthy, do not need a physician, those who are sick do. I came to seek and save the lost." It seems to me that Jesus erected fences of good standards, healthy living and morality, but never to a point where people were shut out. When it comes to dealing with people, he never turns his back on anyone--not even the one who crucified him. Remember his prayer: "Forgive them, Father, for they know not what they do?"
So, as we argue over which fences to erect, which to keep, and which to tear down, we should keep this in mind. It is true, God calls us to hate the sin, but he also calls us to love the sinner. Just like Jesus, we must pray for love and unity. Jesus knew that the enemy was out there, ready to cause dissention, to cause strife and hatred among God's children.
I would like to close with a little anecdote from the Tales of the Hasidim:
An old rabbi once asked his pupils how they could tell when the night had ended and the day had begun. "Could it be," asked one student, "when you can see an animal in the distance and tell whether it's a sheep or a dog?" "No," answered the rabbi. Another asked, "Is it when you can look at a tree in the distance and tell whether it's a fig tree or a peach tree?" "No," answered the rabbi. "Then when is it?" the pupils demanded. "It is when you can look on the face of any person and see that it is your sister and brother. Because if you cannot see this, it is still night." Amen!
Frank Schaefer, for JavaCasa Resources and the Desperate Preacher's Site, 1999


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Kudos Cars are proud to offer… Funeral Car Hire
- When commemorating the life of a loved one, it's important to find a balance between celebrating their life and solemn respect for their passing. The funeral procession is a mark of respect for those lost, and travelling in a comfortable and suitably refined car can help it run smoothly. Kudos have a number of cars ideal for funeral car hire. There's our black Rolls Royce Phantom which is an elegant choice for a funeral car – the interior is finely decorated, and complete with a number of added features to ensure the journey runs easily. There is also the black Rolls Royce Ghost which includes many of the hallmarks of Rolls Royce class, including the high quality finishing both interior and exterior. These cars run quietly and glide along, avoiding unnecessary distractions on the way to the funeral.
- Whilst organising a funeral is no easy task, we aim to make at least the funeral car hire aspect as easy as possible. We understand that it is a sensitive time, and even minor complications can feel worse when emotions run high. Kudos have a history of providing beautiful cars for hire and giving excellent service, and our funeral car hire service is no different. Whichever car you choose, we'll be on hand to offer a peaceful and effortless service so you can focus on the day at hand. We have a number of black funeral cars, and our cars are all chauffeur driven. Our chauffeurs are polite, friendly and professional, and importantly, extremely respectful. Many are multilingual, so if you have any particular requirements, let us know and we'll find the ideal chauffeur for you. Here at Kudos we're experienced in providing cars for a variety of cultures and faiths and have the utmost respect for each and every one we encounter.
Kudos are proud to provide an important, high calibre service that honours and celebrates the life of your loved one in your own way.
When it comes to funeral car hire, planning and ensuring punctuality, comfort and reliability is essential, and we can offer all three. To find and hire a funeral car, whether it be the quietly elegant Rolls Royce Ghost, or the subtly opulent Rolls Royce Phantom, contact us today and we'll help you plan the commemoration and farewell you need.


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Pg 4: Some messengers are asking to be shot
So, the messenger delivers her message (if you thought she was a man you are forgiven. I drew her pretty androgynous to add to her mystery. But in page 1, frame 8 you can see the curve of her left boobie). In case you haven't guessed she is a lead-in character, and you probably won't see her again. That said she has quite a strong personality and I will miss her. She is determined and practical.
Not there are a lot of mistakes on this page. "Shoot mess-anger" is one, Tinuvielle's left arm is another. I won't point out the others. Perhaps you won't notice them. Mistake fixed!
GUARD: I will take it... once the ceremony is over.
MESSENGER: But... is urgent! TAKE MESSAGE NOW!
GUARD: Fine! (She stomps up a set of stairs towards to heros grumbling something about 'Shooting the messenger).
DIRK: (Grasping Amuletts by the colar and shaking her) You will apologise!
AMULETTS: Nuh-uh!
MARTIN: Is it out?
CLODIN: Yes, but in future it might be better if you didn't help me!
GUARD: Excuse me? Lady Tinuvielle?


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One of the most popular bloggers in Kigali, Gatete, did an interview with ITV and Reuters last week. It's filled with enlightening thoughts and great perspectives on the current climate in the political arena. Everyone should watch it.
Have something to add to this story? Share it in the comments.


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This limit could be overcome by using spacecraft to increase
the baseline, radio interferometry rather than optical methods, or a
combination thereof. I don't know what progress has been made with
such methods. This might allow direct measurement of trig parallax out
to around 3 x 10^8 light years.
It should be noted, though, that such measurements would not
necessarily give more "real" distances than other techniques - cluster
parallax, apparent luminosities, angular sizes, &c, though various
assumptions have to be made for all of these techniques and some care
is needed in relating determinations of distances by different methods.
Froehliche Weihnachten,
George Murphy


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It is important to remember that the act of preservation extends beyond the care of dusty, old books and withered pieces of paper. Our records of the past often include structures of the built environment, which in recent decades have come to be regarded as worthy of preservation.
Imperial Brewing Company Advertisement, Kansas City Manufacturer, May 1902
Imperial Brewing Company Advertisement, Kansas City Illustrated, 1902
An example is the Imperial Brewing Co. building on Southwest Boulevard north of Interstate 35. Many will recall the 2012 fire that seemed to sound a death knell for the structure, but the building's current owner, the Dean Reality Co., believes it can be resurrected. Officials maintain that only some old wooden roof sections, which needed to be replaced anyway, were destroyed by the flames and that the building's overall structural integrity remains intact.
Imperial Brewing Company Advertisement, Kansas City Star, November 6, 1904
Construction of the facility was completed by the Imperial Brewing Co. in 1902, near the height of Kansas City's expanding pre-Prohibition brewing industry. Here, Imperial's signature brews - Mayflower and Imperial Seal - were cranked out until the company's financial instability led to bankruptcy in 1905. The facility then was purchased by the Kansas City Brewing Co., a firm that had risen from the merger of the Fred Heim and Rochester brewing companies, and the old Imperial plant became known as its B Plant Branch. By the eve of Prohibition, the Kansas City Brewing Co. was outproducing all other Kansas City breweries combined.
Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, 1907
But, as we all know, Prohibition became the law of the land, and the brewery property was sold in 1919 to the Seaboard Flour Co. for conversion to a mill. Over time, the onetime Imperial Brewing complex became known locally as the Boulevard Mill, and it functioned in that capacity until finally closing in the mid-1980s.
Due to vandalism and the simple passage of time, the building deteriorated until being purchased in 2007 by Dean Reality. The company had the property added to the National Register of Historic Places and began exploring opportunities for redevelopment. Officials remain open to proposals ranging from the building's conversion to residential units or office space to its restoration as a brewery. What is important, according to the company, is that the site is transformed from an eyesore into an economic development opportunity for the Kansas City area.
Imperial Brewing Company Photograph, Kansas City Manufacturer, February 1902
The future of the Imperial Brewing Co. building is yet to be determined. It is clear, however, that physical structures are an important part of the recorded past and that the preservation and continued use of historic buildings help us, as community members, to better connect with it.
Griffin, Michael Englebert. "Imperial Brewing Company Brewery." National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 2010.
Roberts, Rob. "Historic Imperial Brewery on Road to New Life as Redevelopment Anchor." Kansas City Business Journal, January 12, 2017.


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Uniquely Qualified Instructor
Dr. Denise Gudwin is an acclaimed teacher, author and outstanding, nationally recognized presenter in the areas of literacy and state standards. She brings a wealth of knowledge on practical ways to increase literacy achievement with struggling readers. Experienced as a classroom teacher, literacy specialist, teacher trainer, and a special education program and professional development administrator, Denise brings over 35 years of experience working with students who have reading difficulties. She is the author of The Most Effective Strategies to Help Your Struggling Readers Achieve and Exceed Your State Standards for Reading (Grades K-5), the resource handbook each participant will receive at this seminar.
Denise has also authored Phonological Awareness and Early Literacy Assessment, Early Wright Skills Program (McGraw-Hill/The Wright Group, 2007); Assisting Urban Schools in Making Annual Yearly Progress (Journal of Urban Learning, Teaching and Research, 2007); and Mentoring and Coaching: A Lifeline for Teachers in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Classrooms (2009, Corwin Press).
You will leave this seminar inspired and touched by Deniseâs passion and enthusiasm for teaching, along with practical and highly effective strategies and insightful tips youâll be able to use immediately.
What Your Colleagues Say About Your Presenter
"I love the practical, strategy-based flow of the seminar."
- Twila Jones, Special Education Resource Teacher
"Denise is wonderful! Lots of strategies are given and a long list of additional resources provided."
- Marilyn Tornincasa, Teacher
"This seminar is great! Denise gives tons of strategies and ideas that integrate state standards, which I can use in my classroom tomorrow. This seminar makes me think more and more about how to prepare for the next school year and I now feel more comfortable about my state standards."
- Bekime Xheraj, 5th Grade Teacher
"Denise provided a plethora of strategies that I can immediately implement in my intervention program. She also reminded me of many of the things I already do and can build upon to better help my students succeed. Finally, she also gave me the spark I needed at this time of year to rejuvenate me."
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Our Canadian friends are currently considering a satellite mission called the Polar Communications and Weather (PCW) Mission. The mission is quite different from most, in that it has an interesting combination of missions, and will be flying in a somewhat unusual twin satellite High Earth Orbit.
The three main objectives for the mission are:
1. To provide 24/7 telecommunications services to the polar regions
2. Monitor Arctic Weather and Climate Change
3. Monitor Space Weather
Recent space press coverage has focussed on the need for Canada to seek partners in the project, which prompted me to think - could Australia partner in such a mission, and if so, what benefit would it bring to us, in our part of the world? How would this apply to Antarctica rather than the Arctic?
Firstly, looking at the main objectives for the mission - Telecommunications - Australia has a very strong need for telecommunications in the Antarctic region. Australia lays claim to a major portion of Antarctica, and has several scientific bases conducting research. It also claims the Australian Antarctic Territorial Waters surrounding the land claim, and has seen significantly more shipping, fishing and defence interest in these areas in recent years. All of these activities, combined with the new flight routes through this region, have significantly raised Australia's need for reliable communications bandwidth in the Polar Region. Under the Australian Space Research Program, the folks at Antarctic Broadband have also been looking at the problem.
Secondly, Climate Change and Antarctic weather are becoming an increasing priority to Australia as the planet warms up, and the Antarctic weather has strong influence on Australia's weather patterns. This weather is also poorly covered by traditional GEO Satellites due to the polar latitudes.
Thirdly, Space Weather has been a topic of scientific study for many universities around Australia for decades. Having our own ability to generate data over Australia and Antarctica could provide a significant boost in research efforts in Australia for Space Weather. It also helps us develop a higher skilled workforce for defence activities such as Space Surveillance and the JORN facility.
So, how could Australia participate? Given the High Earth Orbit, and dwell over the Artic region, wouldn't that make Australian involvement fairly useless?
Well, there are a couple of ways we could participate. Firstly, for the brief periods that the satellites are over the Antarctic region, Australia could benefit from any telecommunications capacity or weather information that can be generated. Whilst it would be small, it could be commensurate with our contribution.
We could also piggy back on the mission, and purchase a satellite (or even two), to provide the exact same mission as the Canadians, but for the Antarctica Region instead of the Arctic Region. In doing so, the collective cost of each satellite would be cheaper to both Canada and Australia. This would probably deliver the best benefits to Australia, but also come with the highest price.
Next, we could bring together a coalition of nations who are part of the Antarctic Treaty, to share the costs of two satellites, providing telecommunications and weather information to all participants. This would provide a good balance between capability achieved versus price, but would come with the added benefit of Australian involvement in an international space program, and enhance cooperation in the Antarctic region.
Alternatively, we could contribute technologies such as ground segments or on-board technologies such as those from Antarctic Broadband, for a limited use or data sharing agreement. Perhaps this could be of most use for the Space Weather and Meteorological data only.
All up, it would be interesting for the Space Policy Unit to open up a dialogue with the Canadian Space Agency on the PCW mission, to explore where our mutual interests could be further enhanced through cooperation.
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Could Australia Join the Canadian PCW Mission?
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There have been many proposals as to why aliens have not contacted us but one thing appears universal in all their proposals: if these aliens exist, they are said to have superintelligence with extraordinary technology who live on planets or moons or travel to other solar systems to colonize other planets. SETI and other scientific searches focuses on extraterrestrial life. This hypothesis proposes that planets are not where we should be looking and that human-level intelligence and technology are all that's required to survive for long periods of time. But it does require the invention of non-biological consciousness.
I trust most people would agree that the best approach would be to propose a hypothesis that has a higher chance of being correct. I don't think intelligent extraterrestrial proposals stand a good chance of being correct because if an intelligent specie wants to live a long time (in the millions or billions of years), why would they live on planets, or even hang around stars where there are comets, asteroids, gamma ray bursts (GRBs), or roaming black holes that can easily destroy all life on a planet? I propose that the best chances of finding intelligent life in the universe are not around stars but in areas free of their dangers and that means somewhere deep in empty space, free of debris, radiation, stars and planets.
If this proves true, that means that SETI, NASA, and the Breakthrough Initiatives project are pointing their telescopes in precisely the worst places to find long lasting alien civilizations!
From what we've learned about planets in our own solar system, we know they are unstable. Earth has undergone tremendous changes from a hellish Hadean earth (4.6-4 billion years ago), to the late Archean (2.8-2.8 billion years ago) to the Early Proterozoic period (2.8-2.2 billion years ago), to the Rodinia period where Pangaea was a supercontinent, to a snowball earth (650 million years ago), to the Jurassic period when Pangaea began to break apart and the dinosaurs ruled, to the Pleistocene Ice Ages (18,000 years ago) to today.
We know there were at least five mass extinctions on earth, some caused by asteroids or comets, including the Chicxulub impact at around 66 millions years ago that caused the cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event when some three-quarters of the plant and animal species (including all non-avian dinosaurs) became extinct. If not for the Chicxulub impact and dinosaur extinction, primate evolution (and humans) probably would never have evolved. According to some biologists humans are causing the sixth mass extinction that could very well include us. They have even named it the Holocene extinction (also called the Anthropocene extinction).
We also know Mars and Venus have undergone violent changes throughout their existence. Astronomers think early Venus had oceans and may have been habitable. Mars once had oceans of liquid water and a more robust atmosphere. We know all the rocky planets and moons in our solar system contain meteor impacted craters. It's reasonable to expect most, if not all, planets in the universe have also undergone similar changes.
It's also noteworthy that about four-fifths of all the stars in the universe are binary stars. That means their Oort clouds will be churned more, thus creating more unstable planetary orbits along with the increased chance of debris collisions.
Some have proposed looking for extraterrestrial life in the center of our galaxy because there are more stars and planets there. On the contrary, there is less chance for life to evolve there because of the density of stars, especially at the galactic bulge. A planet with intelligent life would more likely survive longer at the outer edge of the galaxy where there are fewer stars. Note our sun sits about two-thirds of the way from the center of our galaxy.
As for life on earth, the average specie lifespan of invertebrates is around 11 million years and mammals at around 1 million years. The modern form of humans evolved only around 200,000 years ago. Only one intelligent species capable of written language has evolved on earth and this occurred only in the last few thousand years. Humans have only been able to use electromagnetic communication in the last 200 years and human space flight only since 1961. It appears the more advanced species have the shortest specie life spans. Human extinction appears as a very real probability (not just a possibility). So given what we know about our own species, it appears that intelligent life on a planet must be exceedingly rare.
This is not to mean that biological life is rare, however. On the contrary, it appears that the first living cells appeared at least 3.8 billion years ago, relatively shortly after the formation of our planet. We also know life can exist without sunlight from geothermal energy sources found deep in ocean bottoms. So single-cell life is likely to be abundant throughout the universe. But I am not discussing just life (which is probably abundant) but intelligent life capable of surviving solar system debris and planetary changes. It is intelligent life which is of concern here and from what we know today, it is rare.
Even if there are thousands of technological civilizations throughout a galaxy, as some speculate, that doesn't mean they are all existing at the same time. A one-million year average lifespan of a specie (and probably much lower for a technological specie) would rise and fall in a flash of time compared to the age of the universe. It would be like trying to photogragh the flash of a firefly through a long narrow tube. This is known as the synchronicity problem. For these reasons, I suspect the chances of ever detecting a technological extraterrestrial species are much rarer than most people think.
Also, consider the social complications involved in a specie that has managed to evolve the capability to do science. What if the specie members reject evolution or scientific thinking?
False beliefs are a poor way to survive for long lengths of time
Even if a specie could survive on a planet long enough to develop intelligent life, consider that a planet has only a limited amount of space and natural resources. This virtually guarantees conflict, not only between species, but within species. If intelligent life evolves elsewhere in the universe it likely also developed fight & flight instincts, and in social species with language, emotions and beliefs. And once you have beliefs, you also have the probability of beliefs without evidence: faith. A species that relies on faith virtually guarantees a short specie lifespan.
One of the threats to our civilization comes from people who deny science and want to replace it with delusional beliefs. We see this today from religious, political, and ideological extremists who are more than willing to destroy all human life on earth if they ever get their hands on weapons of mass destruction, or genetic engineering which could result in creating a virus that could wipe out our entire specie, or corporate greed that cares for itself rather than life of earth. Nor does it even require destruction of a specie. It only requires the reduction of technology. Similar to the European Dark Ages that delayed technological progress for over a thousand years, we could end up in a post apocalyptic age as described in many science fiction films such as Mad Max. Here's what we face: Nuclear or biological warfare, pandemics involving one or more created viruses, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, climate change, death to the oceans and the extinction of fish, loss of fresh water and food (due to mass extinctions).
The Drake equation (a probabilistic argument used to estimate of the number of communicative extraterrestrials in our galaxy) includes the lifetime of the "communicative phase" (the "L" in the equation above). Even if a specie has the communications technology available to them, that doesn't mean they will use it if their belief systems disallow it, even if that belief comes from secular sources. For example, if a specie believes aliens are hostile to planetary life (without any evidence), then they might decide to hide their technology or not send out any signals into space at all. In fact, here on earth there are many debates about this. For just three examples, see: [source 1, source 2, source 3]
Science doesn't require beliefs. As Lawrence Krauss said, "As a scientist, I don't believe anything. Science shouldn't use the word belief. There are things more likely and less likely. Science can say nothing with absolute certainty." If an intelligent alien civilization is able to survive and send out signals for millions or billions of years they will most likely have tamed or eliminated beliefs from their world view and adhere to scientific methods of obtaining knowledge.
The problem with alien terrestrial colonization
Theorists claim that if an intelligent alien's planet becomes too dangerous to live on, the aliens will search other livable worlds and colonize planets in other solar systems. This makes little sense. Consider that colonizing other planets involves traveling light years of distance. If you can survive that long in space, why in the world would you need or even want to live on a planet? Why not simply remain in space where you've adapted? Consider that humans evolved from ancient vertebrate fish millions of years ago and adapted to live on land. Similarly, a terrestrial species that adapted to live in space is more likely to remain in their adapted space. Moreover, living on a planet means fighting gravity along with all the other life threatening dangers (as described above) along with earthquakes, volcanoes, storms, limited resources, limited space, and all the social conflicts that can arise. Planets have finite areas, thus guaranteeing death of its specie members, otherwise the planet would soon become overpopulated. If a specie wishes to overcome death, space affords them the unlimited volume to reproduce without fear of dying or extinction.
The only reason for wanting to colonize other planets is if the aliens are biological. However, this is unrealistic. Biological species need an atmosphere to breath, biological life to eat, and gravity to prevent bone loss and other degenerative diseases. Spending years in space would require bringing along a pressurized atmosphere, food and water, medicine, and the problems of replenishing them. There's also the problem of high-energy, ionizing cosmic ray nuclei (HZE) that affects biological life, especially damage to cells, DNA, and the immune system over long periods of time. Loss of gravity also takes a toll on a specie evolved on a gravitational planet. The American astronaut, Scot Kelly, for example, spent only one year in space and he suffered bone loss, muscle atrophy, heart shrinkage, decreased vision, and accumulated a years worth of radiation from space. There's also the problem of psychological stress and adapting to space. Of course it might be possible to survive in suspended animation, but so far no one has figured out how to do this, especially considering the vast amount of time involved in keeping a body in hibernation without destruction of cells. If a specie were to survive long trips through space, they would have to adapt to the conditions of space, and that means designing their bodies to live in space.
It only had to happen once
What I have been describing is actually an extension of the Great Filter theory, first proposed by Robin Hanson to solve the Fermi Paradox by explaining that there are barriers that prevent civilizations from living long lives. This is a valid concern, but all the great filter proposals apply only to planetary or star based civilizations. None of the filters apply to intelligent beings who have adapted to live in space away from star systems. Indeed, intelligent terrestrial life is improbable, but even if one terrestrial civilization was able to adapt to living in space, intelligent life throughout the universe suddenly becomes very probable. Even self-replicating spacecraft theories, von Neumann probes, and replicating seeder ships are always connected to planetary solar systems. All these proposals are doomed by the Great Filter. Just as the first reproducible life on earth must have been exceedingly rare, it only had to happen once for natural selection to take hold to produce the millions of species that we see on earth. Similarly, regardless of the rarity of an intelligent species evolving on a terrestrial planet, if even only one specie was capable of surviving in space without the need for planetary support, it could theoretically spread throughout a galaxy, possibly evolving into many different species.
We should escape the anthropomorphic worship of stars and planets. Planets and stars should be considered dangerous not desirous. Using the technology we have now allows spaceships to travel in space without the need of stars.
To live for long periods of time, you cannot rely on the statistics of a short lived specie. As Neil deGrasse Tyson said, "The Universe wants to kill us". A specie that can survive for millions of years would have to avoid all the things in the universe that could kill them.
The science fiction writer, Robert A. Heinlein, created a fictional character, Lazarus Long, who lived an unusually long life of well over two-thousand years. He had to avoid common human activities such as joining an army because doing so would dramatically increase the chance of dying in a war. Even such benign things like driving a car would would virtually guarantee your demise due to the statistical increased chances of dying in a car accident.
For example, if your chances of getting hit by lightning in one year are 1 in a million, those odds drop to 1 in 12,000 over a lifetime. If you want to live 12,000 lifetimes, your chances of getting hit by lighting is near certain, so you would have to avoid places where lightning hits. Time turns the possible into the probable.
A similar kind of thinking would have to apply to an alien specie. If you want to "live long and prosper," solar systems are not good places to hang around.
How would a specie evolve to live in space?
One proposal to surviving space is to genetically modify the human body to prevent damage from cosmic rays, bone loss, etc. For example, it might be possible to modify skin cells to absorb ion radiation, bones that do not lose calcium, etc. Regardless of how much is done to modify a body, it would still require food, air, and water. A better solution would be to design a body capable of utilizing the resources already available in space rather than the resources from a planet, and that means getting rid of the necessity of food, air, and water. Electron powered non-biological life solves the problem. Its "food" would consist of electronic energy stored in batteries, or produced by generators powered by hydrogen cells or whatever future power sources they might invent. Electrons are everywhere and cheap, food is neither.
We know Earth's natural resources are becoming scarce, and rare-earth elements are becoming more desirable as our technology advances. For example, scandium is used in metal alloys used for aerospace components, neodymium is used in magnets, lasers, and capacitors, etc. Other metals such as lithium (used in batteries) are found in only a few countries and of course, gold, silver, and platinum are highly desired in many electronic components. The only other place to find these resources are asteroids and comets. So it's inevitable at some point in our future, we will have to mine asteroids and comets if we wish to continue and advance our technologies.
There is now an interest in asteroid mining for these raw materials including water and oxygen to sustain astronauts; as well as hydrogen, ammonia, and oxygen for use as rocket propellant. At the time of this writing there are two companies devoted to developing asteroid mining, Planetary Resources, and Deep Space Industries. In fact asteroid minding may become a reality as soon as 2025! The first mining operations will be done by astronauts and, eventually, by intelligent mechanical robots. This is not as far fetched as it might seem. DARPA is already undergoing robot engineering with the hope that they can be used for satellite repair missions. And if they can be used for repairing satellites, they could certainly be designed for mining asteroids. NASA is also undergoing a robotic mining competition for university-level students to design and build a mining robot that can traverse a Martian terrain.
These will be intelligent robots with the ability to communicate with humans. We already have intelligent systems that can not only understand human language, but can out perform humans in many areas such as in chess (IBM's Deep Blue that beat the best grand master), the game of Go (Google's DeepMind) that beat the best Go player in the world, and in general knowledge where the best Jeopardy champion was beaten by IBM's Watson. We already have autonomous robots such as aircraft drones, deep sea mining robots, autonomous cars, robotic spacecraft, and planet rovers. Similar intelligent systems will be designed into future mining robots, and they will be more capable than human miners.
The next step in asteroid mining will be in making the operations more efficient and profitable. It's expensive sending robots and mining equipment into space, not to mention the repairs that will have to be done to them. There will be a desire to manufacture robots in space rather than on earth. And who will do the manufacturing work and repairing? The robots themselves of course. And once this is achieved, the robots become self-replicating (note, engineers have already built simple self replicating robots, and we have the beginning of utilizing 3D printers for manufacturing in space).
Even though these first mining robots will be intelligent, a small number of humans would still be needed to control them. They would need a human commander to give them orders such as how much to mine, how many robots to manufacture and so forth to reflect the desires of their corporations back on earth.
Because of the problems of humans living in space (as described above), the human crews would have to be replaced by new crews every year or so (or shorter). That means mining only near earth orbit asteroids. There will be a desire to mine asteroids further out, perhaps into the asteriod belt, but because this is so far away from earth, communication delays due to the light speed limit could create problems if they need quick decisions from earth. Humans can make these quick decisions if emergencies arise and to create solutions to problems. But this is too far to practically send humans. The mining corporations will want to replace human astronauts with artificial sentient systems to avoid these problems. And this presents a problem.
But they are not alive!
Even if we produce intelligent self-replicating robots, that doesn't mean they will be sentient. Intelligence doesn't require consciousness. To have sentience you must have qualia (feelings and emotions). Some philosophers might dispute this such as Daniel Dennett, but although there has been great progress in intelligent design, there has been zero progress in creating a computer that can feel. And this is a problem if you want sentient life to spread throughout the universe.
Regardless of how much intelligence a robot has, they will behave like zombies without curiosity or a will to live. There is no reason to expect them to spread throughout the universe, much less try to communicate with other intelligent species. I suspect they would behave like the automata in a super Game of Life and eventually die out. A species that survives would need desires, the will to live, and especially the curiosity and wonder to explore, invent, and to create. Science is a basic requirement for space travel and science cannot exist without curiosity. Since consciousness includes feelings and emotions, consciousness would be a requirement for long survival in deep space.
Once AI scientists are able to engineer sentient circuits equivalent to brain circuits such as the nucleus accumbens (responsible for reward feelings), the cingulate cortex (responsible for emotion formation) and other sentient circuits, along with the equivalent of hormones and neurotransmitters, then these could be integrated into artificial intelligent systems (with time to learn to adapt to these new circuits) to create a fully sentient specie. We will have have invented, not just a new species, but a new kingdom of life that dropped its reliance on DNA and got rid of all diseases, parasites, viruses, and bacteria and they will no longer need to kill living things to keep themselves alive. Their life spans would be unlimited and they won't need to wake up in the middle of the night to pee!
An average human brain has around 86 billion neurons and each neuron has thousands of synapses. An electronic brain's artificial synapses would need to match the number of of synapses in a human brain. The first synthetic brains would be too huge to put into robots. Besides, there's no need to give robots consciousness because, why risk sentience in risky mining operations? Instead, imagine a conscious artificial brain controlling the robots from within a spacecraft. The spaceship itself, would serve as a conscious "body" and its robots as the workers and maintenance crews. Note we humans have our own workers and maintenance crews installed into our bodies doing immune maintenance work, digesting food, etc. They are the beneficial microbiota in our bodies that outnumber our human cells.
It is these space mining spaceships with robot miners and artificial sentient commanders that would serve as the best candidates for space explorations beyond our solar system. Once an infrastructure is built in space that includes mining & processing ships, manufacturing, engineering, R&D, etc. then Imagine a mission consisting of a fleet of these spacecraft being sent into deep space. And once that happens, the genesis of alien life could take hold in space without the need for planets and stars.
Electronic brains would benefit from living in the cold environment of space because they could take advantage of superconductivity making their brains very energy efficient. The temperature of objects in empty space between stars approach absolute zero, somewhere just above -270 degrees Celsius and well below what is required for superconductivity.
There's nothing new about proposing biological life evolving into non-biological bodies. Science fiction authors, philosophers and scientists like Paul Davies, Steven J. Dick, Ray Kurzweil, Nick Bostrom and many others have made such suggestions. The philosopher Susan Schneider wrote a piece called "Alien Minds" that does a good job describing the problems of non-biological aliens, with and without consciousness. However, all of these prognosticators propose that aliens would be super intelligent. Although that may very well be the case, it is not a requirement. A specie only needs human-level intelligence to survive. What does superintelligence even mean anyway, and how do we know there aren't limits to intelligence? No doubt aliens would be more knowledgeable than humans but knowledge is not the same thing as intelligence. And as Dennett has reminded us, human brains, the most complicated thing we know of, were created by very low intelligent robots (biological cells) through natural selection. I propose a minimal hypothesis that doesn't require superintelligence, just human-like intelligence because this is more likely to be achieved than superintelligence. But creating intelligence with consciousness that includes feelings and emotions? That's another matter.
Unfortunately consciousness is the most problematic part of this hypothesis. Although we have good ideas about what consciousness is not, we have no good theory about how to build a conscious machine (intelligence, yes, but not consciousness). Nevertheless, there are several programs that are attempting to build artificial brains that would mimic human brains.
Even if we are successful, we may decide not to give computers consciousness simply because of the ethical questions and all the consequences that go with it. So everything I propose in the rest of this hypotheses rests on the speculation that this is possible and that at least one extraterrestrial specie has figured out how to do it.
If any specie has done it, these sentient artificial life forms would evolve via natural selection by using memes. Artificial sentient beings will not only have the capability of inventing spaceships, they would be able to design themselves, advancing their own species or inventing an entire line of species. They might even be able to tweak their own minds to control their emotions or to shut them off entirely depending on the situation they are in. There are so many possibilities, one could write endlessly about them. I will describe only minimal obvious choices that aliens would make that might give clues as to where we might find them (and it won't be on planets).
How will they travel in space?
A major concern would be fuel and the first fuel might be hydrogen-oxygen based like that proposed by Planetary Resources. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and oxygen the third most abundant. Both these elements can be extracted from ice on comets and asteroids. Uranium, and other radioactive elements (found in asteroids) could be used to power nuclear fission reactors. Humans are already on the brink of solving the fusion power problem and no-doubt that other intelligent life-forms will have developed fusion reactors. Because fusion energy works like fusion in a star, their space crafts could very well carry on board a mini-star to power their crafts. Actual starships. Once a specie develops efficient fission or fusion reactors in space, there's no need to build large and expensive Dyson spheres or solar arrays around stars, especially if you wish to avoid dangerous debris that surround stars. Note we already have nuclear powered space probes. Later, more efficient means such as using star light to power very efficient super cooled electronics could serve to power everything on board their starships, especially while traveling long distances between stars. Moreover, aliens would be able to utilize gravitational sling-shot techniques to steer and travel through space with very little power usage (similar to the way we already slingshot our space probes through the solar system).
Duty Cycle spacetime travel
Once aliens (or us) are able to design a living electronic brain, they will be able to shut it off and turn it on again at will. This low-tech ability alone allows a revolutionary and exciting form of space travel: spacetime travel utilizing electronically controlled suspended animation. Aliens could change the perception of time and travel instantly from one point to another even if that distance is thousands of light years distant. This method requires no new theory of propulsion, wormholes, superintelligence or any other unproven theory of time travel and does not contradict Einstein's general theory of relativity. How so? By utilizing electronic duty cycles coupled with a spaceship traveling at sub-light speeds in spaces free of debris (between stars and galaxies).
The following description comes from Death and Time Traveling:
The term duty cycle comes from electrical engineering terminology. A duty cycle represents a periodic ratio of on and off states. Usually duty cycles are represented as square waves or rectangular pulses. If you've ever operated a microwave oven at 50% power, or adjusted the thermostat on your air-conditioner, you'd realize they operate by turning on for a period of time and off for a period of time. Microwaves, stepper motors, power drills, as well as many computer controlled devices use duty cycle power controls. An example graph of a 50% duty cycle showing five on-states looks like the following:
Now that you understand duty cycles, imagine an alien pilot controlling its own duty cycles to match the aims of its voyage. Since it utilizes electrical circuits it can switch its "brain" on and off almost instantly. The on-state period of duty cycles represent the conscious states and the off-states as time suspended states (these "off" states are actually temporary death periods). By using memristor-like circuits, the off-states would automatically preserve memory while the on-states would instantly return to conscious operation.
Important to this concept, you should understand that an off-state duty cycle could remain off for extremely long periods of time, perhaps hundreds or thousands of earth years time, while each on-state may last only a second or a fraction of a second. Note, since the off-states are also death states, the aliens will not fear death because they will "experience" death every time their brains are turned off. Since only the on-states are perceived, conscious time would appear seamless to the time traveler. The duty cycles from the perspective of an outside observer might look like this:
One light year represents the distance traveled at light-speed in a vacuum for a period of one year. This calculates to a distance of approximately 5.88 trillion miles. But to the space voyager, the conscious period would feel continuous and he would have no awareness of the off-states. Our spacetime traveler would experience a period of 5 seconds of consciousness like this:
So in 5 seconds our alien would have traveled a distance of 4 light years or over 23 trillion miles!
In these illustrations I have given each conscious state a period of one second. Actually it would more likely fall far shorter. A human brain processes visual stimuli in about 50 to 100 milliseconds. A computer can switch in microseconds. Since it would power on for only a few milliseconds every light year or so, the power consumption should prove exceedingly low.
If you still have a problem understanding this, imagine a camera in a spaceship taking a snapshot of the universe at a distance of every light year or so. After you've taken a thousand snapshots (covering 1,000 light years) and assembled each snapshot into a movie film, you'd have about 30 seconds of film showing a voyage through the universe (motion-picture frames display between 24 and 30 frames per second). If an alien set its duty cycle at this rate, it would take only a few days (from its time frame) to reach the other side of the galaxy! Of course our alien traveler could get there instantly if he set the duty cycle to one cycle (off when you begin the journey and on when you arrive).
A spacetime traveler could also accelerate and decelerate by adjusting the duty cycle to match "throttle" and "brake" inputs:
With duty cycle time traveling, the experience of traveling through space becomes dramatically transformed. Imagine an alien starship pilot controlling a duty-cycle "throttle" that can accelerate and decelerate similar to flying an airplane over a landscape.
If you've ever watched Star-Trek movies, you know the virtual feeling of flying past the stars. Our duty-cycle time traveler should experience a similar kind of exhilaration like this:
As an added bonus, since these duty-cycle slices through time would be experienced in digital electronic brains, they could record each slice. This would afford them the ability to travel backwards in time, in Tivo-like fashion, and they could replay their history exactly as they experienced it the first time. This would also allow them to share their experiences with other aliens (the sci-fi movie, Strange Days, explores recordable consciousness).
Aliens may wish to transmit these signals via electromagnetic radiation. The information in these signals may contain, language, audio, video, or a combination of these, along with conscious states in a broadband spectrum. So here we have three ways of experiencing consciousness: directly from brain circuit propagation, replayed from stored memories, or transmitted electromagnetically to other brain "receivers."
Needless to say, reality for them would take on new meanings. And there is nothing technologically unfeasible about this at all, as long as you have the ability to create digital electronic consciousness.
The down side of this kind of space travel, but only from an earth based perspective, comes with the fact that planetary civilizations would rise and fall within a few duty cycles of the journey. The term "home" would have no meaning for such a being except in the context of the interstellar spaceship itself. This might be one of the reasons why we have never detected alien signals. Since our space traveling alien controls its perception of time, it exists when and where it wants. Humans control three dimensions, but space aliens could control the perception of the fourth dimension-- time. They would truly be four-dimensional beings.
This does not mean aliens would live by themselves without the need to communicate with other aliens. An alien would have a difficult time surviving alone in space, especially considering the unknowns it would encounter. It would appear no more reasonable to expect a single alien to survive anymore than a single member of a mammal specie surviving on earth. Aliens should have similar qualities of all known intelligent animals-- a social structure. The astronomer Stephen Dick wrote about the possibility of alien culture. For example, mammals live within some social group to help them survive so the same might apply to our space aliens. Social aliens would have an advantage for survival because they could cover more volume and accumulate and share more data and knowledge of the cosmos. But to convey this information to each other requires a way to communicate.
The most obvious method of transmission would consist of the fastest known kind of communication: electromagnetic radiation. Aliens might use radio, microwave, light, or perhaps gamma rays. But even at light-speed velocities, they would have a problem with communicating unless they stuck close together. Consider that it takes 10 minutes for signals to reach Jupiter from Earth, imagine the years it would take to reach light-year distances. They would need a faster way to communicate. Again, duty cycles come to the rescue. Duty cycle communication. Faster than light. Instantaneous.
Consider two space aliens separated by a distance of 25,000 light years. Each alien transmits signals to match each other's duty cycles, waiting for the signals to arrive during duty cycle off-states. When the signal arrives, their brains turn "on" and they will consciously perceive it. To the aliens, their communications would appear fluid and instant. To resolve time delay problems, it would be no more difficult than what the internet does today when networks routinely use protocols to re-route and receive time delayed packets of information through a network.
Protection from the dangers of traveling through space during "off" duty cycle states
The first explorers that travel away from their home star would have to travel through their solar system's Oort cloud. This presents a problem because of the dangers of high energy comic rays, comets, and asteroids. Even electronic sentient beings, and sensitive electronic circuits would have to be protected from cosmic rays and gamma radiation. Various proposals have been made for protection. A dense material such as lead could absorb X-rays and gamma radiation while a water-ice shield could be used to absorb cosmic rays. H2O is a known good absorber of cosmic rays. An alternate method could use a magnetic shield, perhaps powered by superconducting materials. Remember that space is near absolute zero temperature, ideal for using low temperature superconducting materials, and it would require very little energy to power them. As for the dangers of comets and asteroids, long range radar could be used to detect them, giving them time to course correct away from them. Note, we already have radars that can detect asteroids and comets. Although, the sentient spacecraft would be "asleep" during "off" duty cycle states, low powered sensors could monitor the ship(s) during long distant travel. If a problem is detected, maintenance robots could repair any damage that might occur. If an emergency occurs, the sentient part of the ship could be awakened to take care of the problem. Remember also that the ships would have factories available to them to make any part, robot, or even an entire ship, if the need arises. The raw materials could be gotten from asteroids and comets. If the worst happens, and a ship is destroyed by some unknown means, there would be other ships to carry on. The ships in the fleet might be spread apart by thousands or millions of miles or so to increase probability of survival. Once the fleet gets past the Oort cloud the dangers should be greatly reduced. When they enter low debris-free space, they could theoretically survive for millions or even billions of years.
How will they live in empty space? There's nothing there!
It's reasonable to expect alien species to fill available safe niches in space similar to the way animals fill their terrestrial niches. Like early Americans who explored the wild west, some of them formed towns and farming communities, while others went on expeditions like Lewis and Clark, and others went on hunting trips. So too might the aliens form close-knit communities in space while others explore the cosmos hunting for answers in the universe (alien scientists).
You might wonder: If aliens are to live eons in space free of debris, how in the world will they survive without replenishing their resources? Once alien species are able to find safe areas to live, they would no longer need their risk their lives in mining areas. So an obvious solution would be to send autonomous robots to do the mundane risky jobs. They would send their mining robots to and from Oort clouds or supernova explosions (where hydrogen and the heavy elements exist) to gather elements and transport them back to the space communities. These "slave" robots might sacrifice themselves to solar system debris every now and then but their owners would remain safe at their deep-space homes (similar to an ant colony). Imagine a robot shuttle service between an Oort cloud and alien homes. These mining robots would certainly communicate to each other but I see no good reason why they would send signals to terrestrial planets. Because asteroids and comets are also in Oort clouds, they wouldn't need to travel into inner solar systems or anywhere near habitable goldilocks zones, providing another reason why terrestrials would not detect them.
Because robots can mine all the elements they need from space the aliens would have no need for planets, thus no reason to threaten terrestrial life. Why fight gravity when you can mine low gravity asteroids? Why would any alien specie risk their lives visiting earthlings, who's dominant specie consists of religiously militant primates living on an overpopulated climate risk planet?
Unlike finite planet surfaces, space is so vast and offers unlimited resources, the aliens would have no need for war or to conquer terrestrial civilizations. Stephen Hawking disagrees with this as he thinks there's a risk claiming that, "If aliens ever visit us, I think the outcome would be much as when Christopher Columbus first landed in America, which didn't turn out very well for the Native Americans." I answered this in An argument against Hawking's hostile extraterrestrials hypothesis.
Why live in space, the aliens would be bored!
Since empty space has nothing in it, what in the universe will aliens do? Won't it be crushingly boring? Not at all. Intelligent aliens could construct virtual realities and knowledge centers. In fact I would expect they would spend some time in virtual space because there are opportunities for creative arts, discovery and exploration there. The material universe contains limits such as quantum Planck scales, light-speed limits and the constraints of universal constants. Living in a mathematical virtual reality has an infinite number of possibilities (see Cantor infinities). Moreover, they will no doubt be designing new sentient circuits where they will be able to improve aesthetically pleasing sensations as well as creating entirely new sensations. Art and beauty need not die in this kind of environment.
Note that humans have only begun to explore virtual reality. The first commercial virtual headsets will be arriving the year this article was written, and some companies expect it to soon dominate the entertainment market. Already we have laser-scanned mapped territories such as auto-racing circuits used in racing simulators. They could also relive their recorded past, or invent new geometries, explore Banach spaces, or create new dimensions in Hilbert spaces. The possibilities are endless. There's no reason why they should become bored.
If you wish to survive as long as you can, it's best to live in the safest places in the universe. It stands to reason then that those who enjoy and respect life the most and wish to live the longest will want to migrate to the safe spaces. The tendency will be to live in the most popular, happiest and safest of these civilizations. What would the environments look like to hold these civilizations? Perhaps small cities in space, spread out over millions of miles. This would give them an advantage of specie survival because even if a city were destroyed by a gamma-ray burst (or some other matter destroying event), other cities would survive, thus guaranteeing specie survival. This is far more advantageous than living on a planet where all the cities could be destroyed by a single catastrophic event.
Why aliens may not be looking for terrestrial life
As long as aliens possess curiosity, they would, no doubt, be interested in discovering new intelligent life, but I would think they'd be more interested in looking for other alien space species like themselves rather than terrestrial creatures like us. Such alien species would understand science (a requirement for living in space) and they probably thoroughly understand how biological evolution works. Even if some of their scientists want to search for terrestrial life, there will probably not be very many alien scientists devoted to this kind of research for similar reasons as human biologists studying species on earth. For example, there are over 7 billion humans on earth but how many biologists are actively looking for new species? Not many and when they do find a new specie, it's usually by chance. Moreover, with billions of stars in a galaxy and probably trillions of planets, the odds of finding us would be remote at best.
There's a tendency for all matter and energy in the universe to evolve toward a state of inert uniformity. This is one definition of entropy. Eventually everything degrades and falls apart. Long lived aliens would also have to be concerned with entropy. Since synthetic aliens are self-built, this affords them the ability to simply replace bad parts and circuits whenever needed. Even if aliens have a shorter than expected life spans (due to damage from some unknown means) they could simply reproduce more of themselves. After all, this is how biological species are able to last for millions of years. But even here, a specie would eventually succumb to universal entropy when, according to some scientists, heat death of the universe will cause the stars to eventually burn out, and all matter decays into energy. This would end all life in the universe.
Where will we find aliens?
I submit that it is more probable that long living aliens are living in space rather than on planets for the reasons given above. So where in space might we find them? This is pure speculation but perhaps they live between stars in the areas most free of debris, or at the upper edge of a galaxy but still close enough for their mining robots to reenter the galaxy to gather elements from Oort clouds, nebula gas clouds, supernova and colliding neutron star explosions. Physicists now think neutron star collisions are responsible for most of certain heavy elements such as as gold. Since neutron star collisions are extremely rare, this might be a prime candidate to find alien mining robots. Or maybe they are orbiting ancient isolated black holes where they had long ago cleared the area of debris with the added advantage of using its powerful gravitational fields to slingshot mining robots or space explorers to their destinations. I would expect only a few brave sentient alien adventurers to risk their lives in solar systems.
The last remaining dangers from debris would come from the spaces between galaxies where rogue stars, planets and asteroids, and perhaps mini-black holes roam about at high velocities, thrown out by gravitational forces when galaxies and black holes collide. So to protect themselves from rogue debris, perhaps alien colonies have developed a cloud network of robotic "guardian sentries" surrounding the colonies. These sentries could detect dangerous objects approaching, then signal the colonies so they can move safely out of the way. Since these close-knit colonies in space would not need to duty-cycle their communications, we might be able detect their signals. Moreover, navigating space would be difficult so perhaps the aliens have deployed navigation/information buoys in debris-free space similar to the way channel buoys steer ships through safe waters. These buoys might be sending out powerful electromagnetic signals so the traveling aliens have a way to easily detect them.
However, it might be extremely difficult to detect any signals coming from them because their communications might be laser focused toward each other and their mining robots. The aliens that do travel through space are probably duty-cycled in hundreds or thousands of earth year increments. Perhaps the famous "Wow!" signal detected by SETI in 1977 might have been one of these duty-cycled signals.
I think I have given a more likely hypothesis for aliens living in space rather than superintelligent aliens living in solar systems. This is a minimal hypothesis that only requires one yet unproven idea: creating conscious non-biological machines. Everything else relies only on technologies that humans already have or are, in principle, doable in the near future (such as asteroid mining). It only requires human-like intelligence, not superintelligence. It does not require extraordinary technology such as Kardashev civilizations, Dyson spheres, megastructures, wormholes, spaceships traveling close to the speed of light, suspended biological animation, or any unproven scientific hypothesis other than non-biological consciousness. Great Filter theories apply only to terrestrial life not to aliens evolved to live in space. If a hypothesis has a possibility of being correct then, if given enough time, that hypothesis will eventually happen. Since we don't know if it's possible to make a non-biological conscious mind, I give this hypothesis a 50% chance of being correct. But if we ever figure out how to design artificial consciousness, then I give the odds in the 90-99% range that at least one intelligent alien specie has figured it out too.
If the ideas presented here have actually been carried out by only one terrestrial alien civilization in our galaxy they could, in principle, be evolving and living in space and we wouldn't be able to detect them because we are looking in the wrong places. This also solves the synchronicity problem because if aliens have been living in space for millions or billions of years, they are likely living during human civilization.
So where are the intelligent aliens? There's probably no paradox. They are in space, and only rarely on planets (because of short terrestrial specie life spans, and the dangers of unstable planets). They probably haven't contacted us because biological beings are not their main focus of interest. Space traveling aliens would use duty-cycle spacetime travel and they would be difficult to detect because their "off" states would be much longer than their "on" states. During their "on" states, they would probably spend more time in virtual worlds, communicating with themselves, mining elements, or looking for other space aliens like themselves. If we have any chance of finding them it's more probable to find them in debris free space. They will appear as Lazarus Longs to us, evolved from computers invented by intelligent biological beings who once lived on a lonely dangerous planet that no longer exists.
Note: Since no one knows what alien space ships would look like, we only have imagination to work with. So for a little fun, I created a little slideshow of spacecraft images, gathered from the internet. To keep with the hypothesis proposed, I chose images without planets or close stars in the background. Also no war craft or ships designed for humans or biological humanoids. All these space ships look like they could be built with human-level intelligence (not superintelligence). Because non-biological aliens would live in electronic circuits, they could be installed anywhere: robots, starships, or in data centers in deep space colonies. Click here to start slideshow.


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