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- © 2012 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.
Multicellular eukaryotes demonstrate nongenetic, heritable phenotypic versatility in their adaptation to environmental changes. This inclusive inheritance is composed of interacting epigenetic, maternal, and environmental factors. Yet-unidentified maternal effects can have a pronounced influence on plant phenotypic adaptation to changing environmental conditions. To explore the control of phenotypy in higher plants, we examined the effect of a single plant nuclear gene on the expression and transmission of phenotypic variability in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). MutS HOMOLOG1 (MSH1) is a plant-specific nuclear gene product that functions in both mitochondria and plastids to maintain genome stability. RNA interference suppression of the gene elicits strikingly similar programmed changes in plant growth pattern in six different plant species, changes subsequently heritable independent of the RNA interference transgene. The altered phenotypes reflect multiple pathways that are known to participate in adaptation, including altered phytohormone effects for dwarfed growth and reduced internode elongation, enhanced branching, reduced stomatal density, altered leaf morphology, delayed flowering, and extended juvenility, with conversion to perennial growth pattern in short days. Some of these effects are partially reversed with the application of gibberellic acid. Genetic hemicomplementation experiments show that this phenotypic plasticity derives from changes in chloroplast state. Our results suggest that suppression of MSH1, which occurs under several forms of abiotic stress, triggers a plastidial response process that involves nongenetic inheritance.
Plants display a surprising capacity for rapid adaptation. The phenotypic response to environmental change is thought to include nongenetic, transgenerational processes (Bonduriansky and Day, 2009) that likely integrate epigenetic and/or maternal factors (Johannes et al., 2008; Danchin et al., 2011). Although maternal effects have been shown to influence these plant responses (Galloway, 2005), the involvement of organellar processes has not been formally demonstrated.
The MutS HOMOLOG1 (MSH1) gene is unique to plants and encodes a homolog to the bacterial mismatch repair protein MutS (Abdelnoor et al., 2003), with at least two important changes within the plant lineage during its evolution. The first involved a C-terminal fusion to a GIY-YIG homing endonuclease domain (VI; Abdelnoor et al., 2006), and the second involved the inclusion of hydrophobic stretches within the region linking essential DNA binding (I) and ATPase (V) domains. These and other sequence features distinguish the plant protein from any other MutS homolog yet identified (Ogata et al., 2011) and presumably confer unique functional properties.
The MSH1 protein is dual targeting, localized to both mitochondrial and chloroplast nucleoids (Xu et al., 2011). Disruption of MSH1 enhances recombination at 47 pairs of repeated sequences in the mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; Shedge et al., 2007; Arrieta-Montiel et al., 2009; Davila et al., 2011) and gives rise to cytoplasmic male sterility in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; Sandhu et al., 2007). Within the chloroplast, disruption of MSH1 results in low-frequency DNA rearrangements mediated by recombination, together with altered redox properties of the cell and variegation of the plant (Xu et al., 2011). In both cytoplasmic male sterility and variegation, the altered phenotype appears to derive from organellar genomic rearrangement, displaying subsequent maternal inheritance with incomplete penetrance.
Here, we have carried out cross-species comparative studies of MSH1 suppression to investigate phenotypic changes that occur in response to organellar perturbation but do not appear attributable to organellar genome instability. These studies produced evidence of developmental reprogramming in response to chloroplast signals that accompany MSH1 suppression. Remarkably, these developmental changes, once effected, are stable, heritable, and independent of the RNA interference (RNAi) transgene in subsequent generations, suggesting that these organellar signals influence epigenetic properties of the plant.
MSH1 Suppression Has Similar Phenotypic Effects in Multiple Plant Species
Whereas MSH1 was originally identified in Arabidopsis, subsequent studies of its properties were investigated by RNAi suppression of MSH1 orthologs in other plant species, including the monocots sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and millet (Pennisetum americanum) and the dicots soybean (Glycine max), tobacco, and tomato. Comparative analysis of MSH1 depletion in these lines produced similar phenotypic changes beyond male sterility and variegation in each species, involving dwarfed growth and reduced internode elongation, enhanced branching, altered leaf morphology, extended juvenility, and delayed flowering, as shown in Figure 1. In tobacco, the most pronounced features of the MSH1-dr growth included a dramatic range of altered leaf morphologies, ranging from extremely large and rounded to very narrow and pointed in shape. Delays in tobacco flowering included plants that never flowered and continued to grow vegetatively. Many plants showed extensive alteration in branching pattern (Fig. 1). In soybean, leaf morphology was the most pronounced effect in the dwarfed plants, with leaf wrinkling that resembled virus infection. These plants also showed dramatic delays in flowering.
In sorghum, where phenotypic variation was analyzed in detail, MSH1 suppression produced dramatic changes in plant tillering, height, internode elongation, and stomatal density (Supplemental Fig. S1; Supplemental Table S2). These phenotypic changes were characterized as developmental reprogramming (MSH1-dr), given their cross-species reproducibility and influence on numerous aspects of development.
Phenotypic sorting allowed the discrimination of independently sorting and separable developmental changes: variegation, male sterility, and the dwarfed/tillered/delayed-flowering phenotypes. The dwarf phenotype was consistently coinherited with enhanced tillering/altered branching and flowering delay in all plant species, with the phenotype appearing in approximately 20% of the original, unselected msh1 population in Arabidopsis. The phenotype appeared in about 40% of the T3 families in sorghum, at an average frequency of 20% in those families in which it was observed (Supplemental Table S1). Because our initial focus for these studies was on documenting the male-sterility phenotype, we did not characterize the exact frequency of the MSH1-dr phenotype in early generations; our detailed characterization of the phenotype was initiated in the T3 generation.
In the Arabidopsis msh1 mutant, plants showed a range in the severity of the altered phenotype, with approximately 20% clearly dwarfed and 100% delayed in flowering. Selection for the dwarfed plants effectively shifted the resulting population to an approximately 80% dwarfed, delayed-flowering type (Fig. 2A; Table I) that, under 10-h daylength, displayed perennial growth features, including aerial rosettes, dramatic elongation of lifespan, and enhanced secondary growth of the stem (Fig. 2). This delay in flowering was associated with a delay in maturity transition, evident in leaf shape (Fig. 2F). The dwarf msh1 mutant phenotype in Arabidopsis showed partial reversal with GA application (Fig. 2G; Table II).
The Altered Growth Patterns Are Retained after Segregation of the RNAi Transgene
In sorghum, individuals displaying the MSH1-dr phenotype gave rise to progeny populations fully penetrant for the phenotype (100% dwarfed/enhanced tillering/delayed flowering). Upon segregation of the RNAi transgene in a hemizygous plant displaying the MSH1-dr phenotype, the phenotype was again fully penetrant in the progeny population, regardless of transgene segregation. These observations permitted the development of sorghum lines, devoid of the RNAi transgene, that bred true for the MSH1-dr phenotype over multiple cycles of self-pollination, with six generations confirmed to date (Table III). The altered phenotype could also be partially reversed by spraying the leaves with 2,250 ppm GA3 (Fig. 1C).
Although genetic segregation for the RNAi transgene did not reverse the altered dwarf phenotype in sorghum, nontransgenic segregants displayed slight changes in flowering. Transgenic plants were nonflowering unless treated with GA; nontransgenic plants were delayed in flowering but did not require GA treatment. In nontransgenic plants, MSH1 transcript levels and MSH1 DNA methylation pattern reverted to wild-type levels (Fig. 3; Supplemental Fig. S3). These results imply that heritability and transgenerational stability of the altered phenotypes were not likely consequences of the RNAi-induced stable silencing of the MSH1 locus. Reciprocal crossing of the dwarf sorghum lines, lacking transgene, to the wild type (inbred Tx430) resulted in complete reversal of the dwarf and delayed-flowering phenotype in the F1 progeny (Fig. 4; Supplemental Table S3). Thus, MSH1 modulation appears to condition changes within the plant that are heritable through self-pollination but reversed through crossing to the wild type. Identical reciprocal crossing results showing reversal of phenotypes imply that these heritable changes are not organellar. In the subsequent F2 generation, we also observed no evidence of the dwarf phenotype, as would be expected if the trait were conditioned by a single recessive locus that was segregating (data not shown).
MSH1 Suppression Alters Numerous Plant Pathways
Transcript profiling and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR experiments in the Arabidopsis msh1 mutant identified several nuclear gene expression changes underlying the altered growth types (Table IV). Pathways associated with dwarfing include cell cycle regulation and increased GA catabolism (Tables II and IV; Fig. 5A). Alterations in leaf morphology and branching are likely consequences of changes in auxin production and receptor expression (Willige et al., 2011). Effects on flowering and conversion to a perennial growth pattern were associated with changes in the expression of flowering and vernalization regulators (Fornara et al., 2010), including increased FLOWERING LOCUS C SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (FLC) and decreased SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (SOC1) expression (Fig. 5B), as well as increased miR156 and decreased miR172 levels (Fig. 5C).
Disruption of MSH1 has a similarly marked influence on stress response pathways. Both transcript and metabolic profiling experiments revealed organelle-influenced metabolic changes underlying the variability in plant growth and reflective of plant responses to stress conditions (Tables IV and V). Metabolic changes in the sorghum dwarf plants were concentrated within TCA flux. Increased energy metabolism in the dwarf line reflected the up-regulation of most compounds of the TCA, NAD, and carbohydrate metabolic pathways and the down-regulation of amino acid biosynthesis, reflecting altered carbon/nitrogen balance in these plants. In Arabidopsis, this alteration was most evident in the depletion of Suc to undetectable levels. Metabolic priming for environmental stress in sorghum may be evident in the 1.2- to 5.7-fold elevation of sugar and sugar alcohol levels, an effect that stabilizes osmotic pressure in response to stresses like drought (Ingram and Bartels, 1996). The antioxidants ascorbate and α-tocopherols were increased, together with the stress-responsive flavones apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, isovitexin, kaempferol 3-O-β-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and vitexin. In Arabidopsis, the response included an increase in oxidized glutathione as well as sinapate, likely signaling induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway, together with the polyamines 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, and spermidine, which likely influence both stress tolerance and the observed delay in maturity transition (Gill and Tuteja, 2010).
The Observed Developmental Reprogramming Is the Consequence of Chloroplast Changes
Although several identifiable and intersecting nuclear gene expression networks are altered in the phenotypic variants, MSH1 is an organellar protein. We used genetic hemicomplementation to discriminate between mitochondrial and plastidial influences on msh1-associated phenotypy. Hemicomplementation lines were developed in Arabidopsis by transgenic introduction of a mitochondria- versus plastid-targeted form of MSH1 to a msh1 mutant as described previously (Xu et al., 2011). Transgenic lines containing the plastid-targeted form of MSH1 undergo mitochondrial DNA recombination (Xu et al., 2011) but show no evidence of reduced growth rate, delayed flowering, or altered leaf morphology (Figs. 6 and 7). Lines containing the mitochondria-targeted form of MSH1 contain a stable mitochondrial genome and produce leaf variegation (Xu et al., 2011) but also display dwarfing, changes in leaf morphology and flowering time, and delayed transition to maturity and senescence (Figs. 6 and 7). These observations, supporting plastidial influence on phenotype, were supported by metabolic profiles from the hemicomplementation lines. Metabolic profiling of the mitochondria- versus plastid-complemented lines showed very little metabolic difference between the wild type and the chloroplast-complemented lines but produced an array of metabolic changes conditioned by MSH1-deficient chloroplasts in the mitochondria-complemented lines (Fig. 5D). In Arabidopsis, where advanced-generation msh1 mutants show evidence of mitochondrial DNA changes (Davila et al., 2011), chloroplast DNA rearrangements in Arabidopsis msh1 are extremely low in frequency and restricted to the variegated sectors (Xu et al., 2011). Analysis of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA in transgene-minus sorghum lines by similar Illumina deep-sequence-based analysis to that used in Arabidopsis has revealed no evidence of DNA changes to date (Xu et al., 2011; data not shown). To our knowledge, no previously reported chloroplast genome mutation has been shown to produce plant developmental changes similar to those we report here. These considerations, together with the demonstrated reversal of phenotype in sorghum lines crossed to the wild type, provide little or no support for organellar DNA rearrangement underlying the altered growth phenotypes. We postulate that the observed gene expression changes observed in the Arabidopsis dwarf, delayed flowering lines are conditioned by a change in organellar signal after MSH1 suppression, not by stable organelle genome rearrangement.
The results we present, suggesting chloroplast influence on multiple growth parameters, are not entirely surprising; GA biosynthesis, light response, and vernalization pathways involve chloroplast processes. Mutation of the CND41 gene in tobacco, encoding a chloroplast nucleoid protein with protease activity, can result in the reduction of GA1 levels and a dwarf phenotype (Nakano et al., 2003). Disruption of HSP90 genes, some of which encode organellar products, has been associated with dramatic changes in plant development, including altered chloroplast development (Sangster and Queitsch, 2005). However, HSP90-associated phenotypic changes do not appear to resemble the processes we describe here, and HSP90 expression is unchanged in the msh1 mutant.
What is surprising in MSH1 depletion is not simply the array of phenotypes that emerge but the programmed and heritable manner in which these intersecting nuclear gene networks respond to organelle perturbation. Numerous genetic mutations are shown to alter chloroplast functions, many producing variegation phenotypes (Sakamoto, 2003; Yu et al., 2007). Yet, no association has been reported of these mutations with similar, developmental reprogramming, implying that a specificity of function rather than a general organellar perturbation conditions the msh1 changes.
The hemicomplementation assay was designed to not only discriminate between the mitochondrial and plastid contributions to the derived phenotype but to assess whether MSH1 might also function within the nucleus. No nuclear localization is evident in MSH1-GFP reporter transgene experiments with laser scanning confocal microscopy (Xu et al., 2011). Still, the transgenerational heritability of observed phenotypic changes implies epigenetic influences on nuclear gene expression. Our ability to fully complement the altered growth phenotype with a plastid-targeted MSH1 transgene, but not with a mitochondria-targeted transgene, argues against the nuclear localization of MSH1. Rather, our data suggest that changes in plastid state affect the phenotypic changes that are subsequently heritable, implying that these plastid changes condition an epigenetic effect.
The components of transgenerational phenotypic plasticity in plants are maternal (Galloway and Etterson, 2007; Donohue, 2009), and several of these appear to be adaptive under particular environments. However, there has been little or no direct evidence of organellar changes underlying these processes. Suppression of MSH1 expression produces cytoplasmic male sterility and variegation through direct DNA rearrangement of the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes, but the additional phenotypic plasticity described in this study appears to derive from plastidial signaling. Heritable and cross-species reproducibility of the phenotypic changes, co-opting well-defined, nucleus-controlled developmental pathways, and the complete reversal of phenotype with pollination by wild-type plants suggest epigenetic processes. Epigenomic changes appear to underlie at least some of the environmentally responsive phenotypic plasticity observed in natural systems (Bonduriansky and Day, 2009). In fact, MSH1 transcript levels show environmental responsiveness, with dramatically reduced levels under conditions of stress (Hruz et al., 2008; Shedge et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2011). Moreover, disruption of MSH1 produces an altered redox state of the plastid (Xu et al., 2011), implying one means of signaling cellular change. We suggest that MSH1 modulation operates in plants, under natural conditions, to link mechanisms for environmental sensing with genomic responses by triggering organellar mediators of the process.
We observe coinheritance of variation in flowering time, plant growth rate, branching patterns, stomatal density changes, and maturity transition in Arabidopsis and sorghum. Phenotypic variation for these quantitative traits has been the subject of ecological association mapping studies to understand genotype-by-environment interactions and plant adaptation in natural environments (Bergelson and Roux, 2010). Our results suggest that epigenetic, or "soft," inheritance processes may support a coordinated modulation of all of these traits in response to environmental cues.
Plant Materials and Growth Conditions
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotype Columbia (Col-0) and msh1 mutant lines were obtained from the Arabidopsis stock center and grown in Metro Mix at 24°C. The development of RNAi suppression lines of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; Sandhu et al., 2007), millet (Pennisetum americanum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; Xu et al., 2011), and Arabidopsis hemicomplementation lines (Xu et al., 2011) is described elsewhere. Individual RNAi constructs were developed to target the same region of MSH1 domain VI in each species, and analysis of phenotypes is based on five lead events carried forward of tomato and tobacco, three of millet, and one of sorghum. Tx430 is an inbred sorghum line (Miller, 1984) maintained in the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, sorghum breeding program and used for the development of the MSH1-RNAi transgenic line. Arabidopsis flowering time was measured as the date of first visible flower bud appearance. At this time, total rosette leaf number was also determined as flowering rosette leaf number.
For GA treatment, 3-week-old Arabidopsis plants were treated with 100 µm GA3 twice a week for 3 weeks. Sorghum plants were treated twice with 2,500 ppm GA3 starting prior to the transition to reproduction, with treatments 2 weeks apart.
For studies of metabolism and transcript levels, Arabidopsis plant staging was carried out based on leaf number, and plants of the same age were used for all experiments. The msh1 mutants are considerably smaller than wild-type plants at the same age, determined as days after germination. Plant sampling stage was just before bolting. For sorghum analysis, plants were taken at the five- to six-leaf stage. All plants were grown under controlled growth room conditions.
The autofluorescence images of secondary growth were produced with fresh, hand-sectioned Arabidopsis stems on a Nikon A1 laser scanning confocal microscope. Excitation lines and emission filters were 405, 488, 561, and 641 nm and 425 to 475, 500 to 550, 570 to 620, and 662 to 737 nm. For light microscopic analyses, stems were fixed with 4% formaldehyde in 50 mm phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, under vacuum for 1 h. Samples were dehydrated in a graduated ethanol series, embedded in LR White (Electron Microscopic Sciences), and sectioned (500 nm) for staining with 1% toluidine blue light microscopy (Olympus Provis). Samples for stomatal density were prepared from adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the middle section of mature sorghum leaves. Samples were observed with a Nikon Eclipse E800 light microscope (20×) with image area captured at 0.307 mm2. Stomata number was estimated with NIH ImageJ software and analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS 9.2).
RNA Isolation and Real-Time PCR Analysis
Total Arabidopsis and sorghum RNA was extracted from aboveground tissues of wild-type and mutant or RNAi plants using the TRIzol (Invitrogen) extraction procedure followed by purification on RNeasy columns (Qiagen). cDNA was synthesized with SuperScriptIII first-strand synthesis SuperMix for quantitative RT-PCR (Invitrogen). Quantitative PCR was performed on the iCycler iQ system (Bio-Rad) with SYBR GreenER Supermix (Invitrogen). PCR primers are listed in Supplemental Table S3. For sorghum assays, primers were designed to the 3′ region of MSH1. The transcript level of each gene was normalized to UBIQUITIN10.
RT-PCR analysis also involved multiple plant stages, ranging from 2 weeks old to flowering stage, to confirm the results observed by global transcriptome analysis.
Small RNA Analysis
RNA isolation and microRNA hybridization were performed as described by others (Park et al., 2002). Total RNA was exacted with TRIzol, and small-sized RNA was enriched by treatment with 5% PRG8000 in 0.5 m NaCl and then precipitated with ethanol and glycogen. RNA was resolved on 16% denaturing acrylamide gels, and small RNA was detected by 32P end-labeled specific RNA/DNA probes.
Genomic DNA Methylation Assay
Genomic DNA (approximately 500 ng) was used for bisulfite treatment using the EpiTect Bisulfite kit (Qiagen). Each sample was sodium bisulfite treated twice and subjected to a first round of PCR amplification with primers 3-2R and 3-2L (Supplemental Table S4). The PCR product was reamplified with nested primers 3-2Ln and 3-2R. Conditions used were 46°C for 30 cycles and Accuprime-Taq DNA polymerase kit (Invitrogen). The amplified products of 250 bp were eluted, sequenced, and aligned against an untreated genomic DNA sequence with T-COFFEE. At least two independent bisulfite treatments and two independent PCR products per bisulfite treatment were prepared for each sample (four runs total per line), followed by sequence analysis.
Metabolite Analysis
Metabolic profiling analysis of all samples was carried out in collaboration with Metabolon according to the methods described previously (Oliver et al., 2011). The global unbiased metabolic profiling platform involved a combination of three independent platforms: ultra-HPLC (UHPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) optimized for basic species, UHPLC/MS/MS optimized for acidic species, and gas chromatography-MS. Samples in six replicates were extracted, analyzed with the three instruments, and their ion features were matched against a chemical library for identification. For sample extraction, 20 mg of each leaf sample was thawed on ice and extracted using an automated MicroLab STAR system (Hamilton Co.) in 400 μL of methanol containing recovery standards. UHPLC/mass spectrometry (MS) was performed using a Waters Acquity UHPLC device coupled to an LTQ mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) equipped with an electrospray ionization source. Two separate UHPLC/MS injections were performed on each sample: one optimized for positive ions and one for negative ions. Derivatized samples for gas chromatography-MS were analyzed on a Thermo-Finnigan Trace DSQ fast-scanning single-quadrupole mass spectrometer operated at unit mass resolving power. Chromatographic separation, followed by full-scan mass spectra, was performed to record retention time, mass-to-charge ratio, and MS/MS of all detectable ions present in the samples. Metabolites were identified by automated comparison of the ion features in the experimental samples with a reference library of chemical standard entries that included retention time, mass-to-charge ratio, preferred adducts, and in-source fragments as well as their associated MS/MS spectra.
For hormone metabolic profiling, 4-week-old Arabidopsis and 2-week-old sorghum seedlings were collected, frozen, and lyophilized. Profiling was conducted at the National Research Council Plant Biotechnology Institute in Saskatoon, Canada, according to Chiwocha et al. (2005).
Microarray Experiments
Microarray experiments were carried out as described by Xu et al. (2011). Total RNA was extracted from 8-week-old Col-0 and msh1 mutant Arabidopsis plants using TRIzol (Invitrogen) extraction procedures followed by purification on RNeasy columns (Qiagen). Three hybridizations were performed per genotype with RNA extractions from single plants for each microarray chip. Samples were assayed on the Affymetrix GeneChip oligonucleotide 22K ATH1 array (Affymetrix) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Expression data from Affymetrix GeneChips were normalized using the robust multichip average method (Bolstad et al., 2003). A separate mixed linear model analysis was conducted using the normalized data with SAS software (Wolfinger et al., 2001). Each mixed model includes a fixed effect for genotype and a random effect for experiment. Tests for differential expression across genotypes were performed as part of our mixed linear model analyses. The P values generated from tests of interest were converted to q values to obtain approximate control of the false discovery rate at a specified value (Storey and Tibshirani, 2003). We obtained estimates of fold change for each probe by converting the mean treatment difference estimated as part of our mixed linear model analyses.
The microarray data have been deposited at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE35893). Sequence data from this article can be found in the GenBank/EMBL data libraries under the accession numbers listed in Table IV.
Supplemental Data
The following materials are available in the online version of this article.
Supplemental Figure S1. Measurement of growth parameters for sorghum MSH1-RNAi.
Supplemental Figure S2. PCR products derived from sorghum T3.
Supplemental Figure S3. Additional MSH1 methylation analysis.
Supplemental Table S1. Frequency of msh1-dr plants in T3.
Supplemental Table S2. Stomatal number in sorghum.
Supplemental Table S3. Plant height measurements.
Supplemental Table S4. Primers used.
We thank Natalya Nersesian and Shirley Sato and the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Center for Biotechnology Plant Transformation Core Facility for technical assistance with developing transformed plant materials: Hardik Kundariya for technical assistance, Christian Elowsky and Han Chen for microscopy of Arabidopsis, and Tom Elthon for technical assistance with phenotype assays.
The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Sally A. Mackenzie (smackenzie2{at}unl.edu).
↵1 This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Plant Genome Research Program (grant no. IOS 0820668 to S.A.M.).
↵[OA] Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription.
↵[W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.
- RNAi
- RNA interference
- reverse transcription
- Col-0
- ecotype Columbia
- ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
- Received February 20, 2012.
- Accepted April 6, 2012.
- Published April 9, 2012.


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Saint John Mill Rats are Back!
The Saint John Mill Rats professional basketball club made a huge splash from the moment they arrived in the Port City last year. Averaging nearly 4,000 rabid fans and being involved in numerous community events last year ingratiated them to a more than willing fan base. The end of last year's Premier Basketball League season on March 31st left fans wanting more, and wondering "what's next?"
What's next was that the Saint John Mill Rats along with their Canadian counterparts, the Halifax Rainmen and Quebec Kebs, have helped to launch the new National Basketball League of Canada. The upstart league now boasts seven Canadian franchises with expansion teams located in Summerside (PEI), Moncton (NB), Oshawa (ON), and London (ON).
The NBL Canada was introduced to the public on May 12th with three simultaneous press conferences in Halifax, Saint John, and Quebec, and has received tremendous media and fan attention worldwide. With the NBA currently in a lockout, the timing couldn&pos;t have been better for Canada to have its own national basketball league. In fact, Canada was the only country in the world in the top 30 in basketball that did not have its own professional league. That is until now!
The Mill Rats announced the re-signing of the head coach from last season, former NBA World Champion Jaren Jackson. Jackson, Mill Rats VP David Cooper, and President & General Manager Ian McCarthy traveled to Toronto in August to participate in the inaugural NBL Canada Draft. The draft was held after a two day combine in which 200 players from around the world showcased their skills for the front offices of the seven teams. On Sunday night August 21st, over 6000 people from 93 countries tuned in to watch the live stream of the draft.
The Saint John Mill Rats made history by selecting the first ever Canadian player in 6'4 guard Jerome Brown from Toronto. They followed that up by drafting 5'11 guard Sherton Sanderson from Markham, Ontario with their second selection, and 6'5 forward Kevin Massiah from Toronto with their third pick.
The team has also re-signed their two leading scorers from last season, 5'11 guard Anthony Anderson and 6'7 forward Marc Egerson. Also returning is sharpshooting forward Steve Deluca and 6'10 centre Modibo Diarra. Rumours abound about an NBA player heading to Saint John with the current lockout situation.
So the Mill Rats are now poised to challenge for the inaugural NBL Canada championship. Training camp opens in Saint John on October 17th followed by an exhibition game at the Richard J. Currie Centre on the campus of UNB-Fredericton on October 23rd at 2pm. The Rogers Slam Dunk night preseason contest is slated for Thursday October 27th at 7pm at Harbour Station followed by the regular season home opener on November 6th at 2pm versus the London Lightning.
As the saying goes: "It's Showtime ‐ be a part of it!"
Saint John Mill Rats Home Games
Harbour Station, 99 Station St., Saint John
Tickets can be purchased at Harbour Station, or by calling (506) 657-1234 or toll free 1-800-267-2800.

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北方话,Vs. 普通话,Who will emerge victorious?
I'm curious to know if anyone here has studied 中国的方言,(local dialects of China). My wife is from 辽宁省,(Liao Ning Provine) in Northeast China, and it seems to me right now 北方话(the dialect of Northeast China, a variation of Mandarin) is getting pretty popular.
Of course I'm most interested to know if anyone here has studied or knows a few phrases of 北方话, but I'd also like to know if anyone has actively studied other Chinese dialects besides standard Mandarin (ie 四川话,广东话,上海话, 山东话 等等)and if you feel it's worthwhile to learn it, or a waste of time.
Do you feel knowing the dialect gives you an edge over the competion in the job search in China (ie people teaching English in China, do you think it will help you get a better teaching job, perhaps upgrade from teaching at an Elementary School to a prestigious University?)
Can you say more than just a few phrases in a local dialect?
Is anyone here fluent in a local dialect?
Does anyone here feel that at some point in the future another chinese dialect might surpass 普通话 (standard Mandarin)?
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Danuwar's biography launched
-, Kathmandu
The book shows how 14-year-old Danuwar was tricked by a friend and a truck driver to finally land in a brothel where she was forced to be a sex worker
Sep 13, 2016-Sunita Danuwar's biography 'Anshu ko Shakti' (Power of Tears), a tale of the long walk to empowerment of a teenage girl sold to a brothel in Mumbai, India, was launched on Monday.
The book shows how 14-year-old Danuwar was tricked by a friend and a truck driver to finally land in a brothel where she was forced to be a sex worker.
The 42-year old has revealed how hundreds of Nepali teenage girls come back home to find love and to start a new life like her.
Danuwar's revolutionary character is shown in the book when she explains the motive behind establishing the Shakti Samuha in 1997, an organisation that helps with rehabilitation of trafficking survivors. She also details her hard work and determination that earned her two international awards.
"The motive behind writing my story is to help inspire thousands of women who have suffered similar fate. I hope my story will help them get out of the stigma of having worked in a brothel. My story is just one of the many out there waiting to be told," said Danuwar.
The winner of the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award (2013) and the Asia Democracy and Human Rights Award (20015) also appealed to the society to help rehabilitate trafficking survivors.
"Organisations can't keep these women forever. After a year or so they have to return to their family. But when the family and the society do not accept them where will they go? There is a chance of them falling back in the same vicious circle they had just escaped," she explained.
The book was launched by former prime minister and CPN-UML Chairman KP Sharma Oli, who praised Danuwar for being bold enough to share her story of exploitation and empowerment. "We need to work on education and protection of the girl child," said Oli. The book is published by Ghost Writing Nepal.
Published: 13-09-2016 08:41
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iDesk: If You Love Macs But Hate Wires
We think you'd have to really hate dealing with cables to spend $3000 on this desk, but it does go eerily well with your iPod, iPhone and iMac in both styling, compatibility and, of course, nomenclature. As Mac is becoming a lifestyle brand for some, we're bound to see more integrated furniture like this in the future.
What do you think? Is it worth the money for superior stylish wire management? Or will you stick to your trusted method?
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AT&T is targeting a new audience for second-screen activity in front of the TV: babies
The company launched a new iOS app meant to give babies — and parents — an educational way to interact with their TV.
See also: 8 Great Apps for Second-Screen TV
The BabyFirst app is part of AT&T U-Verse service. The app pairs with a dedicated BabyFirst channel on U-Verse, and allows toddlers and parents to create collages of shapes, characters and animals that can be beamed to their TV.
AT&T says the app, recommended for children under the age of 5, was designed by child development experts. The provider claims it can help improve toddlers' hand-eye coordination as well as teach them to identify different shapes, colors and animals. Read more…More about Att, Ios Apps, Second Screen Apps, Tech, and Apps Software
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If you have any questions about this product please email us
One of our most popular exterior paints, featuring a massive level of a pure acrylic resin which endows the coating with a superior wet adhesion promotion, excellent resistance to weather, moisture and U.V. Ideal for top-coating exterior surfaces such as pergolas, eaves, weatherboard, etc. and also widely used for walls in high traffic areas, such as corridors and areas prone to moisture, eg. bathrooms and kitchens etc. (For range of deeper colours, see 'TRADITIONAL" Low Sheen range). Forms a virtually scrubbable paint film.
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Pepper is a precocious five-year-old cat who came to us in January. She was exceptionally timid when she arrived, and hid in her cage, frightened of visitors.
In an effort to ease her stress, we moved her away from our crowded adoption room and placed her upstairs in our quieter office area. She was still nervous, and it took her a while to warm up to our staff as we stopped to chat on our way down the hall. Eventually, Pepper came out of her box, and would happily respond to head scratches and gentle pets. Now, Pepper's a loving, social girl who eagerly takes in all the attention we can heap on her.
Pepper has been waiting for her luck to turn around for far too long. She would be the purr-fect companion for the right feline-friendly home. Won't you make this green-eyed girl your 'pet' of gold this St. PAWtrick's Day by giving her a second chance?


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Download our 17 Step Sales Process Today and start closing more monthly recurring revenue immediately.
Ulistic loves writing success stories on how our clients help their computers use the best in technology, reduce IT challenges, and help achieve goals with their full range of IT services through full outsourced managed services.
During our Managed Services Training seminar held across Canada and the United States we are always talking about the importance of case studies and technical spotlights, especially how these two documents can help close more business.
I am always shocked on few managed service providers rarely showcase their services and solutions and how they help clients leverage specialized IT services. It is proven how having case studies and technical spotlights as part of 12 step sales process and marketing efforts produce results and get new business. But many of you do not do this and this puzzles us at Ulistic.
I would like to share with you how one Macon computing consulting company helped a local healthcare organization with a complete and customized healthcare IT support solution.
Click to read how Infinity Networks helped Radiology Associates of Macon.
Have questions on how you can use case studies and technical spotlights to help close more business, call Ulistic at 716.799.1999 ext 102 today.
Coach Stu Crawford
MSP Coach
Stuart Crawford serves as Creative Director and CEO with Sebring, FL and Fort Erie, ON-based Ulistic, a specialty MSP Marketing firm focused on information technology marketing and business development. He brings a wealth of knowledge and experience pertaining to how technology business owners and IT firms can use marketing as a vehicle to obtain success.


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As you board the DAS, you come immediately to the spacious VIP bedroom, laid out to your specific requirements and set conveniently at the front of the aircraft, complete with ensuite bathroom.
Beyond, you pass through into a generous majlis-style lounge, where you and your guests can relax, perhaps tune in to the aircraft's live TV stations, or hold informal meetings. And moving further along the cabin, you will discover ample seating, including First Class seats that convert to flat beds, as well as business and economy class seating to suit a variety of guests and escorts.
- Aircraft Registration:
- Aircraft:
B737-700 IGW maintained in Abu Dhabi
- Seat Configuration 1:
36 seats,1 bedroom( front), 16 VIP seats, 8 business class seats, 12 standard seats
- Seat Configuration 2:
46 seats, 1 bedroom (front), 16 VIP seats, 30 standard seats
- Crew:
3 Pilots, 1 Flight Engineer, Up to 5 Cabin Attendants
- Engines:
- Range:
9 hrs max
- Cruise Speed:
853 km / hr
- Take off Distance:
6,135 feet (1,870 m)
- Landing Distance:
2,736 feet (834 m)
- Initial Cruise Altitude:
37,750 feet (11,510 m)
- Cabin Height / Width:
2.16 m / 3.53 m
- Cabin Volume:
149 m3
- Satcom:
Satellite telephone system
- Luggage Capacity:
65 Standard cases


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We're thrilled to be exhibiting at the InfoComm Connections show in San Jose, CA! Join us March 4-5, 2015 for this regional event offering technology managers and in-house AV pros high caliber courses and sessions plus a close look at the latest unified communications, collaboration and AV solutions for higher education and enterprise.
Visit Booth# 506 and learn more about the cost-effective, multi-room capture Cbox and the latest version of Cbox Command Center
Continue Reading →


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HomeUpGledhill TORRENT Indirect Thermal StoreGledhill TORRENT Direct thermal storeGledhill TORRENT Multifuel Thermal Store
The Electrically Heated open
vented cylinder that produces Mains Pressure Hot Water
To see many other types of
cylinder in our comprehensive range click here
The original TORRENT Thermal
Store has been superseded by the new
All the advantages of the older
unit with new features
For all the information
please click here
For a
unit heating on electricity only please see
TORRENT Multifuel
For providing mains pressure hot water
heated by electricity ONLY
TORRENT DIRECT is an
electrically heated, mains pressure hot water heat store, that makes the
most of off-peak tariffs - in much the same way as an Economy 7 cylinder
operates. It is a combination unit which incorporates a feed
and expansion tank and eliminates the problems associated with a cold water
cistern in the roof space.
By immersing a large mains pressure coil within the cylinder, cold water is
converted to hot by means of speedy thermal transfer as it passes through.
thermostatic blending valve (supplied) ensures the output temperature from
the heat store cannot
exceed a selectable limit, so there should never be a danger of scalding - a
particularly handy safety feature with the young and elderly.
The Torrent is supplied complete
with two low watts density immersion heaters for extra quiet operation as
recommended by the Electricity Council.
'Draw-off' for baths and
'flow' for power showering operate from this one compact unit which means
there are more siting options, maximising building design flexibility.
Thermal stores (also known as heat stores) are fast becoming the preferred
way to create mains pressure hot water without the dangers associated with unvented systems.
TORRENT Direct is insulated in a 60mm thick high performance non toxic,
non combustible Rockwool Flexilag jacket
The Torrent thermal store is so easy and
safe to install it is not governed by the G3 Building Regulations in the
UK. What's more, if you have a suitable incoming cold water main,
retrofitting the TORRENT is simple way to convert a domestic system from
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Because there are no dangers associated
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The Direct Model is ideal for Flats or
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Somebody offered to price match?
Click here to read more.....
Prices as of January 2011
dwelling type
1-2 Bedrooms with
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working pressure of 10 bar)
Mains Pressure
Gas Fires
Electric Fires
Hot Water Cylinders
Thermal Stores
Order Form
Contact Us
www.gasapplianceguide.co.uk is
operated by HPS Ltd
management by
Little House Associates


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On Friday, Dec. 2 the Fairbury Jeffs basketball teams traveled to Lincoln Christian. The girls put on a tough battle against the #1 rated C-1 girls basketball. The tough fought game ended 81-21 Lincoln Christian. The boys game followed the girls. The nail biter of a game ended 50-44 Lincoln Christian.
Dec. 3 The team traveled to Fillmore Central/ Exeter Milligan. The girls game ended 66-32 FCEM, followed by the boys game ending 67-27 FCEM.
Tonight is the Grey out game to raise awareness for type 1 diabetes. The Jeffs compete against Superior at home. JV starts at 4:30. Girls varsity starts at 6:00, followed by boys.


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100 Years Of Big Band Jazz in 99 Minutes
- Pete Long Big Band
- Enrico Tomasso
- trumpet
- Nick Dawson
- piano
- Dave Chamberlain
- double bass, bass guitar
- Richard Pite
- drums
- Georgina Jackson
- vocals
- Iain Mackenzie
- vocals
With the 17-piece Pete Long Big Band featuring Enrico Tomasso, trumpet, Nick Dawson, piano, Dave Chamberlain, double bass, bass guitar, Richard Pite, drums, and Iain Mackenzie and Georgina Jackson, vocals.
In 2013 100 Years of Jazz in 99 Minutes sold out Cadogan Hall and now it's back again with a swinging sequel, but this time bolder and bigger with the six virtuosi from the original show augmented by a dozen of the UK's finest jazz talents to present 100 Years of Big Band Jazz in 99 Minutes.
The show begins with Big Band Jazz from World War One and goes on to feature Paul Whiteman, Glenn Miller, Count Basie, Quincy Jones and many more. Fun for all the family on Father's Day (with a special family 4 for the price of 3 deal).
- Promoted by:
- The Jazz Repertory Company


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Freight Shipping & Cargo Shipping to Burundi
A1 Freight Forwarding takes pride in the wide variety of cargo shipping to Burundi services that we offer. No matter what you need shipped, A1 Freight Forwarding is there. We provide shipping services to individuals and companies around the world. You can trust our reliable, experienced team to work with you to ensure that your freight and cargo reach Burundi safely and on time.
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Cargo Shipping to Burundi with A1 Freight Forwarding
At A1 Freight Forwarding, we take pride in our ability to offer reliable and affordable freight shipping to Burundi. Whether you are looking for air shipping to Burundi, ocean shipping to Burundi, container shipping to Burundi or any other international freight shipping options, you can rely on A1 Freight Forwarding.
At A1 Freight Forwarding, we offer reliable and affordable cargo shipping to Burundi. We offer both ocean cargo shipping to Burundi and air cargo shipping to Burundi as well as trucking services. It is our mission to provide high-quality, reliable and personalized shipping and logistics services to our clients at affordable rates. We ship freight and cargo of all shapes and sizes to destinations around the world.
Cargo Shipping to Burundi: How It works
If you are interested in cargo shipping to Burundi, please contact us today to discuss the options that are available to you. You can also request a free quote online. The next step is to prepare you shipping documents. Our helpful and knowledgeable staff can assist you in preparing all of the documentation you'll require for cargo shipping to Burundi. Pickup and delivery dates can also be scheduled to meet your needs.
Once your cargo is on its way to Burundi A1 Freight Forwarding makes it easy to track your shipment so that you'll know exactly when it arrives.
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text: Breadcrumb Home Projects The NHS in a nutshell This content relates to the following topics: Share this content Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Share on LinkedIn Share on Email Print this page Essential facts and figures to understand the NHS, health and social care in England. Data visualisationThe NHS budget and how it has changed The total budget for the Department of Health in England and how it has changed since 2009/10. Though NHS funding is continuing to grow, the rate of growth is slowing considerably compared to historical trends.Data visualisationHow the NHS is funded The NHS is mainly funded from general taxation and National Insurance contributions. Data visualisationNHS staffing numbers The NHS in England employs just over 1 million full-time equivalent (FTE) staff (not including those working in general practice). This number has been increasing at about 0.5 per cent on average per year over the past seven years.Data visualisationHospital activity The NHS is treating more patients than ever before, with hospitals experiencing increases in attendances at A&E departments, non-elective (emergency) admissions, elective admissions, and outpatient attendances.Data visualisationHealth inequalities Inequalities in health can be measured in many different ways. Here we look at how health life expectancy and life expectancy differs across the country. Data visualisationThe number of hospital beds Over the past three decades the number of hospital beds has been declining in England. This is a result of medical advances and a shift in policy towards providing treatment and care outside hospital.Data visualisationTrusts in deficit Increasing numbers of NHS providers are facing financial difficulties. The latest figures for 2016/17 show that 51 per cent of all trusts are planning to end the year in deficit.Data visualisationSpending on public health On a like-for-like basis, spending on public health will actually fall by 5.2 per cent, from £2.6 billion in 2013/14 to £2.5 billion in 2017/18.Data visualisationAdult social care spending Most social care is funded by local government. Spending on adult social care services by local authorities fell from £18.4 billion in 2009/10 to just under £17 billion in 2015/16, a real-terms cut of 8 per cent.


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June President's Message
May 10, 2019
June President's Message
May 2, 2019
We would like to thank everyone for their patronage this season.
Please note final drop in dates for the following programs:
Have a great summer! See you all back in September.
Tumble Time Updated End Date
April 25, 2019
Due to upcoming renovations, Tumble Time will now close for the season on May 10, 2019.
Thank you for your understanding and patronage. We look forward to seeing you in September.
Drop In Gym end of season dates
April 25, 2019
Please note the end of season dates for Drop in Gym.
Friday's: April 26, 2019
Sunday's: May 12, 2019
LBCA Office is closed for Good Friday
April 15, 2019
The LBCA Office, Tumble Time, and Open Gym are closed for Good Friday. Open Gym will also be closed Easter Sunday. Enjoy your long weekend.
Community Garden Update
April 15, 2019
Please contact Dave at firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.
Community Garden Update
April 15, 2019
Please contact Dave at email@example.com for more information.
May President's Message
April 15, 2019
May President's Message
Seasonal End Dates for Drop In Programs
April 8, 2019
Friday Open Gym ends April 26, 2019. Please continue to join us for Family Open Gym on Sundays from 3 - 5 pm.
Pickle ball ends April 25, 2019. Resumes again September 10, 2019.
Public Skating ends April 30, 2019
Tumble Time ends May 17, 2019.
Have a great summer!
Summer Large Ice Available
April 8, 2019
Contact the office for summer large ice availability.
Community Garden Update
March 13, 2019
Please see the update on the community garden
Lego Contest
February 25, 2019
Register Soon! Last Week To Register!
Facility Update
February 14, 2019
Facility Update
Maintenance will be ongoing this afternoon and evening. We are scheduled to be open for business tomorrow morning at 6am. Thank you very much for your patience and understanding. Your safety is our primary concern.
LBCA Management, MaryAnn and Garry
Bugle Photo Cover Contest
August 18, 2018
Help us find a cover photo!
Get your camera out! Sort through your digital photo collection!
The Lake Bonavista Bugle is looking for images to grace our cover for each season over the next year! If you think your photo is cover worthy, then send it in!
If chosen, you will have bragging rights (Yay!) as your photo will appear and be credited with your name for that season!
We are looking for high resolution photos with the theme being Lake Bonavista and the following seasons:
Winter (January and February)
Spring (March, April and May)
Summer (June, July and August)
Autumn (September and October)
Early Winter / Remembrance Day (November)
Holiday Season (December)
The photos could be of scenery, nature, animals, still life, activities. Any photos featuring people will require their written and signed consent to use their likeness/image on our cover. Photos must be a high resolution to allow for print quality. Please have your entry in by October 15, 2018. First cover chosen will be for the December issue.
Open to residents with valid Lake Bonavista Community Association memberships only. Please refer to the attached PDF for more information on how to submit your entry.
Bleacher Noticce
April 20, 2018
The bleachers in large arena will be closed April 23 - 30 for renovation. We apologize for any inconvenience. Thank you for your patience. LBCA Management
Community Clean Up
April 20, 2018
Help make the community beautiful by cleaning up your yards, back alleys and surrounding areas.
Thank you to the City of Calgary for providing the amenities.
Please note, we will not be accepting:
Tires, chemicals, hazardous waste, propain tanks, liquids (oils, gases), large home appliances, paint.
Lake Bonavista Community Association Survey
December 13, 2017
Lake Bonavista Community Association Survey
Together we can make our community shine! Get involved….as your VOICE matters!
Do you have a Holiday Wish List concerning improvements to our community? Ways to promote community spirit? Ideas to provide more community services? Improve / expand / replace existing facilities?
The Lake Bonavista Community Association Board is asking for your input as we develop priorities for the next year and beyond.
Online survey: Survey is now closed
October 10, 2017
LBCA Director Election Ballot
AGM Minutes Oct 12, 2016
AGM 2017 Facilities Report
AGM VP Finance Report 207
AGM Agenda 2017 with Motions
Stampede Thank-You
August 24, 2017
Stampede Breakfast
June 16, 2017
Please join us for our annual Stampede Breakfast from 9am to 11am.
Bouncy castle and obstacle course, face painters, games, line dancers and of course Breakfast!
Thank You Community Clean Up Volunteers!
May 30, 2017
Thanks to all the amazing community volunteers that came out on Saturday, May 27, 2017.
It was a very busy day and they all worked hard to keep the day running smoothly.
May 24, 2017
The Used Toy & Clothing Clothing Sale for this Sunday, May 28th, has been CANCELLED.
We apologize for the inconvenience.
Outdoor Soccer Annual Meeting
February 27, 2017
The Lake Bonavista Outdoor Soccer Program will be holding their Annual Meeting this March.
Date: Tuesday, March 14th
Time: 7pm-8pm
Location: Bonavista Room (upstairs)
Spring 3 vs 3 Hockey Registration!
January 12, 2017
Spring 3 vs 3 Hockey registration opens January 16th for BREAKERS only.
General Public registration opens February 1, 2017
**Please note: if you are not a Breaker player and you register before February 1st, you will be removed from the registration, and subject to a $45. admin fee.**
Dec 14th BOARD MEETING CANCELLED
December 14, 2016
**The Board Meeting scheduled for December 14th, 2016 has been CANCELLED**
The Board Meetings will resume in the new year - January 18th at 7pm
Board of Directors meeting.
November 16, 2016
Please note: The Board of Directors meeting scheduled for Wednesday, Nov 16th will be held upstairs in Bonavista Room at 7:30pm.
Annual General Meeting
September 29, 2016
Annual General Meeting
Date: Wednesday, October 12, 2016
Time: 7pm
Where: Multipurpose Room - 1401 Acadia Dr. SE
September Board of Directors Meeting Date Change
September 19, 2016
The Board of Directors meeting scheduled for September 21st is now moved to SEPTEMBER 28TH at 7:30pm in the Multipurpose Room.
Anderson Noise Barrier Construction
July 20, 2016
Transportation Infrastructure will be building a noise barrier on the south side of Anderson Road S.E., extending from east of Lake Linnet Green S.E. to west of the Lake Emerald Crescent and Lake Emerald Road S.E. intersection. This project was initiated by residents who put in a noise complaint and as this project is supported by more than the required 67% of adjacent property owners, The City is moving ahead with building the noise barriers.
Once we identify that the existing noise levels are exceeding our threshold, 65 dBA, we use traffic noise model to predict noise levels using 20 year forecasted traffic volume. The height, varies between 2.7 and 3.4 m, and length of the noise barrier is based on projected noise levels. The City did noise measurements on both the north and south sides of the city block, from Bonaventure Drive S.E. to Acadia Drive S.E., and this section is the only place that warranted a noise barrier.
Noise barrier construction is set to begin in August and be completed in fall 2016. During construction, it can be expected there will be some partial lane closures on the south side of Anderson Road S.E. daily from 10 a.m. - 3 p.m.
Once construction begins please keep children and pets a safe distance from the site. The temporary fencing will be put up around the construction site, but will not protect residents from sound disruptions or mitigate the impacts of construction.
2016/2017 Hockey Season Opens tomorrow!
May 31, 2016
Please see attached documents on registration for the 2016/2017 hockey season
Frank McCool Arena Renovation
April 13, 2016
Frank McCool Arena Renovation
Project Scope
Built mostly in the 1960s and 1970s, The City's arenas have long been an important part of the amateur ice sport scene in Calgary. Some arenas are in need of upgrades to ensure continued use of the facilities and improve customer experience.
Frank McCool Arena will be closed for approximately one year beginning this spring. Upgrades enhance customer experience and help to improve accessibility for persons with disabilities. Work includes:
- Upgrades to existing change rooms
- Addition of two new flex rooms
- Relocation of official change room
- Bleacher replacement
- Addition of a wheelchair accessible viewing platform
Communication Planning
Key Messages
- Upgrades at Frank McCool Arena will enhance customer experiences and help to improve accessibility for persons with disabilities.
- City arenas are an important part of the amateur ice sport scene in Calgary. Upgrades respond to user demand while improving the functionality, efficiency and accessibility of our arenas.
- Users are encouraged to attend neighbouring City of Calgary arenas during the closure (i.e. Ed Whalen/Joseph Kruczka and Rose Kohn/Jimmy Condon Arenas)
- Calgary Recreation staff are working with sport groups to accommodate historical bookings at alternate locations, where possible.
- The City of Calgary promotes strong neighbourhoods by investing in community hubs where people can meet, connect and be active.
- The contractor adheres to The City's Community Standards Bylaw, 5M2004 for hours of operation, material storage and construction best practices, including dust mitigation. If you have questions, please contact 311.
Stakeholder Communication
- Once the contractor is in place (mid-April), a letter will be delivered to residents directly adjacent to the access road that runs parallel to the alley of Lake Tahoe Gr. S.E. The letter will advise residents of construction duration and who to contact if there are concerns (contact 311).
- On March 24, 2016, a notice was sent to anyone who booked the arena over the course of the previous year advising them of the closure.
Spring Yard Waste Drop off at City Landfills
April 11, 2016
With the mild winter and above-average temperatures this spring, many Calgarians are ready to tidy up their yards and get their gardens ready for the new season. Spring cleaning means plenty of yard waste that can be given a second life as compost.
Calgarians are encouraged to drop off their yard waste for free at City landfills so it can be composted instead of thrown away.
From April 1 to May 29, all three City of Calgary landfills will waive fees for residential loads of leaves, branches, plants and other garden material. The yard waste will be composted at the sites, turning it back into a useful resource. For more info phone 311.
Here are four tips for Calgarians to know about the spring yard waste drop-off program before they come to the landfill:
- Make sure your load only contains yard waste like leaves, branches and plants (no sod - it can't be composted at City sites). Charges will apply if the load contains other items.
- Residents are encouraged to leave their yard waste loose or put it in paper yard waste bags, which can be composted as well. If yard waste is loose, residents should make sure to secure and cover loads before transporting them.
City landfills are open seven days a week from 7:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.:
- Spyhill Landfill - 69th St. and 112th Ave. N.W.
- East Calgary Landfill - 17th Ave. And 68th St. S.E.
- Shepard Landfill - 114th Ave. and 86th St. S.E.
For faster service, visit the landfill on a weekday or before 9 a.m. on Saturday or Sunday when wait times are shorter.
This program is for residential customers only.
Hockey Calgary Boundary Review Announcement
December 4, 2015
Hockey Calgary regularly partakes in boundary reviews to ensure that the program remains sustainable. The Hockey Council of the Lake Bonavista Community Association will be involved with the upcoming boundary review through representation on the Hockey Calgary Presidents' Council. They have a seat at the table, and will work in the best interests of Association members.
There are no plans for any changes at the moment, but following this review process some changes are expected to programs city-wide.
Link to Hockey Calgary Boundary Review Announcement
Link to Current Hockey Calgary Maps
Beginning in January Tumble Time will run on Mondays!
December 1, 2015
Starting JANUARY 4th, 2016 Tumble Time will also run on Mondays!!
Update on the Wind Mobile Tower Proposal
November 19, 2015
Update on the Wind Mobile Cell Tower Proposal
On November 18th, the Board of Directors met and reviewed feedback regarding a cell tower proposal from Wind Mobile. Approximately two dozen members of the community attended the meeting and took part in the discussion. Overall, the majority of the feedback in Lake Bonavista was against a new cell tower being constructed on LBCA leased land. There was also concern expressed about the potential for new cell towers to be built in other parts of the community, even though this is outside the control of the community association.
The Board voted unanimously to oppose construction of any cell tower in the community of Lake Bonavista. This means there will be no cell tower built at the recreation centre. At the meeting, it was also decided that letters would be written to key stakeholders in the community, such as local stores and churches, to let them know the LBCA is against new cell tower construction throughout the neighbourhood.
Cell Tower Summary Report
November 13, 2015
Summary Report for the Cell Tower proposal
Cell Tower Information
October 5, 2015
Proposed WIND MOBILE 30m Telecommunication Tower
Wednesday October 14th, 2015 5-7pm
Lake Bonavista Recreation Centre
Please join representatives from WIND Mobile and the City of Calgary to discuss a proposal to build a Telecommunication Tower at the Lake Bonavista Recreation Centre.
Additional information relating to this proposal will be on hand and available for review, along with representatives present to discuss this proposal and provide answers to community member questions, at the Public Open House.
Proposal: 30m Telecommunication Tower
Tower style: Shrouded monopole (antenna hidden)
Location: West side of Recreation Centre
This proposed tower will provided enhanced cellular service to the community of Lake Bonavista and surrounding area
With respect to this matter, residents are invited to provide written comments by October 30th to the contact information shown below. Please include a return address.
Lake Bonavista Community Association
1401 Acadia Dr SE
Calgary, Ab T2J 4C6
5pm-7pm Open House Cell Tower Information Session
7pm Lake Bonavista Community Association AGM including Crime in the Community Discussion
Mike Budd Bantam Conditioning Camp
August 10, 2015
Mike Budd Bantam Conditioning Camp
Price $155 Bonafund
$165 Non Bonafund
Six Ice Times
Thursday September 3rd - 8:45pm- 9:45pm
Tuesday September 8th - 7:30pm- 8:30pm
Thursday September 10th - 7:30pm- 8:30pm
Saturday September 12th - 6:15pm - 7:15pm
Thursday September 17th - 7:30pm - 8:30pm
Saturday September 19th - 6:15pm - 7:15pm
Register online at www.lakebonavistacommunity.com
Board of Directors Meeting Cancellation
June 16, 2015
The Board of Directors meeting scheduled for Wednesday, June 17, 2015 has been cancelled.
The next Board meeting will take place on September 16th, 2015.
Fall Power Skating and Hockey Skills Program Registration BEGINS June 8th, 2015
June 2, 2015
Power Skating and Hockey Skills Sept 28-Nov 23 8 classes No class Oct 12
Come and work on your skating and hockey skills! This program is a great compliment to your hockey program and will take you to the next level. This is not a learn to skate program. Participants must have prior skating experience.
REGISTRATION FOR Lake Bonavista BREAKERS BEGINS JUNE 8TH. GENERAL PUBLIC CAN REGISTER JULY 1ST.
Board of Director's Meeting Date Change
May 4, 2015
Please Note:
The Lake Bonavista Community Association Board of Directors meeting scheduled for May 20th, has been rescheduled to
TUESDAY, MAY 19th at 8pm in the Fitness Room.
To Lake Bonavista Hockey Participants
April 27, 2015
To Lake Bonavista Hockey Participants and Families,
We are writing to update you about the overall financial situation of the Community Association and specific impacts on the hockey program.
The Lake Bonavista Community Association (LBCA) is a non-profit organization that faces many fiscal challenges, including upkeep of an aging facility.
Recently, we were disappointed when the Province shorted our association over $75,000 on a key grant needed to fix the recreation centre roof. A funding shortfall of this size means a portion of our reserves will be depleted and need to be replaced over time.
We are also planning ahead for ongoing lifecycle maintenance of the facility which will cumulatively cost more than $2 million.
The LBCA Board of Directors is in the process of reviewing all aspects of revenue and expense in order to ensure long term financial sustainability of our organization. For example, last month nominal rate increases were approved for all facility use, including ice and room rentals.
In the past, the hockey program benefited from the use of full-time office administrative help without these costs being specifically covered by the program. Administrative support is provided by the LBCA in areas such as registration, scheduling, and accounting.
The LBCA is no longer in a financial position to operate without recovering a portion of these costs and will be implementing an administrative fee for programs. Hockey program revenues are approximately $400,000 per year. The administrative fee of $20,000 is approximately 5% of revenue, or $50 per player.
If the hockey program can find cost savings in its budget to offset this administrative expense (e.g. meals, ice time, misc. expenses), the fee increase for players could be much less than 5%.
Our fees are very low compared to other hockey programs. Even with a maximum 5% increase, or $50 per player, our fees remain among the lowest in Calgary.
As fellow parents, we understand and empathize with concerns about rate increases. If fee payment poses a hardship for your family, there are financial assistance programs available in Calgary through the Flames Even Strength Program (FESP) and KidSport Calgary.
The LBCA Board of Directors is responsible for approving the comprehensive budget of the Community Association, including the budgets of each individual program. 2015-2016 hockey rates will be finalized shortly by the LBCA Board, and will be communicated both on our website and in the Bugle.
We welcome your input at any time about Community Association matters.
The Board of Directors of the Lake Bonavista Community Association
Message from the LBCA Board of Directors
April 10, 2015
Dear neighbour,
A message from the LBCA Board of Directors
Rainy season is here and we are worried about the roof;
It needs fixing and the community association is short funds.
Why do we need to replace the roof?
Our roof has been a big issue over the years and replacing it is critical. Many of you will recall two years ago when a section of the roof blew off, leaving behind a temporary hole over the arena. Or perhaps you've seen buckets in the lobby collecting dripping rain water. Last spring, staff worked overtime to save soaked carpets when the preschool upstairs was repeatedly inundated with water.
This year, we plan to complete the fourth and final phase of the roof project, and requested $300,000 from the City of Calgary (CCG grant) and $125,000 from the Province of Alberta (CFEP grant).
While the City provided their grant for the roof, the Province awarded only $48,500, shorting the community by one third, or $76,500.
What can we do about it?
It's election time and soon we will have a new MLA for Lake Bonavista. If you feel reliable provincial funding for our community is important, please be sure to let candidates know your opinion. Your voice matters and can make a difference, not just for our neighbourhood, but for the communities we serve.
Given the state of the roof, we have no choice but to proceed with the last phase of repairs. To deal with the grant shortfall, we will be forced to temporarily dip into our reserve fund, and take a hard look at finances, specifically increased program fees for members, community fundraising or service reductions.
Who pays for recreation centre upkeep?
Like your home, our recreation centre is over forty years old and in need of regular, often costly, maintenance.
Because fees from programs like soccer and hockey don't bring in enough money to cover building upkeep, the community association relies on grants from the province and city.
Why was our community shorted grant funds?
According to the government we lost out, "due to the high volume of applications received and the limited funds available".
- CFEP grants have not been cut overall in the provincial budget, and according to their website, total funds approved this year are currently well below budget
-Several community associations received the full $125,000 they requested this year (e.g. Applewood Park, McKenzie Lake, Oakridge)
-One community association, Glenbrook, received $195,000; that's $70,000 more than the official grant maximum


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Impossible was the topic for February and I was immediately stumped. This will take a lot of thinking was my first thought but suddenly today, something went ping in my head when I thought of the great weekend I had just spent with my scrapping buddies.
Its my best pal and UKS teamie Heather's 50th birthday this week and although I knew she didnt want a fuss for her birthday I knew she would just love to spend time scrapping with friends. The planning took a few months and at first it looked like a fairly impossible task. It was a feat of organisation which at times, looked like being near on impossible for a combination of reasons, including me having no car for the last couple of months, Jules breaking her leg and Lesley being involved in a horrendous crash with her gorgeous Grand-daughter which wrote her car off., but in the end we all got there, coming from all parts of the country with Dee coming from Donegal, Donna from Langbank, Me from East Kilbride, Julieann from Wellingborough and Jill from Leicester on a combination of planes, trains and automobiles!! and to meet up with the local girlies, Lesley and Julie who were putting us all up and co-ordinating the collections from airport and metro, and local teamie Wendy and Pam and Pauline also from the crop. In the end we did it and the look of shock, delight and every other emotion on her face when we all jumped out of cars in front of the hall on Friday night was just priceless and made all the months of planning and all the little white lies we had to tell worth it- some of us are never going to make it to heaven Im sure.
We had a great time cropping all weekend, being joined on the Saturday by our UKS teamie Wendy and also Pauline and Pam. We cropped all day, stopping only for a chinese takeaway in the evening and rounded off the weekend with another cropping session on Sunday followed by ten of us hitting the local carvery for Sunday dinner before we all had to disperse again. It was just great and Im sure Heather has now forgiven me for all the "porky pies" I had to tell to keep the secret.
Just goes to show that sometimes you can make the impossible happen.
I will leave you with a pic of some of us from the weekend - 8 out of 10 from our UKS team the Rik Rak Ravers. Somehow or other whenever we arrange a meet up 8 is the maximum we get together but maybe just maybe the impossible will happen and we will get the full 10.


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When I heard that the Marshall Tucker Band was playing the Orlando Jai Alai Fronton I was surprised. I never picked it as the right atmosphere for a rock show. So, when I trekked out to Fern Park to review the band, I was just as curious to check out the venue as I was the show. As it turned out, it was an excellent experience. (Check out the concert review here)
The Jai Alai can accommodate around 1,200 fans, with every seat fairly close to the stage. The stage is set-up on the playing surface, with the seating area being narrow and wide. The result is that there are only about 20 rows of seats, giving the venue an intimate feel. I'd strongly recommend the seats within the first 10 rows or so (anything under Row G) as the seats are huge and comfortable with copious leg room.
During the Marshall Tucker show, the sound system was excellent. There were a few issues with a buzz on one of the guitars, but that appeared to be an issue with the band's equipment.
After returning from the show, I researched the Jai Alai venues after hearing Marshall Tucker front man Doug Gray comment about playing the venue in the 70's. I was surprised to learn that huge acts such as Bruce Springsteen, U-2, Kiss and David Bowie have played there. I'll definitely keep my eyes out for another opportunity to see a show here and hopefully catch some other future rock legends.
Miscellaneous Thoughts:
- Plenty of free parking on-site
- There were about a dozen seats available literally on the stage
- Decent bar selections at decent prices
- Security strongly discouraged folks from standing during the show


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Week 43 of #ThursThreads had some great tales! Thanks to all who entered this week. I'm honored to see all of you and read your stories. It was great to have our returning regulars and some new "faces". Great thanks also goes to judge Randi Alexander for reading all the tales.
- Elaine Hillson | @tollykit
- Rafe B | @etcet
- Toni Wyatt | @Toni1777
- Charles W Jones | @ChuckWesJ
- Sheilagh Lee | @SweetSheil
- Robin Abess | @Angelique_Rider
- Emily Kay Yenawine
- Kel Heinen | @Aightball
- Cara Michaels | @caramichaels
- David A Ludwig | @DavidALudwig
- Revo Boulanger | @RevoBoulanger
- Nellie Batz | @solimond
- Mark Ethridge | @LurchMunster
- Aurora Lee | @AuroraLee
- Rebecca R Kovar | @RRKovar
Winners Announcement:
Honorable Mentions
David A Ludwig | @DavidALudwig
Randi says: His soup kitchen story was very descriptive and clever, with a surprise ending that had me grinning.
Rafe B | @etcet
Randi says: Rafe's story pulled me in, first imagining a fantasy world at war - then twisting it around. It made me laugh out loud.
Nellie Batz| @solimond
Randi says: The scene at the hostel caught my attention. Dramatic and compelling, I wanted to read more.
Robin Abess | @Angelique_RiderRandi says: The story of a lost child swapped for another was disturbing yet fascinating. A great plot and well written prose.
Week 43 Winner
Cara Michaels | @caramichaels
Randi says: A very intriguing scene, well written with a great hook. The tension between mother and daughter was palpable. Ms. Michaels has a lot of talent!
"You agreed to help him," she said. "In any and every possible way."
"I have. I've told you as much. But—"
"It's not enough." Hard words from a harder woman.
"You don't know the meaning of the word." I scowled, arms crossed. "What you're asking of me… An energy transfer of this magnitude will kill me."
"Please, Sasha." She sneered. "You're no hero and I'm not asking you to martyr yourself. Take the energy you need from another and you survive."
"So I kill someone."
"To save him, you stupid puritan." She stared at me, bewildered. "Don't act as though your hands are clean. How can one of these useless… humans be worth more to you than him?"
I'd promised myself. Humans couldn't stop me. I had to do it for them.
"You're fucking psychotic, Karen," I said.
Karen Gemini smiled, and a cold pit formed in my stomach. She—the one person immune to my touch—grabbed me by the throat, slammed me tight against the wall.
"Do you think Reliant City and your goody-goody friends will welcome you back, girl? Once they know you're Karen Gemini's bastard daughter?"
I clawed at her hold on me, but I couldn't take her energy.
"Oh, Sasha," she said. "You sold your soul to the devil to deny your heritage. But you do this one thing for me and I'll keep your dirty little secret."
One thing. Right.
"Save your brother, Sasha." She released me. "Or I kill everyone you love."
Congratulations Six Time Winner Cara, David, Rafe, Nellie, and Robin! Claim your badges and display them with pride. You certainly earned it! :)
Pass on the great news on Twitter, Facebook, Google Plus, shiny mirrors, Morse Code, and signal flags. Check out all the stories here. Thanks for stopping by and happy reading! :)


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All pre-registered delegates must present themselves in person at the Accreditation Centre to gain access to the conference.
Delegates are required to present their proof of identification. International passport is a requisite for identification for all non–South African delegates. In the case of South Africans, a valid green bar coded ID/smart card, RSA driver's license and passport are all acceptable forms of identification.
In addition to the above, media personnel will be required to present their media card and a letter from the media house they represent.
Lost badges are to be reported to the Accreditation Centre. An affidavit from the South African Police Service may be required before a reprint can be issued.
The Accreditation Centre is located at Hall 4B, Cape Town International Convention Centre. Access to the Accreditation Centre will be through the Marshall Yard located at the back of the CTICC. Directional signage will be in place.
The following operational hours will be applicable:
02 – 04 October 2015 : 08:30 – 22:00
05 – 06 October 2015 : 08:30 – 18:00
Please note: For participants that require facilitation, viz. Government Ministers, Diplomatic Corps and Eminent Persons an off-Line Accreditation Process will be put in place, wherein their badges will be produced in absentia using an electronic passport photo and/or a copy of their passport.
Business centre
A business centre will be available exclusively to SAIREC Conference delegates. It is situated in the Strelitzia Restaurant Area, Ground Floor. The business services available include: printing; photocoping; faxing; email and an Internet hub.
Cash-dispensing machines (Automated Teller Machines)
There is a cash-dispensing machine located along the main corridor of Level 0, as well as next to the parking pay-point on Level -1
Coffee shop
Start the day with a fresh brew at Coffee on the Square, situated on the ground floor in the main foyer of the CTICC. Light meals are served in addition to deliciously indulgent refreshments consisting of cakes, confectioneries, deli foods and beverages.
Dress Code
During sessions: business attire | casual | traditional attire
Event app
To download the event app, search for 'My Event' in your relevant app store. On app start up click the Event ID button. Search for the event ID: SAIREC 2015. Download the SAIREC 2015 App. Once downloaded click on your event and the app will request your login details. Should you need assistance please email Soz Theofrastos firstname.lastname@example.com or Grace Banda email@example.com
Food court
Light meals available for purchase in the food court located in Hall 3.
Foreign exchange bureau
For all personal foreign exchange transactions, Imali Express offers a hassle-free service to all delegates and visitors to the CTICC wishing to purchase or sell foreign currency, with competitive rates and friendly, helpful consultants on hand to assist you. Located on Level 1 of the CTICC.
Information desk & bag collection point
There are two information desks – one in the main foyer entrance of the CTICC and the other in the Strelitzia Restaurant.
Delegate bags will be available from the information desk located in the Strelitzia Restaurant, ground floor.
The information desks will operate at the following times:
Sunday 04 October 07h00 – 18h00
Monday 05 October 07h00 – 18h00
Tuesday 06 October 07h00 – 18h00
Marimba restaurant
This privately owned restaurant offers a delectable fusion of South African and cosmopolitan cuisine, as well as live entertainment and music – a great way to relax after a hard day's conferencing or organising.
Meeting rooms
Meeting rooms are available. Please go to room 2.41 and Winnie Mamatsharaga will assist you with booking a room.
On-site medical assistance
The health and safety of guests is of the utmost importance, and visitors to the CTICC can rest assured that the on-site medical facility is equipped to provide first-rate medical assistance to anyone who may require it. For more information please email firstname.lastname@example.com
Prayer room
The CTICC accommodates people of all persuasions and religion and as such the centre has a dedicated prayer room for patrons.
Delegates arriving in their own vehicles have access to parking at the CTICC – Parking Area P1 at a cost of R65 per day. Parking is also available at the Westin Hotel at R100 per day.
People with disabilities
Designed to cater for people with disabilities, the CTICC strives to ensure that it is a venue where all feel welcome. The building incorporates features that live up to Universal Accessibility Standards and the South African National Building Regulations (NBR) Standards.
The centre offers full wheel-chair access, designated drop-off points and parking bays for people with disabilities, direct access escalators designed for the disabled, toilets for the physically challenged and elevators with Braille inscriptions.
The width of all external and internal doors has been designed to accommodate wheelchair access and lift buttons are placed to allow access by those in wheelchairs. Auditorium I is also equipped with designated seating sections for wheelchair occupants.
Publications protocol
Anyone wanting to distribute any material at SAIREC 2015 must bring their materials to the Event Dynamics Operations Room on the 2nd Floor of the CTICC Room number 1.52.
The material will then be approved by a Department of Energy official and, if approved, placed on the distribution counter.
To access the dedicated SAIREC Wi-Fi network, please find log in details as follows:
- Network – SAIRECwifi
- Password – SAIREC2015


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You are here: Manchester Confidential › Food & Drink › Food & Drink Retail.
THE MANCHESTER based Hydes Brewery has launched the second of its 2012 craft ales, the so called Berry Good Ale, following their first craft ale Winter Fuggle. The new ale is described as a craft brewed and balanced copper toned ale, from Goldings and Fuggle hops.
The ale is to be distributed throughout the country by wholesalers and Hydes pub estate during the months of March and April.
David Safiruddin, Hydes Marketing Director claims the new Berry Good Ale is "fabulously hoppy and flavoursome, perfectly balanced for early Spring". Of course he would, but we can't wait to get our hands on a pint and try.
Hydes Brewery was established in 1863 and it is still owned and managed as a family business. It has more than 70 pubs across the North West and has a growing portfolio of its own brewed beers and lagers.
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KARTEL'S LEGAL FEES FOR UPCOMING APPEAL COULD COST OVER $25 million Featured
"The sum could exceed $19 million given the number of attorneys for whom fees were being claimed, the hourly rates claimed for the attorneys, and the retainer. The registrar typically allows hourly rates of $30,000.00 for certain high profile lawyers and $8,000.00 for junior counsel, and sometimes retainer fees amounting to over $5 million. Kartel's case is complex and the defence would have to hire a team of junior lawyers to go through the evidence meticulously to come up with inconsistencies to show the Court of Appeal. I believe that 25 million is a conservative figure,"a lawyer told one876entertainment.com
The Court of Appeal is set to hear the case of incarcerated dancehall artiste Vybz Kartel and his co-accused on February 19 next year. The deejay Vybz Kartel, whose real name is Adidja Palmer was convicted alongside Kahira Jones, Andre St John, and entertainer Shawn "Shawn Storm" Campbell.
He and his three co-accused were granted leave to appeal their conviction and sentence in the Court of Appeal in March of this year.
The four were given life sentences at the Home Circuit Court in Kingston in March 2014 for involvement in the murder of Clive "Lizard" Williams.
Kartel will be eligible for parole after 35 years. He is currently at the Tower Street Adult Correctional Facility in Kingston.
His co-accused St John will do 30 years before being considered for parole. Jones and Campbell are to serve 25 years before they are eligible for parole.
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Teacher interested in ESL methodology, IELTS, classic novels, music, and In Our Time with Melvin Bragg, based in Phuket, Thailand.
Sunday, 12 October 2008
Good old New Labour
We've had a lot of rights removed over the past decade or so, rights we've had since the magna carta, but which have been discarded without debate or thought.
As an example:
* The government can ban any groups it labels 'terrorist' (Terrorism Act 2000)
* The government can monitor any and all private communication (Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000)
* Armed forces can be deployed on UK soil in peacetime (Civil Contingencies Act 2004)
* Property and assets can be seized without warning or compensation (Civil Contingencies Act 2004)
* Spontaneous protest is now illegal around Parliament (Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005)
* Without trial, any British citizen can be tagged, put under house arrest and banned from using the telephone or internet (Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005)
* Any citizen can be imprisoned without charge for 28 days (42 days has passed the house of commons) (Terrorism Act 2006)
* The executive can change any current legislation without consulting Parliament, with very few exceptions (Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006)
* Arbitrary punishments with no legal precedents can be issued with little legal recourse, based on hearsay evidence ( Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003)
* British citizens can be extradicted to the United States with no evidence presented (Extradition Act 2003)
* Compulsory identification for all British citizens, with an unlimited amount of details stored in a central database, which the private sector will have access to (Identity Cards Act 2006)
* Upon arrest the police have claim to your DNA, even if you are released without charge (Criminal Justice Act 2003)
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A beautifully sophisticated swan pin ready to give your lapel or collar or bag a bit of swanlike chic.
He's made from top quality hard enamel & gold plate and is white and shiny gold.
He's 3cm wide and 2cm at his tallest point. He will arrive paddling on a bright blue card