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Sustainability 2012, 4(12), 3362-3376; https://doi.org/10.3390/su4123362
Sustainable Community Sanitation for a Rural Hospital in Haiti
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 23 October 2012; in revised form: 6 December 2012 / Accepted: 12 December 2012 / Published: 18 December 2012
A fully sustainable sanitation system was developed for a rural hospital in Haiti. The system operates by converting human waste into biogas and fertilizer without using external energy. It is a hybrid anaerobic/aerobic system that maximizes methane production while producing quality compost. The system first separates liquid and solid human waste at the source to control carbon to nitrogen ratio and moisture content to facilitate enhanced biodegradation. It will then degrade human waste through anaerobic digestion and capture the methane gas for on-site use as a heating fuel. For anaerobic decomposition and methane harvesting a bioreactor with two-stage batch process was designed. Finally, partially degraded human waste is extracted from the bioreactor with two-stage batch process and applied to land farming type aerobic composter to produce fertilizer. The proposed system is optimized in design by considering local conditions such as waste composition, waste generation, reaction temperature, residence time, construction materials, and current practice. It is above ground with low maintenance requirements.
Keywords:bio-digester; human waste; sustainable; developing countries; compact; two-chamber; low water content; above ground
1. Introduction
Supplying clean drinking water in developing countries is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. In many developing nations, sources of drinking water are contaminated because of the lack of sanitation facilities. Currently, wastewater treatment in developed nations is provided by septic systems or centralized wastewater treatment plants with sanitary sewer systems. Such systems are not sustainable since septic systems need large leaching fields and centralized wastewater treatment plants requiring energy to operate and use water to transport waste. On the other hand, human waste is an energy source with high nutrient content, which can be recovered by proper design of an anaerobic bioreactor. One of the by-products in anaerobic decomposition is methane. Methane is a greenhouse gas that is 25 times more damaging than carbon dioxide but has a high heating value. Hence, methane should be captured and used as a combustion fuel, which will benefit our planet with a decreased greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Any community sanitation system that is developed should be built on-site and self-contained so it will not need a leaching field with the possibility of groundwater contamination. Such a design can promote sustainable development in the developed as well as developing world and realize the potential for positive social, economic, and environmental impacts.
The idea of sustainable design occurred due to a request from a hospital in Haiti for a new design. In 2009, the Engineers without Borders chapter of the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT-EWB) was contacted by the Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti, due to a problem the hospital encountered. The Hôpital Sacré Coeur uses a septic system for outdoor lavatories. Waste from the lavatories is discharged into a septic pit. The septic pit is not lined, so pathogens can easily leach into the groundwater. During floods, which are common in Haiti's precipitous climate, the pit has a tendency to overflow. During the 2009 rainy season, a team of visiting doctors became ill. Upon subsequent investigation, the Hôpital Sacré Coeur found that contamination of the hospital was due to overflow of the septic pit during floods, which caused the illnesses of visiting doctors. This also resulted in soil and water contamination in the surrounding area. The hospital requested NJIT-EWB to provide a practical solution to their waste disposal problem.
Therefore, the main objective of the project is to design a fully sustainable sanitation system that requires no external energy, processes all waste into useful products (biogas and fertilizer) and uses locally available materials for construction. NJIT-EWB team conducted a comprehensive literature search to obtain information and identify technologies for on-site and in situ wastewater treatment. A survey of the local conditions with respect to the wastewater generation and persons to be served was performed with the assistance of hospital workers. The hospital site was explored to investigate the possible layout of the treatment system. A search was also conducted for potential useful local materials and resources. Once the information collection was completed, the team initiated the design and cost estimate.
2. Background Research
In general, there are several ways to estimate the quantity of wastewater generated. Wastewater can be estimated by the waste production rate (gal/capita/day or liter/person/day) or by the fixture units (numbers of sinks, toilets, etc.). In developed nations such information can be easily obtained. For example, in the U.S., an average wastewater flow rate were reported to be 80–120 gal/capita/day (300–450 liter/capita/day) and in areas without sewers, the value is about 55 gal/cap/day (210 liter/cap/day) [1]. The numbers are usually adjusted for variables such as income, season, existence of a water meters, etc. In the U.S., each person produces 0.22–0.3 lb/day (100–140 g/day) feces and 0.2–0.35 gal/day (0.8–1.3 liter/day) urine [1]. The composition of raw waste for onsite system design is also well-known in developed nations. For example, the BOD5 (5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand), TKN (Total Kieldahl Nitrogen), and total phosphorus are in the range of 215–540 mg/L, 30–80 mg/L, and 10–27 mg/L, respectively [1]. The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content are high enough to allow wastewater to be decomposed without the need for additional nutrients [1].
2.1. Onsite Treatment Technologies for Developed Nations
Quite a number of technologies have been developed for onsite and in situ wastewater treatment. Two common primary treatment devices are septic tank and Imhoff tank. Both work as a combined settling and skimming tank and as an unheated-unmixed anaerobic digester. Since the detention time for liquid waste is rather short and treatment is often incomplete, the septic tank is often connected to a leaching field for further treatment through local soil. Sophisticated secondary treatment technologies include aerobic/anaerobic unit, aerobic unit, intermittent sand filter, recirculating granular medium filter, and constructed wetlands [2,3].
In recent years, newer designs have been developed. Some of these include composting toilet, household ATUs (Aerobic Treatment Units), chemical toilets, and incineration toilets. A composting toilet is designed to store and compost by bacterial digestion of human urine and feces, and small amounts of kitchen wastes. These are often used in places where a water supply is not available, such as in a mountain cabin, and to replace chemical toilets. Household-scale ATUs are commonly purchased, delivered, and installed as self-contained modules. It usually contains primary treatment (in some cases, only a screen), secondary treatment (generally, a suspended growth), a polishing tank (to remove additional contaminants, such as small particles or nutrients, as required to meet water-quality standards), and disinfection. A chemical toilet is a toilet using chemicals to deodorize the waste instead of simply storing it in a hole, or piping it away to a sewage treatment plant. These toilets are most commonly found on airplanes, trains, caravans, motor homes, and construction sites, identified with a blue-colored dye in the bowl water. Incineration toilets deposit wastes directly into the combustion chamber for incineration and reduce wastes to ash and evaporate the liquid. Incineration is fueled by gas, fuel oil, or electricity.
A movement is gaining momentum to obtain a solution to major environmental and public health problems in the developing world. The solution is not to invest in western-style flush toilets and centralized sewage systems but rather to develop toilets and decentralized waste-treatment technologies that use far less water. The latest development in this field occurred with the decision by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to invest $40 million in improving global sanitation. The California Institute of Technology developed a toilet that uses solar power to transform human waste into fertilizer and hydrogen. The hydrogen from the electrochemical reaction can be used in hydrogen fuel cells as energy, and the treated water can be reused to irrigate fields [4].
2.2. Onsite Treatment Technologies for Developing Nations
Many innovative forms of on-site sustainable sanitation systems have been developed for underdeveloped communities. These systems include: EcoSan toilets, Biogas generators, ArborLoo, SanPlat Latrine, Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine, and Pour-flush Toilet [5]. According to Mara et al. [5] these technologies are all considered a form of "ecological sanitation" where all nutrients in waste are recycled. Of particular interest is the biogas digester since these systems not only allow for the re-use of treated waste in agriculture but also extracted methane to be used as a biogas. Biogas technologies have been around for over a century since the introduction of anaerobic treatment. Germany, China and India have made the most development and progress with biogas technology implementation and research. Low rate bio-digesters in developing countries are most frequently used for animal waste.
One of the most common digesters in developing countries is the Chinese fixed dome bio-digester. The fixed dome digester is a continuous flow reactor that inputs animal waste from a mixing basin, which then displaces effluent (10% total solids and 90% water) from the reactor towards an outlet pipe. The biogas rises to the top of the dome where it is stored and collected. Marchaim [6] reported that 5 million family-sized fix dome digesters were operating in China by 1992 and 400,000–500,000 more are being built annually. The influence of bio-digesters in China towards sustainable sanitation development is evident. China has the advantage of having these systems available for decades along with trained local personal and national level standards to support the expansion of this sustained development.
Another form of digester is a batch digester, which works by filling a reactor with organic waste, sealing the reactor, and allowing the waste to decompose anaerobically for a certain retention time. During this retention time, waste cannot be added to the digester and must be filled into a separate digester. Batch digesters are a less popular system since it is not a continuous process unless paired with other batch digesters. Maya Farms in the Philippines used 30 batch digesters, filling and emptying one digester a day to ensure constant biogas supply [7]. It is not typically necessary to use this many batch digesters but the Maya Farms systems used small digester tanks that could only hold daily loads. An advantage of the batch reactor is that it does not require additional water to transport waste. Batch digesters have been tested to work as a dry fermentation process with up to 32% total solids before methane production decreases [8].
Bio-digesters have been mainly used for animal waste since animal feces contains a more optimal carbon to nitrogen ratio then human feces, however, there have been several cases where human waste digesters have been successfully implemented. A fixed dome biogas plant was installed in 2008 to treat blackwater and graywater at a public toilet station in Naivasha, Kenya. Approximately 300 people per day either used the pour-flush toilets, urinals or showers. The biogas is used at an onsite café to cook food and tea. The treated effluent from the digester is drained into an existing public sewer. Essentially the biogas plant serves as a pre-treatment for an inefficient wastewater treatment system at the end of the sewer [9].
Another example of a human waste bio-digester is the floating drum biogas plant implemented in 2006 at the Navsarjan Trust Vocational Training Institute DSK Campus in Gujarat, India. Approximately 300 students use the low-flush toilets (2L per flush) and urinals. The biogas is used for cooking and after approximate 30-day retention time effluent is sent to a drying bed to compost for agriculture purposes. The biogas plant experienced some problems with treating the blackwater due to the usage of 4–5 L of water being used for cleansing and flushing. With the increase in flush water, the biogas plant cannot properly treat the biogas plant and biogas production is also reduced [10].
From the above discussion it can be concluded that there are good systems to process human waste, but cannot be consider as sustainable systems as they are not optimized to recover all resources in human waste.
3. The Design
Before the engineering design, a process for waste treatment has to be selected first. Human waste is organic and can be biologically decomposed which can be achieved through aerobic and anaerobic process. An aerobic process is currently the major municipal sewage treatment process because it is more efficient and the degradation is faster. However, aerobic bacteria require the input of oxygen and the amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water is rather low. In order to maintain the aerobic condition during waste degradation, equipment such as air compressors or mechanical aerators is provided, which means higher capital and maintenance costs. This requires energy, which may be a problem for underdeveloped areas. It is mentioned earlier that the septic tank is a well-established anaerobic treatment method. However, in this project, it is not feasible to use such system since after site investigation, it was found that flooding occurs when rainfall exceeds 4 inches, which is not uncommon and the surrounding soil has poor absorption characteristics. Most importantly, there is no leaching field for the existing septic tank and the effluent from the septic tank simply flows to an open canal as "gray water". So the design cannot be to simply modify or improve the existing system. A new self-sustainable anaerobic system will be required and the disposal of the both liquid and solid residuals has to be considered. However, an anaerobic system requires a longer time for decomposition requiring larger bioreactor. Hence, a coupled anaerobic and aerobic system was proposed. In this design, smaller bioreactors were proposed where waste was kept over shorter periods until maximum amount of methane is collected, then the partially decomposed waste is extracted and applied to land farming type aerobic composter to produce fertilizer. The coupled anaerobic and aerobic system is the novelty of the proposed system, which mimicked the sustainable Bio-Cell Project for municipal solid waste [11].
Data Collection and Analysis
Before the NJIT-EWB team visited the Hôpital Sacré Coeur, a questionnaire was prepared for the information to be collected. These included the cause of the problem, the best location to build the waste facility, information on local soil type, type of the currently used toilet, locally available construction material for the eco-toilet, availability of local labor, groundwater level, suitable locations to discharge treated wastewater or availability of a leaching field for septic tank, local water quality standard or regulations on wastewater discharge limit, number of daily users of the current latrine and design constraints. The required information was gathered from the hospital administrators and the mayor's office. This information was used in following sections.
In order to design a bioreactor to treat the waste and to ensure sustained biodegradation, the quantity of the wastewater generated and nutrient content of the waste must be known. Since the diet in Haiti is quite different from that of the U.S., information on major consumption food groups is needed. It was found that households in Haiti derive major share of food energy from cereals and vegetables. These two food groups provide more than one-half of all food supply and comprise nearly 70% of protein sources. Meat and dairy products, including fish and eggs, contributes less than 20% of protein [12]. The nitrogen and phosphorus content of the human waste from Haiti is estimated to be 2.1 kg/cap/year and 0.3 kg/cap/yr [13], which are roughly half of the values found in the U.S. waste.
In 2009, the Hôpital Sacré Coeur housed 49,161 outpatient visits per year, 41 children per day at the Nutrition Center, and 73 beds to care for patients. From this information, it was determined that there is enough waste and energy content to efficiently power a biogas reactor at the hospital. To confirm this information, the NJIT-EWB research team visited Milot, Haiti in October 2010 and investigated the daily use of the public latrine of the Hôpital Sacré Coeur. A toilet attendant counted the number of people that used the toilet every hour on a weekday for the entire day. Approximate duration of usage by each occupant was also noted. This data was used to calculate the amount of daily waste. As shown in Table 1, the amount of fecal waste per day is approximated to be 25.9 L or 6.9 gallons. During the data gathering, treating the solid (feces) and liquid (urine) together or separately was also evaluated. Considerations were based on the amount of methane produced, how it may affect the system operation and maintenance, the capacity for holding the waste, duration of waste treatment, and the possibility of producing fertilizer and quality of output fertilizer, and the cultural acceptance.
|Number of male visits per day
|Number of female visits per day
|Total Volume of Fecal Matter
|25.9 L/day
|Total Volume of Urine
|122.8 L/day
4. System Development
Several factors would influence the operation of a bio-digester system, including Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) ratio, pH and moisture content.
4.1. Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N)
A proper C/N ratio is critical in optimizing the production of biogas. Both carbon and nitrogen play vital roles in biodegradation. Carbon is the energy source for microorganisms. Nitrogen is required for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids thus building cell structures. Fry [14] suggested that an optimum rate of digestion is a balanced C/N Ratio of between 20:1 and 30:1. Higher carbon content is not beneficial because it results in insufficient nitrogen to produce additional cells since the composition of cells has a fixed ratio of carbon to nitrogen. This in turn causes the system to limit the ability to process carbon into biogas and hence the excess carbon is wasted. On the other hand, higher nitrogen content causes production ammonia gas, which decreases the fertility of effluent sludge and hence the production of biogas. A lower C/N ratio increases the loss of nitrogen by leaching (e.g., nitrate mobilization) and ammonia volatilization. The typical C/N ratio of human feces ranges from 6:1–10:1 [14]. Combining the nitrogen rich urine to the solid waste would result in further reducing the C/N ratio since roughly 80% of human nitrogen excretion is in urine [15]. Additionally, urine input adds too much variability in controlling the process. If a large amount of urine enters the system, the nitrogen level will become too high to keep a balanced C/N ratio causing the gas production to be halted.
4.2. Optimal pH
The optimal pH for bacteria to produce methane is in the range of 6.6 to 7.6 [16]. Operating the system at optimal pH reduces the amount of nitrogen being converted into ammonia gas since the conversion of ammonium to ammonia occurs around pH 9–10. The high concentration of nitrogen in urine may adversely raise the pH of the mixture.
4.3. Moisture Content
When designing a bio-digester, it is important to maintain a consistent slurry mixture. Water is essential in a digester because bacteria take up the available substrates in a dissolved form. With increasing water content biogas production is enhanced, reaching its optimum at 91%–98% water by weight [17]. However, high water contents require larger reactor volumes and produces excess effluent that increases the volume and time for further decomposition. A literature search has also revealed that anaerobic digestion can take place under different moisture contents. A dry fermentation process is classified between 55%–75% water content and wet fermentation is classified as >85% water content. A comparison of both processes is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Comparison of Wet and Dry Fermentation [18].
|Process Mode
|Total Moisture Content
|Low 55%–75%
|High 85%–98%
|Total solids content
|High 25%–45%
|Low 2%–15%
|Reactor volume
|Conveyance technique
|Little risk
|High risk
|Short circuit flow
|Little risk
|High risk
|Solid-liquid separation
|Variety of waste components
Based on the above analysis, it was decided to use urine-diversion toilets to separate the urine and feces before treatment so as to optimize the methane production. Urine diversion requires a specially designed seat-riser or squatting slab or pan that is functionally reliable and socially acceptable. The basic idea of how to avoid mixing urine and feces is simple: the toilet user should sit or squat over some kind of dividing wall so that feces drop behind the wall and urine passes in front of the wall [19,20].
A continuous flow digester requires ~90% water content so as to ease flow through the digester [21]. The anaerobic portion of the coupled anaerobic and aerobic system is a batch reactor (discontinuous operation), in which the reactor is filled with waste and discharged after a fixed retention time. Therefore, a dry fermentation with 55%–75% moisture content would be beneficial. In such a reactor volume is minimized, reducing costs and land-use. The digested output has lower water content, which simplifies transportation and facilitates composting. Water is conserved in the process, making this a more environmentally friendly alternative. Human feces has approximately 75% water content, which is the same moisture content required for dry fermentation process. The amount of urine produced is unpredictable on a day-to-day basis, so urine adds variable moisture, which makes it difficult to control the consistency of the input slurry. To achieve low water content for dry fermentation, the design avoids adding urine or additional water to the bioreactor. It is also important to avoid adding any drying material, such as ash, grass, leaves or paper, which would reduce water content through the increase of dry solid content. Hence, the proposed design would be a flush less urine-diversion toilet.
The proposed latrine will direct liquid and solid human waste into two separate collection compartments. The liquid waste will be diluted and used as a fertilizer. The solid waste will be directed to an anaerobic digester. Inside the anaerobic digester, waste will be converted to methane gas for on-site use as a heating fuel with the residual after desired retention time is extracted and converted into fertilizer by composting.
5. Biogas Production
Depending on the characteristics of input waste and the condition of the bioreactor (i.e., retention time, daily flow rate, C/N ratio, temperature, and pH levels), the biogas production will vary. The biogas production has been calculated using two methods:
- (1) Using Online Datato Updated Guide Book on Biogas Development [22], the gas production of human feces is between 0.02 to 0.028 m3 of biogas/kg. Assuming least optimal conditions, the lower value 0.02 m3 of biogas/kg was used. Then using a flow rate number 25.9 L/day from Table 1 and assuming the approximate density of feces as that of water (1 kg/L), the weight per day of human feces = (25.9 L/day of human feces)× (1 kg/L) = 25.9 kg/day. Therefore Biogas Production = (0.02 m3 biogas/kg) × (25.9 kg/day) = 0.518 m3 /day
- (2) Using Volatile Solids Methodflow rate Total Solid Feces (TS) in Table 1 is 25.9 kg/day. If Dry Solids (DS) = 25% of TS and Volatile Solids (VS) = 86.8% of DS [23], then VS = (25.9 kg/day) × (0.25) × (0.868) = 5.6203 kg/day. Furthermore, assuming a 45% reduction rate, Volatile Solids Destroyed (VS Destroyed) = (5.6203 kg/day) × (0.45) = 2.529 kg/day. Assuming that all destroyed volatile solids are converted into biogas, 2.529 kg of biogas is produced per day. Using the Density of Biogas (with 60% CH4) = 0.0760 lb/ft3= 1.2174 kg/m3 [24], Biogas Production = (2.529 kg/day) × (1 m3/1.2174 kg) = 2.077 m3/day.
Hence, the biogas production for the proposed toilet is expected to be between 0.5 and 2.0 m3/day if the daily input of human feces is 25 L/day. Because it is difficult to approximate the operating conditions of this bioreactor with minimal data, the calculated values are approximations. The actual daily values will vary and may be lower or higher than the calculated values. However, these calculations provide a means of approximating the amount of useable energy provided by this bioreactor.
The biogas generated will be used to heat water to produce hot water for the Hôpital Sacré Coeur. The amount of daily water heated from 25 ºC (77 ºF) to 50 ºC (120 ºF) can be determined using the Lower Heating Value of 60% methane biogas, which is approximately 570 BTU/ft3 [24]. Hence, the proposed bio-digester has the potential of heating approximately 25–100 gallons of water per day. By using the biogas to heat the water, there is less demand on the electric and gas water heaters, which are often rare or expensive resource in developing nations.
6. Residence Time
It is expected that the reactor operates at 35 ºC slightly above the average temperature of Haiti. If proper agitation is achieved in the reactor, 90% volatile solids reduction will be achieved in 30% less time [16]. Mixing is vital for any chemical reactions. It homogenizes the microbial species as well as the available substrate in the bioreactor. It prevents localized difference in temperature and chemical composition. Proper agitation breaks up the waste, eases the saturation of the feces into water and distributes organisms throughout the slurry, which allows for more biogas to be produced and rise through the waste. Reducing the time of volatile solids reduction also means shorter time for biogas production and shorter time for digestion. Faster digestion and shorter retention time result in a reduced volume of the digester. Figure 1 shows the benefit of mixing towards reducing the solids reduction rate, which is also temperature dependent. It is proposed to use Savonius wind mill for mixing making the design fully sustainable.
Figure 1. Effect of temperature and mixing on solids-reduction rate [16].
The bioreactor operation temperature at 35 ºC is slightly higher than the average temperature in Milot, Haiti, is due to heat generated from biological activity. At 35 ºC Metcalf and Eddy [1] suggest a residence time of 10 days, while from batch reactors Liu et al., [25] suggested a residence time of 15 days. Since imperfect mixing is expected in this field scale bioreactor, a conservative residence time is assumed as one month. Hence it is expected that majority of methane generated can be extracted within one month. The schematic of a coupled anaerobic and aerobic system with the time line is shown in Figure 2. In this coupled anaerobic and aerobic system feces collected during the first month is treated under anaerobic conditions with mixing at 35 ºC in the bioreactor during the second month. Then approximately 90% of volume is removed after two months. Removed waste is stored in twelve outdoor cells for one full year to decompose feces and other pathogens. Then the final product is used as fertilizer. The bioreactor is expected to yield an estimated 1525 pounds (696 kg) of compost per year. Trial calculations suggest that this compost volume is sufficient to treat one acre property, which would be supplemented by the diluted urine as liquid fertilizer.
7. The Sustainable Toilet
A conventional batch process bio-digester is unattractive due to its many limitations. However, the proposed design is an improved batch process bio-digester. This digester is a continuous two-stage batch reactor that operates continuously without any pumps. Figure 3 shows the timeline of bio-digester system cycle from the toilet operation perspective. Two sets of toilets are constructed and during the first month users are allowed to use the first set where feces is collected in a chamber below the toilet, while the other toilet is closed and the collected feces is digested under anaerobic condition. At the end of the first month first toilet will be closed and collected feces are allowed to digest under anaerobic condition. At the same time, digested feces from the chamber under the second toilet are removed and toilet is opened for use. This is repeated every month.
The proposed design is an above ground, two-chamber, stirred-tank reactor. Only one of the two tanks collects waste at any given time, with cycles of one month of continuous public waste collection followed by a month of continuous public inaccessibility, in opposite synchronization with the each other. During the month of public waste collection, the waste is mixed daily and during the month public inaccessibility, the waste is allowed to decompose. After having been inaccessible for one month and prior to being put back into commission, the decomposed waste, which is settled at the bottom of the tank, is removed via a valve on the underside of the digester. This inert waste is to be composted via aerobic degradation and dehydration. After dehydration, the waste will be applied to the soil of the hospital's vegetable garden.
The proposed toilet is a no flush urine diversion system that will include an odor prevention valve. The design ensures adequate ventilation for the occupants and represents a completely sustainable system, when compared with the existing pit-based septic tank, which causes groundwater contamination and creates health and environmental hazards during floods. The design requires less costly upkeep than the existing pit-latrines, and the cost of maintaining the necessary environment for anaerobic digestion should be defrayed by reduced expenditure on fuel and crop gains from fertilization.
Due to the reduction in moisture content, liquid sludge treatment or sludge ponds are not necessary. This is particularly beneficial in underdeveloped communities where water is scarce and there is minimal space for sludge ponds or liquid sludge treatment would be too costly. The mostly solid sludge is simply mixed with dry compost in an aerobic composting site and allowed to decompose into a useful soil conditioner. The liquid slurry (~10% total volume of tank) is left in the reactor as an inoculant for the next batch. It also serves to keep the inlet pipe covered inside the tank so that no air enters the tank.
Figure 4 shows schematics of the proposed design. The proposed sustainable toilet consists of two units in the system which is not shown in Figure 4. Construction blue prints were generated and presented during the National Sustainable Design Expo 2011 (US EPA P3) held in Washington, D.C. in April 2011. Based on human feces volume of 25.9 kg/day a compact chamber of size 4ft × 4ft × 4ft including 1ft headspace was required. It was proposed to build this chamber with cement blocks filled with soil. Inside faces of the chamber was proposed to cover with ½" cement mortar and smoothed with cement paste. This would provide adequate insulation and prevent leakage. With such chamber design, it is possible to retain the heat generated during biodegradation to improve reaction kinetics.
The Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti is currently collecting funds to construct the proposed eco-toilet and the two chambers digester as well as twelve composting cells of size 8f t × 8ft × ½ft. NJIT-EWB has already developed the details of the waste collection pipe from the toilet to the chamber, which will prevent black splash, a digester stirring system which is connected to a Savonius wind mill and the special mechanical valve to prevent odor. The total construction cost of both material and labor for the two toilets with two chambers and 12 composting cells will be less than $25,000. The above system can be operated at a cost of less than $1,000 per year. The above cost values are based on the prevailing labor rate of $5 per day in Milot, Haiti. This includes one dedicated person who would remove the partially digested waste from the reactor, remove urine collected from the separate chamber, dilute the urine in 1:5 ratio, switch the toilet, transfer to the composting facility, empty the one year old compost, apply the decomposed waste and diluted urine as fertilizer, and add the collected partially digested waste from the reactor to the empty cell of the composter each month. In addition this person would upkeep the toilet and the bioreactor including proper functioning of the windmill. Assuming the above design would last 25 years, the total cost would be approximately $6 per day and less than $0.02 per user per day.
NJIT-EWB is currently developing a proposal to introduce this sustainable sanitation system to other regions of the world with different climatic conditions (with different diets, average moisture levels and different temperatures). Once the new designs have been evaluated for reliability, the design will be given to humanitarian organizations seeking effective sanitation solutions.
The need for sanitation is obvious, with over 2 billion people without access to any sanitation system, and over 2 million annual deaths caused by sanitation-related diseases and poor hygienic conditions [26]. One critical area of interest is China. There is a sanitation crisis in China as with the economic expansion the central government is proposing to modernize the living conditions of 500 million strong rural populations with improved sanitation. If they adopt western style sanitation systems that would consume 20 times more water and 10 times more energy compared to current practice, it will make our planet unsustainable for all.
8. Summary and Conclusions
This paper presents sustainable design to handle human waste in Haiti, a developing nation. It was in response to an environmental problem encountered by a hospital in Haiti due to water contamination from an outflowing septic tank. The NJIT-EWB team investigated the problem, collected information, conducted a field study, analyzed data and designed innovated eco-toilets with a waste anaerobic treatment system for the hospital. The proposed design is a hybrid anaerobic/aerobic system that maximizes methane production while producing quality compost. A toilet is designed to separate liquid and solid human waste at the source to control carbon to nitrogen ratio and moisture content to facilitate enhanced biodegradation. The separated solid human waste is collected and decomposed in an anaerobic digester to capture the methane gas for heating or cooking. Residual from anaerobic digester is further decomposed in an aerobic digester and will be used as fertilizer. The use of the methane reducing greenhouse gas emissions will help maintain the current climate and sea level in their balanced state. Fertilizer will increase the fertility of the land, making it more arable and reversing desertification. Hence the widespread use of this eco-toilet will benefit the people of developing nations.
The financial support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Agreement Number: SU834771) is gratefully acknowledged. Authors would like to acknowledge efforts of NJIT-EWB students Ernest Lee, Suryakant Sanghani, Daniel Martins, Lamount Landrum, Luigi Biele, Jilyan Decker, Christopher Ojeda, Steven Iacoviello, Julia Gayner, Kate Boardman, and Daniel Sosa.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).


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of life, with new sounds and smells. Nothing is familiar. Everything is an adventure.
I have loved every experience that I have had in foreign countri
es. And I wouldn't trade any experience for the world.
Lately Patrick and I have wanted to go everywhere. To see Florence, Milan, and Rome, Italy. To teach English in China. To see Jerusalem and the Middle East. To visit Patagonia in Argentina and Chile. To see the Northern Lights in Alaska. To visit Budapest, Hungary, Dubai, and the Taj Mahal in India. To see Heidi Baker in Mozambique and Heroes of the Nations in Nairobi, Kenya.
Our list continues to grow each day and we have a fear of not experiencing all that the world has to offer. All the aromas and spices, the landscape and architecture, the people and cultures. We have a hunger for adventure and can't wait to take the first steps of our journey together. I hope you'll join us!

subset: commoncrawl


text: May 7th 2017Instagram Photo Blessed to be on my 1st headline tour. Went from running the bag up in these clubs to switching my whole campaign & taking a risk at these hard sells. Shit wasn't easy but we made it work. Salute to the fans & my team for making this possible. If we missed ya city we'll be n that mf soon! #RareSound #427 #SlumShit #WinsUp Comments Body * More information about text formats Text format Medium MediumImages with a data-picture-mapping attribute will be responsive, with a file size appropriate for the browser width. Post Image Add a new file Files must be less than 96 KB.Allowed file types: gif jpg jpeg. By submitting this form, you accept the Mollom privacy policy. Leave this field blank


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WASHINGTON (AP) - The former U.S. attorney for the Western District of Missouri improperly rated some job candidates based on their conservative political credentials, a Department of Justice report concluded yesterday.
Bradley Schlozman described three applicants for a career position as conservative loyalists in an effort to curry favor with top Justice officials, according to the report by the Department of Justice's inspector general and internal ethics office.
Schlozman served as acting U.S. attorney in Kansas City from March 2006 until April 2007, when he returned to Washington to work at the Department of Justice.
None of the candidates was ultimately hired, but Justice investigators said the incident was among several examples of politics illegally influencing the hiring of career prosecutors and immigration judges.
The 140-page report only briefly mentions Schlozman. It singles out former White House liaison Monica Goodling for violations of federal law barring career workers from being hired on the basis of political affiliation or allegiance.
The report said Schlozman asked for special permission to hire a new career prosecutor in Kansas City because acting U.S. attorneys are not usually allowed to make permanent hires.
In December 2006, Schlozman sent an e-mail with the r�sum�s of three candidates to John Nowacki, a deputy in the Justice office that oversees U.S. attorneys, describing them as "rock solid Americans" who would be a "hugely positive legacy for this Administration."
Schlozman wrote that the first applicant's "involvement with the Bush/Cheney campaign speaks for itself," the report said. Schlozman said the second candidate clerked for a "43-appointee," referring to an appellate judge appointed by President George W. Bush.
He described the third applicant as "a rock star talent in addition to being hard core (in the most positive sense of the phrase) on the issues." The report said Schlozman called the third candidate "an obvious conservative of incredible intellect."
Nowacki forwarded the resumes to Goodling, who later replied, "Tell Brad he can hire one more good American." The report said Nowacki acknowledged to investigators that the phrase "good American" meant someone with Republican credentials.
The report detailed similar misconduct in Goodling's dealings with interim U.S. attorneys in Washington, D.C., and Washington state.
"We concluded that Goodling and Nowacki improperly used political or ideological affiliations when assessing waiver requests from interim U.S. Attorneys in at least three cases," the report concluded.
Schlozman has told congressional investigators he noted the political leanings of some applicants because he was aware Goodling took that into account and wanted to increase his chances of getting permission to hire a new career attorney. But Schlozman has denied considering politics in the hiring process.
The report released yesterday is one of several investigations that examine whether political motives were behind the Bush administration's legal policies and employment decisions within the Department of Justice. It does not indicate whether Goodling or Schlozman could face any charges.
Those accusations were prompted by the firings of nine U.S. attorneys in late 2006 and culminated in the scandal that led to the resignation of former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales last year.
Schlozman is also a subject of a separate justice department investigation concerning his personnel decision as acting head of the Civil Rights Division in the months before he worked as U.S. attorney.
The justice department also is investigating whether Schlozman intentionally misled senators last year when he testified about his motivation for filing a voter fraud lawsuit days before the 2006 elections.
Copyright 2008 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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When Caesar was warned 'beware the Ides of March', I'm not quite sure whether Chanel's new shades for Spring eyes were exactly in the soothsayer's mind. Mind you, any woman worth her salt should be warned 'beware!' when approaching any Chanel beauty counter as temptation is sometimes just too much.
For March '14, Chanel have a whole host of perfectly blendable colours that work on their own as a smooth swish of pale colour, or blended and built (according to depth of application) for effect. Choose from two of the most popular ranges in Chanel – Les 4 Ombres and the luminous Illusion D'Ombre ranges.
Les 4 Ombres are those gorgeous quadra eyeshadow palettes you always have a root through when walking via a Chanel beauty counter in a big dept store, while promising yourself you won't be swayed. Well, maybe. These palette colours are actually based on a selection of Chanel House tweeds (I bet you didn't know that?) and composed for perfect harmony. Each colour variation is balanced so the user can opt for one light swish of colour or merge and blend for a more concentrated, high fashion effect. And, there's a new formula. This new long-lasting. pure pigmented texture that increases intensity caresses and lifts the most weary of eyelids with its translucent radiance.
The two palettes that (to me) are the most adaptable (read wearable to any lip colour) are Tisse Vendome (204), a delectably smooth, light orange/apricot tone with accompanying beige peach, deep beige and grey/brown. The light orange cuts through the smoky beige tones to lift the eye. Great with either nude or orange-red lipstick shades. Then there's the must-have staple, Tisse Gabrielle (208), a palette of revisited classics for ultra smoky effects. Iridescent grey, white gold, velvet black grey and grey mauve are as fabulous used alone as they are blended for devastating come-hither hi-jinks.
The Illusion D'Ombre range are single pots of glowing iridescent shades that have a silky, glistening, mother-of-pearl sheen in a long-lasting powder-cream texture. Again, a single swoop or a heavier, layered application can change the look in seconds. Rich navy shades like Apparition are sophisticated classics you'll never tire of wearing.
To define the look, enhance your newly made-up eyes with coloured eyeliner in a limited edition smoky grey or a startling metallic blue or iris from the Stylo Yeux Waterproof range. Finish by brusging Volume mascara over top and lower lids. Vert Grise is the newest limited edition shade in the range.
Chanel's Les 4 Ombres quadra eye-shadows are priced £40 per palette and Illusion d'Ombre Eyeshadows are priced £24 each. Stylo Yeux Waterproof liners are priced £19 each while Volume Waterproof Mascara is priced £24 each.
Pic of make-up artist, Lisa Eldridge, applying a selection of make-up from Chanel's Les Beiges and Chanel's new Spring '14 shades.


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Graduation Requirements for Degrees and Certificates
Undergraduate Degrees:
Graduate Degrees:
In addition to the above, all degree or certificate candidates must be approved for degree or certificate completion by the Dean, and must settle all financial and document obligations. Students may meet the graduation requirements as stated in the catalog under which they enrolled, provided they maintain continuous enrollment and make normal progress toward a degree. The maximum time permitted for a degree completion (MTDC) is:
Master's Degree programs: three (3) years for full-time students (taking 9 units per semester at the minimum).
Doctor's Degree program: seven and a half (7.5) years for full-time students (taking 9 units per semester at the minimum).
The certificate program has its specific length of study given in the program's descriptions.
If a student re-enrolls to the University after withdrawal, he/she follows graduation requirements stated in the catalog current for the re-enrollment. Students who change their program according to a subsequent catalog edition must meet all requirements for graduation as stated in that catalog.
The US Department of Homeland Security requires foreign students to maintain full-time educational load and to meet the financial obligations during their stay in the United States to qualify for the F-1 visa status.


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Castleford Tigers and Featherstone Rovers both showed their defensive qualities in Sunday's pre-season derby clash at the Mend-A-Hose Jungle.
Chances were few and far between in a match which the Tigers won 18-0 after leading 6-0 at half-time.
There was never much between the teams and the penalty count was also pretty even - it was 9-8 in Castleford's favour.
The Tigers snapped up their chances to score three converted tries while Championship outfit Featherstone competed excellently throughout and had two efforts ruled out in a game watched by 4,800 fans.
New recruits Matt Cook and Dennny Solomona both scored as the Super League side lifted the XBlades Prince of Wales Hospice Challenge Trophy.
Castleford saved the best until last with Jordan Tansey providing the highlight two minutes from time by finishing the game's best move involving Adam Milner and Ashley Gibson.
Ex-Rovers player Liam Finn added his third goal from three kicks to complete the scoring.
Castleford's strong-running second-rower Cook won the official man of the match award but he must have been pushed close by Nathan Massey who had a magnificent game in the home pack.
New signings Paul Sykes and Sam Irwin both slotted in well for Featherstone and Jamie Cording and Jack Bussey also looked sharp for the visitors.


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Using Finder to track down the files you want to work with on your Mac can be a pain. Blast aims to rectify this by providing easy access to all of your files right from the menu bar.
The app constantly monitors how you are using your computer and builds up a list of recently used documents that can be accessed from the menu bar. Whether you have created, opened or downloaded a file, it will be recorded for easy access.
Blast can also be configured to keep track of the folders you use so these can be added to the easy access list. Double clicking an entry in the list will open it, while double clicking with Command pressed opens a Finder window at the correct location.
Your most frequently used folders can be bookmarked for even faster access, and the list of files includes previews to help with the identification of individual documents. Files can be dragged from the Blast window to the dock or into an application - great for attaching files to an email.
Blast is the type of tool that makes you wonder how you lived without it - simple and elegant, working with files has never been easier.


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I could look at the night sky forever. Its beauty, mystery, and unfathomable size entrance me. But nothing is more exciting than the feeling I get when I look up and remember, holy fuck, I've been there before.
Probably 90 percent of the time I glance up at the moon I stop and think, woah, I'm Neil Armstrong, the first guy to ever reach it. The guy who drove the little car up there. That is wild.
Even when I'm not looking up I still sometimes remember that, people made, from the resources of this earth, machinery that lifted off the ground, flew into the air and beyond. And I rode that shit to space. Damn.
When I'm walking down a busy street or in a crowd, I'll often remember that probably none of those people ever went to space. Take how many times you, the average reader, has gone to space, add two to that, and you have my count. Please tell me that blows your mind. Because it's objectively incredible.
The other day I saw a hawk gliding high above me. I immediately thought, the hawk can't even imagine flying all the way to the moon. No bird could even get to space. I did both those things. By 1969. That's amazing.
So I hope you step outside on the next clear night and look at the sky. Lay down on the grass and count the stars, find the constellations, or just stare at the moon. And when you do, maybe you'll remember that, holy shit, Neil Armstrong went there one time.


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Documents and technical information
sTART LISTs. Finals of Day 3
Results. Day 3 (PDF)
Live timing/results
Online TV
Arena store
About Riga
Latvian Nationals gathers international athletes from nine countries
Next week on the 19th- 21st of June 94th Open Swimming Championships of Latvia which is going to take place in Riga gathers the best Latvian athletes and high level athletes from other countries including our neighbor countries
Multi-medalists of Latvian Nationals Named to Olympic Team
Latvian national team swimmers Uvis Kalnins and Alona Ribakova were confirmed eligible to participate in the upcoming Olympic Games in Rio de Janerio by FINA. […]
The title of "best swimmer" remains in Latvia
In the last day of Latvian Nationals organisers awarded top 6 athletes according to FINA 2015 points where the title of best performance race won Latvian Daniils Bobrovs with 839 points in 200m breast. […]
Azerbaijani swimmers grab 5 medals in Latvia
Azerbaijani swimmers have claimed five medals, including four golds at the 92nd Open Latvian Championships. […]
Steins broke another record, Kolidzeja – her first at Latvian Nats
Kristina Steins ended her run at the Latvian National Championships by breaking the women's 50 backstroke national record twice in one day.
Nikitina sets several records at Latvian Nationals
Gabriela Nikitina set new national records in both the 100 freestyle and 50 butterfly at the 2016 Latvian National Championships. […]
Video Interview with Olympian Uvis Kalnins
Uvis Kalniņš who likely is one of the main cadidate for Rio from Latvian swimming, gives interview to local sport channel shortly before the Latvian Nationals (in Latvian).
Turkey looking for fast water at the Latvian Nationals
Halime Zülal Zeren (@zulalzeren), the Ohio State swimmer, and member of the Turkish National Swimming Team who recently represented Turkey in the European Aquatics Swimming Championships in London, will be one of the main competitors to qualify for the Rio Olympics art next week's Latvian Nationals. […]
The last battle for place to Rio
Under the title of 92nd Open Latvian Swimming Championships Riga will host one of the last FINA approved qualifying events for XXXI Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. This year Riga will welcome athletes from 14 countries. […]
Steins Takes Latvian 50m Back Record Below 30
Former Canadian national teamer Kristina Steins continued to tear up the record books on the third and final day of Latvian Nationals, completing a sweep of the backstroke events and breaking yet another national record. She's broken 3 on the week, and broke each mark in both prelims and finals. […]
About competitions
Latvian Open Championships is a new international swim event that aims high. Our mission is to build one of the greatest swim events in Baltics and Eastern Europe! This year our championship is also FINA approved qualifying event for the FINA World Championships Budapest 2017! We welcome you and wish you the best luck - our organization will do our utmost to give you a great time at 93rd Open Latvian Swimming Championships!
3 days
15 countries
425 Athletes
32 individual events and relays


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Or browse results titled :
Amajin Records
Siegen, Germany
Artist-Run Hip-Hop Label from Siegen, Germany / est. 2011
Contact Amajin Records
Streaming and Download help
Redeem code
If you like If You Rap Then Rap On This, Post It Online And Tag Me EP, you may also like:
ruffneck '92by ruff-t
supported by 5 fans who also own "If You Rap Then Rap On This, Post It Online And Tag Me EP"
AUTHENTIC OLD SCHOOL BOOP BAP BEATS. Sounds really smooth psymo
Enta The Breaksby Russian Hip Hop Killaz Instrumental Ensemble
finest boom bap shit. спасибо ребятам Marcus
Tape24by Funky Waves
The Ordinary Manby L'Orange
The third solo album from producer L'Orange; a conceptual LP on which a magician becomes the biggest star in the world. Bandcamp New & Notable Sep 26, 2017
Personaby Mello Music Group
featured on Bandcamp Weekly Feb 10, 2015
The Orchid Daysby L'Orange
featured on Bandcamp Weekly Apr 15, 2014
Nickel & Dimedby 14KT
Producer and rapper Kendall Tucker drops 14 instrumentals. JMSN, Blu, Black Milk, and MED guest on the rest. Bandcamp New & Notable Aug 30, 2013
Bandcamp Daily your guide to the world of Bandcamp
Looking Back at Gods'Illa's "CPR: The BlendTape" Five Years Later
How The Atoms Family Became a Secretly Influential Force in Hip-Hop
Kaimbr is The Wu-Tang Disciple You Didn't Know You Needed
On Bandcamp Radio
Featuring guests Jamila Woods, Damon Locks, and Kahil El'Zabar of the Ethnic Heritage Ensemble.


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Is Anything Private in the Age of Internet Social Networking?
posted by:Robynn Arnold // 01:59 PM // May 15, 2007 // ID TRAIL MIX
In recent weeks, the popular social networking website, facebook.com has found itself at the centre of much discussion. From government and employer bans on the use of the website in workplaces, to sanctions and expulsions against students and employees stemming from information posted on facebook accounts, it seems of late that the site has never been far from media attention. Ironically, this has all come at a time when I have faced increasing pressure from friends to finally get with the program and join the network, being that I am one of the few people I know not already connected. I admit that the above mentioned issues surrounding the website are not the reason I have yet to become a member – I am more simply concerned with the time that would be lost in my schedule to keeping up with this phenomena, having witnessed it firsthand with friends. However, being a virgin to the social networking game, its recent newsworthy attention does give me reason to pause before logging in and signing on, but not for the reasons most would think. In fact, it shocks me that what I see as the most concerning aspect of this new way of sharing and communicating seems to be somewhat flying under the radar, overshadowed by the predominant concerns surrounding lost productivity. The bigger picture that seems to be misplaced in the recent wave of attention is the more concerning issue of privacy, or lack thereof, surrounding information posted in such a forum.
Facebook started in 2004 by a sophomore student at Harvard University keen on bringing the idea of university paper 'facebooks' into the technological age. Since then the site has developed and grown tremendously. It now boasts more than 19 million registered users and is in the top ten most trafficked websites in the United States. But it is Canada that can currently lay claim to the title of the nation with the fastest growing membership to the site, estimated at representing 11% of users, up from 5% last year. Canadians, in fact surpass both the United Kingdom and the United States in rates of new membership. The site works by allowing registered users to essentially create a profile and link into numerous networks based on interests, geography, etc. Each member's profile acts like a personalized website, and can include a list of friends, as well as showcase photos. The page also features a message board that each member can choose to make public. However, gaining access to a friend's page that is not publicly available is as simple as placing a request that is yielded. After granting access to another user, all control over what the grantee can post is lost. It is easy to see how concerns over posting content and lost productivity of employee and student users has arisen, with members utilizing the site to post thoughts and keep up with relationships. But what of the matter of privacy in regards to information posted on member profiles?
There appear from first glance to be numerous issues surrounding anonymity and privacy with regards to social networking websites. The obvious ones that emanate with all web pages, such as data mining and information sharing with third parties are arguably possible and occurring. But the concerns that are specific to sites like facebook.com are conceivably more intrusive. For example, since a member who grants access to another user has no control over what that member posts on their message board, even personal information not divulged by the member could end up posted on their own page. Not to mention that such information is always possible as being posted on the other user's page. Even in a private profile, this information becomes instantly accessible to all those having admission, and where the profile is public, the information automatically would be spread further. Another privacy concern surrounds 'RSS feeds,' which function to allow ongoing updates, capable of being posted from your Blackberry. Such minute details of daily life and location could prove dangerous in the hands of a stalker. While these are concerning enough issues, they lead to the broader question over who exactly may be interested in accessing your information. Colleges, universities and police have all utilized facebook in investigations, and recently it has been suggested that employers may be interested in looking up potential employee's profiles as part of their hiring processes. For a site specifying itself as being available, "for your personal, noncommercial use only," many users are naively being misled. Beyond the issue of maintaining control over and some semblance of privacy in the information posted, the notion of who should be examining posted information is important. While it is arguable that police and school intervention is a good thing, possibly solving crimes and stopping hateful or derogatory postings, should job appointments really be determined partially on the basis of what someone has posted on their facebook account?
The question to be answered then is how do we classify such social networking forums? Are they simply open public spaces where members lose any claim to their privacy and anonymity once becoming a user? Or, should such venues simply be seen as the modern version of private conversation with technology simply providing the global link, and thus off limits to those not knowingly in the circle? One thing is for sure, at the present rate of growth of over 1 million new users each week online social networking sites like facebook.com are not going away anytime soon. Simply avoiding such forums may not provide a feasible solution when trying to maintain modern relations. Perhaps then it is time to think hard about the privacy problems these forums raise and develop a strategy to handle these concerns without stunting access. I have managed to hold out joining until now, but the temptation to connect and reconnect with friends and acquaintances is increasingly tempting. With member friends already displaying my picture and information on their pages, can avoidance really be seen as a measure in maintaining my anonymity and privacy?
Robynn Arnold is an LL.M. Candidate at the Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa.


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The adventure started in high school, when we first met each other. Being 15 years old, the only thing on our mind was the possibility of starting summer vacation with a boyfriend/girlfriend and determining how to convince our parents to drop us off at the movies for a date. Little did we know that 9 years later, we'd have survived high school graduation, 4 years of long distance in college, Chris would propose, Julie would say yes, we would get married, move to a new city, and buy our first house. Phew! How time flies!
We're excited to share with you the exciting (and terrifying!) journey home ownership has brought upon us. Follow Julie's journey through redesigning the house room-by-room and Chris' journey in turning her vision into reality (and all the nitty-gritty work that goes behind it) in a his versus her styled blog. We hope you enjoy the ride as much as we do!
– Chris and Julie


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Warwick RI Homes for Sale
Warwick is the second-largest city in Rhode Island. It is a total of 49 1/2 square miles and 14 of these square miles are on water. It was founded in 1642 by Samuel Gordon. Warwick holds claim to the first violent act against British rule when in 1772 local tax revolting patriots boarded the British ship Gaspee and destroyed it. In history this was known as The Gaspee Affair, the first bloodshed of the American Revolutionary War. Each year the Gaspee Day parade in Warwick is one of the state's most attended summer activities. Participants in full colonial dress march in an enormous parade through the streets of Pawtuxet and Gaspee neighborhoods.
The city of Warwick easily possesses the greatest number of real estate transactions each year and is often looked at as a barometer for the states real estate heartbeat. Warwick is so vast that it encompasses every type of residence from waterfront Grand Victorians to urban cottages and country estates. Warwick has a tremendous inland activities department as well. Goddard State Park has been a constant of leisurely enjoyment for decades. Warwick also has some of the state's most desired public schools, as well as private ones.
Like the commercial says, "Regardless of what the flight attendant just said, you have just landed in Warwick Rhode Island, not Providence." Warwick is indeed the city in which TF Green State airport is located.


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Discover more informations and stories about this franchise :Entenmann's
Fat-Free Chocolate CupcakesFranchise : Entenmann'sCategory : Breakfast, Brunch, Desserts
1 small Box Jello chocolate pudding powder ½ cup Non-fat dry milk powder 1 tbsp Unsweetened Hershey's cocoa ½ cup Sugar 1 cup Self-rising flour 4 Egg whites, beat until stiff with 1 pinch Salt 1½ qt bowl 1 tsp Vanilla 4 oz Applesauce ¼ tsp Baking soda In medium mixing bowl combine Jello powder, dry milk, cocoa, sugar and flour. Set aside. With electric mixer, beat alternately into the egg white mixture a cup at a time with the vanilla, applesauce and baking soda, which have been mixed together. Beat 2 minutes after last addition. Divide batter equally between 12 paper-line cupcake wells. Bake at 350°F about 18-20 minutes or until tester comes out clean. Cool in pan on wire rack 10 minutes then remove.


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It was a wonderful game of unlikely heroes on both sides of the field and unbelievabe comebacks for the Cardinals. It was a game upon which backyard dreams are made. The scrappy Cards, on the verge of elimination, came from behind five times, including from two runs behind with two outs in both the ninth and 10th innings, finally capturing a no-tomorrow, backs-to-the-wall Game 6 by a score of 10-9 in 11 innings on a walk-off solo blast by third baseman David Freese to centre field. They're stayin' alive.
PHOTO GALLERY: Inning by inning look at a World Series classic
The 28-year-old Freese, still basking in the afterglow, acknowledged he was one of those kids, with backyard dreams like every young boy that has ever played the game growing up, waiting for the call for dinner, imagining he was a baseball hero like the real major-leaguers he watched on TV.
"Yeah, you imagine yourself in that scenario," Freese said. "And I'll be honest with you. I was running around the bases (in the 11th inning) and (Jim) Edmonds popped into my head because I remember when he did that in Game 6 (of the 2004 NLCS)."
The memory that Freese was evoking was that of Edmonds, the former Cardinals centre fielder, winning Game 6 of the '06 NLCS aganst the Astros with a home run in the 12th inning aganst Dan Miceli that propelled the Cards to a Game 7, before going on to beat the Tigers in the World Series.
"But seriously, growing up and you see stuff like that happen, those become your memories," Freese added. "I've said it time and time again, as far as being part of this comeback, it wouldn't be as sweet if this group of guys weren't with me. This is cool to have this group doing this kind of stuff."
The soft-spoken Freese also had his downs in Game 6 as well as those nosebleed ups. In the fifth inning he had allowed Josh Hamilton's easy popup to bounce out of his glove, off his head, to the infield dirt. Hamilton then came around to score the Rangers' fifth run to put them ahead.
Freese also came up empty twice with runners on base, but in the ninth, when he was most needed, when closer Neftali Feliz was just one strike away from signalling the start of the Rangers' victory celebration, Freese stayed with a low outside fastball and drove it off the right field fence over the head of a loping Nelson Cruz who shied away from the fence at the last second.
"I went up to the dish saying what a great way to have my first career AB off Feliz," Freese smiled. "I just told myself to stay short. I just looked for something out over (the plate) and swung through a heater and then got the same pitch and didn't miss that one."
It was a rare three-blown save performance by the Rangers 'pen. In the sixth inning, Alexi Ogando entered with the bases loaded and walked Yadier Molina to tie the game at five. Then there was Feliz on the Freese triple in the ninth and Scott Feldman allowing an RBI single to Lance Berkman in the 10th after Ryan Theriot's groundout had earlier brought the Cards to within one.
"I actually felt pretty good about it, because I figured I was in a no-lose situation," Berkman explained. "If you don't come through it's only one at-bat and it's over with. They might talk about it for a couple of days. If you come through it's the greatest and you've built a little bank account of being able to come through so that if I don't come through tomorrow I can be like 'Well I came through in Game 6. What do you want from me?'"
The Rangers for their part already had a fistful of potential heroes as the game went on. Every time the Cardinals tied the score, the Rangers would take the lead. The list of clutch Texas performances included familiar names. Mike Napoli with a go-ahead single in the fourth and a snap throw behind Matt Holliday, picking him off with the bases loaded in the sixth.
There were Adrian Beltre and Cruz with back-to-back homers in the seventh that gave the Rangers a two run lead that turned to three when Ian Kinsler singled in the same inning. Then there was the storybook hero, the story of the game if the Rangers hang on, Josh Hamilton with his two-run homer in the 10th that if they had won the World Series Thursday would have created a legend.
But maybe it was never meant to be. The man battling the most demons in his life finally making the difference for his entire team. Hamilton had struggled through the post-season hobbled by a sports hernia, but in the 10th inning, the former No. 1 draft pick, once suspended from all contact with baseball by the commissioner's office, slammed the big homer, his first of the World Series, that made the difference, a two-run blast off of Jason Motte. His legend must wait for at least one day.
As for the Rangers' fiery manager Ron Washington being one pitch away from ultimate victory not once, but twice, was especially painful. Victory was so close he could taste it.
"Of course I had that feeling," Washington admitted. "Bringing (Darren Oliver) in on those two lefties, I thought maybe we could get those guys out, having the pitcher come up, I don't think it could have been more perfect. But it just wasn't to happen tonight."
As for Cards' manager Tony LaRussa, he was not willing to name his Game 7 starter, likely to be Chris Carpenter pitching on his fourth day. He just wanted to savour the moment for a while.
"There's a lot of reasons I'm really pleased," LaRussa said. "Even though it didn't look good we competed better than to get bounced in six. It's been an even series and now it's winner-take-all. There are a lot of guys on our club that are really enjoying the World Series, especially the first timers or second timers and the experience of Game 7 is something they'll never forget."
Both teams suffered injuries as time, tension and ultimate effort continue to take their toll. Napoli had an x-ray on his left ankle that was negative. Cruz has a strained groin and is day-to-day – or with Game 7 coming up maybe that should just be day. And Matt Holliday suffered a bruised right wrist on the pickoff at third base. If they can play, with no tomorrow the likelihood is they will play.
If there's a slim possibility this wasn't the greatest World Series staying alive game in history, then, I believe you could see it from here. On Friday there will be no tomorrow for both teams.


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Previous Challenge Entry (Level 3 - Advanced)
Topic: Search Engine (10/06/11)
TITLE: Granny's Got My Dog
By Theresa Santy
Krista keys in a great variety of search phrases related to lost and found dogs. One result grabs her attention, "GPS Tracking; get texts from your dog."
"If Splatters could text me," Krista says to no one in particular, "I wouldn't be in this mess."
Krista scrolls through endless lists of results, dozens of websites storing data for lost and found animals. Undaunted, Krista scans all of the results, even the ones with a 'UK' extension since it's always possible, even if only slightly, that her Californian dog found his way to the United Kingdom. Kidnapped perhaps?
Hours burn away as Krista narrows the lists from thousands, to dozens, to few, but there is no sign of Splatters for miles and miles of computer screen. Sure, there are plenty of white dogs smeared in black spots identical to those found on Splatters, but these are Dalmatians, not Peruvian Inca Orchids, and definitely not Splatters.
Krista rakes her fingers through her hair. She's worn her welcome thin with nearly every available search engine. Is there something she missed? She paces the floor back and forth.
"Aha!" she shouts.
Perhaps someone has posted a photo of her dog, somewhere. She punches in an image search and plows through hundreds of results. So many pictures, and yikes, some of them are decidedly not of dogs, but most of them are; dozens and dozens of adorable photos of dogs, and photos of spots, but none of these images are of Splatters.
Except one.
"That's my dog," says Krista, not believing her eyes.
The source of the image is a site called Granny's Knitting Blog. Two clicks and Krista finds the photo of Splatters with the accompanying text: "I found this poor dog wandering the streets. Isn't he the sweetest thing? I'm going to call him Spot."
"Granny's got my dog!" screams Krista. She looks for contact information. Nothing. "Fine," says Krista. "I'll leave a comment."
"Dear Granny, you have my dog. Please contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com."
"Your comment is awaiting moderation," replies the blog.
Krista chews on her fingernails and prays for Granny to check her blog.
Two excruciating hours later Granny posts Krista's comment and a response, "I'm sorry honey; I don't send email to strangers from the Internets."
Krista types madly with her chewed up fingertips, "I'm not a stranger. You have my dog. Can you tell me how I can contact you?"
"Your comment is awaiting moderation."
Krista refuses to give up and continues interacting with Granny through her blog. Granny refuses to share any personal information online. She also refuses to deliver the dog since her bursitis is acting up and she cannot travel any distance. Eventually, Krista is blocked from posting anything more on Granny's Knitting Blog.
Krista holds her head in her hands. Her daughter Lori, who had come home from college for the weekend, enters the room.
"He's got a chip and a tag," says Krista. "Why doesn't the old lady just call me?"
Lori rubs her mother's shoulders and leans toward the computer screen. "Is this Granny's blog?" she asks.
"Mom, see that picture on the sidebar? I've seen that knitted cap before."
"Where?" asks Krista.
"Across the street. Mrs. Hoffensteiner makes that exact cap, tons of them. Don't you remember the garage sales?"
"The crazy old lady across the street; are you sure?"
Lori rolls her eyes at her mother. Krista flies out the door and across the street. She knocks rapidly. Minutes crawl by while the sound of barking escalates. Mrs. Hoffensteiner opens the door.
"Oh, hello," says Mrs. Hoffensteiner, but the sounds of reunited dog and owner drown out her words.
"Splatters, my little Splatters, how I've missed you my sweet baby."
"Oh," says Mrs. Hoffensteiner. "Is this your dog?"
The dog licks Krista's face wildly. "Yes, he's mine."
"You're lucky I found him. Did you know he was wandering the streets?"
Krista follows Mrs. Hoffensteiner's crooked pointing finger, which leads directly to Krista's front yard.
"Unbelievable," says Krista to her daughter later that evening.
"Yes," says Lori. "Unbelievable that you had to use a search engine to find your next door neighbor."
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|Chambre d'hotes de la Bastide de Najac
I've been to Najac several times, but never off-season. I was amazed to find it so colorful and so empty of tourists! I'll be sharing a few of my discoveries later, but here's a taste of color in a photo taken just beyond the church and overlooking the valley below the village.


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Monday, January 9, 2017
Your Name - Mitsuha Miyamizu Paper Toy - by Paperized
Created by my friend, the designer and modeler Paperized, this is Mitsuha Miyamizu, character from "Your Name", a 2016 Japanese anime romance fantasy drama film written and directed by Makoto Shinkai.
Criado pelo meu amigo, o designer e modelista Paperized, este é Mitsuha Miyamizu, personagem de "Your Name", um anime romance fantasy drama japonês de 2016, escrito e dirigido por Makoto Shinkai.
Link: Your.Name.Mitsuha.Miyamizu.Paper.Toy.by.Paperized
More Anime and Mangá Paper Models related posts:
Akemi Homura Paper Doll In Anime Style - by Kujira
Haruka Paper Doll In Anime Style - by S.V. Ameblo
Pikachu Papercraft In 1 / 1 Scale - by Paper Juke
Hatune Miku Paper Doll Anime Style - by Paper Works
Postado por Mauther Papermau às 1:41 PM
Marcadores: anime, character, download, figure, japanese, mangá, paper model, paper toy, papercraft, papermodel
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Q. I have been plagued with nummular eczema for years. It does not respond to Benadryl, prednisone or any kind of topical cortisone ointment.
I read in your column about some doctors in Japan who had people with eczema drink oolong tea to help their symptoms. So the last time I had an outbreak, I tried oolong tea and the results were amazing.
Within twenty-four hours, the itching and inflammation were gone. It took a couple of days, but the lesions disappeared and didn't leave scars.
Why does oolong tea work so well? It is the best treatment for this awful skin condition I've ever seen!
A. Nummular eczema consists of coin-shaped itchy red patches on the skin. Nobody knows what causes it, but the condition is aggravated by dry skin, stress, detergent and cold weather.
A study (Arch. Dermatol. Jan. 2001) of more than 100 patients with a different kind of eczema (atopic dermatitis) showed that drinking a liter of oolong tea daily could markedly improve inflammation and itching. The researchers speculated that antioxidant polyphenols in tea have anti-allergic properties and calm the overactive immune response.
Some people have reported that their eczema improved when they took borage or flax seed oil orally. These dietary supplements are high in omega-3 fatty acids which also have anti-inflammatory activity.
Oolong Tea Banished Bad Skin Problem
Q. I have been plagued with nummular eczema for years. It does not respond to Benadryl, prednisone or any kind of topical cortisone ointment.


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Copyright © 1996-2018 American Musical Supply, Inc. All rights reserved. American Musical Supply reserves the right to correct pricing and/or product specifications in the event of typographical errors found in our print catalog or on our website. If a product is listed at an incorrect price due to such errors or because of inaccurate information received from a supplier, American Musical Supply shall have the right to refuse or cancel any orders placed, whether or not the order has been confirmed and your credit card charged. If your credit card has already been charged for the purchase and your order is canceled, American Musical Supply will issue a credit to your credit card account in the amount of the charge.


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Old Price: $149.94
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Get all 6 software programs at a significant discount.
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It's no wonder the general level of chess is increasing when young players have such powerful tools at their disposal. We expect to see a future world chess champion come out from the ranks of this Chess King Training package.
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