text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Genetic adaptation of the antibacterial human innate immunity network
© Casals et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
- Received: 28 March 2011
- Accepted: 11 July 2011
- Published: 11 July 2011
Pathogens have represented an important selective force during the adaptation of modern human populations to changing social and other environmental conditions. The evolution of the immune system has therefore been influenced by these pressures. Genomic scans have revealed that immune system is one of the functions enriched with genes under adaptive selection.
Here, we describe how the innate immune system has responded to these challenges, through the analysis of resequencing data for 132 innate immunity genes in two human populations. Results are interpreted in the context of the functional and interaction networks defined by these genes. Nucleotide diversity is lower in the adaptors and modulators functional classes, and is negatively correlated with the centrality of the proteins within the interaction network. We also produced a list of candidate genes under positive or balancing selection in each population detected by neutrality tests and showed that some functional classes are preferential targets for selection.
We found evidence that the role of each gene in the network conditions the capacity to evolve or their evolvability: genes at the core of the network are more constrained, while adaptation mostly occurred at particular positions at the network edges. Interestingly, the functional classes containing most of the genes with signatures of balancing selection are involved in autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, suggesting a counterbalance between the beneficial and deleterious effects of the immune response.
- Innate Immunity
- Nucleotide Diversity
- Betweenness Centrality
- Neutrality Test
- Yersinia Pestis
Infectious diseases are among the most important selective agents for any vertebrate species. In humans, they have represented a great challenge in our adaptation to new environments and social practices, with increasing population densities sustained by improved agricultural technologies and cattle domestication favoring their emergence and spread in the last ten thousand years. The human immune system seems likely to have played a key role in the adaption of the different populations to changing conditions and emerging infections. This hypothesis is supported by recent genomic scans for signatures of adaptive selection in human populations showing that immune function is one of the classes enriched with genes under positive or balancing selection [1–6], the two evolutionary forces underlying adaptation. The literature includes a large collection of human genes related to the host-pathogen interaction with signatures of adaptation [7, 8]. Vertebrate immune function can be divided into the adaptive, exclusive of this phylogenetic group, and the ancient innate immune system, common to most multicellular organisms. Innate immunity constitutes the first barrier of defense, and acts in a semi-specific way by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are essential and conserved components of the pathogens. Substantial evidence of positive or balancing selection acting on some of these genes has been reported [9–15].
In this manuscript, we address the analysis of the footprint of the adaptive selection in the innate immune mechanisms involved in (mostly) antibacterial host defense. Bacteria have probably been the most important human pathogens, with a major impact on morbidity and mortality. Although some of the pathways described here are also involved in host defense against human parasites, fungi and viruses, the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) gene families analyzed (TLRs and NLRs) are the most important for non-adaptive recognition of bacteria. The other two major classes of PRR gene families involved in the host defense to fungi (C-type lectins) and viruses (RiG-I helicases) are not included in the present study.
There is an increasing interest in characterizing the evolutionary dynamics of proteins in the context of their functional network. Published data on biological networks, for example in the form of experimentally derived data sets of protein-protein interactions, or curated databases of functional pathways, have facilitated studies relating evolutionary parameters (mainly the footprint of natural selection) to network topology [16–19]. We use molecular signatures in particular genes to explore adaptation of the functional network, seeking whether human adaptation at the molecular level of the innate immunity system has occurred preferentially on some functional class or classes (with more plasticity to respond to the pathogenic pressures) or in specific positions of the network structure. The final goal of this work is to unravel past selective forces that have shaped human immunological responses to bacterial infections having acted in humans; the approach is based on detecting adaptations through natural selection uncovered in resequencing information in two populations (Europeans and Africans). The results are interpreted in the functional context of gene products interacting in well-identified networks.
Selection of genes and DNA sequences
All included genes from the Innate Immunity Program in Genomics Applications, and 44 from SeattleSNPs were resequenced in the same 23 European-American and 24 African-American samples included in the Coriell CEPH/African American panel (Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ). The remaining 11 genes from Seattle SNPs were resequenced in 23 European (HapMap CEU) and 24 African individuals (HapMap YRI) individuals. For the seven genes from the Environmental Genome Project database we retrieved resequencing data in 22 European (HapMap CEU) and 15 Coriell African American individuals.
Molecular Data Analysis
The following diversity statistics and neutrality tests were calculated for every gene: heterozygosity or π [22], Tajima's D [23], Fu and Li's F*, D*, F and D [24] and the normalized Fay and Wu's H tests [25] using DnaSP v5 [26] and MANVa [27]. Indels and triallelic positions were not included in the analyses. Genes with less than five segregating sites (MYD88 in Africans; MYD88, IL5 and TLR3 in Europeans) where not considered in the neutrality tests analysis. COSI software [28] was used to calculate the significance of neutrality tests by means of coalescent simulations, using the model which takes into consideration the demographic history of humans. COSI produces data that closely resembles empirical data from African American, West African and European populations. 1,000 replicates were performed by using the local recombination rate estimate of each region obtained from HapMap (http://www.hapmap.org). In the case of C3 and ITGA8 it was not possible to run the simulations because of its length and high recombination rate. The excess of genes in a given functional class under positive, balancing or both selection was tested by means of Fisher's Exact test in a two by two table including: the number of genes in this particular functional class under selection, the number of genes in this particular functional class without evidences of selection, the number of remaining genes (not in this functional class) under selection, and the number of remaining genes (not in this functional class) without evidences of selection.
Network analysis
We used the MiMI plugin [29] for Cytoscape [30] to retrieve all known interactions for the genes in our dataset. Specifically, we queried the database with the 132 gene identifiers to retrieve all known protein-protein interactions among those gene products and their first neighbors. Network statistics were calculated using the NetworkAnalyzer plugin [31] in Cytoscape.
Gene Selection
We have analyzed publicly available resequencing data for 132 genes involved in antibacterial innate immunity in individuals of African and European ancestry (see Methods). 129 genes are autosomal and only three genes (IRAK1, TLR7 and TLR8) are located in the X chromosome. All these genes have an unequivocal role in host defense against bacteria, with some of them also related to immune response against other pathogens, and were classified according to their main function in this system into five categories: receptors, adaptors, modulators, cytokines and effector molecules (Figure 1). We have also defined subclasses in the case of the pattern-recognition receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, NOD1, NOD2, TLR3 and TLR7-9 modules), which can be differentiated according to their location in the cell membrane (the first three), in the cytoplasm (NOD1 and NOD2), or in endosomes (TLR3, TLR7-9). Cytokines have been subclassified according to their involvement in different immune processes (acute phase, cellular immunity, anti-inflammatory cytokines, neutrophil function, chemokines, and defense against extracellular bacterial parasites). Several genes were included in a certain cytokine functional module due to their crucial role for the induction of the respective cytokine (e.g. STAT3 gene was included in the Th1 module) or for the role played in the function of the respective cytokine (e.g. JAK3 in the Th1 module). Five genes were not included in any of the functional classes defined (Additional file 1, Table S1).
Nucleotide diversity within a network approach
Nucleotide diversity levels can provide a measure of the degree of conservation of the different genes and their comparison across functional classes may shed light on different intensities of purifying selection. We estimated the nucleotide diversity measured as the average number of differences between pairs of sequences (π) for the 132 genes within each population, and analyzed this information in the context of the position of the genes in the functional network and through the comparison of diversity levels among the five functional categories defined (see above).
We obtained the network for all the genes included in the study considering all known interactions for the 132 gene products, obtained from the MiMI database for molecular interactions (see Materials & Methods). Interactions could be retrieved for 126 of the 132 genes, and the final network consisted of 1,561 proteins with a total of 13,002 interactions. A finding emerging from previous studies on the influence of network topology on evolutionary rate is the observation that highly connected proteins in the protein-protein interaction network ("hubs") are more constrained in their evolution in respect to peripheral ones [32]. Furthermore, proteins in the periphery of the interactome have been shown to be more likely to be under positive selection in the human lineage than more centrally located ones [17]. In order to test whether this trend can also be observed among the innate immunity proteins in our dataset, we investigated the correlations between nucleotide diversity and two measures of the centrality of nodes within a network: the degree centrality (defined as the total number of links incident upon a node) and the betweenness centrality (defined as the fraction of all shortest paths that pass through a node). For these analyses, we considered all known interactions within the entire interactome for each of our 126 genes present in the MiMI database (see Methods), as they more accurately reflect a particular protein's position in the network than merely considering all interactions among themselves only.
Significant negative correlation values were obtained for degree centrality with nucleotide diversity in Africans (τ = -0.2, P = 0.001) and Europeans (τ = -0.19, P = 0.002) (Additional file 1, Figure S2). For betweenness centrality and nucleotide diversity the correlations were also negative and marginally significant (τ = -0.12, P = 0.05 for Africans; τ = -0.11, P = 0.08 for Europeans). When only the coding sequence is considered these correlations remain significant only in the case of degree centrality in Africans (τ = -0.15, P = 0.015) (Additional file 1, Figure S3), probably as a result of lack of power given the much smaller number of segregating sites. We repeated these analyses comparing both centrality indexes to divergence, measured as the ratio between nonsynonymous and synonymous changes (dN/dS) between humans and chimpanzees for each gene. Again, the correlations are negative and significant for degree centrality (τ = -0.16, P = 0.01) and marginally significant for betweenness centrality (τ = -0.12, P = 0.05) (Additional file 1, Figure S4), which is consistent with previous results, even though we are restricting our analyses to much fewer genes.
An alternative approach to the network analysis can be applied by considering the hierarchical structure of innate immunity signaling from a functional perspective. Figure 1 shows a "bow-tie" shaped organization in terms of the number of components and the flow of information: a relatively large number of receptor molecules recognizing different classes of pathogens all signal to a limited number of intracellular adaptor proteins which, in turn, can interact with proteins that act as modulators, and subsequently signal to a diverse array of downstream molecules, including cytokines and other effector molecules (Figure 1). This bow-tie structure characterized by a large number of "inputs", a relatively small number of central control nodes which elaborates the information, and a large number of "outputs", seems to be a topological organization widely adopted by metabolic networks [33–35] and also by the immunity system signaling network [36].
Nucleotide diversity in the different functional classes
π AFRa
(× 10 -4)
π AFR
(× 10 -4)
π EURa
(× 10 -4)
π EUR
(× 10 -4)
Acute Phase
Cellular Immunity
Antiinflammatory Cytokines
Some functional classes are preferential targets for adaptive selection
Number of genes in each functional class with evidences of adaptive selection
Functional Class
Positive Selection
Balancing Selection
Positive Selection
Balancing Selection
LY64a, TLR9, TLR10a
IRAK4 a
SOCS2a, TOLLIP
Acute Phase
IL18BP a
Cellular Immunity
Antiinf. Cytokines
IL17B a
IL8 a
Non classified
Beyond signatures of adaptive selection on specific genes, we have analyzed the effect of functional classes. Figure 2 shows the results of the six neutrality tests performed. We tested for an excess of candidate genes under positive or balancing selection (or both) in each functional class, by comparing the number of genes with and without significant evidence of adaptive selection in this class against the rest of the genes included in the study (see Materials and Methods). Genes with statistical evidence for positive or balancing selection are not randomly distributed among the different functional classes, and tend to accumulate in a reduced number of classes. Specifically, there is an unexpected high number of acute phase proteins showing signatures of balancing selection, both in Africans and Europeans (Fisher's exact test P = 0.03 and 0.008, respectively). This excess of genes under balancing selection in this functional category remains statistically significant even if IL1F5 and IL1F10 signatures in Europeans are considered to be produced by the same selective event (P = 0.03). Remarkably, all genes in that category with signatures of balancing selection in both Europeans and Africans are included in the IL1 or TNF family (Figure 1). Moreover MEFV also shows an excess of intermediate variants in one of the neutrality tests in Europeans, and signatures of balancing selection have been previously reported [12, 13]. The complement proteins also show a significant enrichment for genes under balancing selection in Africans (Fisher's exact test P = 0.01). Finally, the receptors are also overrepresented among the genes showing signatures of positive or balancing selection, suggesting adaptive selection events. In this case, this tendency is only observed in Europeans (Fisher's exact test P = 0.04), and is due to an excess of extracellular receptors (Fisher's exact test P = 0.02).
A high number of genes analyzed here have showed signs of adaptive selection. Even if data is not comparable to whole genome scans looking at the footprint of positive selection with SNP data, the five studies published so far [2–4, 6, 39] all reviewed in [40] find from 444 to 1,030 genomic regions as candidates for positive selection, which represents a very small fraction of the genome (< 4%). Thus our results support previous evidence that immunity genes have likely been preferential targets of recent adaptive selection in human populations. The excess of genes under adaptive selection is still more striking when balancing selection is considered. Balancing selection has traditionally been considered to have acted less frequently on human populations, and the number of reported cases is smaller in comparison to positive selection. However, this difference could be at least partially due to the intrinsic difficulties presented by its detection [1].
Scientific literature contains several examples of host-pathogen interaction genes with evidences of balancing selection. In addition to some well known cases as the human major histocompatibility complex, more recently several works have described the action of balancing selection on additional immunity genes [10–14, 41–43] and blood group antigen genes that are supposed to act as molecular targets for pathogens [12, 13, 43–45]. The first genome scan for signatures of balancing selection has also confirmed an enrichment of immune system and host-pathogen interaction related genes [1].
The dissection of the innate immune system presented here allows inferring other important biological consequences. Selection signatures at receptor genes support the major evolutionary flexibility described in extracellular TLRs compared to the intracellular ones [38, 47]. One important question that may be also asked is which major class of bacteria could have exerted the evolutionary pressures observed here. As the innate immune system is relatively non-specific, any genetic information obtained in the present study cannot refer to specific species or even families, but rather to broad groups of pathogens: both Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Staphylococci and Streptococci, mycobacteria) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella and other enterobacteriaceae, Yersinia pestis) contain pathogens that had a major impact on human populations during history. An answer to the question of whether both these two groups of bacteria exerted evolutionary pressures cannot be obtained from the selection profile of effector genes such as defensins or cytokines, as these proteins are generally necessary for host defense to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, a certain level of specificity of the innate immune response can be seen by the recognition of either Gram-positive bacteria mainly by the TLR2/TLR1/TLR6/TLR10 cluster, while Gram-negative bacteria recognition is heavily reliant on the TLR4 pathway [48]. In our study we found signatures of selection in genes from both the TLR2 cluster (TLR2, TLR6, TLR10) and the TLR4 pathway (LY64, LY96, CD14), suggesting that both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have exerted pressure on innate immunity genes. In addition, TLR9, a pathogen recognition receptor recognizing unmethylated DNA from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria [49] showed also signatures of selection in Europeans. The exclusive positive selection of TLR9 and TLR10 (or TLR1) pathways in Europeans may be related to more recent responses that could have been related to the introduction of agriculture and zoonotic diseases (e.g. Brucella, Coxiella) or the major epidemics of the medieval periods (e.g. Yersinia pestis causing pandemics including pneumonic, septicaemic and bubonic plague). However, at this point one also has to be aware that some of these receptors have also a role for recognition of other types of pathogens (e.g. TLR9 for recognition of DNA from certain viruses or parasites, or TLR2/TLR4 recognizing also malaria and fungal structures) and although these are secondary recognition pathways for these microorganisms, one cannot exclude evolutionary pressures of non-bacterial pathogens on some of the genes analyzed here.
Overall, our results suggest that the innate immune system has had enough plasticity to play an important role in the adaptation of modern humans to new environments. Analysis of the protein-protein interaction network suggests a structural and functional constraint on genes that occupy a central position in the innate immunity network. This network is organized into a bow tie structure, consisting in a large number of receptors, a central small number of adaptor genes (the bow tie knot) and a large number of effectors. The bow tie structure is already known to characterize many metabolic and system networks and it is recognized as a topological feature which provides robustness to systems [33, 50]. It also has the advantage of making robustness compatible with a high capacity to evolve (or evolvability): the knot provides robustness to the system by easily accommodating for perturbations, while a great variability is allowed at the edges of the bow tie making possible the generation of new functionalities [33]. While the core of the bow tie structure is highly conserved, signatures of adaptation are found at the bow tie edges. Therefore, the amount of selection acting on each gene appeared therefore highly dependent on its position in the network structure. This clearly shows the strength of the constraint represented by the topology of the network on the evolution of individual genes, which is able to explain much better the adaptive landscape of innate immunity in humans.
Acknowledgements and Funding
We thank Giovanni Dall'Olio for his helpful comments. Support for this research comes from the Spanish Ministry of Innovation and Research grant SAF-2007-63171 to JB. Additional support from Direcció General de Recerca of Generalitat de Catalunya (Grup de Recerca Consolidat 2005SGR/00608) and the National Institute for Bioinformatics (http://www.inab.org). A.M. is supported by Red HERACLES (Instituto de Salut Carlos III). R.L. was supported by NIH grants HL065899, HL083069, HG004909 and HG003646. M.G.N. was supported by a Vici grant of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. M.S. was supported by a PhD fellowship from the Programa de becas FPU del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain (AP2005-3982).
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- Mukherjee S, Sarkar-Roy N, Wagener DK, Majumder PP: Signatures of natural selection are not uniform across genes of innate immune system, but purifying selection is the dominant signature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106 (17): 7073-7078. 10.1073/pnas.0811357106.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O: Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell. 2006, 124 (4): 783-801. 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Krieg AM: CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002, 20: 709-760. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064842.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Got my March fairyloot!!!! This box subscription is so amazing and even more special this month! March was their first year anniversary and because of that they gave a purple box and a cute pamphlet of how they started their buisness. If you don't already know Fairyloot is a monthly ya fantasy subscription box based … Continue reading Fairyloot March 2017
By Your Side
By Your Side by Kasie West Genre: Contemporary, YA Romance Publisher: Harper Teen Pages: 342 Format: Hardcover Uppercasebox edition Rating: ★★★.5 Synopsis Autumn Collins ends being locked in the library for a weekend. She believes that she is the only one in the library but then finds out that Dax Miller is in there as well. … Continue reading By Your Side
The inconceivable life of Quinn
The Inconceivable Life of Quinn by Marianna Baer Genre: Contemporary Publisher: Amulet Books Pages: 384 Format: ARC e-book Rating: ★★★.5 Note: I received this book from netgalley from the publisher in exchange for an honest review. Quinn Cutler is sixteen and the daughter of a high-profile Brooklyn politician. She's also pregnant, a crisis made infinitely more shocking … Continue reading The inconceivable life of Quinn
Frostblood Review
Frostblood by Elly Blake Genre: Fantasy Publisher: Little Brown Books Pages: 376 Format: paperback uk edition Rating: ★★★★ Synopsis from Goodreads In a land governed by the cruel Frostblood ruling class, seventeen-year-old Ruby is a Fireblood who has spent most of her life hiding her ability to manipulate heat and light - until the day the soldiers come … Continue reading Frostblood Review
Fairyloot February 2017
Hello bibliophiles!! I received my February fairyloot! Fairy Loot is a monthly subscription box focusing on Young Adult fantasy titles. You can get a single box for £26 per month (plus VAT and shipping) or you can choose to subscribe for 3 or 6 months. You can find their website here This months theme was … Continue reading Fairyloot February 2017
Uppercase February 2017
Hello everyone!! I am so excited to unbox my February 2017 uppercase and share with all of you what I got First what is uppercase? Uppercase is a monthly bookish subscription box and what is included in each subscription is Incredible Brand New, Hardcover Young Adult Book Signed Book or Bookplate Signed by the Author 1-2 … Continue reading Uppercase February 2017
Spelled Review
Spelled by Betsy Schow ♥♥♥/5 Synopsis from Goodreads Fairy Tale Survival Rule #32: If you find yourself at the mercy of a wicked witch, sing a romantic ballad and wait for your Prince Charming to save the day. Yeah, no thanks. Dorthea is completely princed out. Sure being the crown princess of Emerald has its perks—like … Continue reading Spelled Review
Caraval Review
Caraval by Stephanie Garber ❤❤❤❤❤/5 Synopsis from Goodreads Scarlett has never left the tiny island where she and her beloved sister, Tella, live with their powerful, and cruel, father. Now Scarlett's father has arranged a marriage for her, and Scarlett thinks her dreams of seeing Caraval, the far-away, once-a-year performance where the audience participates in the … Continue reading Caraval Review
Fairyloot Jan 2017
Hey fellow bibliophiles! I got my second Fairyloot today! Fairy Loot is a monthly subscription box focusing on Young Adult fantasy titles. You can get a single box for £26 per month (plus VAT and shipping) or you can choose to subscribe for 3 or 6 months. You can find their website here This months … Continue reading Fairyloot Jan 2017
Flashfall review
Flashfall by Jenny Moyer ❤❤❤❤/5 Synopsis Orion is a Subpar, expected to mine the tunnels of Outpost Five, near the deadly flash curtain. For generations, her people have chased cirium—the only element that can shield humanity from the curtain's radioactive particles. She and her caving partner, Dram work the most treacherous tunnel, fighting past flash … Continue reading Flashfall review

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View All Programs & Centers >
The Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Montefiore has a robust Thoracic Surgical Program that treats a variety of different pulmonary and chest wall diseases. Board certified in pediatric cardiothoracic surgery, Samuel Weinstein, MD, performs surgery for pulmonary disease and chest wall defects in addition to his cardiac surgical practice.
The airway team at the Children's Hospital at Montefiore (CHAM) frequently treats patients with complex tracheal disease that require major surgical therapy. The group at Montefiore has extensive experience with tracheal resections and slide tracheoplasty, a new technique that treats even the most severe form of tracheal stenosis, complete tracheal rings.
In addition to tracheal surgery, Dr. Weinstein treats patients who have pulmonary tumors, metastases to the lungs, or mass lesions of the chest wall. Working closely with Richard G. Gorlick, MD, and the Division of Pediatric Oncology, patients who require adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation will have their care closely monitored and coordinated so that surgery will yield the best outcomes. The Pediatric Computed Tomography department and the Division of Pediatric Oncology work closely together to provide family-centered care for every child battling with cancer.
The intensive care unit and the pulmonary, radiology and infectious disease departments at CHAM support an aggressive program that treats children who have pneumonia that is failing to improve with medical therapy. Children with pneumonia who fail to respond to antibiotics quickly can suffer complications such as an abscess in the lung or an empyema, an infection in the chest cavity. The team at Montefiore evaluates these patients with ultrasound, a technique that is not only painless but also avoids radiation exposure for the child. When complications of pneumonia are detected, the surgical team treats the patients with video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), a minimally invasive approach. Patients who might have spent weeks in the hospital can usually go home in just a few days after a VATS procedure. Children with complications of pneumonia are transferred to CHAM routinely from around the region for such therapy.
Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum are common defects of the chest wall affecting both young children and adolescents. The thoracic program at CHAM coordinates care of these patients between the pulmonary department, psychology department and surgical division. Performing the modified Ravitch procedure, surgeons at Montefiore have extensive experience with this lesion, which affects not only children's bodies, but also how they view themselves at a key time of development. Dr. Weinstein has published his experience and philosophy on treating children with this condition (Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:421-6).


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Rachel Emily Streich, age 89, of Hopkins, formerly of Howard Lake, died Monday, Feb. 20, 2012, at Methodist Hospital in St. Louis Park.
Rachel was a wonderful wife, mother, grandmother, great-grandmother, and friend to many.
She is survived by her loving children: daughter Rosalie LaMott (Gerald); sons Craig (Debra) and Gaylen Streich; and daughter-in-law Laurie Streich.
A memorial service took place Saturday, March 10 at 11 a.m. at Zion Lutheran Church in Hopkins, with visitation at 10 a.m. There was private interment.


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Welcome to Deez Mexican Bistro!
Born the 1st of September 1995 of a serious tequila and margarita session , Deez Mexican Restaurant and Bistro has been hiding secretly under the tallest tree in beautiful Hout Bay in an original fisherman's cottage for 16 years.
Transformed exactly 16 years later to the day into an even more charming Mexican Restaurant, you can now find us in an intimate and historic fisherman's cottage ( 150 yrs old ! ) drenched in sunshine boasting an authentic garden, sumptious lounge and mountain views a stones throw from the beach.
We boast a simple , good value and tasty Mexican recipe menu that has kept friends from all over the globe and especially Hout Bay coming back to experience our relaxed and friendly energy restaurant.
For the best Mexican Cocktails in town Deez Mexican Bistro is the only and best place to be on barmy evenings , watching the sun set behind the Sentinel peak from the lounge while sippin on our delicious frozen margaritas, or , on cold winter nights huddle around the fire places in the super ambience of these historic walls , while savouring our globally recognised chilli poppers !


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About Me
Ravi Iyer occupies a unique space at the intersection of data science and moral psychology. He is the Chief Data Scientist for Ranker, a crowdsourced list website that collects millions of monthly consumer opinions, and the executive director of Civil Politics, a non-profit that uses technology to bridge the divide between practitioners and researchers in moral psychology. He is an applied data science consultant for numerous organizations including Zenzi Communications, Kresnicka Research and Carhub. He holds a PhD in Psychology from the University of Southern California and remains an active researcher, having published 20+ articles in leading peer-reviewed psychology journals over the past few years, most of which concern the empirical study of moral and political attitudes. His work has been featured in the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, the Atlantic, South by Southwest, NPR, the BBC, and in numerous other books, conferences, and press listed below. He is the co-founder of numerous academic social science projects that leverage technology to collect larger, more diverse datasets, including BeyondThePurchase.org (a consumer psychology data site), YourMorals.org (which focuses on moral psychology), ExploringMyReligion.org (which focuses on the scientific study of religion), PsychWiki.com, and VoteHelp.org.
One of my enduring focuses is to help ideas from social sciences reach non-academic audiences. I also believe that methods from technology, including both new ways of collecting data (e.g. YourMorals.org has educated and collected data from hundreds of thousands of participants in the past few years), new ways of analyzing that data (e.g. the application of data science to values – see this presentation I gave at South by Southwest), and new ways of disseminating that data (e.g. the numerous blogs I contribute to and the rise of data journalism) can transform our understanding of how we can fulfill our higher order needs. While some may see academic psychology and the technology industry as separate career paths, it is my view that they are converging as technology companies increasingly serve psychological needs and psychology departments seek to use more real world data that produces real world value.
Here is a link to my academic publications. Below are links to selected press on my work, selected classes I've taught, and selected presentations I've given. Many articles on this site are also cross-posted with other blogs that I contribute to.
While I am clearly over-committed, I am still happy to contribute what I can to well-meaning projects that have the potential to make a significant impact on the world. I am probably most able to contribute to projects that leverage techniques across machine learning, traditional database technology, statistics, academic psychology, and internet programming. I am also happy to share my perspective with press or in speaking engagements. Please feel free to contact me at ravi at polipsych dt com if you have such opportunities, though please also be understanding if circumstances do not allow me to respond to every request in a timely manner.
Selected presentations given and classes taught:
- The Moral Psychology and Big Data Singularity at South by Southwest
- Data Science at General Assemb.ly
- Crowdsourcing Objective Answers to Subjective Questions Online at Human Computation (see video from a similar presentation at Nerd Nite Los Angeles).
- Using Graphs to Understand Your Customers, Users, and Employees at O'Reilly Strata & Hadoop World.
- Leveraging Graphs of Data to Understand Your Customers' Values at The Market Research Event.
- Using Big Data to Reveal Consumer Values and Inform Storytelling at FutureM
- Crowdsourcing Objective Answers to Subjective Questions at the Big Data Innovation Summit
- The Justice Motive in Libertarians at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of The Society for Personality and Social Psychology.
- Understanding Libertarian Morality: The psychological roots of an indivudalist ideology at Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting.
- Moral Beauty at 2011 Meeting of the Association for Moral Education. (see video here)
- The Science of Happiness at USC
- Understanding Libertarian Morality: The psychological roots of an indivudalist ideology at International Society of Political Psychology Annual Meeting.
- A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Human Goals: Providing a Principled Basis for the Motives of Intelligent Agents at International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents.
- Creating the Ideal Online Gratitude Intervention at European Conference on Positive Psychology.
- Moral Values from Simple Game Play at Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling, and Prediction.
- Preliminary Analysis of Data on the US Electorate from a Candidate Calculator at the meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology.
- https://espanolviagra.net/
Selected press:
- Hey America, We're More Alike Than We Think The Daily Beast, December 27, 2017
- Panel on Social Media, Political Campaigns, and Polarization C-Span Video of USC Panel, November 14, 2017
- What Attitudes About DACA Tell Us About Our Morality Bill Moyers Blog, September 27, 2017
- The Architecture of Trust Craftmanship Quarterly, April 16, 2017
- 5 questions for Ravi Iyer
APA Monitor. January 2017.
- How to Get Beyond Our Tribal Politics Wall Street Journal Op-Ed. November 10, 2016
- How to Get Beyond Our Tribal Politics The Kathleen Dunn Show, Wisconsin Public Radio. November 9, 2016
- Finding Peace Around Political Polarization Peace Talks Radio, August 26, 2016
- Warning:
This Election contains language some people may find offensive Splinter News. May 25, 2016
- Natureza humana explica conflito entre "coxinhas" e "petralhas", diz psicologo
Epoca Magazine (Brazil), April 23, 2016
- Donald Trump and the Politics of Disgust The New Republic, December 31, 2015.
- The surprising psychology behind why some people become environmentalists The Washington Post, March 19, 2015.
- Commentary on French Political Standoff. Tv Interview with BBC Business Edition. July 9, 2014.
- Academics Help Us Understand How Best to Bridge Political Divisions Independent Voter Network, April 16, 2014.
- "What Drives Political Polarization". Radio Interview with Colin McEnroe. The Colin McEnroe Show. NPR. April 26, 2012. (audio available)
- "NYU rated No. 1 in new film school rankings" by DiAngelea Millar, Los Angeles Times, June 1, 2013.
- "The top 25 film schools, ranked by 'big data'" by John Koetsier, VentureBeat, April 29, 2013.
- "How Science Can Predict Where You Stand on Keystone XL" by Chris Mooney, Mother Jones, April 17, 2013.
- "All about libertarians: Group's mystique increases as profile is raised" by Emily Esfahani Smith, The Washington Times, October 16, 2012.
- "Inside the Cold, Calculating Libertarian Mind" by Matt Ridley, Wall Street Journal, September, 28, 2012.
- "Finding the Limits of Empathy" by Thomas Edsall, New York Times, April 29, 2012.
- "Can Money Buy Happiness?". Ryan Howell. Psychology Today. February 22, 2012.
- "Studies: Conservatives are from Mars, Liberals are from Venus" by Thomas Edsall, The Atlantic, February 6, 2012.
- "The Gulf of Morality" by Thomas Edsall, New York Times, November 13, 2011.
- "The Science of Libertarian Morality" by Ronald Bailey, Reason Magazine, November 2, 2010.
- "What Tea Partiers Really Want" by Jonathan Haidt, Wall Street Journal. October 16, 2010.
- "Eagle Co. Teens Ready to Vote for First Time" (VoteHelp.org featured) by Matt Terrell, Vail Daily. September 20, 2008.
- "Forget states – neighborhoods are now red and blue" by Tom Jacobs, Pacific Standard/Salon.com, November 13, 2013. (colleague Matt Motyl's co-authored work featured)
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Resistance to Change: new YouTube video
Do you tend to see resistance to change as a problem to be fixed or an obstacle to be overcome?
If we can change our perspective on it slightly, resistance to change can be useful and positive rather than a hindrance and negative.
Our resistance then becomes a helpful tool or message, and can open up a range of new options.
People resist change when they perceive it – consciously or unconsciously – as a threat.
Sometimes, these perceived threats can be quite obvious or easily identified. But these threats and fears can at times be very subtle, hidden or even counter-intuitive – especially when dealing with self growth, personal development or more immediate challenges.
Resistance to change often shows up as an almost physical block – a really strong sensation that wants you to run in the opposite direction or avoid it at all costs!
We don't always spot the fear that underlies our strong response. It might be triggered by a new idea or a positive change we want to make that somehow threatens our sense of identity, confidence or connection with others.Continue reading


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Discussed in the last post, the Waldorf and Plaza are massive, hosting hundreds of guests every day. But there are smaller hotels of distinction as well. At the top of the list I would put the Algonquin at 59 West 44th Street, between Fifth and Sixth avenues. Built in 1902 with a red brick and limestone façade and named for the Indians who once lived in this area, it has a mere 181 rooms, small indeed compared to the Plaza and Waldorf. Frank Case, its longtime manager and owner, was fascinated by actors and writers and therefore welcomed them to his hotel and extended them credit. Among the habitués he snagged over the years were Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., John Barrymore, Sinclair Lewis, and William Faulkner, but he was a bit ahead of his time in welcoming women as well, including Gertrude Stein, Helen Hayes, and later Simone de Beauvoir. But what made the Algonquin famous was the Algonquin Round Table.
|The Algonquin at night.
Initiated in 1919, the Round Table was a select group of journalists, authors, critics, and actors who met daily for lunch in the main dining room, where they had their own table and waiter and exchanged opinions and witticisms and gossip. Prominent among them were humorist Robert Benchley, playwright and director George S. Kaufman, writer and critic Dorothy Parker, New Yorker editor Harold Ross, playwright Robert E. Sherwood, and critic Alexander Woollcott. Others who were in the group at times included actress Tallulah Bankhead, novelist Edna Ferber, and comedian Harpo Marx, always mute in his films but who in this select company presumably permitted himself to speak.
|Members of the Round Table, circa 1919. Back row, from left:
Art Samuels, editor of Harper's Bazaar; Harpo Marx; Alexander
Woollcott. Front row, from left: playwright Charlie MacArthur;
Dorothy Parker. And how many of these names ring a bell today?
Besides exchanging chitchat, the Round Table members played poker and charades, staged a one-night revue, and acquired a reputation as wits when their quips and doings were reported widely in the press. But those quips could be mordant, and not for nothing had they named themselves "the Vicious Circle." Critic H.L. Mencken, admired by them but emphatically not a part of the group, asserted that "their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and trashy." And Groucho Marx observed, "The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto." It is true that they were probably more proficient in wisecracks than in meaningful insights, that they were arrogant and promoted themselves shamelessly, that in the last analysis most of them were not consistently and profoundly creative.
The Round Table flourished through the 1920s but then flaked away, it isn't quite clear why. Edna Ferber knew the game was up when she arrived for lunch one day and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Others in time realized that they had nothing more to say to one another and drifted off into other ventures. But they survived in the collective memory and ultimately helped win the Algonquin New York City Historic Landmark status in 1987.
It is hard to recreate the atmosphere of the Round Table, but here are a few quotes:
· Alexander Woollcott: "All the things I like to do are either immoral, illegal, or fattening."
· Robert Benchley: "Behind every argument is someone's ignorance."
· George S. Kaufman: "Epitaph for a dead waiter – God finally caught his eye."
· Dorothy Parker: "If you want to know what God thinks of money, just look at the people he gave it to."
· Dorothy Parker again: "I don't care what is written about me so long as it isn't true."
Yes, maybe the quips were rehearsed beforehand, and maybe they weren't even uttered at the Algonquin. But they and the Round Table have become a cultural legend and as such merit a little respect … or at least a trace of a smile. Because what else of that cultural moment remains? Almost nothing.
Today the Algonquin promotes itself as a luxury hotel near the Theater District and just a block from the lights of Times Square, a boutique hotel rich in history and hospitality, with 37-inch TVs, backlit mirrors, and an iPod docking station in all the rooms. So even without Dorothy Parker and the Round Table, one can settle snugly in. I entered its hallowed precincts just once, years ago, before the addition of all these state-of-the-art amenities, when my uncle stayed there during a brief visit to the city and treated me to lunch in the restaurant. I can state without reservation that the vichyssoise soup that I had was, to put it mildly, out of this world; it vaulted me to the apex of joy.
A unique hotel – unique for many reasons – is the New York Palace Hotel, formerly the Helmsley Palace Hotel, at 455 Madison Avenue, in the very heart of midtown. It incorporates two very different structures that are linked by a two-story marble lobby: the landmark Italian Renaissance-style Villard Mansion, built by railroad magnate Henry Villard in 1884, and right smack against it, a 55-story tower built by real estate magnate Henry Helmsley in the 1970s; the resulting mishmash – or ingenious blend, if you prefer – opened as a luxury hotel in 1981.
|The New York Palace Hotel (formerly the Helmsley Palace Hotel),
with the Villard Mansion in front.
|Leona Helmsley's mug shot. In spite of the glowing
smile, she ended badly.
When you talk about the Waldorf Astoria, you end up discussing international relations. When you talk about the Algonquin, you end up discussing wit and witty people. And when you talk about the Helmsley Palace Hotel, you end up discussing Helmsley's wife Leona, who managed the hotel from 1981 to 1992, and whose imperious presence has darkened these pages before (post #81, August 21, 2013). Since I have already chronicled her as the Queen of Mean, I shan't honor her with further commentary. Suffice it to say that she terrorized the staff, but was finally undone by the federal government, which in 1989 convicted her on various charges including conspiracy, mail fraud, and tax evasion. What in my opinion doomed her irretrievably was testimony by her former housekeeper, who quoted her as saying, "Only the little people pay taxes." That assertion the government simply couldn't ignore, and didn't. She served in prison from 1992 to 1994, when she was released with 750 hours of community service to perform, some of which she assigned to her servants, thus earning her another 150 hours of service.
When Leona died in 2007, she left $12 million to her beloved Maltese dog Trouble, who thus became the richest dog in the world and lived her last three years in security and comfort. They don't make 'em like Leona anymore … at least, I hope they don't. But the hotel, now rechristened the New York Palace Hotel, still flourishes, having been owned briefly by the Sultan of Brunei, and now by Northwood Investors, a New York-based real estate investment firm. Guest rooms start at $525 a night, and suites at $1,100. But I'm sure they're comfortable.
And if you can't afford such rates? You do what my mother did during a visit in the 1950s, you stay at the YWCA (or the WMCA), where she was quite comfortable. (It didn't hurt that she'd once worked for the Y and was still in touch with friends she'd made there years before.) Or at some little budget hotel a bit off the beaten track, like the Larchmont at 27 West 11th Street in Greenwich Village, where single rooms range from $90 to $109 plus tax on weekdays – bargain rates indeed for Manhattan, and with a continental breakfast included. The neighborhood is residential and quiet, and the exterior of the hotel is modestly elegant. A friend once stayed there and I saw her room: small, with only basic furniture – a bed, a desk, a chair, little else. (The Larchmont now advertises a color TV in every room.) It was a place to lay your weary head at night, so you could rest up for forays into the city by day. Modest, but doable.
|The Hilton Midtown with its soaring slabs. Clunky.
And for those not interested in modest little budget hotels? How about the prestigious New York Hilton Midtown at the northwest edge of Rockefeller Center at Sixth Avenue and 53rd Street? A soaring 47-story building with 2,153 rooms in all, the biggest hotel in the city, it opened in 1963 and since then has hosted every U.S. president from John F. Kennedy on, as well as countless conferences and conventions. It has been called a microcosm of the city itself: vertical, crowded, diverse, and cash-driven. When it opened, New York Times architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable commented: "If the building has a look that suggests that one might put change in at the top and get something out at the bottom, this is only because today's slickly designed commercial structures more and more frequently resemble a product, a machine, or a package." Certainly it lacks the grandeur of the Waldorf or the Plaza, and has been said to mark a shift from the gracious and luxurious to the utterly functional. To my eye it looks like a big box surmounted by a slab; in short, it's clunky. But guests don't come there because of the looks of its exterior, and many an online review praises it (appropriately) to the skies.
Another bit of flashy modernity, the Marriott Marquis Hotel at Broadway and 45th Street soars above the hurly-burly of Times Square. It was born in controversy, for five historic theaters were demolished to make room for it – a demolition dubbed "the Great Theater Massacre of 1982." Yet it has also been hailed as the first major project in the revitalization of Times Square, which, contaminated by nearby 42nd Street, was then undeniably seedy, with an abundance of go-go bars and "adult" theaters. If the Marriott, opening in 1985, turned its back on Times Square, focusing attention inward on its soaring atrium, it's because it wanted no part of that seediness.
|The Marriott Marquis, with the flashiness of Times Square in the foreground.
|The glass-walled elevators. No thanks.
haitham alfalah
Two features especially distinguish this state-of-the-art structure, and I have experienced both. The glass-enclosed "scenic elevators" crawl up the sides of a central column in the building's atrium like big bugs, giving views of its soaring inner space. Visitors are said to flock from miles away and stand in line to access them, but when I rode in one years ago there was no wait at all. But even though I have no abnormal fear of heights, I was distinctly uncomfortable, having the feeling that this creeping creature with glass walls had no support under it and could easily plunge; when I got off and felt a solid floor beneath me, I was vastly relieved. On the other hand, the famous revolving bar and restaurant on the 48th floor is a unique and wondrous rooftop experience, slowly making a complete turn each hour while giving breathtaking views of the city. I was once there with visiting relatives at night, and the views of the lights of Times Square were unforgettable.
A less publicized fact about the Marriott Marquis is its popularity for suicides. Those planning it probably think they will plummet gracefully and land with a dramatic thump in the lobby. Not so. One jumper leaped from the 43rd floor, but his right arm and left leg were recovered on the 11th floor, his other two limbs on the 7th floor, and part of his skull in the elevator shaft. And another suicide, leaping from the 23rd floor, ended up with one leg on the 10th floor and his torso on the 9th. Why this dispersion of remains? Because the falling body bounces off a variety of obtruding structures on the way, each breaking off a different part of the body. So would-be suicides should definitely keep away from the Marriott. (I would recommend the Palisades, except for the fact that there's lots of poison ivy over there. Besides, that's in New Jersey, and my focus here is on New York.)
So as not to end on a grisly note, here are some tidbits about the Waldorf Towers and its residents, courtesy of two young women who are the Waldorf's luxury suite specialists:
· The most requested suite: the Presidential, where every President since Kennedy has stayed. When a President is there, they install bulletproof glass.
· The largest suite: The Cole Porter, where the composer lived for 25 years. It rents at $150,000 a month and up. His piano is still there.
· A rare bit of presidential trivia: when President Roosevelt came, he arrived via an underground railroad running from Grand Central Station to the fourth floor of the Waldorf basement. That way no one saw him arrive in a wheelchair.
· The suite with the biggest and most exquisite bathtub: the Elizabeth Taylor, whose tub is big enough for three. (There's no report of its ever having accommodated a threesome, however.)
· The weirdest request ever: a VIP insisted that they raise the toilet height by one centimeter, which they did.
· Objects that guests steal as souvenirs; teakettles, silverware, plates, ashtrays, and a candelabra.
So far as I know, there is no Lucky Luciano Suite. With this hodgepodge of trivia, I conclude.
Note on post 162.5, Big Bank, Big Real Estate: The feature page-one article of the Sunday New York Times of February 8, 2015, tells how foreign billionaires are secretly buying luxury condos in the soaring glass towers sprouting all over midtown Manhattan. The article focuses on the two dark glass towers of the Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle, where condo buyers include a Chinese businessman whose properties in Jersey City have been investigated for unsanitary conditions; a Scottish businessman the collapse of whose investment firm in the U.K. lost the savings of 30,000 people; an Indian CEO of a global mining conglomerate responsible for severe pollution in India and Zambia; and a Russian oligarch accused of dubious financial transactions in Angola. Just identifying these buyers took the Times a whole year, as they went from source to source to source, unpeeling layers of secrecy.
|The Time Warner Center: more soaring slabs.
These and other condo buyers obviously have good reason to desire anonymity, often buying condos in the name of a relative or a shell company such as an LLC (limited liability company), thus quite legally concealing their identity. Many of them are absentee owners who are here only sporadically, paying no city income tax and often receiving hefty property tax breaks as well. Our previous mayor, Michael Bloomberg, encouraged purchases by foreign billionaires, on the assumption that their lavish spending would trickle down to doormen, concierges, cleaners, drivers, construction workers, shopkeepers, and restaurants, but so many of the buyers are absentee owners that it hasn't worked out that way. So some local politicians, noting that the city is spending money on services the absentees benefit from, have proposed an international residents tax.
Buyers pay millions for a condo – anywhere from $2 to $25 million and up -- but if they sell the condo a few years later, they make millions more. And as they snap up condos, they drive up real estate prices in the city generally. Which brings me back to the layman's query posed by my post #162.5 on Big Real Estate: is this a real estate bubble, and if so, is it about to burst? During real estate busts in the past, I confess to having felt a certain grim satisfaction in seeing luxury residential high rises at night with a third or less of the windows lit up, suggesting that two-thirds or more of the units remained unsold, with resulting huge losses to the developers. Not the most generous of attitudes, I admit, but one gets tired of endless development, endless construction, endless greed. Will history repeat now, and soon? I have no idea. Let's just wait and see.
Coming soon: The lady whose office performs 5,500 autopsies a year, and who wants to make sure that no more corpses get lost. And then: Prosecutor Dewey vs. Lucky Luciano, the kingpin of organized crime, and why did Dewey finally let him go? And then: the short, dumpy, homely little woman who said she belonged to the world, became famous, and feuded with the Duchess of Windsor.
Coming soon: The lady whose office performs 5,500 autopsies a year, and who wants to make sure that no more corpses get lost. And then: Prosecutor Dewey vs. Lucky Luciano, the kingpin of organized crime, and why did Dewey finally let him go? And then: the short, dumpy, homely little woman who said she belonged to the world, became famous, and feuded with the Duchess of Windsor.
© 2015 Clifford Browder


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Read All About It Quilt
I have made this quilt before. It is from the book Strip-Smart Quilts by Kathy Brown. There is one big problem with this quilt and that is that there is a lot of left over squares. So what do you do with these left over squares? I made another quilt.
My Version of Read All About It
I used all the left over squares and put the quilt together in almost the same pattern. I had to take a few squares apart so that the squares in the quilt went together in a pattern. I call these my twin quilts.
These quilts are not for alcoholics; they are for a couple who live in the Napa Valley in California so I thought the fabric was just the thing. The light brown fabric is corks and the border and backing are tossed wine bottles and glasses. I thought it was very fitting for wine country folks. To top it off I picked these fabrics up when a local shop was going out of business so I go a real good deal on the fabric. I bought the rest of the bolt of the tossed bottles, so I used it for the backing as well as the border.


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I've spent a fair part of my life stepping back. Before I take a step or move towards a goal, I think about what how the people around me will take it. I hesitate to assert myself because I might hurt someone's feelings, and put aside goals because someone may not agree that my goal is worthwhile. It's not fun.
Lately I've stumbled onto a lot of writers who encourage being yourself.
Chris Guillebeau was the first. He advocates living life your way. If you way doesn't include a 9 to 5 job and a white picket fence, learn to become your own person and live your way. Susan Cain reminds those of us who are introverts that the world needs more than confident sales people--writers and musers and musicians and artists are important, too. My latest Team Be Yourself participant is Tim Ferriss. He's a little too plain-spoken for me in some ways, but I appreciate his message. Decide what you want, be very specific about what your dream will look like, and then be deliberate about going after it--and don't be afraid to step on toes if need be.
Now, I'm not really a toe-stepper. I am more a toe-bandager. But I've also spent far too much time making sure my own toes were out of the range of the big feet in my life to get where I want to go. So now I'm stepping out.
I've decided to be ok with me. I'm a little quirky, a little goofy, a bit clumsy. I'm more 'My Mistress' Eyes are Nothing Like the Sun' and less 'She Walks in Beauty.' More Morticia Addams than Martha Stewart. And that's ok. Time to stop trying so hard.
Part of my own stepping out involves reaching out. I know plenty about starting over, rebuilding health, and coming out of fear. This blog is about sharing the things I learn, and sharing other people's wisdom, too. I hope it sparks your own creativity, ingenuity, and joy.
What about you? How do you step out, and brave the big boots threatening your toes? How have you learned to be yourself when you may not be liked for it?


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Google Street View Coming to Israel
Israeli officials this week approved Google's request to operate its Street View cars in the country.
The Israeli Law Information and Technology Authority (ILITA) did not provide details on where Google's Street View cars will be driving or when they will start, but officials did say that Google will be required to clearly mark its vehicles as Street View cars.
In addition, Google must provide a way for residents to request that their homes or other images be blurred. The search giant automatically blurs faces and license plate numbers.
"As Israel's privacy regulator I can say that by the end of this process ILITA can welcome the launch of the Google Street View service in Israel," Yoram Hacohen, head of ILITA, said in a statement. "The terms approved by us, allow the operation of this valuable service while safeguarding the Israeli public's right to privacy."
Under the deal, Israeli citizens will also be able to file civil litigation against Google over Street View violations, even though Google is not based in Israel and its Street View database is housed outside the country.
The agency held public hearings on the issue, which "indicated the public support of introducing the service to Israel, alongside concerns relating to privacy," Hacohen said. "Our purpose was to provide the public with substantive and legal recourse in Israel for any problem or complaint that may arise and I am happy to mention that Google seriously took our requirements into consideration and that its cooperation enabled this authorization. The commitments taken by Google match the standard in countries which have a high level of data protection."
Reports of Street View coming to Israel first emerged in February, at which point Minister Dan Meridor said the service would be coming to the country "soon."
Not everyone is welcoming Street View with open arms. In May, Google voluntarily opted out of enlarging its Street View program within Germany. Last year, Google announced plans to extend Street View to 20 German cities by year's end, including Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Nuremburg, and Düsseldorf. For those who did not want photos of their homes included in Street View, Google gave people until Sept. 15 to notify the company via google.de/streetview. In all, 240,000 people opted out of having their homes on Street View. But continuing in the country apparently wasn't worth the effort.
For more from Chloe, follow her on Twitter @ChloeAlbanesius.


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It is 100 miles from Glasbury to Chepstow if you follow the course of the River Wye. For some reason the idea of paddling this distance in one go forms an attractive challenge, and one discussed with my good friend Martin on our recent glacier adventures. With the idea formulated it was just a question of when....
So it happens that a weekend in late November is free for both of us There's reasonable water in the river, a good but cold weather forecast and Martins wonderful wife Krysia is happy to provide some support. Game on! Oh yes, I forgot to mention, we were also paddling a tandem sit-on-top kayak – not the fastest of craft – but very stable!
|Sorting kit!
We decide to go for a midday(ish) start from Glasbury. This way we'd paddle through the night with the aim of getting to the tidal section of the river for high tide at about 1100 the following day. After the usual faff and kit fettle we are sorted. The boat is carried to the river and we're off... chased by Martins dog, Roxy, who's not happy to be left behind!
|Almost in the water... (picture Krysia Groves)
|Roxy not impressed at being left behind! (picture Krysia Groves)
We have a crisp, clear Autumns day and reasonable flow on the river. This section of the river has regular little rapid sections, and the river is full of bird life. Soon we settle into a rhythm and are keen to use the daylight hours to get as close to Hereford as possible so trundle along at close to 6mph.
Sadly night does overtake us before we hit Hereford, one of the few bits of urbanisation along this river. We land at the rowing club to refuel and get more clothes on. It's already below freezing and stopping proves to become a rapidly chilly process. Krysia is about an hour or so downstream from us at this point so we soon plough on.
It's a clear night and the night vision is good, although the (half) moon is still some hours away from rising. However mist is starting to rise from the river – is fog going to be a problem? We paddle on, increasingly visited by will'o'the wisps swirling in the mist rising off the river.
We meet Krysia at the Holme Lacy Bridge – 42 miles into the journey. We stop to brew up some soup and chocolate, but soon chill as the cold night starts to bite. I throw a jacket over the top of my kit as I can't face the strip down to put another layer on. Martin does similar and these add-ons remain with us for almost the rest of the journey!
The chill urges us to get going again so we push on, sending Krysia home to get a little sleep and arranging to see her when we reach Monmouth. So on we paddle on into the night, and gradually the half moon rises to join us on the journey.
|Brewing up on a gravel bank somewhere in the middle of the night...
We try to land and have a quick break every hour, though finding a landing spot in the dark usually proves entertaining! Somewhere near Hoarwithy we break the half way mark. The journey becoming a little more surreal as we start to tire with the weak moonlight, and interspersed sections of thick mist adding to the atmosphere of the night.
Every so often we'd encounter large groups of geese or swans on the river. We'd try to paddle quietly past so as not to cause too much disturbance, but one would decide to flap and off the whole lot would go, breaking the solitude of the night. Gradually they'd work out we were moving in the same direction and start to break behind us and peace would reign again, until we encountered the next flock!
In the early hours we paddled through Ross on Wye – over 60 miles gone. Then Lydbrook – over 70 miles gone. At around 6am we arrived at Symonds Yat – the 3/4 point. Tired we stopped at the ferry landing to brew up and shake the ice off our clothing. My bowels start grumbling and fortunately the public loos are open – I make good use of them!
Just ahead of us is the only notable rapid of the journey at a proper grade 2. Although straight forward, we're tired and we definitely don't want to get wet at this stage so I opt to inspect before going through. However the area on the right is flowing quite nicely so we just paddled through on this side instead!
As daylight forms we arrive at Monmouth and find Krysia waiting with hot soup, coffee and Bacon rolls – fantastic! We stop to refuel and up the caffeine in our bodies. Over 80 miles now done....
|Distant light in the dawn - approaching Monmouth at daybreak (Krysia Groves)
|Landing at Monmouth for food and coffee! (Krysia Groves)
Despite being knackered we enjoy the superb scenery of this section of the Wye. We arrive at Tintern at around the turning point of the tide. We had hoped to have got out here for a break, but with no proper public landing area, and very soft tidal slime covering the river banks, we opt to paddle on.
|Leaving Tintern - only 6.5miles to go!
This section proves terribly slow. The tide is yet to make its mind up which way to flow and we end up slogging along at a very slow rate. In need of a leg stretch we eventually find a spot where some quarry rubble and blocks form the river edge and provide a point where we can clamber out. Suddenly the tide has obviously turned and is dropping fast... time to paddle!
Now with some obvious downstream flow we start to regain some pace. Despite our tired and knackered states we still take time to enjoy the place we are in, trying to find the entrance to Otters Hole and spotting the classic routes on Wintours Leap.
At the final bend we officially break 100 miles. Ahead is the grand sight of Chepstow Castle and our journeys end. Krysia is waiting on the road bridge and guides us in. There is no decent slipway at Chepstow so we make use of a bit of fixed ladder to gain a landing before making our way up the gluppy mud of the river bank. The boat is hauled out using the throw line rope, and then its over... 100 miles done! Roxy was very pleased to be reunited with Martin!!
|Looking for somewhere to land at Chepstow! (Krysia Groves)
|Sorting the boat out for hauling up the bank (Krysia Groves)
|Finished - Roxy pleased to have Martin back on dry land! (Krysia Groves)
A big thanks to Krysia for the brilliant support and driving us home!
And finally at the time of writing, Krysia considered the misery to be worthy of some sponsorship and has been using it to raise funds for a disaster charity operating in the Philippines, Relief International. If you feel the effort worthy of a bit of cash towards this charity (and the donation site is still live) then visit http://www.justgiving.com/Krysia-Groves1 - Diolch yn Fawr, Jules.


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Where does Bill live?
Ms. Li: How much is this pencil?
Albert: It's 15 dollars....
Bill: Have you ever been to Hong Kong?
Ted: Yes, ______. ...
What does Pam think about Elsa's dress?
Why does Steven write this e-mail to his sister?
How did Bill and Jill prepare for their trip to Taiwan?
Amy: Would you like some coffee?
Bill: No, thanks. I ___...
What is the Japanese White-eye ?
What is the ad for?
Bill never carries a bag or a wallet when shopping. Every ti...
What question did the teacher most likely ask in class?


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From 500 Entries, the Top 100 StartUps Will Be Selected for Echelon Asia Summit Country Qualifier round!
On March 24, show your support for the local startups vying to be a part of the Echelon Asia Summit's worldwide search for the Top 100 Startups!
Shortlisted startups will present at one of the 14 countries across Asia. Key investors and community leaders will judge the startups, and one startup from each TOP 100 Qualifier will be crowned the Judges' Choice. Chosen startups will also walk away with a travel and accommodation package and also a TOP 100 Startups Pack to this year's Echelon Asia Summit in Singapore this June! HUBBA Cofounder Amarit Charoenphan, IMJ Investment Partners Director Koichi Saito, Future Now Ventures CEO + Principal Investor and Advisor John Orrock, and Innosight Ventures Partner Pete Bonee are the invited judges for the Philippine leg of the Country Qualifier round!
Tickets for the Top 100 Philippine Qualifiers presentation on March 24 2015 that will be held here at A SPACE Manila are available here. E27 invited Altitude Games CEO Gabby Dizon and Salarium CEO and Founder Judah Hirsch to share their startup and entrepreneurial journey and experiences with attendees.
GOOD NEWS! Echelon Asia Summit is still open to accepting startups before the Country Qualifier presentation! Catch is consideration of your entry will be on a case to case basis. Take a leap of faith and submit if you think your startup is ready to dominate this market by visiting e27.co/echelon/top100 #ECAsia2015


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Well, with our Christmas decor put away for
another year we can enjoy our afternoon tea
in the bay window area again.
I am happy to say our bitter cold weather
has past and a mild weather system has moved
available in the stores once again.
They always add some early spring
time cheer.
your tea?
for afternoon tea today.
I love that the days are already a little
longer and soon the sun will be
noticeably stronger as well.
Thank you for joining me for Afternoon Tea
today. Hope your New Year is off to a
great start!
Take care,


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The sections below present a comprehensive cross-section of example blogs and sites from the DMU commons, many that are currently active and some historic. To view a list of examples for a particular area simply click on the section header to expand the list.
|Projects and Research
|Online Journals
|Staff support and development
|Blogs and personal profiles – DMU staff
|Student support and services
|Discussion and interest group spaces
|Institutional sites
|Postgraduate Student sites


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Career or College
Welcome to Your Future
Bridgerland Technical College is accredited by the Commission of the Council on Occupational Education (COE).
Governing Board
All meetings, unless otherwise indicated, are located at Bridgerland Technical College, Main Campus, 1301 North 600 West, Logan, Utah. Minutes will be posted after they are approved in the next regular meeting.
The mission of the Bridgerland Technical College Foundation is to help support institutional financial and material needs by promoting the College within our service region.
Bridgerland Technical College
The President's Welcome
It is my pleasure to welcome you to Bridgerland Technical College.
We are one of the eight colleges that comprise the Utah Systems of Technical Colleges. We serve the Bear River Region, which encompasses Box Elder, Cache, and Rich counties in northern Utah, and includes secondary schools from the Box Elder, Cache, Logan, and Rich school districts.
What Do You Want to Know
Facts & Frequent Questions
Mission Statement
The mission of the Bridgerland Technical College is to deliver competency-based, employer-guided career and technical education to both secondary and post-secondary students through traditional and technology-enhanced methodologies. This hands-on technical education provides occupational education, skills training, and workforce development to support the educational and economic development of the Bear River Region.
Read More
Strategic Plan
Bridgerland Technical College Strategic Plan was compiled from strategic planning team meetings and administrative vision; presented to faculty, staff, and Administration; reviewed for priorities, timelines, and costs; and were presented to the Board of Directors for final adoption.
Read More
A Little About Bridgerland Technical College
The mission of the Bridgerland Technical College is to deliver competency-based, employer-guided career and technical education to both secondary and post-secondary students through traditional and technology-enhanced methodologies.
Get In Touch
Additional Information
Admission Requirements and Procedures
Transfer Policy and Procedures
Basic Information on courses/sequencing/frequency and Program Completion Requirements
Rules and regulation for conduct
National or State requirements or Licensure
View Our Site
Hours of Operation
Logan Campus - Main
Student Services
Monday: 8 am - 4:30 pm (We will be open at 7:30 am on the first day of registration)
Tuesday: 8 am - 6 pm
Wednesday: 8 am - 6 pm
Thursday: 8 am - 4:30 pm
Friday: 8 am - 4 pm
Sat/Sun: Closed
Brigham City Branch Campus
Telephone: 435-734-0614
In-Person Hours Brigham City Branch Campus
Monday: 7:30 am - 4 pm
Tuesday: 7:30 am - 4 pm
Wednesday: 7:30 am - 4 pm
Thursday: 7:30 am - 4 pm
Friday: 7:30 am - 3 pm
Sat/Sun: Closed
SafeUtah App
Contact Us
Logan Campus - Main (Office)
1301 North 600 West
Logan, UT 84321
Toll Free: 866-701-1100
Local: 435-753-6780
Fax: 435-752-2016


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Government Buildings in Alaska
Browse 1,173 attractions, meet 7 travelers, 31 tour guides and discover 1,439 photos
Travelers are voting Spring Creek Correctional Center, Rabinowitz Courthouse and Alaska State Capitol as the best of 3 government buildings in Alaska. Want more? Check out our map of government buildings in Alaska or this 1 government buildings in North Pole.
Spring Creek Correctional CenterPlaces To Visit Government BuildingsSeward, Alaska, United States
Spring Creek Correctional Center is an Alaska Department of Corrections maximum security prison for men located in Seward, Alaska, United States.…0
Rabinowitz CourthousePlaces To Visit Court HousesFairbanks, Alaska, United States
Rabinowitz Courthouse is an Alaska Court of Appeals state courthouse in Fairbanks, Alaska named after former Chief Justice Jay Rabinowitz, situated…0
Alaska State CapitolPlaces To Visit Capitol BuildingsJuneau, Alaska, United States
The Alaska State Capitol is located in the state capital of Juneau at the corner of East 4th Street and Main Street. It houses the Alaska…0


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Status: Closed
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
A consignment store for those with great taste who appreciate wonderful values and quality, designer items. We consign bridal, too!
New to You is a consignment shop that sells clothing for the whole family, jewelry, bridal gowns, furniture, and other items.... Resale is just another way to help you by earning some extra cash and the environment by being 'green' with your unwanted items. The earlier in the season you bring in your clothes, the better they will sell! Here are the seasons to plan for: March: Spring Items &...
Be the first OregonLive.com user to add photos or videos of New To You Clothing Shop
Finally stopped in to see what you had and I was extremely impressed!
The store is huge! The clothes are nicely spaced on the rack, clean, no tears or stains!
All the sales clerks were polite and helpful! I will be bringing in a few items on Sunday afternoon.
New, never worn werewolf mask and gloves (claws), Brighton purses, men's XXLg clothing, women's Lg clothing, and LOTS of jewelry.
Not only do they have a great selection of product; their staff is amazing! They offer the best customer service with professionalism and above all kindness. Their sincere smiles, product knowledge and friendly conversation keep you wanting more all around. Not to mention they host an awesome Wine Down Wednesday!
New to You is Oregon's largest consignment shop, located in the heart of Wine Country in the Willamette Valley. Just a quick jaunt from Portland, Salem, Corvallis, and the Coast!


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Before a muscle can grow stronger, it will incur microscopic damage in the course of a difficult workout or resistance training. The process of healing can last a week or longer and possibly overlap with the next workout. The type of soreness and pain you feel is an important aspect that will help you judge how to continue your workout.
Microscopic Tears
During a workout, intense lifting causes microscopic tears to form in the fiber and connective tissue of muscles. These tears fatigue the muscles and accumulate in large number. With proper rest and sufficient nutrients the muscles are slowly rebuilt over the following days, but full repair can take a week or more. For healing and growth, it is essential to eat a meal of carbohydrates, protein and some fat immediately after a workout.
Rebuilt Muscles
The ability of the body to rebuild its muscles also increases size, strength and muscle capacity. Ordinarily old tissue is discarded before new tissue is synthesized. The digestion of protein provides the raw material that can be used to synthesize new muscle.
The soreness that occurs 24 to 72 hours or more after workouts was once believed to occur from the buildup of lactic acid, which the muscles produce as they use energy, but it is now believed that the soreness is the direct result of muscle tearing. This soreness is known as delayed onset muscle soreness, or DOMS for short.
Types of Pain
DOMS can potentially cause stiffness, swelling, strength loss and pain. This is different from the burn of a workout or the deep lingering pain of an injury which may prevent basic activity or routine tasks. Injuries can be the product of over-worked muscles and large, unhealthy tears. DOMS, on the other hand, is a sign of progress and proper weight training.
The most painful soreness occurs frequently in veterans who begin a new routine, or in beginners. In other words, the most significant number of healthy and productive tears will usually form in a muscle that is not fully acclimated to the intense training of a strenuous workout. With enough training the muscle will gain endurance, but your training should always remain one step ahead of a comfortable workout and quick, painless recovery.


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Go Back
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Metal Roof
Rust is the biggest enemy of metal roofs. It is actually the product of a chemical reaction, which occurs when metal, comes in contact with moisture in the air. And if you think frequent painting of the metal roof is the only solution for this problem, you are probably not familiar with the latest technological advances in this field. Painting with normal paints can give you only short-term protection from rust. For years of protection against rust, you need to use a technologically advanced product such as Rust Bullet. Rust Bullet with its patented new technology is guaranteed to stop rust and provide rust prevention for up to ten years!
About the Author: David Ciglar is a well known author who writes for rustbullet.com


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Office & Reservation Hours
Ocean Beach Sales & Rentals is open 7 days a week from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm, 10:00 am to 4:00 pm on Sundays. We are only closed on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, New Year's Day and Easter.
Check-in / Check-Out Procedures
Checking In
Check-in time is between 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm on Saturdays at our office. If you are going to arrive late or the next day, please let us know so we can make the necessary arrangements. Early check-ins are not available, please time your arrival accordingly.
Checking Out
Check-out time is by 11:00am on Saturday. Prior to checking out, please tidy up the rental, remove all belongings including food & drinks and take out the trash. Please bring your key packet back to our office. If you check out when our office is closed, there is a key drop slot next to our front door. If you would like to return to this rental, you can leave a $20 advance deposit which would give you the first chance at returning to this house for the same time next season.
When is my first payment due?
Your first payment, which would be half the rent, is due upon booking. The balance of the rent + fees would be due 30 days prior to your vacation starting. We accept checks, cash, Visa, Mastercard or Discover. We do not accept AMEX.
Beach Badges
Beach badges are required and are an additional fee unless your house includes them with your rental. Typical weekly badge prices are around $100 for 8 badges. Ocean Beach III and II start requiring badges on June 15th, 2019. Ocean Beach I, Shores, Monterey and Seacrest Beach start requiring badges on June 22nd, 2019.
Weekly Rentals
All of our rentals are from Saturday to Saturday. We do not offer daily or weekend rentals. Labor Day weekend is the only exception when some houses are available for a long weekend at 60% of the listed price (but not less then $600).
What happens if I have to cancel my reservation?
There is a no-cancellation policy, meaning if we are unable to re-rent your rental home under the same terms & conditions, your reservation payment(s) will be forfeited. If we are able to re-rent under the same terms & conditions, you will receive a refund of monies paid minus a 10% cancellation fee.
We recommend you consider adding TRAVEL INSURANCE, it is affordable and can protect your vacation investment. Visit www.insuremytrip.com for more information and prices on adding Travel Insurance.
Are any of your houses pet-friendly?
Unfortunately, we do not have any pet-friendly homes. The community homeowner associations do not allow renters to have pets. This does not mean all of our homes are pet free, as homeowners are allowed to bring their pets. If you have a pet allergy please mention that prior to booking and we will check if the home is pet free.
What is included in the house?
Rental homes are equipped with dishes, glassware, flatware, pots & pans for the kitchen, along with a coffee maker, blender, and toaster. A bbq gas grill and patio furniture are provided at each home unless otherwise noted. Linens may not be included but can be added on through our linen service.
How does the security deposit work?
The security deposit is a refundable fee that helps protect the homeowner from costs associated with accidental damage. This fee is due with your final payment and is usually refunded back to you within 3-4 weeks. Some houses offer a "Peace of Mind" fee in lieu of the security deposit which costs $35 and is not refundable.
Beach Communities
Our rental homes are located between Lavallette and Chadwick Beach (about 15 minutes from the Seaside or Point Pleasant Boardwalks). We rent homes in Ocean Beach I, II and III, Ocean Beach Shores, Monterey Beach, Seacrest Beach and Rutherford Beach.
Ocean Beach III map
Ocean Beach II map
Ocean Beach I map
Monterey & Ocean Beach Shores map