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Saturday, April 07, 2012
How shall we clothe the naked CofE?
The analysis is so well-worn now as to have become banal - and I've indulged in it myself - but the more that time goes on the more I wonder whether the root problem is the loss of real faith in God. That is, we have bought into a sense that the numbers are the key thing that matter, and we then panic or plan on the basis of responding to those numbers, in line with our general characters and dispositions. Now, I'm not at all wanting to say that the numbers don't matter, what I am wanting to say is that numbers are not the one thing needful. Giving God all that we have to give, in heart and mind, soul and strength - this is the one thing needful.
In other words, if we start from a trust in a providential God, might not the utter disaster that has been the Church of England over the last forty years - utter disaster seen in terms of numbers, failure to evangelise and so on - actually be evidence of God accomplishing his purposes? That is, might it not be *God's* will that the Church of England has been brought low?
What, after all, might be accomplished by such a process? To lose all the trappings of power and respect - to be the object of repeated scorn and ridicule - to be reduced to begging for the means to keep our buildings open - to watch as successive generations turn away from an inherited faith - might this not simply serve to clarify our sense of priorities and enable us to return to the living God? Might it not simply be that the Church of England had become, by the beginning of the twentieth century, so enmeshed with blessing the business of the British Empire that God decided to withdraw his blessing from it? That the melancholy, long, withdrawing roar was the inevitable consequence of placing our faith in that which was not God - and then being disappointed when we noticed that He wasn't there?
In other words, might not the way forward be to remember that God is in charge all the time, not just when we are blessed by the obvious signs of His presence, and that the process that the Church of England has undergone - having her splendid garments stripped from her until she shivers naked in a cold wind - is precisely what we needed in order to be recalled to ourselves, and recalled to God? In other words, might it not be that we need to find more suitable attire for the Bride of Christ in this land - and might it not be that a simple linen shift is more suitable than royal robes?
So, enough with the metaphor already, what might this mean in practice? I think it means to return to trusting God - to rediscover what a living faith actually looks and feels like. To remember that worship is devotion and not entertainment, to remember that loving the neighbour means active service and not pious speech, to remember that the Church was built by Jesus for a reason and is not an optional extra that is acceptable so long as it can fit in comfortably with all the other priorities in our lives. To do this necessitates a theological renewal - for it is in our theology, and therefore in our preaching and teaching and (lack of) formation of our clergy that we have lost our way.
John Milbank's criticisms bear on this; I would very much agree that we need to renew the life of the mind, but I believe that this should not be in a Platonic academy but in the cloister, in and of the Eucharistic community (I have expanded on this at much greater length in my book). The church must stop sub-contracting loving God with our minds to secular institutions, and it will not find peace until it does. Until we are reclothed in the divine light, we shall continue to stumble, naked and ashamed, crying out to the secular scornful for pity, for we no longer even know who it is that loves us. We are like the disciples on Holy Saturday, confused and lost, not knowing where to turn, when in truth we already know what is coming. I have no doubt that the future for Christianity in England is a bright one - for us to share in it, we need to fall in with God's intentions not ours. So, come, let us return to the Lord, for he has torn us, and will heal us.
6 comments:
Many thanks for a line of thinking that resonates with thoughts I have had over the past few years. I was fascinated by the questions John Milbank was asking, but unconvinced that our answer is a return to Divine Right Toryism. Even the Vatican has grown out of that game, as can be seen by examining which of the "errors" condemned in the Syllabus of Errors is now OK for RC's after all. But we need to find a way, to quote St Paul, to be further clothed (rather than unclothed) in a way that enables us to be lovingly present in the world we serve today, not playing silly games from an Imperial past. Put it another way, the iceberg struck years ago, but now the water is on deck, the key skill is lifeboat building, and no ballroom dancing any more.ReplyDelete
Theological renewal would be good, but ascetic renewal might be better. If Christians look like everyone else it's hard to see why anyone would bother becoming one. Of course we aren't facing an either/or choice between theology and holy living.ReplyDelete
Beautifully said, Rev. Sam.ReplyDelete
Blessed Easter!
A friend of mine (now a retired CofE bishop) wrote to me 40 years ago and said "What we need is not more good men, but more holy men."ReplyDelete
I think he was right then, and even more so now.
And even longer ago than that C.S. Lewis wrote that the problem for the laity was not (as some clergy and university professors were saying) that they believed so much less than the vicar, but that they believed so much more.
When I first went to the UK in 1966 I was on a bus going to visit friends and passed a large sign that read "Kingston patish church is falling down -- do you care?" And I wanted to add a graffito to say "No".
As Colin Morris said (also back then): the church puts so much effort into building and maintaining enormous and costly edifices that are materialised lies -- for the reality of our spiritual life would fit neatly into a telephone booth.
It is not an institutionalised faith that people are turning away from, but rather an institutionalised lack of it.
Very good post Sam! Sums up one reason why I left the c of e, no focus on the spiritual health of pew warmers like myself and a lack of experience by the local church leadership and preaching team to ever know that they were missing so much of Gods blessings in their lives, shown by the fruit of their preaching and life in the church. I do not care about the c of e or any other denomination. What I care for is the people who do not know God as a loving Father full of so much grace and mercy. These people include so called Christians and non believers alike and especially the clergy! I used to be really good at sinning but God saved me by giving His grace to me in 1989 when I asked to be forgiven for my sin, I had a 'black and white conversion' that really changed my life and I fell in love with God and have a living relationship with Him. I'm different from the usual run of the mill 'Christian' and that's something that came to a head in the c of e. I'm free now to live my faith with this living relationship with God. No denomition to tell me what or how I should believe. Your right Sam, we need to get back to God!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousTue Apr 10, 08:35:00 pm BST
How about the "D" word-DISESTABLISHEMENT? Too close to the bone? Or do you find it impossible to imagine anyone taking you seriously without Establishment?ReplyDelete


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subset: commoncrawl


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Under Wraps
by Hannah Jayne
by Hannah Jayne
Series: Underworld Detection Agency Series #1
Genre: Urban Fantasy
Paperback: 330 Pages
Publication: March 1, 2011
by Kensington
Genre: Urban Fantasy
Paperback: 330 Pages
Publication: March 1, 2011
by Kensington
As a human immune to magic, Sophie Lawson can help everyone from banshee to zombie transition into normal, everyday San Francisco life. With a handsome werewolf as her UDA boss and a fashionista vampire for a roommate, Sophie knows everything there is to know about the undead, the unseen, and the uncanny. . .
Until a rash of gruesome murders has demons and mortals running for cover, and Sophie finds herself playing sidekick to detective Parker Hayes. Dodging raging bloodsuckers, bad-tempered fairies, and love-struck trolls is one thing. But when Sophie discovers Parker isn't what he seems, she's got only one chance to figure out whom to trust. Because an evil hiding in plain sight is closing in . . . and about to make one wisecracking human its means to ultimate power . . .
I'm always up for a book urban fantasy read that integrates various paranormal creatures, and Under Wraps does just this with a good dose of humor!
Sophie is a kickass heroine filled with snark, and she's entirely man crazy to the point that she'll drift off into sexual fantasies when people are trying to talk to her. In fact, though she knows nothing about detective work, she volunteers to aid Detective Hayes in his work. Nevertheless, she adapts pretty well to the situation for being a bit of a crybaby when it comes to fighting crime, and it's pretty fun to watch her deal with each new situation, particularly times when she gets so close to her new, deliciously sexy, work partner that she fears she'll attack him. The romance is quick to develop, but it's filled with cute hesitations just as much as sexual tension. It doesn't take itself too seriously, and it's entertaining to watch Sophie resist temptation. I also appreciate how it doesn't overtake the plot.
The mystery is intriguing and disturbing. Horrifying things are done to people, and the motive behind the murders is questionable. The innocence of different people is called into question, leaving the identity of the true murderer at large. My only real concern is how some things that happen are not entirely explained or not adequately covered. Some points are questionable, such as how deeply certain people have been involved in the case since the beginning given how they treat the investigation as presented in this novel.
Overall, this is an enjoyable read. The writing is a bit loose in some places, but it's solid for the most part. I like how new mysteries are brought up over the course of the investigation and that, while this case is wrapped up, the premise for a sequel is set up. I have Under Attack waiting in my pile of books TBR and can't wait to get started on it!
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Bill Clinton Films Hangover 2 Cameo
Well, this is a big step up from Mel Gibson: Former President Bill Clinton was spotted in Thailand yesterday filming a cameo for The Hangover 2, the sequel to the wildly successful 2009 comedy starring Zach Galifianakis and Bradley Cooper. The film crew initially reported that the former president simply "hung out" on set, but TMZ has confirmed that Clinton was indeed filming an appearance. Just last month, embattled actor Mel Gibson was slated for a walk-on in the same film—until cast and crew rebelled against the move and he was dropped.


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Brixton - Oath Men's S/S Standard Tee, Black/Grey
Sold out
Brixton Oath Men's S/S Standard Tee in Black/Grey.
Standard fit graphic tee with screen print on left chest and across the back.
100% cotton.
Medium measures 20" wide x 28" long
Large measures 21" wide x 29" long
X-Large measures 22" wide x 30" long
Measurements are taken in inches and are approximate.
Chest measurements are taken from armpit to armpit.
Length measurements are taken from the top of shoulders to the bottom hemline.


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Cheddar Biscuits:
In a large bowl, combine the peaches, lemon juice and extract. Transfer to a greased 9x13 inch baking dish. Combine the sugar, cornstarch and salt; sprinkle over peaches. Dot with butter. Bake, uncovered, at 400 degrees F for 15 minutes.
Meanwhile, in a bowl combine biscuit mix and cheese. Combine milk and butter; stir into biscuit mixture just until blended. Drop by tablespoonfuls onto hot peach mixture. Bake 20-25 minutes longer or until biscuits are golden brown.
By Robin from Washington, IA
Source: Taste of Home
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A new online "news"source came into our Petaluma World today– a new kid on the local media block….Ah, I mean PATCH…Petaluma Patch to be precise.
Petaluma Patch joined Petaluma 360, as well as the Press Democrat and Watch Sonoma County web sites as sources of local news or what is also called "hyperlocal" news for P-Town. But, of course, our local web environment also has "news" sources such as the Aqus Community newsletter and numerous local independent bloggers (including yours truly) to fill up our screens.
Integrating all of these sources of information is a challenge for us ordinary folk.
- Will one site dominate?
- Will they specialize?
- Will genuine in depth investigative reporting be provided by any of these sites?
Back in the day when print media dominated, communities were considered blessed if they had several newspapers. Today, perhaps we measure ourselves by the number of online news sources that serve us.
Finding a balance and then integrating all of these "news" sources is a challenge for the reader. For the hyperlocal news providers, there is also the classic journalistic tension of publishing "news" we need versus "news" we want. Finding this balance in a business model that also generates a sustainable income stream is particularly tricky. It takes time to build a readership with advertising support.
One of the risks of all of these hyperlocal news sources is that they can create the impression that what is happening here is unique and not part of a larger picture in the county, the state, and the country.
So I ask:
- How do you get your information?
- How do you decide which source to trust?
To achieve some sort of balance and perspective, I often check in with CaliforniaCityNews to learn what is happening elsewhere in California. Frequently, I find that stories that seem peculiar to Petaluma are also being played out elsewhere.
The "Patch" model is going to be interesting to follow. Given the fact that it is part of a major nationwide effort by America Online (AOL) to build a network of hyperlocal sites, it should be taken seriously.
- For additional information on the AOL effort, go to AOL prepares to launch 4 hyperlocal news sites in Sonoma County
- If you are interested in learning more about the hyperlocal news phenomenum in general, search "hyperlocal news" on Google.
As for me, I am still struggling daily to come to terms with all of the various aspects of new media and social media. When frustrated, I pick up a hard copy magazine, newspaper, or book.
Old habits die hard…


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Endocrinology Research
Physicians in the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology conduct many research projects aimed at improving the care patients receive. Research projects include:
- The evaluation and management of children with psychological problems related to diabetes including issues of compliance and the impact of the condition on families.
- The Division is involved in the study of the etiology of growth hormone deficiency and the long term follow-up of children treated with growth hormone.
- Clinical research into the complications and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is ongoing in the Division.
In addition, the Division's research laboratory investigates the causes of poor growth associated with children born small for gestational age (SGA). For more information on research conducted in the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, please call 305-243-2920.


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Paradise Lost – Gothic Monday morning again and what better way to start the week than with misery mongers PL! Up and at 'em! Not listened to this for ages but dug it out after seeing it in Kerrang's 666 Metal Albums You Must Hear Before You Die(!) magazine. It's the toilet read that keeps on giving. As you can probably guess from the title, Paradise Lost were starting to introduce a Goth style to their established Death Metal making this a pretty unique transitional and innovative album in their catalogue.
The Darkness – Hot Cakes I'm loving this more with every listen. It's good to have them back.
The Plasmatics – New Hope for the Wretched and Metal Priestess EP New Hope… is the Punky debut from The Plasmatics who hadn't quite found their voice at this point. But it's great fun and, coincidentally, also appears in the Kerrang mag. They had found their sound by the time of the later Metal Priestess EP but the debut has its fair share of classics like Butcher Baby and Monkey Suit.
Genesis – We Can't Dance Phil Collins' final studio effort with the mighty Genesis finds the pop songs joined by some moodier tracks like No Son of Mine, Dreaming While You Sleep and the excellent Driving the Last Spike which I absolutely love. Driving The Last Spike has the kind of emotional build that's reminiscent of Marillion and there is a superb performance of it on the Way We Walk live DVD.
The Dictators – Go Girl Crazy A great album for fans of Alice Cooper, early KISS and Blue Oyster Cult although it's a bit scuzzier and wackier than any of those acts. Also features the legendary Ross the Boss who would later form Manowar thus achieving complete godliness.
Guns N' Roses – Chinese Democracy This long-delayed album proved to be well worth the wait and it increases in my estimation with each passing year. Just bought the vinyl edition because I had a notion the album would make a great LP. I was right, some albums are so good you have to buy them twice… although I did wait for the inevitable price drop!
The Wildhearts – The Wildhearts Easily one of the greatest albums of the last 10 years. Brilliant hooks and most of the songs veer off into epic, tightly composed riff journeys. There's also a DVD called Live in the Studio: A Film by Tim Smith where they bang the whole album out live in a recording studio. Which is way more entertaining than it sounds, I promise!
KISS – Destroyer Resurrected OK remix of the iconic album adds some instruments and oomph in some places but manages to lose half a beat from Flaming Youth. Try air-drumming to that! Also, the cover wasn't used because it was too violent? I thought it was cause they had the wrong outfits on?
Danzig – Danzig II: Lucifuge This taut Blues-Metal workout is one of the evil-Elvis' greatest achievements. Love Danzig… but not so much that I'd want to move in with him or anything.
Rollins Band – End of Silence An absolutely primal album. This was my introduction to Henry back when it was released and it's one of those albums that refuses to grow old or get too familiar. For such a long record there is not a wasted moment here.


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You Are About to Discover Why God Loves You and Why He Loves America!
God's purpose for this world is far from over. Your nation is worth saving and worth praying for.
Prayer is not merely the last resort of the weak, as some suggest. Prayer is the foundation of the wise, and at the heart of all that is noble and everlasting. When people open their hearts to God, He moves on their behalf in ways that are quite extraordinary, as history shows.
History is being written right now. Before your very eyes, a nation's story is being told.
How do you respond?
You are not powerless and helpless. You have the greatest advantage imaginable: Prayer.
In the midst of chaos and crisis—either national or personal—your voice can shape how history unfolds! Through this book, you will find hope and courage to pray to a God who loves you and wants to answer your prayers.
When people pray, God listens!


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Projects Overview
The following are current and upcoming projects produced by the California Civic Engagement Project.
now available
Vote Center Siting Tool
Developed by the CCEP, this new mapping tool is designed to provide assistance to California county election offices seeking to implement the Voter's Choice Act in the June and November 2018 elections.
coming soon
The Power of the Youth Vote
The CCEP has partnered with the Yolo County of Assessor/Clerk-Recorder/Registrar of Voters, and the Yolo County Office of Education to establish the Yolo County Youth Civic Initiative (YCYCI).


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Congratulations, your beautiful work has been chosen for the feature in the group.
Thank you, Hartmut. Tiberius belongs to my niece and is a dressage horse.
You captured the gentle spirit of this horse beautifully. ;-)
Thank you, everyone for your kind comments. This is my niece's horse and they have won many ribbons in dressage.
This is a beautiful horse!
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Tyberius (Ty) is a Hanovarian trained in the art of dressage. This drawing is from a reference photo by permission of the photographer, Karen Bates, of http://www.equestrianimpressions.net/
My name is Quwatha Valentine. I was born on Valentine's Day in Winston-Salem, NC. I am a graduate of the University of North Carolina with a major in math and minor in physics with art as my elective subject. I am a retired Software Engineer living in beautiful Sun City Summerlin, Las Vegas, NV. I arrived here via VA, TX and CA. I worked for NASA's space program for 10 years and later for Litton Data Systems in the defense industry as a software engineer. I have studied many different painting techniques using different mediums, being self-taught through many books, video tapes and DVDs. Since retirement in 1999 I have resumed my painting full time. I have taken workshops and seminars from prominent portrait artists, learning the...
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Mount Merapi
An Overview of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia
Written by:
Gayatri Indah Marliyani
San Diego State University, USA
Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
Merapi is a strato-volcano located in Central Java, Indonesia, about 30 km north of Yogyakarta city which has more than one million inhabitants (Figure 1, Figure 2). It is part of the volcanic front of the Sunda-Banda magmatic arc produced by subduction of the Australian plate under the Eurasian plate. The Indonesian archipelago resulted from complex and diverse tectonic processes (Simandjuntak & Barber, 1996, Wilson 1989, Hamilton, 1979). The present phase of orogenic activity in Indonesia commenced in the mid-Miocene and is still in progress (Simandjuntak & Barber, 1996). In westernmost Sumatra, it involves strongly oblique convergence and major strike slip transcurrent fault movement within the magmatic arc (Figure 3). Continuing to the east, in Java and Nusa Tenggara, normal convergence produces an orogenic belt and Andean type subduction zone. This subduction zone is characterized by trench, accretionary complex, forearc basin and Quaternary active volcanoes built on the margin of the Sundaland continent. Merapi is one of these volcanoes. Further to the north east, convergences of oceanic plates set the Sangihe and Halmahera magmatic arc, while in Sulawesi, it involves collision of microcontinental blocks with subduction systems along the eastern margin of Sundaland. Moving to the south of Sumba, it involves collision of the northern margin of the Australian continent with the subduction system along the southern segment of the Banda Arc. A more advanced stage of collision of the northern margin of the Australian continent with a magmatic arc on the Philippine Sea plate forms the easternmost part of Indonesia, Irian Jaya.
Having an average eruption frequency of once every 4-5 years with more explosive and larger episodes every few decades, this volcano is considered one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. Despite the danger of living close to a volcano, many people occupy fertile land surrounding Merapi, risking exposure to pyroclastic flow and possible larger explosive eruptions. For this reason, Merapi was selected as one of the focus volcanoes during the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (Newhall et al. 1994).
In this writing, I describe Merapi based on published data and limited personal field observation. This description includes morphological aspects, eruption type and history, rock types, and also includes monitoring for hazard assessment and recommendations.
Figure 1. Regional map of Merapi and its surroundings,
modified from Camus et al, 2000
Merapi forms a bell-shaped topography that has a mean dip angle of 5° up to 1300 m and 15° up to the summit of 2911 m (Berthommier, 1990). The porphyric nature of the lava and alternating deposits of lahars and pyroclastic flows forms an un-compacted and highly porous material that is easily eroded. Merapi's morphology is characterized by steep erosional valleys of all sizes and radial ridges (Mizutani, 1990).
There are two high temperature fumarolic fields near the Merapi summit, Gendol and Woro, located 150 m and 250 m SE of the centre of the summit crater. The maximum fumarolic temperatures in the Gendol field are greater than 800°C, while those in Woro are higher than 600°C (Zimmer and Erzinger, 2003). The SO2 gas is continuously discharging from the fumaroles and the lava dome.
Merapi has behaved as a classical strato-volcano, with alternating phases of effusion of lava flows and vertical vulcanian explosions that could generate scoria flows (Camus et al, 2000). The major event that interrupted this behavior was a sector collapse, with an inferred associated blast. Later, strong magmatic and probably phreatomagmatic events occurred, preceding the present dome-building phase.
The total Merapi eruption volume is estimated between 100 and 150 km3 (Berthommier, 1990) with present rate of effusions at about 105 m3 per month over the past 100 years (Siswowidjoyo et al., 1995). A strong uncertainty remains concerning the beginning of its activity. If the effusion rate is assumed to be constant since the beginning of its activity, Merapi could be between 8.300 and 125.000 years old (Camus et al, 2000). However the geological evidence, Camus et al (2000) suggests that the rate of flow may have decreased during the evolution of Merapi. Thick and long lava flows were progressively replaced by smaller ones, then by slow dome extrusions. If so, Merapi is much younger. According to Newhall et al (1995), Merapi shows evidence of over 7000 years of explosive eruptions, and Charbonnier & Gertisser (2008) give an age around 40.000 years.
On the basis of field studies and geochronological data, Camus et al (2000) divided its history into four periods: Ancient, Middle, Recent and Modern Merapi. The Ancient Period may have begun around 40.000 y BP and lasted until 14.000 y BP as the Middle Period begun. The Recent Period begun around 2200 y BP and was replaced by the Modern Period after the eruption of 1786. During the Middle Merapi stage, a St. Helens-type edifice collapse occurred. During the Recent Merapi stage, two violent magmatic to phreatomagmatic eruptions interrupted the growth of the volcano.
The older phreatoplinian deposits cover the entire cone; charcoal found within these deposits gave 14C ages of 2200 and 1470 y BP (Camus et al, 2000). The overlying ash deposits, referred to as Sambisari ash deposits, were emplaced by violent pyroclastic surges directed towards the south, i.e. to the present location of the town of Yogyakarta, burying the Shivaitic temple of Sambisari at the start of the 15th century. Many other Shivaitic temples, such as Prambanan, Kadisoko, Kedulan, (Figure 7) were found buried under thick volcaniclastic deposits south of Merapi, indicating that the pyroclastic flow and surge deposits can reach as far as 25-35 km. It is believed that there are still many temples and other remains of ancient civilizations still undiscovered under the deposits. This distance makes it clear that Merapi produces not only dome-collapse pyroclastic flows, but also pyroclastic flows related to moderate to large explosive eruptions (Camus et al, 2000).
Modern Merapi is characterized by the persistent growth of a summit dome, known as Merapi-type activity, which is described as a semi-continuous outpouring of viscous lava producing a summit dome, interrupted by periodic gravitational dome collapse or total destruction triggering violent block-ash flows and associated surges. The ash produce is referred to as Merapi-type nuées ardentes (Figure 4) (Escher, 1933, Voight et al., 2000). Sometimes, a more exceptionally, fall-back St. Vincent type nuées ardentes (scoria flows) occurs.
Since the mid-1500s, eighty eruptions have been recorded and almost half have been accompanied by the dome-collapse pyroclastic flow (Simkin and Siebert, 1994). About sixteen of Merapi's past eruptions, including the latest eruption episode in 2006, have caused fatalities (Charbonnier and Gertisser, 2008). Most pyroclastic flows events in the 20th Century that were produced by collapse domes produced limited amount of lava and traveled relatively short distances. Occasionally, as in 1930, unusually large collapse related flows traveled 10 km from the summit into populated areas. However, several studies on the older deposits revealed that many eruptions during the 7–19th centuries A.D. were substantially more violent and swept broad sectors of the volcano with explosion type pyroclastic flows (Kemmerling, 1931; Neumann van Padang, 1931, 1933, 1936/1937; Escher, 1933; Hartmann, 1934, 1935). These eruptions, much larger and more explosive and violent than any of the 20th Century, have occurred at irregular intervals of several decades as identified in 1768, 1822, 1849, 1872, and 1930–1931. The 1872 eruption is the only one of a St. Vincent-type during the Modern Period (Hartmann, 1934), but many deposits attest that it was a very frequent type during the preceding periods. In 1872, all the flanks of the volcano were covered by ash-and-scoria pyroclastic flows. An interesting fact quoted by Hartmann (1934) is that the building up of the volcanic column was progressive, and preceded by two days of spectacular events describes as roarings sounds, intensive volcanic tremor and smaller explosions, which explains the small amount of causalities recorded, since many inhabitants had left the danger zone before the climax of the eruption.
In contrast, the 1930–1931 eruption, in spite of an exceptionally high lava output, the eruption was quiet, without pyroclastic flows that last for 23 days. So, the cataclysmal explosive phase was unexpected, explaining the great number of fatalities. This unusual behavior was related to the opening of a vent at a place lower than usual, which is at the foot of the older summit domes. This opening can be caused by hydraulic fracturing, or by utilization of a pre-existing weak zone, or both (Camus et al, 2000). It is important to recollect that the eruption began after 11 months of increasing seismic activity. This type of sub terminal eruption seems to be exceptional at Merapi. If this type of eruption would occurs again, it could be on the same flank of the volcano, or on its south flank, where there is a fractured zone with fumaroles and small solfataras, at about 300 m below the summit (Camus et al, 2000).
The absence of large ignimbrite eruptions suggests both the absence of a large-deep reservoir and of a long stage of volcanic rest (Camus et al, 2000). Inferred from seismic observation, location of the magma reservoir which feeds the eruptions is estimated to be at 1.5 km below the summit (Ratdomopurbo, 2000).
By observing the long recorded behavior of Merapi, the occurrence of explosive eruptions during periods of less explosive dome growth and dome collapse is more likely than the occurrence new open-vent eruptions. An average low level activity of Merapi can be interrupted by a much larger explosive eruption and there is no reliable evidence to assume that the future activity will be as benign as that of the 20th century (Newhall, 2000).
To give a better understanding of the behavior of modern Merapi, I present here the sequence of the latest eruption of 2006 includes its chronology and deposits.
The 2006 eruption of Merapi consisted of three eruption phases that produced a complex sequence of block-and-ash flows directed mainly towards the south-western (May 2006) and southern flanks (June 2006) of the volcano (Charbonnier and Gertisser, 2008). After a dormant period of nearly five years, volcanic activity at Merapi resumed in July 2005 with an increase in the number of volcanic tremor and deformation of the summit area. This renewed episode of activity ended with the extrusion of a new lava dome in March 2006. In contrast to summit lava domes predating the 2001 eruption, which were mainly located inside the 1961 crater, the 2006 lava dome of Merapi was emplaced near the eastern rim of the 1931 crater, locally known as Gegerbuaya (Figure 6). The period of lava-dome growth that started in March 2006 increased during April and was rapidly followed by periods of multiple rockfalls and dome-collapse pyroclastic flows during May and June 2006.
Due to the presence of a topographic barrier in the south-eastern sector of the 1931 crater (Gegerbuaya ridge; Figure 5), the rockfalls and dome-collapse pyroclastic flows of the first eruption phase from May 5–27, were mainly directed towards the southwestern flank of Merapi into the Krasak, Bedok and Boyong River valleys, with runout distances of <4 km from the summit area.
The new lava dome deformation during the first phase dominated by rock avalanche. Multi-phase earthquakes indicated that the dome was not yet stabilized and that pressure accumulation inside was immediately followed by rock avalanches as the conduit pressure ceased and deflation began (Merapi Volcano Observatory BPPTK, 2006). The volume of the 2006 lava dome on May 22 was estimated at ~2.3×106 m3.
The second eruption phase was associated with a magnitude 6.3 earthquake on May 27, whose epicenter was located 35 km south of Merapi (Fig. 1). Immediately after this event, lava extrusion rates at Merapi increased to 0.1×106 m3/day. On June 4, the summit lava dome reached a volume of >4.0×106 m3 and a height of 116 m above the summit peak (BGVN 32:02). Following partial collapse of the eastern part of the Gegerbuaya ridge (Fig. 5), an increase in the volume of successive pyroclastic flows and associated collapsed material was observed. This succession of events allowed flows to take a different path and travel down the southern and south-eastern flanks of Merapi, which were not affected by pyroclastic flows for more than a century.
During the third eruption phase in June, the activity occurred in two distinct periods. Between June 3 and 12, several dome-collapse pyroclastic flows affected the southern and south-eastern flanks towards the Gendol River valley with runout distances <4.5 km. On June 14, the activity peaked with two sustained dome-collapse events that lasted over periods of tens of minutes produced at least two pyroclastic flows with maximum runout distances in the Gendol River valley of 5 and 7 km. These flows caused two fatalities and partial burial of the village of Kaliadem (Figure 6). This event was preceded by a high lava extrusion rate and oversteepening, creeping and deflation of the lava dome (Merapi Volcano Observatory BPPTK, 2006). After June 14, the number and frequency of pyroclastic flows decreased until the end of the eruption in early July.
Figure 6. Ikonos satellite image of the summit area of Merapi on May 10, 2006. Lava domes and viscous flows are labeled with the year of extrusion. The white dotted line corresponds to the 1931 crater rim. The Gegerbuaya ridge is formed by 1911 lavas (Charbonnier and Gertisser, 2008).
Most of the lavas of Merapi are calc-alkaline, high-K basaltic andesites, with a restricted compositional range from 52–57% SiO2 (Camus et al, 2000). Some basalts and andesites occurred, but scarce, extending the compositional range to 49.5–60.5% SiO2 (Figure 8). The lavas are highly porphyritic, with phenocryst and microphenocryst contents ranging from 22–62% (Camus et al, 2000).
The mineralogy throughout Merapi's history is generally very similar, and the characteristic assemblage is plagioclase, clinopyroxene (augite–salite), brown hornblende, olivine, titanomagnetite, and hypersthene (only in basaltic andesites), embed in a clear to brown glassy matrix (Camus et al, 2000). The main accessory minerals are apatite, which occur as microphenocrysts, alkali-feldspar and tridymite as interstitial phases in the groundmass. The groundmass is partly crystalline, with mainly microlites of plagioclase and pyroxenes.
Figure 8. Total alkalies versus silica diagram for Merapi volcanic rocks (Camus et al, 2000). Fields represent the volcanic rock classifications of LeBas et al (1986).
The complex zoning of plagioclase, the wide compositional range of plagioclase for a single sample and disequilibrium textures for amphibole and pyroxene, suggest thermal and chemical disequilibrium (Camus et al, 2000). The additional macroscopic and microscopic evidence for mixed glass indicates the occurrence of a magma mixing process. Magma mixing may have buffered the compositions of lavas at Merapi, resulting in the restricted range of whole-rock composition (52–57% SiO2). Typical phenocryst assemblage is plagioclase > clinopyroxene > amphibole, orthopyroxene, olivine, titanomagnetite. A general trend toward more evolved magmas, from Recent to Modern Merapi is recognized (Camus et al, 2000).
Deposits from the explosive phases of the Modern Merapi period can be classified into three types (Kemmerling, 1832; Escher, 1933, Camus et al, 2000):
(1) Block and ash flow deposits of the Merapi type, commonly produced by dome collapses (Figure 9). These deposits are characteristic of the Modern Merapi Period and, to a certain extent, also occur in the Middle Period. They have not been recognized as the products of the Ancient Period eruptions.
(2) Block and scoria flow deposits, produced by fall-back nuees ardentes of the Saint Vincent type.
(3) Surge-like "pelean" deposits. Grandjean (1931) suggested that the 1930–1931 eruption could have generated violent "pelean" surges; deposits related to such eruptive processes have not been described before 1994 at Merapi.
Surface particle assemblage analyses on 2006 block-and-ash flow deposits were performed by Charbonnier and Gertisser (2008) as presented in Table 1. They grouped the assemblages lithologically into six main types, which are representative of the rock types found within the different flows generated during this eruption period (Figure 10). The juvenile component is a porphyritic basaltic andesite that can be divided into four main lithologies: (1) light grey scoria (2) dark grey scoria, (3) light grey dense clasts, and (4) dense, prismatically jointed clasts. These juvenile components range in density from 1.7 to 2.6 g/cm3 (mean 2.2 g/cm3, n=25). The two other components identified as hydrothermally altered and oxidized clasts are lithologically distinct from the juvenile material and represent accidental lithics which were incorporated into the flows. Their density ranges from 1.8 to 2.4 g/cm3 (mean 2.1 g/cm3, n=20). These clasts represent the old dome fragments and/or lava flows which constitute the south-eastern part of the summit area as it has similarity with the material taken from Gendol solfatara field and the 1931 crater wall.
The institution that is responsible for monitoring the activity of Merapi is Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI). The monitoring encompasses these parameters: seismicity, volcanomagnetism, deformation, geochemistry, visual monitoring of summit morphology and dome evolution, and also lahar detection during episodes of eruption.
Seismicity is considered the most important parameter for estimating the probability of an eruption. The seismic signals observed at Merapi volcano are classified as A-type, B-type, multiple phase events, long-period events, tremor and rock fall (Ratdomopurbo, 1995). Currently, the network of eight seismographs established around the volcano, allows volcanologists to accurately pinpoint the hypocenters of tremors and quakes.
Geomagnetic monitoring in Merapi has been carried out since 1977 with a total of four sensor stations established. Those sensors continuously measure the total geomagnetic intensity with a sampling rate of one data sample/minute.
Geochemical monitoring of Merapi has been carried out since 1984. Several fixed points are located at two main solfatara fields of Gendol and Woro for a continuous sampling.
Since 1961, the only change in the morphology of the summit has taking place inside the crater. Alternation of dome formation and dome collapse occurs frequently. As the direction of pyroclastic flows depends strongly on summit morphology and the condition and position of the dome, visual observation of the summit and the dome is necessary. Detailed observations of the crater were conducted by a team sent to the summit to take photographs of the crater and the dome. From the successive photographs, the evolution of the dome can be reconstructed.
The VSI also established six observation posts: Kaliurang, Ngepos, Babadan, Jrakah, Krinjing and Selo. Every observation post is equipped with a telescope to observe changes in the upper part of the volcano, including rock fall activity; source, direction and distance traveled by avalanches, location of dome build up and height of the volcanic smoke.
Lahar is one of the important secondary hazards in Merapi. In 1975, lahar in the Krasak River destroyed the bridge on the main road connecting the provinces of Yogyakarta and Central Java. On December 5, 1996 at Boyong River, 14 mining trucks were buried under the lahar flow. The measurement of the lahar volume based on estimates of the volume of loose material at the slope. Some detectors also placed near some river channels as an early warning system. A lahar event is usually triggered by heavy rainfall, and so the system must be more alert under conditions in which the volume of material reaches a threshold and there has been rainfall of around 50-mm/hour.
All of the data is sent directly to the base station of Merapi Volcano Observatory, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (MVO-VSI) which is located in Yogyakarta City. The data is processed to maintain the alert level of the volcano on a daily basis. The MVO-VSI is also responsible for producing a volcano hazard map of Merapi and for revising it when necessary.
There are more than one million inhabitants endangered by Merapi. The prominent hazards of this volcano come from the direct and secondary effects of the eruptions. The direct effect is related to block and ash pyroclastic flow and associated surges that are produced by gravitational dome collapses. Secondary effects include laharic flow produced by mixing of its loose material with water and by aerial and water pollution. The areas expected to experience the effect of eruption are mapped by the MVO-VSI. This map divides the area surround the volcano into several zones based on susceptibility to danger from future eruptions. This prediction is largely based on the present morphological condition of Merapi.
In addition, predicting the eruption hazards of Merapi must be estimated not only based on the eruptions observed during the Modern Period, which are relatively small, but also from the much larger eruptions that preceded it. There is a broad spectrum of scenarios describing the large eruptions of the past. The prediction of future eruptions must take this into account, bearing in mind that the scenario likely will differ. For example, the location of the vent could change, or a new dome be created with associated pyroclastic flows going in different direction from eruptions in the past.
Many villages and towns around Merapi are built on deposits of Merapi's large explosive eruptions. At least 80,000 and perhaps as many as 100,000 people live inside the so-called Forbidden Zone defined by Pardyanto et al (1978). This area lies roughly within a 10 km radius of the summit, mainly on the west and south sides of the volcano. Several hundred thousands more live just a few kilometers outside that zone. The residents are familiar with small dome-collapses but not many realize that their homes and schools are built on deposits of much larger, relatively young, lethal explosive eruptions.
There is no assurance from the geologic record that Merapi will remain as quiet in the next century as it was during the 20th Century. Rather, it is suspected that a major explosive eruption will occur within the coming decades. Large numbers of people, both within and beyond the Forbidden Zone will be at serious risk. Public education and discussion of the intent of the Forbidden Zone, a willingness among all parties to accept some false alarms, and an ongoing search for precursors of a larger explosive eruption are needed to limit the risk.
Berthommier, P., 1990. Etude volcanologique du Merapi (Centre-Java). Téphrostratigraphie et Chronologie. Mécanismes éruptifs. Thèse Doct. III ème cycle, Univ. Blaise Pascal, Clermont–Ferrand, 115 pp
Camus, G., Gourgaud, A., Mossand-Berthommier, P.-C. and Vincent, P.M., 2000. Merapi (Central Java, Indonesia): an outline of the structural and magmatological evolution, with a special emphasis to the major pyroclastic events. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 100, pp. 139–163.
Charbonnier, S.J. and Gertisser, R., Field observations and surface characteristics of pristine block-and-ash flow deposits from the 2006 eruption of Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008), pp. 971–982.
Escher, B.G., 1933. On a classification of central eruptions according to gas pressure of the magma and viscosity of the lava. On the character of the Merapi eruption in central Java. Leidsche Geol. Meded. VI 1, pp. 45–58.
Gertisser, R. & Keller, J. (2003): Trace element and Sr, Nd, Pb and O isotope variations in medium-K and high-K volcanic rocks from Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia: evidence for the involvement of subducted sediments in Sunda Arc magma genesis. Journal of Petrology, 44: 457-486.
Hamilton, W, 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian regions. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1078.
Hartmann, M., 1934. Die Vulkanische Tatigkeit des Merapi Vulkanes (Mittel Java) in seinem ostlichen Gipfelgebiete zwischen 1902 und 1908. De Ingenieur in Nederlandsch Indie, IV. Mijnbouw en Geologie 1ste Jaargang (5), 62–73.
Hartmann, M., 1935. Die Ausbruches des Gunung Merapi (Mittel Java) bis zum Jahrey 1883.
Kemmerling, G.L.L., 1931. Beshouwingen over de hernieuwde werking van den Merapi der Vorstenlanden van December 1930. Tijdschr. Kon. Ned. Aarddr. Genoot. 48 (2), 712–743.
Mizutani, T., Longitudinal profiles of radial valleys on the Merapi Volcano in central Java, Indonesia, Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University, 25, 183-194, 1990.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1936. Die Tatigkeit des Merapi-Vulkans (Mittel Java) in den Jahren 1883–1888. Z. Vulkanol. 17, 93–113.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1931. Der ausbru¨ch des Merapi (mittel Java) im jahre 1930. Z. Vulkanol. XIV, 135–148.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1933. De Uitbarsting van den Merapi (mittle Java) in de Jahren 1930–1931. Vulk. en Seis. Med. 12, 1–117.
Pardyanto, L., Reksowigoro, L.D., Mitromartono, F.X.S., Hardjowarsito, S., Kusumadinata, 1978. Volcanic hazard map, Merapi volcano, Central Java (1/100 000). Geol. Surv. Of Indonesia, Bandung, II, 14 (reed. 1982).
Ratdomopurbo, A., Poupinet, G., 1995. Monitoring a temporal change of seismic velocity in a volcano: application to the 1992 eruption of Mt Merapi (Indonesia). Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 775–778.
Simkin, T. and Siebert, L., 1994. Volcanoes of the World (2nd ed.), Geoscience Press, Tucson, AZ 349 pp.
Simandjuntak, T.O. and Barber, A.J., 1996, Contrasting tectonic styles in the Neogene orogenic belts of Indonesia, Geological Society, London, Special Publications; 1996; v. 106; p. 185-201; DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.106.01.12
Siswowidjoyo, S., Suryo, I. and Yokoyama, I., 1995. Magma eruption rates of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, during one century (1890–1992). Bull. Volcanol. 57 2, pp. 111–116.
Voight, B., Constantine, E.K., Siswowidjoyo, S., Torley, R., 2000. Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia,1768–1998. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.100, 69–138.
Wilson, M., 1989. Igneous Petrogenesis: a Global Tectonic Approach, Unwin Hyman, London.
Zimmer, M.; Erzinger, J., Geochemical Monitoring on Merapi Volcano, Indonesia, 1st Merapi-Galeras-Workshop, Potsdam, 25 June 1998, DGG Special Issue, 1999.
Website references
Global Volcanism Program-BGVN, http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=var#bgvn_3310
Keele University Merapi Research http://www.esci.keele.ac.uk/merapi/about.htm
The Research and Technology Development Agency for Volcanology-BPPTK, Yogyakarta http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id
November 7, 2010 at 6:05 pm
terimakasih infonya.
peta-gambar dpt memberi gambaran utuh ttg Merapi dan aliran-sungainya, sehingga memudahkan kita memahami informasi.
Saat ini para penyiar TV sangat membuat panik warga. mereka tidak tahu arah jalur sungai, tapi menyiarkan. Semuanya membuat panik.
Thank you for your great information
January 12, 2011 at 7:01 am
haha cnt understand u
November 9, 2010 at 11:15 am
November 9, 2010 at 11:43 am
Thank you so much,…
November 17, 2010 at 3:45 pm
suwun infonya..
January 12, 2011 at 7:00 am
thx so much this is the only website i found with GOOD info 🙂
May 22, 2012 at 1:52 am
Thanks so much! This is the only website about Mount Merapi that I found helpful. 🙂
September 1, 2012 at 8:58 pm
Maturnuwun ibu Gayatri, informsinya memancing ingin tau lebih banyak tentang G.Merapi
November 12, 2012 at 8:27 am
This is very usefull for understanding Mt. Merapi from geological point of view. This data will enrich my research in Mt. Merapi slope, especially on Paguyuban Sabuk Gunung Merapi. We can share what we know about Mt. Merapi. Today a book on a community radio's roles in Mt. Merapi slope will be pubished in Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University: "Hidup Nyaman Bersama Ancaman, Pengalaman Radio Komunitas Lintas Merapi, Klaten, Jawa Tengah". Thank you.


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