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I too hold the creation important. After all , the first line of the
Apostles Creed is " I believe in God the Father, maker of heaven and earth".
I believe that Genesis 1, Ps 104, and Job 838 and 39 all assert that God is
the creator. But they do it in mythopoetic language. in all three cases the
writers are trying to evoke the wonderworking power of God, not give a blow
by blow description of how the world was created or a comprehensive list of
what was created. To say that these are poetic testimonies asserting that
God created the universe does not mean that God is therefore not the
creator.One problem is many people regard Gen 1 as THE creation acount, and
fail to remember that it is one of several.
Genesis 2 and 3 says God created Man, who later rebelled against him. Again,
symbolic and poetic language is used, and I doubt that anyone on the list
believes that God was literally walking around on two legs in the garden
looking for Adam.Even YECs believe that the talking snake symbolizes Satan,
and was not a literal, walking, talking snake. Many Christian "literalists"
understand the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil
to be symbolic.Those who believe that there was a flood often say that it is
not literally global,etc, etc.
THe point is to say that Gen 1-11 is not literally true and uses
mythological language is not to say that its false.Myth does not = lie.If
you like, think of Gen 2-3 as a parable. There is some authority for the
view that God likes to teach in parables :)
Yo are right that the historical foundation for many of the apparently
historical accounts in the OT is shaky. That is true for much of ancient
history, BTW. Many historians doubt that Caesar' account of the Gallic
campaigns or Josephus' account of the Romano-Jewish War of AD 66-73 is
entirely historically accurate. However, they accept these accounts in the
absence of evidence to contrary
I accept the Biblical accounts unless there is strong evidence to the
contrary. That works for me. I have said that there is an irreducible
minimum in the OT that must be literally true.Under my method, the
IM -Creation, Exodus,Wilderness, Conquest, Monarchy, and Exile - is covered,
so long as we are sophisticated about what we mean by true. It is true that
God created the heavens and earth. It need not be true that we have in Gen
1-3 a precise description of the method.
Glenn, I'll let you have the last word, for now.(Sound familiar?)
-----Original Message-----
From: email@example.com [mailto:email@example.com]On
Behalf Of Glenn Morton
Sent: Saturday, May 11, 2002 1:06 PM
To: email@example.com
Subject: RE: The Problem of Liberal Theology
>-----Original Message-----
>From: Shuan Rose [mailto:email@example.com]
>Sent: Friday, May 10, 2002 3:00 PM
>To: george murphy; Glenn Morton
> A key question raised here by Glenn is what things in the
>Bible must we
>believe are true in order to hold on to our Christian faith. I like the
>statement on inspiration by the Pontifical Bible Commission:
>Guided by the Holy Spirit and in the light of the living tradition which it
>has received, the church has discerned the writings which should
>be regarded
>as sacred Scripture in the sense that, "having been written under the
>inspiration of the Holy Spirit, they have God for author and have been
>handed on as such to the church" ("Dei Verbum," 11) and contain "that truth
>which God wanted put into the sacred writings for the sake of our
>I am not Catholic but I would agree that the Bible is inspired in that
>contains "that truth which God wanted put into the sacred writings for the
>sake of our salvation". I think that George is right to put the emphasis on
>the truth and historicity of Christ, not every assertion in the Bible.
I agree that a very interesting question is what must we believe in order to
hold our Christian faith. The answer will differ for different people. For
Burgy, if the entire OT were false, he would find it difficult. It would
take less for me.
A related question is how important to our faith are various events in the
past. To me, the creation is extremely important. No creation, no God, and
Jesus becomes irrelevant. So, if all of Genesis 1-11 is myth, then the
statement "in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth" also
become myth. And I feel really uncomfortable picking and choosing what
parts of early Genesis I will believe. It doesn't seem epistemologically
solid to say, I will believe Gen. 1:1 is real and tells me about history but
1:2-11:25 is myth with 11:26 on reverting to history. Why should I beleive
1:1 if it is in a sea of myth--and using myth as you have, meaning not
telling me history.
>Moreover, to quote Glenn's words back at him, if we wanted to play the
>doubting game, we would very quickly come to doubt everything in the Bible
>( and for that matter all ancient history).
I won't run from my words which were in a different context. (but I would
note that that is not a quote). In the context in which they were written
was one in which there is lots of verification of human-like activity among
the Neanderthals beyond what was being discussed at the time, which was bear
sacrifice. Neanderthals built walls, paved floors, built huts, made stone
tools which only a few modern people are able to make, they made flued
hearths, they invented coal mining, they invented music (unless it were
earlier peoples), they made jewelry, they fought each other, they built
altars, they traded objects over areas as large as 300 km and the doubt was
about whether or not they sacrificed bears. It was also doubt againsts the
backdrop of the majority of anthropological opinion about who and what the
Neanderthals were. Why is it so difficult, given that as a background, to
believe bear sacrifice occurred with people who did all the above?
And I believe, I was referring to the verification of the New Testament
events which can also have the doubting game played at them. But it is
different with early Genesis.
In the case you are trying to misuse my stand, it is against the backdrop of
NO historical verification of Biblical events well past the Judges. There is
no background of verification against which doubts are being raised. Without
a background of verification, there is no reason NOT to doubt. To play the
doubting game on the Book of Mormon which has chariots and horses in
pre-Columbian North America is a reasonable game to play. There are no
horse bones or chariots found in archaological sites prior to 1492.
> I would recommend a look at THE INTERPRETATION OF THE BIBLE IN THE CHURCH
>by the Pontifical Biblical Commission, available online at
>The Roman Catholics did a thorough job, and it is mostly free of explicitly
>Catholic theology.
I took a look and noticed the constant reference to 'Dei Verbum'
pronouncements by the popes. Dei verbum as everyone knows means the 'word
of God'. The question I am concerned with above almost all is, 'How much
untruth can be in the Word of God before we should no longer trust 'The Word
of God'. It didn't take much falsehood for me to distrust the 'Word of
Clinton', nor does it take a lot of untruth for me to distrust the 'Word of
a Car Salesman/Saleswoman'. So, to me the truly interesting question is, How
trusting of God should we be if what we are told in what is called God's
Word is actually false? How much falsity brings the whole thing down like a
house of cards?
see http://www.glenn.morton.btinternet.co.uk/dmd.htm
for lots of creation/evolution information
personal stories of struggle
This archive was generated by hypermail 2b29 : Mon May 13 2002 - 20:03:17 EDT


text:
When I first started Digital Scrapbooking in 2008 my first CT was with Little Dreamer Designs and one of my all time favorite designers was Leora Sanford. When I stepped down from store CTs I missed her designs so much.
I am thrilled that she has moved to Oscraps and that I am now creating for her personal CT! Here are a couple of pages I've made with some of her recent goodies!

subset: commoncrawl


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Richelle Mead
Series: Bloodlines #4
Genre: Urban Fantasy
Hardback: 420 Pages
Publication: November 19, 2013
by Razorbill
Sydney Sage is an Alchemist, one of a group of humans who dabble in magic and serve to bridge the worlds of humans and vampires. They protect vampire secrets - and human lives.
In The Indigo Spell, Sydney was torn between the Alchemist way of life and what her heart and gut were telling her to do. And in one breathtaking moment that Richelle Mead fans will never forget, she made a decision that shocked even her. . . .
But the struggle isn't over for Sydney. As she navigates the aftermath of her life-changing decision, she still finds herself pulled in too many directions at once. Her sister Zoe has arrived, and while Sydney longs to grow closer to her, there's still so much she must keep secret. Working with Marcus has changed the way she views the Alchemists, and Sydney must tread a careful path as she harnesses her profound magical ability to undermine the way of life she was raised to defend. Consumed by passion and vengeance, Sydney struggles to keep her secret life under wraps as the threat of exposure — and re-education — looms larger than ever.
I love Vampire Academy, and I love book one of this series. There's also the small part of me that loves an epic romance that sweeps me off my feet. However, with each book in this series, the plot and world has continued to be unraveled more and more to the point that I feel like the only reason I'm continuing this series is because I have this burning desire to see what happens to Sydney and Adrian. While that may be one reason to read a book, if you've been following this blog for a while, you'll know that I love a good plot. One of my favorite things about the VA series is that it has both an epic romance AND maintained a strong plot, so it's disappointing that the Bloodlines series is lacking in this.
Now, that isn't to say that things aren't going down in The Fiery Heart. With Zoe coming into the picture just as Sydney has finally made the decision to follow her heart, there is a constant sense of added danger. Will Zoe catch onto things? How will Sydney continue her magic studies with her little sister around? More importantly, how will she and Adrian see each other? The problem here is that the romance plot overpowers the other plot angles. Everything else comes and goes with no apparent order or purpose to them. For example, in the beginning you see Sydney being initiated into a coven of witches. However, this doesn't really influence what happens later in the book except in a little minor incident. If I were to name a predominating order to the book, it's that everything happens to further the romance, and this causes the order to the other plotlines to fall apart.
Sydney becomes just another YA paranormal romance heroine in The Fiery Heart. One of the reasons I love Sydney is because she's intelligent, capable, and resourceful. These are traits that you don't often see in YA heroines. At least to the degree that you see them in Sydney. These traits are so defining of her that you see them in her every word, thought, and behavior. At least until The Fiery Heart came along. It felt like everything Sydney did was to ensure her and Adrian's safety even as she makes stupid decisions out of a false sense of security. She's a perfectionist and has always been able to do the right thing. You'd think that this would cause her to err on the side of caution; instead, she's driven to give into some of her and Adrian's more dangerous desires, presumably because she believes, or wants to believe, that they'll be able to get away with it.
Another awkward element to this book is how Adrian's narrative comes into play. While I love Adrian and would have been excited to get a peek into his point of view in another situation, I've already been saying that there are too many plot elements competing for attention in the Bloodlines series since book two (The Golden Lily). The addition of his point of view in this book lends another element of complexity that this series does not need. Even if he gives us insight into plot elements that Sydney could not give us, I believe the novel could have been stronger as a whole if it stuck with Sydney's perspective, which would have given it more of a much-needed focus to the story development.
Bloodlines promised to further develop the world of Vampire Academy. I entered this series expecting to find out what happens to the order of the vampire world following Lissa's reign. That the central characters in this series were some favorite minor characters from the first series was a bonus. Given how these last few books have been disappointingly lacking in organized plot development, I really feel like I'm now reading the series to find out what happens and not because I'm looking forward to a spectacular, plot-driven novel that has me itching to turn the pages to see where it takes me next.
Rating: 2.5 stars
Similar Books


text:
It is hard to believe that the original Norwegian slasher film, Roar Uthaug's Cold Prey (aka Fritt Vilt), was released over a decade ago. There was a sequel in 2008 and a prequel in 2010, the latter of which has never was released in the U.S.
WWE Studios has announced that they have acquired the remake rights to Cold Prey, and they have also acquired an option to purchase a screenplay currently being penned by Casey La Scala (The Remaining). The film, being described as The Grey meets The Revenant, will center on a strong female character who reaches the limits of physical and mental endurance.
Michael Luisi, WWE Studios President, will oversee for WWE and will produce along with La Scala. Marius Haugan will executive produce.


text:
Property taxes late; California county has to borrow
For the first time since the mid-1990s, Merced County has borrowed money to deal with soaring property tax delinquency rates.
In yet another sign that fallout from the foreclosure crisis is still far from over, about one in 12 Merced County landowners failed to pay tax bills this fiscal year.
That means about $20.4 million in property taxes — or about 8.3 percent of what the county billed -- are now past due.
As a result, the county has had to borrow about $5 million to make payments to school districts, cities and other agencies to which it hands down property tax revenue, according to the county auditor's office.
"I've never seen a situation like this -- a situation with so many delinquencies," said county treasurer-tax collector Karen Adams. "No one here has. We're trying to ease through it as best we can, but there's no question that we're in trouble."
Read the complete story at mercedsunstar.com


text:
Pedalsport's Bike-Fit service combines science, our expert knowledge and your feedback to help you get the most from your cycling by making you both comfortable and efficient when riding your bike.
Any cyclist can benefit from a proper bike fit and here's why:
- Improved efficiency: Poor fit and/or posture wastes power.
- Better comfort: Cycling should be fun and enjoyable. Pain or discomfort often come from a poor position on your bike.
- Look after your engine: Your body powers your cycling, so treat it carefully. Poor bike fit can easily lead to injuries.
What does it involve? Visit our purpose built bike-fit room where you will experience an interview followed by a dynamic bike fit using the Giant PowerFit system. Our trained fitter will deliver your bike-fit, which includes power measuring, video analysis and the practical application of our analysis with you and your current bike. Altogether, this takes approximately three hours.
How much does it cost? There are two price options, both equally comprehensive, costing wither £150 or £200 if you include a pair of Sidas custom insoles*.
How do I book? All bike-fits are by appointment only – please call us on 01422 361460, email email@example.com or call into the shop to book your bike-fit.
About PowerFit: Developed by Giant and Wattbike in conjunction with leading sports scientists, PowerFit is based on biomechanic principles and delivers tangible, objective results proven through Wattbike pedalling force and efficiency analysis. PowerFit sessions consider individuals cycling disciplines, injury history, pain during cycling and performance goals to deliver an optimised position. The practical session includes assessment of current pedalling technique and force using Wattbikes proprietary Polar View Technology, with a comparative assessment following set-up and position adjustments to demonstrate improvements. Analysis of the force applied to the left and right pedals means we can help you achieve a well-balanced, smooth, strong pedal stroke to deliver optimum power and efficiency.
*Sidas custom footbeds: Foot support and stability is a major factor in creating an optimal position on the bike. A poorly supported foot can be uncomfortable plus produce significant knock-on effects at the knee and hip, reducing efficiency and increasing the risk of injury. Sidas custom footbeds create a comfortable, stable and powerful interface between you and your bike. We create a unique footbed made specifically for your foot.
Junior Bike-Fit – our specially adapted bike-fit aimed at young riders (under-18), with a more educational purpose and taking less than an hour.
- Junior Bike Fit Price: £60
- Age: Under-18 only. Minimum age 12 years.
Bike Fit Replication – get your second, third etc bikes set up exactly the same as your first bike with this special and very precise service.
Testimonials – What our customers think!
"Opened my eyes a great deal, I have been out on my bike only a steady ride as you suggested. Felt strange at first but after the first couple of miles was feeling extremely comfortable, especially climbing. I'm so much more relaxed now I'm not having to stretch to the hoods. I even took a whole minute off my PB time up my local hill, wasn't even thinking about it either was simply riding!" MC
"I enjoyed the session, made me focus on a few personal goals as well. The difference was really surprising, I was able to up the cadence by 10 to 15 and had no build up of lactic in my thighs. I even managed the 1:4 up to my home in Haworth for the first time in a long while! Always felt over the pedals and could concentrate on a smooth pedaling action. I also had better balance and stillness in my upper body." KH


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My husband and I have been married for 2 years and we have been together for 4. He has depression and in the past it really hurt and killed my self- esteem because he didn't touch me for months. The problem now is that I don't know how to go back to being self confident and starting sex. I don´t feel sexy or desired anymore. I used to love being kinky but he´s not kinky at all, he´s never been, at least not with me. I know he was kinky with his ex wife and now I feel very insecure about myself in front of him.
I didn't understand his illness at first. Now I do understand him better, but still it's hard because, when he's down, he's gone and totally out of himself. I try and I do understand it more, but I don´t really know how to help him or help myself a little more. Also, other issues are involved such as, our realtionship hasn't been easy due to external circumstances. I was kicked out of the country for overstaying my visa and when that hapened I realized I was pregnant and I had to have an abortion. So living abroad currently wasn't his choice. He says he likes it but I don't think he´s totally happy.
So knowing all this, I know I have to do something. I read and research about depression and marriage and try to do what the experts recommend. But, how can you help someone, when they don´t want to help themselves and don't try? He´s been dealing with depression his whole life and his ex wife, whom he lived with for 2 years with, is bipolar and was diagnosed with borderline personality dissorder. So life with her was "hell," he assures me. I think that has had left him exhausted and hurting.
We also have some habits that don't help. For example we are 420 friendly (marijuana) and he shouldn't smoke it because getting depressed is a side effect. Also, he should be taking anti depressant meds but he quit because we had serious financial trouble and we can't afford it right now. Yet, he tried generic meds but they didn't really do much. So I really need your help. How can I help him and how can I help myself?? I love him and I know for a fact that he loves me. He´s really tender, helpfull at home and loving. But, I need more from him.
Please, any suggestions in how to handle this would be appreciated. I want to save my marriage. And I kind of need some expert opinion about my specific case.


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Currently I'm taking a break from work. Well not really, I do have to be in and out of the office when there is a need to but 1 thing for sure is I will have more rest time for myself and I shall cherish this 2 weeks of rest. Gonna make good use of the time to finally update whatever that is to be updated.
So look out for my Halloween Horror Nights 4 review coming soon. Its a great event and its getting better and better every year.
Oh and by the way, apart from that I am so in love with some of the bear collection from Build-a-bear. I'm thinking of buying the Hearts and hugs bear but currently my house have 4 build a bear. 2 from me, 1 from my sister and 1 from my brother. Not really sure is i should get it.
Why you so cute???


text:
This soccer constitution that is the Laws of the Game now holds 17 specific key points that determine the rules of soccer. Many of those deal with the field, the match officials, the ball, and uniforms. The rest of the rules control the details of the play on the field. We will focus on the rules related to play.
Click on the link for current US Youth Soccer Laws of the Game
Trebol Soccer Club
1021 E. South Boulder Road, Suite MLouisville, Colorado 80027
Phone: 720-876-2237
Email: [email protected]


text: 200MB of data to surf the Web, send email, access social networks, and more. Includes unlimited Wi-Fi access at more than 26,000 AT&T Wi-Fi Hot Spots. If 200MB is exceeded during your monthly billing period, an additional 200MB is automatically provided at a rate of $15 per additional 200MB. For more details on Data Plans, go to


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When I first began planting daylillies I had no idea of all of the various bloom times, reblooming, petal types, etc. I learned the hard way with all of my daylillies blooming within a few weeks of each other, and then it was over.
I am beginning to organize my daylillies in regard to bloom time, trying to have some blooming at all times during the zone 5 growing time. There are very extra early varieties like Eileen Clymer (which I planted in the fall) and Happy Returns which blooms in my raised bed each year, not as great reblooming for me.
Miss Amelia, Mary Todd and Chicago Weathermaster and Red Rum are all earlier bloomers in my garden.
I have Midseason blooming varieties like Chicago Apache, Chicago Rosy, Arnies Choice, Ice Carnival, Dark Ruby and Hyperion.
I have some later season blooms and some new ones that I planted last fall in my front garden bright oranges and yellow.
For a small property, I have a lot of daylillies but they work well because they bloom and then can be cut back to grow new foliage. I have some stands of daylillies that are up front but I think they are most effective when planted with perennials or annuals in front of them. They are not pretty when they are done blooming and need to be cut back the the ground so that fresh foliage can grow.
These are the new plantings from last fall, and I can see that I have an abundance of mid-season bloomers. So if I add anymore they should be in the extra early and late categories.


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Like a Prayer - Madonna
Like a PrayerLike a Prayer pop 80s Madonna dance female vocalists
"Like a Prayer" is the first single by American singer-songwriter Madonna from her 4th studio album, Like a Prayer. It was released on February 28, 1989 by Sire Records. A power pop song by Madonna, it notably features a gospel choir. In Japan and Australia, a mini-album titled Remixed Prayers was released, which included remixes of the title track and also "Express Yourself". It later appeared remixed on the 1990 compilation album The Immaculate Collection. Song information "Like a Prayer" became one of Madonna's highest-selling singles in her career, selling over five million copies worldwide at the time of its release. The single version of "Like a Prayer" (7" remix) is slightly different from the album version in some extra background production, including a shorter and heavier guitar intro, louder bass, string arrangements in the verses and electric guitar at the song's climax. In addition, the album version features bass guitar played by Randy Jackson, the 7" version has a much more complex part created and played by Guy Pratt, doubled by an analogue Minimoog bass synthesizer. Several of the versions of "Like a Prayer", excluding that on the album, were included on Remixed Prayers. "Like a Prayer" was also remixed as a dance song by Shep Pettibone for Madonna's 1990 compilation album The Immaculate Collection. The remix became almost as popular as the original version, though is often not as highly regarded by critics and fans alike. In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their Top 20 Madonna singles of all-time by Q-Magazine. "Like a Prayer" was allocated the Number 1 spot. The song was ranked #300 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list. Artwork The cover artwork for the 7" single featured Madonna in a praying pose. The 12" artwork featured a painting by Madonna's brother Christopher of a classic (Catholic) naked Madonna wearing a halo and draped in a vine of thorns with a single blossoming flower. Of special note on this painted version of the cover - it features the letters MLVC (Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone) with a prominently "fallen" letter P near the heart of the Madonna, indicating Madonna's recent divorce and distancing from husband Sean Penn. The UK and Germany also released a 2nd 12" in a mustard yellow colour version of the original 12" sleeve featuring three remixes including the Churchapella Mix. The 7" single features a unique version of the famous black & white photo (also found on the back cover of the album of the same same.) This 7" cover version has a "hand tinted" colour wash applied which gives the artwork a dream-like quality. The same photograph in monochrome was used in shops in poster format to promote both the album and the single. Of special note, it is extremely rare for a 12" copy of a single to bear significantly if not altogether different artwork from its 7" counterpart. The original 3" CD single of the song was released with the original 7" artwork and is now quite rare and collectable. The two 5" reissue CDs of the song from the mid 90s feature the original 12" artwork plus an additional version with different mixes which has the background of the artwork altered to a mustard yellow color. The 12" Limited Edition Picture Disc of the release features a photograph of Madonna wearing jeans with a purple sheer blouse; she has straight dark hair and is posed in the throes of uninhibited dance. The reverse features a faded purple tinged photo of the original 7" with an overwritten tracklist. A maxi "Cassingle" was also issued featuring original "praying pose" artwork. Chart performance "Like a Prayer" was a massive hit worldwide. In the U.S. the song went straight to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 in spring 1989 and also topped the Hot Dance Music/Club Play and Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales charts. It peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. It was released in the UK on 6 March 1989 and entered the UK Singles Chart straight at #2 before climbing to #1 and remaining there for three weeks until Easter Sunday (26 March). It also reached number one in countries such as Australia, Canada, Italy, Belgium, Ireland and many others. "Like a Prayer" was Madonna's fifth number one single on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles chart, reaching the top on March 25, 1989, and staying at number one for 12 weeks. Music video The highly controversial music video for the song was directed by Mary Lambert, who also directed "Borderline", "Like a Virgin", "Material Girl" and "La Isla Bonita". It was shot at Raleigh Studios in Hollywood, California and Madonna's scenes with burning crosses were filmed on San Pedro Hills in San Pedro, California. The video featured actor Leon Robinson and premiered on MTV on March 3, 1989, and later went on to win the Viewer's Choice Award at the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards. It attracted criticism for its subplot of Madonna making love to Saint Martin de Porres - which some perceived as being a black version of Christ -, its use of Catholic iconography, including a scene where Madonna developed stigmata, and cross burning. The video topped MTV's countdown of "100 Videos That Broke The Rules" in 2005, and for the 25th anniversary of MTV (August 1, 2006), viewers voted the video as the "Most Groundbreaking Music Video of All Time". In addition, the video was ranked #20 on Rolling Stone magazine's "The 100 Top Music Videos" and #2 on VH1's 100 Greatest Videos. On November 27, 2007 Fuse named "Like a Prayer" as one of its ten "Videos That Rocked The World". Pepsi commercial controversy Madonna was paid $5 million by Pepsi-Cola to appear in a commercial that would predominantly feature the world premiere of "Like a Prayer". The commercial, titled "Make a Wish", was filmed at Culver Studios in Culver City, California in late January 1989 and was directed by Joe Pytka. Depicting Madonna drinking Pepsi and watching a home video of her eighth birthday[7], the tone that the commercial sought to convey sharply contrasted with the official music video for the song. When Pepsi executives saw the completed video, they quickly yanked the advertisement after only two airings in an attempt to dissociate themselves from the controversy Madonna had created. (The two-minute commercial was shown just once on March 2, 1989 during The Cosby Show, and, in the UK, after much publicity, on March 2 during a commercial break on ITV 12 minutes into The Bill.) Though her contract with Pepsi called for three future commercials, Madonna got to keep her five-million-dollar endorsement fee, without fulfilling her contractual obligations. When Madonna won the Viewer's Choice Award for "Like a Prayer" video at the MTV Video Music Awards in September 1989, in her acceptance speech she thanked Pepsi-Cola "for causing so much controversy!". During an MTV interview with Kurt Loder entitled "Breakfast with Madonna" in 1990, Loder asked Madonna about the "brouhaha" surrounding her own video for the song and Pepsi's reaction to it. Madonna said, "[Pepsi's spokespeople] said they just didn't like it."
Madonna Louise Ciccone (born on 16 August 1958 in Bay City, Michigan, United States), known simply as Madonna, is a recording artist, entrepreneur and occasional actress, often referred to as The Queen of Pop. Throughout her career, many of her songs have hit number one on international music charts, including Like a Virgin, Papa Don't Preach, Like a Prayer, Vogue, Frozen, Music, Hung Up, and 4 Minutes (feat. Justin Timberlake & Timbaland). Madonna Show more ...
I hear you call my name
And it feels like home
When you call my name it s like a little prayer
I m down on my knees, I wanna take you there
In the midnight hour I can feel your power
Just like a prayer you know I ll take you there
I hear your voice, it s like an angel sighing
I have no choice, I hear your voice
Feels like flying
I close my eyes, Oh God I think I m falling
Out of the sky, I close my eyes
Heaven help me
Like a child you whisper softly to me
You re in control just like a child
Now I m dancing
It s like a dream, no end and no beginning
You re here with me, it s like a dream
Let the choir sing
Just like a prayer, your voice can take me there
Just like a muse to me, you are a mystery
Just like a dream, you are not what you seem
Just like a prayer, no choice your voice can take me there
Just like a prayer, I ll take you there
It s like a dream to me


text:
This funny coffee mug makes the perfect Photographer gift. This listing is for 1 " I want to shoot you" Premium 11 oz Ceramic Coffee Mug. Amaze your favorite photographer with a special and funny gift that they will cherish for years to come. Why give a card when you can give a mug?
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text:
Understanding how farmers make decisions, not just what decisions they make, can improve our communication with farmers and our ability to provide relevant information that builds upon their existing knowledge, perceptions, and values. Sarah Zwickle and Marleen Riemens will discuss their research on organic farmers' weed management beliefs, perceptions and behaviors, and how it can contribute to our research and extension efforts with organic farmers. This webinar was recorded on November 13, 2012.
Slides from the webinar as a pdf handout
Sarah Zwickle is a research assistant in the School of Environment and Natural Resources at the Ohio State University. Her master's research on the weed management decision-making process of organic farmers has served as the foundation for the extension and outreach efforts of the OREI project "Mental Models and Participatory Research to Redesign Extension Programming for Organic Weed Management".
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- Research article
- Open Access
Residue propensities, discrimination and binding site prediction of adenine and guanine phosphates
- Ahmad Firoz1,
- Adeel Malik1Email author,
- Karl H Joplin2,
- Zulfiqar Ahmad3,
- Vivekanand Jha1, 4 and
- Shandar Ahmad5Email author
© Firoz et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
- Received: 2 June 2010
- Accepted: 13 May 2011
- Published: 13 May 2011
Adenine and guanine phosphates are involved in a number of biological processes such as cell signaling, metabolism and enzymatic cofactor functions. Binding sites in proteins for these ligands are often detected by looking for a previously known motif by alignment based search. This is likely to miss those where a similar binding site has not been previously characterized and when the binding sites do not follow the rule described by predefined motif. Also, it is intriguing how proteins select between adenine and guanine derivative with high specificity.
Residue preferences for AMP, GMP, ADP, GDP, ATP and GTP have been investigated in details with additional comparison with cyclic variants cAMP and cGMP. We also attempt to predict residues interacting with these nucleotides using information derived from local sequence and evolutionary profiles. Results indicate that subtle differences exist between single residue preferences for specific nucleotides and taking neighbor environment and evolutionary context into account, successful models of their binding site prediction can be developed.
In this work, we explore how single amino acid propensities for these nucleotides play a role in the affinity and specificity of this set of nucleotides. This is expected to be helpful in identifying novel binding sites for adenine and guanine phosphates, especially when a known binding motif is not detectable.
- Support Vector Machine
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Prediction Performance
- Support Vector Regression Model
A typical problem of biochemical discrimination between ATP and ADP appears in the case of ATP synthesis, where the question is how does the enzyme bind hydrolyzed version of ATP (i.e. ADP plus orthophosphate HPO5, also called Pi), rather than ATP itself, into catalytic sites? In active cells, the cytoplasmic concentrations of ATP and Pi are approximately in the 2-5 mM range whereas that of ADP is at least 10-50-fold lower. Equilibrium binding assays have established that both ADP and ATP bind to catalytic sites of purified F1 and detergent solubilized F1Fo with relatively similar binding affinities (here F1 and Fo respectively refer to the catalytic and proton-translocating subunits of ATP synthase) [12, 13]. Obviously, the enzyme must have evolved a specific mechanism for selectively binding ADP into catalytic sites while contemporaneously discouraging access of ATP during proton driven rotation and ATP synthesis. One hypothesis is that during ATP synthesis, proton gradient-driven rotation of subunits drives an empty catalytic site to bind Pi tightly, thus stereochemically precluding ATP binding and therefore selectively favoring ADP binding [14]. Thus, the fundamental unknown, "what is the molecular basis of the ability to bind ADP at catalytic sites of ATP synthase during ATP synthesis, in the face of a seemingly prohibitive [ATP/ADP] ratio," was solved by modifying the assay originally devised by Perez et al [15] in which the protection afforded by Pi against inhibition of ATPase activity, induced by covalent reaction of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1, 3,-diazol (NBD-Cl) with βY297, provides the measure of Pi binding. Their original work used mitochondrial inner membrane preparations; the successful application of the modified version of assay to both purified F1 and plasma membrane vesicle preparations from E. coli, resulted in identification of five Pi binding residues namely βArg-246, αArg-376, βLys-155, βArg-182, and αSer-347, and three non Pi binding residues namely, βAsn-243, αPhe-291, and αGly-351 [13, 16–22].
ATP-binding sites have been typically identified by locating motifs in sequence and amongst them P-loop motif has been by far the most widely studied one [23–26]. Such motifs can be identified by sequence comparison; although the exact spacing between glycine residues implicated in these motifs is not always constant which may cause problems in identifying these motifs in novel proteins. However, the P-loop is not the only motif associated with ATP-binding so a motif based approach will not always work. It will obviously fail in cases where a binding site is not related to conserved motifs. Moreover the mere discovery of a motif does not help in understanding residue-wise interactions of proteins with ATP or its guanine analogues. Contribution of individual residues to the affinity of interactions cannot be inferred from such analysis.
A number of computational methods have been developed to identify ligand-binding sites in proteins at the residue level, using statistical and machine learning approaches where protein sequence information is the primary input for a prediction model [27–30]. In particular, models have been developed for DNA-binding and carbohydrate binding sites [27–31]. In regards to nucleotides, Saito et al. [31] used empirical scores for predicting nucleotide binding proteins which could successfully predict ATP binding sites. Recently, Chauhan et al., employed SVM to predict the ATP binding residues in ATP binding proteins using amino acid sequence and their evolutionary profiles [32]. In this work, we have developed support vector machine (SVM) based regression models for predictive and comparative analysis of adenine and guanine nucleotide binding sites in proteins. The analysis starts with the amino acid propensities for adenine and guanine phosphates which are then used to identify, which residues discriminate these similarly looking ligands. Then, machine learning methods are used to predict these binding sites directly from sequence data. Finally, the model trained on binding sites of adenine nucleotides is used to predict binding sites on guanine nucleotides and then to use these prediction strategies to discriminate between adenine and guanine recognition. Results of this study are likely to be helpful in annotating new proteins, their functional regions and select mutagenesis targets for a variety of molecular interactions.
Data sets
Adenine and Guanine phosphates in Protein Data Bank, considered in this study
Full name
HET name
PDB entries
Unique PDB entries
Number of BS
Number of NBS
Cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate
Cyclic guanosine mono-phosphate
Adenosine mono-phosphate
Adenosine di-phosphate
Adenosine tri-phosphate
Guanosine 5'-mono-phosphate
Guanosine 5'-di-phosphate
Guanosine 5'-triphosphate
Binding site
Residues in the selected proteins are labeled as binding and non-binding if any atom from that residue comes within 4.5Å distance with any atom of the nucleotide, when overall propensity values are considered. Atoms are grouped into main chain, side chain etc, for more detailed propensity calculations.
Calculation of error bars
Multiple pseudo-copies of the entire data sets (for example all ATP-binding proteins) are created by successively and randomly picking up proteins one-by-one after replacement from the entire list (for example all ATP-binding proteins) until the total number becomes equal to the original data set. In this way, some proteins appear more than once whereas others are not selected at all. For each pseudo-copy of the data, propensity scores are computed and the standard deviation of these values is used as the error bar for each of the 20 amino acids. For the current study 500 copies of data were made for each category.
Prediction method
All predictions are made using a five residue window composed of a row from position specific substitution matrix (PSSM) for each residue, resulting in a 21 × 5 = 105 dimensional input vector for each residue (20 dimensions for the identity of a residue and 21st dimension for terminal position). Target sequences were scanned against the Non-redundant (NR) database of NCBI to compile a set of alignment profiles or position specific scoring matrices (PSSMs) using Position Specific Iterative BLAST (PSI BLAST) program [33]. Three cycles of PSI-BLAST were run for each protein and the scores were saved as profile matrices (PSSMs).
A sliding window is used to obtain predictions for all residues in a protein. The 105-dimensional vector inputs are trained using a Support Vector Regression model with default parameters as implemented in e1071 package of R programming environment (http://www.r-project.org). After trying a few runs with other kernels, we observed that Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel performs the best. Thus all models used RBF kernel with default parameters. Target vectors consisted of one dimension, whose value corresponds to its binding state at a position (1 corresponding to binding, 0 otherwise). Entire data is trained using a Jackknife leave-one-protein-out procedure i.e. one protein is left out of the training set and SVM is trained for the remaining data. After the model is ready, the performance is tested on the left-out-protein. Finally reported values are the average over the proteins left out in each cycle, one after the other spanning an entire data set. This ensures that the reported performance represents true performance on blind data sets. However, when testing performance of models trained on data set of one ligand over the data sets of another ligand, performance of an SVM is also tested on the data on which it was trained (this includes all the data corresponding to that ligand). In most cases this score reaches 100% because SVM was able to over-learn and achieve a perfect separation on training examples. Apart from the SVM, we also tested the performance on neural network models trained using SNNS package [34]. However, SVM performance was found to be much better and no neural network results are discussed in this manuscript.
Performance measure
AUC and F-measure, along with the precision and recall at the best F-measure are included in the prediction results.
Results and discussion
Four types of computations are performed in this work; (1) Residue propensities within adenine phosphates (2) Residue propensities within guanine phosphates (3) Comparison between adenine and guanine phosphate propensities and (4) Prediction performance for adenine and guanine phosphates and mutual similarity in prediction models. Results from these four analyses are presented and discussed in the following:
Residue propensities within Adenine phosphates
- 1.
Gly is the most abundant residue in all three cases. Role of Gly in forming ATP-binding P-loop is well known [35–37] and it is not surprising that this residue has the highest binding propensity to all three phosphates of adenine. It would be interesting to see, if there are any differences between the propensities of residues for the three phosphates.
- 2.
In general residue propensities in three phosphates of adenine are very similar and hence the same binding sites are likely to recognize all three types, at least as far as single residue recognition goes. However, subtle differences do exist. Most prominent among them is the case of His residues, which have a higher propensity for AMP compared to ADP and ATP (Figure 2a). This is probably because His forms stacking interactions with adenine, which are facilitated by smaller phosphate tail (less hindrance). This hypothesis is supported by the fact that main chain contact propensities of His are quite low and hence the major contribution comes from its side chain. Further phosphate contact propensities of His side chain are also quite low, which is consistent with the above argument, as no stacking interaction is possible between His side chain and phosphate atoms. On the other hand Gly has a smaller propensity for AMP, probably because of the absence of a side chain, requiring longer tail in the nucleotide for interaction and hence forming fewer contacts with the nucleotide with the smallest phosphate tail. Again, in the absence of a side chain in Gly, all propensity comes from the main chain contacts and the overall preference of ATP contacts over AMP and ADP is retained (in comparison to main chain contacts of other residues).
Residue propensities within Guanine phosphates
- 1.
Residue propensities in guanine nucleotides have a distribution quite different from adenine phosphates (discussed in previous section). Most notable feature is that the difference between mono-, di- and triphosphates is much more prominent in guanine phosphates compared to adenine phosphates, as we see the propensity values for each residue type have different values for different phosphates.
- 2.
At the atomic level His residues have been shown to have a preference for guanine, which is also confirmed by our analysis [38, 39]. We also observe that His propensity for monophosphate is higher than di- and triphosphates, which is similar to the pattern in Adenine phosphates and could be due to the same reasons i.e. convenience of stacking interactions between imidazole rings of His and Guanine [40].
- 3.
Tyrosine and Tryptophan propensities are the highest for GMP, and quite low for GDP and GTP, which together with His propensity values suggests that interactions between ring structures of Tyr, His and Trp are primary contacts between these residues and GMP, which are seriously impaired by the presence of long phosphate chain and hence do not occur in the case of GDP and GTP. This is also supported by strong differences between GMP and others in the case of side-chain-base contacts.
Comparison between Adenine and Guanine phosphate propensities
Cyclic phosphates of adenine and guanine
Comparison of propensity scores between cyclic and aliphatic adenine/guanine mono-phosphates
Correlation (R)
Within the cAMP and cGMP ligands, Trp residues continue to have a preference for guanine over adenine ligands, which is similar to what we observe in non-cyclic AMP and GMP (Figure 4a). However, His and Tyr residues, which have a higher GMP propensity than AMP, do not show that preference in cGMP over cAMP, highlighting a different mechanism of recognition in the case of these ligands. Interestingly, these two residues (His and Tyr) have a higher propensity for GMP than cGMP, which shows the significance of His and Tyr for interacting with GMP over any other guanine or adenine phosphate.
Comparison with previously reported results
Although, the number of proteins as well as list of adenine and guanine derivatives considered in the present work is larger than the most significant relevant study, it would be interesting to draw comparison between the two works, wherever possible. However, it may be stated at the outset that the previous study was undertaken several years ago and did not contain all the proteins whose structures have become available since then, and hence included in the current study. Despite this expansion, many results reported earlier have been found to be robust enough to be confirmed by the current work. For example, aliphatic hydrophobic residues are either neutral or under-represented in binding sites, whereas aromatic residues overcome hydrophobicity-driven exclusion, probably due to their stacking preferences with aromatic rings of adenine and guanine. Previous study showed that Cys is preferred by guanine and not by adenine [5], which is confirmed by the current study. In addition, we show that smaller phosphate chain (mono-phosphate in contrast to triphosphate) allows a higher Cys propensity than its longer counterparts in adenine phosphates, as revealed by the order of propensity for Cys being AMP > ADP > ATP whereas the trend is the opposite for guanine, in which longer chain derivatives are preferred. Preferences and propensity trends of Arg, Trp & His residues are also consistent in the two studies. Similarly, overall preferences of charged and polar residues are also confirmed [5]. All results relating to cyclic variants of these ligands as well as comparison between mono-, di- and triphosphate are exclusive for this current study and not reported earlier.
Prediction performance for adenine and guanine phosphates and mutual similarity in prediction models
A number of patterns are observed in the propensity data, which play a role in recognition of these ligands from other molecules as well as from one another. These propensity values are at a single residue scale and it is obvious that they are further constrained by structural and sequence neighbors in the actual binding sites. In this work, we focus on sequence-based predictions and therefore try to learn about the role of sequence neighbors in these interactions. To determine the extent to which neighbors influence interactions, we try to predict binding sites from sequence information for each ligand and monitor prediction performance. Subsequently, we try to see how far models trained on binding sites of one ligand can also predict binding sites of the other ligand. Ability of such trained models to make cross-predictions, would be a signal for their similarity and can be used to estimate the specificity of a pair of ligands as well as predict with some confidence binding sites of ligands for which sufficient training data was not available (e.g. cGMP).
Overall prediction performance, measured by area under the curve (AUC) of ROC plots for binding sites of various ligands considered in this study
Accuracy (%)
Sensitivity (%)
Specificity (%)
F-measure (%)
Cross-prediction prediction AUC (in%) of trained models, measured by using model trained for binding sites of one ligand to predict binding sites of the other ligands
Adenine and guanine phosphates recognize binding sites on proteins at a single residue level as well as complex sequence neighbor effects. Using evolutionary profiles of proteins, binding sites corresponding to these ligands can be predicted with good confidence, yet the predictability of binding sites of one of them in contrast to other remains a challenging problem. Although, encouraging results are obtained using current approach, more work is needed to improve performance of predicting specificity of various adenine and guanine phosphates with respect to one another.
The financial support from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, and Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, is gratefully acknowledged.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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A REFLECTION ON THE EARLY DAYS OF ARCHERY IN Malaysia:
Archery is relatively young compared to the more established sports in Malaysia. Through there is a lack of documentation, it was likely that the sports might have taken root in this country during the early 60's though the enthusiasm of a group of weekend archers who pursued it as a past time.
Make shift wooden stands were used them and target butts were homemade with cardboards held together by glue. The bows, arrows and the target faces were imported. But often, one had to be patient in waiting for them to arrive.
The early archers even faced hardships in getting a proper field for their weekend practices, which were normally held in school field through the generosities of some school principals. There were no proper trainers or coaches in the mid 60's. Camaraderie's were high. We all experimented with techniques and styles-learning from one and other, the juniors from the seniors. Hitting the 1000 points level was a great achievement and definitely called for celebrations.
At a later stage of development of the sports, archery clubs were set up mainly in Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Taiping. These clubs formed the backbones of the newly incorporated National Archery Association of Malaysia (NAAM). Some of the pioneer archery clubs were:
Kuala Lumpur :
The Armed Forces Archery Association
The Selangor Bowmen
The Subang Archery Club
Penang :
AABAC Archery Club
CRC Archery Club
Intel Archery Club
The Penang Port Commission Archery Club
The Penang Bowmen
Taiping :
CRC Archery Club
First NAAM President
o Tan Sri Dato' DR. Arshad Ayob
First NAAM Secretary General
o Mr. Ng Soon Hong
First Medal win in SEA Games
o Sukan SEA Kuala Lumpur 1977
- 3 Perak
- 4 Gangsa
§ Pemanah- pemanah pada waktu itu adalah Dr. Cheng Jun dan Sherryl NG
First Gold Medal win in SEA Games
o Sukan SEA Hanoi, Vietnam 2003
o Perseorangan – Muhamad Marbawi bin Sulaiman
o Berpasukan
· Muhamad Marbawi bin Sulaiman
· Cheng Chu Sian
· Amirullah Ahmad
· Shahmi Mohd Fahuzi
First Malaysia Archers Qualified to Olympic Games
o Mon Redee A/ P Sut Txi
First Team Qualified to Olympic Games
o Cheng Chu Sian
o Muhammad Marbawi Sulaiman
o Wan Khalmizam Wan Abd Aziz
Local Tournament History
- Kejohanan Memanah Kebangsaan – start 1978
- Kejohanan Memanah SUKMA – start 1992
- Kejohanan Memanah MASUM - start 1995
- Kejohanan Memanah MSSM – start 1996
- Kejohanan Memanah Sirkit Remaja Kebangssaan – start 1998
- Kejohanan Terbuka Negeri-Negeri
- Kejohanan Memanah Pelapis Kebangsaan – start 2008
Kejohanan Memanah Sirkit Kebangsaan –start 2009


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Results of the 2014/2015 Survey of UIC Academic Professional Staff
The results are available from a survey conducted by the Academic Professional Advisory Committee (APAC) of faculty members, academic professionals (AP), and civil service employees (CS) on the Chicago campus. A total of 1,362 individuals completed the survey. Respondents were given the opportunity to answer a standard set of questions related to the Job Analysis process and submit open-ended comments. For additional background on the Job Analysis project, a goal of which is to classify positions as either AP or CS, see https://www.hr.uic.edu/cms/One.aspx?portalId=2800&pageId=176242.
The UIC Survey Research Laboratory (SRL) assisted with the survey and issued invitations to a web-based questionnaire to UIC employees to obtain feedback about the JA process. Staff at SRL assisted in questionnaire development, programmed the Web survey instrument, managed the data collection process, and conducted data analysis.
The survey results highlight various concerns about the Job Analysis process. Following completion of the survey, APAC has opened regular communications with UIC's new HR leadership team and has suggested possible action items and policy recommendations. We expect that continued partnership with the campus administration will enable us to offer productive solutions to the concerns expressed by the UIC community.
Sponsorship was provided by Interim Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs and Provost, Eric Gislason, and Chancellor Michael Amiridis.
Results of the 2010/2011 Survey of UIC Academic Professional Staff


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Meet Ariel
Ariel is a proud native of the great state of New Jersey where she spends an inordinate amount of time fending off jokes about her Jersey accent, Chris Christie and the infamous show Jersey Shore which aired a few years back on MTV. She studied Creative Writing at the University of Southern California and eventually became a Los Angeles transplant, where she remains today. Ariel has written professionally in the areas of law, medicine, pharmaceuticals, real estate, mortgage, education, art, and others. We are proud to have her on the Limelight copywriting team! Over the past few years, Ariel has drafted content on topics ranging from laser spinal surgery, to the Hawaiian real estate market, to motorcycle financing law and beyond. When she's not learning a new, obscure topic for an article or creating beautiful newsletters that put our clients in the limelight, she spends her time hiking the hills of East L.A., furniture hunting, and visiting her niece, Adelaide, in Denver.


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Now is the time to reserve your Community Supported Art Share for 2015!
The first artist-hosted event is coming up in mid-May. As these events are exclusively for shareholders, you won't want to miss this opportunity! Michael Forsberg will host an evening at his gallery in the Haymarket. Jackie Allen and Hans Sturm will perform, including the song that they are composing and recording for CSArt shareholders. An excellent way to start the current CSArt season! For a full line up of this season's artists and to buy your art share, Click here!
Click here to view 2015 CSArt overview


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Drag in flight is of two basic types: parasite drag and induced drag. The first is called parasite because it in no way functions to aid flight while the second is induced or created as a result of the wing developing lift.
Parasite drag is composed of two basic elements: form drag, resulting from the disruption of the streamline flow; and the resistance of skin friction.
Of the two components of parasite drag, form drag is the easier to reduce when designing an airplane. In general, a more streamlined object produces the best form to reduce parasite drag.
Skin friction is the type of parasite drag that is most difficult to reduce. No surface is perfectly smooth. Even machined surfaces, when inspected through magnification, have a ragged, uneven appearance. This rough surface will deflect the streamlines of air on the surface, causing resistance to smooth airflow. Skin friction can be minimized by employing a glossy, flat finish to surfaces, and by eliminating protruding rivet heads, roughness, and other irregularities.
Another element must be added to the consideration of parasite drag when designing an airplane. This drag combines the effects of form drag and skin friction and is called interference drag. If we place two objects adjacent to one another the resulting turbulence produced may be 50 to 200 percent greater than the parts tested separately.
The three elements, form drag, skin friction, and interference drag, are all computed to determine parasite drag on an airplane.
Shape of an object is a big factor in parasite drag. However, indicated airspeed is an equally important factor when speaking of parasite drag. The profile drag of a streamlined object held in a fixed position relative to the airflow increases approximately as the square of the velocity; thus, doubling the airspeed increases the drag four times, and tripling the airspeed increases the drag nine times. This relationship, however, holds good only at comparatively low subsonic speeds. At some higher airspeeds the rate at which profile drag has been increased with speed suddenly begins to increase more rapidly.
The second basic type of drag is induced drag. It is an
established physical fact that no system which does work in the mechanical
sense can be 100% efficient. This means that whatever the nature of the
system, the required work is obtained at the expense of certain additional
work that is dissipated or lost in the system. The more efficient the system
the smaller this loss.
In level flight the aerodynamic properties of the wing produce a required lift, but this can be obtained only at the expense of a certain penalty. The name given to this penalty is induced drag. Induced drag is inherent whenever a wing is producing lift and, in fact, this type of drag is inseparable from the production of lift. Consequently, it is always present if lift is produced.
|The wing produces the lift force by making use of the energy of the
free airstream. Whenever the wing is producing lift we have seen that the
pressure on the lower surface of the wing is greater than that on the upper
surface. As a result, the air tends to flow from the high pressure area
below the wingtip upward to the low pressure area above the wing. In the
vicinity of the wingtips there is a tendency for these pressures to equalize,
resulting in a lateral flow outward from the underside to the upper surface
of the wing. This lateral flow imparts a rotational velocity to the air
at the wingtips and trails behind the wing. Therefore, flow about the wingtips
will be in the form of two vortices trailing behind as the wings move on.
When the airplane is viewed from the tail, these vortices will circulate counterclockwise about the right wingtip and clockwise about the left wingtip (Fig. 17-17). Bearing in mind the direction of rotation of these vortices, it can be seen that they induce an upward flow of air beyond the wingtip, and a downwash flow behind the wing's trailing edge. This induced downwash has nothing in common with the downwash that is necessary to produce lift. It is, in fact, the source of induced drag. The greater the size and strength of the vortices and consequent downwash component on the net airflow over the wing, the greater the induced drag effect becomes.
This downwash over the top of the wing at the tip has the same effect as bending the lift vector rearward; therefore, the lift is slightly aft of perpendicular to the relative wind, creating a rearward lift component. This is induced drag.
| It should be remembered also that in order to create a greater
negative pressure on the top of the wing, the wing can be inclined to a
higher angle of attack; also, that if the angle of attack of an asymmetrical
wing were zero, there would be no pressure differential and consequently
no downwash component; therefore, no induced drag. In any case, as angle
of attack increases, induced drag increases proportionally.
To state this another way - the lower the airspeed the greater the angle of attack required to produce lift equal to the airplane's weight and consequently, the greater will be the induced drag. The amount of induced drag varies inversely as the square of the airspeed.
From the foregoing discussion we have seen that parasite drag increases as the square of the airspeed, and induced drag varies inversely as the square of the airspeed. It can be seen that as airspeed decreases to near the stalling speed the total drag becomes greater, due mainly to the sharp rise in induced drag. Similarly, as the airspeed reaches the terminal velocity of the airplane, the total drag again increases rapidly, due to the sharp increase of parasite drag. As we can see in Figure 17-18 at some given airspeed, total drag is at its maximum amount. This
|To understand the effect of lift and drag on an airplane in flight we must combine them and consider the lift/drag ratio. With the lift and drag data available for various airspeeds of the airplane in steady, unaccelerated flight, the proportions of CL (Coefficient of Lift) and CD (Coefficient of Drag) can be calculated for each specific angle of attack. The resulting plot for lift/drag ratio with angle of attack shows that L/D increases to some maximum then decreases at the higher lift coefficients and angles of attack, as shown in Fig. 17-10. Note that the maximum lift/drag ratio, (L/D max) occurs at one specific angle of attack and lift coefficient. If the airplane is operated in steady flight at L/D
The configuration of an airplane has a great effect on
the lift/drag ratio. The high performance sailplane may have extremely
high lift/drag ratios. The supersonic fighter may have seemingly low lift/drag
ratios in subsonic flight, but the airplane configurations required for
supersonic flight (and high L/Ds at high Mach numbers) cause this situation.


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Rich tributes were paid to world's first woman cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova at a function, specially organised for school children, at the Russian Centre of Science and Culture (RCSC), jointly with the Science Popularisation Association of Communicators and Educators (SPACE) and Vigyan Prasar, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, on April 8, 2013.
The educational programme comprised a lecture-series on Valentina Tereshkova, evolution of Russian space science, space exploration in general and achievements of Indian space research.
Around 200 students, accompanied by their teachers, from the ASN Senior Secondary School (Mayur Vihar), Amity International School (Gurgaon, Vasudhara, and NOIDA), Hillwoods Academy (Preet Vihar), and Tagore International School (Vasant Vihar) were present at the function.
The presentation by Ms. Yelena Shtapkina, Deputy Director (Culture & Information), RCSC, specifically highlighted Valentina Tereshkova's biographical account as well as the inspiration to take up flying, which culminated into her space mission. In 1962, Valentina became one of the five candidates chosen for a year-long training and finally got selected to pilot the Vostok-6 spacecraft. Codenamed "Seagull", she orbited the Earth on June 16, 1963.
She headed the Soviet Women's Committee, and since 1994, held the position of the Head of the Russian Centre for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation. Retired from military forces as Aviation Major-General, since March 2012, she is the Deputy Chairperson of the Committee for International Affairs for the Russian State Duma. She has won numerous orders and medals of various countries, as well as the title of the Honorary Citizen of many cities of Russia, Belarus, Switzerland, France, Great Britain and Italy. She was named Hero of the Soviet Union and was twice awarded the Order of Lenin. Valentina Tereshkova has a crater on the far side of the Moon, named after her. Her presentation was followed by the screening of a short film on Valentina Tereshkova's space flight.
Throwing light on the landmark achievements of Russian space science, the presentation by Mr. Andrei Sakantsev, In-Charge of Science and Technology Section, RCSC, pinpointed the contributions of Tsiolkovsky, founder of modern cosmonautics, to rocket designs and space stations, Fridrich Tsander, who studied problems of inter-planetary travel, life support, etc., and Sergei Korolev, father of practical cosmonautics. Emphatic references were made on Russian north launch site, first launch of inter-continental ballistic missiles, launching of world's first artificial Earth satellite, finding of Star City, launching of world's first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin's space odyssey, etc. The presentation also included mission by the first man's venture out of spacecraft to outer space, mission to Moon, space probe Venera, world's first inter-planetary flight, soft-landing on Moon, first Soviet-American and Soviet-Indian space flight, Buran project's unmanned orbital spaceflight, creation of International Space Station MIR, etc. The presentation was followed by the screening of a short film on the historic space flight of Yuri Gagarin.
Dwelling upon the evolution of space science, Mr. C. B. Devgun, President, SPACE, made an emphatic appraisal of the systematic development of space probes undertaken by Russia and India. In his presentation, Mr. Devgun traced the landmark cosmic patterns with the help of geographic maps and diagrammatic facts and figures.
Infusing ardent interest in school children on the intrinsic aspects of space science, Dr. T. V. Venkateswaran, Scientist 'F', Vigyan Prasar, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, narrated the consistent efforts taken by Indian space scientists under the guidance of Dr. Vikran Sarabhai and other personalities in realising the achievements in communication and other spheres.
The event is part of the Festival "The Seagull" organized by the RCSC in March-June, 2013 to mark the 50th anniversary of the space mission by Valentina Tereshkova. The programme of the festival comprises lectures, film screenings, photo exhibitions and dance and painting competitions.


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I missed my bed. So, almost the whole day, natulog lang ako.
Sunday, I attended the 7 am service at Victory.
I heard this song and I downloaded it right away.
When I came back home, nag-general cleaning ako. Yung bahay namen masyadong maalikabukin. Kelangan mag-pagpag ng alikabok. Of course, Washington Day din.
My FIL sent me these pictures.
They had pizza-making activity.
That's it!


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Posted by Aaron (18.104.22.168) on July 01, 2002 at 10:05:18:
In Reply to: Likely series of events in Episode III posted by Damien Sorresso on June 30, 2002 at 15:52:33:
Ok, I'll add a couple things ...
First, somewhere along the line Palpatine will have to reveal himself to be Vader's father (GL didn't put in "I don't know who the father is" without a reason)
And, so as to completely use all previous ideas, we'll need a Wookie planet in there somewhere.
Finally, somewhere along the way Obi-wan will have to serve Bail Organa in the Clone Wars. I suspect that Obi-wan will discover that the chancellor is bad and he and some other of the Jedi will openly fight the Republic. This will give Palpi all the excuse he needs to outlaw the Jedi order. Dooku didn't let Sidious's position slip on accident.
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form security
now browsing by tag
Securing forms and URL data submissions.
Please see my article Vulnerabilities in forms and URL Parameters for more info on the vulnerabilities.
There are a few ways the data transmissions from forms and URL parameters can be made more secure. Some of these practices can be used, or all, for extra security. Below I've listed a few important guidelines and other tips that can be used to secure forms.
Golden Rule #1
Never rely on Javascript for error checking or to validate the content submitted. This is a poor mistake to make. Javascript is easily hackable because it is client-side script. This means that the processing of the code is carried out on the clients machine, the server-side script has no control over it. So a user can edit this code and change the way it processes data. This leads onto the next rule!


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Map of Nepal Tourist Attractions
Browse 943 attractions, meet 1,647 travelers, 3,114 tour guides and discover 4,320 photos
This map features 405 tourist attractions in Nepal. TouristLink also features a map of all the tourist attractions in Asia and has more detailed maps showing just tourist attractions in Kathmandu or those in Pokhara. Want more information? Check out this list of top ranking tourist attractions in Nepal
Check out our photos of "Tourist Attractions in Nepal." Click a photo of a tourist attraction to see its location on the map and find out more information. We have photos of all 405 tourist attractions around Nepal or add your own (Click here to browse them).


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Source: Articledashboard.com By: Arvind Khana