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Posture Evaluations, Part 1
By Jeffrey Tucker, DC, DACRB
Like you, I keep looking for better ways to help patients out of their ill-health predicaments. Specifically, I look for that deep meaning of what the person's musculoskeletal system is trying to say to me while I look at their posture.My hope is to fulfill their expectation of me to improve their life and condition. I've always felt that if I learned enough about posture and functional anatomy, then my question, "Why does this person have pain?" would be answered.
So much gets revealed to me through posture evaluations. Standing in front of us is a person - usually feeling pain, loss, fear and anger, and with or without acceptance of the distortions they have become. I understand; I have fear about losing my ability to be a recreational athlete and move around without pain. The loss of physical function terrifies me. Looking into the eyes of my patient while I begin to look at their posture creates a "real moment."
Observing someone walking is what we call gait analysis. Observing someone performing a squat or a lunge is observing functional anatomy. When I watch someone walk, I see it as the path they have taken in life. When I watch someone squat, I can write an entire corrective exercise program to improve their functional posture. My intention in this article series is to paint a picture of what posture can tell us about the muscle system. Think of this series as the Cliff's Notes for my version of Posture 101.
The most authentic journey of sharing in my chiropractic career occurred this past year. I had the privilege of teaching an entire postgraduate diplomate course in rehabilitation. My assignment was in San Jose, Calif., and gave me the opportunity to teach to one of the brightest groups of young doctors I have ever met. Most participants were certified in ART and many had other specialty certifications. I realized one thing that has not changed since I was in chiropractic college: how little doctors really understand posture evaluations! Let's take a look at just some of the things posture can tell you.
What Posture Can Tell You
Posture Evaluation Guides Treatment Decisions
When I went to chiropractic college in the early '80s, I was taught very little about static posture evaluation. I do remember being taught to measure the height of the iliac crests; a line across the occipital region and ear lobes; an imaginary line drawn across the tops of shoulders; and the inferior angle of the scapula. That was about the full extent of posture assessment. In my own development as a chiropractor, I took the postgraduate diplomate programs in rehabilitation and started to appreciate visual static anatomy, and later I learned functional anatomy.
Evaluation of static posture is meant to be a screening test. It gives us an initial impression of certain key muscle imbalances. We will still need to confirm these imbalances with other tests, such as functional movements. Advice about proper posture is central to treatment. Certainly the initial examination should include the posture assessment. I think every patient encounter is an opportunity to discuss and fine tune our client's posture. One of the most valuable pieces of advice is regarding sitting and lifting posture.
When performing a posture assessment, be as accurate as you can and keep chart notes to make your posture evaluation a reproducible measurement. Posture evaluations become an objective measurement that can drive treatment decisions. I perform posture evaluations on every visit because posture can reveal the need for specific muscle stretching, muscle strengthening requirements and orthotics. That's why I use posture as an outcomes assessment tool. Improving posture may decrease pain, enhance self-esteem, improve muscle control, improve performance, provide injury prevention, increase protection and "bracing" for the back, and provide a more stable center of gravity and a more stable platform for sports movements.
DeJarnette was certainly one of my earliest influences. He described excessive lateral sway in the static posture evaluation as a sacroiliac joint distortion and excessive P-A sway as a pelvis distortion. Byl in 1991 described excessive anterior-to-posterior body sway on an unstable surface or poor single-leg-standing balance as correlated with low back pain. Poor balance has been correlated with future LBP (Takala, 2000).
Patients intuitively understand the value of improved posture, and correcting posture allows them to be part of the recalibration and treatment process. Taking the time to practice posture evaluations has taught me insights of immense value in patient care. That's why this series starts with basic principles. In future articles, I will discuss normal alignment of the body and how the kinetic chain operates as an integrated functional unit.
Click here for more information about Jeffrey Tucker, DC, DACRB.


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First of all, this dog is 2 years old. He lives on the chain, in good shape,
about 50 lbs.. I've been rolling him since he was 16 months old. He's been
rolled about 5 times. He has a good bite, he's a strong wrestler and WELL-BRED. Now, I want you to understand that this is a "for instance". I've cleaned my dog up, worms, etc.. It takes about 20 to 30 days to put him at the weight
I think he should fight at. This depends on whether his fat is hard or soft.
About 5:00 in the afternoon, I give him 5 miles of road work. I keep the dog's pace at about 6 or 7 miles per hour beside the car, on about 25 feet of rope.
In this 5 miles of work, I windsprint him twice for about 50 yards. When I get back to the house, I put him in his condition house for about 45 minutes.
The water I give him is thoroughly boiled and cooled. I let him drink until
he lifts his head.
The food consists of ¼ lb. Lean ground meat, cooked about half done, 2 - 12 minute boiled eggs, 2 cups of All-Bran, 1 cocktail can of tomato juice. This is all he gets. I feed vitamins in this pre-keep----this is very important! I kill two birds with one stone. This pup has not been tested yet. The day that he comes to the weight I think he should fight at, I completely change his ration, for 7 days.
I give him about 2 lbs. of meat and 2 tea cups of Purina. I give him his last feeding the 6th day. What I'm trying to explain is, he does not get any food
or drink for about 18 to 24 hours before he's tested.
I put a big, rough dog, about 15 to 20 lbs. bigger on him for about 20 to 25 minutes. Then, I start scratching him. Now, you must remember that this dog has been in pre-keep and your big dog might get in trouble for air. If he does, I'd pick him up and put another rough one on him. You usually don't have to use the second dog, especially if your big dog has been pulled down to about 5 or 7 lbs. of his fighting weight. Some say I am too rough but this is a rough game.
Now your pup is ready to go to the Vet and get medication. I've always been lucky about having a good Vet that understands.
Take good care of him and he'll be ready to match in about 90 days. With good care and medication, it takes about 62 days for his blood to purify after a hard go. Remember, a dog from 13 to 18 lbs. over his fighting weight, doesn't have but about 7 minutes of air in him and damn sure can be stopped, especially if he is young. There has been many a fat dog called cur. Take good care of a good prospect. There's a lot of good dogs ruined every year by the owners drinking too much and rolling their dogs. It does not go together!
I have done this myself and messed up.
I am the third generation in the dog game. My grandfather got dogs from Ireland, from an uncle of his, long before I ever came. He told my father that the family of dogs he had were bred right and were all game. If they turned out bad, he'd blame it on their upbringing.
You young men, or not so young men, that are just starting, don't hesitate
to ask questions because most any older man in the dog game will help you. There's not many big secrets that are real, just good horse sense is the big secret! This was not written to cause controversy, just to help a beginner
that's interested in the game. ~Maurice B. Carver~


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A 250-year-old pear tree, voted England's Tree of the Year, is due to be felled to make way for the HS2 high-speed rail line. The ancient Cubbington Pear tree, in Warwickshire, is thought to be one of the oldest wild pear trees in the UK – planted in the time of King George III.
More than 10,000 votes were cast by members of the public in a contest organised by the Woodland Trust and supported by players of People's Postcode Lottery. Positioned at the top of a hill near South Cubbington Wood, just north of Royal Leamington Spa, it falls on the proposed phase 1 route of the HS2 line from London to Birmingham.
The Woodland Trust has called for the tree to be saved due to its impressive age, but HS2 officials have said that because of its hollow trunk, it will have to be felled with other trees planted nearby. A locally fought campaign has been fighting to save the tree
Peter Delow, chairman of the Cubbington Stop HS2 Action Group, nominated the tree for the award, said: "We asked people to vote for the Cubbington tree as a protest against its planned destruction, and clearly they did so in some numbers. It is most heartening that so many people care about the protection of our natural environment and agree with me that the loss of this tree is just not acceptable, particularly as it could be avoided by changing the design of HS2.
"More than thirty ancient woodlands are directly at risk from the first phase of HS2, yet it is stated government policy to avoid losses of ancient woodland and veteran trees. Our tree serves as a symbol for all that environmental destruction.
"I hope that the crowning of the Cubbington tree will allow us to remind the Government of the obligation that it owes to our natural environment, and I am very grateful to those who have given us this opportunity by voting for the Cubbington tree."
Llanarthne tree, at the National Botanic Garden of Wales, was voted the best tree in Wales, The Peace Tree in Belfast was voted Northern Ireland's Tree of the Year and The Suffragette Oak in Glasgow's Kelvingrove Park won Scottish Tree of the Year. Cubbington's pear tree was selected after securing more than a third of 10,000 votes.
Chief executive of the Woodland Trust, Beccy Speight, said: "Sadly many iconic trees do not have the levels of protection they deserve. And this contest highlights the need to ensure they survive for future generations to enjoy and memories to endure."
The government has said HS2 would deliver great benefits, including job creation and travel time reductions. The first phase of the £50bn project is set to be complete by 2033.
Ben Ruse, a spokesman for HS2, said to the BBC: "We have always recognised the significance of the tree and will do all we can to ensure that wild pear trees continue to be a feature of the countryside around Cubbington."


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Far away, across the waves and clouds, lies an untouched haven of nature, a monument of beauty and mystery. The Lighthouse Island, as it was called when it was first seen by mortal Sailors, is a massive atoll, a "ring island", you could call it a caldera of the oceans. Only this atoll not only exceeds the size of all previously known atolls, but also sports a name giving land mark, a pillar of white rock, towering high above the atoll and the ocean. It is a structure of titanic size and pristine beauty, shining brilliantly over the waves in light, and gleaming like a beacon at night.
This beautiful island world is home to many habitats and creatures, all but one can be found there. But that very one has taken a liking to this world, and seeks to make it a home, a home for Humans, a home on the Lighthouse Island, for god and king. You, brave adventurer, are part of the first wave of explorers and settlers, bushwhackers and hunters, the first humans to set foot upon this Pokemon sanctuary in the sea. Your task is to not only establish a safe and successful port town, but also to claim the island in the name of your country, for the sake of god and it's subjects.
Rough over view of the Lighthouse Island. Map by SinGin (Me)
To understand the unique feature that is Lighthouse Island, it is necessary to understand the creation of an atoll. In ancient past a volcano erupted on the ocean floor powerfully enough to build a mountain above the surface. In some cases this would create an island, but most are corroded away, ground to dust by currents and storms. As it slowly erodes away, the volcano provides a base for corals to attach to, a hint of a ring, the future atoll, can be seen at this stage. While wind and water still carry away the volcano, the corals grow in size, the ring widens while the lagoon in the center becomes deeper and larger. Eventually it will fill the whole center of the atoll. At some point the volcano has corroded back beneath the waves, but not without providing a piece of ground to grow for corals, which in turn provide a place for sand and dirt to gather. With the years the amount of dirt and sand is enough to form a beach at the top of the atoll, a true ring is now formed, and eventually palm trees will grow here, supported by the corals that grow on top of the sunken volcano.
What differentiates Lighthouse Island is the massive pillar of volcanic rock, testament of the raw power of the primordial eruption that has formed the island. The pillar is close to 8 miles in height, with a width of 9 miles at the sea level which tapers to a final width of approximately 2 miles. The whole atoll has been estimated to be about 50 or more miles in diameter, with the land part being just under 9 miles.


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For starters, yesterday was amazing. I was definitely in a mood. Like just in a bad fucking mood. A strange mixture of desperation, depression, and anxiety. My friend Sebastian was thankfully available to hang out and listen to me. I vented. I shared. We went to dinner in downtown Long Beach (my happiest of all places). Then we picked up Javi and we all watched The Avengers together with a few glasses of wine. 🙂 This morning I was feeling… recuperated from my bad mood.
And then on my drive to work… I was in the 2nd lane flanked by a big truck to my left. A car from the 3rd lane was getting awfully close and without turning signals, without so much as looking, decided to switch into my lane. And hit my car. But I had noticed the car getting closer… so just before the car hit me/switched lanes I sped up and got as close to the left lane as possible without hitting the big truck. But the dumbass car in the 3rd lane still hit my car on the passenger side and my car swerved but I braked. I immediately put my emergency signal and moved to the far right to either pull over or exit the freeway. I exited the freeway. The other car did not.
And now I'm once again battling between logic and emotion. Logically this will get taken care of, this will get fixed, this is just another one of life's many hardships. Emotionally, I just want to cry, and give up in one gigantic exasperated sigh. Cry and go under my covers. But I know LOGICALLY crying will change nothing. Giving up will not fix anything. And yet most people need some kind of emotional release even if it serves no logical function. But I'm utilitarian. If crying/feeling shitty serves no utility to me, why bother?
I'm just so fucking ANNOYED and ANGRY. These emotions are far more acceptable to me because they're not associated with weakness the way sadness/crying/whining/bitching are. I just cannot believe the other car didn't pull over yannoe? UGH. Why can't people just take responsibility for their fucking stupidity?
And speaking of low mental acquity… geezus christ. Why must there always be someone at work that just doesn't fucking…. get it?! It tests my patience day in and day out. It's like a test of life. I am confronted by the one thing that irritates the fucking life out of me… constantly. Why must this be ever-present in my life? Why can't people just… operate on a higher level, mentally? I know, I know. I'm a bitch for having such high expectations. But I mean christ, I expect my peers to be intelligent. I just can't stand it when people aren't all there. It makes me want to punch a wall.
And I know I can't change anything but myself. So why get so worked up over it right? I suppose it's because it negatively effects the quality of my work when other people fuck up. And the quality of MY work is held to the highest of all standards. MY work must be the very best it possibly can be insofar as it is in my capability to improve or produce.
I feel like punching a fucking wall right now. My mother told eeeeveryone in the family about my car accident this morning. I'm very reserved. And I'm reserved because it's the only way to keep my composure. But when everyone is asking me personal/emotional questions I cannot feign composure. I literally just had to step away right now because I was this close to losing my temper. And I was this close to punching a wall in the bathroom just now.
Breathe, Bri. Breathe. This week will pass. This month will pass. These moments will pass.


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Elia Kazan's Boomerang
Elia Kazan was one of Hollywood's greatest directors and also known as a bit a rat for giving out names in front of the House Un-American Activities Committee. One of the names he mentioned was John Garfield, whose career took a dive after the hearings. Oddly enough, Garfield stars in a movie called They Made Me a Criminal.
But enough of the dark side, there's a ton to admire about Elia Kazan, including s2 amazing Marlon Brando movies - On the Waterfront and A Streetcar Named Desire. But a few years before that, He made this gem about political corruption, money and the legal system titled Boomerang. It stars Dana Andrews, Lee J. Cobb, and Jane Wyatt. Also look closely for the writer Arthur Miller (Death of a Salesman, The Crucible) who appears in the line-up of suspects for a few seconds. He was also married to Marilyn Monroe, after Marilyn and Jolting Joe DiMaggio broke up.
If drama doesn't do it for you, try some comedy. Check out a new arrival from The Addams Family called Lurch's Grand Romance, where Lurch (Ted Cassidy) falls in love with Morticia's old school chum, Tina Trivia. Morticia, played by Carolyn Jones speaks a lot of French in this episode.
Labels: attorneys, corruption, Dana Andrews, Elia Kazan, justice system, lawyers, legal, legal dramas, politics, trial, watch free movies online


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What Are the Best Vitamins and Minerals to Take?
Eating well-balanced meals and snacks is important for staying healthy. According to the Dietary Guidelines for America 2005, you should be eating up to nine servings of fruits and vegetables a day. If your eating isn't well-rounded, a vitamin supplement isn't going to help much. Foods contain many beneficial substances that you just cannot get in pill form.
That said, there are certain groups of people who may need supplements:
|calcium, iron, folic acid
|calcium, iron, multi-vitamin / mineral
|multi-vitamin / mineral, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12
|calcium, vitamin D, iron, vitamin B12
|vitamin C
Almost anyone could potentially benefit from a vitamin and mineral supplement if their eating is less than optimal all the time. Your best bet is to pick one with no more than 100 to 150 percent of the daily value for the listed vitamins and minerals (there should be at least 20 listed). Make sure it contains 400 mg of folic acid and 400 IU of vitamin D. Men should choose a supplement without iron because they need less iron than women. Store-brand supplements are just as good as name-brand supplements, so compare before you buy. Try to choose a brand that has the USP seal on the package.
Vitamin C and E are two vitamins that are getting closer examination for people with diabetes. Both are antioxidants, i.e. substances that neutralize or inactivate free radicals. Free radicals are trouble-makers. They are unstable oxygen molecules that damage cells, which in turn can lead to diseases like cancer, heart disease and nerve disease. These free radicals are formed by pollution, ultraviolet light, X rays, and even one's own body metabolism. By neutralizing free radicals, it is believed that we can prevent some of the damage caused by these harmful molecules.
People with diabetes tend to have lower levels of vitamin C in their bodies, which may be due to higher blood glucose levels hampering the uptake of Vitamin C by cells. A 1995 study that gave 2,000 mg of vitamin C to people with type 2 diabetes showed an improvement in both blood glucose levels and lipid (cholesterol and triglyceride) levels. More research needs to be done, however. Also, more than 1,000 mg daily may cause kidney stones, diarrhea or other problems.
There is also some evidence that vitamin E may prevent heart disease, and may also play a role in preventing kidney and/or eye damage — all of which are problems for people with diabetes. However it's too early to make definite conclusions or to know what the right amount might be to get these beneficial effects. And a recent study concluded that taking more than 400 IU daily could be harmful. The recommended daily requirement for vitamin E is 30 IU, although the antioxidant properties of vitamin E seem to kick in at doses of at least 100 IU or more. Amounts greater than 800 IU may increase the risk of stroke in people with high blood pressure and may interfere with medication that prevents blood clots. If you choose to take vitamin E, take no more than 200 IU daily, and inform your healthcare provider.
Chromium, in the form of chromium picolinate, has received a lot of press over the past few years, thanks to claims that it can reduce body fat and build muscle, all without dieting. No good evidence exists that chromium is effective in weight loss; but several studies over the past 30 years have suggested that it may help improve blood glucose and lipid levels. Unfortunately, chromium is a trace vitamin, so it's hard to measure how much people take or how much we need. Fortunately, it is relatively safe. In fact, many healthcare providers routinely recommend chromium supplementation for their patients with diabetes, especially those with type 2. Don't take a chromium supplement without first discussing it with your healthcare team, and don't take more than 200 micrograms (mcg). Recommended dose is 50-200 mcg. Kidney damage and chromosome damage may occur in extremely high amounts.Good food sources of chromium include whole grains, bran cereals, seafood, green beans, nuts, peanut butter and potatoes.
See also:
How do I prevent complications from diabetes? Are complications inevitable?
What is a "Diabetic Diet?"
See our latest cookbooks and nutrition books at the Joslin Store.
Related Links
Page last updated: May 20, 2019


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Reliable at high temperatures, with shocks and vibrations
Steel is produced under the most difficult conditions - at high temperatures, as well as with shocks and vibrations. On the one hand, this requires a reliable process with the best possible quality management, on the other hand it requires top quality systems. We offer you optimal, internationally approved sensors, as well as corresponding network and connection technology.
Our BTL magnetostrictive linear position sensors wind up the metal coils with high precision. They guide the pressure roller as a function of the roll diameter for optimum steel strip bundles.
Our BTL magnetostrictive linear position sensor in IP69K ensures precise operation during hot or cold rolling: The linear position sensor maintains the set roll gap with high accuracy. It is vacuum-sealed and does not require any additional protection even when there is continuous water cooling of the rolling stand.
Our BTL magnetostrictive linear position sensors in the hydraulic cylinder guide and position the slabs with precision. They check for the correct configuration of the lateral guides and accompany the slabs on their path through the rolling stand. In addition, the system safely compensates for the strong forces that occur during reshaping.
Optimum control over the steel casting process and ensuring the addition of the correct amount of steel to the continuous casting line is only possible through precise casting ladle movements. Our BTL7 magnetostrictive linear position sensors (double and triple-redundant) provide absolute security and the best reliability for your continuous casting process.
Balluff's magnetostrictive linear position sensors enable precise control of valves, flaps, and dampers at the blast furnace. By monitoring degree of opening or closing, they permit the controlled regulation of supply and return air in pig iron production. For simple Open/Closed status monitoring, consider Balluff's rugged inductive proximity sensors.
Electrical equipment installed areas where combustible gases are present - or could be present - must conform to safety code requirements for classified hazardous locations. Balluff offers a variety of globally-certified, hazardous-location linear position sensors for use in hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrically-operated combustion gas valves actuators.


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In order to chance upon a lucrative property in the South Bay are you must have two things with you, they are – huge cash reserves and unwavering good luck. Recently, local real estate experts have found a new trend in their housing market known as flash sales that refers to the closure of a property deal within 24 hours of it being listed for sale.
South Bay – Is it a real estate booming market?
Housing sector in the South Bay area is witnessing a never before boom since the start of the year 2013. This is because according to Glenn Kelman, CEO of web-based real estate brokerage firm, Redfin, at least 1000 homes were sold since the past six month in the South Bay area alone where the contract was signed within 24 hours of the property getting listed for sale. The trend is quite surprising since earlier any fast deal took at least 3 days to get closed but now that period has come down to just few hours.
So, if you are interested to own a property in this booming South Bay housing market, then you need to get your basics right and one of the most primary things to consider in this regard, is finances.
Mortgage loan tips for first-time home-buyers
If you are buying a home for the first time ever in your life, then it is very likely that you'll have a lot of queries related to the same. For that reason, here are some mortgage information for people like you to help them buy a home of their choice without much effort:
- Loan affordability – As per the home buying guidelines issued by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), being a first-time homebuyer, it is your duty to find out your mortgage loan affordability first. In other words, you should know how much of a loan you can afford to service based on your current financial condition and all personal liabilities.
- Mortgage laws – In addition, you should be aware of the mortgage laws prevalent in your state of residence as well as the federal ones. Moreover, there are certain basic rights that you must be aware of as a home buyer. Having proper working knowledge on these issues will keep you in good stead and help you to defend your interest in case of a possible scam.
- Real estate professionals – Try to work with a team of reliable real estate professionals. For instance, contact a loan officer in order to get pre-approved for a mortgage loan. Moreover, work with a local but competent real estate agent to search for the most suitable house in the locality you are planning to buy a house. However, before you ink the deal make sure you have thoroughly checked the structure of the property with the expert assistance of a home inspector.
However, you should rely on your gut instinct after weighing multiple deals that suits your budget as well as your specifications of a real estate property.


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|Posted: October 26, 2007
Silicon photonics awarded major research funding
|(Nanowerk News) The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) has awarded a grant valued at £5m (over $10 million) to a consortium of researchers in the UK, led by the University of Surrey, to work on Silicon Photonics. This is the largest current grant awarded by the EPSRC through responsive mode in the Photonics area as the EPSRC moves towards encouraging the community to use larger, longer responsive mode grants.
|The consortium, led by Professor Graham Reed and Dr Goran Mashanovich, both from the Advanced Technology Institute (ATI), University of Surrey, includes researchers from St Andrews University (led by Professor Thomas Krauss), Leeds University (led by Dr Robert Kelsall), Warwick University (led by Dr David Leadley), and Southampton University (led by Dr Graham Ensell). Industrial representation within the consortium comes from QinetiQ (led by Professor Mike Jenkins) and from Intel (led by Dr Mario Paniccia).
|Silicon Photonics promises to revolutionise the next generation of integrated circuits ICs by providing solutions for optical interconnections between chips and circuit boards, optical signal processing, optical sensing, and the lab-on-a-chip biological applications. It is also expected to provide low-cost optical signal processing chips that will interface with optical fibres brought directly to the home that can take advantages of the enormous bandwidth of Fibre To The Premise (FTTP) technology. Services such as video-on-demand, high speed internet, high definition TV and IPTV, that require large bandwidths, may also expand dramatically as a result of this work. Silicon is the material of choice for the microelectronics industry, partly due to the cost effective way in which it can be processed. Therefore, integrating both optical functionality and electrical intelligence into the same silicon chip is expected to deliver a cost advantage as compared to more conventional optical technologies.
|The consortium will contribute to the second silicon revolution by building on early successes that have already been demonstrated by the partners. Reed, Krauss and Ensell have all been pioneering silicon photonic technology for more than a decade and their expertise coupled with complementary expertise of the UK consortium members and of the Intel team in Santa Clara, USA is likely to result in significant, industrially relevant breakthroughs in Silicon Photonics.
|Professor Reed emphasised the importance of the grant by stating, We are delighted that the EPSRC has given us this exciting opportunity to contribute to the development of Silicon Photonics to a level where it can have a positive impact upon peoples lives. As a team we are committed to providing technology suitable for industrial take-up.
|Professor Ravi Silva, Director of the Advanced Technology Institute said, The ATI prides itself in providing industrially relevant solutions based on pioneering fundamental research. This consortium of researchers has the potential to provide the next photonic superchip that will form the backbone to the next generation semiconductor industry.
|The ATI at the University of Surrey will be holding an Open Day to celebrate five years of operations on Monday, December 3. For more details please visit http://www.ati.surrey.ac.uk/OpenDay
|Source: University of Surrey
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Banking On Infrastructure
The Obama administration's proposed infrastructure bank would be a new source of deal flow. But is it necessary and how would it manage risk? Robert Puentes of the Brookings Institution, a proponent of such a bank, explains how it might work.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
go ... Baker with Robert leak's senior fellow at Brookings institution ... welcome to Doug Jones Investment Banker ... said ... the president is propose the creation of a national infrastructure bank first question what is this going to mean to bankers ... but then this is a big deal right now we'll have a real good mechanism for financing big barge ... complex infrastructure projects here in this country so ... what we're talking about is something ... that would create an institution in order to take those complex financing packages ... on belong ... to focus on those projects they really do me some measures of national or regional significance ... so for bankers amid for the private market ... they would be involved in both the Borrowing side you're coming to this institution ... um with a consortium of public or private sector entities ... to borrow against the sum of funds out of there ... or to buying ... before purchasing some of those bonds so there's lots of ways they can interface with it so you're talking about big ticket complicated mega projects ... as Israeli mega project but it was read as with addition bills out and as for starting to ... instil some of its infrastructure and doing projects in existing areas ... they become much more complex could become much more complicated to do ... and they start to run into additional money to go in terms of way and so ... they just become more complicated ... just given their very own age ... you know lot of people wonder why are we need an infrastructure bank why why another institution ... this is what we're missing right now on the national level we take a lot of infrastructure money that comes in the Federal Government ... we spread around the country very thinly China like peanut butter ... we don't prioritize in those places the really matter ... most to the Russian government so ... what we need to do was to figure out a way of some kind of mechanism ... in order to prioritize those projects can make investment decisions ... based on measures of Mary when economic measures ... departmental managers whatever you wanna look at ... the nice to be some kind of mechanism to focus on those products that match the nation ... as a whole soldier instead of turning the sailing is continue to be a pork barrel extravaganza ... turn it into something that ... the grades ... as a meritocracy ... this has to be content to some kind of national plan ... for our good investment the structure housed in a row the economy ... cause of America's Back to Work ... Falls has been ... or will know you've been working on blueprints for this and there are some proposals on the table give me a sense of how all of these were ... given what we are seeing now is the one bill was out there right now come from ... the house Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro as a bill ... that generally um would be funded through a five-year ... offers the five year procreation and five billion dollars over five years ... would take that money ... issue bonds often leverage that ... in order to come ... to increase the spending ... only ten full ... below we prevent this from becoming another Banier another Freddie another massive fiasco ... I think of that some folks are trying to look at the structure bank as it would be one of these larger government sponsored entities like Fannie ... like Freddie ... but I think that those models are probably too extreme typically given that we're talking about TASE reform Brighton ... until we figure out ... how we're going to deal with the favourite probably really should be talking about any of the Shia sees right now ... in the meantime we just at the infrastructure bank something that is ... probably how it was part of Treasury ... was looking at all kinds of infrastructure ... Umm we need to get something started first ... baby of him ... crawling before we walk ... before so I think about some kind of model like a response Enterprises this point ... thank you Robert let this ... this is Della Jones Investment Banker ...


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A new Everton stadium could be worth £300m to Liverpool's docklands, Liverpool council's chief executive says.
Everton is considering building a new stadium on Bramley Moore Dock, just north of the city centre.
Last week Everton's Farhad Moshiri visited the site with a club delegation to assess its suitability for a stadium. He also visited the club's alternative potential site in Stonebridge Cross.
But the waterfront site is most popular with fans. And today Ged Fitzgerald from Liverpool council told an audience of potential investors at the Mipim UK conference in London that a stadium at Bramley Moore dock would help revitalise the north docks.
Speaking at an event called "Liverpool: A city of opportunity", he said the stadium: "could be the centre of a new £300m stadium and associated developments which would create an anchor point at that end of the river".
This afternoon he told the ECHO that following Mr Moshiri's visit last week: "We obviously now wait to see what conversations take place between Everton FC and Peel, the owners of the site, and see whether a deal can be done.
"I think there's some really exciting potential opportunities for that stadium in that location. "That itself would create a massive magnet and anchor point for the regeneration of the wider North Liverpool area and would be a fantastic destination and attraction in its own right. And I say that even as a Liverpool fan.
"But I think from a regeneration point of view it's a fantastic opportunity."
Last Friday's visit saw a delegation including Mr Moshiri, Everton chairman Bill Kenwright, director Sasha Ryazantsev, Liverpool Mayor Joe Anderson and leading American architect Dan Meis tour the two stadium sites.


text: > This doesn't check the bounds also, isn't it ? It is: > + fgets (buffer, sizeof(buffer), stdin); Note the "sizeof(buffer)" ! > And is gets not implemented as fgets (stdin) ? Not really. gets() is similar, but cannot check for a buffer overrun (because it has no SIZE argument), and always works on stdin. Roman


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Tag: สมัครเรียน ราชภัฏ
The Art of Juggling Career, Family and Education
Would you find the time to accomplish it all – career, family, continue education? Having difficulty jugging? Some issues within this field that people face are very similar to those of the onset juggler. As stated by the Instant Jugglers' Manual, (c)1993 Infinite Illusions/Lofty Pursuits, four common issues are tackling just two areas of focus at the same period, shifting forward while you attempt to juggle instead of standing however, not being able to manage at another area of focus, also keeping all three areas out of bumping into each other or overlapping. So let's look at a few solutions to all these issues.
Two at Once
To manage just two items, you throw one into your air to approximately eye level, subsequently throw two. Exactly the exact same with lifetime. Decide on any 2 regions of focus, and only attempt to handle at a opportunity to set up aims and also a strategy for it in your life. Subsequently work in the next area. And as snowball would not work if the wrist sets too much or not enough force into the toss, resulting in you or both items to really go too high or too large, the same may happen in everyday life. If based goals are excessively low or high, perhaps not harmonious with one another and your way of life, that juggling act doesn't stand much chance มรภ.สวนสุนันทา.
For instance, if untrue individual, John Doe, really wants to complete a doctoral program, but simply earns minimum wage, he may need financial assistance along with his continued instruction to balance the action. Normally, John may have to operate over the years and take on another endeavor to fill gaps and cover invoices. He may miss from important family time with his wife and younger child and eventually become stressed out and exhausted. Not to say that his mark could take a dive! Student education loans, grants and workstudy can be some potential solutions within this case.
Where is juggling help? As opposed to the Instant Jugglers' Manual, you can find a number of resources readily available to support with juggling career, education and family. Local schools are a good spot to get started.
Not Being Able To Juggle In A Third
Able to add a third variable in to this equation? Concentrate on throwing ball number 3 and don't dare to try to catch ball two, guides The Instant Jugglers' handbook. Or as soon as you've got just two areas of focus pretty substantially penalized, say your livelihood and household, add the second – instruction.
Get help setting up your education right into the combination with tools. Head to a local educational centre or people libraries to get support. Do not get abandoned dropping – or maybe juggling – the chunk.
Travis Waack has written many posts on various topics of interest. You may find the education tools at [http://education.online-002.com/education.html] to become rather useful your search for most of things associated with school, on line rates , instruction and a lot more.


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FinTech City 2014 - City Futures on ICON TV
Alex McCracken gives SVB's global view of the hottest emerging financial services technologies at City Futures: the opening night of FinTechCity London
Alex McCracken – Director at Silicon Valley Bank at FinTechCity 2014 City Futures
Alex Scandurra, Director of Innovation Strategy and Business Development at Barclays, talks about Barclays Accelerator powered by TechStars and what it will mean for UK FinTech start-ups.
Alex Scandurra – Director of Innovation at Barclays at FinTechCity 2014 City Futures
Greg Rogers, UK MD of TechStars, talks about his new role and TechStars' partnership with Barclays Accelerator.
Greg Rogers – TechStars UK Managing Director at FinTechCity 2014 City Futures
Michael Laven, CEO of The Currency Cloud, on being namechecked as a 'hero' of FinTech at the launch of FinTechCity.
Michael Laven – CEO of The Currency Cloud at FinTechCity 2014 City Futures
Mark Boleat, Chair of the City of London's Policy & Resources Committee on why FinTech is important to the City of London
Mark Boleat – of the City of London's Policy & Resource Committee at FinTechCity…
Samir Desai, CEO and Co-Founder of Funding Circle, talks about the new global model for financial services and the challenges by FinTech innnovators to traditional FS providers.
Samir Desai – CEO Funding Circle at FinTechCity 2014 City Futures


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- Research article
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
Acid production in dental plaque after exposure to probiotic bacteria
- Mette K Keller1Email author and
- Svante Twetman1
© Keller and Twetman; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012
- Received: 5 December 2011
- Accepted: 17 October 2012
- Published: 24 October 2012
The increasing interest in probiotic lactobacilli in health maintenance has raised the question of potential risks. One possible side effect could be an increased acidogenicity in dental plaque. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic lactobacilli on plaque lactic acid (LA) production in vitro and in vivo.
In the first part (A), suspensions of two lactobacilli strains (L. reuteri DSM 17938, L. plantarum 299v) were added to suspensions of supragingival dental plaque collected from healthy young adults (n=25). LA production after fermentation with either xylitol or fructose was analyzed. In the second part (B), subjects (n=18) were given lozenges with probiotic lactobacilli (L. reuteri DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289) or placebo for two weeks in a double-blinded, randomized cross-over trial. The concentration of LA in supragingival plaque samples was determined at baseline and after 2 weeks. Salivary counts of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli were estimated with chair-side methods.
Plaque suspensions with L. reuteri DSM 17938 produced significantly less LA compared with L. plantarum 299v or controls (p<0.05). Fructose gave higher LA concentrations than xylitol. In part B, there were no significant differences in LA production between baseline and follow up in any of the groups and no differences between test and placebo were displayed. The salivary MS counts were not significantly altered during the intervention but the lactobacilli counts increased significantly in the test group (p<0.05).
Lactic acid production in suspensions of plaque and probiotic lactobacilli was strain-dependant and the present study provides no evidence of an increase in plaque acidity by the supply of selected probiotic lactobacilli when challenged by fructose or xylitol. The study protocol was approved by The Danish National Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics (protocol no H-2-2010-112).
Trial registration
- Lactobacillus
- Xylitol
- Probiotic Bacterium
- Lactic Acid Production
- Dental Plaque
Probiotic bacteria have long been used for improving gastro-intestinal health [1] and there is emerging evidence that lactobacilli-derived probiotic bacteria also can have beneficial influences on oral health. Several studies have shown a decrease in oral mutans streptococci counts after short-term consumption of L. reuteri[2–5] and L. rhamnosus[6] and a few have demonstrated an effect on caries prevention and control [7–9]. However, less attention has been paid to the potential risk of probiotic usage. Lactobacilli are considered a part of the resident oral microflora but elevated counts have been reported after probiotic regimes [10]. Lactobacilli are highly acidogenic and aciduric but mainly found in the deep carious lesions [11] and hence, not considered to be involved in the initiation of caries lesion. The ability of probiotic lactobacilli to ferment sugars has been shown to be dependent on the type of sugars and to vary between different strains in vitro[12]. For example, strains of L. plantarum produced acids at a rapid rate while L. reuteri slowly generated weak reactions with glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose and melibiose under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions [12]. However, the clinical relevance of such findings is sparsely investigated. Recently, Marttinen and co-workers [13] reported that intake of tablets containing either L. rhamnosus GG or L. reuteri did not seem to affect the lactic acid levels in dental plaque. With addition of probiotic bacteria to many commercially available products and their increasing consumption, studies on the safety of lactobacilli intended for oral use are important. Our aim was therefore to investigate the effect of probiotic lactobacilli on lactic acid production in supragingival dental plaque in vitro as well as in vivo. The null hypothesis was that the acidogenicity would not differ from placebo or controls.
The investigation was conducted in two parts; a laboratory study and a double-blinded, randomized cross-over trial. For the clinical part, a power calculation (α=0.05 and β=0.20) based on pilot findings indicated that 18 subjects were needed in the test and placebo groups respectively. The probiotic strains used in both parts are all commercially available and used in fruit drinks and in tablets. The study protocol was approved by The Danish National Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics (protocol no H-2-2010-112). Clinical trial number NCT01700712.
Part A
Twenty-five healthy young adults of both sexes (mean age 27 yrs) with uncompromised oral health (mean DMFT (Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth) = 4) were enrolled after informed consent. None of the subjects were habitual consumers of probiotic products. They were instructed to refrain from tooth brushing for 24 hours before their visit. Supragingival dental plaque was collected from all teeth with a blunt explorer, pooled and transferred to a plastic tube. The fresh samples was suspended and homogenized in PBS (Phosphate buffered saline) (pH=7.2) and adjusted to an optical density of OD=0.2 at 340 nm. Five hundred μl of the plaque suspensions were thereafter mixed with 500 μl of equally dense suspensions of either L. reuteri DSM 17938 (Biogaia, Stockholm, Sweden) or L. plantarum 299v (Probi AB, Lund, Sweden) in PBS. The lactobacilli strains were cultivated in Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth (Oxoid Ldt., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK) in an anaerobic incubator at 37°C for 24 h and then washed twice in PBS. One ml of the plaque suspension with no addition of probiotic bacteria served as control. Also, one ml suspensions of lactobacilli with the same optical density as the other samples were used as controls. Baseline spectrophotometric (Genesys 10 uv Scanning, Thermo Scientific, MA, USA) values were recorded and the suspensions were then incubated for 1h in 37°C without agitation. The OD-readings were repeated and the acid production was initiated by adding 25 μl fructose (10%) or xylitol (10%) to each sample. After 30 minutes of further incubation, the fermentation was stopped by centrifugation for 2 min (10,000 rpm) and the supernatant was withdrawn for further analyses. The concentration of the L- and D- isomers of lactic acid (LA) was determined enzymatically and expressed as μg/ml with aid of a commercial kit (EnzyPlus, Biocontrol) according to the manufacturer's instructions. All assays were performed in duplicate and the mean sum of the L- and D- isomers were calculated.
Part B
Thirty subjects were screened for the presence of salivary mutans streptococci and eighteen were eligible for the clinical trial (14 female, 4 male; mean age = 26 yr; DMFT= 2). The inclusion criteria were i) moderate to high counts of salivary mutans streptococci (>104 CFU) as estimated with the Dentocult SM chair-side test, ii) no visible open caries lesions or periodontal disease, and iii) being non-smokers. Also, none of the subjects were consuming probiotic products, or had been taking antibiotics within the last two months. After group allocation and a run-in period of 3 days (phase 1) with professional tooth cleaning, the participants were instructed to take three tablets per day (morning, noon and evening) containing either two strains of the probiotic bacterium L. reuteri (DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289; 1x108 CFU of each strain) or placebo for 2 weeks (phase 2). Both tablets were provided by BioGaia AB (Sweden). Stimulated saliva samples were collected after 3 minutes of chewing paraffin gums. Pooled supragingival plaque samples were collected at baseline and after the intervention. Numbers of mutans streptococci and Lactobacilli in saliva was determined by the aid of a test kit (Dentocult SM Strip Mutans and Dentocult LB respectively, Orion Diagnostica, Finland) according to the manufacturer's guidelines. The samples were all collected between 10 and 11 am before lunch and approximately 3–4 hours after consuming the last tablet. After a 3-week washout period (phase 3), the 2-week intervention was repeated with the second tablet (phase 4). Again, baseline and follow-up samples were collected. The tablets were supplied and coded A or B by the manufacturer and the test and placebo products were identical in taste, composition and appearance. The code was not unveiled until after the analyses and the statistical calculations. During all phases, the subjects were asked to maintain their normal oral hygiene routines including tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste. They were however firmly requested to avoid intake of any food items supplemented with probiotic bacteria.
Laboratory assays
Salivary lactobacilli score
Lactobacilli score
0 (0 CFU/ml)
1 (103 CFU/ml)
2 (104 CFU/ml)
3(>105 CFU/ml)
Test BL
< 0.05
Test FU
Placebo BL
Placebo FU
Mutans streptococci score
Streptococcus mutans score
0 (<103 CFU/ml)
1 (103<104 CFU/ml)
2 (104<105 CFU/ml)
3 (≥105 CFU/ml)
Test BL
Test FU
Placebo BL
Placebo FU
Statistical methods
Data was processed with the IBM-SPSS software (version 19.0, Chicago Ill, USA). In part A, differences in outcome between probiotic strains vs. control was analyzed with Wilcoxon sign rank test. In part B, acid production was compared before and after intervention within groups as well as between the groups before and after intervention by Wilcoxon signed rank test. Differences in lactobacilli and mutans streptococci were analyzed by Chi square test. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Reliability of the bacterial scoring was analyzed on a random sample (20%) of the tests and the intra examiner correlation showed an ICC value of 0.97.
Part A
Part B
Mean lactic acid concentration (SD) μg/ml in suspensions of pooled supragingival plaque from health young adults (n=18)
8.6 (5.4)
2.9 (2.0)
8.7 (4.7)
1.5 (3.5)
9.5 (4.2)
3.2 (3.5)
10.8 (5.2)
2,9 (3.4)
The increased interest in using of probiotic lactobacilli to improve oral health has raised concerns on its possible side effects. One side effect from a cariological point of view would be an increased production of organic acids in the dental plaque. Therefore, we wanted to investigate if addition of probiotic lactobacilli to dental plaque would influence its acidogenicity. In the laboratory part, we found clear differences between the lactic acid production in suspensions of pooled plaque and L. reuteri DSM 17938 on one hand and plaque plus L. plantarum 299v or pure controls on the other. This was in agreement with the in vitro study of Hedberg et al. [12], who found L. plantarum 299v to be most prone to produce acid among six different commercial strains tested. Conversely, Haukioja and co-workers [14] found that both L. reuteri DSM (formerly ATCC 55730) and L. plantarum 299v lowered the pH significantly after fermentation of glucose and sucrose. According to Hedberg et al. [12], the fermentation of sucrose and glucose by L. reuteri PTA 5289 resulted in a lowering of the pH (pH 5.2-6.8), whereas the fermentation of fructose caused a minor increase in pH (pH>6.8). This, together with our present results, indicates that the sugar chosen for fermentation has a strong impact on the LA production of L. reuteri. Thus, from the first part of this study, it seems clear that the acidogenicity of suspensions of dental plaque and probiotic bacteria is strain-dependant and highly influenced by the type of sugar available. Moreover, it was noteworthy that the results of part A were completely in line with findings of previous in vitro studies [12, 14]. This indicates that the laboratory methods for screening probiotic candidates for oral diseases may be useful to differentiate between wanted and unwanted targeted properties. As acid production in suspensions in the laboratory may not mimic the exact conditions in of the complex biofilm in situ, a step further could be to study the pH of the plaque in vivo by a micro pH-meter.
In the clinical part of this study we found no differences in acid production before and after the intervention with L. reuteri or placebo when the plaque samples were fermenting fructose. Thus, the null hypothesis could not be rejected. The findings were in accordance with Marttinen et al. [13], who failed to demonstrate any differences in lactic acid production after the intervention with either L. reuteri or L. rhamnosus GG. It could be argued that the decreased acidogenity of the plaque samples could be caused by the antibacterial activity of L. reuteri, but due to the relatively short period of administration we believe that this was not the case. Since xylitol is not thought to be fermented by oral bacteria [15] the low concentrations of LA after addition of xylitol were expected. It should however be stressed that the volunteers in this projects had healthy oral conditions and most likely not fully representative for subjects with an ecologically stressed and unbalanced biofilm. In theory, such a condition could possibly increase the efficacy of probiotic therapy. We and other research groups have demonstrated that low pH conditions may promote mutans streptococcus growth inhibition by probiotic lactobacilli [16, 17] and interfere with the biofilm formation [18]. Thus, further studies on selected caries-active patients would be interesting. The conclusion so far from the clinical part was that despite their strong acidogenic abilities, daily supplements of probiotic lactobacilli did not seem to increase the acidogenity of the dental plaque when exposed to fructose or xylitol.
There were no differences in salivary mutans streptococci levels between the two groups and we recorded no changes after the intervention period. This was in contrast to several previous studies [2–5] but in concert with others [9, 19, 20]. Differences in strains and bacterial concentrations, dose regimes and age groups used in the earlier trials hamper any comparison between the trials and thereby firm conclusions. It is generally believed that probiotic supplements may be more effective in preschool ages than in adults [21], which to some extent may explain our negative findings. The increased in lactobacilli counts in the test group was logical and supported the findings of Marttinen and co-workers [13] although we were not able to analyze whether or not it was due to the specific strain tested. However, it is unlikely that a permanent shift of the microbial composition occurs [22, 23]. Caglar et al. [22] studied the number of carriers of L. reuteri ATCC 55730 after a 2-week intake period of tablets containing that strain. Using selective media and analyzes for reuterin production, the bacteria was recovered in all test subjects immediately after the intervention period but it was gradually eliminated within a few weeks. However, it is still an open question if a colonization of the oral biofilm per se is an absolute requirement for probiotic action.
The results of the present study suggest that the acidogenicity of suspension of dental plaque and probiotic lactobacilli is strain-dependant and influenced by the type of sugar available. Furthermore, The present study provides no evidence of an increase in plaque acidity by the supply of selected probiotic lactobacilli when challenged by fructose or xylitol.
The authors would like thank Mads Møller, Jesper Olsen and Rasmus Ryhl for collecting plaque samples and Ulla Larsen for skilled laboratory help. The experimental products were kindly provided by BioGaia AB, Sweden.
Authors' Affiliations
- Devine DA, Marsh PD: Prospects for the development of probiotics and prebiotics for oral applications. J Oral Microbiol. 2009, 1: 10.3402/jom.v1i0.1949.Google Scholar
- Caglar E, Sandalli N, Twetman S, Kavaloglu S, Ergeneli S, Selvi S: Effect of yogurt with Bifidobacterium DN-173 010 on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in young adults. Acta Odontol Scand. 2005, 63: 317-320. 10.1080/00016350510020070.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Caglar E, Cildir SK, Ergeneli S, Sandalli N, Twetman S: Salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli levels after ingestion of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 by straws or tablets. Acta Odontol Scand. 2006, 64: 314-318. 10.1080/00016350600801709.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Caglar E, Kavaloglu SC, Kuscu OO, Sandalli N, Holgerson PL, Twetman S: Effect of chewing gums containing xylitol or probiotic bacteria on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Clin Oral Investig. 2007, 11: 425-429. 10.1007/s00784-007-0129-9.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nikawa H, Makihira S, Fukushima H, Nishimura H, Ozaki Y, Ishida K, et al: Lactobacillus reuteri in bovine milk fermented decreases the oral carriage of mutans streptococci. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004, 95: 219-223. 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.006.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ahola AJ, Yli-Knuuttila H, Suomalainen T, Poussa T, Ahlstrom A, Meurman JH, et al: Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Arch Oral Biol. 2002, 47: 799-804. 10.1016/S0003-9969(02)00112-7.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Näse L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Saxelin M, Ponka A, Poussa T, et al: Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res. 2001, 35: 412-420. 10.1159/000047484.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stecksen-Blicks C, Sjöström I, Twetman S: Effect of long-term consumption of milk supplemented with probiotic lactobacilli and fluoride on dental caries and general health in preschool children: a cluster-randomized study. Caries Res. 2009, 43: 374-381. 10.1159/000235581.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Petersson LG, Magnusson K, Hakestam U, Baigi A, Twetman S: Reversal of primary root caries lesions after daily intake of milk supplemented with fluoride and probiotic lactobacilli in older adults. Acta Odontol Scand. 2011, 69: 321-327. 10.3109/00016357.2011.568962.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Montalto M, Vastola M, Marigo L, Covino M, Graziosetto R, Curigliano V, et al: Probiotic treatment increases salivary counts of lactobacilli: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Digestion. 2004, 69: 53-56. 10.1159/000076559.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Runarsson AR: Changes in the oral microflora of occlusal surfaces of teeth with the onset of dental caries. PhD thesis. 2009, University of Iceland, Faculty of OdontologyGoogle Scholar
- Hedberg M, Hasslöf P, Sjöström I, Twetman S, Stecksen-Blicks C: Sugar fermentation in probiotic bacteria–an in vitro study. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2008, 23: 482-485. 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2008.00457.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Marttinen A, Haukioja A, Karjalainen S, Nylund L, Satokari R, Öhman C, et al: Short-term consumption of probiotic lactobacilli has no effect on acid production of supragingival plaque. Clin Oral Investig. 2011, 16: 797-803.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Haukioja A, Söderling E, Tenovuo J: Acid production from sugars and sugar alcohols by probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in vitro. Caries Res. 2008, 42: 449-453. 10.1159/000163020.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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- Keller MK, Hasslöf P, Stecksén-Blicks C, Twetman S: Co-aggregation and growth inhibition of probiotic lactobacilli and clinical isolates of mutans streptococci: an in vitro study. Acta Odontol Scand. 2011, 69: 263-268. 10.3109/00016357.2011.554863.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Simark-Mattsson C, Jonsson R, Emilson CG, Roos K: Final pH affects the interference capacity of naturally occurring oral Lactobacillus strains against mutans streptococci. Arch Oral Biol. 2009, 54: 602-607. 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.03.005.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Söderling EM, Marttinen AM, Haukioja AL: Probiotic lactobacilli interfere with Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation in vitro. Curr Microbiol. 2011, 62: 618-622. 10.1007/s00284-010-9752-9.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cildir S, Sandalli N, Alp F, Caglar E: A novel delivery system of probiotic drop and its effect on dental caries risk factors in cleft lip/palate children. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2011, 49: 369-72.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lexner MO, Blomqvist S, Dahlen G, Twetman S: Microbiological profiles in saliva and supragingival plaque from caries-active adolescents before and after a short-term daily intake of milk supplemented with probiotic bacteria - a pilot study. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2010, 8: 383-388.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- de Vrese M, Schrezenmeir J: Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2008, 111: 1-66.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Caglar E, Topcuoglu N, Cildir SK, Sandalli N, Kulekci G: Oral colonization by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 after exposure to probiotics. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009, 19: 377-381. 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2009.00989.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yli-Knuuttila H, Snäll J, Kari K, Meurman JH: Colonization of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the oral cavity. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2006, 21: 129-131. 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2006.00258.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6831/12/44/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Consent required: Can professors exclude certain students from taking their classes?
Professor Robert Korstad, who has used permission numbers for his course "History of Poverty in the United States," said that he usually consults with the registrar, director of undergraduate studies or director of graduate studies for the Sanford School of Public Policy when he classifies a course as requiring instructor consent. He added that though there is faculty oversight, the possibility still exists that professors could use permission numbers to target certain types of students.
"[Professors] could use this to discriminate against students you don't want in your class. If you want some particular perspective or point of view, that could happen," he said. "I would never do something like that. But I could imagine that there are people who do do that."
Read the full article here.


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Somerville Pinkney Tuck
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Somerville Pinkney Tuck (May 3, 1891 – April 21, 1967)[1] was an American Foreign Service Officer who served as Chargé d'affaires to Vichy France[2] and United States Ambassador to Egypt from 1946 to 1948.[1][3] Earlier in his career Tuck was the American Consul at Vladivostok.[4] After retiring from government service, he served on the board of directors of the Suez Canal in the 1950s.[5]
- ^ a b "Somerville Pinkney Tuck (1891-1967)". Office of the Historian. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ^ Bauer, Yehuda (1981), American Jewry and the Holocaust: the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939-1945, Wayne State University Press, p. 176, ISBN 978-0-8143-1672-6
- ^ Louis, William Roger (1986), The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism, Oxford University Press, p. 242, ISBN 978-0-19-822960-5
- ^ "American Consul leaves Vladivostok". The Boston Globe. May 18, 1923. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ^ "The Suez Canal". Life. October 22, 1951. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
|Diplomatic posts
|Preceded by
| U.S. Ambassador to Egypt
|Succeeded by
Stanton Griffis


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