text:
January 2. Colombia presented memo to the League Council on the Peruvian occupation of Leticia. (Danger of clash between armed forces had become acute. Ibid., pp. 440, 444.)
January 5. Japanese Ambassador Katsuji Debuchi told the United States Japan had no territorial ambition south of the great wall, but Manchukuo was a closed question. (". . . no Japanese Cabinet which advocated a compromise of the 'Manchukuo' question could survive in Japan . . ." Peace, pp. 175 f.)
January 6. Secretary of State Stimson asked President Hoover to request legislation from Congress permitting the President to limit or forbid shipment of arms and munitions of war to any foreign state when such shipment would promote or encourage use of force in a conflict or dispute between nations. ("There are times when the hands of the executive in negotiations for the orderly settlement of international differences would be greatly strengthened if he were in a position, in cooperation with other producing nations, to control the shipment of arms. The United States should never, in justice to its own convictions and its own dignity, be placed in such a position that it could not join in preventing the, supply of arms or munitions for the furtherance of an international conflict while exercising its influence and prestige to prevent or bring to an end such a conflict. . . . The day is gone when the spread of a conflagration is easily confined to any continent or hemisphere. The taking by the United States of this additional step in its domestic policy will tend to give encouragement and momentum to the struggle for world peace and against the use of force from which arise some of the most critical problems of this unsettled period in international relationships." State Release 1933, No. 172, p. 22.)
January 10. President Hoover asked ratification of the international convention for the suppression of international trade in arms and ammunition and implements of war or legislation permitting the President to limit or forbid such shipment. (Cf. Jan. 6, supra., Ibid., p. 19.)
January 10-11; France and the Little Entente protested the Italian arms shipment to Austria. (As breach of the St. Germain treaty. Survey 1933, p. 575.)
January 17. The United States Senate passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Philippine independence bill over the President's veto (Public, No. 311, 72d Cong., 2d sess.), 47 Stat. Pt. I, 761-770.
January 24. League Council referred Leticia dispute to the committee of three appointed for the Chaco dispute. (To follow the dispute and take steps necessary to avert an armed collision. Ibid., p. 447.)
January 25. Secretary of State Stimson sent a note to Peru calling its attention to its obligations under the Pact of Paris. (At the request of Colombia. Ibid., pp. 444 f.; State Release, 1933, No. 174, pp. 66-70.)
January 27. Secretary of State Stimson sent text of note to Peru to the League of Nations. (To indicate the United States would welcome League assistance in ending the Leticia dispute, to remove a principal difficulty of the League in handling Latin American affairs, to obviate the danger of setting one mediating agency against another. Survey 19331 pp. 445 f.)
January 28. General von Schleicher resigned the German Chancellorship. (Because of Nazi-National coalition; Ibid., p. 143.)
January 30. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler became German Chancellor. (Appointed by President von Hindenburg. Ibid., p. 143.)
February 2. Provisional agreement accepted in the Anglo-Persian oil dispute. (Benes mediated. Ibid., p. 597. Cf. Dec. 14, 1932, supra.)
Argentina and Chile prepared conciliation formula for the Chaco dispute. (To avoid working at cross purposes. Ibid., pp. 115 f.)
February 14. Colombian forces invested Tarapacá, and Colombia broke off diplomatic relations. (Because they thought the mediation offer had expired, Ibid., pp. 447 f.)
February 15. Danzig police replaced harbor-board police at Westerplatte. (Danzig Senate would no longer carry out the provisions of the harbor police agreement. Ibid., p. 583.)
February 16. Little Entente [Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Yugoslavia] established a permanent council of foreign ministers as executive organ. ("Desirous of maintaining and of organizing the peace, having the firm intention of intensifying the economic relations with all states without distinction and with the states of central Europe in particular, eager to see the peace safeguarded in every circumstance, of assuring the evolution towards a definitive stabilization of conditions in central Europe and to have the common interests of their three countries respected . . ." [Unofficial Translation] Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, p. 415.)
February 17. Colombia appealed to the League. (Under Art. 15, Survey 1933, p. 448.)
February 21. Austria promised to return the Italian arms. (Italy promised to take them back. Ibid., p. 575; cf. Jan, 10-11; supra.)
February 24. League Assembly unanimously declared Japan aggressor in Manchuria and recommended nonrecognition of Manchukuo. (By adopting report of Committee of Nineteen, Fleming, pp. 450 f.; Doc. Int. Affairs 1932, p.390; State Release 1933, No. 179, pp. 149 f. Cf. Peace pp. 176 f.)
Japan withdrew from .the Assembly. ("Unfortunately, the Assembly, through the refusal of its members to face facts, and their uncritical acceptance of the report of the commission of inquiry, has only indulged in academic and inadequate principles. The Assembly stands, if it may so be said, for mere formulae . . ." Doc. Int. Affairs 1932, p. 394.)
Mendoza formula of Argentina and Chile for settlement of Chaco dispute was submitted to Bolivia and Paraguay. (Joint mediation undertaken at suggestion of American neutral commission. Cf. Dec. 31, 1932, Feb. 2, supra. Survey 1933, p. 416.)
February 25. Committee of three proposed a League commission for Leticia dispute. (To take charge of Leticia corridor and maintain order. Ibid., pp. 448 f. Cf. Sept. 1, 1932.)
February 27. Secretary of State Stimson urged League proposal on Leticia disputants. ("I find the proposal suggested by the League of Nations a most straight-forward, helpful one, which, if accepted by both parties, should make possible a peaceful solution of the present controversy honorable to both governments;" State Release 1933 No. 179, p. 159.)
Reichstag building in Berlin burned; (Cause unknown; Nazis attributed it to Communists. Survey 1933, p. 145.)
February 28. President von Hindenburg signed emergency decree. (To suspend articles in Weimar constitution guaranteeing personal liberty, freedom of expression of opinion, freedom of the press, freedom from domiciliary visits, right to hold meetings and form associations, and the privacy, of postal, telegraph, and telephone service. Ibid., p. 145.)
All Communist deputies in the Reichstag and Landtag and all Communist civil servants in the Prussian state were arrested. (Under emergency decree. Ibid., p. 146.) .
March 4. President Roosevelt in his inaugural address said: "In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor–the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others–the neighbor who respects his obligations and respects the sanctity of his agreements in and with a world of neighbors." ("We now realize, as we have never realized before our interdependence on each other. That we cannot merely take, but we must give as well." Ibid., p. 331.)
March 5-9. Bank holiday in the United States by order of the President. (To check American banking crisis. Ibid., pp. 16-22.)
March 5-16. The coordination of the smaller political subdivisions of the Reich was completed by the appointment of a Nazi Gauleiter for each. (Under the emergency decree of Feb. 28. Ibid., p. 146.)
March 5. National Socialists and Nationalists won majority in German elections. (Held to get approval for an enabling bill. Gain due to loss of a million votes by Communists. Ibid:, p. 144.)
March 6. Poles sent 112 extra soldiers to Westerplatte munitions depot. (As reaction to change of regime in the Reich. Ibid., p. 187.)
Committee of three asked the League Council to consider the Chaco dispute. (Under Art. 11, to get a legal basis to apply an arms embargo to both. Ibid., p.419.)
March 7. Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss assumed semidictatorship in Austria. (President Wilhelm Miklas consented to government by emergency decrees following a parliamentary crisis which resulted in suspension of parliamentary government. Ibid., 1934, p. 435.)
March. 8. League Council noted attempt at solution of Leticia dispute had failed and ordered committee of three to prepare a report. (Under para. 4 of Art. 15 of the Covenant, Ibid., p. 449. Cf. Mar. 6, supra.)
March 9. Nazis temporarily occupied barracks in demilitarized zone at Kehl. (To force coordination. Ibid., pp. 588, 146. See Mar. 5-16, supra.)
March 11. The United States accepted League invitation to cooperate in work of the advisory committee on the Sino-Japanese dispute. (". . . believing that participation by a representative of this government in the deliberations of the committee would be helpful . . ." State Release 1933, No, 181, p. 177.)
March 14. Poland agreed to withdraw extra men from Westerplatte. (Danzig Senate promised adequate measures to safeguard Polish rights. Survey 1933, p. 187.)
March 17. League report recommended the complete evacuation by Peruvian forces of Leticia area and withdrawal of all support from Peruvians who had occupied it. (Her nationals supported by military authorities at Loreto had occupied Colombian territory as agreed by mutual treaty. Ibid. pp. 450 f.; cf. Aug. 31, 1932, supra.)
March 18. League Council appointed an advisory committee on Leticia. (". . . to watch the situation, assist the Council in the performance of its duties under Art. 4, para. 4, and help the members of the League, for the same purpose, to concert their action and their attitude among themselves and with non-member states." Ibid., p.451.)
The United States accepted the invitation to cooperate with the advisory committee. (President Roosevelt was said to be glad to have the assistance of the League in matters of concern in the American hemisphere. Ibid., p. 451; cf. State Release 1933, No. 182, p. 194.)
Bavarian Minister of Justice; Dr, Hans Frank; in broadcast from Munich, warned Austria that German Nazis might feel
obliged to assume responsibility for security and freedom of Austrian Nazis. (Austria under war emergency decrees had checked hostile demonstrations of Austrian Socialists and Nazis by prohibiting demonstrations and political assemblies and restricting the freedom of the press. Survey 1934, pp. 435-436.)
March 22. League advisory committee on Leticia sought arms embargo against Peru. Ibid. 1933, pp. 451 f.
March 23. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and American neutral commission proposed 60-day truce for Chaco. (To provide time for arbitration without continual aggravation. Ibid., p. 417.)
Hitler forecast "pacific" policy in first speech to new Reichstag. ("It is the sincere wish of the National Government to be able to refrain from an increase in the German Army and in our weapons in so far as the rest of the world is at length inclined to realize its duty of radical disarmament. For Germany wants nothing else but an equal right to life and equal freedom. . . . The misery of the world will only be alleviated when peoples once more have trust in one another. . . . With reference to Austria, the Reich government is fully conscious of the unity of the destiny of all the German peoples. . . . The fate of Germans outside the frontiers of the Reich, who have the special task of struggling for the protection of their language, culture, manners, and religion, will always move us to intercede with every means at our command for the rights guaranteed to German minorities. . . ." Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, pp. 404 f.)
March 24. Reichstag passed enabling act conferring dictatorial authority on government for four-year period. (Cf. March 5, supra. Survey 1933, p. 147.)
March 26. Fighting renewed in Leticia. (Ibid., p. 452.)
March 27. Japan gave formal notice for withdrawal from League membership. ("The conclusion must be that, in seeking a solution of the [Manchurian] question, the majority of the League have attached greater importance to upholding inapplicable formulae than to the real task of assuring peace, and higher value to the vindication of academic theses than to the eradication of the sources of future conflict. For these reasons, and because of the profound differences of opinion existing between Japan and the majority of the League in their interpretation of the Covenant and of other treaties, the Japanese Government have been led to realize the existence of an irreconcilable divergence of views, dividing Japan and the League on policies of peace, and especially as regards the fundamental principles to be followed in the establishment of a durable peace in the Far East. The Japanese Government, believing that in these circumstances, there remains no room for further cooperation, hereby give notice. . ." Doc. Int. Affairs 1932, pp. 397 f.)
March 31, Austria disbanded Socialist military organization. (Alleged plan to resist the government. Survey 1934) p. 456.)
April 1. Chancellor Hitler ordered nation-wide one-day boycott of Jews: (Persecution of the Jews was one of the original points of his personal program for the regeneration of the German race and the Reich. Ibid. 19331 pp, 156 f.)
April 5. Secretary of State Hull wrote Congressional Committees asking arms embargo law. (". . . this Government should no longer be left in the position of being unable to join the other governments of the world in preventing the supply of arms and munitions for use in an international conflict when it is exercising its diplomacy and the whole weight of our national influence and prestige to prevent or put an end to that conflict. . . ." Peace, p. 178. Cf. Jan. 6, supra.)
April 7. Aryan law passed in Germany. (To disqualify for public employment German citizens who had a single Jewish grandparent. Survey 1933, p. 157.)
April 8. Unification bill replaced Reich kommissars with Statthalters in Germany. (To clinch and regularize the coordination of the political subdivisions. Ibid., p. 147.)
April 12. President Roosevelt outlined further his good neighbor policy. (Pan American Day address: "Never have the need and benefit of neighborly cooperation every form of human activity been so evident as they are today." State Release 1933, No. 185, p. 244.)
Danish Rigsdag passed bill prohibiting members of political organizations from wearing uniforms. (Because of local Nazi agitation in Northern Schleswig. Survey 1933, p, 173.)
April 9. British embargoed Russian goods. (Because of sentence of British Metropolitan-Vickers employees for sabotage. Ibid., 1934, p. 370.)
The United States abandoned the gold standard. (Politically inevitable, to be off before beginning of conversations about World Economic conference with Ramsay MacDonald. Ibid. 1933, p. 28.)
April 22. Russia embargoed British imports. (Retorsion. See April 19, supra.)
May 2. Nazis took over free trade unions. (Pillars of the Social-Democratic party. Ibid., p. 148.)
Russia offered to sell Japan the Chinese Eastern Railroad. (To solve Russo-Japanese friction in Manchuria. Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, pp. 437 f.)
May 5. Germany and Russia exchanged ratifications prolonging German-Russian neutrality treaty. (Common will to peace; reaction to moral alienation following advent of Nazi regime. Survey 1933, p. 180.)
May 10. Property of German trade unions, the Social-Democratic private army, and the Social-Democratic party was confiscated by the Reich. (Part of coordination plan. Ibid., p. 148.)
Paraguay declared state of war existed with Bolivia over the Chaco. (Senate and Deputies had authorized war in March, but action had been postponed at request of mediating group; when mediation ended, Paraguay hoped states bordering Bolivia would halt. transit of munitions to the latter. Ibid., p. 417.)
May 12; Vice Chancellor von Papen made speech glorifying war. ("The maintenance of eternal life demanded the sacrifice of the individual." Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, p. 406.)
Danzig Nazis seized local trade union headquarters. (As step toward Nazi capture of Danzig. Survey 1933, p. 187.)
May 14. Rival Nazi and Heimwehr demonstrations in Vienna. (250th anniversary of successful defense of Vienna against the Turks.) Bavarian Nazi Minister of Justice Dr. Hans Frank and Dr. Hans Kerrl, German Minister of Justice, were warned to avoid political topics; but Dr. Frank threatened reprisals for such affront. (Ibid. 1934, p. 439.)
May 16. President Roosevelt cabled the heads of states to support the British disarmament proposals. ("A profound hope of the people of my country impels me . . . to address you. . . . This hope is that peace may be assured through practical measures of disarmament and that all of us may carry to victory our common struggle against economic chaos. . . ." State Release 1933, No. 190, p. 351. Cf. Peace, pp. 180-181.)
May 17. Chancellor Hitler demanded revision of the Treaty of Versailles and equality of rights. ("For all the problems which are causing such unrest today lie in the deficiencies of the treaty of peace which did not succeed in solving in a clear and reasonable way the questions of the most decisive importance for the future. Neither national nor economic problems and demands of nations were settled by this treaty in such a way as to stand the criticism of reason in the future. . . . As it was, through ignorance, passion, and hatred, decisions were taken which, in their injustice and lack of logic, bore the seeds of fresh conflicts. . . . The treaty of Versailles is to blame for having inaugurated a period in which financial calculations appear to destroy economic reason. . . . The demand for equality of rights expressed, in actual facts is a demand of morality, right, and reason; it is a demand which is recognized in the peace treaty itself, and the fulfillment of which is indissolubly bound up with the demand for German disarmament as the prelude to world disarmament. . . . Germany, in demanding at present actual equality of rights as regards disarmament of other nations, has a moral right to do so since she has herself carried out the provisions of the treaties. . . ." Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, pp. 196-202.)
May 20. League committee of three recommended armistice and arbitration to be arranged by a League committee in the Chaco dispute. Paraguay accepted, but Bolivia withheld approval. (Survey 1933, p. 421.)
May 22. The United States at disarmament conference promised consultation in threat to peace and no interference with collective, action if it concurred in decision. ("The disarmament conference has reached the moment for definite decisions. . . . The immediate result of a failure here would be a setback to economic recovery, which depends upon such mutual confidence between nations as will permit a real collaboration in the task of restoring international trade and the freer movement of goods." State Release 1933, No. 191, pp. 387 ff. Cf. Peace, pp. 186 ff.)
May 24. League of Nations prepared draft treaty defining aggression as follows: "The aggressor in an international conflict shall, subject to the agreements in force between the parties to the dispute, be considered to be that State which is the first to commit any of the following actions:
"(1) declaration of war upon another state;
"(2) invasion by its armed forces, with or without a declaration of war, of the territory of another state;
"(3) attack by its land, naval, or air forces, with or without a declaration of war, on the. territory, vessels, or aircraft of another state;
"(4) naval blockade of the coasts or ports of another state;
"(5) provision of support to armed bands formed in its territory which have invaded the territory of another state, or refusal, notwithstanding the request of the invaded state; to take in its own territory all the measures in its power to deprive those bands of all assistance or protection." (Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, pp: 221 f. As part of disarmament conference. Survey 1933, p. 182.)
Further statement of the possible future cooperation of the United States with the members of the League of Nations under the proposed disarmament convention. ("Recognizing that any breach or threat of breach of the pact of Paris [the Briand‑Kellogg Pact] is a matter of concern to all the signatories thereto. . . with a view to the maintenance of peace. . . ." Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, p. 217.)
May 25. Colombia and Peru accepted the League advisory committee. recommendations. (". . . looking toward a solution of the difficulties arising out of the Leticia incident." State Release 1933, No. 191, p. 405.)
May 28. Nazis gained majority in Danzig Volkstag elections. (Completing capture of Danzig. Survey 1933, p. 187; cf. May 12, supra.) .
May 31. Tangku truce between Sino‑Japanese troops. (Chinese resistance collapsed in face of fresh Japanese threats. Ibid., p. 481. )
June 1. Germany imposed a special visa fee on all Germans who wished to visit Austria. (Retorsion for threat to expel Bavarian Minister Dr. Frank. Ibid., 1934, p. 439; cf. May 14, supra.)
June 4. United States R. F. C. loan to China. (For purchase of American cotton and wheat. Ibid. 1933, pp. 469, 580.)
June 5. Gold clause in public and private obligations repealed in the United States. ("Whereas the holding of or dealing in gold affects the public interest, and is therefore subject to proper regulation and restriction, and whereas the existing emergency has disclosed that provisions of obligations, which. purport to give the obligee a right to require payment ins gold or a particular kind of coin or currency of the United States, or in an amount in money of the United States measure, thereby obstruct the power of Congress to regulate the value of the money of the United States and are inconsistent with the declared policy of the Congress to maintain at all times the equal power of every dollar, coined or issued by the United States, in the markets and in the payment of debts. . . ." 48 Stat., Pt. I, 112‑113.)
June 7. Four Power Pact initialed in Rome by Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. ("Conscious of the special responsibilities, incumbent on them as possessing permanent representation on the Council of the League of Nations, where the League itself and its members are concerned, and of the responsibilities resulting from their common signature of the Locarno agreements; .
"Convinced that the state of disquiet which obtains throughout the world can only be dissipated by reinforcing their solidarity in such a way as to strengthen confidence in peace in Europe;
"Faithful to the obligations which they have assumed in virtue of the Covenant of the League of Nations; the Locarno treaties, and the Briand‑Kellogg Pact, and taking into account the Declaration of the renunciation of force, the principle of which was proclaimed in the declaration signed at Geneva on the 11th of December, 1932, by their delegates at the disarmament conference and adopted on the 2nd of March, 1933, by the political commission of that conference;
"Anxious to give full effect to all the provisions of the Covenant of the League of Nations, while conforming to the methods and procedure laid down therein, from which they have no intention of departing;
"Mindful of the rights of every state, which cannot be affected without the consent of the interested party; . . ." Treaty Inf. 1933, No. 45, p. 42; No. 46, p. 3.)
June 11. As result of campaign of terrorism of Austrian Nazis, Austrian police arrested Austrian and German Nazis, some of whom were deported to Germany. (Survey 1933, p. 440.)
June 12. World Economic Conference opened in London. ("The nations of the world have met here to take common counsel relative to the common objective of peace and prosperity. In this modern age the economic interests of all countries are reciprocal." State Release 1933, No. 194, p. 444.)
June 15. Czechoslovakia, Britain, Italy, Latvia, and Rumania made token payments on war debts; Finland paid in full; others defaulted. (Ibid., Nos. 194, 195; pp. 452‑463, 478‑485.)
June 19. Austria outlawed the German National‑Socialist party in Austria. ("In accordance with the law of July 24, 1917, in order to guard against the economic dangers associated with a disturbance of public peace, order, and security . . ." Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, p. 386. Cf. June 11, supra.)
June 22. The United States rejected temporary monetary stabilization. (". . . measures of temporary stabilization now would be untimely . . . because the American Government feels that its efforts to rise prices are the most important contribution it can make and that anything that would interfere with those efforts and possibly cause a violent price recession would harm the conference more than the lack of an immediate agreement for temporary, stabilization." State Release 1933, No. 195, p. 470.)
June 26. German Government outlawed the Social‑Democratic party. (Part of coordination plan to wipe out legalized opposition. Survey 1933, p. 148.)
League commission reached Leticia to arrange armistice. (Cf. May 25, supra; Ibid., p. 454.)
June 26. Bolivia accepted League commission for Chaco. (Cf. May 20, supra; Ibid, p. 422.)
Consul General George S. Messersmith reported from Berlin menace inherent in Nazi regime. (". . . it has no spokesman who can really be depended upon, and those who hold the highest positions are capable of actions which really outlaw them from ordinary intercourse.
"I think we must recognize that while the Germany of to‑day wants peace, it is by no means a peaceful country or one looking forward to a long period of peace. The present German Government and its adherents desire peace ardently for the present because they need peace to carry through the changes in Germany which they want to bring about. What they want to do, however, definitely is to make Germane the most capable instrument of war that there has ever existed. The Minister of Education, speaking yesterday, said that a Spartan spirit must be developed among the German youth. Wherever one goes in Germany one sees people drilling, from children of five and six on, up to those well into middle age. A psychology is being developed that the whole world is against Germany and that it lies defenseless before the world." Peace, pp. 191 f.)
June 27. American committee of neutrals dropped Chaco mediation. ("In view of the present negotiations in other places between Bolivia and Paraguay for a settlement of the Chaco question there was nothing further for the neutral commission to do in the matter and that it could best contribute to the establishment of peace . . . by withdrawing from the situation. Experience has shown that if there is more than one center of negotiation, confusion and lack of agreement are the inevitable results. . ." State Release 1933, No. 196, pp: 1 f. Cf. July 21, 1932.)
German Nationalist Party voluntarily dissolved. (Fear of subjugation by Nazis. Survey 1933, p. 148.)
July 1. British and Russian embargoes lifted. (Amicable settlement, British released. Ibid., 1934, p. 370. Cf. Apr. 19 and Apr. 22, supra.)
July 3. Pact defining aggression as in League draft [May 24, supra.] signed by Afghanistan, Esthonia, Latvia, Persia, Poland, Rumania, Turkey, and Russia. ("Being desirous of strengthening the peace existing between their countries;
"In view of the fact that the Briand‑Kellogg pact to which they are signatories forbids all aggression;
"Believing that it is necessary, in the interest of the general security to define aggression as precisely as possible in order to prevent any pretext for its justification;
"Being aware that all states have an equal right to independence, to security, to the defense of their territories, and to the free development of their institutions;
"Animated by the desire, in the interest of general peace, to assure to all peoples the inviolability of the territory of their countries;
"Deeming it expedient, in the interests of general peace to put into effect as between their countries, precise rules defining aggression, pending the time when such rules shall become universal; . . ." Treaty Inf. 1933, No. 47, pp. 4 f, 39.)
July 23. Finland adhered to pact defining aggression. (Cf. July 5, supra; to complete chain of agreements. Survey 1933, p. 183.)
July 26. Bolivia and Paraguay asked for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru on League commission of inquiry. (Bolivia preferred to have the dispute handled by American states. Ibid., pp. 421 f, 578.)
July 27. Adjournment of world economic conference and declaration of empire monetary and economic policy by Australia, Canada, Britain, India, New Zealand, and South Africa. (To reiterate faith in Ottawa Agreements [July 21, 1932 supra.]; to persist in the policy of furthering rise in wholesale prices until equilibrium had been reestablished, then to seek stabilization there; to restore a satisfactory international gold standard. Ibid., pp. 75 f.)
August 3. League Council decided to ask Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru to join commission of inquiry. (Because Bolivia and Paraguay had acted together. Ibid., p. 422. Cf. July 26, supra. )
August 5. Polish‑Danzig agreement regulated position of Polish nationals and use of port. ("Being desirous of settling by mutual consent certain questions in, dispute between the two governments . . ." L. N. 0. J., Oct. 1933, No. 10, Pt. I, p. 1156.)
August 7. Agreement concluded between the United States and Haiti. (Concerning the Haitianization of the Garde, withdrawal of military forces from Haiti, and financial arrangement. Treaty Inf. 1933, No. 47, pp. 7f.; State Release 1933, No. 203, pp. 103‑108.)
August 9. State of war declared in Cuba. (Unrest following general strike. Survey 1933, p. 379.)
August 11. Cuban army revolt overthrew President Machado. Ibid., p. 380.
August 25. International wheat agreement signed. (". . . having accepted the invitation . . . to consider the measures which might be taken in concert to adjust the supply of wheat to effective world demand and eliminate the abnormal surpluses which have been depressing the wheat market and to bring about a rise and stabilization of prices at a level remunerative to the farmers and fair to the consumers of breadstuffs . . ." Treaty Inf. 1933, No. 48, p. 18.)
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru presented new conciliation formula to Bolivia and Paraguay. (To find a solution to the hitherto insuperable difficulties. Survey 1933, pp. 422 f. Cf. Aug. 3, supra.)
September 2. Pact of friendship, nonaggression, and neutrality between Italy and Russia signed. (". . animated by a desire to contribute by all means possible to the maintenance of general peace, noting the continuance of the friendly relations which unite their two countries, desiring to continue the policy of absolute non‑intervention in the internal affairs of their respective countries, . . " Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, p. 233.)
September 3. Chancellor Hitler renounced war except against Bolshevism. (". . . because the German people know that no war could take place which would gain for their country more honor than was won in the last war . . . Germany is not in need of rehabilitation on the battle‑field, for there she has never lost her prestige. . . . By waging war on Bolshevism, Germany . . . is fulfilling a European mission. . . ." Ibid., pp. 406 f.)
September 5. Disturbances broke out in Habana, Santiago and other centers of Cuba, and, as "a wise precaution," the President of the United States ordered warships to Cuban ports. (Release, Sept. 9, p. 144.).
September 10. Ramon Grau San Martin, University of Havana professor, became President of Cuba. (Executive commission of provisional government decided to return to the presidential form of government. Ibid., p. 384.)
Theodore Habicht demanded restoration of Austrian National-Socialist party, whose aim was the union of Austria with the Reich. ("These demands correspond to the actual situation in Austria and the wishes of the people no less than to the principles of democracy. . . ." Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, p. 392. Cf. July. 5, supra.)
September 18. Another Danzig‑Polish agreement on treatment of nationals and port use. (Cf. Aug 5, supra; Survey 1933, p. 584.)
September 21. Chancellor Dollfuss reconstructed Austrian cabinet. (Because of enmity of Heimwehr and Landbund, his nominal supporters. Ibid., p. 577; Ibid. 1934, pp. 458 f.)
September 25. Russia protested alleged plot for Manchukuoan seizure of Chinese Eastern Railway. (Carefully worked out plan adopted in Harbin at a series of meetings of the Japanese military mission and the responsible Japanese administrators of Manchuria. Ibid., 1933, p. 526. Cf. May 2, supra.)
September 29. The Dutch delegation at the Fourteenth Assembly of the League of Nations moved that the problem of German refugees should be dealt with by international collaboration. (The personae non gratae of the Hitler regime began to appear in other countries. Ibid., p. 156.)
October 1. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru notified League Council that negotiations with Bolivia and Paraguay had broken down. (Bolivia refused to accept formula of Aug. 25, supra; Ibid., p. 424.)
October 4. Czechoslovakian Government decided to dissolve the German National‑Socialist party and the Nationalist party in Czech territory and to prohibit all their activities and all their subsidiary organizations. (German‑Austrian anschluss would make life impossible for her and jeopardize her existence as an independent state. Ibid., p. 197.)
October 6. Germany submitted an aide memoire on disarmament again insisting on equality of rights. ("This need [of assuring her security] requires that Germany be either absolutely free as the other countries, or subject to the same qualitative restrictions." [Translation.] Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, p. 281.)
October 10. Antiwar pact signed at Rio de Janeiro by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, and Uruguay. (". . . To the end of condemning wars of aggression and territorial acquisitions secured by means of armed conquest and of making them impossible, of sanctioning their invalidity through the positive provisions of this treaty, and in order to replace them with pacific solutions based upon lofty concepts of justice and, equity;
"Being convinced that one of the most effective means of insuring the moral and material benefits the world derives from peace is through the organization of a permanent system of conciliation of international disputes, to be applied upon a violation of the hereinafter mentioned principles; . . ." Treaty Inf. 1933, No. 49, p. 17.)
President Roosevelt invited Russia to negotiate toward the establishment of normal diplomatic relations between the two countries. ("It is most regrettable that these great peoples, between whom a happy tradition of friendship existed for more than a century to their mutual advantage, should now be without a practical method of communicating directly with each other . . ." White House Press Releases, Oct. 10.)
October 11. League Assembly passed resolution on international assistance for German refugees (Cf. Sept. 29, supra. Survey 1933, p. 156).
October 14. Germany withdrew from the disarmament conference. ("In the light of the course which recent discussions of the powers concerned have taken in the matter of disarmament, it is now clear that the disarmament conference will not fulfill what is its sole object, namely, general disarmament. . . . This renders impossible the satisfaction of Germany's recognized claim to equality of rights, and the condition on which the German government agreed at the beginning of this year again to take part in the work of the conference thus no longer exists." Doc. Int. Affairs 1944, p. 285.
Germany resolved to withdraw from the League of Nations. "Since it has been made clear to us from the declarations of the official representatives of certain. great powers that they were not prepared to consider real equality of rights for Germany at present, we have decided that it is impossible, in view of the indignity of her position, for Germany to continue to force her company upon other nations. . . ." Ibid., pp. 292 f.)
Chancellor Hitler said there was no ground for territorial conflict with France once the Saar was settled. (". . . only a madman would consider the possibility of war between the two states, for which, from our point of view, there is no rational or moral ground." Ibid., p. 291.)
October 17. A treaty of nonaggression, conciliation, and arbitration signed between Rumania and Turkey. ("Equally devoted to the maintenance of general peace;
"Convinced that it is the duty of Turkey and Rumania to cooperate to this end in a spirit of mutual confidence by preparing for the pacific settlement of disputes liable to arise between them;
"Keeping in mind that both governments are signatories of the Pact of Paris of August 27, 1928, relative to the renunciation of war, and of the Conventions of July 3 and 4, 1933, determining aggression;
"Desirous of strengthening in the common interest of the two countries the existing bonds of friendship, which constitute for them a guaranty for the future; . . ." Treaty Inf. 1933, No. 50, p. 18.)
October 25. Colombia and Peru began negotiations on Leticia under auspices of the Brazilian foreign minister (Cf. June 23, supra. Survey 1933, p. 582).
November 2. Secretary of State Hull told German Ambassador Hans Luther that a general war was probable in the next two to ten years. (". . . the outlook in Europe at this distance for disarmament or for peace did not appear very encouraging. . . ." Peace, p. 193.)
November 3. League Commission of inquiry began work on Chaco dispute.(Cf. June 26, July 26, supra. Survey 1933, p. 578).
November 12. National plebiscite approved Chancellor Hitler's foreign policy as to withdrawal from disarmament conference and League of Nations by more than 90 percent vote (Ibid., pp. 148 f. Cf. Oct. 14 supra).
November 16. The United States recognized the Government of Soviet Russia. (". . .that our nations henceforth may cooperate for their mutual benefit and for the preservation of the peace of the world." Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, p. 462.)
November 28. Consul‑General Messersmith reported Germany wanted peace "for the moment." (". . . The military spirit is constantly growing . . .to have a chance to get ready to use force if it is found finally essential. . . ." Peace, p. 194.)
December 1. The German National Socialist party was constituted a statutory corporation. (Because of the overwhelming mandate of Nov. 12. Survey 1933, p. 149.)
December 3‑26. Seventh Pan‑American Conference at Montevideo (Ibid., p. 318).
December 15. Token payments on war debts made by Czechoslovakia, Britain, Italy, Latvia, and Rumania; Finland paid in full (State Release 1933, No. 220, pp. 347‑357).
Committee on the organization of peace of the Pan‑American Conference adopted a declaration offering the services of all governments represented at the Conference for the settlement of the Chaco dispute. (It put on record that the Conference was ready to cooperate with the League of Nations in the application of the Covenant. Survey 1933, p. 425 n.)
December 18. German Government in memo to French reiterated stand on disarmament. ("The heavily armed states either have no intention of disarming or do not feel in a position to do so. Germany is entitled to obtain, in one way or another, equality of treatment as regards her own security." Doc. Int. Affairs 1933, p. 329.)
Germany insisted on the innocuous character of the S. A. and S. S. as political organizations. ("Their sole mission is to organize the political masses of our people so as to make the return of the Communist peril impossible for evermore . . . whose aim is to immunize the country, intellectually and physically, against the risk of Communist disintegration. . . ." Ibid., p. 331.)
December 19. Chaco armistice until Jan. 6, 1934. (Proposed by Paraguay because of the impossibility of giving proper care to the large number of Bolivian prisoners as long as the fighting continued, and to consolidate advance before lengthening lines of communication. Survey 1933, p. 425 n.)
The United States renounced the right of intervention in Latin America. ("Under the. Roosevelt administration the United States Government is as much opposed as any other government to interference with the freedom, the sovereignty, or other internal affairs or processes of the governments of other nations." State Release 1933; No. 221, p. 326. Cf. Peace, p. 202.)
December 22. Swiss Federal Council passed a supplementary vote of 82,000,000 Swiss francs for national defense. (Because of rumors of projected Nazi coup across Switzerland toward France. Survey 1933, p. 173.)
December 28. President Roosevelt extended the policy of renunciation of the right of armed intervention to all nations (". . . the time has come to supplement and to implement the declaration of President Wilson ['That the United States will never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest.'] . . ." State Release 1933, No. 222, p. 381.) and offered a definition of aggression. ("Back of the threat to world peace lies the fear and perhaps even the possibility that the other 10 percent of the people of the world may go along with a leadership which seeks territorial expansion at the expense of neighbors and which under various pleas in avoidance are unwilling to reduce armament or stop rearmament even if everybody else agrees to non‑aggression and to arms reduction." Ibid., p. 382. Cf. Peace, pp. 205 ff.)


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Once again everything was deserted in the immense hotel. Empty salons, corridors, salons, doors, doors, salons...empty chairs, deep armchairs...stairs, steps, steps one after another...glass objects, empty glasses...
Last Year at Marienbad: Directed by Alain Resnais
It's spring in Istanbul and the tourists have arrived. They gather outside the Hagia Sophia for group photos, snap away at the Blue Mosque and stop at the entrance to the Grand Bazaar to take one shot before venturing in. Some have other ideas and wander alone, photographing architectural features and streetscapes. Then there are the few who appear driven by different impulses. Occasionally a tourist will stop, take a photo and move on and when you look to where their camera was pointed it's hard to see what attracted them to an empty laneway or rubbish bins against a stone wall. Maybe they are doing something really interesting and travelling the world in search of specific details; the pattern of shadows on brickwork, old signage or deliberately avoiding the typical sights in favour of the commonplace and banal. They are hunting the images that others have missed. In the end they don't have a record of Istanbul so much as what it means to be a tourist. 'This is not a photograph of the city; it's of me and what I feel like when I'm here.' That is, if that's what they're doing.
Between 1925 and 1927 a group of people, two men, a woman and the photographer, went on a grand tour, from England to Venice and Switzerland, to Jerusalem and Canada. Of course it may not have been one trip but several yet it appears they travelled together. We don't know any more about them except that they were middle aged, possibly retired, and dressed better than modern tourists.
The mystery of who these people were is intrinsic to the images. They appear in most of them, dwarfed by the buildings or the landscape and in all but the first (in this series, not necessarily the sequence in which they were taken) they are simply standing, holding much the same static pose in each shot, their faces obscured but unsmiling. We all do this of course - put our friends in front of monuments – but in a lot of the photos the figures are too small and obscure to suffice as portraits. Another noticeable aspect of these photographs is the absence of levity. It is as though these people had a purpose other than to enjoy themselves. A grand tour to get acculturated was and remains a principle of tourism yet if that was their purpose some of the locations are odd; Land's End in Cornwall, a train station in Switzerland and the shore of the Dead Sea. Where, you might wonder, is St Mark's Square or the Dome of the Rock, and, though Canadians may beg to wonder why, Toronto, the industrial harbourside especially, wasn't on many itineraries for a grand tour. Was that really what they were on?
The images have a rawness that gives them a certain authenticity. The way the prow of the gondola intrudes into the photograph of the Rialto Bridge disrupts the composition yet makes it complete. Take it away and we're left with a photograph thousands, maybe millions of tourists have taken since. Others have a muddy quality that call to mind amateur watercolours but again, if they were perfectly exposed and printed we wouldn't be left with much to ponder. If alienation is too strong a word to use here, the way the people keep appearing in the photographs as stiff, tiny dark figures against the background recalls Last Year at Marienbad, at least in the way they are detached from their surroundings, as if the places they visit are of secondary interest. Even their communication with each other is minimal. It's easy to imagine them drifting from Venice to Switzerland and down to Jerusalem holding cryptic, non-sequential conversations. (Another detail; regardless of which country they are in they wear heavy coats. Presumably they preferred travelling in winter.)
Here's the thing. We may be looking at a set of photographs a group of ordinary tourists took of their travels but there is something about them that suggests otherwise. There's a story here but like a novel where the narrator reaches for the truth and falls just short, the details we get and those that are missing combine to leave us asking more questions at the end than when we started.

subset: commoncrawl


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DAC Collection Artist Information
Anni Albers
American textile designer and printmaker, born Germany
Brief biography, in most instances from the Union List of Artist Names® Online:
She studied in Berlin and Hamburg before studying and teaching at the Bauhaus.
Artist ID number in the Union List of Artist Names®: ULAN 500012591.
The ULAN link above leads to a cataloging authority record at the Getty Research Institute.
Objects related to Anni Albers:
|Anni Albers
|Fox I, 1972
|Photo-offset lithograph printed in red and grey inks on Rives BFK paper
|Anni Albers
|Fox II, 1972
|Photo-offset lithograph printed in grey and brown inks on Rives BFK paper
ULAN biographical content is displayed with permission of the Getty Research Institute. Some ULAN content in some DAC artist records has been lightly edited. Content from the Getty Research Institute is © 2019 The J. Paul Getty Trust. All rights reserved.


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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'kevin durand' tag.
Let me start off by saying this: I'm a fan of King Arthur.
I know, I know, this is Robin Hood. But I do mean King Arthur. The one I'm referring to, more specifically, is the 2004 version, directed by Antoine Fuqua with Clive Owen as the title character. I only saw it once, but I remember enjoying it because of the realism it brought to the Arthurian legend. It wasn't the most historically accurate, but it grounded the legend with an attempt to place him into a realistic setting. That I enjoyed.
That's the same idea, I presume, brought to Robin Hood, wherein the legend is placed within as close to a historically accurate setting as possible. Granted, liberties are taken, but it's nothing overwhelming to make one complain. The same could be said for Scott's Kingdom of Heaven, where again some liberties were taken.
This is probably why we have the "historical fiction" genre of literature and film.
As for this film, Scott set it as a prequel to the outlaw Robin, when he robbed from the rich and gave to the poor. This Robin Hood (using his given name Robin Longstride) fights in the English army for King Richard the Lionheart during the last of the crusades. Robin is dismayed with the actions taken by King Richard (the film opens with them laying siege to a castle in France), and decides to leave the army with a few of his fellow commoners (Will Scarlet, Little John, and Allan A'Dayle). King Richard is killed in battle, and his personal guard is ambushed by Godfrey, an English spy for the French. Robin assumes the role of Robert Loxley (one of the king's personal knights), heads off to Nottingham to return Robert's sword to his father, and eventually courts Maid Marion, who was married to Robert. Elsewhere, Richard's brother John becomes king after his death and rules quite unjustly, Godfrey pillages England, in the name of the king, with the French assisting him, and other different plots ravel and spin around until the final battle on the southern coast of England.
Yes, there is a lot going on, but it all works. I imagine that there will be the eventual director's cut release (this movie clocked in at 150 minutes) that will expand on portions of the plot lines, making things a bit smoother (it definitely helped with Kingdom of Heaven). The film is beautifully shot, both with the choreography and the battle sequences (of which there are several). The acting was well done, though some of the characters were mere set pieces that didn't get much; unfortunately, it was the early version of the Merry Men of Sherwood forest that didn't get much characterizations, between the drunkards of Robin's personal guard and the feral children that would eventually form part of the Merry Men. The movie moves though with Russell Crowe and Cate Blanchett as the leads. They are both solid and very reliable.
Mark Strong, sadly, is now being typecast into every villain role imaginable. Then again, he has the look of Evil Bastard That's Up to No Good, so it does kind of work. Four movies in six months as the villain though? Someone cut this guy a break.
As for the realism, I actually did enjoy it. I know the main portrayal of Robin Hood as always been of the "merry" sort, dressed in green, with the pointed feather cap and his band of men always up to no good (but, up for good, dependent on view point). And, they have fun too. The legend of Robin Hood is, I suppose, a happy one (just see Mel Brooks' "Men in Tights"). Scott's Robin Hood isn't, but I don't think it's supposed to be. Given the setting (late 12th century England), it wasn't necessarily a fun time – or a fun place for that matter – to live. With the kings always asking for more money, people often live off of nothing: food, water, clothing, etc. Frankly, it sucks.
And that's what I probably liked most about this version of Robin Hood: it helps establish the legend by placing him in a very accurate setting (again, historical liberties aside) and actually showing just how difficult life was, and how one man with his (eventual) band of merry followers made all sorts of trouble for the king because of his unjust ways.
Kudos indeed.
Note: Russell Crowe a few days ago spoke of an eventual sequel that goes into the legend of Robin Hood itself. I'm not necessarily holding my breath on that: medieval movies don't generally make a lot of money domestically, and with the budget being as high as it is (over $200 million), the movie needs to make a lot of money to break even, and probably even more to create a sequel. I would gladly see one made, but the chances of that aren't very good. But, we shall see.


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Complete Streets Gaining Speed
Robert Steuteville blogs about the new report, titled Complete Streets Policy Analysis 2011, which was published recently by Smart Growth America and the National Complete Streets Coalition. The report gives a quantitative accounting of the growth of the Complete Streets movement in America, with communities across the country adopting 146 Complete Streets policies in 2011 alone (for a total of 350).
The report also spotlights the best of these policies. "Local policies of particular note are highlighted throughout the report, providing a comprehensive examination of best policy practices across the country. Complete Streets policies in New Jersey, Louisiana, California, Minnesota, and Connecticut are among the report's most successful examples."
"It's great to see such a surge in Complete Streets policy adoption over the past year," said National Complete Streets Coalition Director Roger Millar. "But this growth is also reflective of changing times and attitudes about transportation."


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Controversy over Romney's Taxes Underlines the Need for Broad Reform
The controversy over Mitt Romney's tax returns underlines the need for broad reform of the U.S. tax system. Much commentary has focused on the low average tax rate that this wealthy candidate for president enjoys, thanks in large part to low rates on capital gains.
The political issue raised by Romney's taxes is simple: should the rich pay a larger share of the cost of government, or, are they being justly rewarded for their role as job creators? The economic issues are more complex: Does it make sense to treat capital gains differently from other forms of income? How do capital gains taxes interact with the rest of the tax system?
The blogosphere is awash with commentary on the political aspects of the question. (See here for samples from the left and the right.) This post will tackle the economic aspects, under the headings of three economic arguments often advanced in favor of lenient tax treatment of capital gains.
1. Capital gains are not income
One argument for lenient tax treatment is that capital gains are not income, but rather, only a reflection of the transfer of control of an existing asset. If we want assets to come under the control of those who can put them to best use, we should erect no barriers to their purchase and sale. Tax income if you will—wages, interest, rents, profits—but not ownership transfers.
This might be a persuasive argument if it were possible to distinguish cleanly between income and capital gains, but it is not. Consider the following example: I make a contract with my wife to supply 2,000 hours of labor over the coming year for a payment of $2,000. She can, if she wants, call on me to use those hours mowing the lawn and making lasagna for dinner. Instead, she can treat the contract as an asset (which it clearly is) and sell it to the local university. The university happily pays her, say, $60,000 for the right to command 2,000 hours of my time as a lecturer. Come April 15, she reports a basis of $2,000 on the sale of the contract and a capital gain of $58,000. I report labor income of $2,000. If capital gains are preferentially taxed, it's a pretty neat way to reduce the total taxes on our joint return, no? At the same time, it moves my labor to a higher-valued use, and I can still mow the lawn in my spare time.
Although the teaching contract example is fanciful, the real world is full of situations where a business can choose to structure a transaction to make it look like income or to make it look like a capital gain. A corporation can pay dividends to its shareholders or retain earnings and allow the market price of its shares to appreciate. It can pay executives high salaries or give them stock options structured to produce equivalent capital gains. The examples are endless.
One of the most controversial ploys is the carried interest rule, which allows hedge fund and private equity managers to structure the income they receive for their services in a form that qualifies for taxation as capital gains. It appears likely that Mitt Romney is among those who have taken advantage of the carried interest rule.
Even some commentators who are otherwise enthusiastic about lenient taxation of capital gains draw the line at carried interest. For example, David Frum, who forthrightly asserts that "the lower tax rate for capital gains is good policy," writes that
The person entitled to the lower capital gains rate is the owner of the capital asset. But the US financial industry benefits from rules that allow non-owners the same benefit as owners: This is the famous "carried interest rule." It's utterly unjustifiable. If you're investing with other people's money, what you are earning is income—and it should be taxed as such.
Even if tax avoidance strategies that convert ordinary income to capital gains were economically costless, they would still violate the principle that good tax rules should treat like as like, keep the tax base broad, and keep rates low for everyone. But the situation is worse than that. Very often, tax avoidance requires more than just waving an accountant's wand over something a firm would do anyway in the normal course of business. Instead, structuring transactions to take advantage of specific tax rules often requires changing actual business practices—the choice of financing methods, the timing of investments, even entry into whole lines of business that would be unattractive except for their tax advantages.
For example, suppose a private equity group is weighing the pros and cons of a risky leveraged buyout of a failing company. Is it worth throwing good money after bad in the hopes of turning the company around, or at least papering over its problems long enough to resell it? Or would it be better just to liquidate the company and sell off its assets piecemeal? The lower the tax rate on capital gains from the buyout, the more tempting it is to take the risk, even if the before-tax return on some other, more highly taxed venture would be a more productive use for the capital. In such cases, lenient treatment of capital gains does not, as its defenders claim, encourage the transfer of assets to their highest value uses. Instead, risks transferring them to uses that have lower real values, offset by tax benefits. Doing so creates deadweight losses for the economy as a whole.
2. We need low capital gains taxes to offset the effects of inflation
A second justification for low tax rates on capital gains is that we need them to avoid taxing "phantom" capital gains produced by inflation. This argument has an element of truth. In times of inflation, owners of assets may be subject to taxes on nominal gains even when real asset values do not increase. You buy shares at $100 and sell them for $120 a couple years later, after prices have risen 10 percent. If you pay 30 percent tax as ordinary income on the $20 nominal gain, your tax rate on the $10 real gain is 60 percent. Cutting the rate on capital gains to 15 percent, while leaving the tax rate on ordinary income at 30 percent, would only level the playing field. Right?
Not really. There are two flaws in this argument.
First, any arbitrary rule like a fixed lower tax rate or an exclusion of a portion of capital gains can only crudely approximate the necessary adjustment for inflation. The 15 percent rate that works out right in the example we just gave becomes too low a rate if inflation slows, or too high a rate if it accelerates. Furthermore, the rate that just levels the playing field for a person whose ordinary income falls in one tax bracket will be too high or too low for others in different brackets.
A more nuanced approach would be to index the basis on which capital gains are calculated to reflect inflation between the date of purchase and the date of sale. That would avoid the taxation of phantom capital gains, but it would not avoid a second, equally serious problem.
The second problem is that other forms of investment income, too, are subject to phantom taxation when there is inflation. Suppose you are subject to a 30 percent tax rate on interest income that you earn from a bond with a 5 percent coupon that you own during a period of zero inflation. If inflation later rises to 5 percent, and the same borrower then offers a 10 percent coupon rate on similar, newly issued bonds, your real income before tax is unchanged. The trouble is, you have to pay 30 percent tax on the full 10 percent nominal interest, which comes to 60 percent on the 5 percent real interest that remains after you subtract the effect of inflation.
The situation is similar for income from the common stock of a firm that has constant real profit, of which it pays a constant share as dividends. Faster inflation increases the real effective rate of taxation on the dividends.
A helpful 1990 paper from the Congressional Budget Office explores the problem in detail. The paper confirms that faster inflation raises the effective tax rate on investment income, but it points out that the effect is inherently smaller for capital gains than for dividend or interest income. Attacking the problem of phantom capital gains in isolation by whatever means—a preferential capital gains rate, an exclusion, or indexation –only widens the gap between the way inflation affects capital gains and the way it affects dividends and interest. Doing so increases the attractiveness of tax avoidance strategies that involve inefficient business practices.
The ideal solution to distortions caused by inflation would be to index the entire tax system. Indexation would have to cover not only all forms of investment income, but also taxation of ordinary income, real estate, inheritance, and everything else. But trying to remove the effect of inflation on capital gains taxes separately is likely to make things worse, not better.
3. We need low capital gains taxes to avoid double taxation of corporate profits
Avoidance of double taxation of corporate profits is a third common argument in defense of lenient tax treatment of capital gains. As Chris Edwards puts it in a recent post on Cato@Liberty, "Corporate profits are taxed at the business level and then again at the individual level by taxes on dividends and capital gains. Providing a lower rate for dividends and gains at the individual level is one way to partly alleviate the distortion."
Yes, it is one way to partly alleviate the distortion—one way, and a bad way. A much better way would be to fix the flaws in corporate taxes that are the source of the problem rather than apply a Band-Aid to capital gains.
What would fixing the U.S. corporate tax involve? I'll reserve a full discussion the subject for a future post, but briefly, it would mean two things.
First, it would mean getting rid of the numerous loopholes in the corporate tax system that allow some corporations to escape taxation of their altogether while those unlucky enough not to qualify for the same loopholes pay the second highest rate in the world, after Japan. Income derived from companies that do not pay corporate taxes does not need to be shielded from double taxation.
Second, it would mean further reducing the double-taxation problem by substantially lowering the corporate tax rate while taxing capital gains as ordinary income. That was a key element of the Simpson-Bowles tax reform package advanced in December 2010, which proposed a comprehensive reform of the corporate tax with a single rate in the range of 23 to 29 percent along with taxation of capital gains at the ordinary income rate.
A recent paper in the Virginia Tax Review by Rosanne Altshuler, Benjamin H. Harris, and Eric Toder explores the logic of the Simpson-Bowles proposal in detail. In the authors' view, "there may be both efficiency gains and increases in progressivity from shifting taxes on corporate equity income from the corporate to the shareholder level." The distributional effects are admittedly hard to estimate, since they depend on the complex issue of how the corporate tax is divided between capital and labor and also on the extent to which corporate taxes distort international locational decisions. The case for efficiency gains is much more robust. It holds up even if capital bears the entire burden of the corporate tax.
The bottom line
The bottom line is that proper policy design depends on more than whether capital gains taxes can affect business decisions. Of course they can. So do taxes on ordinary income, payroll taxes, sales taxes, property taxes and most other taxes. But it is a non sequitur to say that capital gains taxes affect business decisions, therefore they should be as low as we can make them. Instead, we should properly consider capital gains in the context of the tax system as a whole:
- Taxing capital gains at lower rates than other forms of investment income does not encourage investment in general so much as it encourages structuring investment decisions in ways that avoid taxes, even if they are less efficient.
- A separate regime for capital gains taxes is likely to increase the degree to which inflation erodes the equity and efficiency of the tax system.
- When we consider corporate income taxes and capital gains taxes jointly, a strong case emerges for revenue-neutral reform that taxes capital gains as ordinary income while lowering the corporate tax rate.
And what does all this have to do with Mitt Romney's tax returns? Jack Blum, a Washington lawyer and tax authority hit the nail on the head when he recently told ABC News that "his personal finances are a poster child of what's wrong with the American tax system."
4 Responses to "Controversy over Romney's Taxes Underlines the Need for Broad Reform"
Earl Grinols • January 26th, 2012 at 2:07 pm
Or, the nation could repeal the16th Amendment and the income tax, institute a consumption tax (in form of VAT, but other varieties are possible), and eliminate the vagaries above while reaping 4-6% higher national income in the long run, according to most estimates. This also has the advantage of helping the little guy accumulate wealth and fully prevents the rich guys from avoiding taxes when they consume.
EdDolan • January 26th, 2012 at 4:32 pm
I agree there is much to be said in favor of a consumption tax
pal casino • February 2nd, 2012 at 9:02 pm
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Paul Katchings • March 17th, 2012 at 2:58 pm
Hello Ed Dolan,
Just came across your Blog EconoMonitor and this post. Good argument for the lowing of the capital gains rate in the US.
Also let's consider the consequences of The Untaxing of the United States of America- How taxing capital gains ends the taxation of wages, salaries and profits.
I am the author of this White Paper.


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So you think you love cheese? St. Perpetua was so impressed by a taste of cheese she had in a dream that she considered it proof of God's divinity—and decided to die a Christian martyr during the Roman times of the third century rather than renounce a Lord who could make such heavenly curds.
I learned of St. Perpetua in the latest edition of Mental Floss, a magazine dedicated to confounding trivia and weird facts. In "Our Lady of the Curd: 4 Holy Women Transformed by Cheese," (not online, sorry) writer David Clark tells of Perpetua, and other pious women, such as St. Margaret Mary Alacoque, who ate cheese as a type of self-flagellation.
You see, in 17th-century Europe, cheese had a bad rep. People thought it was rotten, and would surely make you sick. Thus, when St. M.M.A. was asked by her Mother Superior to eat cheese when she entered the convent, she trembled for days at the thought. Nonetheless, her faith triumphed over her fear, and the sister managed to choke down a few disgusting ounces of cheese each day for the next eight years as a sort of ascetic ritual. The result? I guess cheese-eating really does something for your vision quests: St. Margaret Mary Alacoque is known for her vision of the Sacred Heart, Christ's heart on fire, pierced, and crowned with a ring of thorns.
Clark also discusses Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, the Mexican nun who gave up cheese so that its supposed intellect-clouding qualities would not disturb her religious studies, and Diana Duyser, the Florida gambler who discovered an image of the Virgin Mary on a grilled cheese sandwich.
Of course, Duyser isn't alone. The human tendency to see images in random patterns is hardly new. But most people who catch sight of a potato chip that looks like Jesus probably don't later get a tattoo of it.


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Conference Theme
Gateways in Higher Education: Cultures, Transitions, and Transformations
The Mi'kmaq people call Halifax K'jipuktuk, meaning "Great Harbour." Halifax harbour is quintessentially a gateway—ships and people arriving and moving through—immigrants landing, soldiers embarking, refugees seeking shelter. Between 1928 and 1971, more than one million immigrants, refugees, war brides, and evacuated and displaced persons saw Halifax's George's Island lighthouse and the gates of Pier 21. Many stayed in Halifax, many more moved on into the rest of Canada.
Each year, thousands of students come to Halifax as intellectual immigrants; students from across Canada and the globe arrive, move through their studies, and continue on as competent, committed citizens. Students can choose from a multiplicity of programs and majors from any of Halifax's higher education institutions:
- University of King's College (est. 1789)
- Saint Mary's University (est. 1802)
- Dalhousie University (est. 1818)
- Mount Saint Vincent University (est. 1873)
- NSCAD University (est. 1887)
- Université Sainte-Anne (est. 1890)
- Nova Scotia Community College (est. 1988)
In the realm of theory and practice of technology, pedagogy, and assessment, it seems as though higher education is continually at a gateway, a liminal space, where possibility and advancement is available. In this context, what is the role of the post-secondary institutions, classrooms, and teachers in supporting students in their quest for higher learning? Understanding where we have come from, and where we are now, is key to understanding where we are going, and how we can develop and change over the next century to meet the needs of our changing student demographics.
We invite conference participants to engage in questions such as these, and considerations of our collective contributions to social, political, economic and human well-being in the unique context of Halifax—a place that combines real and metaphorical gateways with a 200-year history of providing opportunities for higher education.
Conference Threads
We are pleased to offer several conference threads associated with the conference theme. These conference threads will assist in the creation of the conference program, and to group presentations together in a more coordinated manner.
- Assessment for Learning
- Learner and Learning-Centred Course Design
- Teaching Practices to Support Experiential Learning
- Indigenization of Higher Education
- Internationalization of Higher Education
- Motivating and Understanding Learners
- Understanding and Supporting Faculty and Instructors
- Innovations in E-Learning
- Faculty and Student Partnerships in Higher Education
- Learning Thresholds (Threshold Concepts and Decoding the Disciplines)
- Leadership of Change and Innovation in Teaching and Learning
Conference Streams
In addition to conference threads, which are connected to the theme of the conference, we also invite presenters to identify whether their session is associated with one of the Special Interest Groups or Caucuses in STLHE. Where possible in the program, we will ensure that we plan the program to enable streams associated with these SIGs to be established throughout the conference.
The affiliated groups within STLHE are:
- Teaching Assistant and Graduate Student Advancement
- Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) Canada
- College Sectors Educators Community
- Educational Developers Caucus
- 3M Fellows


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Statement of the Hon. Secretary of AICF D.V.Sundar for Chessdom
After the signing of the WCC 2010 match contract in Sofia, the Honorary President of the All India Chess Federation D.V.Sundar sent an exclusive statement to Chessdom.com. Mr. Sundar thanked the participating parties in the organization of the match, and qualified Topalov – Anand as "2010 Match of the year".
India, 17.12.2009
The All India Chess Federation is happy that the whole process towards the successful conduct of the "2010 Match of the year" has a woderful begining. We congratulate the Bulgarian Chess Federation, the FIDE, the Government of Bulgaria and people of Bulgaria for making it happen.
We are sure that both the Grandmasters will dish out some exciting games for the Chess lovers all over the world to cherish. Let the best player during the fortnight win.
The All India chess Federation wishes the organisers all the best for the success of the Championship.
All India Chess Federation


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4000 Level Courses
Fourth Year Courses are very limited in number. All are Program courses, but the numbering convention is less restrictive as "capstone courses" are often cross-disciplinary.
49xx are Thesis Courses, and have a 1.5 course weight. Preparation for a thesis course often begins by contacting potential supervisors in the previous winter term.
4000B The Nature and Philosophy of Geography
Discussion of geographical paradigms within a historical and social context. A central concern is the relationship between the academic and professional practice of geography.
Antirequisite(s): The former Geography 348a/b.
Prerequisite(s): 4th year status, and enrollment in a Specialization, Major or Honors Specialization in the Department of Geography
Extra Information: 2 hours, 0.5 course.
4100A Geography and Change
This advanced seminar focuses on effective strategies for the implementation of constructive change. Core constructs are examined and students use a variety of media to develop skill sets related to the facilitation of constructive change. A heavy premium is placed on active engagement both individually and in group activities.
Antirequisite(s): The former Geography 3452a/b.
Prerequisite(s): Two courses or equivalent in Geography and third or fourth year status at the University or permission from the instructor.
Extra Information: 2 hours, 0.5 course.
4220B The Geoweb and Geomedia
This course explores the challenges and opportunities of citizens' production, access, dissemination and use of Internet-based geospatial data (the geoweb) including locational and still/video imagery. Explores issues of ethics, privacy, research design and citizen engagement via the geoweb.
Prerequisite(s): Fourth year status and Geography 2220A/B, or permission of instructor.
Extra Information:2 lecture hours, 1 laboratory hour, 0.5 course.
4460G Real Estate and the Cities
The course is a continuation of Geography 3464F/G. The object of the course is to expose students to the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of urban form and structure. A major focus is on understanding the theories, acquiring the techniques to test the theories, and critiquing the approaches employed for the empirical tests.
Antirequisite(s):The former Geography 377F/G, 378F/G, and 3460E
Prerequisite(s): Geography 2210A/B and Geography 3464F/G. Geography 2420A/B and 3210A/B are strongly recommended.
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
4900E - Thesis
A thesis on a geographical problem including the results of field work, cartographic representation, and a study of the relevant literature.
Prerequisite(s): Fourth year status, and enrollment in an Honors program with a Specialization or Major in the Department of Geography.
Extra Information: Hours by arrangement, 1.5 course.
4901E - Thesis (Science)
A thesis on a geographical problem in the natural, physical or technical sciences.
Prerequisite(s): Fourth year status, and enrollment in an Honors program with a Specialization or Major in the Department of Geography.
Extra Information: Hours by arrangement, 1.5 course.


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Howe Sound — At 1:02 p.m. the swirl of fog lingering around Passage Island gives way to a cloudy olive hue as the three-person submersible Aquarius begins its descent to the ocean floor.
As we plunge into the dark abyss, the submersible's high-intensity lamps expose a stream of white nutrients and minutia of life known as marine snow visible just outside the bubble acrylic viewport.
"Flooding the air tanks," announces Jeff Heaton, a veteran pilot with Nuytco Research Ltd. of North Vancouver. "We'll start to get heavier."
The Aquarius — 4.5 tonnes, with an inch-thick steel hull — rocks back and forth as he operates the two horizontal and two vertical thrusters to control the 100-feet-per-minute descent.
Rebreather technology scrubs the carbon dioxide from our breath and injects back oxygen to allow us to breathe safely during the 90-minute dive.
Heaton tells me not to fret about the puddle of water at the base of the viewport into which my notebook has just fallen. "The dome leaks a little bit in shallow water. She doesn't really like to seal until we get super deep. Nothing do worry about, though."
Heaton sits in a chair wedged into the back of the Aquarius, while I lie on my stomach alongside freelance science writer Anne Casselman. "It's amazing, we could be anywhere right now," she says.
As Heaton announces we are approaching the bottom, we are greeted by a vast layer of mud and several sea creatures — small flat fish, Dungeness crabs and thin forests of sea whips and sea pens.
All fascinating to look at, but not why we're here.
This is an expedition for fragile glass sponges, which scientists say form a critical component of B.C.'s marine environment, serving as a refuge for young fish and a filter to clean sea water of bacteria.
Heaton receives communications from his colleagues "topside," on a barge off Passage Island, 2.5 kilometres from West Vancouver, that will direct us to a known sponge reef at a depth of 240 feet.
The submersible has a speed of two knots as it skims above the ocean bottom for about 200 metres. "We don't drive too fast down here," he says, noting a six-gill shark once bumped the submersible out of the way during a cable survey. "Things do loom up out of the blackness at us."
The sense of anticipation grows stronger, until … until … there!
We can make out the vague outline of our first sponges. Some are white and others are the colour of Kraft Dinner, clumps of tubes about two feet high in which juvenile rockfish seek refuge.
Heaton works his way up a wall virtually paved with sponges, stopping now and again in hopes the silt will clear away. He is careful to keep his distance and not destroy the very lifeforms he is here to protect.
Some tubes have large gaping mouths, reflecting their importance in filtering ocean water. Sally Leys, a marine biologist at the University of Alberta, has found that just one sponge is capable of filtering 9,000 litres of water per day. "They're pretty awesome, amazing biostructures," she said.
On the other hand, they are vulnerable to getting their filters clogged with silt. "They shut down and stop pumping, which is not a good thing."
The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society has long-standing concerns about the impact of commercial fishing on sponges in the Strait of Georgia, especially bottom trawling and prawn traps, and is pushing Fisheries and Oceans Canada to implement commercial fishing closures to protect the reefs from further damage.
Bruce Reid, regional manager of oceans for the Pacific region, said talks are already underway with commercial fishing groups on the concept of protected areas for sponges in the strait.
"We are aware of the sponges and that they are vulnerable to physical damage," he said.
A special meeting will be held to discuss the issue in December.
In 2002, the federal government closed bottom trawling to protect the sponges in Hecate Strait, off B.C.'s north coast, and CPAWS is hoping to have a marine protected area in place by June 2014, said the group's oceans director Sabine Jessen.
A 2009 survey around Passage Island at the mouth of Howe Sound found discontinuous reefs covering more than 166 square kilometres. Jessen said she was on a reconnaissance trip in July and spotted a trawler with its nets out near Passage Island. "We know they're still out here."
Manfred Krautter, a professor of paleobiology at the University of Stuttgart in Germany, said he had long been dealing with fossilized hard-rock sponge reefs when he heard about B.C.'s living sponge reefs in the late 1980s. "I couldn't believe it. For me, it was discovering a herd of dinosaurs."
Among the others who took a spin in the Aquarius submersible on Tuesday was B.C. technology minister Andrew Wilkinson, who is also a scuba diver.
"It was remarkable, wonderful," he said minutes later. "We get to use made-in-B.C. world-leading technology to see something in our backyard that we didn't even know was there — lifeforms right here in Metro Vancouver that so few people get to see."


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By IANS
Guwahati, Dec 7: Despite a goalkeeping crisis at Bengaluru FC, NorthEast United FC coach Joao de Deus has warned that his side will not be at an advantage in their Indian Super League (ISL) clash here on Friday.
Bengaluru FC's first choice goalkeeper Gurpreet Singh Sandhu has been suspended for two matches after the India international picked up a red card against FC Goa in the previous match.
The talented Abhra Mondal is injured, and even though Lalthuammawia Ralte has returned from injury, rookie Calvin Abhishek remains the only fit goalkeeper.
"The advantage would be only if Bengaluru FC play without a goalkeeper. But honestly that won't happen. They will have a goalkeeper. I don't care about it because I must look at my team. If it's Calvin, Ralte, Gurpreet or anyone else, it's for their coach to decide, not me. I know for sure that T.P. (Rehenesh) will be our goalkeeper and they will have one goalkeeper," Joao said on Thursday.
NorthEast United are placed sixth on the table with four points from three matches while Bengaluru FC are at the top with six points and a superior goal difference after three matches.
Bengaluru FC coach Alberto Roca was still undecided on his first-choice goalkeeper for the clash with regular goalkeeper Gurpreet suspended and Abhra injured. Ralte, Roca said, "wasn't sure," possibly leaving him with no choice but to field Calvin.
"I have some problems at the back with regard to goalkeepers but these are circumstances that I cannot change. I am confident in my goalkeepers and that whoever plays will do his job well," Roca said.
The visitors, however, will have their talismanic striker and captain, Sunil Chhetri, available. The India captain has joined the team after tying the knot with his long-time girlfriend.
"He is married and available for tomorrow. He joined the team here and he is ready. I think he is the most professional player I've had in my career," Roca said.
The match presents an opportunity for NorthEast United to capitalise on Bengaluru's weakness in front of goal and their low morale after the defeat in Goa.
NorthEast themselves secured an important win against Delhi Dynamos FC in the previous match and are now confident they can add to their points tally.
"We are better today than 15 days ago when we played Jamshedpur. For 15 days, we worked hard to create our own identity. We are better. I am sure that Bengaluru FC are also better than their first game," Joao said.
Update: 07 Dec, 2017


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Theresa Akers is an interdisciplinary performance designer focusing on building new and interesting multimedia compositions applying sound, light and spatial storytelling elements in immersive collaborations throughout Minneapolis. Chief Creative Officer of Mesh Lab, she has designed for Mu Performing Arts, Freshwater Theatre, Workhaus Collective and Hennepin Theatre Trust. A graduate of NYU's Gallatin Program for Spatial Psychology and Visual Design, she is excited to bring her interdisciplinary work to Minneapolis College of Art and Design, and hopes that her studies will yield a new perspective on business. She is currently pursuing an MA in Sustainable Design at MCAD and based in Minnesota.
Theresa Akers
BFA Architecture / Business / Performance


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Course of the Week
Sport and Coaching
Why Study Sports Science and Coaching?
It will allow students to develop a wide range of skills that will prepare them for a range of jobs in the sports industry or progression to higher levels of education. Excellent achievement rates in our courses increases your chances of success.
The courses are delivered by lecturers with great experience of performing, teaching and coaching in the sports industry. They will provide students with cutting edge knowledge delivered in an exciting manner, with the use of the excellent resources and facilities available including a new Fitness Centre from Autumn 2013, available at Stoke on Trent College.
Key facts about Sports Science & Coaching :
- Strong leisure industry job opportunities in the Northwest
- Personal trainers can earn up to £30,000 a year
- New employees in gyms and health clubs could earn up to £20,000 a year
Popular career progression :
- Fitness Instructor
- Leisure Centre Manager
- Sports Coach
- Sports Nutrition
- Sports Psychologist
- Sports Therapist
Don't forget that you can also Stoke on Trent college also has a Fitness Centre open to the public – click here for more information.


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Danilo Cartia (I) sends this reprint of his article in the latest issue of Bluegrass Europe, the official EBMA magazine ('Rivista Ufficiale della Associazione Europea di Musica Bluegrass').
The 1st Bluegrass Meeting will be held a week today (Friday 24 May 2013) at Sarzana, Italy, as part of the 16th Acoustic Guitar Meeting (22-6 May). Workshops, jams, and stage performances will be included, of which the high point will be the Italian Bluegrass All-Stars - Danilo Cartia (banjo), Massimo Gatti (mandolin), Anchise Bolchi (fiddle), Leo Di Giacomo (guitar), and Icaro Gatti (double bass), with special guests.
See also Danilo's advance information, which appeared on the European Bluegrass Blog on 6, 19, and 20 March 2013.
Danilo Cartia
Phone/fax: +39 068273332
Mobile: +39 3396908450


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Ok so,i dont have a lot of time now,so its hard to search cool artists who are also underappretiated.
So on this special episode of Tubi4 Shouts At People About People we are looking at a tallented one who allready has a strong following but i am doing this for the chance you guys might not have seen him.
Its the starpunching narm!
:iconnarm: 's art is aways vibrent colorfull and cool!Look at these!
Ok,so i love pixel art(mainly coz i can draw it kinda amaturish)and i aways love these sort of peace where there are kinda unesery little details,but this is just amazing looking to me.
This is just to show that narm is the kinda artist that would say that this peace is just a "practice"
!Narm has several comics that he has worked on,this (while i am not familiar with)was succsesfully kickstarted.But the more important think is that it looks amazing!


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At the moment, there seems to be so much conflict in our country, and with Valentines Day just a week away, what better way to promote repairing the breaks in our life and in society then by trying Kintsugi, "golden joinery." According to the philosophy behind this ancient Japanese tradition, nothing is ever truly broken and fits with "wabi-sabi," the aesthetic of the beauty of things that are imperfect, impermanent, and incomplete.
Kintsugi basically repairs broken pottery by using seams of gold. Recently, I saw a display of it and was captivated.
As you can see from the video, traditional Kintsugi can take months to repair. However, there are some simpler ways to do this with things like Epoxy, E 600. Once an item is repaired, you will most likely not use it for food or drinks, but rather use it to hold plants, pencils, art supplies, flowers or whatever strikes your fancy.
Check out the links and videos below:


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Welcome to our website! As we have the ability to list over one million items on our website (our selection changes all of the time), it is not feasible for a company our size to record and playback the descriptions on every item on our website. However, if you are an American with a disability we are here to help you. Please call our disability services phone line at 617-472-1710 during regular business hours and one of our kind and friendly personal shoppers will help you navigate through our website, help conduct advanced searches, help you choose the item you are looking for with the specifications you are seeking, read you the specifications of any item and consult with you about the products themselves. There is no charge for the help of this personal shopper for any American with a disability. Finally, your personal shopper will explain our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service, and help you place an order if you so desire.
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