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November 2014 issue of Viking, we rounded up 25 Nordic-inspired gifts for the entire family. Here are a few more of our favorites.
Gather around the table and play Hnefatafl (nef-ah-tah-fel)—a chess-like game that is referred to in old Norse manuscripts.
Norwegian brand SWIMS offers shoes and outerwear for both men and women to keep you dry and fashionable. For the sporty guy on your list, we love the Luca Sneaker.
Do you love hit television show "Vikings?" Watch for season 3 to premier on The History Channel in 2015. If you've never seen it, catch up with DVDs from season 1 and 2.
The Norwegian National Doll Costume is handmade by Debbie's Doll Dresses and fits 18'' or American Girl dolls.
The Pengus Beanie from Scandinavian children's wear company Mini Rodini keeps little ones cute and cozy. The brand is a favorite of celebrity kids.
The Iittala Lempi Glasses made from blow glass come in a 2 pack with color choices of blue, grey or purple.
Anya Britzius is editor of Viking magazine. She lives in Minneapolis, Minn., and enjoys baking, reading and keeping up on modern Norwegian trends.
Thursday, November 6, 2014
Holiday Gift Ideas
Posted by Anya Britzius at 9:00 AM
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Enterprise Retail - Piccadilly Market, St James's Church, December 2015/
The Enterprise Retail Team Experiences Piccadilly Market
The Retail Enterprise team linked up with St James's Church in Piccadilly in a very exciting entrepreneurial event. Students and the community developed and sold a number of unique products in the vibrant and charming historical background of Piccadilly Market. Products for sale included Mohila Creations cards and gifts, glass baubles designed and created by the children from the art department, mugs and jigsaws designed and produced by a year 11 student as well as a range of bags decorated by the year 7 Golden Group.


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Through visibility and accessibility, Blueprint engages a diversity of voices within the community surrounding political, cultural, and social issues.
Blueprint values expression in the form of art, writing, photography, and design. The ability of students, alumni, and community members to create a publication is a process of empowerment and skills-building.
Blueprint values discourse around ideas of community, art, and any given theme.
Blueprint values the involvement of students and community members in a hub of artistic and social values. Blueprint aims to incorporate as many people as possible in the processes of creating and consuming the magazine through outreach and distribution.
Blueprint values the learning and skill-building process. Students and community members at every level of the production and distribution scale, whether they are readers, editors, designers, or contributors, should learn and grow as a result of engaging with Blueprint.
Blueprint should challenge social norms and values, and work towards a just model of production.
As a student publication based on a culture of volunteerism, being involved with Blueprint should be an enjoyable, fulfilling experience.


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*err on the side of extra spice and seasoning!
- 1 cups (or more) olive oil, divided
- 2 pounds plum tomatoes, halved lengthwise, seeded. (Canned or fresh, depending on the season and convenience. Canned worked beautifully.)
- 1 1/2 teaspoons dried oregano (I used fresh and doubled this)
- 3/4 teaspoon sugar
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1 to 2 garlic cloves, minced
- 2 teaspoons minced fresh Italian parsley
- Aged goat cheese (such as Bûcheron)
- 1 baguette, thinly sliced crosswise, toasted
- Preheat oven to 250°F. Pour 1/2 cup oil into 13x9x2-inch glass or ceramic baking dish. Arrange tomatoes in dish, cut side up. Drizzle with remaining 1/2 cup oil. Sprinkle with oregano, sugar, and salt. Bake 1 hour. Using tongs, turn tomatoes over. Bake 1 hour longer. Turn tomatoes over again. Bake until deep red and very tender, transferring tomatoes to plate when soft (time will vary, depending on ripeness of tomatoes), about 15 to 45 minutes longer.
- Layer tomatoes in medium bowl, sprinkling garlic and parsley over each layer; reserve oil in baking dish. Drizzle tomatoes with reserved oil, adding more if necessary to cover. Let stand at room temperature 2 hours. DO AHEAD Cover; chill up to 5 days. Bring to room temperature before serving.
- Serve with aged goat cheese and toasted baguette slices.


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A reluctant vampire hunter, stalking New York City as only a scorned bride can.
Elle Dupree has her life all figured out: first a wedding, then her Ph.D., then swank faculty parties where she'll serve wine and cheese and introduce people to her husband the lawyer.
But those plans disintegrate when she walks in on a vampire sucking the blood from her fiancé Greg. Horrified, she screams and runs–not away from the vampire, but toward it, brandishing a wooden letter opener.
As she slams the improvised stake into the vampire's heart, a team of black-clad men bursts into the apartment. Turning around to face them, Elle discovers that Greg's body is gone—and her perfect life falls apart.
The ballroom was packed. More people had arrived while we were getting dressed. Women in sequined dresses and men in tuxedos sat around almost all the tables. Some of them were even eating. Couples crowded the dance floor. The band was indeed very good–they were playing a version of "You'd Be So Nice to Come Home to" and the lead singer, a tall woman in a slinky black dress, had a deep, smoky-sounding voice.
It would be easy to be charmed by this setting, by all the elegance that surrounded me.
Of course, all the vampires that surrounded me weren't quite so charming. They were terrifying.
And in a room full of people, I discovered that it was easy to tell which ones were vampires and which ones weren't. Some of the humans were easy to spot–the ones who were eating food were easy to pick out as humans, of course, and many of them had bandages or fresh wounds on various parts of their bodies. The parts where the veins ran close to the surface: the neck, the crook of the elbow, the wrist.
There were other humans there, too, though, humans who weren't eating and who didn't have any visible blood-donation marks. But they were clearly human, just as some of the other people moving around the room were clearly vampires.
The vampires tended toward pallor, of course. And occasionally one flashed a fang here or there, particularly when they laughed–an effect I found chilling. They were mostly extraordinarily beautiful, but then, so were the humans. Deirdre seemed to like surrounding herself with beauty.
Add Legally Undead to your Goodreads Bookshelf:
About the Author
Margo Bond Collins is the author of a number of novels, including Waking Up Dead, Fairy, Texas, and Legally Undead (forthcoming in 2014). She lives in Texas with her husband, their daughter, and several spoiled pets. She teaches college-level English courses online, though writing fiction is her first love. She enjoys reading urban fantasy and paranormal fiction of any genre and spends most of her free time daydreaming about vampires, ghosts, zombies, werewolves, and other monsters.
Connect with Margo
Amazon Author Page: https://www.amazon.com/author/margobondcollins
Email: email@example.com
Website: http://www.MargoBondCollins.net
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MargoBondCollin @MargoBondCollin
Goodreads Author Page: http://www.goodreads.com/vampirarchy
Facebook Author Page: https://www.facebook.com/MargoBondCollins
Pinterest: http://www.pinterest.com/mbondcollins/


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Rio Futaleufu Extended Trip Options
Rio Michimahuida
(3 days: 1 day at hot springs, 2 days of Class V rafting). Rio Michimahuida, better known as "The Mich", is a major tributary of the Rio Yelcho, which is a continuation of the Futaleufu. Originating from the Michimahuida volcano, the Mich is a low volume, steep and technical river that delivers numerous class IV and V rapids as it carves its way through sheer granite walls and impressive hanging glaciers. This is a trip that very few people get to experience because of its dependence on the right water levels. Contact Global Descents for details. This trip extension requires a minimum of four people.
Rich in history, in mythology, and in culture, the small island of Chiloe remains one of the paramount, yet least recognized, attractions in Chile. Colorful stilted homes, quaint fishing villages, and stunning scenery and outdoor opportunities make the island an ideal location to experience authentic Chilean culture. Ancud, a town on the north shore, hosts a celebrated weekly market where some of the finest woolens on the planet are bought and sold at bargain prices. Castro, located in the center of the island, is a picturesque town notable for stilted homes perched over the gulf, century-old wooden churches, and magnificent views of Pumalin National Park's snow clad volcanoes. Chiloe National Park, on the west shore, features pristine Pacific coastline and myriad trails through native evergreen forests.
San Carlos de Bariloche, commonly known as Bariloche, is located in Argentina's Patagonia, on the the southern coast of Nahuel Huapi Lake, a 2 hour flight from Buenos Aires. Bariloche's Deep blue lakes, towering mountains, glaciers, climbing, boating, exploring, dining and just full relaxing make this an incomparable vacation destination. The scenery alone leaves most people breathless! 19th century Swiss-German architecture add a charming element to the downtown district; and Nahuel Huapi National park, within which the town sits, offers virtually unlimited outdoor opportunities. Bariloche is an all-season destination for vacationers and tourists. Summer sports on the various lakes in the region, trekking, climbing, horseback touring, bicycle tours and other warm weather activities draw visitors to the region as much as the winter ski season does. Summers are warm and dry; winters are cold and wet with rain and snow.


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As a natural progression to our technology development services, we offer our clients cost effective, back-office business process services. Some examples of the business process services are document processing, data entry, investigative research, credit verification, compliance procedures, document attribution and indexing, title and transcription processing services. We deliver these services through highly secure state-of-the-art onshore and offshore facilities, which use the most advanced information technology infrastructure available.
Our engagement begins with a systematic analysis of process improvement and definition of workflow. Followed by identifying what can be outsourced to achieve the optimum benefits to our clients using the onshore-offshore model. At C-Metric, we are experts at process and workflow mapping to identify and evaluate the different business processes that can be effectively optimized in order to save our clients operating cost and delivery timeline.


text: Malkolak Institute Of Marine Studies (M-IMS),Goa. MALKOLAK INSTITUTE OF MARINE STUDIES (M-IMS) at Goa takes up advanced research for developing Bio-medical products which have high industrial value. The Mission is to drive the fields of science, technology and management of aquatic natural resource through generation of excellent academic and research programs towards the development of the leaders of the world needs who ensure the sustainability of society and the nation. OBJECTIVES The primary objective is to carry out basic and applied research integrating various disciplines related to marine research disciplines. To develop as a platform for industry, academia, researchers, scientists to identify different research breakthroughs. To develop novel bio-medical products from marine species which have high industrial value. To promote and co-ordinate educational and research programmes and its application in Marine Science and Technology. SOCIETAL IMPACT PROGRAMME Conservation of Indian horseshoe crab, its ecosystem and their sustainable use. Conservation of mangrove ecosystem in Andhra Pradesh (with a focus on Coringa) ecosystem. Training on farming Indian green mussels on floating raft in Lake Chilka for the benefit of low income group of people of Orissa. Training to low income group of people of Orissa for producing food products from Indian green mussels. Training to low income group people of Orissa for producing food products from Indian green mussels. PROGRAMMES PLANNED Post graduate and Ph.D. programmes in core and emerging disciplines of the Marine Science and Technology and Maritime Studies. Degree in Maritime (B.Sc.) Post graduate diploma in product processing (flora and fauna), knowledge of conventional and modern gears, quality assurance and marketing Capture and culture fisheries. Products (fish & seaweed) processing and quality assurance. Development of planning and management in Marine Science and Technology. Conventional and modern fishing gears and aquaculture systems. Coastal aquaculture (seaweed, pearl, mussel etc). Income generation in-house aquaculture practices (live feed, hatcheries, ornamental fishes, aquaponics, biodiesel etc). Positions at Malkolak Institute of Marine Studies (M-IMS), Goa International Conference on Conservation of water bodies for sustainable utilization (24-25 March' 2015) at Goa Registration Form (Goa International Conference) ADVISORY BOARD . NATIONAL Dr. H. B. Singh, Director, Department of Science & Technology, Technology Bhavan, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi. Padmashree Dr. G. C. Mishra, Ex-Director, National Centre for Cell Sciences, Pune. Dr. Kanury V. S. Rao, The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi. Mr. Chitta Behera, Project Swarajya, Cuttack (Orissa). Mrs.Dolly Dash, Project Swarajya, Cuttack (Orissa). Prof. Rajoo Balaji, Petronas (ALAM), Malaysia. Dr.D.B.Sahoo, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi. Dr. Arun S. Ninawe, Advisor (Scientist 'G'), Department of Biotechnology, 6-8th Floor, Block – 2, CGO Complex, New Delhi. INTERNATIONAL Prof. Srini Kaveri, the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) Paris (France). Dr.Huma Alam, Australia. Green Oscar Winner, Mr. Mike Pandey, River Bank Studio. THE MALKOLAK JOURNAL OF MARINE STUDIES The Malkolak Journal of Marine Studies is a peer-reviewed journal published thrice in a year by the Malkolak Institute of Marine Studies, Goa, India. The main aim of the journal is to bring large international community of marine scientists and fellows together and provide a forum for discussion and exchange of their knowledge for developing effective programmes to utilize vast resources of ocean for the benefit of the society. Editor-in-Chief : Mr. Shekhar Shukla Guest Editor : Mr. Shekhar Shukla Editorial Board International PROF. SRINI KAVERI, Director, INSERM PARIS, FRANCE. DR. DAVID R. SMITH, Aquatic Ecology Branch, Leetown Science Center, USGS – Leetown Science Center, Aquatic Ecology Lab, Kearneysville, USA. PROF. TARIQ M. HAQQI, Department of Medicine/Rheumatology Metro Health Medical Center, Cleveland, USA. PROF. CSABA SZEKELY, Fish Pathology and Parasitological Research Team Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt, Budapest, HUNGARY. DR. BEHARA SATYANARAYANA, Dept. of Organism Biology, Brussels, BELGIUM. PROF DR OMAR BIN YAAKOB, Department of Marine Technology, University Teknologi MALAYSIA. PROF MOHD EFFENDY ABD WAHID, Director, Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University Malaysia Terengganu, MALAYSIA. PROF. MOHD. LOKMAN BIN HUSAIN, Director, Institute of Oceanography, University Malaysia Terengganu, MALAYSIA. DR. ANNIE CHRISTIANUS, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, MALAYSIA. DR. ANIL KUMAR ANAL, Dean, Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, School of Environment, Resources and Development, THAILAND. PROF. SURIYAN TUNKIJJANUKIJ, Dean, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok THAILAND. PROF DR. MD. ABDUL WAHAB, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, BANGLADESH. PROF. NGUYEN PHUONG THANH, Dean, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Vietnam Can Tho city, VIETNAM. PROF. PAUL SHIN, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, HONG KONG. NATIONAL PROF. R. C PANIGRAHY, Professor in Department of Marine Science, Berhampur University. Orissa. INDIA. DR. CHANDRASHEKHER.U.RIVONKER, Department of Marine Sciences, Goa University, Goa. INDIA. DR. RAJEEV RAGHAVAN, Director, Conservation Research Group (CRG), Department of Fisheries, St. Albert's College, Kochi, Kerala, INDIA. DR. P. S. PARAMESWARAN, Scientist-in-Charge, NIO Regional Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Salim Ali Road, Cochin. INDIA.


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Everywhere you go you find a new weight-loss/meal replacement diet shake that will give you the quick-fix weight-loss. These VCLD (very low calorie diet) shakes have been on the market for a few years now and there are over 10 different brands now, all competing with each other. A few familiar names include Optifast (the original), Celebrity Slim, Tony Fergusson, Ultra Slim, Biggest Loser, Kick Start, Optislim and Fat Blaster, just to name a few.
These meal replacement shakes are a way to help you control your calorie intake without having to worry about what you should be eating and counting calories. Although they are extremely low in calories, comprising of around 800 calories per day, they are nutritionally balanced and contain all the recommended daily amounts of vitamins and minerals. They are usually recommended by your Doctor for people who need to rapidly lose weight and whose BMI is above 30.
There are both pros and cons to following a weight-loss plan such as the VCLD. The short term benefits (or Pros) can include rapid weight-loss, keeping temptation away, and having a quick and convenient way to prepare your meals in the go. The negative aspects to such a program are: minimal carbohydrates (which can affect the body in the long term); not learning how to eat properly; normally weight is put back on after you stop consuming the shakes; not enough fibre through lack of fresh fruits and vegetables; you can be left feeling hungry; the diet can be expensive.
Unless specified by your Doctor, these shakes are usually consumed twice a day (normally for breakfast and lunch), followed by a small protein and low GI vegetable-based meal. It is also recommended that you consume 2-3 snacks throughout the day of around 100 calories each, and a minimum of 8 glasses of water to maintain adequate hydration.
There are some people for whom this sort of weight-loss plan may not be beneficial, including pregnant or breastfeeding women, children or adolescents, type I diabetics, people with kidney, liver or CV disease, and people who are lactose intolerant (due to skim milk powder contained in this product). However, people with type II diabetes may benefit from this under their Doctor's supervision. There are also possible side-effects some people may experience while taking this product, including headache, dizziness, bad breath, constipation, nausea and diarrhoea. Please be aware of these and cease following this program if they become apparent.
Overall, taking these low calorie diet shakes will help you lose a few quick kilos but such a lifestyle is unsustainable and not teaching you how to eat properly for your body. I believe that it is essential to provide support and education to individuals who want to start taking diet shakes, but they need to learn how to eat healthily for themselves and how to keep their excess weight off, through both diet and exercise.


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Fort Myers Home Inspection
Able Home Inspection is proud to provide Home Inspections in the Ft. Myers area by an InterNACHI Certified Home Inspector. We are Fort Myers' most experienced, qualified home inspection service.
Please click one of the above links for additional information.
Finding a Fort Myers Home Inspector is easy. Finding a qualified, certified, experienced Fort Myers Home Inspector that is willing to work hard FOR YOU is difficult. All Commercial and Home Inspections are performed personally by the owner, Bruce Lunsford. Bruce is an ASHI Certified Home Inspector in SW FL. Whomever you hire, make sure they are ASHI and/or FABI certified. These certifications are the most meaningful certifications a home inspector can obtain.
Able Home Inspections also performs Termite Inspections, Radon Testing, Mold Inspections and Mold Testing in all of Fort Myers.


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Monthly Archives: March 2013
Octopus process
*Updated with a better scan. Hello peeps! Thought I'd do a wee process post this time. Although this isn't the way I usually work (or it hasn't been before although I really enjoyed it, so I might do more!), I … Continue reading
Disney Natalie
Hello peoples! This instalment you are treated to me, as a Disney character! A project for college required us to pick a style from a box and then illustrate ourselves as a vector character. It was really good fun. The guys on … Continue reading
Personal Branding
Hallo! Got some new bits up on the etsy shop – here. I've been working on some personal branding to use for my business and I've come up with something I quite like. It's a retro/vintage feel, which seems to … Continue reading
The Amazing Super Bean
Hello everyone! Today's blog is about how seemingly innocuous conversations with people can spawn a cool idea or inspire you to do something you wouldn't normally do. I'm sure we've all at some point had a conversation and someone's turn … Continue reading


text: So over the past four or five years I've always had at least one fairly large pimple on my face, it's been extreme embarrassing and I'm sure you all know what I'm talking about... I have spent a tonne of money trying to fix this but guess what... Yep you guessed it nothing works! So a couple weeks ago I was looking online and came across something that is all natural and works like a charm!! Within three days of using this method once or twice a day they were almost gone and within a couple week I had a flawless complexion with very little redness from the old breakouts... What did I use you ask?? I took a cotton pad drenched it with lemon juice and sprinkled on about a teaspoon of sugar... After rinsing my face with warm water I used the lemon and sugar mixture and scrubbed my face until I couldn't feel the sugar anymore, really made sure I scrubbed my problem areas like the wonderful t zone and the sides of my nose etc.... Rinse with warm water after you're done (make sure you don't get it in your eyes!) pat dry and go to sleep, you'll notice a difference in the morning I sure did!! Second day even bigger difference third day they were all dried up with NO NEW ones starting!! Now I can go outside with little to no makeup:-) now when I do this in the morning what I use as a moisturizer is actually a fluid with an 8% glycolic acid, eff that I don't want these things to come back!! I have a relatively light skin tone so I'm not afraid of bleeching my skin, so those of you who are tanned of have dark skin tones use lemon juice on your skin at your own risk!! But good luck to all that tries this method, just remember consistency is key in everything you do!! Whether it be this or even weight loss it's all consistency is the key to success!!


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Le Club Chasse et Peche
This restaurant was perfect in every possible way. Such a lovely experience for our 5 year anniversary celebration
This was our third time there and it was even better. We love the service, food and atmosphere. We make a trip from out of town every year. Our favourite nice restaurant in Montreal.
Les plats sont délicieux mais les assiettes sont trop peu copieuses pour le prix demandé.
Excellente carte des vins.
Simply the best restaurant in Montreal.
Service is exceptional and the food is fabulous.
This was an amazing experience. The service was phenomenal. The menu offerings were amazing and everything was prepared perfectly.
I've eaten many places all over the world and this ranks among the best.
Service was superbe!!!!!!our main waiter was so engaging and funny. He made our night even more special. Also kudos to the waiter who brought our wine to the table. He immediately realized the wine was off without us having to tell him. A first for us. Very professional and very attentive staff. Ambience-Very cosy and it really did feel like you were in a "club"reminiscent of the past with modern touches as well.
Food was quite innovative and mostly delicious but was served lukewarm. Since the wait staff was so brilliant we didn't tell them. Also not impressed with the scallop dish drizzled with a bit of a vanilla flavour. The sole veggie sushi style dish was not very exciting- quite bland. Not sure if they change it up. Our main entrees of duck and halibut were quite tasty but 3- 4 pieces of pasta on my plate(like a tasting menu portion) doesn't quite live up to fine dining we've experienced elsewhere. However, for a restaurant that is listed in this year's 100 best restaurants in Canada they could step it up a notch for the prices they charge based on our experience in having eaten good food in diners etc to 5 star fine dining restaurants.
If Canada's had Michelin star designations, this restaurant would have two stars for the food.
Our meal was outstanding, and the service was the best that we experienced in Montreal. I would highly recommend Le Club Chasse et Peche to my friends visiting Montreal.
A great meal, everything we had was really good. It wasn't too heavy, we left full but not uncomfortable. Would definitely go back if I'm in Montreal again.
Absolutely amazing !!! The food was extraordinary. Everything tasted flavorful and fresh. I would recommend this restaurant to any one traveling to Montreal.
Went for my girlfriends birthday and had a great dining experience
An unexpected mediocre review of a highly anticipated restaurant. My husband & I dined here on a Saturday night ordering from the a la carte menu. Our shared foie gras appetizer was very good. My entree however was another matter. I ordered the ocean selection which was trout. The trout was cooked well but it came on a large mound of difficult to cut Swiss chard & kale which was not listed on the menu. Here is the menu item description "ocean delivery, smoked Yukon gold, girolles, walnut". I mentioned this to the waitress but she just shrugged her shoulder like it was nothing and said you don't like Swiss shard? I would not have ordered this entree if I had known a significant portion of Swiss chard was included. On the other hand my husband's halibut was very good. We left without ordering dessert. The service was somewhat inattentive & unimpressive especially the handling of my entree problem. I won't return.
A super overall experience. We understand why they get such high marks. Every detail was perfectly executed.
Amazing meal and excellent service - I wanted to order every single thing on the menu!
Service incredible, warm and cozy atmosphere, delicious and varied menu
Menu extraordinaire! Très recherché et succulent! Merci.
It did not live up to our expectations and we wouldn't go back!
The food lacked flavour and seasoning.
The background music was not appropriate in our opinion and too loud and therefore intrusive.
Relatively expensive for what it is.
This is one of my favorite restaurants in Montreal. The food is outstanding, and worth every penny. The service is excellent.
La pasamos muy bien, aunque el lugar es un poco oscuro y ambientado no moderno.
The food is brilliant and the service is absolutely top notch. They made my dinner in Montreal memorable. The desserts are almost too beautiful to eat.
We loved everything about this place. My wife and I visited Montreal on our honeymoon and heard great things about this restaurant. We enjoyed the excellent selection of wine and every course, and spent a memorable 3 hours indulging in our dinner and dessert. Highly recommend the chasse et peche and oysters in particular. The staff were exceptionally attentive and provided helpful suggestions throughout, even though the restaurant was packed. Should be on everyone's list when visiting the city.
From NYC with it's great epicurien restaurants. This place stands with the very best. Best meal we've had in a while. Great ambiance , very attentive service, outstanding flavors, had lamb, trout, and scollops. Yumm
We had a great dining experience here. Wine was great and food was even better. Everyone in our party of four enjoyed their meal. They had a gluten free menu available when I requested it. Pricey but worth visiting!
Personnel des plus chaleureux, service impeccable, parmi les meilleures tables du Québec, ce restaurant surpasse toute attente. Félicitations à toute l'équipe, en espérant que vous continuerez de nous faire partager votre passion pendant de nombreuses années.
The food is delicate, but a little pricier for just a little portion, you need to order 2 mains to feed you up.
Great atmosphere. Very exclusive feeling. Our waiter seemed ambivalent to us being there. Food was okay, duck was cooked a minute too long. Smoked oyster with elderberry was the best oyster I have ever had.
A truly magnificent culinary experience! From the exquisite tuna tartare and the grilled octopus for our starters, to the sumptuous halibut, salmon and pasta w/wagu beef, culminating in an explosion of flavors in the desserts, I highly recommend this restaurant. I was accompanied by my 10 year old daughter and my 15 year old son and they both marveled at the food and especially the service.
Hands down, one of the best meals we have ever had!
Be sure to make reservations in advance. We made ours from the States before our visit to Montreal.
Avec les enfants âgés de 15 et 18 ans, nous avons vraiment adorés, c'est un lieu exceptionnel ... le serveur décrit les plats avec professionnalisme on voit qu'il aime son métier ... nous avons passés une excellente soirée, nos plats étaient excellents un vrai plaisir gustatif... nous reviendrons lors d'un autre séjour au Canada ... nous le recommanderons à nos amis ! Merci
Une institution depuis maintenant 13 ans ! Plats succulents mais assez petits. La carte des vins est très fournie, de quoi remplir plusieurs pages. Service attentionné et cordial.
One of our most favourite spots. Great service, food, and ambiance. We keep coming back and our never disappointed.
Excellent food and efficient, gracious service.
Had a wonderful time. Excellent food, service and ambiance. It is our "go to" resto for special occasions
Great food, great wine, friendly and knowledgeable staff. We definitely plan to return.
This meal was spectacular ! The staff was helpful and attentive but not overbearing . The food was fresh and delicious. I had tuna tartare which was very tasty . The lamb chops were perfectly cooked, juicy and tender. My husband had the risotto with porc which was not gloppy or heavy as some can be. The flavors were perfectly melded. His duck was also prepared beautifully. We were blown away by dinner .
The food is great. Service is great. Quaint little spot. Wonderful place for a special celebration.
This place was wonderful (once we found it, that is, but that was the fault of our bad Internet connection while abroad). The food was truly delicious, but the fantastic service is what made it our favorite dinner while in Montreal. The waiters worked together seamlessly to take orders, make recommendations when asked, replenish drinks, and remove empty dishes as soon as we no longer needed them. Get the scallops for sure, and the wagyu beef was divine! We took our waiter's suggestion on dessert and he didn't steer us wrong. Not a cheap meal, but they earned every cent.
We love dining here and especially for special occasions.
The service and ambiance are wonderful and the food is delicious and beautifully presented.
Another plus is the amazing wine list .
This is a very popular restaurant for tourists who stay in Old Montreal but lovers of good food and wine and those in the know in Montreal have been coming here for years. The effort and quality is so evident. Kudos to the team here.
Until this visit, Le Club Chasse et Peche was one of my favorite restaurants in Montreal, having eaten there several times, having always been impressed by all aspects of the experience, and having recommended it to many visitors to Montreal who seek my suggestions as a native with a passion for both cooking and dining. On this occasion, the food did not disappoint, the atmosphere could benefit from a little renovation, but the impatience, arrogance and cheerlessness of the waiter so detracted from the experience that, in a city with so many wonderful restaurants, I will now recommend it with significant reservation and will not plan to return with my family and friends.
Food and service was excellent. It made for a perfect evening.


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Bumrungrad Internation Hospital
Bumrungrad International Hospital
HealthPoint Blog
Better Health Magazine
Bumrungrad HealthPoint Blog
Timely and relevant health tips from Bumrungrad International Hospital
M.D. Focus
Get to know our doctors
Meet four Bumrungrad physicians as they share their thoughts on a range of health care topics.
Providing the highest standards of patient care requires a hospital-wide commitment and professional expertise. Bumrungrad's medical staff includes over 900 world class doctors of the highest caliber, with outstanding professional credentials and advanced training across the full spectrum of medical sub-specialties.
After graduating with First Class honors from Siriraj Hospital's Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Non was awarded a fellowship for advanced studies at a leading institute in the US city of Pittsburgh. He chose to focus on critical care medicine, a specialty requiring a wide range of medical knowledge.
Q: What are the main duties of a critical care physician?
My job is to take care of patients across a wide range of life-threating conditions – respiratory failure, low blood pressure, multiple organ failure, and others – that require an intense level of care. I have to manage multiple systems of the body which have implications for a patient's survival.
Q: What aspect of your work poses the greatest challenge?
In my specialty, our body and mind must be ready and prepared to handle the stresses of treating patients in life-threatening situations. When a patient passes away, you can't help but feel sad. However, as doctors, we must keep our emotions in check so we can help other patients.
Q: Is there one lesson you've learned that helps you in your work?
During those moments when I'm feeling stressed or tired, I think about something my mentor used to say: "You have the best job in the world, because in no other job can you help save the lives of so many people." That rings true to me because, when we can save a patient facing near-certain death, it's a wonderful feeling.
After graduating from Mahidol University's Faculty of Medicine at Ramathibodi Hospital, Dr. Vitchaphan went on to earn a Diploma from the Thai Board of Otolaryngology. He did his advanced studies in the US, focusing on endoscopic sinus, head and neck surgery. At Bumrungrad, his vast experience and expertise are helping patients succeed in the battle against cancer.
Q: What's the most challenging part of your work as a doctor?
After treating so many cancer patients over many years, I've come to recognize that cancer places a tremendous burden on a patient's mental and emotional well-being, and it affects me as well. It's more apparent in the more serious cases, such as when an organ must be removed which will impact a patient's life quality, or a cure is simply not possible.
Doctors need advanced communication skills with patients, especially when they have to give difficult news. Doctors need to have a calming manner and be able to explain a situation to each patient in a manner that's right for that particular patient.
Q: Are there particular cases or certain patients who always stay with you?
One patient I think about often came to me suffering from sinus cancer. His cancer had grown so much. But the man was desperate for help – he still needed to stabilize his business, and he had very young children who still needed their father to take care of them. If a cure wasn't possible, could I at least help him stay alive for two more years so he could put everything in order?
We focused on supportive therapy to preserve as much life quality as possible. We explored every method and idea – conventional and otherwise – and somehow, he held on for those two years and passed away with no regrets.
This confirmed my belief that, if we're willing to give our best possible effort, even when the odds are against us, we can always find some way to help when a patient needs it most.
After graduating from Chiang Mai University's Faculty of Medicine with First Class honors, Dr. Kessarin earned her diplomate certification from the American Board of Internal Medicine and Neurology. She did advanced studies in vascular neurology at the State University of New York (SUNY) and was hired as a professor at SUNY Downstate Medical Center in New York before returning home to join Bumrungrad.
Q: What got you interested in neurology?
Anatomy has always been my favorite subject, especially neurology which is extremely complex and very challenging. I call on what I've learned when evaluating a patient's condition, particularly with acute stroke patients, many of whom arrive at the hospital with paralysis and have lost their speech function. Prompt diagnosis and swift decision-making are vital to helping these patients. I think I'm at my best during these tense, high-pressure situations.
Q: Which technologies are helping stroke victims the most?
There are many recent technologies that have improved stroke treatment when anticoagulants aren't successful. We can use an angiography to locate the blood clot and use it to directly apply the anticoagulant. Or we can insert a stent to re-open the artery and remove the clot. The advances in these types of procedures allow us to save much more healthy brain tissue than ever before.
Q: What attracted you to Bumrungrad?
The system of patient care at Bumrungrad follows stringent international standards, and the medical team includes many recognized experts across all areas of medicine – there are neurologists who are leading experts in stroke treatment, specialists in multiple sclerosis,
epilepsy, dementia, and more. Patients have access to a wide range of experts.
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January 18, 2012
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Classic Dolce & Gabbana Makeup Tutorial
Dolce and Gabbana roots go back to 1980 when Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana met, with their first collection debuting in October of 1985 at Milan fashion week. At that time they could not afford to hire models, or accessorize the garments in the show so, they had their friends be the models and wear personal items to compliment the clothing. The stage curtain for the show was a bed sheet. They have certainly came a long way since then, but through the years they have kept true to their famous classic look. This is a relatively simple look to achieve, and below you will find all the products I used to do so.
1.) Primer: My first step when applying makeup is ALWAYS my Tom Ford Illuminating Primer. It's definitely my favorite primer and possibly one of my favorite products. It gives such a beautiful glow and makes my skin feel moisturized without making it greasy. A little goes a long way with this, so one pump is enough to cover my whole face. If you splurge on a product, make it this one!
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10.) Contour: Charlotte Tilbury makes my favorite contour powder, and it's found in her "Filmstar Bronze and Glow' contour palette. It's coverage is unbeatable, and I love that the highlighter is not flaky like a lot of others.
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11.) Contour Brush: My exact brush is no longer available, but here is a great one from NYX that will get the job done.
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12.) Blush: My exact combo palette from Becca is no longer available but the colors are still sold separately. The Blush is "flower child". It's the perfect pinky shade without going to Barbie.
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13.) Highlighter: The highlighter from the Becca Palette is a favorite amongst beauty junkies. It's "Champagne Pop" and really does give a beautiful champagne glow.
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14.) Blush Brush: My exact blush brush is no longer available but this is a great alternative. I love a really soft blush brush so that I have more control over the amount of blush that I apply.
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15.) Eyeshadow: I used 2 palettes from Charlotte Tilbury on my eyes, one is not available anymore due to it being a limited edition, but I found an almost exact match to the color used in that palette and that is "Toasted" by Urban Decay. The other palette is part of her regular collection and is the "Dolce Vita" palette.
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16.) Eyeshadow Brushes: I love, love, love these brushes from Tom Ford. This first one is great for an all over coverage and the second is my favorite for giving the eye a smoky liner. The Mac Brush is a great one for all over color as well, but my favorite use is for blending.
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17.) Eyeliner: I am so happy to have discovered the Tattoo Liner by Kat Von D. If you have ever attempted wing liner (and the chances are, you have) you know how challenging it can be. The felt tip on this liner is the perfect amount of sturdy to draw a flawless line. Then, once it's on, you don't have to worry about touchups all day or night!
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19.)Brows: This dual ended brow sculpting pencil from Tom Ford has a brush one one end and an angled pencil on the other. It makes brow shaping super easy and quick. I used Taupe for myself, but it's available in various shades. The "Boy Brow" brow mascara from Glossier is my new favorite brow mascara. It adds a hint of color while locking in your desired shape.
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20.) Lips: I have been using this "Sienna" lip liner from NYX for years now, and it's my favorite liner for a darker red. I recently got the Chanel Rouge Allure Ink as a gift from Chanel, and It may be my new favorite red lip color. Besides the fact that it feels amazing on, and it stays in place, the color is amazing!
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- Research
- Open Access
Accelerated evolution associated with genome reduction in a free-living prokaryote
- Alexis Dufresne1,
- Laurence Garczarek1 and
- Frédéric Partensky1Email author
© Dufresne et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2005
- Received: 5 October 2004
- Accepted: 7 December 2004
- Published: 14 January 2005
Three complete genomes of Prochlorococcus species, the smallest and most abundant photosynthetic organism in the ocean, have recently been published. Comparative genome analyses reveal that genome shrinkage has occurred within this genus, associated with a sharp reduction in G+C content. As all examples of genome reduction characterized so far have been restricted to endosymbionts or pathogens, with a host-dependent lifestyle, the observed genome reduction in Prochlorococcus is the first documented example of such a process in a free-living organism.
Our results clearly indicate that genome reduction has been accompanied by an increased rate of protein evolution in P. marinus SS120 that is even more pronounced in P. marinus MED4. This acceleration has affected every functional category of protein-coding genes. In contrast, the 16S rRNA gene seems to have evolved clock-like in this genus. We observed that MED4 and SS120 have lost several DNA-repair genes, the absence of which could be related to the mutational bias and the acceleration of amino-acid substitution.
We have examined the evolutionary mechanisms involved in this process, which are different from those known from host-dependent organisms. Indeed, most substitutions that have occurred in Prochlorococcus have to be selectively neutral, as the large size of populations imposes low genetic drift and strong purifying selection. We assume that the major driving force behind genome reduction within the Prochlorococcus radiation has been a selective process favoring the adaptation of this organism to its environment. A scenario is proposed for genome evolution in this genus.
- Additional Data File
- Genome Reduction
- Relative Rate Test
- Prochlorococcus Strain
- Prochlorococcus Genome
The size of bacterial genomes is primarily the result of two counteracting processes: the acquisition of new genes by gene duplication or by horizontal gene transfer; and the deletion of non-essential genes. Genomic flux created by these gains and losses of genetic information can substantially alter gene content. This process drives divergence of bacterial species and eventually adaptation to new ecological niches [1]. In some cases, gene deletion may prevail over gene acquisition, leading to genome reduction. This process has occurred several times during evolution and has been well documented for cellular organelles [2, 3], obligate pathogens such as Mycoplasma genitalium [4] or phytoplasmas [5] and symbionts such as the insect endosymbiont Buchnera [6–8] or the hyperthermophile Nanoarchaeum equitans [9]. In the case of organelles, the degree of genome reduction can be extensive as a result of massive gene transfer into the host nucleus, allowing maintenance of the corresponding functions in the resulting composite organism. Mitochondrial or chloroplast genomes, for instance, can be as small as 6 kilobases (kb) [10] and 35 kb [11], respectively. In the case of obligate host-dependent bacteria, the reduction is more limited because the relationships with their hosts are less intimate than for organelles in eukaryotic cells. Thus, obligatory pathogens need to retain a minimum of functions that allow them to infect new hosts and to avoid host defenses, and obligate endosymbionts carry genes which are absolutely necessary for host survival. For instance, a substantial part (approximately 10 %) of the Buchnera genome is devoted to biosynthesis of amino acids which are essential to its host [6].
So far, all characterized examples of genome reduction have been associated with a change from a free-living to a host-dependent lifestyle [12]. It is therefore intriguing that a similar phenomenon of genome reduction has occurred within the free-living marine cyanobacterial genus Prochlorococcus [13–15]. The latter is present at high abundance (often over 105 cells/ml) in all nutrient-poor areas of the world's oceans between 40°N and 40°S and is probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth [16, 17]. It has been shown that two major ecotypes exist within this genus [18]. The first is adapted to grow at the base of the illuminated layer and displays a high divinyl-chlorophyll b to a ratio; the second inhabits the upper layer of the ocean and has a low divinyl-chlorophyll b to a ratio [19]. The genome of one high-light-adapted (HL) strain, Prochlorococcus marinus MED4 [14], and of two low-light-adapted (LL) strains, P. marinus SS120 [13] and Prochlorococcus species MIT9313 [14], have recently been sequenced and annotated.
Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA sequences [18] or 16S-23S ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences [20] show that Prochlorococcus sp. MIT9313 branches at the base of the Prochlorococcus radiation, close to the Synechococcus group [21]. In contrast, the Prochlorococcus HL clade, encompassing the MED4 strain, appears to be the most recently evolved Prochlorococcus group, consistent with the fact that this clade is much less diversified than are the LL clades.
General features of the genomes of the four marine picocyanobacteria used in this study
Size (Mbp)
Number of protein-coding genes
P. marinus MED4
P. marinus SS120
Prochlorococcus sp. MIT9313
Synechococcus sp. WH8102
Synteny and genome stability
Overall genome composition
Orthologous gene pool size
A total of 1,306 orthologs belonging to all major functional categories are common to the four genomes (see Additional data file 1) and probably constitute an estimate of the core of genes conserved in all marine picocyanobacteria. This is sensibly more than the pool of around 1,000 orthologs identified by W.R. Hess [15]. The difference certainly results from the use by the latter author of a low E-value threshold (10e-12) for BLAST comparisons. In contrast, our analysis is based on identification of reciprocal best hits without the use of any particular threshold (apart from the default BLAST threshold) and consequently allows the detection of orthologous relationships whatever the gene lengths or the level of similarity. Still, our ortholog identification process is rather strict and the set of orthologs identified in this study probably corresponds to a lower estimate of the actual number of orthologs shared by the four genomes. This set of genes represents a substantial percentage of the total pool of all protein-coding genes in P. marinus MED4 (73.2%) and SS120 (69.2%) and about half of the gene set in Prochlorococcus sp. MIT9313 (56.2%) and Synechococcus sp. WH8102 (51.1%). These percentages are consistent with the differences in the respective number of genes within these genomes (Table 1) and are compatible with the assumption that a massive gene loss has occurred in MED4 and SS120 during their evolution from a Prochlorococcus ancestor with a larger genome [13–15].
Accelerated rate of evolution of protein-coding genes in Prochlorococcus
Number and percentage of orthologous genes per functional category
Number of genes
% of orthologs
Amino-acid transport and metabolism
Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
Cell-cycle control
Cell wall/membrane biogenesis
Coenzyme metabolism
Defense mechanisms
Energy production and conversion
Function unknown
General function prediction only
Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
Intracellular trafficking
Lipid transport and metabolism
Nucleotide transport and metabolism
Posttranslational modification, protein turnover
Replication, recombination and repair
Secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport and catabolism
Signal transduction mechanisms
Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions
The ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions (dN) to the rate of synonymous substitutions (dS) is commonly used to measure the relative rate of purifying selection acting at the protein level. We determined dS and dN for each gene pair of every group of orthologs and their values were averaged for each genome. Surprisingly, we observed saturation at synonymous sites for all genome pairs (dS > 2) and the calculation of the dN/dS ratio was thus impossible. Still, the average dN was higher between MED4 and SS120 (0.36) than between SS120 and MIT9313 (0.32). The lowest dN was observed between MIT9313 and WH8102 (0.24), a finding which is consistent with the relative acceleration of amino-acid substitutions in MED4 and in SS120.
DNA-repair systems
DNA-repair genes missing only in P. marinus MED4 or in both MED4 and SS120
6-O-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
A/G-specific DNA glycosylase
Superfamily II DNA helicase
Single-stranded DNA-specific exonuclease
Exonuclease VII large subunit
Exonuclease VII small subunit
NUDIX hydrolase family
The process of genome reduction which has occurred within the Prochlorococcus radiation has to our knowledge never been observed so far in any other free-living prokaryote. Since Prochlorococcus sp. MIT9313 has a genome size very similar to that of Synechococcus sp. WH8102 (2.4 megabase-pair (Mbp)), as well as several other marine Synechococcus spp. (M. Ostrowski and D. Scanlan, personal communication), it is reasonable to assume that the common ancestor of all Prochlorococcus species also had a genome size around 2.4 Mbp. Under this hypothesis, the genome reduction which has occurred in MED4 would correspond to around 31%. By comparison, the extent of genome reduction in the insect endosymbiont Buchnera, as compared to a reconstructed ancestral genome, is around 77% [27]. The genome of P. marinus SS120 - and a fortiori the MED4 genome - is considered to be near minimal for a free-living oxyphototrophic organism [13]. It would seem that genome reduction in these organisms probably cannot proceed below a certain limit, corresponding to a gene pool containing all the essential genes of biosynthetic pathways and housekeeping functions (probably including most of the 1,306 four-way orthologous genes identified in this study) plus a number of other genes, including genus-specific as well as niche-specific genes. For instance, MED4 encodes a number of photolyase-related proteins, a few specific ABC transporters (for cyanate, for example; [14] and data not shown). These specific compounds might be critical for survival in the upper water layer, which receives high photon fluxes, UV light and is nutrient-depleted, but less so for life deeper in the water column.
If both Prochlorococcus lineages and host-dependent organisms have undergone genome reduction associated with accelerated substitution rates, these phenomena must have arisen from very different causes as the resulting gene repertoires of the two types of organisms differ tremendously. Indeed, the genome evolution of endosymbionts and obligatory pathogens is driven by two main processes which have mutually reinforcing effects on genome size and evolutionary rates. Being confined inside their host, these bacteria have tiny population sizes and are regularly bottlenecked at each host generation or at each new host infection. Consequently, they experience a strong genetic drift [28] involving an increase in substitution rate. This acceleration results in the accumulation at random of slightly deleterious mutations in protein-coding genes [8, 29] as well as in rRNA genes [29, 30]. This genetic drift enhances the downsizing of the genome through inactivation and then elimination of potentially beneficial but dispensable genes. Among these, there have been a number of DNA-repair genes, the disappearance of which could have further increased the mutation rate [6, 31–33]. Furthermore, a number of genes may be subject to a relaxation of purifying selection which is therefore rendered less effective in maintaining gene function. This relaxation particularly affects genes which have become useless because they are redundant in their host genome, such as genes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and even ATP [4–6, 8, 9, 32]. Selection pressure is also reduced for genes involved in environmental sensing and regulatory systems, such as two-component systems, because of the much buffered environment offered by the host [6].
In the free-living genus Prochlorococcus, the very large size of field populations [34] means that these populations are subject to much lower genetic drift and their genomes are subject to much stronger purifying selection than are those of endosymbionts and pathogens [35]. Consequently, the observed accelerated rate of evolution probably results merely from the increase in the mutation rate, which in turn is probably due to the loss of DNA-repair genes, even if one should note that, in P. marinus SS120 only two such genes are missing (Table 3). We observed a similar acceleration of amino-acid substitutions for all functional categories (Figure 4). This finding is more consistent with a global increase in the mutation rate than with relaxed selection, the latter being unlikely to occur to the same extent at all loci. We also assume that most amino-acid substitutions that have occurred in Prochlorococcus proteins are neutral; that is, they have not altered protein function. Indeed, populations of the HL clade which, like MED4, have the most derived protein sequences of all Prochlorococcus species, appear to be the most abundant photosynthetic organisms in the upper layer of the temperate and inter-tropical oceans [16]. Such an ecological success would hardly be possible for organisms handicapped by a large number of slightly deleterious mutations, especially given the fact that most genes are single copy, and so compensation of gene function is generally not possible. The effect of the maintenance of a high level of purifying selection on counteracting deleterious substitutions is particularly obvious in the rRNA genes. Contrary to the protein-coding genes, relative rate tests did not show any significant differences in the rates of evolution of the 16S rRNA genes in the four marine picocyanobacterial genomes, and thus there is no evidence that either SS120 or MED4 could have accumulated mutations destabilizing the secondary structure of their 16S rRNA molecule. One noteworthy consequence of the acceleration in the rates of evolution of protein-coding genes in Prochlorococcus is that phylogenetic reconstructions based on protein sequences are biased. Indeed, this leads to much longer branches for these two strains than for MIT9313. The resulting tree topology most often does not support that obtained with the 16S rRNA gene, for which the molecular clock hypothesis holds true according to our analyses. Thus, rRNA genes are likely to be among the few genes that will give reliable estimates of the phylogenetic distances between Prochlorococcus strains.
If it is neither the relaxation of purifying selection nor an increase in genetic drift that has been the main factor causing Prochlorococcus genome reduction, an alternative possibility is that the latter could be the result of a selective process favoring the adaptation of Prochlorococcus to its environment. The apparently better ecological success in oligotrophic areas of Prochlorococcus species compared to their close relative Synechococcus [16, 34], strongly suggests that the reduction of Prochlorococcus genome size could provide a competitive advantage to the former. Indeed, extensive comparisons of the gene complements of these two organisms show very few examples - at least among genes for which function is known - of the occurrence of specific genes in MED4 which could explain its better adaptation (data not shown). One noteworthy exception is the presence in Prochlorococcus, but not Synechococcus, of flavodoxin and ferritin, two proteins that possibly give Prochlorococcus a better resistance to iron stress. Apart from that, Synechococcus appears more like a generalist, in particular with regard to nitrogen or phosphorus uptake and assimilation [22], and should a priori be more suited to sustain competition. Hence, we assume that the key to the success of Prochlorococcus resides less in the development of a specific complex or pathway to cope better with unfavorable conditions than in the simplification of its genome and cell organization, which can allow this organism to make substantial economies in energy and material for cell maintenance.
The mere reduction in genome size per se is a potential source of substantial economies for the cell, as it reduces the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, two particularly limiting elements in the upper part of the ocean, which are necessary, for instance, in DNA synthesis. Another advantage is that it allows a concomitant reduction in cell volume. It has been previously suggested (see, for example [36]) that, for a phytoplanktonic organism, a small cell volume confers two selective advantages by reducing self-shading (the package effect) and by increasing the cell surface-to-volume ratio, which can improve nutrient uptake. The first advantage would improve the fitness of the LL strains, whereas the second would offer an advantage to the HL strains living in nutrient-depleted surface waters. Finally, cell division is less costly for a small than for a large cell. On the basis of these observations, we assume that the major driving force for genome reduction within the Prochlorococcus radiation has been the selection for a more economical lifestyle. The bias toward an A+T-rich genome in MED4 and SS120 is also consistent with this hypothesis, as it can be seen as a way to economize on nitrogen. Indeed, an AT base-pair contains seven atoms of nitrogen, one less than a GC base-pair.
With this hypothesis in mind, we propose a possible scenario for the evolution of Prochlorococcus genomes. Using a rate of 16S rRNA divergence of 1% per 50 million years [37], one can estimate that the differentiation of these two genera is as recent as 150 million years, as the molecular clock hypothesis holds for this gene in Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. The ancestral Prochlorococcus cells must have developed in the LL niche, a niche probably left free by other picocyanobacteria. Given the considerable difference in genome size between the LL strains MIT9313 and SS120, it appears that genome reduction itself must have started in one (or possibly several) lineage(s) within the LL niche some time after Prochlorococcus differentiation from its common ancestor with marine Synechococcus species. Why the selection has affected only one (or some?) and not all Prochlorococcus lineages remains unclear. Examination of the gene repertoire of P. marinus SS120 [13] suggests that this genome reduction must have concerned the random loss of dispensable genes from many different pathways. At some point during evolution, some genes involved in DNA repair have been affected; these would include the ada gene, which may be responsible for the shift in base composition, but also possibly several others, not necessarily involved in GC to AT mutation repair (see Table 3). Loss of these genes may have led to an increase in the mutation rate and therefore in the rate of evolution of protein-coding genes, accompanied by a more rapid genome shrinkage and a shift of base composition toward AT. It is worth noting that one likely consequence of this genome-wide compositional shift is the absence of the adaptive codon bias in the genomes of Prochlorococcus species MED4 and SS120. AT-rich codons are preferentially used whatever the amino acid (Figure 3a). Thus, codon usage in these genomes appears to reflect more the local base-composition bias than the selection for a more efficient translation through the use of optimal codons. The same conclusion has been drawn for other small genomes with high A+T content [28, 38].
Later during evolution (around 80 million years ago, according to the degree of 16S rRNA sequence divergence between MED4 and SS120) one LL population which probably already had a significantly reduced cell and genome size must have progressively adapted to the HL niche and eventually recolonized the upper layer. How this change in ecological niche was possible is still hard to define. Comparison of the gene set that differs between the LL-adapted SS120 and the HL-adapted MED4 shows that very few genes might be sufficient to shift from one to the other niche, including a multiplication of hli genes [39] and the differential retention of genes which were present in the common ancestor of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, (such as the photolyases and cyanate transporters mentioned above) and were secondarily lost in the LL-adapted lineages.
Genome evolution in the free-living genus Prochlorococcus has similar features to that in host-dependent prokaryotes: genome reduction, bias toward a low G+C content, acceleration in the evolution rate of protein-coding genes, and loss of DNA-repair genes. In contrast to the latter organisms, however, in Prochlorococcus this evolution does not appear to be the result of genetic drift or relaxed selection being exerted on some gene categories. Indeed, purifying selection is very efficient in Prochlorococcus, as rRNA genes have evolved at a similar rate in all genomes. Despite the decrease in G+C content and an accelerated rate of evolution of protein-coding genes, purifying selection must also act on these genes and avoid potentially deleterious mutations. We hypothesize that a reduction in genome size (which allows a concomitant reduction in cell size and substantial economies in energy and nutrients) can constitute a selective advantage for life in the open ocean, both at depths where photon energy is low and in surface waters where nutrients are scarce.
Genome shrinkage in Prochlorococcus has led to populations highly specialized to narrow ecological niches, at the expense of versatility and competitiveness in changing conditions. Indeed, not only is the distribution of the Prochlorococcus genus limited to low latitudes (40°N and 40°S, see [34]) but the different ecotypes are themselves more or less confined to a restricted part of the euphotic layer [40]; for example, they experience only limited changes in temperature and salinity. Paradoxically, because warm oligotrophic areas constitute a very large part of the world's oceans, the ecological niches (both LL and HL) occupied by Prochlorococcus species are huge, and thus this organism appears globally, despite its specialization, as one of the most successful oxyphototrophs on Earth.
Materials and methods
Genome sequence data
The complete genome sequences and annotations of Prochlorococcus marinus MED4, P. marinus SS120, Prochlorococcus sp. MIT9313 and Synechococcus sp. WH8102 (accession numbers: NC_005071, NC_005072, NC_005042 and NC_005070 respectively) were downloaded from the Genome division of the NCBI Entrez system. A few additional genes which were modeled in at least one genome and were present in the other genomes but not modeled (because of their small size, for example) were included in our dataset (see Additional data file 2).
Alignment of whole genomes
Genome sequences translated in their six reading frames were aligned with the Promer program of the MUMmer 3.0 system [41].
Codon and amino-acid usage
Codon usage was computed for every open reading frame (ORF) of each genome with the EMBOSS program cusp. Amino-acid usage was derived from the results produced by cusp.
Identification of orthologous proteins
We used a sequence-similarity based approach which is similar to the procedure used for the cluster of orthologous groups (COGs [42]). For each genome pair, all-against-all BLAST [43] comparisons were performed using protein sequences and reciprocal genome-specific best hits were identified. We considered genes as being probable orthologs when they were included in groups of size four in which each gene was the best hit of the three others. From similarity searches against the COG database, orthologs were assigned to functional categories according to those defined for the COG system. Because of the lack of a particular category for photosynthesis genes, the latter were assigned to the 'energy production and conversion' COG category. Other genes which fell into more than one of the 19 COG categories have been assigned to a supplementary category called 'miscellaneous'.
Phylogenetic branch length estimations
Protein sequences from each of the groups of four orthologous genes were aligned using ClustalW [44] with default parameters. After exclusion of all gap sites, individual alignments were concatenated in one super-alignment of 388,120 sites. Gamma distances [45] with an alpha parameter of 1 were estimated between each pair of sequences of the super-alignment. Phylogenetic branch lengths were calculated from distances with the ordinary least-squares method [45]. Relative rate tests (two-cluster test and Branch length test) were applied in order to test the constancy of amino-acid substitution rates between the three Prochlorococcus genomes (hypothesis of the molecular clock). The same analysis was applied to orthologs of each functional category.
Estimate of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates
Nucleotide sequences of each group of orthologs were aligned with Protal2dna according to alignments of their corresponding amino-acid sequences [46]. Pairwise estimates of the synonymous (dS) and non-synonymous (dN) substitution rates were obtained from the Yn00 program of the PAML 3.13 package [47].
Additional data files
The following additional data are available with the online version of this article. Additional data file 1 lists the orthologous genes classified by functional category. Orthologous genes were assigned to the functional categories of COG system. Photosynthesis genes were assigned to the 'energy production and conversion' COG category. Genes falling in more than one of the 19 COG categories have been assigned to a supplementary category called 'miscellaneous'. Additional data file 2 is a fasta file of orthologous genes which were modeled in at least one genome and present but not modeled in the other genomes.
We are very grateful to Martin Ostrowski and Dave Scanlan for their critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the European Union Program MARGENES (QLRT-2001-01226), the EU FP6 Network of Excellence 'Marine Genomics Europe' and by the French programs Genomer (Région Bretagne) and Ouest-Genopole. AD is supported by a doctoral fellowship from Région Bretagne.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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My 2nd YouTube Channel about Gaming
On the 18 April 2017, I Started My 2nd YouTube channel called "CoolBeat Gaming", where I upload the game that I have played, game such as Final Fantasy Brave Exvius and Sword Art Online Memory Defrag on the mobile.
I also cover Step by Step Strategies Guide content on Final Fantasy Brave Exvius Trial Event for players to wish to know how I beat the trial boss using my own unique UI presentation way.
Sir Kiat & Jane Singapore Wedding Childhood Montage 2016
Help my friend to do their childhood montage for their wedding on 25 June 2016.
Video made by [Cool*Beat]
Music by : Pokemon X/Y - KISEKI - Serena Cover
Cascada - Everytime We Touch [Candlelight]
Wei Ming & Bao Li Singapore Wedding Childhood Montage 2015
Help my friend to do their childhood montage for their wedding on 14 Nov 2015.
Video at 3:00 are taken by Wei Ming friend in Europe.
Video made by [Cool*Beat]
Art by Bao Li Sister
Animated/ Digitalis by [Cool*Beat]
Music : McFly - Love Is Easy
주니엘 (JUNIEL) - 바보 Karaoke
Ricky & Ellis Wedding Video Highlight 2012
The wedding video highlight of the gloom journey to fetch his beloved wife, on the day of married.
This is my 3rd wedding video montage.
Music use in the video:
Neon Trees - Animal
Jocie Guo Mei Mei - Mouse Love Rice (老鼠爱大米)
Medal of Honor 2010
A Medal of Honor 2010 AMV put together with the soundtrack of Linkin Park - New Divide with trailer and in game footage. And end with a boom boom boom SFX. Enjoy!
Music use in the video:
Linkin Park - New Divide
Chariot Race (with Pokémon Ost)
Use for one of my class assignment for the topic about Chariot Racing. And so I make a presentation using BEN-HUR Chariot Race film to tell how's the race is conducted.
Of cause to make it fun and entertaining.I added Pokémon Ost, where Ash in the white horse chariot vs. Gary in the black horse chariot challenge again the elite 4 on their final battle.
Music use in the video:
Pokémon Ost - Hoenn Elite Four
Pokémon Ost - Battle! Trainer
Pokémon Ost - Gym Leader Battle
Other Private Projects
Ecoplosion - To Heal Earth 2011 [Live Event]
Army DVD / Magazine
Army NE Project
Nanyan Polytechnic - NYP Taekwondo Highlight


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Will be hanging out by the water for the next few days, listening to the loons, catching up on a bit of reading....
Tuesday, September 7, 2010
Off to the lake
Posted by Apothecary Fox at 8:46 PM
Labels: Holiday dreaming, Sugarbush Hill Diaries, Vermont
1 comment:
Hey! Hope your lake time is/was relaxing...we were going to head up to an annual trip to Averill Lake with some friends and family but have a baby shower for my future godchildren (twins) in the Berkshires...not much more could keep me away.ReplyDelete
Came across your brother James' blog when looking to check out what happened to the Three Clock. I own the gray house next door and am debating if I should sell or hold on to it. Did you know the church burnt down too? Sad state of affairs up there. Anyhoo not to wane on an on...just wanted to say happy to find your blog. It's right up my alley. I can't get enough paisley! Cheers
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2 customer reviews
This album has helped define Grouch as an artist. The simple clean melodic beats set as a perfect background for that classic Living Legend style. Tracks such as "Nothing Changing" and "Once Upon a Rhyme" show the real passion for his craft and struggle that he has gone through. None the less this one's a classic and everyone should have it in their music collection! A Bumper Indeed! Your friends will be like.....damn what's that your listening to? Can you get me some.
Classic underground hip hop, The Grouch is one of the dopest out there. I love this album.


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Elliphant Enlists Major Lazer, Azealia Banks, Skrillex, More for New Album, Shares "Step Down" Video
Twin Shadow, Gyptian, and MØ will also appear on Living Life Golden
Image via Elliphant's Facebook
Elliphant has revealed the tracklist for her new album Living Life Golden. New guests include Skrillex, Azealia Banks, Major Lazer and Gyptian, and MØ. Her previously released Twin Shadow collab, "Where Is Home," also features. Below, check out the cover art, tracklist, and "Step Down" video, a debauched dinner-party episode directed by Liza Minou Morberg.
Living Life Golden:
01 Step Down
02 Everybody [ft. Azealia Banks]
03 Love Me Badder
04 Not Ready
05 Love Me Long [ft. Major Lazer & Gyptian]
06 Hit And Run
07 Thing Called Life
08 Where Is Home [ft. Twin Shadow]
09 One More [ft. MØ]
10 Player Run
11 Spoon Me [ft. Skrillex]
12 Living Life Golden
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In the action to exterior good, there's a decorative healing that is active a few rounds with fat and runty fat deposits. Mesotherapy is sound out fat and rejuvenating crust in culture who give it a try. Chances are you're doing everything that you can to cut distant fat and insignificant oily deposits. You're observance what you eat. You're victimisation creams and lotions. But, nothing is working, right? Well, that's because fat is the heavy-hitting mess facing men and women similar. It is one of the hardest ornamental technical hitches to get rid of!
Gweneth Lowe is the mother of two brood. She has been in the disk with fat for give or take a few cardinal time of life. She building complex out in a gym cardinal present a week for an hour. Still, she could not get rid of the fat in her complex locality. Her thighs. 10 roger sessions next to mesotherapy has specified her the comfort she's been engaged out for. Lowe says, "I've gone about iii inches from my hips. My thighs have shrunk. I'm fur to a rigout mass 6 and caressive it!"
Lowe gained her weight and fatty tissue after having babies. However, doctors sense fatty tissue and teeny-weeny adipose deposits affects more than 90% of post-puberty women. Wow, I bet you can't imagine it affects so heaps people! We don't have any exact information on the figure of men who suffer from it. Men of late don't knock roughly speaking it as substantially as women. Cellulite and lesser fatty deposits are seen as a "ladies obstacle." You can brainwave the accompanying fat peak widely on the butt, hips, and stamina. Overweight associates are not the solely ones stage-struck by it. Skinny people can have adipose tissue and elfin adipose deposits as healed.
You'll definitely cognise fatty tissue once you see it. It gives the surface of the skin a lumpy often-dimpled feeling. Cellulite forms due to water ownership in fat cells. The fat cells are encircled by body part. The tissue hardens forming a induration. The result is the bungalow dairy product bearing on the outward deposit of the crust. And buttery deposits manner because of inheritance. It's not your criticize you have them. Mesotherapy helps to get rid of the fat to forge your unit where on earth it's needful.
More and more physicians are swing their economics on mesotherapy as a viable resources to skirmish fatty tissue and extra fat. Mesotherapy has been in use in France for geezerhood. Dr. Michel Pistor fictional it in 1952. However, the treatments quality is simply now approaching to the front as a undisruptive and decisive ornamental analysis. And it is used in oodles of countries by thousands of broken in practitioners.
You may be curious correctly how does mesotherapy work? It's somewhat graceful. Let's outward show at the means.
The rehabilitation composer embezzle individual a few minutes. However, you may inevitability individual injections over and done with the course of various weeks. Fortunately, the hypodermic that is previously owned is tiny. Doctors' reckoning that 4 to ten sessions is enough to traffic jam your skilfulness to cache fat and stimulates your quality to sparkle it up. The drugs are injected into the heart bed of the features named the germ layer. That's wherever mesotherapy gets its first name.
The drugs manual labour in cooperation to pause hair fat quicker than any otherwise fashion. A licensed professional puts drug and vitamins into the mid seam of the wrapping victimisation microinjections. The medicine helps to shape the thing. A single mesotherapy meeting can value as substantially as $500 because of the magnitude of drugs that are used. The attention uses drugs that are widely previously owned for respiratory disorder and swollen body fluid anxiety.
Vitamins and supplements are besides utilized to sound out the fat. Two drugs in extraordinary are authorised by the FDA for use in opposite procedures. One of the medications is an respiratory illness pills named theobid. A internal organ medication named Isopreteranol is also in use on a extensive basis. Here's two otherwise widely utilized medications that are injected into your system. They're named phosphatidylcholine and na deoxycholate..
As I mentioned, you may have to go finished at slightest 3 to five sessions before you see any results. The figure of treatments depends on respective factors including, the soberness of the circumstances and the wreak of the danger. Mesotherapy helps to restore the physical structure in galore way. It improves body fluid flowing to the swathe that's individual aerated. It dissolves overflow fat deposits, removes case-hardened body part and improves bodily fluid evacuation.
Now that you know how mesotherapy works, you're probably questioning how innocuous is it? It's unhurt according to the doctors and researchers who have toilet-trained in it. However more than a few doctors are afraid almost the brew of drugs that are utilised equally to eat away at the adipose tissue and pocket-sized fatty deposits. Some say that the Food and Drug Administration should consent to all the drugs that are used for use unneurotic. So far, they are agreed for use apart. And a learned profession doctor is authorized to use medications as he/she sees fit.
A 2d kindness is what happens to the buttery acids if they are not change state off? Where are they going? The just what the doctor ordered state of affairs is for the fat acids to sparkle off. However, a trial could uprise if the greasy acids go direct into new body part. This could lead to deface in the otherwise body part flared the hazard for vessel bug and polygenic disease. Fortunately, no of these concerns have materialized in spite of hundreds of trillions of treatments finished circa the sphere. No wonder- for individuals like Gweneth Lowe the benefits far exceed the concerns. She says, "I'm retributory contented to get rid of the extra fat. I eat accurately. I see my medical man on a timed footing for checkups. I'm contented beside the results." You could be too! Mesotherapy gives you a practicable odds if you privation to get rid of fat and pocket-size oily deposits.