text:
|Metropolitan City
View of Sylhet's skyline and the Keane Bridge from the Surma River at night
Location of Sylhet in Bangladesh
|Coordinates: 24°54′N 91°52′E / 24.900°N 91.867°ECoordinates: 24°54′N 91°52′E / 24.900°N 91.867°E
|Sylhet Division
|Sylhet District
|Municipal Board
|Sylhet City Corporation
|9 April 2001
|Metropolitan city
|31 March 2009[1]
|• Type
|• Body
|Sylhet City Corporation
|• City Mayor
|Ariful Haque Chowdhury (Bangladesh National Party)
|• Total
|26.50 km2 (10.23 sq mi)
|35 m (115 ft)
|Population (2011)
|• Total
|• Ethnicity[3]
94% Sylheti
6% Bishnupriya Manipuri, Khasi and others
|• Languages
|Sylheti, local Bengali and English
|Time zone
|Postal code
|Sylhet Metropolitan Police (SMP)[4]
|International airport
|Osmani International Airport
|Regional Calling code
Sylhet /sɪlhət/, also known as Jalalabad, is a metropolitan city in northeastern Bangladesh. It is the administrative seat of Sylhet Division. The city is located on the right bank of the Surma River in northeastern Bengal. It has a subtropical climate and lush highland terrain. \The city has a population of more than 479,837 residents.[5] Sylhet is one of Bangladesh's most important spiritual and cultural centers.It is one of the most important city of Bangladesh just after Dhaka and Chittagong because of many reasons like economy,tourism etc. The city's dargahs draw several thousand devotees each year.
The name of Sylhet is the anglicized form of the ancient Indo-Aryan term Srihatta.[6] In 1303, the Sufi Muslim leader Shah Jalal conquered Sylhet by defeating the local Hindu Raja.[7] Ibn Battuta visited Sylhet in the 14th century and saw Bengali Muslims transforming the region into an agricultural basket.[8] Sylhet was a mint town of the Bengal Sultanate. In the 16th-century, Sylhet was controlled by the Baro-Bhuyan zamindars and became a district of the Mughal Empire.[9] British rule began in the 18th century under the administration of the East India Company. With its ancient seafaring tradition, Sylhet became a key source of lascars in the British Empire. The Sylhet municipal board was established in 1867.[10] Originally part of the Bengal Presidency and later Eastern Bengal and Assam; the town was part of Colonial Assam between 1874 and 1947, when following a referendum and the partition of British India, it became part of East Bengal.[7] The Sylhet City Corporation was constituted in 2001. The Government of Bangladesh designated Sylhet a metropolitan area in 2009.[11]
The hinterland of the Sylhet valley is the largest oil and gas-producing region in Bangladesh. It is also the largest hub of tea production in Bangladesh. It is notable for its high-quality cane and agarwood.[12][13] The city is served by the Osmani International Airport. People from Sylhet form a significant portion of the Bangladeshi diaspora, particularly in Britain.
The name Sylhet is anglicized from Srihatta. In Indo-Aryan languages, Sri means prestige or beauty. Hatta (Haat) is a term for a human settlement. In the Mughal Empire's records, Srihatta was used as the name for the district in the Bengal Subah.[14] In British India, Srihatta became known as Sylhet in English.
Sylhet was under the realm of the Harikela and Kamarupa kingdoms of ancient Bengal and Assam. Buddhism was prevalent in the first millennium. In the early medieval period, the area was dominated by Hindu principalities, which were under the nominal suzerainty of the Senas and Devas.[15][16]
The 14th century marked the beginning of Islamic influence in Sylhet. The Muslim general Shamsuddin Firoz Shah's army defeated the local Hindu Raja Gour Govinda after the raja's persecution of Muslim migrants. The general's army was aided by a Middle Eastern Sufi missionary, Shah Jalal, and 313 of his companions.[17] The area became known as Jalalabad (Land of Jalal) under the Bengal Sultanate. It hosted a mint which produced the taka. When the Moroccan traveler Ibn Batutta visited Shah Jalal in Sylhet in 1345, he noted that the locals embraced Islam due to Shah Jalal's missionary activities."It was by his labours that the people of these mountains became converted to Islam" wrote Battuta in his diary. Bengali Muslims were exploiting the fertile land of Sylhet for agricultural production and enjoyed relative prosperity. The region began to experience an influx of Muslim settlers, including Turks, Arabs and Persians. During the late 16th century, the region was largely controlled by the Kingdom of Bhati. The Mughals subsequently conquered the region. Sylhet became a district headquarter of the Bengal Subah. Its eight mahals included Pratapgarh, Bahua, Jaintia, Habili, Sarail, Laur and Harinagar. The district generated annual revenues of 167,000 rupees.[18]
Sylhet came under British administration in 1765. Sylhet was strategically important for the British in their pursuit of conquering Northeast India and Upper Burma. The first commercial tea plantation in British India was opened in the Mulnicherra Estate in Sylhet in 1857.[19] Sylhet was constituted as a municipality in 1867.[20] Despite protests to the Governor of Bengal from its Bengali-majority population, the town was made part of the Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam in 1874 in order to facilitate Assam's educational and commercial development. The Assam Bengal Railway was established in the late 19th century to connect Assam and Sylhet with the port city of Chittagong. In 1905, Sylhet became a divisional headquarter of Eastern Bengal and Assam. In 1912, it was again separated from Bengal and made part of Assam Province. The Muslims of Sylhet generally favored reunion with Bengal. The Bengali Muslim elite in Dacca also vouched for Sylhet's reunion with Bengal. By the 1920s, organizations such as the Sylhet Peoples Association and Sylhet-Bengal Reunion League mobilized public opinion demanding the division's incorporation into Bengal. Nevertheless, the Bengalis of Sylhet were influentially placed in the administration, educational institutions and commercial activities of Assam.[21][22]
Due to the size of Sylhet's Bengali Muslim majority, the All India Muslim League formed the first elected government in British Assam.
The numbers of lascars grew between the two world wars, with some ending up in the docks of London and Liverpool. Sylhet's lascars married English women. During World War II, many fought on the Allied front before settling down in the United Kingdom, where they opened Indian curry cafes and restaurants.[23][24]
In 1947, following a referendum, almost all of erstwhile district of Sylhet became a part of East Bengal in the Dominion of Pakistan, barring its Karimganj sub-division which was incorporated into the Dominion of India. The referendum was held on 6 July 1947. 239,619 people voted to join East Bengal (with the effect of becoming East Pakistan) and 184,041 voted to be part of Assam (i.e. part of India). The referendum was acknowledged by Article 3 of the Indian Independence Act 1947.[25]
East Pakistan
Sylhet became the hub of Pakistan's tea industry after 1947. Pakistan became one of the world's largest tea exporters due to development of plantations in Sylhet by the Ispahani family, James Finlay & Company and others. Burmah Oil discovered natural gas reserves in Sylhet's hinterland in 1955.[26]
Sylhet was a focal point of East Pakistan's Liberation War, which created the Bangladeshi Republic. It was the hometown of Muhammad Ataul Ghani Osmani, the Commander of Bangladesh Forces. The Battle of Sylhet raged between the Pakistani military and Bangladesh-India Allied Forces from 7 to 15 December 1971, eventually leading to a Pakistani surrender and the liberation of Sylhet.
In 1995, the Government of Bangladesh declared Sylhet as the sixth divisional headquarters of the country.[27] Sylhet has played a vital role in the Bangladeshi economy. Several of Bangladesh's finance ministers have been Members of Parliament from the city of Sylhet. Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran was a longtime mayor of Sylhet. Humayun Rashid Choudhury, a diplomat from Sylhet, served as President of the UN General Assembly and Speaker of the Bangladesh National Parliament.
In 2001, the municipality was upgraded to the Sylhet City Corporation. It was made a metropolitan city in 2009.[28]
Geography and climate
Sylhet is located at 24°53′30″N 91°53′00″E / 24.8917°N 91.8833°E, in the north eastern region of Bangladesh within the Sylhet Division, within the Sylhet District and Sylhet Sadar Upazila. Sylhet has a typical Bangladesh tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) at higher elevations. The rainy season from April to October is hot and humid with very heavy showers and thunderstorms almost every day, whilst the short dry season from November to February is very warm and fairly clear. Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of 4,200 millimetres (170 in) occurs between May and September.[29]
The city is located within the region where there are hills and basins which constitute one of the most distinctive regions in Bangladesh. The physiography of Sylhet consists mainly of hill soils, encompassing a few large depressions known locally as "beels" which can be mainly classified as oxbow lakes, caused by tectonic subsidence primarily during the earthquake of 1762. It is flanked by the Indian states of the Meghalaya in the north, Assam in the east, Tripura in the south and the Bangladesh districts of Netrokona, Kishoregonj and Brahmanbaria in the west. The area covered by Sylhet Division is 12,569 km², which is about 8% of the total land area of Bangladesh.
Geologically, the region is complex having diverse sacrificial geomorphology; high topography of Plio-Miocene age such as Khasi and Jaintia hills and small hillocks along the border. At the centre there is a vast low laying flood plain of recent origin with saucer shaped depressions, locally called Haors. Available limestone deposits in different parts of the region suggest that the whole area was under the ocean in the Oligo-Miocene. In the last 150 years three major earthquakes hit the city, at a magnitude of at least 7.5 on the Richter Scale, the last one took place in 1918, although many people are unaware that Sylhet lies on the earthquake prone zone of Bangladesh.[30]
|Climate data for Sylhet, Bangladesh
|Average high °C (°F)
| 25.2
| 27.1
| 30.4
| 30.8
| 30.8
| 30.9
| 30.9
| 31.6
| 31.2
| 30.9
| 29.2
| 26.3
| 29.6
|Average low °C (°F)
| 12.9
| 14.2
| 18.1
| 20.8
| 22.6
| 24.4
| 24.9
| 25.0
| 24.3
| 22.5
| 18.4
| 14.0
| 20.2
|Average rainfall mm (inches)
| 8
| 31
| 146
| 372
| 569
| 796
| 834
| 621
| 548
| 232
| 30
| 13
| 4,200
|Source: WMO[31]
Sylhet consists of 27 wards and 210 mahallas, it is a small city with an area of 26.50 km².[32] The rapid growth and expansion of Sylhet occurred during the colonial period. Sylhet Municipality was established in 1878. A devastating earthquake demolished almost the entire town on 12 June 1897 following which a modern and European model new town was built on the wreckage. Many new roads were constructed in the late 1890s and Sylhet became really connected to the other parts of the country with the establishment of an extension line of Assam Bengal Railway in 1912–15. From the very beginning of the 20th century, the importance of Sylhet increased with the establishment of the tea industry. In the 1950s and 1960s, rapid urbanisation took place in the town, fostered by the expatriate Sylhetis and the process is still ongoing.
On 10 April 2001, Sylhet was changed to a city corporation from a municipal board, and currently the city is administrated by the Sylhet City Corporation. At present, Sylhet is the district-headquarters as well as the divisional headquarters of the districts of Sunamganj, Habiganj, Moulvibazar and Sylhet District. The Sylhet City Corporation is responsible for the services that are provided within the city which includes traffic, roads, garbage collection, water supply, registrations and many others. The corporation consists of the Mayor and 22 other commissioners, and focuses on the development of the city.[33]
As of the 2011 census, the city has a population of 479,837.[2] Together with the metropolitan area it has a population of 2,675,346 as of 2001, constituting 2.06% of the national population.[34] The population growth rate of the city is 1.73%, which has reduced from 1.93% in 1991.[35] As of 2001, It had average literacy rate of 69.73%.[36] The highest literacy rate was 84.24% in Ward 22 and the lowest was 48.15% in Ward 10 (2001). The total number of households in the city was 55,514.[32]
While Standard Bengali is the official language, the Sylheti dialect is the main vernacular spoken in the city.[37][38][39]
The majority of Sylhetis are Muslims (90%), other religious groups include Hindus (8%), and very few numbers of other religions, mainly Buddhists and Christians (less than 2%).[34] The majority of the Muslims are mainly Sunni Hanafi;[40] and there are significant numbers of people who also follow Sufi ideals, the most influential is the teachings of Maulana Abdul Latif who was from the village of Fultoli, Zakigang. He was a descendant of Hazrat Shah Kamal Quhafa, one of the disciples of Hazrat Shah Jalal.[41]
Thousands of Bangladeshi expatriates have origins in Sylhet Division. The largest numbers of people from Sylhet living abroad is in the United Kingdom , with a population of about 500,000 (95% of the Bangladeshi population).[42][43] Over 200,000 people are Bangladeshi-born, who have migrated to the United Kingdom.[44] They are concentrated in the boroughs of East London, having established themselves within the communities, notably in the vicinity of Brick Lane which has been dubbed as Banglatown.[45][46][47] Sylheti expatriates are known as "Londoni" in Sylhet.[41][48] Many have also immigrated to the United States —they are mainly spread out across the country, but have a large concentration in New York City and Hamtramck, Michigan.[49][50] Many Sylhetis are as well as immigrated to the Canada, France, Australia, Spain, Germany, Sweden and other European countries. Tens of thousands of Sylhetis are also working as guest workers in the Middle Eastern Gulf states.[51][52]
Sylhet has a "Friendship Link" with the city of St Albans in the United Kingdom. The link was established in 1988 when the District council supported a housing project in Sylhet as part of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless. Sylhet was chosen because it is the area of origin for the largest ethnic minority group in St Albans.[53] In July 1996, the mayor of Sylhet, Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran, signed the Twinning accord between Sylhet and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets (home to around 55,000 Sylhetis at the time), with the mayor of Tower Hamlets late Albert Jacobs in London.[54] In March 2009, the Mayor of Sylhet, Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to form another Friendship Link between Sylhet and the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale (home to around 10,000 Sylhetis at present), with the Mayor of Rochdale Cllr Keith Swift at the Sylhet City Corporation
The Sylhet Metropolitan Area is one of Bangladesh's main business centers. Sylhet's economy is closely linked with the Bangladeshi diaspora, especially the British Bangladeshi community. The city receives a significant portion of the country's annual remittances, which have driven growth in real estate and construction.[55] A number of shopping centers, restaurants and hotels have opened as a result. Sylhet also relies on religious tourism, with thousands of devotees visiting its Sufi shrines annually, as well as ecotourism in its broader natural hinterland. Nature resorts have been built in the city's outskirts. Several important Bangladeshi companies are based in Sylhet, including Jalalabad Gas Transmission and Distribution, Sylhet Gas Fields and Alim Industries. Biman Bangladesh Airlines operates several flights from Sylhet to the United Kingdom and the Middle East. Roads connect Sylhet with the Indian states of Meghalaya and Assam.
Sylhet's hinterland plays a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh. It is home to the country's largest natural gas fields, sole crude oil field,[56] largest tea plantations, rubber, palm oil, cane, agarwood[57] and citrus farms. Rice production in the region is one of the country's highest. Heavy industries include power plants, fertilizer plants, cement plants and liquefied petroleum gas plants. Other major industries in the region include ceramics, machinery and equipment, ready-made garments and pharmaceuticals. Most of the tea production in Bangladesh is based around Sylhet, and the industry also has significant exports. The area is also known for producing oranges and other similar fruits. One of these fruit is called "Satkara".
Two Bangladeshi finance ministers from the city have been elected to the Jatiyo Sangshad: Saifur Rahman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Abul Maal Abdul Muhith of the Awami League.
Sylhet has high rates of Electric power shortage and water shortage. According to the Power Development Board, Sylhet is only receiving 50MW, which is half than the demand of 100MW. The city corporation is also supplying only 22,500 gallons of water, far less than the demand of about 65,000.[58] The major sources of water to the city is the tube wells and the Surma River. There are also high levels of arsenic in the water in Sylhet than in most other regions, this is mainly due to the multiple depth screening in the tubewells.[59] According to the World Health Organization in 1997, about 61% are highly contaminated by arsenic,[60] however in 1999, the percentage of boreholes tested where arsenic levels are above 50 micrograms per litre, was under 25%.[61] There are about 331 registered restaurants in the city, only 15% maintain sanitary facilities and 85% have unhygienic conditions that are unsafe for the public.[62]
Given its unique cultural and economic development, and linguistic differences (Greater Sylhet region was a part of Assam and Surma Valley State for much of the British Raj in comparison to the rest of Bangladesh), and given that Sylhet has, for most of its recent history, been a region of a larger entity.[63][64] As so many Sylhetis are resident abroad, Sylhet has a major flow of foreign currency from non-resident Bangladeshis. The major holidays celebrated in Sylhet include traditional and religious celebrations, Muslim festivals of Ramadan and then after, Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha.[65][66] Cultural or nationalistic celebrations include the Language Movement Day, this is where wreaths are laid at the Shaheed Minar paying tribute to the martyrs, the Bangladeshi Independence Day, Victory Day celebrated with parades by school and academies, and the Pohela Baishakh—celebration of the Bengali New Year. Marriages are practised in a traditional Bengali Muslim style, with the gaaye halud, mehendi art and holy prayers.
Cricket is the most popular Sport in Sylhet. Bangladesh Premier League franchise Sylhet Royals are based in Sylhet Stadium (M.A.G. Osmani Stadium), which was built in 1965 and has a capacity of 15,000 spectators. It is mainly used sporting events. The Sylhet Stadium was renovated in 2013 especially to host matches of 2014 ICC World Twenty20. It is situated near lush green tea gardens on the city fringe. In the National Cricket League Sylhet Division has not won any titles however did win in the One-Day Cricket League in 2001–02 season. Notable players from Sylhet who have played for the Bangladesh national cricket team include Rajin Saleh,[67] Enamul Haque Jr,[68] Tapash Baisya,[69] and Alok Kapali.[70] Chess player Rani Hamid was awarded the FIDE Women's International Master (WIM) title in 1985.
The main transport systems used in the city are cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws (mainly known as baby-taxis or CNGs), buses, mini-buses and cars. There are about 80,000 rickshaws running each day. Bus service prices have increased as of 2008, up to 30% higher, prices ranges from Tk4 to 15.95.[71] The Sylhet Railway Station is the main railway station providing trains on national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway.
The city of Sylhet is served by Osmani International Airport, located at the north of the city. It is Bangladesh's third busiest airport and became an international airport due to the demand of expatriate Bangladeshis and their descendants from the United Kingdom and the United States. The main frequent airlines of the airport are, Biman Bangladesh Airlines,United Airways (BD) Ltd. and domestic flights with GMG Airlines. The airport received its first international arrival on 3 November 2002, with Biman arriving from Kuwait via Abu Dhabi en route to Dhaka.[72] Work started in 2006 to upgrade the airport to international standards, including a new terminal building, a jetway, a taxiway, and expansion of the runway to accommodate wide-bodied aircraft.[73] It was confirmed that in May 2007, Biman will be operating Hajj flights directly from the airport later in 2007.[74]
There are two public universities in Sylhet, including Shahjalal University of Science and Technology and Sylhet Agricultural University.[75] There are some prominent colleges in Sylhet such as Jalalabad Cantonment Public School and College, MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, Sylhet Engineering College,[76] Sylhet Cadet College, Murari Chand College,[77] and Sylhet Polytechnic Institute.
Sister cities
- St Albans, United Kingdom (friendship link)[78]
- Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, United Kingdom (Friendship link)[79]
- London, United Kingdom. (Friendship link)
- Birmingham, United Kingdom (Friendship Link)
- New York, United States of America. (Friendship link)
- ↑ "Bangladesh clamps down on beggars". BBC News. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
- 1 2 "Population & Housing Census-2011" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. p. 49. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ↑ "Current Situation – Past and Present – Sylhet, Bangladesh". Ethnic Community Development Organization. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
- ↑ "Sylhet Metropolitan Police". sylhetmetropolitanpolice.com.
- ↑ http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf
- ↑ https://global.britannica.com/place/Sylhet
- 1 2 Tanweer Fazal (18 October 2013). Minority Nationalisms in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-317-96647-0.
- ↑ Perween Hasan (15 August 2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84511-381-0.
- ↑ Milton S. Sangma (1994). Essays on North-east India: Presented in Memory of Professor V. Venkata Rao. Indus Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-7387-015-6.
- ↑ http://www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org/
- ↑ http://www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org/index.php/cms/home/
- ↑ https://global.britannica.com/place/Sylhet
- ↑ http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=207067
- ↑ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar
- ↑ Dilip K. Chakrabarti, S. Dara Shamsuddin, M. Shamsul Alam (1992). Ancient Bangladesh: A Study of the Archaeological Sources. Oxford University Press. p. 166.
- ↑ National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research (Pakistan) (1996). Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. p. 33.
- ↑ Muhammad Mojlum Khan (21 October 2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing Limited. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-1-84774-062-5.
- ↑ Milton S. Sangma (1994). Essays on North-east India: Presented in Memory of Professor V. Venkata Rao. Indus Publishing. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-81-7387-015-6.
- ↑ http://soeagra.com/ijert/vol3/10ijert.pdf
- ↑ http://www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org/
- ↑ Tanweer Fazal (18 October 2013). Minority Nationalisms in South Asia. Routledge. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-1-317-96647-0.
- ↑ Manilal Bose (1989). Social History of Assam: Being a Study of the Origins of Ethnic Identity and Social Tension During the British Period, 1905-1947. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 93–. ISBN 978-81-7022-224-8.
- ↑ Al-Mahmood, Syed Zain (19 December 2008). "Down the Surma – Origins of the Diaspora". Star Weekend Magazine. 7 (49). The Daily Star. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ↑ Bengali speaking community in the Port of London PortCities London. Retrieved on 28 May 2009.
- ↑ "Sylhet (Assam) to join East Pakistan". Keesing's Record of World Events. July 1947. p. 8722.
- ↑ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gas,_Natural
- ↑ http://www.londoni.co/index.php/travel-guide/29-location-guide/3-sylhet-bangladesh
- ↑ http://www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org/index.php/cms/home/
- ↑ Monthly Averages for Sylhet, BGD MSN Weather. Retrieved on 25 May 2009.
- ↑ Siddiquee, Iqbal (10 February 2006). "Sylhet growing as a modern urban centre". Our Cities: 15th Anniversary Special. The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ↑ "Climatological Information". WMO. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- 1 2 "Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics" (PDF).
- ↑ The Sylhet City Corporation Swadhinata Trust. Retrieved on 26 May 2009.
- 1 2 "Sylhet Zila at a Gance" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
- ↑ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book, 2007 (pdf-file) 2007 Population Estimate. Accessed on 29 September 2008.
- ↑ Area, Population and Literacy Rate by Paurashava −2001 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved on 30 May 2009.
- ↑ "Syloti-Nagri alphabet". omniglot.com.
- ↑ Sylheti unicode chart
- ↑ Christina Julios (2008). Contemporary British Identity: English Language, Migrants, and Public Discourse. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp.40–41. ISBN 978-0-7546-7158-9
- ↑ "Islam in Bangladesh". OurBangla. Archived from the original on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- 1 2 Dr David Garbin (17 June 2005). "Bangladeshi Diaspora in the UK : Some observations on socio-culturaldynamics, religious trends and transnational politics" (PDF). University of Surrey. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- ↑ Gardner K (1995). International migration and the rural context in Sylhet. New Community 18: 579–590
- ↑ Gillan, Audrey (21 June 2002). "From Bangladesh to Brick Lane". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
- ↑ Born Abroad | Bangladesh BBC News. Retrieved on 19 May 2009.
- ↑ Spitalfields and Banglatown (London Borough of Tower Hamlets) accessed 1 November 2007 Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Baishakhi Mela 2009 (London) – Nukul Kumar – Sylhet Jila Shobche Boro Channel S (via YouTube). 10 May 2009. Retrieved on 24 May 2009.
- ↑ Mela Magic Tower Hamlets Council. 11 May 2009. Retrieved on 24 May 2009.
- ↑ "Genetics, Religion and Identity: A Study of British Bangladeshis – 2004–2007" (PDF). School of Social Sciences – Cardiff University – funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
- ↑ Kaari Flagstad Baluja (2003). Gender Roles at Home and Abroad: The Adaptation of Bangladeshi Immigrants. LFB Scholarly Pub. (University of Michigan). pp. 77. ISBN 1-931202-51-6.
- ↑ Census Profile: New York City's Bangladeshi American Population Asian American Federation of New York Census Information Center. 2005. Retrieved on 27 May 2009.
- ↑ Eve Gregory, Ann Williams (2000). City literacies: learning to read across generations and cultures. Routledge. pp. 39. ISBN 978-0-415-19116-6.
- ↑ Robin Cohen (1995). The Cambridge survey of world migration. Cambridge University Press. pp. 360. ISBN 978-0-521-44405-7.
- ↑ Sylhet, Bangladesh St. Albans District Council
- ↑ Sylhet Partnership Photo Gallery Swadhinata Trust. Retrieved on 25 May 2009.
- ↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-16190888
- ↑ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Haripur_Oilfield
- ↑ http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=207067
- ↑ Iqbal Siddiquee (5 May 2009) Power, water crises grip Sylhet city The Daily Star. Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
- ↑ Alan H. Welch, Kenneth G. Stollenwerk (2003). Arsenic in Ground Water: Geochemistry and Occurrence. Springer. pp. 254.
- ↑ Arsenic poisons Sylhet water The Independent. 11 September 1997. Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
- ↑ Fluoride and Arsenic in Drinking Water World Health Organization (2008). Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
- ↑ Study of Water Quality in Sylhet City and its Restaurants: Health Associated Risk Assessment Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
- ↑ Not all Bangladeshis oppose the filming of Brick Lane The Guardian (by Iqbal Ahmed) 20 July 2006
- ↑ 'You sanctimonious philistine' – Rushdie v Greer, the sequel The Guardian (by Paul Lewis) 29 July 2006
- ↑ Security beefed up in Sylhet for Eid New Age Metro. 22 October 2006. Retrieved on 25 May 2009.
- ↑ Marika McAdam (2004). Bangladesh. Lonely Planet. pp. 145.
- ↑ Players and Officials – Rajin Saleh Cricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2009.
- ↑ Players and Officials – Enamul Haque jnr Cricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2009.
- ↑ Players and Officials Hasibul Hussain who was the opening bowler in the 1999 World Cup – Tapash Baisya Cricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2009.
- ↑ Players and Officials – Alok Kapali Cricinfo. Retrieved on 27 May 2009.
- ↑ Sylhet city bus services hike fares on whim New Age Metro. 4 November 2008. Retrieved on 25 May 2009.
- ↑ Weekly Holiday (22 November 2002). "Biman launches Kuwait-Sylhet flight". Aviatour.
- ↑ "Osmani Airport expansion work begins in July". The Daily Star. 13 May 2004.
- ↑ "Runway expansion at Osmani Airport nearing completion". New Age. 12 May 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
- ↑ Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Varsity Admission. Retrieved on 25 May 2009.
- ↑ "Sylhet Engineering College". The Daily Star. 9 November 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ↑ Islam, Mohammad Shafiqul (25 March 2007). "Inter University Debate Competition: Metropolitan University Team Champion". The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ↑ Friendship link
- ↑ "Rochdale Township Committee" (PDF). Rochdale Borough Council. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sylhet.
Sylhet travel guide from Wikivoyage


text:
Hello Shuan,
You wrote: I would reject the idea that the Bible was written deliberately to
Do you also reject the idea that Jesus deliberately worded some of His
parables in a way that would confuse some people? If you do, you reject Jesus
Christ's own quite clearly spoken words. (Luke 8:10; Mt. 13:10-15) Since
Christ said that He worded His parables in a way which would hide their
meanings from those whose "hearts" had "become calloused," and since those
parables are recorded in the Bible, logic dictates that at least some parts
of the Bible are worded in a way to deliberately confuse some people, those
with hearts which are not open to God. And, as I have said before, since the
same One who deliberately worded His parables to conceal their meaning from
some people inspired the writing of the rest of the Bible, we have good
reason to believe that other parts of the Bible have also been written in the
same way.
The fact is, the Bible itself clearly indicates that God "closed up and
sealed" the full meaning of some portions of the scriptures from everyone
until a time long after they were written. (Dan. 12:4) If God did this with
some of Daniel's prophecies it seems quite possible to me that He may have
also done this with some other portions of scripture, including parts of
You wrote: I believe that the Bible is in principle comprehensible.
I agree. At least all the parts of it which have ever been necessary for
people to understand in order for them to find salvation. However, since
Daniel tells us that knowledge would increase at the time of the end, we can
only understand that parts of the Bible were deliberately written in a way
would prevent all of its contents from being properly understood prior to
that time. (Dan. 12:4)
This archive was generated by hypermail 2b29 : Thu May 30 2002 - 18:20:24 EDT

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Patricia Sayre and Jose Guevarez
by Patricia & Jose
Patricia & Jose
Patricia Sayre and Jose Guevarez together with their families are pleased to announce their wedding on September 3, 2012. Please save the date. Formal invitation to follow.
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Online Engagement Announcements.


text:
Some call it a funnel and some call it a pipeline. Either way I'm talking about putting potential customers in one end with the hope they will come out the other side as a sale.
Selling is not a perfect business. There is emotion, fear, desire, and need involved. People buy for many different reasons. It would be nice if we could just walk up to a customer, show them our product and they write a check. Does it happen? Sure! Just not very often!
Instead of looking at sales as a one time thing, we need to look at selling as a process. Similar to how a farmer sows seeds into a field, you need to sow an interest in your products into your customers. Not every seed will sprout, just like some of your customers won't be interested in what you sell. That's why farmers sow so many seeds, they expect a percentage to fail.
Every time you show your products to a potential customer, they start to travel down your sales pipeline. Some slide right through and buy right away, some won't even consider going in the pipe and others meander down the pipe as they make their decision.
It often takes time for your customer to get to the end of your pipe. It could take days, it could take weeks. It doesn't matter! The point is to keep the pipeline full.
So how can you feed the people in your pipeline so they don't turn and walk out the way they came in? Here are a few suggestions:
1. Thank you cards. When someone shows interest in one of your products, but doesn't buy, send them a nice thank you card for considering what you're selling and let them know you will follow up at a later date, or offer a buying incentive. (so much off, free case, something like that)
2. If it's a trusted customer, offer to leave the product with them to test for a few days. This is called the "Puppy Dog Close". Once you get it in their hand and they get used to using it, they'll want to keep it.
3. Be sure to mention the product each time you see the customer. This is not being pushy. This simply gives them another opportunity to buy. Remember! We live in a busy world. We all need reminders from time-to-time.
Since I specialize in training sharpeners, while on the road, I take some time and ride with a few of my students when I can. Almost all the shear sales I see them make are not impulse buys, but the result of sowing interest in the shear over time.
How do you keep guiding customers into your pipeline? Well for starters, be sure your customers know you sell shears and/or other products. Then be sure you have some to show! You can't sell from an empty wagon and people like to touch and feel before they buy. Give them something to touch and feel!
One thing is certain, your customers will buy what you're selling from somebody. If you take the time to show them what you have, and remind them of it, they will eventually buy from you!
Image: saleslogistix.com/services/Pipeline – SalesLogistix is a consultancy focused on implementing the most complete and usable SFA / CRM systems. They provide advisory and services for any SFA system, implement / extend Salesforce.com, develop custom Salesforce applications, and sell add-on products for Salesforce.com users.


text:
I was trying to finish Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma last night and, while reading the chapter on vegetarianism, I was stopped by a moral question. The set up is based on Pollan's summary of an ethical argument against eating meat:
- People vary wildly; some are cuter, funnier, smarter, etc.
- Smarter people don't (as a matter of course) have the right to exploit those not as smart
- Any moral argument for meat-eating that relies on human 'superiority' runs in to #2. Any argument that relies on a 'difference in kind' is speciesist (which might sound fine now, but might be as hard to justify as racism to your grandkids and their pet space-capybara).
"Okay, great," say the vegetarians between spoonfuls of granola, "what's the problem?" Pollan goes on to talk about a population of feral pigs on Santa Cruz Island, whose delectable piglets attracted a now-booming population of golden eagles who waltzed in to the vacuum left by the DDT-extinction of their cousins, the bald eagle. Bald eagles (apparently, I'm going by Pollan here) mostly dine on seafood; golden eagles are huge and scary and dine on land animals like piglets… and the slower, smaller, critically endangered island fox.
Well, the foxes and bald eagles were there first, and the foxes are critically endangered which means, to those not familiar with the IUCN classification, someone will shoot you in the face for sneezing in its direction because it is more important than you. Well they are: there are only 125 Santa Cruz foxes. And that's why there are snipers hunting down the pigs and trapping the golden eagles – we have lots of pigs.
Sounds reasonable, right? Well, let's do the same thing with cats. In Last Chance to See, Douglas Adams' and Mark Carwardine's travelogue of endangered species, is the story of a program to protect the kakapo. Isolated, New Zealand had lots of bizarre birds happily living on the ground (this being New Zealand, I use the term in a way unfamiliar to Southern Ontarians; there are lots of fjords and sundry cliffs) because there weren't many other animals there – even the Maori were fairly recent. More recent still were the European sailors, and the animals they brought with them: rats, possums, and, yes, cats, all of whom would quite enjoy a meal of slow, fat bird or its eggs and were quite able to get them. Thus the government of New Zealand, killed off all the rats and possums and cats over a few islands, and brought every kakapo (and other endangered island birds) they could find to live on them.
So that's Fluffy – is that fine too? If it's not, is it fine to leave these species to extinction? There aren't that many of them, and a single pregnant cat and her offspring could probably get to them quite easily. If it is fine, then where do we draw that line? The komodo dragon lives on inhabited islands, and they are not good neighbours.
So here's the point: if we believe in "animal rights," do those rights belong to the individual (as do human rights) or the species? The ethical argument for veganism is that the individual animal has a right to live, and live freely. But then the morally consistent stand would be to support the pigs and the cats – Pollan recounts a Save the Pigs campaign which flew plane-trailed banners. On the other hand, domesticated animals only exist because we've bred them for captivity over millenia (or have we, as Pollan argues, grown together to a form of mutualism?) and wouldn't exist otherwise. In fact, as long as they're treated well, the life of a farm-raised chicken or cow is generally much more pleasant than a life in the wild spent scrounging for food and fearful of… foxes.
Half of Omnivore's Dilemma is actually devoted to telling the story of just such a farm. On Polyface, it reads at length, cattle, chickens, pigs and grass formed an ecosystem that produced better beef, chicken, eggs, pork, and (via manure) vegetables. Let's imagine a future where this is the norm – living on abundantly fertile and wide-open Ontario soil, this shouldn't be hard. If the individual animal has a right to live, and live free, then this is still slavery, albeit a form of slavery some might choose over a cubicle farm, even if it ends in baconizing, as long as it includes a period of stud-ing. The alternative for us though, given the number of human mouths to feed, is a plant-only agriculture that relies on fossil-fuel fertilizers (still much reduced, given everything that goes in to corn and soy for animal feed). Other cities, in hillier climes, would have to continue to rely on intensive planting (and energy-intensive transportation) elsewhere. At our current technology and infrastructure, that's a recipe for continued (maybe worsening) climate change, condemning huge numbers of species to stress and extinction.
I actually don't have a dilemma – I'm happy to live in moral inconsistency if it lets me fawn over individual puppies and piglets, express disgust over Chinese supermarket fishtanks, and still choose to eat local fish in the Yukon (there were no local fish, due to overfishing in Alaska, so I enjoyed non-local asparagus parmesan on fettuccine instead). But there's certainly an inconsistency there, and thus a question: Do animal rights belong to the individual or the species? If the individual, what do we do about re-nativization and sustainable food? If the group, is vegetarianism justifiable? Is liberalism?


text:
I'm testing general embedding model, and my goal is to detect anomalies in series of photos. General embedding model model returns 1024 dimensional vector with values.
Let's say I run the model with 10 really similar photos to get average values of dimensions.Then I have the average value of each dimension (1024 values).
After that I do testing with invididual additional photos to find if photo "enough" different or not.
What kind of tool or approach would you suggest for this kind of analysis. I can do some Python and Tensorflow, but I'm wondering would excel be the easiest to visualize and detect the anomalies or is there some other tools you would suggest?
Hey @Markus! Spoke to our Research Team about this and they said that you can use l2 distance and tune a threshold for what should be "anomalous" via this site:
We also have a bit of sample code here. It's not directly for anomaly detection but the same principle holds.
Great! Thanks for help.


text:
Welcome to the Nevada Silver Trails itineraries page. These itineraries provide ideas and directions that lay out a gameplan on how to best explore Nevada Silver Trails. In addition to highlighting points of interest, there's also information about where to eat, places to stay, and of course, the "be sure to sees!" If you want to make the most of your travel time while visiting Nevada Silver Trails, these itineraries are just the ticket!
Pahrump / Beatty (PDF)
Pioche / Caliente (PDF)
Tonopah / Goldfield (PDF)


text:
While the number of auto fatalities have decreased even with more four-wheeled vehicles on the road, the number of motorcycle fatalities continues to rise. While there has been an increase in motorcycle riders in recent years, partially due to rising gas prices, the percentages do not add up. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the number of motorcycles increased 63% over seven years, yet the number of fatalities went up 228% in the same period. With the majority of motorcycle fatalities involving two or more vehicles, it is often the fault of another motorist when a motorcycle rider dies.
Victim Resources:
Motorists Ownership Of Motorcycle Fatalities
Although there are many motorcyclists that have died due to pure accident or even poor decisions, many fatalities are caused by negligent motorists sharing the road with motorcycles. The NHTSA estimates that a motorcycle rider is 37 times more likely to die in a crash than an occupant of a passenger vehicle, per mile driven. This means that when a four-wheeled vehicle and a motorcycle crash, the one most likely to lose their life will be the motorcyclist.
In 2008, there were 2,387 fatal crashes that involved a motorcycle and another vehicle. In 41% of these fatal accidents, the other vehicle was turning left when it hit the motorcycle. This is a glaring point at how often motorcycles are not seen or yielded to on the road, especially at intersections. A left hand turn accident is almost always the fault of the turning vehicle, which means that these motorcyclists lost their life due to the negligence and inattention of another driver.
Motorist Negligence And Motorcycle Fatalities
The most common words most likely uttered from a motorist who strikes a motorcycle is " I did not see them". Although motorcycles are smaller than other vehicles, they certainly are not invisible. However, if a driver is not taking the time to look closely or check blind spots, they may miss the motorcycle that is riding next to them or coming toward them from the other direction. Common causes of accidents that lead to motorcycle fatalities include:
- Distracted driving. More and more drivers are fiddling with electronic devices while driving. The all-important email, call or text message that takes their attention from the road for just a few seconds can take a motorcyclists life.
- Blind spots. Just using mirrors to check traffic to change lanes is not enough to detect a motorcyclist riding along side a passenger vehicle. Driver's need to look over their shoulder and check blind spots.
- Poor driving. Cutting off a motorcycle, tailgating or changing lanes without signaling can easily create a dangerous situation for a motorcyclist.
Families who lose a loved one in a motorcycle accident are understandably devastated and want justice for their loss. When a motorcyclist's life is taken due to the negligence of another motorist, a wrongful death lawsuit can be filed. While no amount of money can ever replace the loss of a spouse, parent or child, it can set an example and cover financial expenses that are caused by the loss of a loved one.


text:
Heimonas, Giorgos:
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Produktinformationen "Heimonas, Giorgos:"Giorgos Heimonas was born in Kavala in 1938 and died in Paris in 2000. He studied psychiatry at the University of Athens and the University of Paris, and he lived in both Athens and Paris; he has worked as a professor, physician, and author. His mysterious and moving narratives made him one of Greece's most renowned contemporary writers. To enter into a Heimonas text is not so much to read the written word as to experience it. His characters repeatedly suggest that the word of their experience flows through the body toward the lips but never reaches speech. Accordingly, Heimonas creates a metamorphosed language and a genre which are neither poetry nor fiction in a conventional sense yet share certain qualities of each. In "The builders" the protagonist is the herald of a new order of speech and feeling. The text suggests that we cease, as it were, to listen to experience with our neighbour's ear; rather we should feel the world through a sort of language of the nerves. Thus, the narrative does not articulate an idea or situation so much as pulse with sensations of pain, joy, discovery. The feeling of existence becomes its meaning. In Heimonas' words, the world becomes an image and humanity itself the message.
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text: While driving to work today, I was racking my brain for a good topic to write about when suddenly, a black Ferrari convertible zoomed past me. Normally, I would not give that a second thought, but I could not help but notice the license plate which displayed an abbreviated form of the sentence, "I sell stocks." The driver was clearly on his way to one of the large brokerage firms in Irvine, and he was obviously in a hurry to get started on selling his stocks. I can't say that I blame him because his car suggests that he is doing quite well for himself. The question I might ask is, how are the buyers of these stocks doing? Or to put it in the spirit of the incomparable Fred Schwed, where are the customers' Ferrari convertibles? In all fairness, the Ferrari convertible driver probably saw my "index it" license plate surrounded by the caption, "Smart investors buy index funds" and thought to himself, "What a sap! Why would anyone purposely settle for average?" The reality, of course, is that index fund investors have done well above average, and there is no reason to believe it will be any different going forward. As we have said many times at IFA, investors who engage the services of a financial professional should ensure that he or she is a fiduciary who is legally obligated to act in the client's best interests at all times. Commissioned salespeople (i.e., stockbrokers) only have to meet a "suitability" standard which is open to broad interpretation. The bottom line is that investments are not something that should be sold like vacuum cleaners. Rather, investors should formulate a long-term passive strategy with the guidance of an investment advisor who receives compensation only from the investor. Hopefully, Mr. I Sell Stocks will someday see it this way too, as have so many of his ex-colleagues who abandoned the brokerage industry to become registered investment advisors. Step 3IndexingActiveStocksInvestment Previous Article Next Article All Articles About Index Fund Advisors Index Fund Advisors, Inc. (IFA) is a fee-only advisory and wealth management firm that provides risk-appropriate, returns-optimized, globally-diversified and tax-managed investment strategies with a fiduciary standard of care. Founded in 1999, IFA is a Registered Investment Adviser with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that provides investment advice to individuals, trusts, corporations, non-profits, and public and private institutions. Based in Irvine, California, IFA manages individual and institutional accounts, including IRA, 401(k), 403(b), profit sharing, pensions, endowments and all other investment accounts. IFA also facilitates IRA rollovers from 401(k)s and 403(b)s. To find out more about the value of IFA click here. To determine your risk capacity, take the Risk Capacity Survey.


text:
David Toop Brings Us The Briny Depths Of His Record Collection
Even in the MP3 age, there are CDs worth searching out–that require the search. Thus, Idolator's new regular feature: O.O.P., We Did It Again is dedicated to great albums that are criminally out of print–and that are unlikely to become available anytime soon.
The album: Ocean of Sound (Virgin AMBT, 1996), a two-CD soundtrack to David Toop's book compiled by the author.
Classic material: Toop was one of the sharpest critics of his time, ready to take chances both as a listener and writer, and Ocean of Sound–his second book, after his groundbreaking history of early hip-hop, Rap Attack (1984)–is a dense, rewarding tour of music as an environment for immersion (as opposed to merely "ambient," the way many assumed). So is the CD, which encompasses everything from rip-roaring free jazz to Jamaican dub to field recordings to gurgling '50s exotica.
Highlights: Everything on these two CDs is strong, or at least diverting, and Toop's programming is perfect. But two segues in particular deserve special mention. On disc one, a field recording of howler monkeys is a perfect setup for the rip-snorting free jazz of the Peter Brotzmann Octet's "Machine Gun." And disc two takes the cake, with a breathtaking fade from the feedback-drenched ending of the Velvet Underground's "I Heard Her Call My Name" into an underwater recording of bearded seals–the join is perfect, and underscores Toop's guiding idea that music is where we find it.
Why it's out of print: Cross-licensed various-artists compilations seldom stay available for very long, and with 32 cuts from a dizzying array of sources, this one was no exception. Virgin's AMBT side-label, dedicated to compilations like this one and four others Toop put together (including the amazing Sugar and Posion, a slow-soul sampler as impeccable as any seduction tape as any college romantic ever made or received), went under in short order as well.
Chances it will return to print: Unless a very rich person with a lot of connections is willing to re-license everything, don't bet on it.
Cost for a used copy: There's one on Amazon for $24.95, which is less than I paid for it new back in '96–and less than I've seen it for at savvier shops in recent years.


text:
Legal Notice
April 2007
The Laboratoryin the News
Commentary byWilliam H. Goldstein
Stardust Results Challenge Astronomical Convention
Fire in the Hole
Big Physics in Small Spaces
A New Block on the Periodic Table
A Search for Patterns and Connections
Patents and Awards
S&TR Staff
MODELING what happens to a particle-laden fluid as it travels
through the complex channels of a microdevice is not an easy computational task. The dimensions of the device components, such as channel widths, can be nearly as small as the particles themselves. Yet, the details of this fluid flow are important for such applications as designing drug delivery systems, optimizing biosensors, and even determining blood flow.
The difficulties of modeling these flows in confined spaces are a reflection of the scales involved. Several approaches to modeling particle-laden fluid flow exist, depending on the scale to be resolved. For example, continuum models can adequately simulate macroscale properties such as velocity and pressure, while particle methods can simulate individual molecules on the microscale. However, it is difficult to capture both scales in one algorithm that reflects the physics and chemistry of these scales and that runs in a reasonable amount of time—even on a supercomputer.
Livermore computational scientist David Trebotich from the Center for Applied Scientific Computing and professor Greg Miller from the University of California (UC) at Davis's Department of Applied Science, along with researchers from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Applied Numerical Algorithms Group, have developed a multiscale algorithm to better model particle-laden fluid flows. The algorithm can be used to model flow through microscale structures, such as arrays of posts and other complex channels and components inside centimeter-long devices, as well as interactions in biological materials, such as a DNA molecule.
Tiny Flows with Impact
The modeling effort grew out of Trebotich's postdoctoral work at UC Berkeley on microfluidics, in which he explored the fundamental physics of complex flows through microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices used in biosensors and drug delivery systems. Trebotich says, "We needed new physical models and advanced numerical algorithms that could accurately simulate the flow of complex fluids containing high densities of biological particles such as DNA in microenvironments."
Livermore's Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program funded Trebotich's project to create a computational design tool for microdevices and components such as those used in pathogen detection systems. "These systems introduce a new flow regime in an already complex biological flow that is not well understood," says Trebotich. "Also, the design and fabrication of bioMEMS devices have been largely a trial-and-error approach. The early devices were certainly not optimal. This project gave us the opportunity to create a computational design tool that would provide critical understanding of the fundamental flow physics in this mostly unexplored regime and provide a predictive capability for designing more advanced microfluidic systems."
Researchers from UC Berkeley's Bioengineering Department performed key validation experiments and proved the hypothesis that a fluid containing even small amounts of long-chain polymers, such as DNA, exhibits both viscous and elastic behavior. "Viscoelasticity is a phenomenon that complicates fluid flow, in general. The difficulty in trying to remove a speck of eggshell from raw egg whites is a practical example of viscoelastic behavior. The eggshell sort of bounces away unless you slowly nudge it toward a surface where there is no flow. If one applies this to macromolecular flow in microdevices where the lengths of the molecules approach those of the flow channels, the behavior becomes even more nonintuitive compared to, say, that of water," says Trebotich. "For instance, if a flow channel contracts sharply, large recirculation zones will appear in the salient corners." If a molecule is caught in such a vortex, it could degrade or possibly break. When the molecule reenters the flow near a sensor downstream, it may no longer be identifiable as the original molecule.
The experiments also show that DNA migrates away from regions of high shear, such as close to channel walls, and toward regions of low shear, such as a channel's center. In addition, these molecules stretch out in accelerating flow regions and recoil in decelerating flow or stagnant regions. "This behavior can affect the assumed performance of a biosensor," notes Trebotich. "It's important to be able to not only predict these dynamics in a device for which the objective is to control a biological fluid but also to manipulate and detect biological species in the fluid. Fulfilling these objectives requires using both continuum models to capture bulk properties for flow control and particle methods to represent coarse-grained molecular transport."
Cookie Cutters, Rods, and Beads
To model the behavior of these unusual flows, Trebotich and Miller created a hybrid fluid–particle numerical algorithm that embraces most scales of interest—from the device scale down to the smallest scale of interparticle interactions. The algorithm is based on discretization of an incompressible Newtonian fluid, such as water, using a high-resolution, finite-difference method. An embedded boundary volume-of-fluid formulation is used near boundaries where the fluid meets structures.
Trebotich and his colleagues chose a finite-difference method on a structured grid because of its simplicity and known numerical properties. However, they found that geometries represented with just squares and rectangles are limited. They then turned to the embedded boundary method, which allows irregular geometries to be represented by overlaying the problem domain on a structured Cartesian grid. In this approach, the irregular boundary of the problem domain cuts through the affected squares on the grid.
"Think of it," says Trebotich, "as a cookie-cutter approach with the dough spread out on the counter representing a rectangular fluid-flow channel. To represent an obstruction in the flow, such as a post in an array channel, one simply cuts a circle shape out of the dough or domain." The regular grid cells can then be solved with finite-difference methods, and the cut cell can be handled conservatively with a volume-of-fluid approach.
"This approach is an efficient way to solve the problem," says Trebotich. "It uses less computational time than a body-fitted grid approach, particularly when the grid or mesh is moving. The embedded boundary technique itself is specifically intended to enhance parallel scalability and to facilitate adaptive mesh refinement, which focuses computations in areas of interest in the domain. All in all, this approach provides a powerful tool for multiscale, multiphysics computational fluid dynamics."
To represent the DNA and other polymerlike molecules in the fluid, Trebotich and his colleagues use a model of beads connected in a chain by rods or springs. The polymer is then coupled to the fluid through forces representing hydrodynamic drag and stochastic thermal fluctuations. "In this model, the fluid can 'feel' the effects of the polymer molecules, a reverse-coupling mechanism that could prove to be important in simulating more concentrated polymer flows," says Trebotich.
To increase the realism of the model, the researchers added algorithms that keep the simulated polymers from crossing or "passing through" each other in an unrealistic, ghostlike fashion. "Noncrossing is a constraint frequently ignored in other bead-rod models," says Trebotich. The team developed a novel technique in which the rods elastically bounce off one another without the small time steps typical of particle methods. In a similar way, the model also treats interactions between polymers and surfaces as elastic. "The ability to advance the particles at time steps on the order of the fluid timescale allows us to perform system-level modeling for engineering-scale problems involving particle-laden fluids," adds Trebotich.
Re-creating the Real Thing
The researchers tested their model by simulating a DNA molecule flowing through two microdevice configurations—a microchannel with an array of posts and a small tube packed with microspheres resembling a porous medium. These configurations are similar to those used for extracting DNA in microfluidic-based devices that contain a polymerase chain reaction component. The team used a simple post-array microchannel to hone their algorithm development, model short-range interactions between particles and solid surfaces, and simulate how the rods interact.
"Ultimately, we want to determine if one configuration is better than the other for extracting a molecule," says Trebotich. "In flow-through devices, we want at least one strand of DNA to adhere to a structure so the DNA can be amplified for better signal detection. If the flow rate is too high, the DNA molecule will pass through without being captured. If it's too low, the DNA might not have enough momentum to arrive at the capture point. This effort is an example of how we can help engineers design devices optimized for their purposes."
The algorithms that the team developed are multipurpose. With researchers at Lawrence Berkeley and UC San Francisco, the team examined how realistically its model re-creates flow in a human trachea, which has an intricate anatomical geometry. They used the embedded boundary method to successfully model a trachea from a patient's computed tomography scan, down to the detailed ribbing, where flows can be complex. "The smallest geometric irregularities can alter the flow, causing flow perturbations that other models will not capture if the geometry and mesh obtained from the medical image do not contain enough detail," says Trebotich. "Fluid dynamics can become very complicated when we get down to the details—that is, the smaller scale features." The details are important in certain situations, for example, when a physician needs to know how a tracheotomy procedure could affect the flow of air in a damaged trachea or how a partial blockage in an artery could affect blood flow.
The team's goal is to develop methods to simulate the physics that occur at multiple scales for a variety of flow problems in a time frame that is useful for engineers, physicians, and practitioners in other fields. Trebotich says, "It's an end-to-end endeavor, from model to simulation to analysis, and one that draws on experts in multiple disciplines from throughout the UC system."
—Ann Parker
Key Words: algorithm, biosensor, continuum model, DNA, fluid flow,
microchannel, microfluidic device, multiscale computational fluid
dynamics, particle model, post array, viscoelastic fluid.
For further information contact David Trebotich (925) 423-2873 (email@example.com).
Download a printer-friendly version of this article.
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text:
Likely to decorate your bed room is among the most significant stuff that requires well-rehearsed conceptual ideas. Bed room interior planning adds flavor to your house. Every people just consider the way i should arrange for my bed room decoration that can make it unique and engaging in general.
Bed room interior planning isn't restricted to your bed room only but you need to consider designing your house interior in general. Beginning in the colors that you select for your house ought to be unique with vibrant colors that refresh your mood any time you take a look at them. If this happens selecting the bed room wall color it ought to be vibrant and efficient that meets your mood, style, attitude along with your favorite color. The colour from the master suite wall facing the mind from the mattress should be your preferred to ensure that even you're in sad mood it creates an optimistic vibes inside yourself will help you to restore your time.
Home interior planning mainly concerns your direction of widows and also the sitting arrangement in the heart of the hall. The dining room table within the diner should be facing any window that provides a calming view to outdoors and outdoors for your sitting room. Well the style of the couch sets totally rely on personal taste, if you want modern design silver crafted sofa then your wall of the hall ought to be colored with latest design designs adds the most recent look in general. You may also keep some antique and wooden style sofa occur your drawing room allow it an additional looks.
Bathroom may be the primary parts of your house in which you relax yourself also it does not matter you decide to go there only 2 or 3 occasions each day. But even it requires an effective decoration that without doubt gives good affect in your thoughts. You will find plenty of bathroom add-ons on the market which will make your bathrooms the spot where you love most in your house.
Using latest designed mirrors, mounted top relaxation for bathing add-ons and dim lights engrossed in glass are most significant ideas that certainly provide a unique concept for that bathroom decoration.


text: Find Your Style Contemporary Cherry Bathroom Cabinets Design Style Contemporary Room Bathroom Share Houzz previous slide / next slide Clean, horizontal lines and a symmetrical layout are hallmarks of modern design found in this master bathroom featuring Summit Cherry bathroom cabinets. The rich Sienna finish softens the overall effect, making the space more approachable. Products Shown in This Room Summit Wood Cherry Finish Sienna Sienna Product Type Finishes Bar Cabinet Pull Large in Brushed Nickel Product Type Hardware Open Shelving Product Type Embellishments Vanity Sink Base Cabinet with U-Shaped Slide-Out Product Type Cabinet Interiors previous slide / next slide


text:
Turning your bulges into curves is as simple as a tummy tuck surgery with the right board certified surgeon. Medically this procedure is known as an abdominoplasty, which refers to the tightening and removal of skin, as well as fat in the abdominal region.
This is important because abdominal laxity can cause postural problems, pain and also looks quite unsightly. Unfortunately, we don't get to pick our genes when we're born – however, we do have the option of choosing the best plastic surgeons in the mid-west, Scottsdale region to administer our tummy tuck procedure though.
This surgery technique is used to both tighten the abdominals and any skin in the surrounding area. Majorly excess skin is also commonly removed completely in the case of major weight loss or birth complications. Recovery time is generally a few weeks, but may be loner depending on how complex your surgery is and what strategy is used.
There are three main types of procedures: a complete, partial and extended abdominoplasty – there are also two others, one called a high lateral tension, and another called floating (FAB technique). The surgeons you visit will be able to recommend which technique will be best for your unique situation.
After all, every body is different and special, so a free personal consultation is where everyone should start. From there, you'll be able to ask the doctor questions, get his opinion on why a specific technique will or will not work best for you, and what the next steps are.
Abdominal surgeries can sometimes have added recovery times and precautions. The abs and lower back are used to stabilize many objects you lift throughout your day. There's a good chance you'll need to take off time from work and high intensity exercise. However, walking and more gentler activities are still allowed, and are actually recommended to help speed up healing.
If you have the time, Arizona is a wonderful vacation spot – many clients visit and stay after their tummy tuck operation. Playing out, getting some sun, and going for some yummy dinner always does the body good, helping it heal faster.
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External Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominoplasty
Board Certified Plastic Surgeons in Arizona (go back to the homepage)


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By Sahil Patel
The second season of "Larry King Now," an interview series hosted by the legendary newscaster, is premiering today on Hulu and Ora TV.
The show comes from Ora TV, a production studio and digital content network. The first episode features an interview between King and actress Jane Lynch. Other guests scheduled to appear during the coming second season include Oprah Winfrey, Mark Wahlberg, Denzel Washington, Sharon Stone, and Julian Lennon.
Update: New episodes will be made available at 5pm ET every Monday to Thursday. The current plan is to produce 150 episodes for the second season.
Ora TV says it has expanded distribution of the show with the launch of the second season. Aside from being available on Hulu and Ora TV, the show will air on RT America Monday-Wednesday and Fridays at 9pm and 11pm EST. Internationally, the show is being distributed to TV networks like Dubai One in the Middle East and North Africa and the Israeli Broadcast Association in Israel. "Larry King Now" will also be available on TV in Canada beginning this September, says Ora TV. The distributor will announce additional international markets in the coming year.
Viewers will also be able to submit suggestions for future guests via the #BookEmLarry hashtag on Twitter and Instagram. Each month, Ora TV will reward some of those who submitted suggestions "sponsored prizes."
"Larry King Now" was Ora TV's first foray into original online programming when the interview series made its debut last year. Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim holds a majority interest in Ora TV through his telco, America Movil.
Here's a clip from the Jane Lynch interview, focusing on her recently revealed divorce from her wife.


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Today's Misi Crafter is Michelle from Cutie Pie.
How did you get started in your particular craft and how long have you been doing it?
I've always loved making things. Every since I can remember, if I needed something, I would try to make it. I hoarded so much stuff when I was younger, fabric, ribbons, paper, stickers etc and I still do. My mum used to sew a lot and made most of my babies dresses herself, she encouraged me, showed me the basics and bought me a manual singer sewing machine for Christmas when I was about 8. I've still got it and am now teaching my daughter to use it. I decided to try and make some money after lots of my friends came to me if they needed things and kept telling me to sell what I make. So I took the plunge, found a name that suited and started to make.
Are there any negative aspects to doing your craft and if there are how do you work around them?
Not having a dining room anymore!!! I've taken over it. In the summer its ok as we don't use it that much, but in the winter we have friends over and light a fire in there and I have to pack everything up and hide it somewhere. For the past year, when I've been making things for stock I've had my youngest at home with me, so having to entertain him and try to make things has been awkward at times, but he starts school in September, so hopefully I'll have more time for me.
What tips would you give to anyone thinking of starting your craft?
Make sure its a passion of yours. Don't try and do something like this if you've not passion for it otherwise it will show in what you produce. If you love sewing & creating, then play, practice, make things for yourself and friends which will be seen by others and let it all grow from there. Don't ever worry about not being good enough, if people like what you do they will buy it. Sometimes we are too critical of our work, we forget that the buyer sees something they couldn't make themselves but really wants.
How did you find Misi?
A girl I used to go to school with is now a textiles teacher in a local school. I met her at a local craft fair and we got chatting. She had opened a shop, Handmade Perfection, and recommended Misi. So I looked MISI up and opened my shop in October I think??
What is your favourite item in your own Misi shop?
I think it would be the crochet jug cover. I made one for me, for my pimms, and thought it turned out rather well. So made some more, its lovely to see them taking shape as I don't use a pattern, they confuse me!!
What is your favourite shop on Misi (besides your own)?
Its hard to choose between Tinymoments - She makes fantastic, individual pieces or The pink fairy cake - She has in her shop, everything I wish I could do myself.
Random Facts about you:
What is your favourite colour? - Pink
What is your favourite food? - Roast Beef
What is your favourite season? - Winter, log fires and wooly jumpers
What is your favourite time of day? - night
What is your favourite website (besides Misi)? Girlguiding UK - I'm a Brown Owl too.
What is your favourite TV programme? - Harry Hill's TV burp.
Thank you for chatting to us Michelle. Go along to Michelle's Cutie Pie shop to see more of her beautiful creations...
Friday, 21 August 2009
Posted by Helen @ The Beading Lady on 09:05 with 3 comments
3 comments:
How exciting!!! I'd like to make Hennies speech after her mention a little tradition, so here goes. I'd like to thank Helen for giving me this opportunity, MISI for making it possible for the masses to see great quality work and my hubby for looking after the house and children when I'm trying to finish something. I dedicate this blog mention to everyone at MISI, don't dismiss your dreams, they can come true :)ReplyDelete
oh lovely interviewReplyDelete
Another great interview, I couldn't agree more with your tip for beginners, MichelleReplyDelete
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Blink and you miss it! Watch robot solve Rubik's cube in record time
Published 06 March 2017
There's only so fast a human can move their fingers to solve a Rubik's cube, but there seems to be no limit to the speed of a robot's 'arms'!
German engineer Albert Beer created a robot called Sub1 which set the record for the Fastest robot to solve a Rubik's Cube back in January 2016.
Since then he has continued to work on his design, hoping to make it even faster.
The updated 'Sub1 Reloaded' robot has a new Infineon processor chip and can now solve the famously difficult puzzle in just 0.637 seconds – beating the previous record of 0.887 seconds.
Within a fraction of a second of the robot's camera senses being lifted, it finds the solution and the six mechanical arms unscramble the puzzle perfectly in 21 moves.
The attempt took place at the electronica trade fair in Munich, Germany at the end of 2016.
The Fastest time to solve a Rubik's cube by a person stands at 4.904 seconds, which was achieved by teenager Lucas Etter in November 2015.


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More Fun in the New Year - February 17, 2012
It's a new year and Danielle and the band look forward to getting back out there and playing. They'll be at the Ella Lounge in NYC on 4/21. Look for some local shows to be posted soon, as well. Danielle's been writing songs and hopes to record a new CD some time later this year. Check back often for more details on new shows and recording news!


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*Product Sample Received*
Those meddling kids and their lovable dog are back! In Warner Bros. Home Entertainment's Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated. The Complete Season Two, Fred, Daphne, Velma, Shaggy and Scooby-Doo continue to solve mysteries in the spooky town of Crystal Cove. Viewers will get wrapped up in 26 captivating episodes featured on this four-disc set (retailing for $26.99 SRP) available in stores October 7, 2014.
My kids love this show, especially my oldest daughter Olivia, she loves the part where Scooby and the gang solves the mystery, amidst all the monsters, goons and the usual hi jinx. To me, its a throwback to the older version of the show and takes me back to saturday morning cartoons (a bygone era). With the more gory, grim and ultra realistic shows people watch nowadays, sometimes its nice to watch old school cartoons such as these.
Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated The Complete Season Two Featured Episodes:
1. The Night the Clown Cried 14. The Heart of Evil 2. House of the Nightmare Witch 15. Theater of the Doomed 3. The Night the Clown Cried II: Tears of Doom! 16. Aliens Among Us 4. Web of the Dreamweaver! 17. The Horrible Herd 5. The Hodag of Horror 18. Dance of the Undead 6. Art of Darkness 19. The Devouring 7. The Gathering Gloom 20. Stand and Deliver 8. The Night on Haunted Mountain 21. The Man in the Mirror 9. Grim Judgment 22. Nightmare in Red 10. Night Terrors 23. Dark Night of the Hunters 11. The Midnight Zone 24. Gates of Gloom 12. Scarebear 25. Through the Curtain 13. Wrath of the Krampus 26. Come Undone


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text: Four parties competed in the election for 34 seats in the South Ossetian parliament [EPA] Al Jazeera's Matthew Collin, speaking from the Georgian capital Tbilisi, said: "With about half the vote counted, [Yedinstvo] look set to win these elections as expected." About 50,000 South Ossetians were eligible to vote in the elections and polling stations have been set up in Russia for expatriates and refugees who fled the region during the war. Four parties are competing for the 34 seats in parliament but the central election commission has barred the only two parties not loyal Kokoity. Alan Gassiyev, an opposition leader, called the polls "completely illegal". "I plan to sit at home. There's nothing we can do," he said. Defalcation accusations The opposition has also accused Kokoity of embezzling funds allocated for restoration of infrastructure destroyed in the war. Kokoity has rejected the accusations against him as Georgian propaganda. He pledged that the vote would be carried out strictly in accordance with law, calling the election a "maturity test for the small independent state". "At 10am [06:00 GMT] I can already say there's a very high turnout," Kokoity said on Sunday. Most world powers consider South Ossetia as part of Georgia, but Tbilisi lost control over the region in a war in the early 1990s as the Soviet Union fell apart. Many South Ossetians feel closer to Russia. Tensions high Describing the current situation, our correspondent said tensions remain high on the disputed border around South Ossetia. "You've got the Georgian army on one side and the Russian army on the other, which means you've got the constant possibility of renewed fighting," he said. "South Ossetia is basically propped up by Russia. It is a tiny area that could only ever survive with Russian military, economic and political support. "And I think everyone on both sides were expecting to see the current South Ossetian regime to be maintained. "The question is, where do we go from here and will the tensions are around the border area erupt again into violence." SOURCE: Al Jazeera and agencies


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Gujarati Wedding Mumbai Vasai Official Photographer - Part 3
The final installment of my first official coverage of a wedding is here. Check out the first installment here and the second one here . Indian wedding is all about family and emotions, it encompasses all the colors of life (from happiness,hope & joy to a tinge of sadness) and it is one of the most important occasions in our personal as well as social calendar. I just hope my photographs have done justice to it all! These are my personal favorites of the bunch, I hope that others also like these as much as I like them :)


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Saturday, November 6, 2010
Black Street Gangs in Los Angeles
These actions on the part of the authorities left a vacuum for the present day gangs and if that wasn't enough the Feds injected massive doses of drugs into the community to insure that the people would become mired in an even bigger problem.
Black Street Gangs in Los Angeles: A History (excerpts from Territoriality Among African American Street Gangs in Los Angeles
Alejandro A. Alonso
In Los Angeles and other urban areas in the United States, the formation of street gangs increased at an alarming pace throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Bloods and the Crips, the most well-known gangs of Los Angeles, are predominately African American[1] and they have steadily increased in number since their beginnings in 1969. In addition, there are approximately 600 Hispanic gangs in Los Angeles County with a growing Asian gang population numbering approximately 20,000 members.
Post WWII to 1965
The first major period of black gangs in Los Angeles began in the late 1940s and ended in 1965. There were black gangs in Los Angeles prior to this period, but they were small in numbers; little is known about the activity of these groups. Some of the black groups that existed in Los Angeles in the late 1920s and 1930s were the Boozies, Goodlows, Blogettes, Kelleys, and the Driver Brothers. Most of these groups were family oriented, and they referred to themselves as clubs.[2] Max Bond (1936:270) wrote briefly about a black gang of 15-year-old kids from the Central Avenue area that mostly stole automobile accessories and bicycles. It was not until the late 1940s that the first major black clubs surfaced on the East side[3] of Los Angeles near Jefferson High School in the Central Avenue area. This was the original settlement area of blacks in Los Angeles. South of 92nd Street in Watts and in the Jefferson Park/West Adams area on the West side, there were significant black populations. By 1960 several black clubs were operating on the West side[4] of Los Angeles, an area that had previously restricted black residents during the 1940s.
Several of the first black clubs to emerge in the late 1940s and early 1950s formed initially as a defensive reaction to combat much of the white violence that had been plaguing the black community for several years. In the surrounding communities of the original black ghetto of Central Avenue and Watts, and in the cities of Huntington Park and South Gate, white Angelenos were developing a dissatisfaction for the growing black population that was migrating from the South during WWII. During the 1940s, resentment from the white community grew as several blacks challenged the legal housing discrimination laws that prevented them from purchasing property outside the original settlement neighborhoods and integrate into the public schools. Areas outside of the original black settlement of Los Angeles were neighborhoods covered by legally enforced, racially restrictive covenants or deed restrictions. This practice, adapted by white homeowners, was established in 1922 and was designed to maintain social and racial homogeneity of neighborhoods by denying non-whites access to property ownership.
In Huntington Park, Bell, and South Gate, towns that were predominately white, teenagers formed some of the early street clubs during the 1940s. One of the most infamous clubs of that time was the Spook Hunters, a group of white teenagers that often attacked black youths. If blacks were seen outside of the black settlement area, which was roughly bounded by Slauson to the South, Alameda Avenue to the east, and Main[5] Street to the west, they were often attacked. The name of this club emphasized their racist attitude towards blacks, as "Spook" is a derogatory term used to identify blacks and "Hunters" highlighted their desire to attack blacks as their method of fighting integration and promoting residential segregation. Their animosity towards blacks was publicly known; the back of their club jackets displayed an animated black face with exaggerated facial features and a noose hanging around the neck. The Spook Hunters would often cross Alameda traveling west to violently attack black youths from the area. In Thrasher's study of Chicago gangs, he observed a similar white gang in Chicago during the 1920s, the Dirty Dozens, who often attacked black youths with knives, blackjacks, and revolvers because of racial differences (Thrasher 1963:37). Raymond Wright was one of the founders of a black club called the Businessmen, a large East side club based at South Park between Slauson Avenue and Vernon Avenue. He stated that "you couldn't pass Alameda, because those white boys in South Gate would set you on fire,"[6] and fear of attack among black youths was not, surprisingly, common. In 1941, white students at Fremont High School threatened blacks by burning them in effigy and displaying posters saying, "we want no ******s at this school" (Bunch 1990: 118). There were racial confrontations at Manual Arts High School on Vermont and 42nd Street, and at Adams High School during the 1940s (Davis 1990:293). In 1943, conflicts between blacks and whites occurred at 5th and San Pedro Streets, resulting in a riot on Central Avenue (Bunch 1990:118). white clubs in Inglewood, Gardena, and on the West side engaged in similar acts, but the Spook Hunters were the most violent of all white clubs in Los Angeles.
The black youths in Aliso Village, a housing project in East Los Angeles, started a club called the Devil Hunters in response to the Spook Hunters and other white clubs that were engaging in violent confrontations with blacks. The term "Devil" reflected how blacks viewed racist whites and Ku Klux Klan members. The Devil Hunters and other black residents fought back against white violence with their own form of violence. In 1944, nearly 100 frustrated black youths, who were denied jobs on the city's streetcar system, attacked a passing streetcar and assaulted several white passengers (Collins 1980: 29). During the late 1940s and early 1950s, other neighborhood clubs emerged to fight the white establishment. Members of the Businessmen and other black clubs had several encounters with the Spook Hunters and other white clubs of the time.
During the 1960s, conflicts among the black clubs were growing and, as more white residents continued to move and the white clubs began to fade, the black clubs moved from interracial violence to intraracial violence. The Gladiators, based at 54th Street and Vermont Avenue, were the largest black club on the West side, and clashes between other black gangs were increasing as intra-racial violence between black club members was on the rise. By 1960 several clubs emerged on the West side and rivalry between East side and West side clubs developed, along with infighting among clubs organized on the same side of town (Figure 4.1). The Businessmen (an East side club) had a rivalry with both the Slausons (an East side club) and the Gladiators (a West side club). Even though more than 50 percent of the gangs active in Los Angeles were Hispanic, black gangs represented a significant proportion of gang incidents that were rapidly increasing in numbers (Study of Delinquent Gangs 1962: 1). During this time, disputes among these were handled by hand-to-hand combat and by the use of weapons, such as tire irons and knives, but murders were rare. In 1960, the six gang-related murders that occurred in Los Angeles were considered an extremely high number. At that point, black-on-black violence between the clubs was becoming a serious concern in Los Angeles. On the surface, the rivalry between East side and West side clubs was associated with altercations on the football field, disputes over girlfriends, and disagreements at parties, but most of their clashes were rooted in socioeconomic differences between the two. East side youths resented the upwardly mobile West side youths, because East side residents were viewed as economically inferior to those residents who lived on the West side. On the other hand, West side youths were considered less intimidating and lacking the skills to be street savvy and tough. In an effort to prove themselves equally tough, West side youths engaged in several confrontations with East side youths during the early 1960s.
Social-Political Period, 1965-1970
In the aftermath of the rebellion, young people, namely former club members from the community, began to build political institutions to contest social injustices, specifically police brutality, which sparked the 1965 Watts Riots. Following the Watts Riots, and throughout the rest of the 1960s, black groups were organizing and becoming politically radical.
For nearly five years, beginning in 1965, there were almost no active black street gangs in Los Angeles. Several reports that black gang activity was on the decline began to circulate (Klein 1971: 22). According to Sergeant Warren Johnson, "during the mid and late 1960s, juvenile gang activity in black neighborhoods was scarcely visible to the public at large and of minimal concern to south-central residents" (Cohen 1972). It was the formation of these new movements that offered black youths a vehicle of positive identification and self-affirmation that occupied the time and energies that might have been spent in gang activity. A sense of cohesiveness began to form, along with self-worth and positive identification, as pride pervaded the black community (Los Angeles Times 3/19/72).
After the Rebellion in 1965, club members began to organize neighborhood political groups to monitor the LAPD and to document their treatment towards blacks. Ron Wilkins (ex-member of the Slausons), created the Community Action Patrol (CAP) to monitor police abuses (Davis 1990:297), and William Sampson (ex-member of the Slausons), along with Gerald Aubry (ex-member of the Orientals), started the Sons of Watts, whose key function was to "police the police" (Obtola 1972:7). The B started a chapter in Los Angeles shortly after Huey Newton, and Bobby Seale started the Party in Oakland, California, in 1966. The BPP in Los Angeles also organized both the black on several high schools campuses in Los Angeles and the black, a meeting place for black residents concerning community issues on Florence and Broadway in 1967. Ron "Maulana" Karenga organized a nationalistic group called US Organization, and Tommy Jacquette organized the Self Leadership for All Nationalities Today (SLANT) in October of 1966 (Bullock 1969:67; Tyler 1982: 222). After splitting away from the US Organization, Hakim Jamal started the Malcolm X Foundation in 1968, and Robaire Nyjuky founded the Marxist Leninist Maoist (MLM) which had an office on 78th Street and San Pedro (Tyler 1983:237). Student Non-ViolentCoordinating Committee (SNCC), a national organization of black nationalists visited Los Angeles and opened an office on Central Avenue in 1967. Also during this period, Ron Karenga created Kwanza, a non-religious holiday that celebrates African heritage.
All these groups were formed in the wake of the 1965 rebellion to provide political support to the civil rights movement that was gaining strength within the black community of Los Angeles. There were several other black nationalist groups in Los Angeles, but the Panthers and US Organization were considered to have the largest following and the most political influence in the black community of Los Angeles following the Watts Rebellion. The BPP heavily recruited members from the Slausons, an East side club, while the US Organization had a large a following from the West side clubs, including the Gladiators, but members of both political groups came from a variety of different clubs from all over Los Angeles. _____________Carter was elected president of the Los Angeles Chapter of the black Panther Party (BPP), whose sole purpose was monitoring the actions of the Los Angeles Police Department. Several members of the black Panthers and the US Organization[7] headed by Ron "Maulana" Karenga, were at one time members of the black clubs of Los Angeles during the 1950s and early 1960s. Some experts have suggested that the rivalry between the BPP and US was rooted in previous club rivalry, but it was actually associated with the opposite philosophies of the two groups.
After the formation of several progressive groups in Los Angeles, local and federal law enforcement agencies began to target those groups that they viewed as a threat to society and the nation as a whole. The emerging black consciousness of the 1960s, that fueled the political movement, was viewed as hostile. The efforts of these political and militant groups to organize young blacks against police brutality were repressed by the FBI, because they specifically viewed the actions of the Panthers and other groups as subversive and a threat to the security of the nation. Chief Thomas Reddin of the Los Angeles Police Department retained the military model and police tactics that his predecessor (Chief Parker) had employed for sixteen years. Reddin believed that the black Panthers represented a major threat to the safety of his officers and their authority on the streets (Scheisl 1990: 168).
By 1967, the Panthers were one of the strongest black political groups in the nation, and by November 1968, J. Edgar Hoover dispatched a memorandum calling his field agents to "exploit all avenues of creating ...dissension within the ranks of the BPP" (Churchill and Wall 1990:63). This was accomplished by the use of counterintelligence (COINTELPRO) which are tactics designed to divide, conquer, weaken, and to make ineffective the actions of a particular organization. COINTELPRO tactics that the FBI began to use against the BPP to weaken its power base, were previously used during the 1940s and throughout the 1950s against the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and the Communist Party (CPUSA) in the United States (Churchill & Wall 1990:37). From 1968-1971, these tactics were used against the BPP to control and neutralize what was believed to be "a dangerous black political group." The most vicious and unrestrained application of COINTELPRO techniques during the late 1960s and early 1970s was clearly reserved for the BPP (Churchill & Wall 1990:61; Horne 1995:13).
Read more of this excellent report
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3 comments:
- paleo said...
Today Southgate is less than 1 percent white. The black and hispanic rioting, gangs, and crime drove out all the white people who didn't want their children involved in it. The city declared a fiscal emergency in 2009. They are broke and swarming with illegals and anchors. I went through there a few years ago and its dangerous. It's all hispanic except for some blacks for the most part. Corrupt and bankrupt. It's finished imo. What a waste. It was a beautiful city once.
- January 15, 2011 at 1:43 AM
- Fastfist3 said...
I was around during the late 50's -early 60's and remember the threat of the "Spookhunters" (whites), the eastside-westside conflicts among the Slausons, Businessmen, Huns, Gladiators, Dodge City Boys, Farmers,Coasters, etc. All of the ones I mentioned were black gangs from Fremont, Jordan, Manual Arts, Dorsey, Jefferson HS. Those were some exciting times, good music, many house parties, cheap Ripple wine, and low-riding cars with loud pipes was the "thang."
- April 20, 2014 at 12:38 PM
- Fastfist3 said...
Clearly remember the late 50's-early 60's when the Spookhunters (whites) was the big fear. Also remember the eastside-westside conflicts among the Businessmen, Slauson Rengades, Huns, Farmers, Gladiators, Dodge City Boys, Coasters, 39th St. Bloods, Roman Twenties, etc. Those were the good times with many house parties, great R&B music, cheap Ripple wine and ale, and low-riding cars with loud pipes that made it all fun. However, the Watts Street Rebellion and the impact of the Vietnam war changed the atmosphere in every American city.
- April 20, 2014 at 12:48 PM