text:
- Research
- Open Access
The unifrac significance test is sensitive to tree topology
- Catherine A. Lozupone1Email author and
- Rob Knight2
© Lozupone and Knight. 2015
- Received: 18 February 2015
- Accepted: 6 June 2015
- Published: 7 July 2015
Long et al. (BMC Bioinformatics 2014, 15(1):278) describe a "discrepancy" in using UniFrac to assess statistical significance of community differences. Specifically, they find that weighted UniFrac results differ between input trees where (a) replicate sequences each have their own tip, or (b) all replicates are assigned to one tip with an associated count. We argue that these are two distinct cases that differ in the probability distribution on which the statistical test is based, because of the differences in tree topology. Further study is needed to understand which randomization procedure best detects different aspects of community dissimilarities.
- UniFrac
- Microbial community
- Phylogenetic tree
- Significance tests
Any test based on comparing a true value to many randomizations (i.e. a Monte Carlo simulation) is performing the randomizations to empirically determine the distribution of an unknown probabilistic entity (the null distribution), so that whether the true value lies outside of this distribution can be evaluated statistically. The two different types of tree inputs described above do not change the UniFrac value of the input tree, but they do change the randomization procedure and thus the probability distribution to which the true UniFrac value is compared. The UniFrac software performs this randomization by swapping sample labels and their counts on a tip-by-tip basis using a constant tree topology, which will of course produce a different result if the tree topology is different.
An input tree in which each unique sequence is represented once with an associated count is most typically used in microbiome analysis, as this is the format that results from commonly used analysis packages such as QIIME [3] and mothur [4]. In these pipelines, sequences are first binned into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) based on a percent identity threshold of their aligned 16S rRNA sequences, and a representative sequence of each OTU is used to build the tree (Fig. 1b). A 97 % identity threshold is typically used to approximate a microbial "species," based historically on the recommendation of Stackebrandt and Goebl [5]. The case where replicate sequences are all kept in the tree (Fig. 1a) is not typically used with datasets produced with next generation sequencing, in part because they are too large to produce and manipulate computationally. It is important to note that these differences in tree topology have the potential to effect significance tests conducted with both weighted and unweighted UniFrac, as the difference in the tree topology will effect the estimate of the null distribution in both cases.
In the case where the input tree has a single representative sequence for each "species-level OTU," the randomization procedure preserves that individual sequences from the same OTU are always assigned to a different sample together. It is thus forming the null distribution based on random assignment of microbial OTUs across samples. In contrast, using replicate tips for repeated sequences introduces the possibility that each of these tips could be randomly reassigned to a different sample and is thus forming the null distribution based on random assignment of individual sequences across samples. Further study would be needed to understand which randomization procedure, and consequently null hypothesis, may be optimal in different scenarios. However, we would recommend that in general, forming the null distribution based on a random reassignment of OTUs is more desirable than random reassignment of individual sequences that may be identical/highly related. The latter would result in 16S rRNA sequences derived from the same clonal populations of bacteria to different samples when forming the null distribution, so it is not solely testing the hypothesis that phylogenetically related but distinct bacterial taxa are in the same sample more often then chance expectation.
It is also important to note that the array of possible techniques for performing such randomizations is not limited to the methodology that we use of swapping sample labels on a constant tree topology. Another method is to instead keep the sample labels constant and to randomize the topology of the phylogenetic tree itself. This is the method used by the P test as described by Martin [6] and implemented by Schloss [7]. The P test also assesses statistical differences between the microbes in two samples using a randomization procedure, but measures distance between samples using parsimony rather than UniFrac distances [6, 7]. There are in fact many different ways to randomize a tree that could in principle be used to generate null distributions. These methods each use different ecological/evolutionary theories of how species diverge [8–11]. As is the case for weighted versus unweighted UniFrac [12], applying different randomization techniques when assessing significant differences between samples may not necessarily produce results that are "right" or "wrong", but instead may be complementary measures that explore different aspects of how communities diverge.
Although we have considered exploring randomization methods in greater depth, in practice this has been a low priority. Such tests of significance between just two samples made sense to apply before the advent of next generation sequencing, when datasets often consisted of data from just a couple of different environmental samples. However, as the complexity of datasets has grown from just a few to thousands of samples, we have found other techniques to be more useful for statistically evaluating whether microbial composition differs across samples and whether these differences correlate with measured experimental parameters. One reason that we have found the UniFrac significance test to not be optimal for complex datasets is that pairwise tests of significance quickly loose power as the number of samples increase, because so many tests are being performed, requiring multiple comparisons corrections such as with the Bonferroni correction or False Discovery Rate (FDR) [13]. Furthermore, because significance values take into account not only the size of the biological effect but also technical parameters such as the number of sequences per sample, the practice of assessing which samples differ to the greatest degree by identifying pairs of samples that have the smallest p-value, as is done in Long et al. [2], can be misleading. The most significant p-values will not necessarily reflect the pairs with the largest effect sizes (UniFrac distances). We have thus found statistical tests that evaluate whether UniFrac distances are significantly associated with measured environmental parameters to be more powerful, for instance by applying ANOSIM [14] or Adonis [15] to UniFrac distances matrices using QIIME [3]. Another approach is to statistically compare UniFrac values to determine whether within group distances are significantly smaller than between groups distances, for instance as done to determine that gut microbiota were more similar within twins than between unrelated individuals in Turnbaugh et al. [16]. These types of tests are more appropriate for the larger studies that decreased sequencing cost has made increasingly common.
CL is supported by K01DK090285.
Authors' Affiliations
- Lozupone C, Knight R. UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(12):8228–35.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Long JR, Pittet V, Trost B, Yan Q, Vickers D, Haakensen M, et al. Equivalent input produces different output in the UniFrac significance test. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014;15(1):278.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Costello EK, et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods. 2010;7(5):335–6.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Schloss PD, Westcott SL, Ryabin T, Hall JR, Hartmann M, Hollister EB, et al. Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75(23):7537–41.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Stackebrandt E, Goebal BM. Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int Syst Bacteriol. 1994;44:846–9.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Martin AP. Phylogenetic approaches for describing and comparing the diversity of microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(8):3673–82.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Schloss PD, Handelsman J. Introducing TreeClimber, a test to compare microbial community structures. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(4):2379–84.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Abouheif E. Random trees and the comparative method: A cautionary tale. Evolution. 1998;52(4):1197–204.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Furnas GW. The generation of random, binary, unordered trees. J Classif. 1984;1:187–233.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Losos JB, Adler FR. Stumped by trees? A generalized null model for patterns of organismal diversity. Am Nat. 1995;145(3):329–42.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Maddison WP, Slatkin M. Null Models for the Number of Evolutionary Steps in a Character on a Phylogenetic Tree. Evolution. 1991;45(5):1184–97.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Kelley ST, Knight R. Quantitative and qualitative beta diversity measures lead to different insights into factors that structure microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(5):1576–85.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the False Discovery Rate - a Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. J Roy Stat Soc B Met. 1995;57(1):289–300.Google Scholar
- Clarke KR. Nonparametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust J Ecology. 1993;18:117–43.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Dixon P. VEGAN, a package of R functions for community ecology. J Veg Sci. 2003;14(6):927–30.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009;457(7228):480–4.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.


text:
I'm not even gonna say how long it's been since my last real blog post...
I'm not gonna explain myself...
Lets just play catch-up and everyone will be up to speed.
~ Three kids Graduated.
~ I cried.
~ Three kids moved out.
~ I celebrated!
.... Then I cried.
~ Texas had (and is still having) a major drought.
~ Worker #2 went to ARMY Bootcamp.
~ I cried.
~ My garden shriveled and died.
~ My husband and I built an awesome Tortoise habitat.
~ I went fishing.
~ My girlfriend and I built a new chicken pen/yard.
... Our nails will never be the same.
~ I cooked.
~ I did NOT clean.... enough.
~ I broke a tooth.
~ Worker #1 started college.
~ I shot greedy squirrels out of my pecan trees.
~ We drove to Georgia.
~ Worker #2 graduated Bootcamp...
~ I worked.
~ I got a really cool Tortoise from a friend of my sons.
~ I started hard-core couponing.
~ I found out the new Tortoise is one of the ONLY endangered ones in Texas that you cannot even touch without getting a hefty fine.
~ I had my hair colored to match my cow.
~ I had lots of phone calls from friendly Texas State & Wildlife personnel.
~ I perfected the recipe for Iced Coffee.
~ I got hate mail.
~ I got rid of the super-cool Tortoise before I got hauled away to prison.
~ Worker #2 left to go to his "home base" in Washington State and might not come home for over 3 years.
~ I cried.
~ I had lots of meetings.
~ I won a trip to Fiji!!
~ I passed out.
~ I got back on my diet hot and heavy so I won't be mistaken for a beached whale in Fiji.
~ I finally wrote a blog post.
The End
... I'm baaaaaaack

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Calgary City Hall's Payday Loan Proposal Already Approved by Committee
June 13, 2016
Who says city hall doesn't work fast?
Last month, the Calgary city hall task force requested that the municpitality clamp down on the payday loan industry. Despite the provincial government implementing its own set of rules and regulations for the industry, city councillors thought it would be a prudent move to adopt their own series of guidelines that can protect consumers from "predatory" payday lenders.
A couple of weeks later, the payday loan proposal was approved Wednesday by the committee responsible for community and protective services. The payday lending and financial inclusion task force report suggested officials institute mandates for operators to display signs on debt counselling and money management and verbally inform customers about these services.
If payday loan stores were in violation of these rules then they'd pay a fine of $1,000.
Moreover, the city's task force report recommended that the New Democratic Party-led province incorporate a financial literacy fund and establish a standard lending contract for clients.
The proposed rules will now go to city council for a vote. It's unclear right now what its chances are of being approved or rejected.
This comes one year after the city prohibited payday loan businesses from opening in clusters.
Since last week, the payday loan industry said that municipal reforms would simply duplicate current measures as payday loan stores combat "devastating" restrictions from the Albertan government. However, one official says such rules would simply complement provincial regulations, and would not force businesses in this industry from leaving Calgary.
"These new regulations appear to be one more step in the direction to run legitimate payday loan businesses out of business. We don't understand. Banks won't lend money to the customers so we do and if it's not us, who's going to fill our shoes?"
"There are other jurisdictions in Canada and the U.S. with similarly restrictive rules or more restrictive rules and, contrary to payday lenders and critics, the reforms have not caused the industry to shut down and leave," said Courtney Hare, a public policy manager with Momentum, a community economic development organization, in a statement.
The province put forward the Act to End Predatory Lending, also known as Bill 15. It would reduce payday loan fees from $23 to $15 for every $100 borrowed. The bill would also allow borrowers to repay their loans in installments rather than in lump sums.
Payday loan stores provide customers with high-interest, short-term loans. Proponents of the industry say it helps consumers to cover their rent or utility bill when they're short on cash until their next paycheck. Critics, meanwhile, note that payday loans send consumers into debt that is hard to pay off. and that the banking industry needs to intervene to fill that void.
Across North America and Europe, governments have passed legislation reining in the payday loan industry. Some states in the U.S. have gone as far as banning payday loans altogether.
Categorized as: Business


text:
Say hello to this addition to your LITTLEST PET SHOP collection! With her big "puppy dog" eyes and adorable grin, this Lhasa Apso pet is always ready to melt your heart and make you smile. Take her along on all your adventures, and then tuck her in to her bed accessory when it's time to take a rest! Pet comes with a bed accessory. Special Edition Pet No.1523
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Inside you'll find six sheets of reusable stickers and your own sticker album. Use your stickers to decorate your sticker album, stick on your school books, decorate cards, letters, envelopes or make your own birthday cards.


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Chemtrails: Kill 2 Billion to Make It Cool
June 18, 2009
Debate surrounding the possibility of geoengineering the earth's climate by lining the atmosphere with aerosol particles has moved from idle speculation to serious consideration, and was a core topic of discussion at a recent National Academy of Sciences workshop.
However, a top Rutgers University professor warned at the meeting that tampering with the planet's delicate ecosystem could create famines and droughts, threatening the lives of no less than a third of the world's population.
The plan to shoot aerosols — dust particles — into the earth's upper stratosphere in an attempt to cool the planet and offset the purported effects of global warming, should be considered as an "emergency response" to a climate crisis, according to Harvard University's Dan Schrag, who told the workshop that such a crisis was already underway.
"I think we should consider climate engineering only as an emergency response to a climate crisis, but I question whether we're already experiencing a climate crisis — whether we've already crossed that threshold," Schrag said.
According to an NPR report on the meeting, University of Calgary's David Keith urged the introduction of geoengineering experiments on a global scale and that they should be conducted "sooner rather than later".
But Rutgers University professor Alan Robock warned that such experiments "could create disasters," damaging the ozone layer and potentially altering the stratosphere by eliminating weather patterns such as the annual Asian monsoon rain season, which 2 billion people rely upon to water their crops and feed the population.
"Imagine if we triggered a drought and famine while trying to cool the planet," Robock said.
Discussions regarding the possibility of "geo-engineering" the earth's climate to counter global warming by "shooting pollution particles into the upper atmosphere to reflect the sun's rays" has stoked fresh concerns that similar programs are already underway, and that chemtrails are directly connected to such experimentation.
Chemtrails differ from ordinary contrails in that they hang in the sky for hours and are often observed to be emitted from planes that fly criss-cross routes, leading to the formation of "X" and grid-like patterns in the sky. Chemtrails also directly affect localized weather by turning a clear blue sky into a hazy overcast.
Last year, a KSLA news investigation found that a substance that fell to earth from a high altitude chemtrail contained high levels of Barium (6.8 ppm) and Lead (8.2 ppm) as well as trace amounts of other chemicals including arsenic, chromium, cadmium, selenium and silver. Of these, all but one are metals, some are toxic while several are rarely or never found in nature. The newscast focuses on Barium, which its research shows is a "hallmark of chemtrails." KSLA found Barium levels in its samples at 6.8 ppm or "more than six times the toxic level set by the EPA."
KSLA also asked Mark Ryan, Director of the Poison Control Center, about the effects of Barium on the human body. Ryan commented that "short term exposure can lead to anything from stomach to chest pains and that long term exposure causes blood pressure problems." The Poison Control Center further reported that long-term exposure, as with any harmful substance, would contribute to weakening the immune system, which many speculate is the purpose of such man-made chemical trails.
As we covered in a previous in-depth report, numerous universities and government agencies have been conducting studies in the field of geoengineering for years.
In addition, the Obama administration's interest in exploring "geo-engineering" mirrors recent publications penned by the elite Council on Foreign Relations.
In a document entitled Geoengineering: Workshop on Unilateral Planetary Scale Geoengineering, the CFR proposes different methods of "reflecting sunlight back into space," which include adding "small reflecting particles in the upper part of the atmosphere," adding "more clouds in the lower part of the atmosphere," and placing "various kinds of reflecting objects in space either near the earth or at a stable location between the earth and the sun."
The proposals in the CFR document match exactly the atmospheric effects observed in the aftermath of chemtrail spraying.
4 comments
This is like "Operation Dark Storm" in the Animatrix, where the sky was covered in smoke to block out the sun!
Millions all over the world see every day planes so high they can not hear them. they know these plains by the shere numbers of them are not passenger plains. we all know what a contrail is we all know the steem, because that is what a contrail is and will soon disperse as soon as it cools down.so when we all see chemtrails film them set them to music build up pages on the web and debate them we in fact do nothing about what is going on.Democracy was won on the streets not a computer it was won by harasing the political might won by protest marches and strikes it was won because people showed a force of opinion where it could be felt most. Write to your governments your local governers arrange to be in the open on a special day across the world in every nation. twitter and talk off line put stickers on your cars to raise awareness.Why is it classed as a conspiracy those are hidden the facts cross your sky everyday day.
It is not a maybe or perhaps it is you know the government knows it the military knows it the scientists knows it. Those that do know are too frightened of ridicual to go public or it is the same denial being played out that prevented the Germans from faceing the reality of the death camps under there nose's. Just how healthy is it that people continue to use a computer in a club like form a sort of in house forum that does not hit the mark and bring action .God help us because we do not help ourselves.
I believe this project was also called Project Cloverleaf.
The "project" is called SOFT KILL, because there's plausible deniability when you get sick and die later. Just like GMO foods, vaccines, Rx drugs, lab created viruses, Smart Meters, etc etc.


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Melaye also posted on Twitter that he has filed a case against INEC today at the Federal High Court in Abuja.
Senator Dino Melaye has said that dead people signed the petition to recall him.
This is coming after the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) announced that it will commence verification of the petitioners.
INEC also told newsmen that it has notified Melaye of the petition against him.
You will recall that Dino Melaye accused Governor Yahaya Bello of Kogi state of sponsoring the bid to recall him.


text:
On the night of September 17 2013, the Greek rapper Pavlos Fyssas (Killah P) and his friends sat in the local coffee shop Korali, in Keratsini, to the south of Athens. There was a football match on the TV. The place was packed. Soon a verbal dispute between local two members of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn and Fyssas' friends started. Just one hour later Fyssas will be murdered outside of the Korali, stabbed in the heart by a member of local Golden Dawn branch: Giorgos Roupakias.Continue reading Greece: How Neo-Nazi gangs are targeting squats
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- Episode 12: HERESY! April 13, 2019Hannah Arendt, bell hooks, Slavoj Zizek...just a few names on an ever-growing list of philosophers that good leftists aren't "allowed" to read anymore because of something "problematic" they said. In this episode, Alley and Rhyd discuss the "canceling" of artists, philosophers, and other creators and trace the roots of our obsession with "right belief" to […]
- Episode 11 March 15, 2019The revolution won't be tweeted... From toxic "social justice" crusades to internal sabotage, "internet leftism" is destroying itself and fueling the far-right. In this episode, Alley Valkyrie & Rhyd Wildermuth discuss the mechanisms of these problems and their roots in our alienation from ourselves and each other, and propose solutions to help the Left remember […]
- EPISODE TEN: Anarchy & Art February 17, 2019What's the relationship between anarchism and art? How do we create the kind of world we want to see? And how we learn to believe that we are "good enough?" In this episode, Alley and Rhyd talk with guest Margaret Killjoy and share stories of how they became who they are.
- Episode 09: Globalization & Globalism February 5, 2019While many people have begun to use Globalization and Globalism inter-changeably, they are absolutely not the same thing. In this episode, Alley & Rhyd discuss the damage done by global Capital, the history of Globalization, the anti-semitic conspiracy theories of Globalism, and the solution: Internationalism.
- Episode 8: Paganism™ December 22, 2018"I have met my own people, and I hate them all." --Claudia, from Interview With The Vampire In this episode, Alley and Rhyd discuss their own journeys into Paganism and witchcraft and how they differed radically from the "business" of Paganism and witchcraft in America.
- Episode 7: Nationalism November 24, 2018Alley and Rhyd discuss the problems of nationalism and explore the important differences between indigenous and colonized people's struggles for national independence and the far right and white nationalist struggles, and the role of global capitalism in the destruction of cultural differences.
- Episode 6: Egregrores October 12, 2018What's an Egregore? What's an egregore got to do with America? And what really happened to the dude who made KONY2012? In the sixth episode Alley Valkyrie and Rhyd Wildermuth discuss how the ingredients of the ritual that manifested American make it impossible to change, and discuss how an egregoric understanding can inform resistance and […]
- Empires Crumble 5 - -Violence October 2, 2018Empires Crumble 5 - -Violence by Empires Crumble
- Episode 4: The Witch September 13, 2018Why is being a "witch" suddenly popular? What does the rise of the witch identity mean for actual witches? Why our capitalists trying to sell us stuff? And what are the dangers of this trend? In Episode 4: The Witch, Alley Valkyrie and Rhyd Wildermuth look at the questions (and try to keep their focus […]
- Episode 3: Fascism...Really? August 31, 2018In this third episode, Alley Valkyrie & Rhyd Wildermuth discuss fascism and its specifics and ask, is what we're seeing really fascism?
Nortshore Counter Info
- New Podcast: "What Happened to Prisoner Justice Day?" May 18, 2019EPIC recommends this excellent new mini-series produced in Montreal called "What Happened to Prisoner Justice Day?" for anyone wanting to learn more about the history and context of the prison movement across so-called Canada since the 1970s. From the description: This is a mini series about the history of prisons in canada focusing on differences […]northshore
- Hamilton Police PR Stunt met with Counter-Demo May 15, 2019Police are doing "Coffee With a Cop" events across the region, including in Chatham-Kent on May 22 or Windsor on May 30. They've been happening in Toronto and Niagara too. Holding a "Coffee Without Cops" event outside is an easy way to spoil their party and make space to critique the role police play in […]northshore
- Answering Back: Teaching Kids the "Art of the Deal" May 15, 2019Do you ever read your local paper and wonder why there aren't more articles favourably comparing school children to Donald Trump? Well, the Waterloo Region Record's got you covered. Yesterday, May 13, they ran an article called "Waterloo Region Youth Learn the Art of the Deal"; so lying, bravado, and sexual harassment, right? It described […]northshore
- RCMP Vehicles Destroyed in Hamilton May 13, 2019Since 1873, the Canadian government has been using the RCMP and all police services at their disposal to forcefully invade indigenous territory, helping to steal their land for resources and aid in their assimilation. Out west on Wet'suwet'en territory in Northern BC the RCMP continue to harass individuals travelling to and from their homes, seizing […]northshore
- Reflections on Toronto May Day 2019 May 11, 2019May Day in Toronto this year was marked by a couple of rallies, plenty of rain, and one bloody guillotine. It was my first May Day in Toronto, and I wasn't really sure what to expect, but was excited for the opportunity to be explicitly and confrontationally anti-capitalist in the streets. May Day to me […]northshore
Infoshop News
- Five Ways You Can Engage in Mutual Aid Now! May 23, 2019Mutual aid is the basic principle of anarchism and the fundamental way that anarchists differentiate their vision from capitalism and the state. The post Five Ways You Can Engage in Mutual Aid Now! appeared first on Infoshop News.Infoshop Staff
- Is the gig economy a path to prosperity or the indenture of just getting by? May 22, 2019One of the best things that American capitalism has going for it is the myth machine that's programmed generations of school age Americans to believe that our collective national story is a narrative of remarkable broad-based socio-economic progress. The post Is the gig economy a path to prosperity or the indenture of just getting by? […]Infoshop Staff
- Can "Indie" Social Media Save Us? May 20, 2019Could the IndieWeb movement—or a streamlined, user-friendly version of it to come—succeed in redeeming the promise of social media? If we itemize the woes currently afflicting the major platforms, there's a strong case to be made that the IndieWeb avoids them. The post Can "Indie" Social Media Save Us? appeared first on Infoshop News.Infoshop Staff
- The History of the Black Radical Group MOVE and Its Infamous Bombing by Police May 20, 2019In 1985, an armed standoff between Philadelphia police and members of a radical black liberation group, resulted in the deaths of eleven people. Despite two grand jury investigations and a commission finding that top officials were "grossly negligent", no police officers or city officials were ever charged for their role in what's known as the […]Infoshop Staff
- Arundhati Roy: 'We're lurching into an unknown future, in a blitzkrieg of idiocy' May 20, 2019I am truly honored to have been invited by PEN America to deliver this year's Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture. What better time than this to think together about a place for literature, at this moment when an era that we think we understand – at least vaguely, if not well – is coming […]Infoshop Staff
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Big Blue Jumbo Filter housings can be used for high flow applications and have a rugged construction for outdoor applications. They can be used for whole house filtration, commercial applications, pre-filtration for RO and ultrafiltration applications .
Features- Big Blue Filter Housings
Applications for Filter Housings for Water Filtration Cartridges


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As soon as my horse is solid in basic maneuvers, I start teaching him the turn-around (spin). He must be reasonably responsive to rider aids in order for me to "place" him in a correct position so I wait until he is far enough along in his training to accept what I am asking - usually after 30 days or so. At that time, he is far from finished but has enough understanding of my aids to begin learning a basic turn-around.
Before I work on turn-arounds, I warm my horse up well with basic exercises, jogging, trotting and loping. Then I let him walk relaxed for a few minutes.
At first, I ask only a half-turn. Sometimes I work on the large circle I have just loped, turning to the inside, walking a few steps then turning to the inside again. This means I change directions every time, though, so more often, I will only work one direction at a time, asking a half-turn, releasing, walking forward in a straight line anywhere in the arena, then asking another half-turn the same way. When my colt is responding as well as I think he is capable of for his level of training I work the other direction.
Example to the right with two hands on the reins: Walk the horse forward (spins need forward motion!), brace your body just enough to stop most (not quite all!) of the forward motion and at the same time place the left rein on his neck (in the direction of your right shoulder but not pushing on the neck or over the neck). Now "help" him with the right (inside) rein with a pull-release motion and, if necessary, your left leg until he turns 180 degrees (half-turn). Release all aids and walk forward. Repeat several times. Change directions and repeat several times in that direction.
- Do not completely stop before you ask for the turn.
- Do not pull the outside rein across the neck. Instead, "ask" with only a touch.
- Do not lift your outside rein high – 4 inches or so is about right. Remember it is the asking rein and you have other aids to back it up.
- Maintain body aid until turn-around is completed. (If you release body aid the horse will walk forward out of the turn-around.)
- Use pull/release pressure with inside rein.
- Apply leg pressure with a "bump", not a steady push.
- Make sure your outside leg is not asking for the spin first (It will be a correction if used last and hopefully the time will come when you do not need it.)
- Apply leg pressure last and only if it is needed.
- Release all aids and walk forward to a "new" spot to repeat.
Note: It's necesary to release rider aids slightly before the turn-around is completed because the horse is in motion and will complete it on his own. After your know your horse well, you will know how fast your horse "shuts off."I release most of mine at about one-eighth before the completed turn. In a class, this will ensure that I don't pick up a penalty for over-spinning.
When my horse has mastered a half-turn, I ask him to make a full turn (or one spin) by putting two half-turns together with a slight release at half. That is: walk, brace body, outside rein, inside rein, outside leg if necessary, then after one half-turn, release rein pressure slightly (but not body aid), ask for another half-turn. Release all aids and walk forward. Repeat as necessary. The following video is the only one I could find in my collection to demonstate teaching the turn-around:
It could be several months before I feel my horse is ready to perform multiple spins but when he is, it's only a matter of adding to what he already knows. After all, multiple spins are only multiple half-turns! i.e. four spins is eight half-turns. What is important in the first few months of training is correctness. A horse cannot spin fast if he is not correct. Conversely, when he is correct, the speed is easy - the spin almost takes on a life of its own. Speed, however, will magnify any little problems at the basic level. Speed increases the degree of difficulty (that's why we are rewarded for it in the reining pen!) In future posts, I will address several spin "issues", spinning with one hand and specific exercises to make a spin better and faster.


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wishing you beautiful christmas days !
Merry Christmas ^^
oh xenia . i love this light . so much .
have a nice christmas .
Χρόνια Πολλά! I tried to FaceTime you on Xmas Day....from work!
Wish you lovely Christmas days as well!
περάσατε όμορφα τα χριστούγεννα;
you too
my beautiful friend!
Such a beauty !
We were away from any internet connection these days, so I'm very late for a Merry Christmas wish. But maybe it's never too late to wish peace, happiness and beauty...


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is one of the more addicting aspects of genealogy. Finding out that I was descended from slaves was a life-changing discovery. I recently watched the 1977 TV miniseries "Roots" for the first time. Aspects of the storyline were eerily similar to what I have discovered about my great-great grandparents John Wesley Gibson and Mary Francis Smith.
Announcements >


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We just posted a new video about deception and APT. Learn more at our new blog.
New Video – DeceptionNovember 27, 2014
Infosecurity Magazine Social Engineering WebinarNovember 20, 2014
We have posted a webinar by infosecurity magazine on our Film Festival page. Look near the bottom of the page.
Learn more at our new blog.
State Department CompromisedNovember 17, 2014
It is being widely reported in the press that the US State Department has been compromised in a cyberattack.
Learn more at our new blog.


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FAQS - Tax Questions & Answers
As you can imagine, we get asked a lot of tax questions on a regular basis about many of today's most common tax problems. We have compiled a list of some of the most common tax questions we get asked, and made them available for you here on the website.
However, if you don't see your tax question listed below, please feel free to give us a call at (888) 918-8121 or fill out the short form on the right side of this page.
Why should I hire Assurance Tax Advisors to represent me?
Everybody can't be an expert in everything. Successfully working with IRS takes years of training, education, hands-on experience, and a good deal of resources. Tax resolution is the heart of our firm, this is what we do, and we do it very well.
[back to top]
does your firm do that I can not do myself?
can't my attorney or CPA just represent me?
I hire you, how long before I don't have to talk with
the IRS?
do I know if I need professional tax representation?
do I find out if there is a deadline on my case?
don't know how much I really owe, what should I do?
you get my wage garnishment released?
is the difference between a tax levy and a tax lien?
The IRS says I owe way more than I can afford to pay, what should I do?
First, do not stress your self out with worry! Things happen and we understand that. We help people in similar situations all the time. As a taxpayer, you have rights (see Taxpayer's Bill of Rights). The IRS has very strict guidelines that they are required to adhere to, and one of those guidelines basically states that the IRS has to let you keep enough to live on. The first step is speaking with a tax professional about your options.
[back to top]
don't have any money to pay the IRS, how can I afford
to pay you?
don't live in Texas, can you still help me?
the IRS shut down my business if I don't get caught
up on my taxes?
the IRS garnish my spouse's income if I don't
received a certified letter from the IRS, should I call or
write them?
haven't filed my tax returns in several years, should
I just wait and see if they overlook me?


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Carsten Ziegeler <cziege...@apache.org>
|[ANN] Apache Cocoon 2.1.7 Released
|Thu, 24 Mar 2005 08:53:35 GMT
Apache Cocoon 2.1.7 Released ---------------------------- The Apache Cocoon Community is proud to announce the new release of Apache Cocoon. This release is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, and builds/run under JDK 5.0. Apache Cocoon is a web development framework built around the concept of separation of concerns (that is: allowing people to do their job without having to step on each other toes) and component-oriented web RAD. Cocoon implements these concepts around the notion of 'component pipelines' modelled after the 'process chain' concept where each worker specializes on a particular operation. This makes it possible to use a Lego(tm)-like approach in building web solutions where these components can be hooked together into pipelines without requiring further programming. We like to think at Cocoon as "web glue" for your web application development needs. But most important, a glue that can keep concerns separate and allow parallel evolution of the two sides, improving development pace and reducing the chance of conflicts. The latest version is downloadable from http://cocoon.apache.org/mirror.cgi (Please use the mirrors to download the release - it might take a little bit more time until the latest release is available on all mirrors, so give the mirrors some time - approx. 24h to update.) For more information about Apache Cocoon 2.1.7, please go to http://cocoon.apache.org. The Apache Cocoon Project Carsten Carsten Ziegeler Open Source Group, S&N AG http://www.s-und-n.de http://www.osoco.org/weblogs/rael/
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Yet again we have witnessed an outpouring of grief for a young musician who has died. I certainly consider 57 to be young!
You may not have been into the music of Prince but undeniably many hundreds of thousands of people, of all ages, were and are.
We should not underestimate the importance of music.
Music is a soundtrack of our lives, just hearing a particular piece or song will immediately take us back to different times of our lives, you can visualise where you were, who you were with and what you were doing.
Those poignant lyrics to a song can make us smile or reduce us to a quivering wreck of tears, those songs saw us through some of the toughest times or those that were playing at the most fantastic time of our lives.
It is no surprise that 'Singing for the Brain' helps people who are suffering from Alzheimers Disease, in allowing those paths of memory to open up.
Music is great therapy, I know when I am feeling down playing music always helps, true I do sing along as well, so I tend to do it when alone! Well except when singing with GGCC.
It can be easy to question the worldwide response to the passing of a musician, but I think it is much more than that. It is because of the personal reminders for us, we have gone through, maybe our teenage years, marriages, births, breakups and deaths in our own families, music always plays a part.
Times when we thought we would never be able to function again because of a terrible event in out lives, times when we were so ecstatically happy that we thought nothing could surpass that feeling, I am sure at those times there is a particular song, a particular lyric that was playing along those times.
"My music pulls me through," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egwARrX1ik8
To really embarrass my children I will quote Abba – "Thank you for the music."


text: A giant magnifying glass, painstakingly made to scale for no apparent reason, was stolen from its resting place the Museum of Really Big Optic Stuff. Who would ever find a use for a giant magnifying glass? Use your giant magnifying glass to look at people. Hold down the mouse button to focus the beam. Be careful! The beam gets hot! Wouldn't want to burn anyone!


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Back office CV
A Back office assistant deals only with clients who have been approved by the front desk assistant. He is directly answerable to his supervisor. Back office assistant should obtain specific skills and attributes, such as the ability to work independently, being experienced with spreadsheets and word documenting applications, sharp analyzing skills, and excellent written and spoken communication skills.
Sample Back office CV Format
Alisa Gare
22th Street
New Jersey
New York
alisa firstname.lastname@example.com
Mobile No: +43 457568568
Telephone No: +56846967967
Career Objective: To win a good position in the back office administrations in a reputed hotl and equip my innovation, challenge and communication skills to be fulfill all front desk job requirement.
.Professional Experience:
MOUSA Hotel: 2006-2009: worked as a back office assistant
MOUSA Hotel: from 2009 and till now: working as a back office executive.
Back office Objectives:
- To handle the Bank Cash Sales & bills Entry
- To preparer the daily bills
- To helping the back officer manager in the day-to-day Activities
- To send special guest bills to be approved by the respective Sales Manager.
- To file all front office data for easy reach
- To participate in building the hotel's Management Information Systems.
- To be able to work under pressure
- To participate in night shift work
2003-2006: BA of administration, Florida University
I was awarded the employee of the year in MOUSA Hotel in 2008
- biking
- video games
- runing
"Upon request"
Category: Office CV


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Some of the most popular and highly rewarding home-based businesses that we come across these days are online auctions, affiliate marketing and freelance writing. These kinds of jobs enable people with a steady earning opportunity. In addition, people are their own boss while they do home-based businesses and most people like the freedom and flexibility they give.
Online auction is a suitable business arena for those who like painting, sewing and embroidering. To do online auctioning, the sellers will have to post their items for sale letting a vast number of buyers to submit their bidding. At the close of the deadline for bidding, you will consider the highest bidding and sell your item to the customer who has made that bidding. There are many people who carry on this type of business with their smart phone or iPad.
A number of people take up online writing assignments. Freelance writing is today one of the most popularly practiced home-based business. There are a lot of websites that are actively looking for good content to meet their various needs in addition to that of their customers. They pay you in return for your original writing. To start with, you will be asked to forward your resume along with some unique samples of your writing. This will enable them ascertain your capabilities in writing. Creating a rapport by consistent track record as a writer will increase your business value and will help you make a good earning thereby investing on your own skills.
One of the best home-based businesses that you can hope to get today is affiliate marketing. Affiliate marketing is done in two ways. Affiliates link their websites or online content with that of their clients' websites. This will result in more traffic to their website, which will in turn get them new business. The clients will pay you corresponding to the business they could get through your website and active content. The second type of affiliate marketing enables you to generate more traffic to your website with the help of affiliates. In this process, you can improve your business prospects.
The success of every home-based business depends on the amount of hard work you put in, in addition to your strategy and planning skills. Working at home provides you multi-various ways of earning. In fact, having your own website, you can create a number of income streams as many others do


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Itoh Peonies in Full Bloom!
Tuesday, May 7, 2019 at 6:29 AM
We are so excited about our new Itoh peonies for 2019. These peonies are named for Toichi Itoh, the first hybridizer to successfully cross a tree peony with a herbaceous one. These intersectional hybrids have huge, beautiful blooms and lush green foliage. The plants grow to three feet tall and another three feet wide. The bush tends to resemble a tree peony with a domed, virorous growth habit, but it never produces a woody stem. The Itoh peony with it's large double flowers is surprisingly disease resistant. After the flowering cycle, you can enjoy the handsome bush for the remainder of the season with it's beautiful lacy foliage lasting well into autumn. Itoh peonies usually bloom for a longer period than most peonies. After they are established they may have as many as 50 blossoms in a single season because of their ability to produce primary and secondary buds.
Itohs blossoms are relatively long lasting. They make excellent cut flowers and are perfect for spectacular flower arrangements. One of our favorite Itohs, Yumi, is a gorgeous yellow with exceptionally large blooms measuring seven to eight inches across. Each flower is held on a strong stem above trouble-free, lacy, deep green foliage. The clear yellow flower petals have a nearly translucent quality and form a double flower with a light and pleasant fragrance.
Keiko is another one of our favorite Itohs. It has large, semi-double to double flowers that start out dark pinkish lavender and slowly fade to a soft pink. Each flower has a beautiful cluster of yellow stamens in it's center and the flower has a light fragrance. It does well in full sun to dappled shade, and also makes an excellent cut flower.
Peonies are the perfect perennial for Boulder County. They love our full summer sun, but they need Boulder's cold winters for bud formation. Peonies have been known to live for more than 100 years, and it's not unusual for someone to still have one of their grandmother's peonies thriving in their garden. Since they live so long and also don't like to be disturbed after they are established, it's best to take the time to choose the perfect location for your peony bed. They make a beautiful statement lining a pathway, but care should be taken to keep them in a fairly sheltered location out of the wind.
Peonies love a deep, fertile, humus-rich soil that drains well. In Boulder that usually means that you'll have to add plenty of organic material to your soil. We've had great luck with Maxfield's Potting Soil. Maxfield's is a local company that collects and composts leftover vegetable matter, ages it, and combines it with worm castings, biochar, rice hulls, microbes, coconut coir and mycorrhizae to form a wonderful organic soil mixture that's perfect for peonies.
In addition to the Itohs, peony cultivars include early, mid-season and late flowering varieties in a multitude of colors from coral, cream, crimson and pink to white and even yellow. Garden peonies (Paeonia officinalis) usually grow 20 to 36 inches high and are grouped according to flower shape: single, semidouble, double, Japanese and anemone. Tree peonies (Paeonia suffruticosa) grow on shrub like plants. Fern leaf peonies (Paeonia tenuifolia) are very unique and hard to find. We have a beautiful one planted on the east side of the garden center. In the spring it comes up as a light and airy mound of green foliage about 18 inches tall and is covered with bright red, three inch flowers in late spring. We always mark it well so that it doesn't get disturbed during spring clean up as all the foliage dies back into the ground in the fall and it doesn't come up in the spring until the other peonies have already emerged.
For years every gardening book that you read claimed that your peonies wouldn't bloom without ants. It is true that ants may be attracted to the sugary liquid that is secreted by the flower buds, but it is now believed that the ants are neither beneficial nor harmful to the plants. In any case we don't recommend trying to get rid of the ants as they seem to disappear just as soon as the blossoms have opened and there is no more sugary liquid to attract them.
Deadhead peony blossoms as soon as they start to fade. Cut them off with scissors down to a strong leaf so that the stem doesn't stick out of the foliage.
We always like to use a wire peony or tomato cage around our peonies. The cage keeps the whole plant upright and keeps the heavy flowers from falling over when they get wet.
Peonies take some time to get established so don't expect too many blossoms the first year. Give them good soil and plenty of sun and they will get bigger and better rewarding you with fragrant blossoms for years to come.


text:
- Ergonomic handle and precise components create a smooth and quiet stamp action
- Dust cover protects impression surface against dirt and debris accumulation
- Light burst technology produces near photographic quality impressions
- Pre-inked for up to 50,000 impressions without re-inking
- Advance re-inking system is simple and mess free
The iStamp Pre-Inked Address Stamp is created using the latest in light burst stamp technology. Unlike other systems that require laser engraving, light burst technology produces near photographic quality stamps. This is why the iStamp Pre-Inked Address Stamp is a perfect choice for any custom signature, address, bank endorsement, or name stamp.
The iStamp Pre-Inked Address Stamp is environmentally safe and offers a user friendly and durable experience for your day-to-day stamping needs.
All iStamp stamps represent a superior value, yielding 50,000 impressions before needing ink, and come standard with a 100% lifetime guarantee, with no questions asked!


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My first novel The Pictures centres on a studio fixer hired to cover-up the apparent suicide of one of the producers of The Wizard of Oz. So when people ask me about it usually they want to know if it's based on a true story.
The answer is complex. Yes, and no, I say.
"Was the producer of The Wizard of Oz found dead at his home?" No. "Is Jonathan Craine a real Detective?" Afraid not. "Was there a Hollywood star called Gale Goodwin?" Sorry, I made her up.
At this point my disappointed audience might make one last plea: "Were there even any scandals and cover-ups in Hollywood at the time?"
Oh yes, more than one. So many you wouldn't even believe me if I told you.
Indeed, as I began researching my novel I quickly realised that the truth, as the adage goes, was stranger than fiction. Sure, there were rumours and gossip about movie stars then as there is now: Clark Gable had an illegitimate lovechild; Errol Flynn was accused of statutory rape; Spencer Tracy was an alcoholic; Judy Garland was addicted to prescription drugs. But the starting point for my plot was actually MGM megastar Jean Harlow and her producer husband Paul Bern, both of whom died under mysterious circumstances in the early thirties.
On paper, theirs was an unlikely partnership. Harlow was a wild-child who happened to be one of the most successful movie stars of her generation. Bern was introverted writer-producer twenty years her senior. So when the newly married Paul Bern was discovered naked in his bedroom, shot in the head by a .38 calibre pistol besides a questionable suicide note, naturally the movie studio was desperate to protect their star.
Studio police were on the scene before even the LAPD. MGM's Head of Publicity (the inspiration for my Russell Peterson) released press stories that painted Jean Harlow as a victim of a troubled marriage. Of course, the District Attorney chosen to handle the inquest happened to have close ties to MGM Chief Louis B. Mayer – he was an important donator to the DA's re-election campaign. Not only did the District Attorney rule that Paul Bern's death was suicide, he even went so far as stating that Paul Bern suffered from impotence, giving motive to him killing himself and helping to whitewash anything that might threaten Harlow's image.
A few years later Jean Harlow herself was dead; gossip columnists speculated that Harlow had died of alcoholism, maybe even a botched abortion or venereal disease. In the end, the official line was that she died from kidney failure. She was 26 years old.
Rumours around Harlow and Bern's premature deaths persist to this day. Delving deeper, I discovered that our studio-friendly District Attorney was later indicted for bribery and perjury and in a twist of fate took his own life with a pistol to the head. But what the case really highlighted to me was the obscene influence the studios at the time had on the press and judicial system. It was the first of many examples.
One of the saddest scandals I came across was the rape of a 20- year-old dancer by an MGM sales executive in 1937, a tragic tale detailed in Vanity Fair by David Stenn and later turned into a documentary Girl 27. Dancer and bit-part actress Patricia Douglas filed a landmark lawsuit against MGM when she claimed she was raped at an MGM sales convention. The tabloids soon discovered that the "sales convention" was actually a lavish Wild West themed party MGM put on for its national sales teams. After all, MGM was celebrating their success and survival in the depression, coming out as the only major studio to make profits year-on-year.
For the studio, an accusation of rape against its staff was bad enough. But as the story began to make headlines nationwide, the real fear lay in the public's perception of MGM as a the home of wholesome family entertainment in the face of reports that it was throwing depraved parties filled with free liquor and underage girls.
The studio used its press influence to launch a smear campaign against Patricia Douglas, going as far as hiring private investigators to follow her and dig up dirt. Inevitably, the DA (still the same friend from the Paul Bern inquest), sympathetic to MGM's situation, used his position to block action against the rapist. Douglas' case fell apart.
In The Pictures, I have my own studio party and my own sad turn of events. But nothing would ever match up to what happened to Patricia Douglas. She soon fled Hollywood and spent most of her life alone. In interviews shortly before she died she admitted she never truly recovered from the ordeal.
Drugs. Unruly stars. Debauched parties. The influence of studios on press and the justice system. The consistent and unashamed exploitation of women. I could go on. The Golden Age of Hollywood was founded on a bedrock of sin and corruption.
But perhaps what's most interesting is that these key plot-points and themes are as relevant now as they have always been. In many ways, the scandals of 1930s Hollywood were no different to anything you might read in the paper today.
THE PICTURES by Guy Bolton is published by PointBlank, hardback £14.99
The Pictures a noir thriller, is set in Hollywood in 1939. World-weary Jonathan Craine is a detective at the LAPD who has spent his entire career as a studio 'fixer', covering up crimes of the studio players to protect the billion-dollar industry that built Los Angeles. When one of the producers of The Wizard of Oz is found dead under suspicious circumstances, Craine must make sure the incident passes without scandal and that the deceased's widow, the beautiful starlet Gale Goodwin, comes through the ordeal with her reputation unscathed. But against his better instincts, Craine finds himself increasingly drawn to Gale. And when a series of unsavoury truths begin to surface, Craine finds himself at the centre of a conspiracy involving a Chicago crime syndicate, a prostitution racket and a set of stolen pictures that could hold the key to unravelling the mystery.
You can find him on Facebook and follow him on Twitter @gpbolton
You can find him on Facebook and follow him on Twitter @gpbolton


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You know how no one will take your stupid money for a Nexus 6? Well, T-Mobile was supposed to start trading phones for money-dollars tomorrow (November 12th), but that's not happening anymore. The company has just announced that it's pushed back the N6 launch by one week to November 19th.
The reason given for this is that the carrier wants to give customers "the best experience possible." This probably refers to the strong likelihood that very few units would be ready for purchase in T-Mobile stores tomorrow. Rather than have a substantial portion of customers annoyed that they were unable to get the phone on launch day, T-Mobile has opted to just annoy everyone by changing the date at the last moment.
Let's not take up our pitchforks and torches just yet, though. It's possible T-Mobile is seeing stock shortages even more severe than previously reported. There might not have been any other option but to postpone. In that case, blame falls on Motorola, and to a lesser extent, Google.


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A Republican Challenge
With black unemployment at 15% percent, almost 40% of our population in prison, and 33% of our families receiving public assistance, it's past time for the black community to demand better. We have to stop accepting at face value the statements of those who rush to "defend" and "protect" us against Republicans and the Tea Party, and begin to demand that equal enthusiasm be applied to the all-too-real issues of our community. We have to begin to see through the rhetoric that blames African American problems on external entities, and begin to look inside our houses, churches, and the offices of our officials to ensure that our interests are met and our issues addressed.
My latest musing for the New Journal and Guide takes a look at Newt Gingrich's willingness to stand in front of the NAACP and suggest they "demand paychecks and not be satisfied with food stamps." It's another Crimson Tide moment-a statement that's factually dubious (in this case), but that, upon reflection, reveals a much deeper truth.
Yes, we in the black community should do exactly as Gingrich says. Doing that, though, will require an overt challenge to some of our community's most cherished institutions.
Are we ready to take that step?


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Market Research Report
Cold Chain Logistics Market (By End-Use Industry: Fruits & Vegetables, Dairy & Frozen Desserts, Bakery & Confectionary, Meat, Fish & Sea Food, Drugs & Pharmaceuticals; By Geography) Global Scenario, Market Size, Outlook, Trend and Forecast, 2015-2024
|Published by
|Variant Market Research LLP
|Product code
|Content info
|119 Pages
Delivery time: 2-3 business days
|Cold Chain Logistics Market (By End-Use Industry: Fruits & Vegetables, Dairy & Frozen Desserts, Bakery & Confectionary, Meat, Fish & Sea Food, Drugs & Pharmaceuticals; By Geography) Global Scenario, Market Size, Outlook, Trend and Forecast, 2015-2024
|Published: June 14, 2017
|Content info: 119 Pages
Global Cold Chain Logistics Market is estimated to reach $386 billion by 2024; growing at a CAGR of 14.0% between 2016 and 2024. Cold chain logistics involves refrigeration, storage, transportation and distribution of perishable products or temperature-sensitive products. The development of concept and technology for controlling the temperature of perishable products has been well-established over the years. The products that can be transported by cold chain logistics include frozen foods, meat products, pharmaceutical drugs & vaccines and dairy products, among others. Transportation of temperature-sensitive products can be done through several means which includes air cargo, refrigerated truck, railcars and cargo ships. Depending on the type of product and its destination, a product may be transported through one or more types of facilities. Additionally, there has been growing number of delivery services owing to the rise of E-commerce for fresh foods and grocery sales.
Growing import & export opportunities for drugs & vaccines and rising organized retail & food service industry are boosting the growth of the global cold chain logistics market. Additionally, increasing export demand for processed & frozen food along with rising popularity of multi-temperature refrigerator vehicles are also supporting the growth of the market. Nevertheless, third party logistics, express delivery service provider and exemptions on taxes on several items may provide market opportunities in forecast period
The global cold chain logistics market is categorized on the basis of end-use industry and geography. By end-use industry, the market is segmented into bakery & confectionary, fruits & vegetables, dairy & frozen desserts, fish & sea food, drugs & pharmaceuticals, meat and others.
The global cold chain logistics market by geography is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World (RoW). The U.S., Canada and Mexico are covered under North America wherein Europe covers Germany, U.K., France, Italy and others. Asia-Pacific covers China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and others. RoW covers South America, Middle East and Africa.
The major market players include FedEx Corporation, Burris Logistics, World Courier, Nichirei Logistics Group Inc., Nordic Logistics, DHL International GmbH, AGRO Merchants Group, Continental Air Cargo, C & M Cold Stores Ltd., and Warehousing, LLC. and VPA Logistics, among others.


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It's time! Time for the Festival of Nativities. Enjoy these pictures...grab some ideas :) My camera is always acting funny so a few of the pictures aren't exactly clear but you get the main idea. I wonder what my next project will be???
Love, love, love these feather trees!
This is the area I helped work on....The ladder won't be in the background for the real deal!
The wiseman banner in the background is amazing!
The guy who created this is incredible...
Yep...a whole lot of crates!
I love this picture and the driftwood that frames it.


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In preparation for the avalanche of media coverage that will be exploding like a volcano (talk about mixing some bad metaphors), I have set up a Google Alert with my name, and lo and behold, I actually got a hit. The article is from my hometown newspaper, the Warren Reporter. It all looks good, except they said my novel came out last month. But hey, press is press, so I'm grateful.
The other bit of news I found today was that an email interview I did a little while ago got in The Korea Daily. It's been there for about two weeks, so if I hadn't been so lazy setting up my Google Alert, maybe this would've been my first. In any case, for those who want to read the interview in English that I'd originally done with the reporter, check out the exchange below. The Korean version has been shifted around here and there, but it's basically the same thing.
Continue reading


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Okay, okay. I know this is my 50's page and this truck is a '49. But I don't think it is entirely out of place here, do you?
The '50 Ford was very similar to the '49. You'll notice the slats in the grille. The '49 has four, and they are wider. The '50 has five, and they are more narrow.
Here is a shiny '50.
This is a pretty nice '51 in original condition. Notice how tall the rear-view mirror is. It is almost at roof level.
This '52 has a lot of potential. Send me some more pictures of it.
1953 brought a new body style that would continue until 1956. The '53 Ford is near the top of my favorites list. This is a fine specimen. I love those chrome-reversed rims!
The '53 Merc and the '53 Ford were basically the same. This '53 Merc has the "Deluxe" cab option that included the little "teeth" that are set in the grille. The package also included the "boomerang" emblems, and the interior had additional trim the standard package did not include.
The '54 Ford had a unique grille that was much different than the '53, '55, and the '56. It looks like it has a mean snarl... much like a beaten pitbull. (Okay, not quite, but close.) I never used to like the '54, but I really do like that grille!
The '55 had a similar grille to the '53, however it had a deep "V" in the middle.
I dare you to find me a nicer looking '56 than this. I absolutely love this truck! The way it is angled for the picture is perfect. I even used this picture for my desktop.
See above!!!
The '57 brought a new body style. Gone was the "stepside" style and the truck took on the shape of the trucks of today.
The '58 and '59 Fords had a wide, mean looking grille. I also like the way the cab seems to tilt forward. It makes the truck look fast!
Brian Nyman from Maple Grove, MN sent in these pictures (this one as well as the two below) of these great looking '58's.
This is one mean '59!


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An old friend passed away today. From cancer.
Phil Moulton, a member of our old 21st Mississippi re-enacting company; better known as Pvt. Moulton.
He was from Southbridge and Holliston, Ma. He was a Harley enthusiast, and was a biker in the good sense. He and his brother Dan both left the 21st together, so as to have more time for riding.
I recall many a summer and fall night spent around the 21st's campfire, many a mock battle, hundreds of company drills…and Dan and Phil are a permanent part of that landscape. They wouldn't sleep in camp, not in a tent. They would appear in the early morning mist, for all the world looking as if they had slept under a bush.
Because they had. Ratty, dirty, unkempt. Hungry. Wet, mostly.
But those C.S. Richmond muskets were in perfect working order. Always.
Not that they came into camp for breakfast. They might chew on an old hardtack biscuit from their haversacks, or some apples they found in the woods. Some days, you might be able to slide them a pancake or two, maybe some bacon.
In re-enactor-speak, they were known as " hardcore." Authentic to a fault. As opposed to " farbie", the term for guys who had dry-cleaned uniforms, coolers of beer, and frozen pizza warming on their fire grate. " Farbie", from " far be it for me to criticize"…
Great days, those 21st Miss days with the Moultons, and everyone else. Some of the best ever.
Have a safe journey across the river, Private Moulton. As General Jackson said, we'll all rest in the shade of the trees when we get there.


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370cm x 488cm Vista Rug
Made in: Turkey
Design: Vista Collection
Pile Material: Made of Polypropylene
Brand new
Easy-to-clean, stain resistant, and does not shed
Colors include: Ivory, Beige, Light Brown, Ivory. The primary colour is Ivory.
Pile Height: 1/2"
Size FT: 12' 2" x 16' 0"
Size CM: 371 cm x 488 cm
Ask A Question


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CB Quantum system by Chrix
Filed Under (Dirty PPC) by claude on 27-05-2009
CB Quantum system is Chrix new product (coming soon…)
the man behind Day Job Killer is completely new revolutionary tactic never been found and used…
and I will prepare speacial bonus for that… tomorrow…
For the first time Chris X and his team will be giving full resale rights to some of their earlier guides
Chrix speak out:"
What is CB Quantum system
*The path of least resistance -easy, simple, path to job-killing income and millionaire status.
*Created by me, Ken & Andrew Fox -no contacts or capital, but because millionaires.
*Addresses the problems ClickBank profiteers have in 09 -expensive, time, difficulty.
*Everything you need to profit – templates, business in a box, step-by-step e-book and video.
* Real- life coaching- so you can ask me questions personnaly by me & Andrew Fox.
Google Proof: sneak preview
*Auto-pilot $463,000 last yeat – one campaign ( actual give-away coming soon).
*Point here is simplicity- you are forced to follow my instructions
*Very little expense required – idea is start small and build.
Problem with Clickbank
*Expensive to test with PPC many losing campaigns, spend a lot before you profit
*Difficult -you need to learn web-design, write copy, build a business.
*Time- consuming -you must create campaigns over and over
The Solution…
*Go after micro-targeted campaigns: very cheap, extremely targeted
*Swipe -copy the exact formula already proven to generate up to $460,000 per year.
*Need far fewer campaigns if you use new and original methods others don't know.
Case study #1: Water FuelX- "hit and run", no effort $45,000…
*Only did $45,000 in account( you are after small amounts – not $533,000 or $568,000)…
*I didn't write the product- or provide support -or do copy or pay*any* money up-front.
*Took me a week to set the site up -never did any work on it after launch(rinse n repeat).
*Way I chose niche was very important – as was timing, "hit and run"
*Can do much biger numbers than that (e.g.$533k)-but takes time… goal here is NO time
It is about easy, quick"profit grabs" (no effort, no up-front cost)…"


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Podcast: Play in new window | Download | Embed
Subscribe: Android | Email | Google Podcasts | RSS
When it is time for your loved one to receive professional full-time care, what are the options?
How are in-home care, assisted living, memory care, and skilled nursing different?
Listen in and hear an easy to understand explanation.


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Toll-Free # to all Locations
An Exclusive Eyebrow Threading Salons - We Specialize in Eyebrow Threading
Eyebrow Threading is the practice of shaping the eyebrows using a cotton thread. It's a very gentle, sanitary, and painless way of removing unwanted facial hair. It is commonly practiced in the Eastern Asian countries. This technique is currently being accepted widely in USA as one of the safest methods for facial hair removal.
Threading is more precise and the hair re-growth is thinner and slower. There is no burning, peeling or irritation, and is good for getting rid of in-grown hair.
Facial threading is a good alternative to waxing and tweezing, especially for those who have sensitive skin and are on Retin A and accutane.


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Mom's Basement Podcast is three adult RPG lovers talking about game design from one participant's mother's basement. The 'cast offers an irreverent, goofy and openly unprofessional style mixed with honest critique of small press and work-in-progress games.
Sunday, April 22, 2012
Episode 37: Game Chef 2012
In this week's episode we talk about Game Chef 2012.
Episode 37: Game Chef 2012
Episode 37: Game Chef 2012 (part 2)
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Potty Training in One Day MethodSummary of One Day Method:
Provide immediate, varied (juices, edibles, treats, hugs, etc.), positive reinforcement at every instance of correct toileting skill, e.g., approaching potty, grasping pants, sitting on potty, etc. Do not reinforce non-toileting acts. Tell the child how happy [name significant other] will be that the child is learning to use the potty and to keep pants dry.
Accidents: Verbal reprimand, omit reinforcement, have child change wet pants to dry ones by him or herself, conduct 5-10 rapid "positive practice" sessions as follows:
Use the doll that wets to imitate the processes of toileting and teach specific actions. Manually guide child through the proper actions, then let the child guide the doll through the process.
When the doll urinates in the potty , teach the child to empty it into the toilet, flush and return the chair. Once this is learned, begin training child.
Teach the child to check and identify dry pants from wet pants. Reward/praise dry pants. Perform checks every 3 to 5 minutes and keep track using a training reminder sheet .
Give child as much to drink as desired to create a strong, frequent desire to toilet (at least 8oz/hr). Use as a positive reinforcement.
Instruct child to walk to the potty, lower pants, sit down quietly for several minutes, stand up, and raise pants. Watch to see if urination begins and praise/ reward immediately.
After urination takes place, the have child wipe him or herself, and empty and replace pot as in 2 above.
Increased number of trials: give prompted potty trials every 15 minutes in the beginning, decrease frequency as child acquires skill.
Conduct "dry pants" checks every 5 minutes, have child do it as well.
At first, have child sit on the potty about 10 minutes; after two to three successful urinations into the potty and much praise, the child will begin to understand and prompting and sit time can be reduced.
Gradually change from directing child to "go potty" to asking child if he or she has to "go potty" to general questions such as "Where do you go potty?" and "Are your pants dry?". Once child goes potty after a general question, only comment on dry pants.
As child acquires skills and performs actions correctly, give approval only at the end of an action rather than during it. Eventually reduce to praising only dry pants.
- For next several days, do dry pants checks at meals, naps, bedtimes, etc., and praise each time pants are dry. Use the follow-up checklist sheet . If there is an accident, reprimand the child, have the child change by him or herself, and perform more practice sessions. No reminders to toilet are given.
|Need more potty training tips and advice on potty training problems or just general advice, check out all of our Potty Training Articles!


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You're starting to plan your pre-holiday vacation. Ski towns are fun. Aspen, with all its glorious panoramas and luxury resorts, seems like a solid choice for a destination…right?
My advice: skip the corporate sponsor vibes and overpriced burger bars, and head, instead, to Courmayeur, Italy. Never heard of it? That's okay. Courmayeur is northern Italy's best-kept secret: a small, adorable cobblestone-laden town where you can eat well, ski with a view, and feel like a fancy, in-the-know European.
Accessible simply by flying to Geneva and renting a car (the ride is a little over an hour), Courmayeur spans 81 miles of old-meets-new: high-end boutiques intermixed with ancient churches, historic bars with modern design touches, and contemporary ski lodges offering unadulterated mountain landscapes.
Start booking your late-in-the-year vacation to Courmayeur now—here's what to do when you get there.
Where to stay
There are a lot of high-end places to stay, with expansive suites and direct access to slopes, but IMHO, the Edelweiss Hotel is where you want to be. It's right in the heart of the city, it's run by an adorable Italian woman who somehow manages to concurrently run the front desk and the bar all by herself, and—this is important—the bathrooms in the rooms are nice and big (in Europe this is a huge rarity, and a treat). The aforementioned bar in the hotel is also a great place to hang out and get a surprisingly great (and not overpriced) beer or cocktail before your dinner plans—there's even an outdoor terrace.
What to do
Courmayeur is a city built for outdoor activities. It is located right in the heart of the Mont Blanc massif, one of the largest mountain ranges in Europe. During the fall, it's a prime stop for those hiking the Tour du Mont Blanc (one of the more popular multi-day treks in the region). In the later months of the year, you can still hike — the Vallée Blanche, the heart of the Mont Blanc massif, is situated right nearby, and offers insane views of glaciers.
But the more popular wintertime activity is skiing. One pass gets you access to the entire Aosta Valley (the surrounding Alpine region), and for the more adventurous, there is also stellar heliskiing. A favorite trail is the 11-mile trek down the Vallée Blanche, offering a more up close and personal glacier viewing experience than just hiking. But the beauty of Courmayeur, really, is that there are no bad views, ever, no matter which slope you are descending.
And for those who want all of the vistas with none of the physical activity, there is always the cable car, which you can catch right in the center of town. It'll take you all the way up (2,000 meters in 10 minutes!) to the Punta Hellbronner station for a 360 lookout over the glaciers. Hop on a second cable car to traverse the mountains to a station in Chamonix, France, where you can "step into the void" (one of those glass rooms where all you see below you is glacier and snow).
Like any good ski town, Courmayeur also has tons of high-end shops selling Prada, Fendi, Balmain, Gucci, and essentially every other luxury Italian brand you've heard of. Even if you're not looking to buy, a stroll down Via Roma to people- and window watch is an excellent late afternoon activity. Or you could finally buy those Gucci loafers you've been eyeing for months.
Where to eat and drink
Your evenings should always start at Caffe de La Posta—one of the oldest bars in town, and where all the locals go for an afternoon drink or espresso. Order a round of Aperol spritzes served in comically large goblets. All orders come with a tray of appetizers that includes the plumpest olives you've ever seen, prosciutto, and other fried, pastry-wrapped delights. The staff is exceedingly nice, and the vibes are warm (in the winter, they are literally warm, as the back area has cozy, fireplace-facing seating).


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Photo Toolkit
- License:
- Freeware
- Price/Registration Fee:
- Free
- File size:
- Publisher:
- VicMan Software
- Last Updated:
- 06/18/07
- Version:
- 1.7
- Review:
- Read 1 Reviews
- User Rating:
Rate It
Photo Toolkit Description:
Photo Toolkit is a free powerful and easy-to-use program to improve your digital images. With only a few clicks, you can automatically correct colors and remove red eye from a number of photos, retouch portraits, whiten teeth, add lighting effects, straighten and resize photos and more, directly from the standard Windows picture viewer. Correct your shots while viewing them.
Operating System Support: Win98, WinME, WinXP, Windows2000, Windows2003
Review for Photo Toolkit
Photo Toolkit based on 7 ratings. With 1 user reviews.
Photo Toolkit
correct skin imperfections


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Pyrantel Pamoate
Tablet, Suspension
Melphin® (Pyrantel Pamoate USP) is an anthelmintic effective against Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (hookworm) and Trichostrongylus. Melphin® may be used for the treatment of infestations with one or more of these parasites in both adults and children.
- Highly effective against parasitic infestations
- Ease of administration anytime
- Safe drug for the patients
Located in: Anti-infectives


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|Reference : Approach of regionalization of low flow of the Walloon Region
|Scientific congresses and symposiums : Poster
|Life sciences : Environmental sciences & ecology
|Approach of regionalization of low flow of the Walloon Region
|Gailliez, Sébastien [ > > ]
|Degre, Aurore [Université de Liège - ULiège > > Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech > Hydrologie et Hydraulique Agricole > >]
|3ème Symposium International de la Meuse
|du 22 avril 2010 au 23 avril 2010
|Région Wallonne (Direction Générale Agriculture, Ressources Naturelles et Environnement)
|Université de Liège (Aquapôle)
|Facultés Universitaires de Namur
|Commission Internationale de la Meuse
|[en] The walloon part of the Meuse's watershed represents 12283 km² and 17694 km of river. The anthropogenic pressure is important (population density is more or less 200 inhabitants/km²). In low flow period, water scarcity can touch both the water users (producer of drinking water and hydropower, tourism and pleasure activities and kayaking) and the river itself affecting the 'good environmental state' (context of Water Framework Directive 2000/60/CE).
The operational management of rivers during low flow periods needs a deep knowledge of this drought phenomenon including an analysis of low flow severity and its occurrence probability. It also needs the computation of low flow discharge at any point of a river based on available hydrologic variables.
The aim of this study is the low flows' regionalization in the Walloon Region. First of all, the time series of flow data are filled in and validated. The quality is then controlled. The different tests are the determination of the minimum year requirement for a monitoring site, homogeneity tests, verification of presence or absence of summer alga and the proportion of extrapolation of the discharge rating curve
Secondly, homogeneous regions will be defined and regression equations will be build. These equations will establish the relation between low flow and physical parameters (watershed area, pedology, slope), climate ones and/or ground water ones.
The regression model will permit the computation of low flow discharge at any point of an ungauged river.
|Researchers ; Professionals ; Students ; General public
|File(s) associated to this reference
Fulltext file(s):
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Flannel Rooster™ Warm White/Blue Icicles Sheet Set
Item # 8085135
Give your bed a makeover with our cozy sheets. Featuring a stylish pattern and super soft design, this amazing set is sure to bring sweet dreams night after night.
- More Details
More Details
- Made of 100% polyester
- Twin set includes 1 flat sheet, 1 fitted sheet and 1pillowcase
- Full, Queen and King sets include 1 flat sheet, 1 fitted sheet and 2 pillowcases
- Fitted sheet fits mattresses up to 15"
- Available in twin, full, queen and king sizes, sold separately
- Machine wash cold, gentle cycle; tumble dry low
- Measurements: Twin: Flat sheet: 66"W x 96"L; Fitted sheet: 39"W x 75"L x 15"D; Pillowcase: 30"W x 20"L; Full: Flat sheet: 81"W x 96"L; Fitted sheet: 54"W x 75"L x 15"D; Pillowcase: 30"W x 20"L, each; Queen: Flat sheet: 90"W x 102"L; Fitted sheet: 60"W x 80"L x 15"D; Pillowcase: 30"W x 20"L, each; King: Flat sheet: 108"W x 102"L; Fitted sheet: 78"W x 80"L x 15"D; Pillowcase: 40"W x 20"L, each
- Imported