text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Isolation and characterization of diverse antimicrobial lipopeptides produced by Citrobacter and Enterobacter
- Santi M Mandal†1,
- Shalley Sharma†2,
- Anil Kumar Pinnaka2,
- Annu Kumari2 and
- Suresh Korpole2Email author
© Mandal et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
- Received: 6 March 2013
- Accepted: 3 July 2013
- Published: 8 July 2013
Increasing multidrug-resistance in bacteria resulted in a greater need to find alternative antimicrobial substances that can be used for clinical applications or preservation of food and dairy products. Research on antimicrobial peptides including lipopeptides exhibiting both narrow and broad spectrum inhibition activities is increasing in the recent past. Therefore, the present study was aimed at isolation and characterization of antimicrobial lipopeptide producing bacterial strains from fecal contaminated soil sample.
The phenotypic and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of all isolates identified them as different species of Gram-negative genera Citrobacter and Enterobacter. They exhibited common phenotypic traits like citrate utilization, oxidase negative and facultative anaerobic growth. The HPLC analysis of solvent extracts obtained from cell free fermented broth revealed the presence of multiple antimicrobial lipopeptides. The comprehensive mass spectral analysis (MALDI-TOF MS and GC-MS) of HPLC purified fractions of different isolates revealed that the lipopeptides varied in their molecular weight between (m/z) 607.21 to 1536.16 Da. Isomers of mass ion m/z 984/985 Da was produced by all strains. The 1495 Da lipopeptides produced by strains S-3 and S-11 were fengycin analogues and most active against all strains. While amino acid analysis of lipopeptides suggested most of them had similar composition as in iturins, fengycins, kurstakins and surfactins, differences in their β-hydroxy fatty acid content proposed them to be isoforms of these lipopeptides.
Although antimicrobial producing strains can be used as biocontrol agents in food preservation, strains with ability to produce multiple antimicrobial lipopeptides have potential applications in biotechnology sectors such as pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. This is the first report on antibacterial lipopeptides production by strains of Citrobacter and Enterobacter.
- Citrobacter
- Enterobacter
- Antimicrobial lipopeptide
- MALDI and phylogenetic analysis
Various species of genera like Clostridium, Escherichia, Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus and Vibrio[1, 2] are known to cause food spoilage. In addition, different drug resistant strains of Escherichia and Salmonella belonging to family Enterobacteriaceae are reported to cause food-borne illness [3–6]. Increasing multidrug-resistance in bacteria resulted in a greater need to find alternative antimicrobial substances that can be used for various applications including clinical as well as preservation of food and dairy products. Therefore, research on antimicrobial peptides including antimicrobial biosurfactants as a new class of drugs has increased in the recent past as they exhibit both narrow and broad spectrum inhibition activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria or fungi. Although members of the Enterobacteriaceae family are known to produce bacteriocins such as enterocins by Enterobacter sp. [7], serracin by Serratia sp. [8] bacteriocin by Citrobacter sp. [9] and microcins by Escherichia sp. [10], they are not reported to produce any antimicrobial biosurfactants. The different types of biosurfactants with antimicrobial activity include lipopeptides, glycolipids, phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides [11]. While many Gram-positive bacteria including different species of the genus Bacillus are reported to produce diverse antimicrobial lipopeptides with different applications in pharmaceutical and food processing industries [12], only few lipopeptides have been reported to produce by Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas[13]. The lipopeptides produced by Gram-positive strains have been classified into various types based on their amino acid composition and fatty acid chain length [14]. Similarly, lipopeptides of Pseudomonas also have been grouped into different groups including amphisin, syringomycin, tolaasin and viscosin based on the number and composition of amino acids [13, 15, 16]. Among the several types of biosurfactants, lipopeptides belonging to iturins [17], surfactins, [18], fengycins [19], kurstakins [20], bacillomycins [21] and mycosubtilin [22] displayed therapeutic applications [23] and they were never reported to produce by any Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, in the present study we have isolated few Gram-negative bacterial strains belonging to genera Citrobacter and Enterobacter producing antimicrobial lipopeptides from a fecal contaminated soil sample. Further, detailed characterization of these antimicrobial lipopeptides assigned them to iturins, fengycins, kurstakins and surfactins, usually produced by Gram-positive bacteria.
Identification of the lipopeptide producing strains
Isolation and antimicrobial activity of lipopeptides
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sensitivity
The MIC analysis of purified lipopeptide fraction Fr-c of strain S-11 revealed 12, 15 and 16 μg/ml concentration for Gram-positive test strains M. luteus, S. aureus and S. epidermidis, respectively. In contrast, Gram-negative test strains like Serratia marcescens and P. aeruginosa exhibited MIC of 20 and 32 μg/ml respectively. Results of heat stability assay of these lipopeptides fractions revealed no reduction in activity even after exposing to temperature of 100°C for 30 min (data not shown).
Mass spectrometry characterization of lipopeptides
List of masses observed in fractionated lipopeptides from different samples obtained in positive ion linear mode
Sample name
HPLC fraction number
Mass (m/z)
Sample S-3
Sample S-4
Sample S-5
Sample S-6
Sample S-7
Sample S-9
Sample S-10
Sample S-11
Sample S-12
Several reports have described that soil microbes are worthy to be used as the source of different antimicrobial substances including peptides for versatile applications [24]. Most of the antimicrobial peptides produced by diverse bacteria inhibit Gram-positive strains like Listeria monocytogens but not Gram-negative [25]. Among the various peptides, lipopeptides are well known to inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria including opportunistic pathogens. Consequently, naturally produced antimicrobial lipopeptides have been receiving increased attention due to their anti-infective nature with wide antimicrobial spectrum. Besides the activity of natural peptides, any chemical modifications in structure of these lipopeptide are shown to improve their spectrum and activity. To this effect, daptomycin, an anionic lipopeptide has already been used for therapeutic applications [26]. While antimicrobial lipopeptides are produced by different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, only lipopeptides produced by species of Pseudomonas and Bacillus have been studied in detail [13, 14, 27–29]. In the present study several antimicrobial substances producing bacterial strains were isolated from a fecal contaminated soil sample and characterization of these substances revealed them as antimicrobial lipopeptides.
The phenotypic features like Gram-negative staining, catalase positive, oxidase negative, facultative anaerobic growth and citrate utilization observed for all strains suggested that they belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family, usually observed in fecal matter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence blast analysis and subsequent phylogentic analysis assigned all strains to different species of the genera Citrobacter and Enterobacter. Interestingly, though strains S-5 and S-9 displayed high identity with E. hormaechei and E. mori respectively in 16S rRNA gene sequence, they only formed an out group to the cluster comprised of different Enterobacter and Citrobacter species (Figure 2). However, the overall topology of neighbour-joining tree revealed the phylogenetic complexity and discrepancies in 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It was also supported by the unusual inclusion of different species belonging to genera Citrobacter and Enterobacter in the same cluster suggesting the need to revisit the family Enterobacteriaceae.
The antimicrobial lipopeptides typically contain a cyclic or linear oligopeptide linked with a β-hydroxy fatty acid tail of varied lengths [28]. Inhibition spectra of these lipopeptides are influenced by the composition of oligopeptide as well as fatty acid component [30, 31]. Antimicrobial lipopeptides are largely produced by Gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus sp. and are classified into different families based on the composition of oligopeptides and antibacterial or antifungal activities [32]. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas is the only genus reported to produce antimicrobial lipopeptides such as massetolide, viscosin [33], syringomycin [34], arthrofactin [35], pseudodesmins [36], orfamide [16] and putisolvin [37]. In addition to these lipopeptides, species like P. fluorescens was reported to produce different massetolide analogues [33]. However, lipopeptides produced by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria had different composition and so far no bacterial strain has been reported to produce reciprocal combinations of lipopeptide composition. Therefore, in the present study we made an attempt to characterize lipopeptides produced by the strains of genera Citrobacter and Enterobacter.
The comprehensive mass spectral (MALDI-TOF MS and GC-MS) analysis of HPLC purified antimicrobial lipopeptides obtained from strains of Citrobacter and Enterobacter revealed the occurrence of different lipopeptide antibiotics belonging to groups like kurstakin, iturin, surfactin and fengycin, usually produced by Gram-positive bacteria. Further, individual lipopeptide belonging to a particular group shown to exhibit differences in their amino acids [13, 27], fatty acid chain length or isomers of fatty acids and thus generating various analogues with varied activity [13, 33]. Accordingly, lipopeptides of the present study showed differences in fatty acid composition and also differed in their antibacterial activity. Of the various lipopeptides, the lipopeptide fraction Fr-b produced by all strains had a molecular weight of 984/985 Da. Although amino acid composition of this peptide identified it as kurstakin, it differed in fatty acid composition (C15) when compared to other kurstakin members that contained fatty acids with chain length of C11-C14, suggesting the lipopeptide fraction (Fr-b) is an isoform of kurstakin. Further, differences in antimicrobial activity spectrum of these peptides attributed to the fatty acid composition differences [20].
A variety of lipopeptides produced by strains Citrobacter sp. strain S-3 and Enterobacter sp. strain S-11 were identified as lipopeptides belonging to iturin, kurstakin and fengycin with unusual broad spectrum antibacterial activity. It is pertinent to mention that the fraction Fr-e of strains S-3 and S-11, had an identical mass with the lipopeptide reported by Swart and Merwe [38], therefore, we have minimized further attempt to characterize the full sequence as reported [β-NC14NYNQPNS]. Additionally, identification of C14 fatty acid as the lipid content of the fraction Fr-e also confirmed their classification under iturins as they are known to contain a fatty acid chain length of C14 to C16[39] along with a cyclic peptide of seven amino acids. Cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactants like iturin, mycosubtilin, surfactin and kurstakin are largely produced by species of Bacillus exhibiting antimicrobial activity [12, 28]. In fact, iturin and fengycin produced by B. subtilis are recognized as potential biopharmaceutical agents due to their antimicrobial and biosurfactant properties [14]. Although different types of lipopeptides varied in their amino acid and/or fatty acid composition, they all are usually thermostable, resistant to proteolytic enzymes and inhibits the growth by altering the membrane integrity. Similarly no reduction in antibacterial activity was observed for fraction Fr-e upon exposing it to 100°C temperature for 30 min suggesting it as heat stable. The amino acid composition analysis of highly active lipopeptide fraction (Fr-c) of strain S-3 and S-11 revealed the sequence as R(C17)EOrnYTEVPEYV which corresponds to linearized fengycin B'2, an isoform produced by a B. subtilis strain [40]. Among the other lipopeptide fractions, Fr-f (m/z 607.21 Da) and Fr-d (m/z 637.23 Da), produced by strains S-3 and S-11, respectively, showed significant antimicrobial activity, but could not be assigned to any lipopeptide family as their molecular mass did not match with any reported antimicrobial lipopeptides. Other mass ions, except m/z 679 Da, produced by different strains did not show significant antimicrobial activity against any test strain. Although iturins, kurstakins, surfactins and fengycins differed in composition, they followed the same mechanisms such as involving pore formation on bacterial membrane [41] or by other non-specific interactions with the membrane [42] as a result of their antimicrobial activity. Findings of this study, together with the fact that the entire isolated strains belong to Citrobacter or Enterobacter and antimicrobial lipopeptide production ability, suggests that they are possibly produced by these bacteria as a part of defence mechanism to survive in complex environments.
This is the first report on antibacterial lipopeptides production by strains of Citrobacter and Enterobacter that are part of the human intestinal flora and frequently observed in food. The lipopeptides are exceedingly useful molecules with potential applications in several biotechnology sectors such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, preservation of food and dairy products. However, engineering of these molecules is very important for our future needs as the large scale production of antimicrobial lipopeptides is expensive. Therefore, strains like S-3 or S-11 with ability to co-produce different antimicrobial lipopeptides are very useful in biotechnology sector. Increased lipopeptides production by these strains through the optimization of physicochemical parameters or transcriptional regulation of lipopeptide synthetase gene clusters could be future insight for commercial production.
Isolation of bacteria and identification
The bacterial isolates designated as S-3, S-4, S-5, S-6, S-7, S-9, S-10, S-11 and S-12 were isolated from a fecal contaminated soil sample. The soil sample used to isolate the strains was serially diluted and plated on nutrient agar with the following composition (g/l): peptic digest of animal tissue, 5.0; beef extract, 1.5; yeast extract, 1.5; sodium chloride, 5.0; agar 15.0 (pH adjusted to 7.2). Colonies with inhibition zone in their surroundings were selected and streaked on to fresh nutrient agar (NA, HiMedia, India) medium plates. Upon testing their purity all isolates were preserved at -70°C for further studies. Indicator strains used to test the activity of lipopeptides were obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection and Genebank (MTCC), Chandigarh, India. The test strains were grown on tryptone soya agar (TSA) medium with the following composition (g/l): pancreatic digest of casein, 15.0; papaic digest of soybean meal, 5.0; sodium chloride, 5.0; agar 15.0 and the pH adjusted to 7.2. All isolates producing antimicrobial lipopeptides were tested for phenotypic properties including morphology, physiology and biochemical characteristics using standard procedures. The identity of isolates was also confirmed by using 16S rRNA gene sequence [43] blast search analysis. All 16S rRNA gene sequences of the nearest type strains were downloaded from the NCBI database and aligned using CLUSTAL_W program of MEGA version 5 [44]. The alignment was corrected manually using the BioEdit sequence alignment editor [45]. Pair-wise evolutionary distances were calculated with the Kimura two-parameter [46] and a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MEGA version5.0. The stability of phylogenetic tree was assessed by taking 1000 replicates. All sequences have been submitted to EMBL database [accession nos. HF572835 - HF572843].
Extraction of lipopeptides
Lipopeptides produced by all strains were isolated from culture supernatant by a combination of acid and solvent extraction procedure [47]. In brief, cells were pellet down from the culture broth by centrifugation (13,000 × g) for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatant pH was adjusted to 2.0 by addition of concentrated HCl and allowed to precipitate at 4°C for 16 h. After centrifugation (13,000 × g) for 20 min at 4°C the precipitate was collected and extracted with methanol by stirring for 2 h. The lipopeptide containing methanol was collected after filtration and vacuum-dried.
Purification of lipopeptides
The lipopeptides extracted were dissolved in methanol and fractionated by reverse phase- HPLC (Agilent 1100 series, CA, USA) with a ZORBAX 300-SB18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, particle size 5 μm), at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The solvent system used was (A) 0.1% aqueous TFA and (B) acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA. The following gradient of solvent B was used to run the column: 0-60% for 0-45 min, 60-80% for 45-55 min and 80-100% for 55-60 min. All peptides eluted from the column were monitored at 215 nm in a diode array detector and all peaks obtained during HPLC were collected using a fraction collector (GILSON, France) that is coupled with the system. These fractions were concentrated by speed vacuum and tested for their antimicrobial activity. The fractions or peaks that showed antibacterial activity were re-chromatographed in the same column under similar conditions, except solvent B was used as 100% acetonitrile with a gradient of 0-10% for 30 min. The peptide concentration was determined using the RP-HPLC conditions and calibrated with surfactin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA).
Antimicrobial assay and MIC determination
All fractions from the reversed phase HPLC were lyophilized, redissolved in MilliQ water to test their antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis (MTCC435) and P. aeruginosa (ATCC27853) in a microtiter plate assay in triplicates. To examine the bacterial growth or killing rate in the presence of different fractions, bacterial cells were grown in 100 μl of Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB, HiMedia, India) supplemented with fixed concentration (10 μg/ml) of each fraction, at 37°C. Growth or killing rates were determined by measuring OD at 600 nm. The OD values were converted into concentration of cells measured in CFU per millilitre (1.0 OD corresponded to 2.16 × 108 CFU/ml). The MIC of selected biosurfactant/lipopeptide was evaluated for strains S. aureus (MTCC1430), M. luteus (MTCC106) and S. marcescens (MTCC 97) along with P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis by using a microtiter plate dilution assay in triplicates as described earlier [48]. Test strains were grown to logarithmic phase (between 0.3-0.4 OD) under optimal conditions. The lowest concentration inhibiting the growth of test strain without showing any increase in absorption up to 48 h of incubation was considered as MIC.
MALDI-TOF-MS and sequencing
The purified and active lipopeptides were analysed for molecular mass and MS/MS sequencing by using a Voyager time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). For MS/MS sequencing, the lactone ring present in lipopeptide was cleaved by incubating each peptide with 10% NaOH in methanol at room temperature for 16 h. The cleaved peptide obtained was lyophilized and again extracted with methanol, and allowed for mass spectrometry analysis. Spectra were recorded in the post-source decay (PSD) ion mode as an average of 100 laser shots with a grid voltage of 75%. The reflector voltage was reduced in 25% steps and guide wire was reduced 0.02–0.01% with an extraction delay time of 100 ns.
Fatty acid analysis by GC-MS
To analyze the fatty acid content associated with the lipopeptides, the peptides (5 mg of each) were incubated with 0.5 ml of 6 M HCl at 90°C for 18 h in sealed tubes for acid hydrolysis. The fatty acids were extracted with ether, treated with 0.95 ml methanol and 0.05 ml of 98% H2SO4 at 65°C for 6 h. Finally, fatty acid methyl esters were obtained with n-hexane extraction and analyzed on GC-MS with a Clarus 500 GC (PerkinElmer, USA). The carrier gas used was helium with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The column temperature was maintained at 120°C for 3 min and thereafter gradually increased (8°C/min) to 260°C.
Statistical analysis
The statistical significance of the experimental results was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Prism version 5.0 was used for all statistical analyses. The results are presented as the mean of triplicates (n=3) ± SD.
Financial assistance from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-network project, BSC-0119) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt of India is acknowledged. We thank Mr. Deepak Bhatt for his help in 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We are also thankful to Ms. Preeti Pathania for technical assistance and Mr. Pradip Kumar Singh for useful discussions.
Note: Nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers HF572835 to HF572843.
Authors' Affiliations
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- Suresh K, Mayilraj S, Chakrabarti T: Effluviibacter roseus gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from muddy water, belonging to the family "Flexibacteraceae". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2006, 56 (7): 1703-1707. 10.1099/ijs.0.64144-0.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S: MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 2011, 28 (10): 2731-2739. 10.1093/molbev/msr121.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hall TA: BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1999, 41: 95-98.Google Scholar
- Kimura M: A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980, 16 (2): 111-120. 10.1007/BF01731581.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Vater J, Kablitz B, Wilde C, Franke P, Mehta N, Cameotra SS: Matrix-assisted laser desorbtion ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry of lipopeptide biosurfactants in whole cells and culture filtrates of Bacillus subtilis C-1 isolated from petroleum sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002, 68 (12): 6210-6219. 10.1128/AEM.68.12.6210-6219.2002.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Singh PK, Chittpurna A, Sharma V, Patil PB, Suresh K: Identification, purification and characterization of laterosporulin, a novel bacteriocin produced by Brevibacillus sp. Strain GI-9. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (3): e31498-10.1371/journal.pone.0031498.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Section 1. Being happy together!
sister; tennis; parrots; cat; make photos; bicycle; scooter.
1) I haven't got a brother.
2) My grandmother doesn't listen to rock music.
3) His sister can't take photos.
4) His grandfather hasn't got a pet.
5) Mag didn't play puzzles yesterday.
6) Our father won't watch the stars in the morning.
7) Their mother wasn't at home at two o'clock.
1) Where did Mag walk?
2) Was the weather fine?
3) When will Max ride his bike?
4) What does Mag water every morning?
5) What did like Max?

subset: commoncrawl


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I've never read anything by Brandon Sanderson before, and I'm generally leery of thick fantasy novels that have the look of "Book One of a Punishingly Long Series." Three things convinced me to give this book a try. First is the fact that, although it was his first published novel back in 2005, Sanderson hasn't written any sequels to it… yet. I'm told he plans to, but so far all he has rolled out is a novella set in the same universe, titled "The Emperor's Soul", and a short e-book called "The Hope of Elantris". It's possible we may luck out, and this will be a standalone novel; that would be just about perfect. The second and deciding vote in favor of reading it is the fact that an audiobook, read by Jack Garrett for Recorded Books, was available at the public library. Third, and making it unanimous, is the list of other works by Brandon Sanderson, which includes a bunch of other stuff that I suddenly want to read.
She has won the Newbery Medal (for" The Hero and the Crown"). She has won the Mythopoeic Fantasy Award (for "Sunshine"). She has entertained us with tales of vampires, fairies, dragons, and Robin Hood, as well as folk tales spruced up as novels. As the wife of Peter Dickinson, she dwells in a reactor-core of magic and beautiful storytelling that could reach critical mass at any time. All that being said, if she doesn't produce a sequel to this book, I will be seriously miffed with her.
The Australian author of "Jellicoe" Road has dealt with many issues facing today's young adults: loneliness, depression, grief, single pregnancy, suicide, racism, family and school problems galore. Then she turned toward writing YA fantasy, and the "Lumatere Chronicles" is the result. In this first book of the trilogy, we are introduced to a gripping, romantic fantasy about sexy young people riding horses, sailing ships, and fighting with bows and arrows and swords, all to restore a lost kingdom. What sets it apart from every other tween melodrama about prophecies being fulfilled, curses being broken, secret identities being revealed, and prisoners being delivered from durance vile?
Jaron, alias Sage, proved to be more than as advertised in "The False Prince". After convincing an ambitious nobleman he was the best impostor for a long-lost prince, Jaron proved to be the real prince after all—supposedly killed by pirates, but lying low in the guise of a street urchin. Now he has returned to claim his throne, just when his country's aggressive neighbors are poised to strike at any sign of weakness. In the second book of the Ascendance trilogy, the young king must run away from his kingdom in order to save it from an imminent threat of invasion.
The first author to win both the Newbery Medal (for "Walk Two Moons") and the Carnegie Medal (for "Ruby Holler") here deviates from her general habit of depicting present-day kids in dramatic situations. Instead, she conjures a make-believe kingdom somewhere in medieval Italy, with a king and a queen, a princess and two princes, hermits, peasants, servants, and knights.
This book is what happens when a New York City schoolteacher stitches together nine fairy tales from the Brothers Grimm to form one coherent story—while, at the same time, restoring much of the original versions' weird, scary, and bloody bits. And although the narrator often pulls the reader aside and begs him to make sure there are no small children in the room to hear the tale, the entire book demonstrates an amazing faith in kids' guts, brains, and hearts—not only that they can understand and appreciate such strong stuff, but that they are brave enough to take it, worthy to enjoy it, and keen to learn from it
The kingdom of Carthya is in trouble. Its king and queen, together with their eldest son, have been poisoned. The younger of the two princes was lost at sea four years ago, presumed dead. Its borders are lined with the armies of neighboring countries, hungry for the land's rich resources.
Now, two years later, "Captain's Fury" picks up the plot-line just in time for Tavi to be relieved from his command and move beyond his role as captain. And though Book 5 is titled "Princeps' Fury", it is in this book that Tavi is first recognized as the Princeps—i.e., the First Lord's grandson and heir, rightly named Gaius Octavian. If I just surprised you, you've missed a lot and should go back to "Cursor's Fury" before reading any further. Spoilers ahead!
And yet I would bet you're hearing about this book for the first time now. Here some writers would say, "So goes the world," and let it be. But I say it need not be so. Nathaniel Hawthorne is too important a figure in American literature to be allowed to remain only a figure, silhouetted against the dying light of a bygone age. His writing really is enjoyable, and some of it was designed for the enjoyment of kids. And even though kids' tastes may change, there still remains a good deal of charm and appeal in Hawthorne's retellings of the world's most timeless tales.
This hilarious fairy-tale spoof was written as a "fireside pantomime," to amuse a group of English children between Christmas and New Year while staying in an unnamed European city. Moreover, it was published under the pseudonym "Michael Angelo Titmarsh," if you please.


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Ubisoft hosted a multiplayer beta for Assassins Creed: Revelations multiplayer last month -- and what a bloody beta it was. Amongst other statistics on offer in the video above, over 14 million players were killed in nearly 6 million matches during the PlayStation Network exclusive September beta. If you listen closely you can almost hear the 360 fanboys whining about missing out on the fun. Almost.
Anyway... Ubisoft wants to say thanks for playing and they've put together a nice little video showcasing the game's brutal multiplayer mode. Whether you participated in the beta and are ready to jump back into the fray or if you've yet to get in on the action you can expect Assassins Creed: Revelations come November 15th.
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Black Friday Round Up Round 31:18 AM
Round 3, Made for Mermaids through Seaside Notions Made For Mermaids No lies here. We own all the everyday princess patterns. I have sewn...
Round 3, Made for Mermaids through Seaside Notions
Made For Mermaids
No lies here. We own all the everyday princess patterns. I have sewn every princess there is. I have sewn fairies. These get worn daily. The combination of comfort plus princess wins every time. I have not sewn the other designs only because I haven't needed any of the other patterns. But if one of those catches your eye, they're worth your pattern dollar.
Made With Moxie
Only 1 pattern here, the Prefontaine Shorts. Not our style.
Mandy K Designs
When the Mandy K Designs Princess Party Dress came out, you better believe I bought it and whipped up Anna and Elsa Dresses so I could win the "best mom ever" award. That same year i used it for a fairy costume. This Christmas, my girls will be getting new Anna and Elsa Dresses because they outgrew the first ones. Do we love it? Oh yes. I love the flat front that showcases they design. They love the ease of dressing with the elastic back. Definite winner.
Every time I see the English Rose Dress, I think I should buy the pattern, just so I can learn the trick to that fabulous bow. Still haven't yet though. So much to sew, so little time.
Max & Meena
I JUST finished a blog about the All Ears Hoodie. In one word, Yes.
I really like the fabric combinations that go into the Modkid Designs. I own a few of the patterns and the over all patterns instructions and designs are very good. My one complaint. The girls Kyoto isn't available in PDF. And, if you're not sure you need the women's Melanie, I can say that it was VERY convenient to have those side pockets when my kids were toddlers. Maybe I need to sew up another one of those in a fun print.
Molly and Mama
Applique and embroidery are not my thing. I may dabble here and there, but really only with free stuff. If you're into that sort of stuff, there's a limited selection here.
The monkeysbug undies were the first undies I ever sewed. They were a fail. These undies are not drafted for big butt kids and my kids have big butts. I have since moved on. The designs otherwise look pretty solid and the instructions and pattern pieces were easy to assemble in the original pairs I made.
My Childhood Treasures
I'm actually a fan of My Childhood Treasures. I'm especially fond of the patterns drafted for fleece. They're stylish AND warm. Easy to wear and my kids love them. I suspect the other patterns are more of the same. We have the Bluebird, Color Block and Amy Dress Patterns. All well loved. My only complaint is the patterns I have only go to size 8. That means I can't justify buying any more. So if you're like me, check the size ranges carefully before you buy if your big kid is moving past size 8. Many of the patterns go to larger sizes.
My Funny Buddy
I actually bought a bunch of these patterns last year on Black Friday! And I actually used them. Yeah me. They're cute, fun and a great way to teach kids to sew. DD1 has been working her way through the patterns and is getting a chance to practice her sewing skills on something OTHER than another pillowcase. These get a thumbs up if you like sewing toys. AND they get a thumbs up if you don't like sewing toys but need to make a fast gift. I completed a cute little pig for my Daughter's 5th Birthday in under an hour. So no extensive hand stitching or anything. Just some easy seams and voila, instant gift.
My Little Plumcake
Complaint. My Little Plumcake doesn't sort her patterns into folders. With many of the listings being duplicates it is hard to see what is and isn't a new pattern. Frustrating. Too hard to see if I'd want to buy anything.
My Treasured Heirlooms
Smocking and Crochet are beyond my personal willingness to commit time to a pattern. But they are both beautiful and if that's your style, these patterns are great. As for sewing, I like the Lollipop Skirt. Simple, yet creative. Looks like a great stash buster, and I know we could all use an opportunity to use up the little scraps.
Nap Time Creations
I've tested twice for Nap Time Creations now and am pretty happy with the outcome each time. These are solid patterns at a fair price. Don't forget to check out all her FREE patterns too. Lots of basic designs available.
Ollie and Annie
Only 1 pattern, but a cute one. I like the look of pleats and would actually consider buying this one.
Peek a Boo Pattern Shop
I own a LOT of Peek a Boo Patterns. My favorites are definitely the Alex and Anna PJ's. Bundle and get the winter and summer ones at a discount. Really though, I just love all the pajama choices. Basically, if you have a pajama need, the pattern you need is here. I have not sewn up any of the other patterns besides PJ's but they definitely get my approval.
Skirt patterns only. Look pretty basic but I worry about the possible translation issues since the person that wrote the listings uses the kind of formal English that would be learned from studying English rather than having English as a first language. HOWEVER, I could be totally and completely wrong. Don't own the pattern to really have an opinion.
I love the Puperita Patterns. I don't love that they go to only size 5/6. No good for me, no matter how much I love them.
Rose and Lee Designs
Only 3 designs and nothing catches my eye.
Ruby And Jack Patterns
Playground to Palace Dress. Need I say more? Ok, I will. I was tempted to buy this pattern. But seriously, do I need ANOTHER princess dress pattern? I say no. But then I say maybe, and then no, and then yes, and then maybe and then.... So you decide. Do you need a knit princess dress? Because my guess is there's a little girl in your life that says yes.
Seamingly Smitten
I've tried twice to buy Seamingly Smitten patterns and was twice disappointed. The patterns are so basic and require more than a little bit of fitting work. You can find similar designs from other designers that will be better drafted and result in less frutration.
Seaside Notions
I like the Pensacola Beach Petal Top. But its so cold right now, its hard to think summer and heat. And I know people will say what about layering it. As a mama to 3 girls, I don't need them to have another excuse to make more dirty laundry. I do wish there were more sample pics though.
Whew. These 20 went by super fast! 1 More round to go!


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Shadow Phillip Cuff Bracelet
Regular price
This burnt orange cuff features a shadow puppet goat figure, and is made to have a vintage look. Wear and patina is expected and adds to the charm of this piece on gold-toned brass. The image is ever-so-slightly see through to show the patina and metallic pattern beneath. and the entire piece is finished with a special metal sealant to make it scratch proof!
This cuff measures a standard 1.5 inches (approx. 38mm) wide and approx. 6 inches (approx. 152mm) from side to side with a 1.5 inch (approx. 38mm) opening. It can be bent and adjusted slightly for a perfect fit once it's on your wrist.
As with all handmade items, each piece may vary slightly from the one pictured.
Made in the USA by Unique Art Pendants.


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The refurbished Stratton Community Hospital 2014
We're here to make a difference
Welcome to our website. We intend to use this facility to update our members on news of our work, as well as keep you all up to date on our current building appeal. As you may know, the Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Primary Care Trust has agreed major plans to update our community hospital, and in order to include palliative care suites within the new design, the League of Friends is aiming to raise £1m to equip this facility, and help with refurbishment. The hospital has now been handed back to the PCT, with all major work completed, and is admitting patients again.
Our fundraising is now well under way, and we have erected a 'financial thermometer' in the grounds of the hospital so that you can see the progress being made. To date we have raised over £900,000. Thank you to everyone in the local community who has contributed to this marvellous figure.


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Andrew Pawlaczek, P.Eng. has been a Construction Manager for Great Lands since 2002. With over 30 years of experience in the construction industry, a commitment to high standard of professional service, a solid knowledge base, and a hands on approach, Andrew's passion turns plans into reality. With an extensive portfolio including industrial, commercial and residential projects specializing in high rise residential condominium buildings, like Monet and Mona Lisa.
Maurizio Belmonte handles all interior designs for Great Lands, selecting and coordinating finishes to suites and common areas. With 12 years of commercial and residential design experience, along with the construction management, he maintains a design standard of excellence.
Penny Peltier has been the Sales & Marketing Manager for Great Lands Team since 2007. Specializing in the launch and sales of preconstruction residential projects, and The Broker of Record for Great Land Global Realty a division of Great Lands Corporation. She offers an extensive background in Sales, Marketing, and customer service excellence.
Note: All prices, figures, sizes, specifications and information are subject to change without notice. E. & O.E. All areas and stated dimensions are approximate. Actual usable foor space, living area and square footage may vary from stated foor area. All illustrations are artists concept only. Furniture is depicted for illustration purposes only and not included. The unit shown may be the reverse of the unit purchased. 2011 Greatlands Corporation - Powered by Aareas Interactive.


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Yes Omaha Has The Zoo and the College World Series, But It's Has SO Much More!
I love Sioux Falls and all it has to offer and continue to get friends and family to come visit us here, but when we're looking for a weekend getaway, one of our favorite places to go is Omaha, Nebraska. It's less than a three hour drive straight south of Sioux Falls and has a ton of entertainment from the Century Link Center, to the 21st Saloon, Sokol Auditorium, The Hive and more.
We love staying at The Hilton located across the street from the Century Link because it's so convenient to get anywhere in the city and is only a few blocks from the Old Market area which has dozens of unique stores and restaurants that we love to visit when we're in town.
The Old Market is also home to two of the eight Omaha breweries on their new 'Brewery Tour' which you can get all the details on at Visit Omaha.com/craftbrew You can request the "Explorer's Journal" that we used to find out where all the breweries are located and a little more about each one.
One of our first stops was at the Upstream Brewing Company, right in the heart of the Old Market. The Upstream is built in a former fire station that ironically, suffered a fire in 1917 on its upper level. The station survived and prospered into the 40's. The building re-opened their doors in 1996 as the Upstream Brewing Company
The Upstream offers a dozen different brews on tap, plus the seasonal flavors and a full menu of American pub food. The fire damaged upper level has been turned into a rooftop beer garden overlooking the Old Market. I tried the American Wheat here which was light yet bold flavored with a hint of lemon and was an award winner at the American Beer Classic. I also tried the Essens Belgian Wit, which is brewed using 262 pounds of strawberries, but it's far from a 'fruity' beer as the wheat really shines with that sweet strawberry taste. We were there on Friday afternoon and with a waiting line to get seated after 5pm, the Upstream is a definite hot spot!
From there, we walked around the corner and down a block or two to the Borgata.
The Borgata takes their name from an old Italian word for 'family'. The Borgata is making a name for themselves by brewing a single malt whiskey not done anywhere else in American and their beer is brewed with all locally sourced ingredients. Their whiskey is already being recognized in competitions and the Kristalweis I sampled convinced me that they will be gaining awards for their beer as well in the not too distant future.
The Farnam House Brewing Company isn't too far from the Old Market, located in Midtown Omaha.
Farnam House Brewing Company was started by two home brewers who are bringing their experiments to the public! Plus they have just started offering up local farm fresh food as well. We tried some chicken wings with a homemade buttermilk ranch and paired it with theur Farnam House Gratzer, made with Polish smoked wheat. It was light, slightly tart and honestly, tasted a bit like bacon!
On Saturday afternoon, we took a drive out to probably our favorite stop of the weekend, to Soaring Wings Vineyard and Brewery in Springfield, Nebraska, about 25 minutes outside Omaha.
Built on ten acres overlooking the Platte River, Soaring Wings was founded by and still run by a husband and wife team who literally bought the hillside location and built it all up from scratch over the past decade. With the wine business going well (and winning multiple awards!) he wanted to bring his home beer brewing expertise into the family business. And after sampling several of the flavors on tap, it was a VERY good idea!
As they were just opening for the day, she was a very gracious hostess and let me try their Low Level Lager and Aviator English Ale which were both light but very flavorful. I tried a Raspberry Wheat which smelled just like you would imagine and tasted even better! And being the rock guy I am, I just HAD to sample the "Hop Zeppelin Double IPA" which had a bold backbone and lots of hop flavor. Bold!
Soaring Wings offers live music on Friday evenings and Sunday afternoons through the summer and the view is absolutely beautiful. Well worth the short drive and next time we're in the area, we're going out for an evening of music, beer, wine and cheeses!
With only a two day trip, we weren't able to hit all eight of the breweries but plan to go back soon so we can complete the 'tour'. I put tour in quotation marks because it's not really a formal 'tour' that you go on, though some of the breweries do offer tours. It's more a way of letting you know about the incredible craft brews going on in and around Omaha and built in cool places like the Benson Brewery, which is built in a 1910 neighborhood movie theatre! Also in the Benson neighborhood (which has a ton of great live music options!) is Infusion Brewing. Infusion is located in a 1917 meat market in the neighborhood and was renovated to recapture many of those elements.
Several friends have recommended the Lucky Bucket. It was named that because before cans and bottles, people would bring home beer from the barrels in a bucket. And also because the brewers loved that unique flavor that comes with a barreled beer. And the Nebraska Brewing Company, located in Papillion and offering a casual to upscale menu and handcrafted beer.
In addition to visiting a number of the fantastic craft breweries in the area, we hit the Farmer's Market in the Old Market on Saturday morning, shopped in a number of unique stores, sampled several restaurants that we don't have in Sioux Falls, listened to a number of talented street musicians (we heard a saxophone player absolutely nail Gerry Rafferty's "Baker Street") and thought about taking a horse drawn carriage ride through the cobblestoned streets of the Old Market.
Omaha still has the Henry Doorly Zoo, the College World Series and everything else you've remembered, but there is SO much more to explore. Check out Visit Omaha for upcoming events and to plan your next Omaha getaway!


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Iran offers UK access to sailorspublished on Thursday, March 29, 2007
Iran has offered to let UK officials visit the 15 Royal Navy personnel who were captured in the Gulf on Friday.
Iran's foreign minister also said the only woman being held, Faye Turney, who has been interviewed on Iranian state television, could be released.
However, he added the stand-off would be resolved only if the UK stated that the sailors and marines had been in Iranian waters, which it denies.
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[SE-2012-01] Security vulnerabilities in Java SE (details released) Nov 16 2012 11:33AM
Security Explorations (contact security-explorations com) (1 replies)
Re: [SE-2012-01] Security vulnerabilities in Java SE (details released) Nov 20 2012 10:02AM
Security Explorations (contact security-explorations com)
Hello All,
We have updated our project details page and added selected Proof of
Concept codes to it that have been developed as part of our Java SE
security research. They are available for download from SE-2012-01
project details page. Those willing to better understand Reflection
API based abuses and our technical report should find them helpful.
Also, we would like to clarify the following:
- CVE numbers used by Oracle and IBM may not necessarily correspond
to our bug numbering scheme. The four CVE numbers used by IBM seem
to reflect all 17 issues we reported to the company. It looks IBM
counted the number of different insecure Reflection API calls, not
the number of different locations these APIs were actually used at.
- IBM phrasing referring to 17 reported issues as "potential security
vulnerabilities in Security Manager" can be now verified by running
our Proof of Concept codes under vulnerable versions of IBM Java.
As of the primary conclusions coming from our research, we would like
to emphasize the following:
- generic techniques used to bypass Java in 2012 were discovered 7
years ago, but they have never been published before,
- the problems are around Java stack inspection security model and
Reflection API,
- Java bugs are not only about web browsers - they can be exploited on
servers too (i.e. buggy RMI protocol, XML Beans deserialization),
- Java 7 looks less secure than Java 6 - certain Java 7 features seem
to have less security by design,
- The existence of multiple security issues in new Reflection API from
Java 7 indicates that it didn?t go through a security review,
- Other vendors such as IBM had no idea about security implications
of Reflection API (really simple cases of Reflection API flaws),
- The existence of not-yet-patched (proved to be easy to patch in 30
min. time) Issue #50 tells a lot about the quality of Oracle?s
vulnerability evaluation / patch testing processes (a bug in a code
addressed not so long ago),
- It looks software vendors do not have an easy life with Oracle. Quotes
from our Inbox:
"They are no help (even when "alleged security vulnerabilities" are
being exploited by malware kits/etc.)"
"We'd like to be able to protect our customers?You're the only guys
that can help on this (Oracle certainly won't)"
"There's a lot of politics. Hint: 'Oracle unbreakable Linux'"
"I know others have pushed Oracle, nothing has or will happened"
- Certain design / implementation choices can affect security of a
technology for years and lead to dozens of bugs (50+ security fixes
related to Reflection API in Java SE so far),
- Vendors not following their own Secure Coding Guidelines / not
learning from past mistakes do not give a bright prospect for the
Thank you.
Best Regards,
Adam Gowdiak
Security Explorations
"We bring security research to the new level"
[ reply ]
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An array of innovative, third-party miniapplications and programs that bring to life the technology advances in the Windows Vista™ operating system will debut next week along with Microsoft Corp.'s new operating system, making it easier than ever for people to find and connect to their information.
Major media firms and other companies will be among those releasing "gadgets," miniapplications that let people instantly manage and access live information and Web-based services directly from the Windows Vista desktop. Some ultra-realistic 3-D programs and innovative applications from new-media, retail and education companies also will be available for consumer use when retail versions of Windows Vista debut on Jan. 30. Many more cutting-edge applications and programs will arrive over the coming weeks and months.
"These partner gadgets and programs will offer people a more interactive, visually engaging computing experience — the Windows Vista experience," said Tom Caputo, group product manager for the Windows Client Group at Microsoft. "The industry partners that developed these innovative applications are among the first to realize the potential of Windows Vista to deliver information, entertain and educate people in new ways."
Microsoft, Windows Vista, Press+Release


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I am Allan Wolk, a solo practitioner, concentrating in the area of matrimonial and family law. This includes uncontested and contested divorces, divorce mediation, separation agreements, support, custody, and prenuptial agreements.
I approach law from a very personal view, looking to the total and individual needs of my clients. I have a diversified background, including tenure as a college professor and administrator, which, I believe, has given me a humanistic perspective. I am always in touch with my clients and am always available to remedy their problems and bring them peace of mind. If possible, using the less painful and less expensive divorce mediation method with my wife Iris social work partner for mediation, who has had many years of experience helping individuals and families get through this difficult time.
The strength of my practice is that it is a very personal practice. I am always available for my clients–days, nights and weekends, will always immediately get back to them, will give them personal attention, and they will work only with me, except for divorce mediation, and you will not have to deal with other associates, paralegals or staff.
My fees are affordable and the initial phone or office consultation is free. I am available, if necessary, days, evenings and weekends. I practice in Rockland, Westchester, Orange and surrounding New York counties.


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While I was waiting for my next design team stamps from Creative Expressions I thought I would make one more project from the wonderful Let it Snow stamp set. This is hanging in my kitchen and it looks fab, (you can just see my huge spice rack in the background, oh yes... its a thing of beauty).
I picked up the white wicker ring from the florist and adorned it with ribbons, bells and 3D trees.


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In a surprise move, our university has decided that it will no longer accept research funding from Attila the Hun.
Speaking to The Poppletonian, our Director of Research Finance, L.G. Virement, explained that the university had formerly been "only too pleased" to accept a grant of more than £2 million from the leader of the Hunnic Empire for a five-year research project on the successful enlargement of human rights in the Eastern Roman Empire.
However, this acceptance had been made at a time when there was reliable evidence that the Hunnish tribes were making serious attempts to reduce the degree to which their ongoing programme of regime change involved unacceptably high levels of rape and pillage.
Recent reports of the mass murder of monks and maids in the city of Constantinople by Hunnite hordes had now prompted "second thoughts" about the man only recently praised in the university prospectus as "one of the world's more liberal-minded barbarians".
Mr Virement went on to denounce what he called "the mischievous attempts" to link the university's acceptance of Hunnite money with the recent decision to open a University of Poppleton campus in the city of Gomorrah.
Review of the week
A record crowd thoroughly enjoyed yesterday's visit to the campus by the famed Cirque du Desordre.
Despite the advance publicity, the appearance of the legendary strongman Offa, described in the programme as having all the power of three people, was something of a let-down. The crowd watched eagerly as more and more weights were piled upon his shoulders but then couldn't contain their disappointment when he proved unable to lift a single one of them.
The evening continued with an appearance by the great elephant, UUK. Although there were gasps from the audience at the sheer size of this ancient beast, there was some surprise when, despite repeated prodding from some of its minders, it did nothing more than lumber aimlessly round and round the ring contentedly eating the buns that were tossed to it by the ringmaster.
But the show concluded with two real highlights, an extraordinarily assured performance of bending over backwards while facing both ways by Cleggo, the famed contortionist, and a breathtaking high-wire act in which the crowd was lifted to its feet by the ability of trapezists Willetts and Cable to swing backwards and forwards through nothing more than thin air without ever arriving in the same place at the same time or making any discernible contact with grounded reality.
English as she is spoke
Our thrusting Director of Corporate Affairs, Jamie Targett, has denounced the "childish prankster" who apparently submitted the names of 18 members of the senior Poppleton management team for the newly advertised post of Lecturer in Writing (Prose) at Bangor University. He described the incident as another example of "the counter-productive negativity which serves to disincentivise the actionability of our core market-facing win-win strategic goals going forward".
Thought for the Week
(contributed by Jennifer Doubleday, Head of Personal Development)
A little thought in anticipation of International Women's Day
"The birth of a boy who grows up to believe he's God is an everyday affair."


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What properties does it have and what are the main components?
Alvaro Reinoso, in his book "Ensayos sobre el cultivo de la caña de azúcar", ("Essays on sugar-cane cultivation"), first printed in Havana in1862, said the following about bat guano:
"There are, in Cuba, a great number of caves providing a considerable supply of the richest fertilizer. In these caves, where bats shelter, a fertilizer has accumulated, a true guano, the result of a mixture of solid and liquid excrement, the remains of the fruit that fed the animals, and their own carcasses. All these materials, sheltered from the sun, air and rain, form a rich mix of nitrogenous, carbonaceous and saline elements. They contain uric acid, ammonium urate, nitrates, phosphates and calcium carbonate, alkaline salts, etc. The huge quantity of guano amassed in some caves can be explained by the number of beasts that have sheltered there for so many years".
In fact, bat guano is the most extraordinary, versatile, naturally-occurring fertilizer. It appears in a wide range of colours (white, yellow, brown, hazel, grey, black and red), a range of colour unknown in other natural fertilizers. The colour does not influence its quality, which depends on other factors, such as: the type of rock in which the guano cave formed; the feeding habits of the bat species producing the guano; the stage of mineralization in the guano, which undergoes an endless process of transformation, and the stage of maturity. So, the guano's colour should not be associated with quality, which is determined by laboratory analysis.
This is an ecological product that has many agricultural uses, that guarantees efficient soil regeneration and abundant harvests of a high quality, making it an invaluable agricultural fertilizer for producing organic food.
This guano has a wide range of chelates (natural, organo-mineral compounds with a high molecular weight), giving it greater structural stability and an extended residual effect on the soil or the substrata on which it is applied. The freshest guano also benefits from the fauna within, whose main function is to accelerate the process of decomposition in the guano and increase its wealth of essential nutrients.
Bat guano has many excellent properties that demonstrate its value as an organic product of the highest quality, justifying the statement of many producers that it is "superior to all other natural fertilizers".
As has been said, bat guano is found as deposits in many caves that have been inhabited by these animals, but it can also be found in smaller quantities in other places (old or abandoned buildings, trees, etc.). It consists mostly of excrement and the remains of bats that have lived in the caves for many years, and also the remains and excrement of other animals, such as mice, birds, insects, etc.
However, it is not pure animal remains and excrement in the deposits, for, over the years, these have combined with the products of rock that has been dissolved by filtering water; different chemical reactions are produced during the process that result in different characteristic substances in the guano. In caves where water filters through, soluble elements are washed out and the composition of the guano changes. Equally, the feeding habits of the bats affect its chemical composition. Another factor in guano composition is the millions of mineral particles that fall from the cave ceiling where the bats sleep. The physical and chemical action of the bats as they constantly flit about, and the release of liquid excrement at high pressure that pounds the cave walls, where thousands of bats gather, result in an invisible rain of solid mineral components, which are mixed naturally into the mass of guano deposited on the floor.
In Los Angeles, the bat guano caves are calcareous, cut out of the softer rock by the action of water over thousands of years.
This calcareous rock is composed principally of calcium carbonate with lower proportions of magnesium carbonate, sand, clay, iron oxide, aluminium oxide, sulphates, phosphates, sodium and potassium.
The clay and silica contained in the guano come from the rocks, washed out by water and deposited with other insoluble materials in the cave, where they remain unaltered.
Calcium sulphate tends to disappear, because it is slightly soluble in water, and in some cases, calcium remains only in phosphate form.
The bat excrement and remains are the main source of the elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in guano. The organic compounds in the excrement contain sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen, which form sulphuric, phosphoric and nitric acids after decomposition and oxidation. These acids react with base elements in the calcareous rock to form their corresponding salts, sulphates, phosphates and nitrates. Of these salts, all the nitrates and the sodium and potassium compounds are soluble and are washed out, while the insoluble phosphates and sulphates are deposited and accumulate in the cave deposits. These are mostly calcium, iron and aluminium phosphates and calcium sulphate.
In the fresh deposits, nitrogen is released, partly as ammonia, with its characteristically strong smell, while the rest oxidizes and forms nitrates that may be dissolved by filtering water.
Bats that feed on insects eject fragments of chitin, the main component of insects' exoskeletons. Chitin is a nitrogenous substance that resists decomposition, which is why this form of nitrogen appears in many old guano deposits.
These distinct forms of nitrogen in the guano depend on the feeding habits of the bats living in the caves, as some colonies feed mainly off insects, while others feed off fruit.
The phosphorus contained in guano comes partly from bat excrement, but mostly from skeletal remains, although it may also come from mineral elements in the caves or remains of other animals.
Potassium, is the least represented essential macro-element, due to the solubility of its compounds, which are washed out, but some guanos have significant levels of potassium.
During the process of decomposition, the proportions of different components of the guano change – organic matter, nitrogen and potassium levels fall, while calcium phosphates, sand and clay levels rise in proportion.


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These are my 3 college essays I wrote and liked the most. Now, by NO means are these the perfect essay for me, much less for anybody else. What I'm saying is, everybody's "perfect" essay is different, so... (here comes the tips portion)
1. please don't try to imitate my
style. I spent all my junior year trying to imitate styles of essays that my
English teacher liked - well, my writing deteriorated that year. Seriously.
So please don't let that happen to you. I am not saying that my style's better
or whatever, just that everybody's style is different.
2. Write from the heart - it sounds simple but is so difficult.
3. Write about a subject that YOU REALLY care about - then you'll sound passionate and have a kick ass essay.
4. Don't try and make it sound like an English or History paper - intellectual essays may get you a good grade, but they are boring. Henry James will probably get rejected but Elie Wiesel has a good chance - yet they are both great writers.
5. Don't rewrite an essay to death. Mind, there's a different between rewriting and re-editing. Former is reworking the language; latter, the grammar.
6. This is a Nancy rule - if you don't turn out something in under 15 minutes, chances are you don't feel passionately enough about the subject. Of course, I type fast (60 word/minute), but you get the gist.
7. Lastly, there're always exceptions. DON'T LET ANYBODY STIFLE YOUR STYLE!!!!!!
With all that said, here it goes.
The piano essay - prompt: write about an interest or activity that has been particularly meaningful to you. This is my artsy schmarsty one. Cliche college essay. Descriptive and blah.
The library essay - prompt: write a personal essay that will help us to know you better. (yeah, this prompt is VERY specific) This is my favorite. I think my voice really comes through here. Short and blunt.
The English essay - prompt: make up your own. This one's just very funny, I think.
Colleges I submitted these to:
Yale - The piano essay and the library essay, accepted!!
Columbia - The library essay, waitlisted
University of Chicago - The English essay, accepted!!


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Detectives have arrested two men in Doncaster in connection with the murder of a man in Hackney, east London, at the weekend.
Moses Fadairo, aged 25, was shot in broad daylight on a busy street in Hackney on Saturday.
Five men have been arrested in connection with the case – with the latest made on Beckett Road, Wheatley, on Wednesday.
Armed South Yorkshire Police officers supported officers from the Metropolitan Police Service at around 7.30pm.
A 29-year-old man was arrested on suspicion of murder and a 28-year-old man was arrested on suspicion of assisting an offender.
They both remain in police custody in Doncaster and are expected to be transferred to London.
Eyewitnesses said the road was cordoned off during the police operation.
Officers, specialist firearms officers and the London Ambulance Service were called to Chatsworth Road, Hackney, at 1.14pm on Saturday.
An unnamed 27-year-old man, from Greenwich, south east London, has been charged with murder, attempted murder and possession of a firearm.
He was arrested in Birmingham on Tuesday and was due to attend Thames Magistrates' Court yesterday.
Two other men, aged 23 and 25, arrested in connection with the incident have been released on bail.


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An Advanced Strategy that i have seen in my inscription market.
This is where out of nowhere a new market participant that you have never seen and their alts start posting the full range of items whilst at the same time a former established market participant seemingly disappears off the face of the earth.
In fact, it is more likely that the former market participant has deleted their old posting alts and created new posting alts with new names with the intent to confuse the market.
One sign of this happening is when your Friends List no longer recognises some of your competitors just at the time when a new competitor emerges.
The primary aim of this strategy is to disguise the owner of the posting alts and therefore attempt to convince other market participants that there is a new entrant into the market whereas in fact it is an established participant – i.e. there has been no increase in participants in the market.
By using this disguise the player hopes that the other market participants will not know their typical posting times and standard strategies in use. Furthermore, the player hopes that their history in the market will be cleared – such as their stamina for competition etc and indeed the player hopes that it will take a while for the market participants to update their friends list and so give them a free run at being able to post without being noticed.
For example, if previously this player posted every day except Saturday and Wednesday then the player hopes that it will take a while before the market establishes that their new posting alts are also following this pattern. Indeed, the player hopes that all data on their prior posting alts gathered by the Undermine Journal will be lost to history.
And therefore the player hopes to temporarily strengthen their position in the market whilst the other market participants get their act together.
In addition, a player that tries this strategy once is quite likely to try again at a later time - this strategy is quite effective for a short term gain.
. . . . . and tomorrow i will post the strategy to combat this strategy.
for other ideas on the glyph market please follow the link to the free Croda's Inscription Gold Guide
a blog of my experiences and observations of making over 1 million gold in World of Warcraft . . . . . . . . . .Includes the famous free Croda's Inscription Gold Guide
Croda's Inscription Gold Guide - paid version, only $5
Wednesday, 30 November 2011
Hello there stranger! - what is it and what is its purpose?
1 comment:
- Anonymous1 December 2011 at 23:14
seriously, this blog is brilliant. i thought i knew inscritption but i am learning almost every day again. keep it up crodaReplyDelete
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We often say that the digital age is in full swing and that digital is becoming 'the new normal'. Despite the digital possibilities that our society offers these days, use of paper has not decreased. There are even statistics that show a worldwide increase! That we cannot just shove paper to the side has gotten me thinking. It has caused me to make a simple assessment: "Paper vs. Digital."
I went around asking people about the advantages of both paper and digital. I did the same for the disadvantages. I created a list of several of these advantages and disadvantages. I found it incredibly interesting to discover this: Why do some people still use paper whilst others have long since transferred to a digital workplace?
Advantages Paper:
- It is tangible
- Large documents are easier to read on paper
- A note or a signature is conveniently written
- Safe from cybercrime
- Easy to browse and search for something
Advantages Digital:
- Information is always complete
- Information is easy to share with others
- It is a quick method for data processing
- By reducing printing costs, you help improve the environment
- Less time spent searching
- Strong digital security methods for privacy sensitive information
- Saves space
- More efficient
- Ability to work independent of location
Disadvantages Paper:
- Information is often incomplete
- Printing a lot is detrimental to the environment
- It only has a restricted lifespan
- It takes up a lot of space
- More susceptible to error
- No control of who accesses which information
Disadvantages Digital:
- Fear for cybercrime
- Depends on territory; not all countries offer the same facilities and possibilities
- Generation gaps
- Dependent on electricity
- Expensive purchasing of electronic devices
- Often also dependent on internet connection
- No hold on employees; it can sometimes become too flexible
If you look at the items above, it immediately becomes clear that more advantages of going digital can be named than advantages of using paper. And yes, naturally I agree with the advantages of going digital (otherwise I would have chosen the wrong career). What I do find very interesting, is that the advantages of using paper are very much based on emotions and feelings. It is tangible, easy to browse and write down a signature. The advantages of going digital are more focused on results; what can you achieve with it?
In any case, it is good to reflect on; what do you, as a user, really attach value to? For your own work situation but also for the organisation you work for. Maybe a hybrid solution is a good compromise for some organisations. I myself am convinced that you can no longer ignore the digital age. You will have to find your own way in it and support what you attach value to. Those possibilities are in abundance in the digital world!


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|Gousto Recipe Kit*
|Gousto Recipe Cards
|Crispy Mushroom Dal & Coriander Chutney
|Japanese Aubergine Katsu Curry
|Gousto Recipe Kit*
|Gousto Recipe Cards
|Crispy Mushroom Dal & Coriander Chutney
|Japanese Aubergine Katsu Curry
Oh my gosh! This looks incredibly yum. I actually might consider this myself, super quick and easy!
Thanks for the idea & breaking down the recipe!
At the moment there is 50% off your first box and yes, the recipes are broken down so complicated looking meals are actually really easy.Delete
Oh my this looks wonderful. Looks lovely. This looks quick and easy I will definitely look to try this. Thanks you for sharing this.ReplyDelete
The recipe cards even have estimated times on the top. I think the longest to make was the katsu and even then it only took about 45 minutes.Delete
This looks so tasty 😋 I would love to have a bite here! Great place for the weekend also! Happy weekend :)ReplyDelete
Yes these are good if you want to cook on the weekend.Delete
Oh this sounds absolutely perfect! I wish we had things like this here in Finland :D sometimes it's so hard to decide what to cook for dinner haha.ReplyDelete
I bet there are a few meal kit services in Finland. Just look on the internet :)Delete
That looks like such a treat - definitely worth keeping in mind as I'm guilty of playing safe and cooking the same meals week to week.ReplyDelete
Me too. This is what made it so nice as I chose dishes I wouldn't normally consider making.Delete
That looks delicious. I've been dying to try a meal delivery service. I'll have to check one out.ReplyDelete
Well worth it. I think new subscribers can get 50% off at the moment and you can cancel at any time.Delete
I've heard of delivery services before but I've never tried them myself. I'll have to check this one out, it sounds great!
You can get 50% off your first box at the moment so now is the time to try.Delete
I haven't tried any postal recipe kits myself but this looks SO tasty.ReplyDelete
They were! I can see myself make the dal over and over again.Delete
Ooh this sounds amazing! We're always stuck for dinner ideas in my household and seem to eat the same things every week so I might have to check this out!
I know what you mean. This is a really fun way to try new things you might not try otherwise.Delete


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The 9-2X Aero pays tribute to Saab's signature torque heritage with a new 2.5-liter turbo 4-cylinder boxer engine that makes 230 horsepower @ 5,600 rpm and 235 lb. ft of torque @ 3,600 rpm.
The former Linear model will now be called the 2.5i, reflecting the 2.5-liter 4-cylinder engine. This naturally aspirated engine is now rated at 173-hp @ 6,000 rpm, up eight horsepower from last year. Peak torque is slightly adjusted to 166 lb.-ft. @ 4,400 rpm.
The full-time all-wheel drive system, four-wheel disc brakes with ABS and four-speed automatic/five speed manual transmissions remain unchanged.


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It is always such a treat when I have the opportunity to feature a wedding comprised of some of my favorite Atlanta vendors. Kelsey and Brett were married a few weeks ago at a great local spot, The Trolley Barn, with the help of Amy Osaba and Dolci Odille. Both of these ladies are so talented and it is always so fun to see what they come up with. I especially love the paper flower installation which Ashley created for the ceremony…
Photography: Kyle Hale
Flowers: Amy Osaba
Paper Flower Installation: Dolci Odille
To see more images from this lovely wedding, check out Kyle Hale's blog!
Comments (42)
how pretty! where are the wooden table numbers from?
You are too sweet, Emily! What a great suprise to be on the blog today! You are always so good to me. Great job, Ashley & Kyle!
Soooooo beautiful!
love the colors used in this wedding and all the details that made it very unique… have a nice weekend!
Congratulations Kelsey! So, so beautiful…
Awesome photography! Love the composition and use of creative framing! Highly credible work cheers!
It's so beautiful and refined :)
I love these colors.
Love this!! Very unique with the bride in chunky jewelry and the groom not in all black – I think it works great :) And I love the shoes!
The Trolley Barn is very unique and I went to their page. Very nice even, outside in the evening. I love all the floral touches for Kelsey and Brett's wedding and the photographer captured this so well. Congratulations on a beautiful weddings.
I love the flower combination…Though the flowers are simple but still looks elegant ! it is perfectly arranged!
This is totally stunning!! I love the decorations and the flowers – they are to die for :) xxx
Gorgeous wedding! Great photographer! ? it
You had me at "Sweet Trolley Barn Wedding". This is incredible, such divine details that are beautiful yet whimsy.
What a gorgeous feel! I love these.
I love everything about this!
how gorgeous! we wish we had been there:(
anyone know where the bridesmaids dresses are from?
Brett's suit, Kelsey's dress (& necklace) and the bridesmaids dresses are from JCrew. They made the table numbers themselves with a laser cutter.
LOVE! Does anyone know where the stationary is from?
ok those shoes are perfect!! anyone know who makes them?!?!
Oooh those shoes are precisely what I'm looking for for my bridesmaids….anyone know where they can be bought?
Does anyone know where this favors bags came from?
I'm pretty sure the bride made the favor bags.
I'm getting married at the Trolley Barn in April, so you can imagine how excited I was to see these pics. Well done!
omg, that paper flower installation is incredible!!
Friend of mother of the bride and so glad these pics on the web for us to see. Love the flowers and the barn so unique. Ok, she looks like her mom!
The bride made all the stationery (including the favor bags) and the shoes are by Vera Wang.
I am pretty sure that the shoes are Vera Wang Lavender Label. I wanted them too, but they didn't fit in the budget. Totally lovely!
Gorgeous! Does anyone know where the flower/veil are from?
Totally adorable! I love the picture of the groom kissing the bride on the forehead. Too adorable :D
Would the bridebe interested in selling her table numbers? Or at least letting me know how she made them? Gorgeous wedding!
Hi everyone.
I made the table numbers myself out of two layers of 3/4″ birch plywood cut with a CNC (computer numerical control) router and an AutoCAD file that I drew myself. Then they were rubbed with linseed oil. The typeface used is Bodoni Poster.
Brett (groom)
What a beautiful wedding with incredible decorations! Does anyone know what font is used on the favor bags?
I love that paper flower installation- so beautiful! Any chance of Dolcie Odille sharing some of her secrets? I noticed she is a generous contributor to your DIY blogs.
Are the table numbers for sale?
The prettiest wedding I've ever been to!!!
Brett — I absolutely LOVE your table numbers. Any chance you would send me the AutoCAD file?? (firstname.lastname@example.com) We have access to a CNC machine and this is exactly the type of wedding project my fiance would actually enjoy!
Beautiful wedding photography set.
I hope that the bride gets this. I love the stationary. Would love to connect with you since I'm doing our invitations too!
I love all things barn. Thank you so much for sharing this marvelous series of ideas and concepts with us all.
I adore your wedding. I have a soft spot for naturalistic barn-y weddings. Just gorgeous. Love. Thank you.
This is my venue! So excited! Neat to see ideas & how someone else used the space.


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Commericial debt collection scam by Wang Shun of Wuhan Iron & Steel
Date First Reported: March 2012
Primary Name Associated: Wang Shun
Description of Potential Fraud:
Lawyers in Ontario and the U.S. have told us they've received emails from the purported Wang Shun of Wuhan Iron & Steel with regards to a commercial debt litigation scam. For examples of other names attached to this kind of fraud see our Confirmed Fraud Page. For an explanation of how this fraud works see our Fraud Fact Sheet.
Here is the initial email.
From: Liu Mr Wang
Date: Sat, 21 Jan 2012 01:24:02 +0800 (SGT)
Subject: FILE: DEBT COLLECTION CASE.
We want to retain your service for the purpose of debt collection in your jurisdiction Please give us the opportunity to prove our self and we shall provide all document you need to accept our proposal.
Kindly let me know if you can.
Wang Shun
Wuhan Iron & Steel (Group) Corporation.
Qingshan District of Wuhan,
Zip Code: 430080
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
A lawyer who played along with the fraudsters received this counterfeit cheque:
How to handle a real or suspected fraud
If you have been targeted by any of these frauds, please forward any of the emails and supporting documents that you have received to [email protected]
If you suspect you are acting on a matter that might be a fraud, call LAWPRO at 1-800-410-1013 (416-598-5899). We will talk you through the common fraud scenarios we are seeing and help you spot red flags that may indicate you are being duped. This will help you ask appropriate questions of your client to determine if the matter is legitimate or not. If the matter you are acting on turns out to be a fraud and there is a potential claim, we will work with you to prevent the fraud and minimize potential claims costs.
If you have been successfully duped, please immediately notify LAWPRO as there may be a claim against you.
For more immediate updates on fraud and claims prevention, subscribe to the email or RSS feed updates from LAWPRO's AvoidAClaim blog.
Fraud Fact SheetMore fraud prevention information and resources are available on the practicePRO Fraud page, including the Fraud Fact Sheet, a handy reference for lawyers and law firm staff that describes the common frauds and the red flags that can help identify them.


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The best spray tan I ever got was from Benefit. The tan was the perfect shade of believable, and the experience was phenom. Definitely an indulgence I save for special occasions, as it runs about $40 for a full-body spray. That's why I'm swooning over this special deal from Gilt City and Benefit for a trio of beauty services.
- 3 Pack Brows —At Benefit, we look past brow trends and focus on a brow shape that's right for you. A Benefit trained aesthetician will shape your brows using the custom Brow Mapping technique. Gilt City price: $48
- 3 Pack Brazilian Waxes—Benefit's waxing experts will leave your skin silky smooth just in time for that tropical beach vacation. "We're precise, gentle and your bikini's best friend," the team promises. "Stay hair-free and carefree." Gilt City price: $129
- 3 Pack Tanning— Benefit Boutiques airbrush tanning is a round-trip ticket to a gorgeous looking "glow." All shades are completely customizable and services are performed in under ten minutes. Gilt City price: $86
Available in select cities. Participating Benefit Boutiques include:
- Bay Area: Chestnut, Fillmore, Berkeley, Mill Valley, Los Gatos·
- New York: Soho, Rye
- Connecticut: New Canaan, Westport ·
- Chicago: Armitage, Evanston, Southport, Naperville, Damen
- Los Angeles: West 3rd, Montana Avenue
Cheers to Gilt City and Benefit, and a beautiful New Year!


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Jump To: Support > KB > NetManager > Micro5HDD
Adding a 5th drive to a Micro Backup Server
Open front door:
On inside of front door, there are 4 screws marked O.D.D. plus a tool for removing/fitting them:
Remove the 4 screws and fit to the upper holes in the caddy:
Unscrew fingerscrew at back of case and slide top forward:
Feed SATA data lead through rectangular tunnel on left (grey cable in this photo):
Ensuring that the plug is in the right orientation, reach under the main hard drive tray at the front and plug the SATA data lead into the port 1m to the right of the upright battery and behind the white connector:
Pull slack cable through from top so that cable is neat:
Attach SATA power converter to a loose power lead:
Engage drive caddy with slots at front and slide back halfway. Attach SATA power and data connectors:
Push caddy all the way back until the clip at the right of the caddy towards the rear clips into place. Tidy up any slack on the leads so that the lid will be able to slide back on later. Open the front of the caddy and fit the 5th drive:
Poke out black blanking place from lid from behind:
Using a screwdriver, bend the metal blanking plate back and forth at the sides and top/bottom edges until it snaps out:
Carefully slide cover back on and tighten up the thumbwheel at the rear:


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I just completed another weekend hosting a booth at the home and garden show. Having a booth at the home show is another way of marketing our business, to get our name out there and let people know what we do. Home shows typically are places for companies such as builders, landscapers, cabinet makers and anyone who has anything to do with improving your home or garden. So when people pass by our booth and don't see a display of carpeting, cabinets, or cookware, they will ask "what is it that we're peddling?" Our response is, we're a real estate company that specializes in working with real estate investors. We help them find rental property to buy and can manage that property for them. Some people are polite, take our giveaways, some ask more questions and are truly interested in what we have to offer.
Then there are those that get this troubled look and walk away saying they have no interest in being a landlord. They normally walk away quickly and don't give me a chance to talk to them as to why they feel that way. I can only guess they feel that way because they've heard horror stories about being a landlord. Three things come to mind. First, where are they getting these horror stories? Usually they're getting them from unsuccessful landlords. People who got into the business without a good education, probably gave up and got out of the business. Then they spread their horrible experience to anyone who will listen. Second, they're afraid of getting that dreaded call from a tenant late at night or over the weekend with a problem with the plumbing or heating and cooling system or whatever else the tenant thinks is an emergency. My reaction to this is "Really?" Someone is making your mortgage payment, paying your insurance and taxes and an occasional call from that person is a problem? Come on…. they're buying you real estate. The inconvenience is minimal versus the return you're getting. Of course there are ways to minimize problems with your property, but that's for another time. And the last thing that comes to mind is they don't realize that there are companies like us that can manage everything for them from finding tenants to making a property ready for the next tenant and everything in between. That means we get the inconvenient calls, not the property owner. Yup, that's right. Those people who walked away are missing out on an opportunity to invest in real estate without knowing the truth about how to generate income and increase their wealth.
My research indicates that there are around 3,000 landlords in just one of the counties I service. If being a landlord is that bad, what are these people thinking?
Here's to keeping cash flow positive,