text:
- Research
- Open Access
Observer roles that optimise learning in healthcare simulation education: a systematic review
- Stephanie O'Regan1Email author,
- Elizabeth Molloy2,
- Leonie Watterson1 and
- Debra Nestel2
© O'Regan et al 2016
- Received: 30 July 2015
- Accepted: 18 December 2015
- Published: 11 January 2016
Simulation is widely used in health professional education. The convention that learners are actively involved may limit access to this educational method. The aim of this paper is to review the evidence for learning methods that employ directed observation as an alternative to hands-on participation in scenario-based simulation training. We sought studies that included either direct comparison of the learning outcomes of observers with those of active participants or identified factors important for the engagement of observers in simulation. We systematically searched health and education databases and reviewed journals and bibliographies for studies investigating or referring to observer roles in simulation using mannequins, simulated patients or role play simulations. A quality framework was used to rate the studies.
We sought studies that included either direct comparison of the learning outcomes of observers with those of active participants or identified factors important for the engagement of observers in simulation. We systematically searched health and education databases and reviewed journals and bibliographies for studies investigating or referring to observer roles in simulation using mannequins, simulated patients or role play simulations. A quality framework was used to rate the studies.
Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Five studies suggest learning outcomes in observer roles are as good or better than hands-on roles in simulation. Four studies document learner satisfaction in observer roles. Five studies used a tool to guide observers. Eight studies involved observers in the debrief. Learning and satisfaction in observer roles is closely associated with observer tools, learner engagement, role clarity and contribution to the debrief. Learners that valued observer roles described them as affording an overarching view, examination of details from a distance, and meaningful feedback during the debrief. Learners who did not value observer roles described them as passive, or boring when compared to hands-on engagement in the simulation encounter.
Learning outcomes and role satisfaction for observers is improved through learner engagement and the use of observer tools. The value that students attach to observer roles appear contingent on role clarity, use of observer tools, and inclusion of observers' perspectives in the debrief.
- Simulation
- Observer
- Observer role
- Directed observer
- Vicarious learning
There has not been a systematic review of the factors that promote learning in the observer roles in simulation. As more learners are allocated to observer roles there is an imperative to ensure that learning in this role is optimised. This review seeks to synthesise the factors that focus the observers' learning and satisfaction in the role and provide educators with guidance to employing observer roles within their simulations.
Simulation is an effective healthcare teaching strategy [1] and can improve knowledge, skills and behaviours when compared to traditional or no teaching [2]. Simulation conventionally enables learners to physically participate in realistic scenarios replicating real world practice and has been reported as an effective replacement for clinical hours for nursing students [3]. Increasing demand, cohort numbers and access limitations, particularly in professional entry programs has resulted in innovative approaches for learners using simulation. These approaches include role modelling [4, 5], peer and near-peer assisted learning [6–8], and alternative instructional design methods whereby learners are actively directed to observe without hands-on participation [9–11]. We refer to this as the directed observer. When simulation is used appropriately, it improves learning outcomes [2, 12]. However, the evidence supporting learning by observation is less clear.
This review presents evidence supporting directed observation as an educational method and features of this method that lead to positive educational outcomes.
The literature is not always clear on what constitutes observer roles. Here, observer roles are defined as two broad types. First, roles where the learner is external to the simulation. For example, the learner will be watching but not participating in the simulation, either within the simulation area or from an area removed from the simulation. Second, roles where the learner is given a role in the simulation that is not congruent with their professional one. For example, a nursing student could realistically be expected to perform the roles of medication nurse, bedside nurse or documentation nurse in their professional activities. However, they would not be a doctor, social worker or patient relative. In this paper, we describe these roles as 'in-scenario' observer roles. Further, observers are described as having a 'directed observer' role or a 'non-directed' role. A directed observer role would include a specific instructional briefing or use of an observer tool. A non-directed observer watches without specific guidance or objectives. The instructional briefing or observer tool contains information for the directed observer on specific learning objectives, behaviours or activities to consider, points for peer feedback or a checklist to measure against. These specifics would then form part of the debrief.
Search terms
Nurs* or
Simulation or
Learn* or
midwif* or
Patient simulation or
Knowledge or
Medic* or
Manikin* or
Skill* or
doctor or
Mannequin* or
Attitude* or
surgery or
Simulated patient* or
Allied health or
Standardised patient* or
Physiotherap* or
Standardized patient* or
Occupational therap* or
Role play or
Dental or
Actor or
Dentist* or
Acting or
Social work* or
Respiratory therap* or
Dietet* or
Paramedic* or
Observ* or
Aboriginal torres strait
Observ* role or
islander health or
Observational learn* or
Indigen* or
Vicarious learn* or
Inter professional or
Interprofessional or
Intra professional or
Intraprofessional or
Multi disciplin* or
Multidisciplin* or
Multi profession* or
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
Clinicians and students of any health profession
Non health professionals
Undergoing a mannequin or simulated patient based learning experience and
Computer based, skill or part-task trainers, virtual reality, or cadaveric simulation/simulators.
• Examines the role of the observer
• Has an observer role defined as a learner within a scenario not in a clinically congruent role or
• Has an observer role external to scenario participant roles
• Studies which do not explicitly examine the observer role.
• Observers who are not participating in the learning, for example observers for the purpose of research study.
• Expert modelling for learning
Outcome measures
• A direct or indirect change in knowledge, skills, attitudes or behaviours
• Description of behaviours without consideration of any changes in learner behaviour
Peer reviewed papers in the english language from 1980 to October 4th 2014.
• Non peer reviewed publications e.g thesis or reports
• Descriptive papers
• Published texts or books
Summary of selected studies
Research paradigm, design & samplinga
Learner Observation Style
Bell, Pascucci, Fancy, Coleman, Zurakowski and Meyer [24]
Mixed methods
Health professionals from four disciplines (n = 192)
Use of improvisational actors in difficult conversations to teach communication and relational skills to practicing health professional
Non-directed role: no use of observational tool or verbal guidance reported
No difference between observers and hands on learners in: perceived realism; usefulness of actors; usefulness of scenarios; and, opinions on non-actor role play
Post-simulation survey design with qualitative and quantitative analysis
Teaching faculty (n = 33)
Convenience sample
Actors (SP) (n = 10)
Hands on participants (47 %)
Observers (53 %)
Harder, Ross and Paul [25]
Ethnographic stud
Bachelor of Nursing students year 3 (n = 84)
Role assignment within regular simulation session with analysis of experience and perceptions of learning within different role
Non-directed role: no use of observer tool or verbal guidance reported
Students preferred assignment to nursing roles rather than observer or non nursing role
Observational design with focused interview and journal review of selected participants
Participant/observation (n = 84) interview (n = 12)
All participants experienced both roles
Structured role descriptions positively affected learning outcomes
Volunteer sample
journal review (n = 4)
Hober and Bonnel [11]
Bachelor of Nursing "senior" students (n = 50)
Immersive simulation scenarios with students randomly assigned to active or observer roles
Directed observer role: observer tool – educator provided activity guidelines
Observer role beneficial, less stressful
Survey and interview design
Observers (n = 23)
All completed survey
Use of a guided observer tool useful
Convenience sample
hands on learners (n = 27)
Observers interviewed
Able to reflect in action and on action
Kaplan, Abraham and Gary [27]
Bachelor of Nursing "junior" students (n = 92)
Immersive simulation scenarios -
Directed observer role: observer tool -checklist
No difference in knowledge
Randomised groups
Observers (n = 46)
participants self selected roles
Convenience sample
Scenario participants (n = 46)
Unclear whether observers self selected or were assigned
Limited as aggregated post satisfaction survey data
Post scenario knowledge test and satisfaction survey
Lau, Stewart and Fielding [22]
Quasi experimental randomised to roles
Medical students (bilingual) year 1 (n = 160)
Student role plays with comparison of learning between interpreter role play and observer role
Directed observer role: observer tool -checklist
Observers rated post knowledge higher than learners in interpreter role-play
Convenience sample
Self rated pre & post knowledge
Smith, Klaassen, Zimmerman and Cheng [26]
Mixed methods with increasing variables over three years
Bachelor of Nursing "junior" students
Introduction of simulation year 1
Non-directed role: no use of observational tool or verbal guidance reported
No significant difference in learning outcomes, student perceptions or peer evaluations
Introduction non nursing participatory roles year
Convenience sample
year 1 (n = 67)
Introduction non participatory observer roles year 3
year 2 (n = 72)
year 3 (n = 85)
Note only the year 2 and 3 data were included in review
Stegmann, Pilz, Siebeck and Fischer [20]
Medical students (n = 200)
Comparison of participatory role and observer role in simulated patient scenario with and without observation tool
Non-directed and directed observer roles compared: checklists and feedback scripts used
Observational learning (especially if supported by observer script) more effective than learning by doing
Crossover design 2x2x2 pre-test post-test
Stiefel, Bourquin, Layat, Vadot, Bonvin and Berney [23]
Medical students (masters level) (n = 124)
Individual training with simulated patient encounter
Non-directed role: no use of observer tool or verbal guidance reported
Measured outcomes no difference
Randomised into 2 group
Individual training (n = 49) Group training (n = 75) -participated in simulation (n = 14) observed (n = 61)
Group training with simulated patient encounter
Those who observed but did not participate felt they did not meet their learning objectives as well compared to the other 2 groups
Evaluation using instructor rating scale and student questionnaire
Group training with observation of simulated encounter
Convenience sample
Thidemann and Soderhamn [21]
Quasi experimental
Bachelor of Nursing student year 2 (n = 144)
Immersive mannequin simulation with random allocation to groups
Directed observer role: observer tool with specific task focus
Post-test scores higher in all groups independent of rol
Pre - and post-simulation knowledge test and student questionnaire
Four volunteers within each group allocated to participatory and in scenario observer roles – remainder observers (n = 72)
More satisfaction with nurse role
Convenience sample over two consecutive years
Study ratings using Buckley's (modified) criteria
Criteria (Yes, No, Unclear)
Note: rater disagreement shown as two scores
Clear research question
Subject group appropriate for study
Reliable and valid methods (qualitative or quantitative) used
Completeness of data (drop out, questionnaire response rate >60 %, attrition rate <50 %)
Controlled for confounders or acknowledged if non RCT design
Statistical and other analysis methods appropriate
Data justifies the conclusions drawn
Study could be replicated
Prospective study
Relevant ethical issues addressed
Triangulation of data
Total Score/11 (lowest score reported)
Two reviewers (SO, EM) rated the quality of the studies with an inter-rater agreement of 0.94 across 99 data points. Seven studies meeting seven or more criteria as specified by Buckley, were considered high quality studies [14]. There was a wide range of quality with scores from 3 to 11 out of a possible 11. Most common problems encountered were with data completeness, control for confounders, study replicability and addressing ethical issues. Two studies, Stegmann [15] and Thidemann, [16] met all 11 criteria. Two studies, Lau [17] and Stiefel, [18] met six or less criteria. Rater differences are shown in the table as two scores, with the lowest total score reported where there was a discrepancy (Table 4).
Characteristics of included studies
Study Characteristics
Number of Studies
Number of Participants
All studies
Study participants
Medical students
Nursing students
Practicing clinicians
"Psychosocial clinicians"
Medical interpreter
Study settings
Mannequin based simulation (high fidelity simulation - HFS)
Simulated patient (SP)
Actor (improvisation rather than scripted SP)
Role play by participant group
Study design
Post test only (Knowledge)
Pre-test/post-test 1 group
Pre-test/post-test 2 groups
Self-assessment pre-test and post-test
Self-assessment post-test only
Observer role allocation
Self allocation
Skills - technical
Skills - non technical
Learning outcomes by role
Participatory role better than observer
Observer role better than participatory
No difference
Satisfaction by role
Participatory role more valued than observer
Observer role more valued than participatory
No difference in value
Observational tool used
Observer led pairs
Faculty led group debrief
Feedback guide
Eight of the nine studies compared knowledge, skills, attitudes or behaviours between the hands-on role and the observer role [11, 15, 17, 18, 20–22]. Six studies used a pre and post-test design, three of which were self-assessment of improvement in knowledge and/or skills [17–19] and three studies tested knowledge [15, 16, 21]. Two studies examined knowledge in a post-test only design [22] one of which was a self-assessment [20]. Outcomes included knowledge (six), 'non-technical skills' (eight), technical skills (three), attitudes (two) and behaviours (one).
Four studies found no difference in outcomes between the hands-on learners and the observers [11, 16, 19, 22]. Two studies reported superior outcomes in the hands-on group [18, 20] and one study reported better outcomes in the observer group [15]. The study that found superior outcomes for the observer group and three of the four studies that found no difference in outcomes between the hands-on and observer groups [15–17, 22] incorporated an observer tool to guide the observer group. Neither study that demonstrated superior outcomes by the hands-on learners employed an observer tool [18, 20].
Six studies considered the perceived value of the hands-on learner and observer roles to the participants. Two studies reported that participants valued the hands-on roles more than the observer role [18, 20], one study highly valued the observer role [16] and three studies reported no difference in the value of the roles [11, 19, 22]. Two of the three studies with no value difference in roles [11, 22], and the study that valued the observer role highly [16] used an observer tool. The study that valued the hands-on roles higher did not employ an observer tool for the observer group [18]. The observer tools included performance checklists [15, 17, 22], feedback or observation guides [11, 15], or observer role instructional briefing [16]. All studies except Bell [23] documented including observers in the post simulation debrief or feedback.
We sought reported factors that contribute to the optimisation of learning in the observer role. It is clear from this review that the use of observer tools to focus the observer and role clarity are strongly associated with role satisfaction and learning outcomes in observer roles. This finding is supported by Bandura's social learning theory and Kolb's experiential learning cycle and we propose that these form the basis of the directed observer role.
One of the outstanding findings from this review is the association of observer tools with both satisfaction and equal if not better, learning outcomes in observer roles. The use of these tools may move observers from simply watching to actively observing. The activation of observers allows those in that role to experience the satisfaction and learning normally associated with hands-on experience. Simulation is described by Dieckmann et al as a social practice where people interact with each other in a goal orientated fashion [24]. The observer tool provides this necessary goal orientation for observer roles. Directed observers are focused on the learning objectives of the simulation.
This is explained by Bandura's social learning theory, which proposes that virtually all learning acquired experientially could also be acquired on "a vicarious basis through observation of other people's behaviour and its consequences for them" [25]. Through observation learners can build behaviours without trial and error, experience emotions by watching others and resolve fears through other's experience. Bandura describes this as a process of attention, retention, reproduction and motivation [25]. Bethards reports on a program where "simulation experiences are designed around the observer role using the four component processes of Bandura's observational learning construct" [26]. They postulate that this provides all their learners, regardless of role, the same opportunities to achieve the learning objectives [26].
Vicarious learning requires active listening, reflective thinking and situational engagement [27]. Nehls describes this in the context of narratives; lived experiences shared for the purpose of learning [27]. The addition of "active watching" to Nehls' definition fits well in the simulation context. In a review of vicarious learning, Roberts concludes that vicarious learning occurs during story telling and discourse, and may require a teacher to help find meaning [28]. In the context of scenario-based simulation the story is the scenario or case; active listening and watching is engaged with the use of tools or tasks and the reflective facilitated discussion is the debriefing. It seems important that for optimal learning to occur, observers be engaged in all aspects including the debrief.
Experiential learning is viewed as fundamental to simulation and clinical practice [29, 30] and the theoretical foundations of simulation are commonly described in terms of Kolb's experiential learning cycle [29]. Kolb proposes a cycle of concrete experiences which on reflection are distilled into abstract concepts that can then provide the basis for future actions and further testing [31]. Kolb stresses that this is an unending cycle and educators need to be aware that learners have a preference for, and may enter at different stages of the experiential learning cycle, but need to be moved through the entire process. A dangerous presumption for educators and learners alike is that concrete experience requires hands-on participation. Vicarious learning theory and Kolb's experiential learning cycle form the theoretical basis for directed observation.
It seems that observers with the appropriate tools can benefit vicariously from the experience of the hands-on learners. Simulation is a facsimile of the clinical environment so the findings here may also translate to observation in similar clinical practice situations. This directed observer role is different to indirect workplace learning described by Le Clus, where the emphasis is on observers seeking learning to meet their personal needs [32]. However, the concept of observer learning as a social practice aligns with both [24, 32].
Stegmann reports better outcomes from observers preparing to provide feedback than those completing a checklist or in a hands-on role [15]. The impending 'debrief' where observers have an expectation that they will be asked to contribute their opinions about the encounter may sharpen the focus of their observations. Bandura describes this as an external motivator [25]. This 'heightened state' may mean observers are more likely to engage in standards of practice required for the simulation (for example, measures of good communication) and consider how the simulation participant's performance measures up to this standard. Thidemann used reporting on standards of practice in her directed observer role guidelines [16].
The learners who did not value observer roles as highly as a hands-on role described observer roles as passive, or boring [20]. They were not fully engaged in the learning process. Emotional engagement in simulation is connected to the feeling of relevance of the scenario to the goals of the session [24]. Lack of goal direction may have prevented observer engagement. It is not clear whether there is an optimal level of activation for learning in observer roles or whether it differs between learners. Learners that valued observer roles described it as being less stressful and providing them the opportunity to see the big picture, examine details from a distance, and provide meaningful feedback to the team [11]. Stress decompression, a feature of debriefing frameworks, is necessary for reflection [30, 33].
The ability to reflect is important in the provision of feedback. An understanding of performance requirements and a judgement regarding the observed performance and its relationship to the standard is required before bridging strategies can be formulated [34]. In directed observer roles, information was provided in the form of the observer tool (e.g. checklist) defining the standards and/or objectives for the learners. The directed observers were able to use these tools to observe, reflect upon and formulate their peer feedback for the debrief.
In-scenario observers, that is non-clinical or other professional roles within the scenario, reported that lack of scripts or clear direction detracted from the act of observation because of anxiety regarding role performance requirements [20]. These aspects of role fidelity have been identified as a barrier to student satisfaction with role play [35]. The other studies that used non-clinical or other non-congruent professional roles viewed these learners as hands-on participants and did not include specific findings for these in-scenario observer roles [17, 20, 21]. Thidemann commented that the nursing roles in their scenarios were the most preferred roles [16]. The lack of clarity in the separation between professionally congruent and incongruent hand-on roles in these studies prevents drawing any real conclusions from the data. In a report of a large study for the National League of Nurses Jefferies and Rizzola 1 concluded that whilst knowledge and self-confidence were unrelated to role allocation, there was a perceived lack of collaboration in the observer role and there was a responsibility for educators to provide structure for this to occur [9].
While learners have assessed the value of observer roles, there has not been a published assessment of the value placed upon observer roles in simulation by educators or facilitators. Use of observer tools or activities and the active involvement of observers in the post-scenario debrief could be considered an indirect indication of the value educators place on learning in observer roles.
It is also unclear as to whether there is a group of learners better suited to learning through observation than learning through hands-on participation in the simulation. Whilst most of the studies used role allocation, one study [20] had a portion of study participants who either self allocated or worked through the case as a group without assigned roles. There was confusion amongst the students in this study as to which roles were considered to be observers; for example some students viewed the documentation nurse as an observer role while others viewed it as a hands-on role. No studies examined whether self-allocation to roles would result in better learning outcomes. The reasons behind self-allocation were also not examined and may be worthy of further study.
An important area for further study includes establishing educator perceived value of observational roles, and the potential impact of these perceptions on simulation education design and orientation of learners to roles within the scenarios. Activation and emotional engagement in the observer role has also not been explored, and provides future research potential.
This review examines one small area of observational learning within scenario-based simulation. Skills training, which is often taught in groups was not included. Also excluded were non peer-reviewed reports, including a major study of more than 400 nurses [9]. This report did however inform the discussion. We also narrowly defined simulation modalities excluding virtual reality simulations where there is even more blurring of boundaries between hands-on participants and observer roles. In some studies it was unclear how the authors defined the in-scenario roles. Reporting of observer roles was in some cases a secondary finding. Lack of clarity may have biased findings. The small number of included papers also limits the conclusions.
Learning outcomes for participants and observers in simulation can have value if all roles involve active learning either through hands-on roles within the simulation, or through use of tools to facilitate active observer learning. The value that students attach to observer roles seems to be related to the value educators place on them as evidenced through role briefing, use of observer tools to hone judgement of performance compared to standards, and inclusion of observers' perspectives in debriefing.
This study was not included, as it did not meet the inclusion criteria of peer-reviewed publication however the findings are important and inform the discussion (see study limitations).
There are no other acknowledgments to be made for this manuscript. The authors received no external funding for the data collection or preparation of this manuscript.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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text:
Money is an important source for living to everyone. It is that much important as breathe.
Financial Budgeting Worksheets
This is the reason why every person earns to make his life more stylish and full of all necessities through which he can enjoy it until last. However, most of the people, who are having few income but large spending not make this possible because of which they have to face various troubles. There are some financial budgeting worksheets, working on which can provide better results to them especially to middle class families. These points are listed below:
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2. Monthly Report Worksheet: After knowing about the expenses in a month, it is easy to fill the monthly budget of a month. This sheet requires you to record the monthly income, which will come from family members. In this sheet, the income will be recorded along with the expenses, which will occur under the 30 days period. After subtracting expenses in total from the total income, it goes easier for a person to know either he is going in surplus or in deficit.
3. Monthly Worksheet: Create a monthly budget of two, previous month and for the coming month. Through this way, note down all the incomes and expenses happened during the last month to know you exact position and then note down the incomes from the next month. Then note down all the necessary expenses, which are coming to arise in this month. Through this way, you can cut short to some those expenses, which are not of great importance. It could provide a better stability to savings, which will be beneficial for future.
Through these simple ways, you can create financial budgeting worksheets, which will be effective to you to provide better knowledge about your income and expenses. These financial budgeting worksheets also help a person to know the savings, which is arising from the income. It would provide immense pleasure to him when he will see that your rate of savings is rising through this reason and expenses are going down. Many families implemented this rule to balance their income-expenses-saving ratio.

subset: commoncrawl


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With 120 million raised over twenty years the AmfAR Gala {a foundation dedicated to ending global aids} was held in Cannes this year. This mega gala saw mega celebrities and models dressed in new and vintage pieces. To see all the photos go to style, below are my favorites of the bunch.
Source {style, harpersbazaar}


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3 Story Cape Town Contemporary Residence by SAOTA
Posted By Ian Rebello
Oct 18, 2012
Category: Living
The design team at SAOTA – Stefan Antoni Olmesdahl Truen Architects have become known over the years as to the go to firm when it comes to high end luxury properties. The Cape Town based studio has once again delivered with their Glen 2961 Residence.
Working in collaboration with the team at Three 14 Architects, the two have recently finished up the final details on these three story contemporary residence residing in Cape Town, South Africa. Although the home is beautiful inside out, it's the views of the rolling hills that really seals the deal.


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Michael A. Wilson, 58, Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, pled guilty to bank fraud. In November 2009, multiple indictments were returned by a federal grand jury against thirteen defendants, including Wilson, on a variety of mortgage and loan fraud charges arising out of the collapse of Desert Sun Development ("DSD"), a commercial and residential construction company headquartered in Bend, Oregon. Wilson's sentencing is set for June 28, 2010.
As previously reported on Mortgage Fraud Blog, in December 2006, Wilson moved from South Carolina to Bend, Oregon where he joined DSD as a construction superintendent. In 2007, while working for DSD, Wilson fraudulently obtained two loans in his wife's name as her attorney-in-fact for the purchase and refinance of a DSD constructed home. To close the first loan to purchase the home for $530,000, DSD principals provided a cashier's check for approximately $112,000 at closing, falsely claiming that it was Wilson's money.
Shortly thereafter Wilson sought to refinance the loan. To qualify for the refinance, Wilson was required to show that he had at least $47,000 in his bank account. Because he did not have sufficient funds of his own, DSD principals temporarily deposited DSD money into his account to make it falsely appear that he did. A letter was drafted at DSD to falsely explain that the origin of the $47,000 deposit was Wilson's semi-annual bonus from DSD. Wilson signed the letter as his wife. Additionally, Wilson signed a loan application on behalf of his wife, falsely asserting that she had worked for DSD for the past two years, earning $15,000 per month. Based on these fraudulent documents, the bank approved a loan for $500,000, but required that Wilson bring $42,000 of his own money to closing. Not having the money, Wilson again used DSD money for that purpose.
Relying, in part, on the aforementioned fraudulent documents, banks approved and funded the loans for Wilson's home. Wilson was unable to make the monthly mortgage payments and defaulted. The bank foreclosed and took possession of the residence. The current loss associated with Wilson's conduct is approximately $360,000.
Bank fraud carries a maximum sentence of up to 30 years in prison and a $1,000,000 fine. This investigation was conducted by the FBI, the Internal Revenue Service – Criminal Investigation, and the Oregon Division of Finance and Securities. The case was prosecuted by Assistant U. S. Attorney Scott Bradford.


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Holy Frijoles!
By Stacey Nosek | Pajiba Love | September 21, 2009 |
By Stacey Nosek | Pajiba Love | September 21, 2009 |
Oh, you know, it's nothing but Emmys this and Emmys that this morning. So without further ado, here's the best of the 2009 Emmys fashion. (Yeeeah!)
And because they are awesome, here is an entire post devoted to Christina Hendricks' and her rack, which both respectively looked fantastic at the Emmys. (DListed)
For some reason Jay Leno brought Mel Gibson on his show, (I mean, has he even done anything lately?) and Mel's still got it. And by "it" I mean the drunkies and crazies. (Celebitchy)
And in other drunkey has-been news, David Hasselhoff made another failed attempt at drinking himself to death this weekend. (Webster's)
Here's a first look at the A-Team van from the upcoming new A-Team movie, and you'll be pleased to see that they didn't 2009 it all up. (Atomic Popcorn)
Maybe Diablo Cody isn't to blame for the failure of Jennifer's Body. But she is to blame for stunt-casting that vapid hunk of breasts and cardboard to star in it. (Agent Bedhead)
It only took three shitty Pirates of the Caribbean movies for Johnny Depp to figure out that a fourth one might just be in poor taste. (Film Drunk)
In weird-ass music collaboration news: The Black Keys are producing a hip-hop album featuring Rza, Raekwon, Mos Def, Jim Jones, Pharoah Monch, Q-tip, Ludacris, ODB, Billy Danze of M.O.P., Noe and Nikki Wray. (TMITM)
Remember back in the quaint days of the 80's, before myspace was invented, when sexual predators actually had to drive around in their cars to lure unsuspecting kids into their clutches? (FourFour)
The movie posters for Fantastic Mr. Fox have been released, and they're quirky and adorable and are really making me excited about the movie. (Gordon and the Whale)
You'd think a fast food franchise that has menu items such as Diet Cherry Limeade and "Frito Pies" could do no wrong, but Sonic has failed to impress with its croissant/BLT sandwich. (Impulsive Buy)
It is just way too damn early in the day/week/month/year/whatever you want to say for Pokemon maxi pads. (Topless Robot)
It's been awhile since I grossed you guys out with something "brain foot" or "flesh cheeto" related, so here's a lady who had her tooth implanted in her eyeball. Because she was blind, obviously. (Zelda Lily)
If you think about it, in a society where birth control is so readily available and easy to procure, it's kind of amazing that a website like this even exists. (WTFDYHAK)
This video is probably only going to be funny to the handful of you who saw the "Allison" episode of "Intervention," about the chick who huffs computer duster:
Pajiba Love brought to you by Stacey Nosek, who can be reached via email here.


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4.30.07: The stomach flu interrupts "the plan"
Last Monday--the day after Easter--I stepped on the scale to see a number I hadn't seen in two years: 147. That is, roughly speaking, my pre-baby weight (on a bad day, it's true--say, peak-PMS, immediately after a Starbucks Venti Frappacino with two muffins under my belt and wearing a very clunky pair of clogs).
So why wasn't I smiling? Because I had achieved this weight only suffering the brutal purgative effects of the stomach virus, the kind that had me nailed to the toilet, clutching the trashcan and crying out for my own mommy.
I stared at this "magic" number--one I'd been longing to see, worked so hard to achieve--then shuffled back to my bed to resume the fetal position. Ultimately, I'd done it the hard way. I knew it wouldn't, couldn't last (unless I could manage to maintain this level of dehydration, an idea I entertained briefly before passing out).
The baby has stayed healthy, thank goodness, as had my husband. But this "bug," whatever it is, seems to have its fangs sunk in deep and is busily sucking the life force out of me entirely. A week later, I'm still exhausted, dizzy, nauseous...unable to eat anything that's not white and made entirely of highly processed carbs.
Suffice to say I haven't been to the gym; I've barely been able to make it up and down the stairs. Caring for Truman has been my sole form of exercise, though I can report that I'm so depleted that I'm able to get my heart rate up to target range by simply changing a diaper. Shaking up a bottle of formula requires a cool down period; I have to pep talk myself into giving the baby a bath. (My own personal hygiene is taking a holiday.)
This feels like interruption # 256 to my diet and exercise "plan." In fact, there's less plan than interruption at this point. Even thinking about it makes me feel...well, tired, dizzy, and nauseous. So I won't; I'll wait. And know that once I feel better--and I WILL feel better--I can get back to the gym, and back to the complex carbohydrates, and back to the plan. Then maybe I can get that scale down to 147 for real--or maybe even a little less (a girl can dream).
Hillari Dowdle will fit back into her favorite pants one of these days. Check this column every week, and you will no doubt be among the first to read all about it!


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Hey there, I'm Scott Michael Wagstaff (Just call me Scott). I'm an actor!
Lets face it, these things are never too easy to write but they gotta be done! So if you're actually reading this then you must have some interest in me! *blushes* aww shucks! I'm not going to give you the classic, I've been a performer all my life (even though I so have!) instead I'll give you some fun facts! I'm originally from Wolverhampton, if you've ever watched Peaky Blinders then you'll know where I mean, and no I don't naturally speak that way but if you need me to then that's a piece of cake!
I can sing and dance as well as act (wahey!) so whoever is making the next LaLa land I'm available! Primarily my acting career has revolved around the glorious wonder that is film, there has been some TV of late which has been so awesome to be a part of.
Some things you may have seen me in are BBC Doctors, The Time Of Their Lives & Pendulum.
It was really a great pleasure working with Scott. He brought intelligence & empathy to the part & lifted it from the page to a breathing character beautifully
- David Lewis Richardson, BBC Director
What would you cast me as I hear you ask? Well I'm so glad you asked! Here's a few types that might float your boat when looking at me for roles: Solider, Cop, Mafioso, Quirky Best Friend, Unsuspected Serial Killer, Gym Goer, Dad, Tech Guy, Office Worker, Hacker, Doctor.
Some adjectives people have thrown at me about my acting essence include: Troubled, Serious, Intense, Smart, Misunderstood, Depressed, Quiet, Nerdy, Shy, Down On His Luck, Unassuming.
I make films too, yes an acting hyphenate, one of those dudes! Why do I do it? To keep acting more than normal and to tell stories I truly wish to tell with a message I wish for audiences to hear loud and clear, the fun ones and the deep ones - don't get me wrong, I absolutely want to tell yours with as much heart as I tell mine for sure!
If you want to know about my singing voice then I'm a High Baritone, a good belter and have a bit of a Rock type tone going on - love filling the lungs with Bohemian Rhapsody!
Right that's about does it! Hope you enjoy the rest of the site (pssst watch my reel!) and thanks for stopping by.


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Our Unique Approach to Your Landscaping Needs
Do you need a landscaping expert with knowledge of Utah landscaping design? Do you need someone to help you realize the vision you have for your back yard or property space? At All States Landscaping we have been beautifying Utah yards for over 25 and offer the services of a professional SLC landscaping architect.
We approach every job with an individual plan. First, our landscaping architect will consult with you to learn more about what you'd like to see in your space and what needs you have for your Utah yard. The architect will then draw out the yard in detail for your consideration, helping you visualize the transformation of your space. By providing a free estimate and design plan we believe you'll have the information you need to make your choice.
The design for each yard is also unique. We know that no two yards are alike and the design should be individual to you and your needs. Because we're an established landscaping Salt Lake City Utah company, we know how to implement a number of beautiful solutions for your home. Here are some popular solutions we've addressed for other customers:
- Which plants do well in the Utah environment with very little water?
- Which plants will make the entire backyard smell wonderful?
- How can I get a variety of plants, shrubs and trees that leave something blooming in every season?
- What can I do to attract birds, butterflies and hummingbirds?
- I want custom garden boxes with sprinkler systems for easy maintenance.
- I want a low maintenance lawn that requires little water.
- I'd like a stepping stone path, gravel, bark and waterfall effects in my yard.
- I need a retaining wall to prevent erosion but still want it to make a statement.
- I want an outside fireplace with custom brick seating for entertaining.
While we may not be the lowest bid on your project, we provide the best value for your money. We have been one of the premier landscaping businesses in Utah for many years and have won awards. All States Landscaping also has a full time staff and equipment to make sure there are no delays or interruptions on your job. We do everything possible to minimize interruptions to your daily life and guarantee excellent results.
We specialize in everything from backyard retreats and outdoor entertainment to low-maintenance lawns for the kids to play. We know that the best Utah yards are unique, meet your needs and create a relaxing setting for friends and family. Contact us today to get a free estimate and design plan of your property and learn more about the services we have to offer.


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Michelle Lanier
Lecturing Fellow
Michelle Lanier, director of North Carolina's African American Heritage Commission, has been an instructor at CDS since 2000. She uses her background as an oral historian and folklorist to connect communities around personal narratives and cultural expression. She has traveled to Panama and Ghana to document African Diaspora funerary traditions, and her ethnographic work in a South Carolina Gullah community led to her role as a liaison to the Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor. Growing up in a family that includes veterans of five American wars has inspired her current work in training students to collect veterans' narratives.


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So, you want to monetize your app? Do you feel like ads are an effective monetization solution for you? Do you know how to give your users a great user experience while maximizing your revenue? There are more and more factors that come into play in app monetization, and with these tips we'll make sure you are always at the top of your game!
#1 Choose the right format
There are 5 common mobile ad formats: banners, interstitials, native ads, video, and rich media. Which ads are right for your app? Different ad formats will work better depending if you have a game app, news app, or utility app. But, there's no perfect recipe. To choose the right ads for your app, you need to test a variety of formats and be open to new ones. Just make sure not to be too fast and loose with the number of ads you use, so you don't lose any of your valuable users due to an overly aggressive ad strategy.
#2 Customize formats to your audience
The way in which you present your ads and the type of ads you choose can have a significant impact on both your wallet and user experience. The key is to be audience-focused and know who your users are. It is important to take into consideration their age, gender, location, and so on. For example, if you find that men are active in your app for longer periods of time, and women are harder to reach and use the app more infrequently, maybe you need to be more careful with your use of ads towards women. Showing native ads, which usually shows a better user experience, for female users, might be a smarter way to monetize. Whereas with your male users you have more flexibility and can sample a larger variety of ads and formats with more frequency.
#3 Know the right timing and placement for ads
When a user opens an app, they have a certain goal that they want to accomplish, whether it be reading an article, playing a game, or ordering a taxi. As an app developer, what you need to understand is how to help them achieve their goal while still presenting your ads. Timing is essential. It's best to show the ad when your users are ready for it, such as when they are switching levels in a game, once they have completed their task, or while they're browsing the app. The ad will have a higher click through rate since the user's initial goal has already been accomplished.
#4 To use or not use competitor ads?
Should you allow competitors to run their ads on your app? The better question you need to ask is will your users continue to use your app, if they are also exposed to your competitors? The answer varies depending on the type of app you have. For example, when it comes to dating apps, singles tend to have multiple dating apps to increase their chances of finding a match. So, in that case, if you own this kind of app, it shouldn't affect your user retention rate and you can only gain from such a move. However, for a game app, it can make a difference, as a user tends to get sucked into a single game for a period of time. The bottom line is to know your users, their behavior, and what suits your app the best.
#5 Refresh time
Another factor, often overlooked when building a monetization strategy, is refresh time. Using ad refresh can be an effective way to grow your revenue, since the practice of refreshing ads can increase the number of ads shown to a specific user, and result in higher revenue. However, you don't want to refresh too quickly. If you refresh after five seconds, the user doesn't have enough time to really see the ad and engage with it, and this will eventually lead to a drop in CPM. A refresh time of 30-45 seconds is considered optimal, but only you can determine the right balance for your users.
As you can see, a lot goes into making sure your app monetization strategy is as successful as possible. But if you follow these tips, you are well on your way!


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I am back in Nashville writing, moving and I feel like transition is here. There is a manic awareness I can sense in my life and that feeling is all musical. As most people already know I am splitting between two towns and two genre's of music jazz and indy-folk music. I don't see much of a difference between what I write and the jazz I sing because to me music is music and it is short lived unless adopted somehow or another, but I am very happy that lovely folky phrasing and simple guitar seems to come out of me. Plus, every once in a while I like to hear mandolins and slide guitars in my life which generally are found in country and definitely in Nashville, but however instrumented the music is malleable and writing it happens to me a lot. I personally like my music free of boundaries and released from structure and a jazz life helps in that arena! Particularly when I've written a song that "should" sound a certain way and I become really attached to it then I can always give it to jazz players and it flips on it's head. To me a great song can be played any way you want and that's what makes being an artist so much fun. I'm trying to rethink some of my tunes. It stretches my ears and my heart when I can write something and hear it first the way I wrote it which is always so bare and then allow others to make it theirs with me.
Track Sampler
Upcoming shows
No shows booked at the moment.
Contact InformationEmail: email@example.com


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Wallingford Registrar of Voters Office 203-294-2125
If you are a U.S. Citizen, are at least 17, and have a valid CT Drivers License, you may now register to vote on-line at: www.govote.ct.govIf you are already registered, you may also change your address if you have moved, change your name if married or divorced, or change your party affiliation.
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Wallingford Town Hall 45 South Main Street, Wallingford, CT 06492
© 2008-2019 All rights reserved. Town of Wallingford Connecticut.
DISCLAIMER: This is the official home page for the Town of Wallingford, Connecticut. All others are not endorsed by the Town and cannot be presumed to have official or reliable information. While we make every effort to include accurate and up-to-date information, the Town of Wallingford accepts no legal responsibility for the information provided or found as a consequence of this service nor for any loss or damage resulting from this information.


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Congresswoman Nita Lowey (Rockland/Westchester) voiced strong opposition to the appointment of Steve Bannon as his chief White House strategist and senior counselor.
"This is a tenuous time in our country following a historic election that split the popular vote from the electoral college. If President-elect Trump wants to fulfill his promise of being a leader for all Americans, he must refrain from dividing us any further," Lowey said in a statement. "That is why I am profoundly concerned that one of the President-elect's first appointments is Steve Bannon, a well-known supporter of alt-right, extremist ideology including white nationalism and anti-Semitism."
Bannon served as a Naval officer and a Goldman Sachs investment banker before taking over the politically conservative Breitbart News Network. He became chief executive officer of the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump in August.
Bannon was accused of anti-semetic sentiment by his ex-wife in court documents dating back to 2007. Bannon has denied the allegations.
"In the last week, we've already seen reports of rising vandalism and intimidation across the country including swastikas graffitied on schools and sidewalks – even in my own district on the Bronx River bike path. Not only is such behavior unacceptable, it must be universally denounced and stopped," Lowey said. "It is my sincere hope that the President-elect will recognize that words matter and do everything in his power to combat anti-Semitism, intolerance, and bigotry, including by replacing Bannon with a qualified candidate."
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In the occasion of 84.Pitti Immagine Bimbo we are proud to announce the new edition of the brand project, unduetrestella DESIGN WEEK, that will take place in Milano from 4th to 9th April during 2017 Design Week.
Art, design and creativity are the key players of unduetrestella DESIGN WEEK, unduetrestella deeply perseveres to show the most interesting design ways and creative solutions to live and grow with kids, but first of all to be kids.
During this unduetrestella DESIGN WEEK's exhibition, hosted in the KidZ FIZZ area (Padiglione Medici) we are happy to talk and present projects and companies that interpret design not only as an esthetic but also a functional solution to grow.
The 2017 claim is Don't stop to emphasize the strength and power of childhood along with the responsibilities of us, adults to teach children to grow up and live in this contemporary world.
It is an honour to have with us CUCULA Refugees Company for Crafts and Design from Berlin. At Pitti Bimbo we present their Bambino chair.
We are happy to host for the first time Ever Life Design, beautiful challenge from historic Thermomat company that wants to turn the bathroom into a place in which to live with young children, adults and older people with their needs to be solved.
For the first time in Italy Polish Pani Pieska brand, a small family company, with its collection of adorable characters and animals, all handmade in a little workshop in the mountains of Bieszczady.
We are proud to present new Italian brand Babau Lab, speaking to children observing, imagining and creating educational and interactive toys.
Also the ceramics by Paola Pezza can change the world for their delicacy and poetry.
Big news is the "mini" version of the famous Italian brand Pijama that presents its new collection of schoolbags and backpacks for kids with the summer collection 2017 fabrics.
Alicucio, Nidi, Ocarina mp3, Puella Petite and Studio delle Alpi are still cohoperating and growing with us with new projects and products.
For the first time Puella Petite presents a selection of her last collection for little girls.
Since two years, unduetrestella DESIGN WEEK reinforces the cooperation with the stroller brand Joolz.
Also for this edition unduetrestella DESIGN WEEK hosts the Japanese MT masking tape with a site-specific installation.
Thanks to Linea MammaBaby that supports the event. For 84.Pitti Immagine Bimbo the brand presents four new products: Intimo Baby - Baby Intimate Hygiene Foam, Sole Baby 30 - Sunscreen SPF 30, Sole Baby 50 - Sunscreen SPF 50+ and Dopo Sole Baby - After Sun Lotion.
Alicucio (I) alicucio.com, Babau Lab (I) babaulab.com, CUCULA (D) cucula.org, Ever Life Design (I) everlifedesign.it, Joolz (NL) my-joolz.it, Linea MammaBaby (I) lineamammababy.com, MT masking Tape (JP)nastrimt.com, Nidi (I) nidi.it, Ocarina mp3 (I) ocarinamp3.com, Pani Pieska (PL) panipieska.com, Paola Pezza (Italia) instagram.com/paolapezza, Pijama (Italia) pijama.it, Puella Petite (I) puella.it, Studio delle Alpi (LU)studiodellealpi.com, TocTocLAB (I) toctoclab.it


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Press Release
Dell EMC Showcases Storage Solutions that Empower Media Professionals to Create, Manage and Deliver Content at NAB Show 2017
Latest innovations from Dell EMC and its community of collaborative partners include first-ever look at best-of-breed solutions for media and entertainment workflows and next-generation content delivery
Dell EMC announces it will showcase, for the first time ever, a comprehensive suite of storage solutions, including its Isilon All-Flash and Elastic Cloud Storage (ECS) platforms for television broadcasters, content creators and content delivery providers, at NAB Show 2017.
As technologies that enhance the viewing experience continue to emerge, including higher frame rates and resolutions, high dynamic range (HDR) and wide color gamut (WCG), underlying storage infrastructures must effectively scale to keep up with expanding performance requirements. Further, the broadcast and media industries are under pressure to manage the exponential growth of content, demand for multiplatform content delivery, rigorous global production schedules and transition to all-IP media operations.
A longtime trusted storage provider for the media and entertainment industry, Dell EMC and its established network of partners will demonstrate the latest technology that helps media professionals keep pace with increasing demands for storage capacity, collaboration, faster file access and operational efficiencies.
Dell EMC is streamlining the customer experience at its booth this year. NAB attendees ranging from content creators, workflow wizards and streaming experts will be able to see the following demonstrations in Dell EMC's Create, Manage and Deliver Solution Zones in Booth #SL9111:
- Create Solution Zone – For the people who are passionate about creating content Dell EMC will be showcasing something fast and something new with Dell EMC's Precision Workstations and the new All-Flash Isilon. NAB attendees will see demonstrations of high speed uncompressed 4K editing with Dell EMC's partner Autodesk and compressed 4K multi-stream editing with Adobe® Premiere® Pro CC, part of Adobe Creative Cloud®.
- Manage Solution Zone – Together with its partner Brevity, Dell EMC will demonstrate workflow enhancements using cloud protocols such as S3, enhancing workflows such as high-speed transfers and transcoding to object-based storage. Both demonstrations are based on Dell EMC's Elastic Cloud Storage (ECS), which is the first step to on premise cloud storage.
- Deliver Solution Zone – Dell EMC will discuss how to create scalable on premise or hybrid cloud IPTV/OTT platforms. Partnering with a leading application vendor and leveraging Dell EMC's All-Flash Isilon as the center of an IPTV/OTT workflow, Dell EMC will demonstrate next-generation content delivery models, from UHD & 4K to VR/360TV.
Dell EMC enables thousands of organizations from the media and entertainment industry to transform their operations by simplifying the creation, delivery and archiving of digital media assets – organizations like Lightstorm Entertainment. Costumers from all corners of the industry - Post-production, animation, visual effects, broadcast, Pay TV and Subscription Video on Demand rely on Dell EMC solutions to assist with content creation, management and delivery.
In related news, Dell unveiled the latest additions to its innovative, industry-leading monitor portfolio, including the company's first UHD Alliance-certified for HDR10 display.
Dell EMC and Dell will be exhibiting at NAB Show in booth #SL9111 in the South Hall of the Las Vegas Convention Center. The exhibition will feature storage solutions for content creators, television broadcasters and content delivery providers. The 2017 NAB Show is the world's largest electronic media show covering the creation, management and delivery of content across all platforms. With 103,000 attendees from 166 countries and 1,700+ exhibitors, NAB Show is the ultimate marketplace for digital media and entertainment.
Tom Burns, CTO of Media and Entertainment, Dell EMC
"We're thrilled to return to NAB to showcase our high-performing IT foundation for media and entertainment workflows so that the media industry can create, manage and deliver their best work. We look forward to collaborating with our customers, partners and media organizations to uncover new opportunities for media monetization and growing market share."
Boromy Ung, Vice President, News, Grass Valley, a Belden Brand
"Broadcasters are under growing pressure to be more agile and respond more quickly in order to attract and keep viewers. As a result, they are increasingly leveraging compute resources such as the cloud and virtualization, which provide flexibility, efficiency and cost-effectiveness. We have collaborated for many years with Dell EMC to integrate our products with its Isilon storage solutions, which offer our joint customers a scalable and reliable storage infrastructure that effectively supports applications such as playout and news production."
Will Harris, Flame Family Product Manager, Autodesk
"Consumers have come to expect higher quality visual effects, higher resolution formats and cinematic quality for all of their content, which is both an opportunity and a challenge for content creators. The powerful combination of our flagship Flame software with the Isilon All-Flash scale-out node to the Isilon family, makes real-time VFX and compositing at 4K and beyond a reality. We're looking forward to joining Dell EMC at NAB this year to showcase our combined solutions for artists, animators and editors that enable high-performance content creation with enterprise-class media protection, scalability and resiliency features."
About Dell EMC
, a part of , enables organizations to modernize, automate and transform their using industry-leading , servers, and data protection technologies. This provides a trusted foundation for businesses to transform IT, through the creation of a , and transform their business through the creation of cloud-native applications and solutions. Dell EMC services customers across 180 countries – including 98 percent of the Fortune 500 – with the industry's most comprehensive and innovative portfolio from edge to core to cloud.
Press Contacts
Megan Lane


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I never considered myself a hormonal person and yet on turning 40, after a period of sustained stress and ill health, I developed over the following years many of the symptoms on the list above.
Prior to being diagnosed as coeliac in my late 30's I had always been healthy and relatively stable in attitude – how was I now on this emotional rollercoaster?
I had experienced anxiety during my relationship breakdown and was unsettled to find similar symptoms had become a bit of a feature in my life. It seemed to take much of my energy to manage feelings and continue to function.
In a busy stage of life with young children, I put the tiredness, poor memory and anxious thoughts down to the juggling challenges of parenthood, particularly as a single parent.
I spent months trying establish what was happening within my body to cause me to feel like I did…
With increased night sweats and mood swings I tried all kinds of dietary and alternative supplements, spoke to friends, colleagues, read, googled and sought support from my Gp. After some blood tests I was a bit shocked, but relieved, to be diagnosed as menopausal.
The concept was okay, I'd had children, but the symptons were much more tricky!
Heading into the menopause early, I was really unprepared! Why was this happening after sailing relatively unscathed through puberty and into adulthood?
After a year or so of struggling with a variety of symptoms and little relief HRT was seriously discussed by my Gp. With teenagehood looming, and my increased irritability I was rapidly running out of options. Being a long way off fifty the benefits outweighed the negatives as these were hormones my body ideally should still have. Trying a couple of different brands and doses finally found the combination which improved many of my symptoms.
Still continuing on HRT today, anxiety is the main one which continues to raise its head from time to time!
When you don't have anxiety you can't imagine what it is like so I'd have weeks of being okay and between bouts it seems irrational and unbelievable it is so debilitating. So you push on…
I have since read much around anxiety, the menopause, coeliac disease, the human brain and hormones, whilst the challenges continue. The role of hormones and the fine balance between these are well demonstrated as below.
With several factors unbalancing your health, it makes sense it will take some time to even begin to restore some normality. This model helps explain the complexity and the delicate balancing interplay of several feel good chemicals which affect your mood.
I've found trying to understand what is happening in my body and mind has helped me to manage symptoms over time. However self acceptance has been one of the biggest challenges!


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Our Savona family is as handsome as it is unusual. We completely encase the light source in a fine linen shade, then encage the cone in a metal frame, attached with a question-mark hanger loop. A pleasing conical finial of metal extends from the base, finishing the piece off.
Chic Vintage Industrial Old Bronze
WARNING for California Residents - Prop 65
WARNING for California Residents - Prop 65
Product Specifications
- Item CodeCR178603
- ManufacturerHudson Valley Lighting
- ConditionNew
- Product TypePendant
- FinishOld Bronze
- Number of Lights3
- Bulb TypeMedium Base
- Maximum Wattage60 Watts
- Cord Length96
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Proud Members of
- Little Falls Chamber of Commerce
- Little Falls Business Association
Proudly ServingAt Kampa Gerbi and Associates we proudly provide a wide variety of insurance services and products to individuals, families and businesses throughout Central Minnesota and outer lying parts of the state. Some of the communities served include Albany, Avon, Baxter, Brainerd, Cold Spring, Foley, Holdingford, Little Falls, Long Prairie, Melrose, Milaca, Randall, Rice, Royalton, Sartell, Sauk Centre, Sauk Rapids, St. Cloud, St. Joseph, Staples, Swanville, Upsala, etc.
Providing Dependable Insurance Services to Central Minnesota Since 1934


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MainStreet de Las Vegas is trying to win up to $150,000 in a national grant contest to help convert the E. Romero firehouse into a Bridge Street museum. The top 10 vote getters will receive funds and Las Vegas could receive $150,000 for a to honor our volunteer firemen, the Acequia Madre and the many vehicles used to keep Las Vegas safe through the years.
Friday (Oct. 6), an open house showcased the 1937 Seagrave fire truck, 1888 La France hose cart and 1883 brass bell that will be centerpieces of the museum.
I don't think I'm alone in being more concerned about our nation than our state these days.
Sure, New Mexico is riddled with problems. Our unemployment rate is the one of highest in the nation. Our poverty rate is one of the worst. And our schools — the greatest hope we have for a better future — are either underperforming or falling apart (see Anton Chico, where a new school building is cracking up, literally).
This editorial, by Kyle Land, recently appeared in the New Mexico Daily Lobo.
Three years after his son, Daniel, was murdered in a mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School, Mark Barden said on "Entertainment Weekly," "Thoughts and prayers and moments of silence are not enough."
This is the mindset America should have when tackling the epidemic of gun violence. Thoughts and prayers do not prevent gun violence. Legislation does.
Work of Art
A few weeks ago, this column introduced the two foreign exchange students who are spending the school year with us. One student, Tookta, comes from Thailand; the other, Kitty, is from China.
Our main objective is to help them learn English as well as American ways, which they seem to be acquiring through their enrollment at Robertson High School. I believe that part of their indoctrination is in providing food we think they'll enjoy. And the counterpart involves our becoming more familiar with what people eat in China and Thailand.
Back in February 2015, Mark and I took a tour of Montezuma Castle led by UWC-USA students from Israel, Palestine, Romania and The Netherlands.
That afternoon re-awakened my passion for communicating with people from different countries and cultures. That's what UWC-USA is all about.
As you know, my children were born and educated in multi-cultural Switzerland. When Thomas's 4th grade teacher suggested an international lunch, classmates brought specialities from Pakistan, Spain, Israel, The Netherlands, Australia, Sweden and Switzerland.
Just a Thought ... By Rick Kraft
We are controlled by strangers whom we will never meet and we don't even recognize it.
I am on vacation and I get up in complete darkness in the middle of the night to use the bathroom. As I walk across the room trying to remember where the door is, my left wrist lights up and my watch tells me it is 2:51 am and states "You did it! You have earned an hour towards your standing goal."
From the City
Work on Bradner Reservoir is proceeding from design to the construction phase.
There are two parts to the construction project at Bradner Reservoir. First is the rehabilitation of the auxiliary embankment, main embankment and the spillway and second is the installation of the outlet tower.
Another Perspective
I want to talk about the "elephant" in the room; and that is the quality of our schools. WalletHub is the most credible national norm referenced statistic center for education (New Mexico is ranked 50th of 51 states).
The New Mexico State Department of Education has begun grading school districts and East and West Las Vegas both earned a D-plus. The top five public school districts in New Mexico are Los Alamos, Rio Rancho, Grady, Fort Sumner, and Cimarron.
THUMBS UP: There was hilarity; there were moments of solemnity and of patriotism. But most of all, "European National Day" at the United World College was an evening well spent, last Saturday evening.
The program, offered free to the public featured some 60 UWC students singing, acting, dancing, lip-syncing and clowning. Close to 30 fast-moving skits entertained the packed audience. In keeping with the "European" theme, students featured skits based on a number of countries across the Atlantic.
Last week, there were three big news stories capturing people's attention — two of which we need to pay attention to, the other worth following only if you're entertained by all those trumpteets.
When President Trump tweeted his vitriol about NFL players taking a knee during the national anthem, he agitated an issue that's not nearly as important as the escalation of tensions with North Korea and the humanitarian crisis in Puerto Rico.
Copyright © 2019
The Las Vegas Optic is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in San Miguel County and Las Vegas, NM, and the surrounding area.


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4 hour
The EUR/USD made a bearish retracement as expected in yesterday's analysis named "EUR/USD Prepares for ABC Zigzag in Bearish Wave 2". A bullish breakout above resistance (red) could start the wave 5 (pink) whereas a break below support makes a downtrend more likely.
1 hour
The EUR/USD is indeed building a bearish correction after completing 5 bullish waves (blue). The bearishness is probably an ABC zigzag (blue) within wave 2 (purple).
4 hour
Also the GBP/USD is probably creating a wave 1-2 (green) unless price breaks below the bottom of wave 4 (brown). A bullish break above resistance (red) could confirm wave 5 (brown).
1 hour
The GBP/USD is probably building a bearish correction after completing 5 bullish waves (grey). The bearishness is probably an ABC zigzag (grey) within wave 2 (green).
4 hour
The USD/JPY broke above the resistance trend line (dotted red) and could be building a bullish breakout.
1 hour
The USD/JPY breakout is a potential wave 1 (blue) and any retracement could find support at the Fib levels of wave 2 (blue).
Good trading,
Chris Svorcik
P.S. Don't forget to follow Admiral Markets on Facebook – or @AdmiralMarkets on Twitter – for the latest market updates.


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Sera Well congratz on the new gig, Shadow Warrior. What a cute mount!
SW Yes he is something to behold! And thanks.
Sera I hope that you do better than the others.
SW You're speaking of the cast of S1 and Underworld?
Sera What a bunch of losers!
SW Hmmm. All this from a naked barbie doll with no pupils.


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Simple Earth Climate Model
Which planetary characteristics contribute to producing a mean surface temperature that makes Earth habitable?
- The Earth is a closed thermodynamic system, freely exchanging energy with the rest of the universe. To keep the Earth's surface temperature constant, the mean power coming in (Pin) must equal the mean power going out (Pout).
How much can we understand about the Earth's climate by using basic physics? Do the properties of the Sun and of Earth's orbit guarantee us a particular temperature? How does the Earth's atmosphere affect this temperature?
We will develop a simple model that explores the physical properties that are important in determining the Earth's mean surface temperature, and its level of stability.
Useful pedagogical simulations:
- Black-body radiation
- Earth's greenhouse effect
- Heat and Thermo Interactive Simulations
- Glacier Interactive Simulation
- Earths_Power_Out_Spreadsheet.xls
- Plancks_Law_Spreadsheet.xls
- Carbon_Dioxide_Emissions_per_Capita_Spreadsheet.xls
- Earths_Surface_Temperature_Spreadsheet.xls
The mean surface temperature of Earth (14.5°C)1 is ideal for supporting life. Where does this particular temperature come from and why is it constant over long periods of time? Defined, temperature is a measure of the internal energy that an object possesses. The natural question to follow then is, where does the energy that heats Earth up come from? It does not come from within Earth. Although Earth has a hot core and mantle, both are well insulated by Earth's crust. We can also neglect the relatively small amounts of nuclear radiation emitted by deposits within Earth's surface. Therefore, this energy must come from outside of Earth. As Earth is surrounded by a very good vacuum (space) the only way for Earth to gain or lose energy is through radiation, one of the three heat transfer mechanisms. Earth does receive radiation emitted from stars and planets throughout the galaxy (or else we would not be able to see them in the night sky) but personal experience can tell us that Earth recieves almost all of her energy from the Sun. And because this energy from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth at a specific rate, we will refer to it as power rather than energy.
We know that the Sun has been shining and heating Earth for billions of years, yet Earth's mean surface temperature has remained within a range of 10°C over this time frame2. Therefore Earth must have a mechanism to lose energy. And, because Earth is surrounded by a vacuum, that energy is lost through radiation. A constant temperature then requires that
Radiation in = Radiation out.
This expression is just the conservation of energy applied to Earth. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only change forms. In other words, energy can only be transferred. Note that heat is defined as the transfer of energy, which includes radiation. But Earth doesn't shine like the Sun does? It turns out, however, that the same physics can be used to describe both the Sun's radiation and the Earth's radiation.
How much power does the Sun radiate onto Earth?
Figure 1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The physical principle behind thermal radiation is that all objects at some temperature T emit electromagnetic radiation. The wavelength of this electromagnetic radiation depends on surface temperature. As the Sun's surface temperature is 5780 K, it emits visible light (see Figure 1). Earth's surface temperature is considerably lower than the Sun's, and so it emits infrared radiation, electromagnetic waves that have a larger wavelength than visible light. The amount of energy that a blackbody emits is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann Law (see Black Body Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann Law).
We will be building a numerical model to examine which factors may be responsible for Earth's mean surface temperature of 14.5°C1. We need to use the Stefan-Boltzmann Law for the calculation of the incoming and the outgoing radiation and solve for the temperature of the Earth. There are two difficulties that we need to address. First, the emissivities of the Sun and the Earth are unknown. Second, Earth only recieves a fraction of the emitted solar power that hits the Earth's surface as sunlight. In regards to the first, the emissivities of the Sun and the Earth we can assume to be ε = 1, which would mean that both absorb and emit radiation perfectly. It turns out that this is a good assumption for the Sun although Earth has an emissivity closer to ε = 0.8 (see Simple Earth Climate Model: Single-Layer Imperfect Greenhouse Atmosphere) due to its atmosphere. The latter is a geometric problem that we can solve using the inverse-square law that describes how the intensity decreases with increasing distance from the source. The result of this calculation is the well-known solar constant of S = 1367 W/m2 that describes how much power per square-metre is available near Earth (see Solar Constant Calculation). How much power is absorbed by the Earth? We just multiply the solar constant by the effective area that is exposed to sunlight at any given time, which corresponds to a disk having the Earth's radius (see Effective Area). Hence
The (1 - A) factor in the equation is due to the fact that Earth does not absorb all of the sunlight, but rather reflects a percentage of this incident solar power back into space through a property called albedo (see Albedo). Earth's albedo is ~ 0.3. Note that this incident power is the power Earth receives from the Sun averaged over our entire year.
Intensity is a more useful value to us than power as it simplifies later calculations. The mean incident solar intensity, Iin, is simply the power divided over the entire surface of Earth. In other words, it is the power per area that Earth's surface would receive if the Sun was shining equally on every surface of the Earth. Thus,
How much power does the Earth radiate?
Now that we have considered the power coming into our system, the Earth, we must also consider the power going out. Earth also emits EM radiation (as it is an object with a temperature). Due to the difference in temperature between the Earth and the Sun, the wavelength of this radiation differs significantly between the two celestial bodies. While Earth's incident solar power is only intersected by the portion of Earth's sphere that faces towards the Sun, that is its projected 2D area, the Earth emits radiation from its surface in all directions, day and night. Therefore, the power emitted by Earth is simply
Again we will convert power to intensity. The intensity emitted from Earth's surface is
Now that we have determined an expression for the solar intensity on Earth and the intensity emitted by Earth we can apply the law of conservation of energy in order to find the unknown: Earth's temperature Te. (You can examine the power coming in and going out of Earth's system in more detail in the Earths_Power_Out_Spreadsheet.xls). The intensity entering Earth's system must equal the intensity exiting Earth's system. The balanced equation for the conservation of energy on Earth's surface is
In this simple Earth climate model where Earth is basically modelled as a big sphere of rock (with an albedo of 0.3) its surface temperature Te is found to be 255 K or -18°C. Although this model of Earth is not ideal as it is missing crucial elements that make Earth habitable, it is a starting model that can be refined to more closely model our planet.
In a more refined model it must be taken into account that not all of Earth's emitted power escapes into space. Some is trapped within our atmosphere by what is referred to as the Greenhouse Effect (see Greenhouse Effect). If our atmosphere was modelled as a single-layer perfect greenhouse, Earth would be in danger of heating up so much that it would be uninhabitable at a surface temperature of 30°C. Fortunately, it is not a perfect greenhouse due to numerous reasons and rather acts as an imperfect greenhouse, producing a surface temperature of 23°C (if the model still uses a single-layer atmosphere). While the refined model up to this point illustrates how different variables effect Earth's surface temperature, it does not develop further than deriving a surface temperature of 23°C. A model of a multi-layered atmosphere is needed.
The process we followed is the process of consecutive approximation in modelling. Very often we start with a very simple model and progress to more complicated ones getting (hopefully) closer and closer to reality. While this model begins to show why Earth's surface temperature is 14.5°C1 , it also shows that very small changes in the variables effecting Earth's temperature can cause drastic changes to the temperature of the Earth. This will be explored more fully in the problem sets. It is, however, suffice to say that Earth's climate is not stable, and that this stability can be seen on the decade scale.
If you are interested in viewing notes about more refined models, see:
Simple Earth Climate Model: Single-Layer Perfect Greenhouse Atmosphere
Simple Earth Climate Model: Single-Layer Imperfect Greenhouse Atmosphere
For a related article, see Little Ice Age.
- 1. a. b. c. Çengel, Yunus A. Steady Heat Conduction. In: Heat Transfer a Practical Approach (2). New York: McGraw Hill Professional, 2003, p. 173.
- 2. Aubrecht GJ. Solar Energy: Wind, Photovoltaics, and Large-Scale Installatons. In: Energy - Physical, Environmental, and Social Impact (3), edited by Erik Fahlgren. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc., 2006, chapt. 16, pp. 334,336.
© Physics and Astronomy Outreach Program at the University of British Columbia (Claire L. Wheeler 2009-06-08)
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Birthday card sent to me from Trudy P.
(click photo for detail and you can really see all the layers, and the awesome map bkgd)
This one is based on the TJ Layered Collage technique and the stamp credits are:
Stampers' Anonymous: D3-613 Beaux Arts, Just for Fun: ballerina, Art Impressions: Eiffel Tower, mini Arc de Triomphe, Destination Stickers and Stamps Inc (1-866-806-7826): Paris script, See D's Travel #50220: Mona Lisa, See D's French Fancy #50190: Bonjour.
The map background is a copy of an actual map that was photocopied and altered.
Birthday card sent to me from LaVerne W.
(click photo for more detail and you can see all the coppery accents)
This one is the TJ Cling and Scrunch technique, with copper highlights. Stamp credits are: Stampin' Up! background flowers, I think, and the rest are I Brake For Stamps
Thanks again and warm fuzzy hugs LaVerne and Trudy!! :o)