text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, toxicity and analgesic properties of ethanol extract of Solena amplexicaulis root
© Kabir et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
- Received: 25 May 2014
- Accepted: 21 July 2014
- Published: 19 August 2014
This study was subjected to investigate different pharmacological properties of ethanol extract of Solena amplexicaulis root.
The extract contains flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin and steroid compounds. The extract exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity. The extract also showed potent activity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The LC50 value was found to 44.677 μg/ml. The extract showed better anti-bacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria. In antifungal assay, the maximum 79.31% of anti-mycotic activity was observed against Aspergillus ochraceus while minimum 44.2% against Rhizopus oryzae. MIC value ranged between 1500–3000 μg/ml. The extract was found moderately toxic with a 24-hr LD50 value of 81.47 mg/kg in Swiss albino mice. The degree of inhibition by the ethanolic extract of the root was found less than that of standard analgesic drug diclofenac sodium. The extract also showed moderate anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity and anti-diabetic property. Reducing power of the extract was comparable with standard ascorbic acid. Moderate in vitro thrombolytic activity, lipid peroxidation inhibition property, metal chelating ability and stress-protective activity was also observed.
Ethanol extract of Solena amplexicaulis root can be valuable for treatment of different diseases.
- Solena amplexicaulis
- Antioxidant
- Antimicrobial
- Acute toxicity
Plants are capable of synthesizing secondary metabolites [1] which can be used for the new drugs discovery and development. Medicinal plant extracts are potential source for the development of new agents effective against infections currently difficult to treat. Antimicrobial activity of different herbal extracts has been reported against many human pathogens [2–4]. Recently, 546 species have been identified as having medicinal properties and therapeutic use [5]. The medicinal values of those plants possess some chemical active substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body and animal health. The most important bioactive substances are alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid and phenolic compounds [6]. Drugs which are used presently for the management of pain and inflammatory conditions are either steroidal like corticosteroids or non steroidal like aspirin. All of these drugs possess more or less side and toxic effects like renal failure, allergic reactions, hearing loss or they may increase the risk of hemorrhage by affecting platelet function [7]. Solena amplexicaulis is a perennial dioecious climber with tuberous root found throughout Asia mainly growing in hilly dry deciduous forests, scrub jungles. The tubers, leaves and seeds are extensively used in traditional system for various ailments like hepatosplenomegaly, spermatorrhoea, appetizer, cardiotonic, diuretic and thermogenic, haemorrhoids and invigorating [8–10]. The leaves have good anti-inflammatory activity and also prescribed for skin lesions and other skin diseases [11]. The whole plant is determined to be a potential source of natural antioxidant activity [12, 13] and also used for the treatment of diabetes [14]. It is distributed in China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Srilanka. In Bangladesh this species is found in Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, [15]. Except anti-inflammatory activity [16] antioxidant [12] and antibacterial [17] of Solena amplexicaulis there is no published work on the pharmacological effect of root extracts of the plant. The previous studies were done with leaf and stem or the whole plant. Hence, the present study was considered worthwhile to determine the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, toxic and analgesic properties of crude extract of the root of the plant.
Phytochemical screening
Result of phytochemical screening of ethanol root extract of S. amplexiculis
Total phenol and flavonoid content and total ascorbic acid content
The total phenol and total flavonoid contents of Solena amplexicaulis root of ethanol extract were expressed in Gallic acid and Quercetin equivalents respectively. Total phenolic content was 12.36 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent and total flavonoid content was 18.9 mg/g Quercetin equivalent. Total ascorbic acid content was found to be 0.357 mg AA/g.
Antioxidant activity
Antibacterial activity
In vitro anti-bacterial effect of ethanolic root-extract of Solena amplexicaulis
Test organism
Source ID
Diameter of zone of inhibition (mm)
Ethanolic extract of the root from
Tetracycline 30 μg/disc
2 mg/disc
4 mg/disc
Gram positive
Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus cereus
B. polymyxa.
B .megaterium
Enterococcus faecalis
Gram negative
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Salmonella typhi
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Proteus vulgaris
E. coli
Vibrio cholerae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Antifungal activity
Antifungal effect of ethanolic extract of the root from Solena amplexicaulis
% inhibition
SAET (3 mg)
SAET (5 mg)
Fluconazole (100 μg)
Aspergillus ustus
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus ochraceus
Penicillium chrysogenum
Rhizopus oryzae
MIC of the extract
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of SAET
Test organism
Source ID (ATCC)
MIC value (μg/ml)
Doxycycline hydrochloride
Gram positive
Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus cereus
B. polymyxa.
B .megaterium
Enterococcus faecalis
Gram Negative
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Salmonella typhi
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Proteus vulgaris
E. coli
Vibrio cholerae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Fluconazole (100 μg)
Aspergill usustus
A. niger
A. ochraceus
Penicillium chrysogenum
Rhizopus oryzae
Assay for cytotoxicity
Acute toxicity
Calculation of LD 50 value, regression equation and confidence limit by probit analysis
95% confidence limit (mg/kg)
Regression equation
Chi-square value
Analgesic action
acetic acid induced writhing response of the plant root extract in mice
Writhing count/20 minutes
Diclofenac sodium
Solena amplexicaulis
(40 mg/kg)
35 mg/kg bodyweight
25 mg/kg bodyweight
15 mg/kg bodyweight
82 ± 1.52
39.5 ± 1.34**
60.5 ± 1.48**
70 ± 1.21**
79.5 ± 1.02**
Anti-inflammatory activity
Anti-inflammatory activity of SAET
Dose of extract (mg/kg) p.o.
Change in paw thickness (mm) ± SD (% inhibition)
1 hour
2 hour
3 hour
4 hour
Carrageenan control
1.34 ± 0.1
2.3 ± 0.118
3.64 ± 0.147
3.23 ± 0.161
(.01 ml of 1% w/v)
1.14 ± 0.103 (14.93%)
1.74 ± 0.217 (26.44%)a
2.50 ± 0.106 (31.3%)a
1.97 ± 0.115 (39.0%)a
(0.1 ml of 1% w/v) + aqueous extract
1.00 ± 0.12 (25.6%)
1.54 ± 0.163 (35.02%)a
1.81 ± 0.009 (50.09%)a
1.41 ± 0.188 (56.34%)a
(0.1 ml of 1% w/v) + aqueous extract
0.59 ± 0.118 (55.97%)a
0.8 ± 0.121 (66.24%)a
1.14 ± 0.121 (68.82%)a
0.9 ± 0.118 (72.13%)a
(0.1 ml of 1% w/v) + diclofenac sodium
Antinociceptive activity
α-Amylase inhibitory property
In an array to explore the anti-diabetic activity, ethanolic root extract of Solena amplexicaulis was screened for the α-amylase inhibitory property. Ethanol extracthas significantly higher percentage of α-amylase inhibition, that is, 41.3% and 62.58% at 25 and 50 μ g/mL, respectively, while for acarbose of same concentration, the value was 33.25% and 49.57%.
Reducing power
In vitro thrombolytic activity
Lipid peroxidation inhibition assay
Metal chelating effect
Ferrous iron chelating assay of ethanolic root extract of Solena amplexicaulis and the standard, EDTA
Sample concentration (μg/ml)
% inhibition
Standard EDTA
53.62 ± 0.25
29.35 ± 0.65*
68.45 ± 0.35
32.71 ± 0.46*
79.85 ± 0.13
35.15 ± 0.39*
89.48 ± 0.23
38.23 ± 0.31*
94.67 ± 0.18
41.65 ± 0.44*
Spot assay
Protective activity of SAET against oxidative stress
% survivala
Untreated cells (control)
100 ± 1.52
4 mM H202
26.80 ± 0.58 b
H202 + 200 μg/mL extract
39.17 ± 2.08 c
H202 + 400 μg/mL extract
65.98 ± 1.15 c
H202 + 800 μg/mL extract
88.66 ± 0.58 c
Plants produce a lot of secondary compounds as natural protection against microbial and insect attack. Some of these compounds are toxic to animals, but others may not be toxic. Indeed, many of these compounds have been used in the form of whole plants or plant extracts for food or medical applications in human [18] because plants are the natural reservoir of many antimicrobial, anticancer agents, analgesics, anti-diarrheal, antifungal as well as various therapeutic activities [19]. The total phenol of Solena amplexiculis of ethanol extract were 12.36 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent and total flavonoid content was 18.9 mg/g Quercetin equivalent. Total ascorbic acid content was found to be 0.357 mg AA/g. Acceptance of medicines from such plant origin as an alternative form of healthcare is increasing because they are serving as promising sources of novel antibiotic prototypes [20]. Some of the phytochemical compounds e.g. glycoside, saponin, tannin, flavonoids, terpenoid, alkaloids, have variously been reported to have antimicrobial activity [18].
Free radicals from oxidative stress are involved in many disorders like atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Antioxidants due to their scavenging activity are useful for the management of those diseases. DPPH assay is one of the most widely used methods for screening antioxidant activity of plant extracts. The quantitative determination of antioxidants explored that high quantity of scavenging substances are found to be [21] in Solena amplexicaulis which plays the key role in showing free radical scavenging activity of this plant. Solena amplexicaulis root exhibited significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 4.18 μg/ml. Reducing power of Solena amplexicaulis is also moderately strong. Venkateshwarlu et al. [12] reported the presence of phenolic (gallic acid content is 63.63 μg/mg, respectively), and flavonoid compounds (41.18 μg/mg) present in Solena amplexicaulis. The phenolic compounds may contribute directly to the antioxidative action [22]. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the SAET is a potential source of natural antioxidant activity which is in accordance with the study of Venkateshwarlu et al. [12].
Crude extract at the concentration of 1 mg/disc showed 7, 7.5 and 7 mm zone of inhibition diameter against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus megaterium, respectively and 7 mm diameter against Gram-negative Shigella sonnei. On the other hand, standard antibiotic Tetracycline (30 μg/disc) showed significant antibacterial activity against all tested gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria except proteus vulgaris. Results implicated that the Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the extract than the gram-negative bacteria. Bacillus spp. were the most susceptible bacteria in this study. In a previous study, ethanolic stem bark extract of Clausena heptaphylla showed 5.5, 5.9 and 6.4 mm zone of inhibition diameter at the concentration of 2 mg/disc against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium, respectively and 3.1, 2.5, 1.8, 3.6 mm diameter against Gram-negative Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Proteus vulgaris and E. coli.[23]. Stem bark extract showed significant zone of inhibition against Aspergillus ustus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ochraceus in antifungal assay. Solena amplexicaulis showed zone of inhibition to almost all the strains (at dose 3 and 5 mg/disc). Solena amplexicaulis has almost similar activity as Clausena heptaphylla in this study [24]. The present study justifies the claimed uses of Solena amplexicaulis in the traditional system of medicine to treat various infectious diseases caused by the microbes. Solena amplexicaulis showed a significant degree of anti-fungal activity (Table 3). The maximum anti-mycotic activity 79.31% was shown against A. ochraceus. Plant natural compounds are important source of mycotoxic compounds and they may provide a renewable source of useful fungicides that can be utilized in anti-mycotic drugs against infection of A. ochraceus. The effect of extract against A. niger was also higher implying that this plant can be utilized as anti-mycotic drugs against infection of A. niger in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis [24]. Moderate anti-mycotic effect was found against Aspergillus ustus at the concentration of 3 and 5 mg/ml. Fluconazole was used as standard antifungal agent to compare the potentials of extract. There are, however, alarming reports of opportunistic fungal infections which describe that the resistance of the organisms increased due to indiscriminate use of commercial anti-microbial drugs commonly used for the treatment of infectious disease. This situation forced the researchers to search for new anti-microbial substance from various sources including medicinal plant [24]. Karthika and Paulsamy [17] reported that S. Amplexicaulis extracts of leaf and stem exhibited antibacterial and anti-fungal activity. The findings revealed that medicinal plant Solena amplexicaulis can play a vital role in combating fungal resistance.
Lowest MIC value (1500 μg/ml) against B. polymyxa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei and E. coli was showed by the extract. Lowest MIC value (2500 μg/ml) was found against fungi such as Aspergillus ustus, A. ochraceus and Rhizopus oryzae. MIC value of the extract against the test pathogens are much higher than that of Doxycycline hydrochloride which may be due to the crude nature of the pigment extracts. Natural compounds from plants are important source of mycotoxic compounds and they can be a source of useful fungicides that can be utilized in anti-mycotic drugs against infection of A. ochraceus[24].
Different pharmacological properties can be assumed on the basis of brine shrimp cytotoxicity of any plant extract [23]. In this research, six different concentrations (7.81, 15.62, 31.25, 62.5,125, 250, 500 μg/ml) of Solena amplexicaulis extract were used to determine its cytotoxicity by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The extract showed lethality in a dose dependent manner. LC50 value of Solena amplexicaulis ethanol extract was found 44.68 μg/ml (Figure 2). The LC50 value found in this study was very significant suggesting the ethanol extract of Solena amplexicaulis has high potentiality to kill cancer cells as well as pests [25]. This significant lethality of the crude plant extract (as LC50 value less than 100 μg/ml) to brine shrimp is indicative of the presence of potent cytotoxic compounds which warrants further investigation.
From the study, it was observed that the water-soluble absolute ethanolic extract of the root of Solena amplexicaulis (Gandhi) exhibited toxic properties to the experimental animals (Swiss albino mice). The extract showed its acute toxicity on mice when administered orally in the range of 50 to 150 mg/kg bodyweight of mice. The 24-hr LD50 values were found to be 81.54 mg/kg bodyweight of mice. However, it caused no mortality in the treated mice and rats when they were treated orally at the doses of 25 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg bodyweight respectably, though some physiological changes occurred. It might have the properties of muscarinic activity and respiratory analeptics on mice and rats. It might also cause visceral changes in mice as well as possess central depressant property to a variable extent on mice. Thus, the study presented here indicates the antinociceptive action of the ethanolic root extract in the acetic acid writhing test could be due to the inhibition of the release of TNF-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-8 [26] by resident peritoneal cells. The root extract of the plant showed significant inhibition (P < 0.001) of acetic acid induced writhing response of mice. So it can be suggested that Solena amplexicaulis root extract has potential analgesic action [27].
In the present study, pre-treated oral administration of extract was effective in reducing the oedematogenic response evoked by carrageenan in rats between the 2nd and 4th hours after the injection. This evidence allows us to suggest that anti-inflammatory actions of the extract are related to the inhibition of one or more intracellular signaling pathways involved in the effects of several inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory activity increased with the increase in the dose of the extract. Significant anti-inflammatory activity of SAET also corresponds to the presence of flavonoid compounds in the extract as flavonoids are considered to possess anti-inflammatory activity [28].
SAET showed significant antinociceptive activity compared to diclofenac sodium. Acetic acid-induced writhing model represents pain sensation by triggering localized inflammatory response. Acetic acid, which is used to induce writhing, causes algesia by liberation of endogenous substances, which in turn excitethe pain nerve endings [29] localized inflammatory response.
Leaf and stem extracts of S. amplexicaulis has been reported to possess anti-diabetic activity in terms of their α-amylase inhibition activity [30, 31]. Ethanolic root extract also showed better anti-α-amylase property (62.58% at 50 μ g/mL) than standard drug acarbose (49.57% at 50 μ g/mL). This enzyme inhibitory activity of SAET may be attributed to presence of different active compounds such as flavonoids, glycosides and polyphenols.
In the present study, the reducing power of the SAET was evaluated measuring the conversion of a Fe3+ ferricyanide complex to the ferrous form.The reducing power of the investigated extract linearly increased with concentration. At 100 μg/ml concentration, reducing power of SAET was 0.24 whereas that of ascorbic acid was 0.26. In vitro thrombolytic activity of SAET is significant with 48.51% clot lysis capability compared to that of Streptokinase (68.57%). It can be considered for compound isolation in order to detect future anti-tumour compounds.
In vitro thrombolytic activity of SAET is significant with 48.51% clot lysis capability compared to that of Streptokinase (68.57%). It can be considered for compound isolation in order to design future anti-tumour drug. SAET had appreciable lipid peroxidation inhibition activity (Figure 8). At a concentration of 250 μg/ml, the% inhibition of Lipid peroxidationwas 62.89% and at 500 μg/ml, the % inhibition was 78.84% while % inhibition of CCl4 and Salymarin was 49.95% and 92.77% respectively. Elevated lipid peroxidation is a common trait of cancer [32] and results suggest SAET can be used in cancer for its anti-lipid peroxidation capability and can protect cells chain reaction from breaking down due to lipid peroxidation.
Non-ligand or poorly liganded iron may be the basis of many diseases involving cell death and apoptosis [33]. Thus, the chelating ability of the extracts in regards to ferrous ions was investigated. Even though the extracts were not as strong Fe2+ chelators as EDTA, the investigated extract demonstrated notable chelating properties. Ferrous ion chelating activity of SAET was close to the results of Karthika et al.[17]. Metal chelating capacity was significant as they reduced the concentration of catalyzing transition metal in lipid peroxidation. Spot assay result provides us an indication that SAET exert protective activity to cells against stress and agents causing DNA damage may be due to different compounds it possess with antioxidant activity.
This study suggests that Solena amplexicaulis extract possesses some potentials in free-radical scavenging activity, cytotoxic and analgesic effect but it has low antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activity. The toxic nature of the alcohol extract is evident from the acute oral toxicity. Since, crude ethanol extract of Solena amplexicaulis showed antimicrobial, cytotoxic and analgesic effect, it can be assumed that different active secondary metabolites were present in this extract. These can be a strong scientific evidence to use this plant as a useful source of both biological and pharmacological references. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the specific active compounds in the root extracts of S. amplexicaulis.
Ethical statement
All the experiments including animal used in this study was approved by the ethical review committee of BCSIR laboratories, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Media and chemicals
DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl), TCA (trichloroacetic acid) and ferric chloride, Ascorbic acid was from SD Fine Chem. Ltd. India, ammonium molybdate from Merck, Germany. Mueller-Hinton broth and agar media (Hi media, India), final pH 7.3 ± 0.2 (at 25°C), was used for MIC determination and antibacterial. On the other hand, potato dextrose agar media (Hi media, India), final PH (at 25°C) 5.6 ± 0.2 and artificial seawater (3.8% NaCl solution) were used for the determination of antifungal and cytotoxic effect.
Collection of plant materials
Very rare medicinal plant Solena amplexicaulis was collected from various regions of Khagrachari District of Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. The plant was identified by Professor Dr. Md. Mostofa Kamal Pasha, Taxonomist, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
The fresh roots of Solena amplexicaulis were washed with water immediately after collection and then chopped into small pieces, air-dried at room temperature for about 10 days and pulverized into powder form and stored in an airtight container. 2 kg root powder was macerated in 6 L pure ethanol for 7 days at room temperature. After 7 days, root's ethanolic extract was filtered off through a cotton plug and finally with a Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Then the solvent retaining in the crude extract was evaporated under reduced pressure below 50°C through a rotary vacuum evaporator. The concentrated extracts were collected in a Petri dish and allow to air dry for complete evaporation of ethanol. The whole process was repeated two times and finally, 80 gm concentrated Solena amplexicaulis root extract (SAET) was obtained (yield 4% w/w) which was kept in refrigerator at 4°C.
Phytochemical screening
Freshly prepared crude extracts of Solena amplexicaulis root were subjected to qualitative test for the presence of different constituents using the following reagents and chemicals, flavonoids with the use of Mg and HCl; tannins with ferric chloride and potassium dichromate solutions and saponins with ability to produce stable foam and steroids with Libermann Burchard reagent, reducing sugars with Benedict's reagent and observed color change in respective [34].
Determination of total phenolic content
Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content; Folin-Ciocalteu oxidized the extract whereas sodium carbonate neutralized it. Blue color formed and the absorbance was measured at 760 nm after 60 min by using gallic acid (GA) as standard. Total Phenolic content was expressed as mg GA equivalent/ gm of extract [35].
Determination of total flavonoid content
Method described by Meda et al. [36] was followed to determine the flavonoid content where quercetin was used as standard.
Determination of total ascorbic acid (ASC)
Total ascorbic acid (ASC) content of the extract was determined according to the method described by Roe and Kuether [37].
Antioxidant activity
The antioxidant activity of the extract is carried out based on the scavenging activity of the Table 1, 1 diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) according to the method described by Brand-William et al. [38].
Brine shrimp lethality assay
Cytotoxic activity of plant extract was determined by Brine-Shrimp lethality bioassay as previously described [39].
α-amylase inhibition assay
To determine the in vitro α-amylase inhibition by ethanolic root extracts of Solena amplexicaulis, the standard procedure [40] was adopted with slight modification.
Reducing power
The reducing power of Solena amplexicaulis extract was determined according to the method of Oyaizu [41].
In vitro thrombolytic activity
Individuals from whom the blood samples were collected were informed and upon their consent they were included in this study. Samples were taken from adult healthy individual. No children were included in this study. In vitro thrombolytic activity was performed according to Ratnasooriya et al. [42].
Metal chelating effect
The chelation of ferrous ions by the extract was estimated as per the method of Dinis et al. [43].
Antibacterial screening
The in vitro sensitivity of the bacteria to the test material was done by disc diffusion technique [44] against 6 gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 11774, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Bacillus polymyxa ATCC 842, Bacillus megaterium ATCC 13578, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) and 8 gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi ATCC 12022, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 65154, Shigella flexneri ATCC 13883, Shigella sonnei ATCC 8992, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315, E. coli ATCC 25922, Vibrio cholerae ATCC 15748, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25853). All the results were compared with the standard antibacterial drug tetracycline.
Determination of Antifungal activity
The poisoned food technique [45] was used to screen for anti-fungal activity.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were determined by macro dilution method [45].
Spot assay
Wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to investigate the effect of extract on the growth of yeast cells, to select the doses of extract used in the adaptive treatments. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells (OD600 of 0.6-1) without and with exposure to increased concentrations of extract (200, 400 and 800 μg/ml) and stressing agent (2 mM) were incubated in a YPD medium for 1 hr at 28°C /160 rpm. In all cases, about 3 μl of yeast saturated cultures after 1 hr incubation were serially diluted (10−1, 10−2, 10−3and 10−4), and were dropped on standard YPDA plates and Hydroxyurea (150 mM) laden YPDA plates. Plates were incubated at 28°C, and growth was recorded after 24, 48 and 72 hrs by counting colony. The lowest concentration was chosen which could improve cell growth compared to cohorts exposed to stress without being treated with plant extract.
Experimental animals and diets
Swiss albino mice of both sexes weighing between 25 gm and 30 gm were taken from animal house of BCSIR laboratories, Chittagong. The animals were acclimatized to room temperature (28 ± 5°C) with a relative humidity of 55 ± 5% in a standard wire meshed plastic cages for 4 to 5 days prior to commencement of the experiment. During the entire period of study the animals were supplied with standard pellet diet and adlibitum water.
Acute toxicity
Acute toxicity of ethanolic root extract of S. amplexicaulis in mice was determined according to Bulus et al.[46].
Analgesic activity
Analgesic activity was performed according to Vittalrao et al. [47].
Lipid peroxidation inhibition assay
The lipid peroxidation inhibition assay was determined according to the method described by Liu et al.[48].
Antinociceptive activity
Antinociceptive activity of the crude extract was tested using the model of acetic acid induced writhing in mice [49].
Anti-inflammatory activity
Carrageenan induced rat hind paw edema was used as the animal model of acute inflammation according to the method of Jude et al. [50].
The authors were thankful to Professor Dr. Md. Mostofa Kamal Pasha, Taxonomist, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh for the support in identification of the plants.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.


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Welcome to my homepage!
I am Professor of Economics at Telecom ParisTech, and a joint academic director of the Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE). I am affiliated with the interdisciplinary institute for innovation (i3) for my research. I also teach at Ecole Polytechnique and at Sciences Po.
My main research interests lie in industrial economics, regulation, telecommunications, and digital economics.
My current research projects concern the impact of competition and regulation on investments in the telecoms industry, the economics of digital platforms, the impact of digitization on the music industry, and licensing and trading of standard essential patents.

subset: commoncrawl


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Lambeg Golf Club Captain Stephen Boyd could not have wished for a better day than he got on Saturday.
The weather was perfect, there was a great turn out, and the course in the best condition it has ever been.
This year a "shot-gun" start was used for the first time, and what a success it turned out to be.
There was a real buzz around the clubhouse just before tee-off and after the match as all the players mingled together.
After this success the same format will be used on President's Day.
In one of the closest finishes ever in a Captain's Day competition, Chris Brown (17) emerged as the outright winner of the Captain's Prize with 42pts ahead of a group of five players on 41pts.
With the course in excellent condition and some of the pins placed in difficult positions, the result was always going to be very close.
Chris got off to a steady start until he came to the third were he had a "no score", but he steadied things and reached the turn with an impressive 21pts.
The back nine was just as good and his 21pts on the back nine included a birdie at the 16th.
Pipped at the post and winner of the 1st prize was Vice-Captain Gerry McDonald (25) on 41. With twelve points after four holes Gerry must have felt this was his day but his position changed dramatically with "no scores" at 5th, 7th and 8th and with only one point at the 9th he had scored only 17pts at the turn.
The back nine was just as dramatic but in the right direction, scoring a brilliant 24pts which included a fantastic birdie on the last.
Beaten in the count-back after also scoring 41 pts was Craig Tiffen (8). There was no dramatics in Craig's round, just excellent steady golf.
His first nine included 4 pars and a birdie, the back nine was even better with no less than 7 pars and one birdie.
His only blip of the round was the double bogey at the 15th and probably cost him a better prize.
J.P. McGeough (17) also lost out in the count-back.
J.P. got off to the best of starts with a birdie at the first but a triple at the third cancelled this out.
His round included 9 pars and was enough to secure third prize.
The other two players with 41 pts but lost out on the prizes because of the count-back were Stephen Thornhill (11) and Chris Boyd (19).
Stephen's round included 13 pars but once again a triple bogey at 15 was his downfall.
Chris was well on target until he came to the 15th were he had a "no score" and followed this with a double bogey at the par three 16th. Alan Mason won the best gross.
Other prize winners, Longest Drive, Alan Crockard. Nearest the Pin, 8th hole, Peter Taylor, 16th hole Ivor Harron. Nearest the Pin in two, 18th hole, Gerry McDonald, 1st hole Alan Mason. Front Nine, Chris Boyd, Back Nine Ian Jefferson. Past Captains Prize with 40 pts, Jim Robinson.
The Captain's Dinner was held later at the Beechlawn Hotel and after being served up with magnificent food the prizes were handed out.
In the Captain's speech Stephen praised the teams in the G.U.I. competitions, the greenkeepers for the excellent condition of the course at Aberdelghy and thanked the committee members for their help in creating a very enjoyable Captain's Day.
The Wednesday Hat was won by Stephen Thornhill with 42pts.
Next week's competition is stableford and is sponsored by Mulgrew Haulage.


text:
Silicone wristbands are very comfortable to wear for the summer and winter weather, personal message or logo can be on the wristband. There are different types of silicone wristbands like debossed, embossed, printed, and interlinked. Debossed wristbands are divided into various types. Some of them are one color, multi colored, glow in the dark, glitter, marbled and camouflage. In debossed wristbands, message is molded so that it goes down into the bands. These types of bands were used for Live strong promotion. A new mold is used for each customer. These molds are used to create the message that is designed by the clients. This is made by constructing a mould with your design and pouring the colored liquid silicone into the mould, allowing the silicone to set and then removing the finished band. Single color debossed wristbands are the most basic and the most popular variety. These are made of 100 percent silicone. These multi colored silicone debossed wristbands are manufactured with two or more solid colors to give an eye catching design. When a visual means of identification is needed these silicone wristbands really do the job.
Glitter debossed wristbands are mainly used for children's events, award ceremonies or parties as these not only give you a visual means of identification but also a great souvenir. Marbled debossed wristbands are usually produced using tow or more colors blended together to create a marbled effect. Camouflage debossed wristbands are used with a minimum three colors. These wristbands are popular with the armed forces, and to support recruitment campaigns. In embossed wristbands, words are raised not engraved. Embossed wristbands are manufactured to appear as if your text or logo has been raised on the surface of the band. This is made by constructing the opposite type of mould to the debossed variety again with your design and pouring the colored liquid silicone into the mould, allowing the silicone to set and then removing the finished band.
In printed wristbands usually the design is not engraved but printed. Any color can be printed on the band depending on the choice of the customer. The words are printed using silk screening techniques. Printed wristbands do not require a mold to be manufactured. Instead, a template is produced that is used to apply the custom design onto the bracelets. When maximum impact is needed the interlinked silicone wristbands are perfect. Silicone wristbands can be used for fundraising, memorials, military, awareness, religious purpose, sports, Schools, business, corporations, groups and community.
Post time: 04-03-2017


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Consultant Biography
Mr Kaveh Shakib is a highly experienced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon. He covers all aspects of diseases affecting the mouth, jaws, face and neck. The most common procedures performed by him include removal of impacted wisdom teeth, skin cancer surgery, facial and jaw deformity, salivary gland surgery, facial trauma and facial reconstruction including micro-vascular free flaps.
Mr Shakib has treated more than 1000 patients with dental implants, often requiring bone augmentation. He is on the specialist register with General Medical Council (GMC) and the General Dental Council (GDC) as an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon.


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This wax with natural plant extracts gives shape, nourishes and sculpts all types of short or medium length hair, whether straight or wavy. Giving invisible support, this is ideal for unruly hair - enhancing its shape, giving volume and shine. Perfect for creating extravagant looks. Trust in NOAH, our natural and professional products NEVER contain SILICONES, PARABENS, PARAFFIN, MINERAL OILS, DEA or SLS.
|Sculpts with invisible support, copes with all types of hair
|Product ID
|Aqua [Water], Coco-caprylate, Glycerin, Cetyl alcohol, PVP, Glyceryl stearate, Sodium polyacrylate, Distearoylethyl hydroxyethylmonium methosulfate, Phenoxyethanol, Cetearyl alcohol, Foeniculum vulgare oil [Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) oil], Ethylhexylglycerin, Limonene, Pelargonium graveolens oil, Citronellol, Geraniol, Linalool.
UK mainland delivery is £5 for orders under £60. EU delivery is a flat fee of £10. Outlying UK customers are asked to contact us for a delivery quotation by emailing our sales team.
Online orders are securely processed using PayPal's leading software, and you can pay with the following cards or a PayPal account.


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One of the things that troubles me about Labour at the moment is the apparent retreat into "worthy" politics. It's typified a bit by that slogan "Standing Up, Not Standing By" and most of all by that godawful meme where Jeremy Corbyn says that socialism is sensible because it's all about caring for each other.
Let me state from the outset the altruistic aspect of the Left has always appealed to me personally (though I do find that "caring" meme nauseating), and I think it must be part of any successful Left in the future. But I also believe that when the labour movement was strong in the past it appealed to a wider range of values, and motives.
Let's start with unions. The large majority of normal people don't join unions as an expression of altruism. I hope this isn't too shocking, but really I don't think most people are 'proud' union members and they don't have a lump in their throat when they set up their direct debit to Unite or whoever. They join because they think there is a benefit - be it a sort of "insurance" against anything bad happening at work, or because they think they can earn more through being a member or whatever.
Most people don't join unions because they are attracted to the idea of solidarity either. They learn solidarity as co-operative tactic that pays off. In time they may get the same rosy glow from the idea and experienced reality of solidarity that altruists are probably naturally attracted to, but first and foremost it's a tactic, not a virtue, and it's none the worse for it.
I hope most people will find this relatively uncontroversial. Unions were formed to advance the material interests of their members, so it's not surprising that self-interest is important. What is worth registering is that for a very long time millions of people thought their self-interest was served by joining unions, and by showing solidarity with other workers. When we look back, in the past unions obviously appealed to the idea that we help each other. But the way this was expressed was very different - through solidarity working people primarily projected strength and self-determination more than being virtuous and altruistic.
This makes a lot of sense now we know a lot more about how people behave. In behavioural economics there have been hundreds of experiments that seek to understand competitive versus co-operative behaviour, and the factors that affect it. A very rough picture emerges of the make up of society. About one in five of us are altruistic by nature, so we'll always tend towards co-operation just because that's who we are and what we like. A quarter of us are the opposite - inherently competitive, and so will always default to the self-interested option. But the biggest chunk of us are in the middle. We will play nicely, but on the basis that it's reciprocated. And if it isn't reciprocated we will punish those that infringe.
This is also important because it gets into the territory of "fairness". Now a lot of Righties these days argue that because fairness is hard to define we should forgot the concept when looking at economic rewards. Probably a fair chunk of them are in the quarter of us who are simply competitive and self-interested. But equally most people aren't into unreciprocated fairness. Altruists think about what is fair on you, most people in the middle primarily think about what is fair on them. They don't mind collective solutions if everyone is in, but they hate getting ripped off.
This says a lot about why the Left has such a problem with welfare reform. Most of us hate the idea that people cheat the system, or take out more than they deserve. Some of us (many of us on the Left) feel very passionately to any attempt to take away welfare provision which we feel should be provided as a right, but those of us are in a minority, probably even amongst Left voters. Most people feel that reciprocity must be part of the mix. Obviously people's knowledge of the true extent of benefit fraud etc is typically miles off target, not helped by media who stoke the fire. But the fact those stories generate such anger, and can be used so effectively by the Right, is perhaps a good indication of how strong the pull of reciprocal fairness is.
So to come back to Labour, I think we need to be aware that trying to appeal to altruism, being virtuous, or caring about each other is going to resonate with a small minority of people. Much as I hate the term "virtue signalling" I do think there is a point in there somewhere. Most people are not going to be won over to the Left by appeals to treat others fairly, and appeals of this nature can come across as pious or simply out of touch (leaving yourself open to being ripped off).
A successful Left will have to appeal to self-interest, and should not be afraid of this. When we have been at our strongest it was when millions of people felt that they and their families benefitted from being part of the movement. It was not through an upsurge in caring. In practice, working together collectively, expressing solidarity, delivered and so it both showed strength and felt good. And collective solutions were durable when people felt "this is fair on me" not "this is fair on you". If we can reformulate these things we can win again.
Like the man said: the meek ain't gonna inherit shit.


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fresh beat band
A week ago, we went to the Fresh Beat Band concert at the Kirby Center. I planned this a few months ago as something fun to do with our big girl, Macy Moose. Our world used to revolve around her (and it still partially does) and I sometimes feel guilty that I can't give her as much attention as I used to.
She was so excited to go and even practiced some dance moves in the yard before we headed out.
I didn't know what she would think of the whole thing, since this was our first concert and we have never even taken her to the movie theater before, but she did great. She was a little overwhelmed at first, but by the second song, she was dancing in the aisle. The show was 65 minutes long, with a 15 minute intermission. The intermission really got Macy out of the mood, because she was ready to leave after waiting those long 15 minutes of downtime. I think it would have better without the intermission, but I'm sure some kids needed to pee and others needed their overpriced sugar rush. We got a little momento to remember this fun day- a glowstick that was a bargain at $10!
Afterwards, we went out to dinner with Macy's new BFF, Violet, and her parents. Our husbands finally met each other and the girls had lots of fun coloring and chowing down on mac and cheese. A good time was had by all.
For dinner, I enjoyed French Onion soup
and Brushetta Chicken Pasta, which was delicious and not too horrible nutritional fact-wise.


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www.yourHealth.gov.au, operated by the Health Reform Taskforce in the Department of Health and Ageing, was developed to provide Australians with a way to contribute their stories, views and ideas regarding improving the Australian health system to the Government.
The website provides a single web 2.0 platform for online community consultation across three major reports on Health Reform, A Healthier Future For All Australians: the Final Report of the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission; Building a 21st Century Primary Health Care System: A Draft of Australia's First National Primary Health Care Strategy; and Australia: The Healthiest Country by 2020 – National Preventative Health Strategy.
Without the yourHealth website, there was no easy way to conduct a collective discussion with Australians, building on the three reports to collect community views across all areas of health reform.
The website is a benchmark in Australian Government consultation. Rather than offering a single engagement approach, yourHealth provides an integrated set of formal and informal consultation tools built on web 2.0 principles. This supports a ladder of community participation from simply reading and reflecting on the recommendations in the reports, sharing links with others, voting in quick polls and blog posts, responding with comments and views or telling their own health story. To encourage participation yourHealth uses online announcement tools including Twitter, RSS and email announcements, as well as cross-linking from other health-related sites.
The consultation tools have been developed by the Department to be reusable and extensible – a capability that will reduce future administrative burdens and streamline any further stakeholder or community engagements the Government or Department may wish to hold.
This type of innovative online community consultation capability has not previously existed within the Australia government and currently offers a unique internal capability for the Department.


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1 package of Pad Thai Noodles
2 tablespoons ghee
2 tablespoons coconut oil
1 clove garlic
1 teaspoon finely chopped ginger
White parts of 6 scallions, chopped; green parts chopped and set aside for later
1/2 teaspoon Diamond Crystal kosher salt
1 pound uncooked stir-fry beef, left as strips or cut into bite-sized pieces
Your choice of vegetables:
2 small red peppers, chopped
2 stalks broccoli heads, chopped into small florets
1 carrot, julienned
10 snow peas, chopped into bite sized pieces
1 tablespoon Red Boat fish sauce
1 tablespoon coconut aminos (or soy sauce)
1/2 teaspoon coconut sugar
Lettuce leaves (optional)
1. Fill a large bowl with hot tap water. Submerge the Pad Thai noodles in the water and leave to soak until they are limp (about 8 - 10 minutes). Drain the noodles in a colander. Set aside.
2. Add the salt to the meat pieces and mix.
3. Heat 1 tablespoon of ghee and 1 tablespoon of coconut oil in a wok or large cast iron pot. Add the garlic and stir for about 1 minute. Add the ginger and cook until it is fragrant. Add the white part of the scallions and cook for about 1 more minute.
4. Add the beef and more oil as needed. Stir the meat with a wooden spoon constantly until it is cooked through.
5. Add the vegetables, one at a time, and stir fry them until slightly softened.
6. Add the fish sauce; stir. Add the coconut aminos; stir. Add the sugar; stir.
7. Put the noodles in the pan and mix everything together with tongs until the noodles are covered with the sauce and everything is well mixed.
8. Add the green part of the onions. Put on plates and add lettuce, cilantro or hot sauce as desired.
Serves 4.
#paleo #glutenfree #dairyfree #eggfree #healthylifestyle #paleolife #foodblogger, #healthyfood #healthyrecipes #paleofood #paleodiet #nomnomnom #nutrition #patthai #thairecipes #beef #ricenoodles


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Larung Gar Buddhist academy, one of the largest Tibetan Buddhism institutes of the world, is under threat of large-scale destruction. Chinese authorities have demolished several buildings in the Larung Gar, which is located in the remote Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, to reduce the population in the area.
The academy was founded by Norbu Khenpo Jigme Phuntshok in the 1980s in the mountains of the remote prefecture. The academy, which serves as the wellspring of knowledge, has tens of thousands of monks and nuns.
The large-scale demolition is taking place as the government wants to reduce Larung Gar's population to no more than 5,000 residents by September 2017. They have also circulated a notice to the effect from local officials.
The current population of Larung Gar is not clear, but according to reports, more than 10,000 people are estimated to be living there. On Friday, US Human Rights Commission expressed deep concern over the large-scale destruction of the town, saying these actions by Chinese authorities violate the "religious freedom of the persons affected and the Tibetan community at large."
"We strongly urge your government to reverse course, stop the demolitions and evictions, rebuild and restore the affected infrastructure, and permit all those people under Chinese jurisdiction who wish to pursue their Buddhist faith to do so without government interference or guidance," it said.
"Earlier this year, in Serta county of Sichuan province, a local government directive was issued ordering a drastic reduction – from at least 10,000 people to no more than 5,000 — of the population of the historic Tibetan Buddhist Institute of Larung Gar, one of the world's largest and most prominent monastic institutions," the letter said.
"Mr Ambassador, the right to freedom of religious belief is recognised in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and under article 36 of the Chinese constitution. In keeping with these provisions, we strongly urge the central government to investigate the actions of the authorities who have demolished religious buildings, expelled practitioners, and imposed restrictions on religious belief and practice; order the reversal of these misguided policies; provide reparations for the damage caused to date; and simply allow people to practice their faith in peace."
"As Co-Chairs of the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission we will continue to closely monitor both the situation at these monasteries and the respect of religious freedom for the Tibetan and Chinese peoples, as this is a value deeply cherished by US citizens and institutions," the letter concluded.


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Dark Fudgy Brownies
Recipe Information
Total Time:3 hours 20 minutes (including cooling time)
Servings:20 brownies
Using chocolate with 60-72% cacao content imparts a deeper, fuller flavor in these rich, fudgelike brownies.
- 3/4 cup all-purpose flour
- 2/3 cup confectioners' sugar
- 3 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa powder, American-style or Dutch-process
- 3 ounces semisweet or bittersweet chocolate (50-72% cacao), coarsely chopped, plus 2 1/2 ounces chopped into mini chip-size pieces, divided
- 1 1/2 tablespoons canola oil
- 1/4 cup granulated sugar
- 1 1/2 tablespoons light corn syrup, blended with 3 tablespoons lukewarm water
- 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
- 1/8 teaspoon salt
- 1 large egg
- 1/3 cup chopped toasted walnuts, optional
- Position rack in center of oven; preheat to 350°F. Line an 8-inch-square baking pan with foil, letting it overhang on two opposing sides. Coat with cooking spray.
- Sift flour, confectioners' sugar and cocoa together into a small bowl. Combine the 3 ounces coarsely chopped chocolate and oil in a heavy medium saucepan; place over the lowest heat, stirring, until just melted and smooth, being very careful the chocolate does not overheat. Remove from the heat and stir in granulated sugar, corn syrup mixture, vanilla and salt until the sugar dissolves. Vigorously stir in egg until smoothly incorporated. Gently stir in the dry ingredients. Fold in the walnuts (if using) and the remaining 2 1/2 ounces chopped chocolate just until well blended. Turn out the batter into the pan, spreading evenly.
- Bake the brownies until almost firm in the center and a toothpick inserted comes out with some moist batter clinging to it, 20 to 24 minutes. Let cool completely on a wire rack, about 2 1/2 hours.
- Using the overhanging foil as handles, carefully lift the brownie slab from the pan. Peel the foil from the bottom; set the slab right-side up on a cutting board. Using a large, sharp knife, trim off any dry edges. Mark and then cut the slab crosswise into fifths and lengthwise into fourths. Wipe the blade with a damp cloth between cuts.
Nutritional Information
Calories: 84, Carbohydrates: 15 g., Fat: 3 mg., Saturated Fat: 1 mg., Monounsaturated Fat: 1 mg., Protein: 1 mg., Cholesterol: 11 g., Fiber: 0 g., Postassium: mg., Sodium: 19 mg., Added Sugars: mg.


text: On Wed, Apr 05, 2000 at 06:58:25AM -0500, John Hasler wrote: > Bruce Sass writes: > > MDT didn't kick in over here until I manually ran tzconfig. I'm running > > Potato, installed from bf-2.2.7 (libc6-2.1.2?), upgraded to > > libc6-2.1.3-2. > > I've got 2.1.3-7 on this box. > -- > John Hasler > firstname.lastname@example.com (John Hasler) > Dancing Horse Hill > Elmwood, WI I also have libc6 2.1.3-7 (I was 'apt-get dist-upgrade' up-to-date before the time-change weekend arrived). And I had the problem with EST5EDT, though not when I experimentally switched to America/New_York. When I then reset to EST5EDT using tzconfig the problem returned (date reported EST and 1 hour off). On a hunch I manually copied /usr/share/zoneinfo/EST5EDT to /etc/localtime (instead of the version installed by tzconfig, which based on file size and diff results seemed to be /usr/share/zoneinfo/SystemV/EST5EDT). Then date reported the right time zone (EDT) and time. I had to stop/start cron, etc. Then all was well. I then tried tzconfig again (and it broke the system), and then yet again manually fixed it. This last experiment was not to cause myself more trouble, but just because I couldn't believe what I was seeing. - MikeT -- Michael E. Touloumtzis mailto:email@example.com -or- Ingres Product Development mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com Computer Associates International


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Wednesday, December 16, 2009
You Know It's A Binge When...
-you stop counting calories
-you lose count of how many pieces of pizza you ate
-you guzzle orange juice instead of water
-you eat globs of cream cheese straight off the knife
-you break into your kids' Christmas candy and eat some of it
-you pour yourself a bowl of trail mix when you don't even LIKE trail mix and it is 250 calories for 3 TABLESPOONS
-you consider eating the leftover Halloween candy
-you make a big cup of coffee loaded with sugar and cream at 8pm
-you want Ritz but there are no Ritz so you eat some crackers you don't even like
-you eat most of the above in private, carefully sneaking around so no one will see you
-you feel incredibly ill and guilt-ridden
-you go to bed with heartburn and wake up with a headache
-you gain 2 pounds overnight
Yes. It happened again. I feel absolutely angry, sad, and disappointed in myself. Last night I felt sick, still. I had eaten very little all day... on the order of 350 calories (first mistake). Then in the evening it hit me. I HAD to eat, I wanted carbs, I wanted fat and sugar. I tried to tame it and eat reasonable amounts but before I could blink an eye I was shoveling food into my mouth with abandon. It really pisses me off.
For three months I have been writing notes on a small paper planner: how many calories I eat each day, my weight, my exercise, my mood, days I feel extra hungry, and my binges. I've always logged calories and weight on Sparkpeople, but this paper journal has given me new insight, especially as I look at it this morning. What I noticed:
My eating is almost directly related to my female cycle/hormones. For the first 2 weeks of each month, my eating has been pristine! It is *easy* for me to eat 1200-1600 calories a day. I *never* go over. I feel great, I lose 4 or 5 pounds during that first 2 weeks. Then, midcycle, I seem to crash. EVERY binge or out-of-control eating session in the past 3 months has been right after the middle of my cycle. Every single one! The third week of the month is torture for me. I am hungry, moody, tired, and pacing around wanting to overeat. I gain weight during that week. Then the last week of the month, I get a grip (although it is not as easy as the first two weeks) and drop a couple pounds back off.
Why?? I don't really get this, but I think it *must* be hormone-related. I'm going to be doing some research on female hormone cycles, which hormones hit when, and the known effects of those hormones. And then I will try and make a plan to prevent the insanity *next* month.
I am disappointed, but I am also aware that having a binge or two per month, at a certain time of month, is far, FAR better than my "old" life of bingeing almost daily. The months of eating whole cakes and pint after pint of ice cream and whole packages of hot dogs and Cheetos... those days are gone. I am so thankful. When I was eating like that, I once gained 40 pounds in 3 months. And I once gained 80 pounds in about 10 months. I think if I had not stopped when I did, I'd be either completely immobile or dead by now. So I am quite thankful for the progress I've made.
Another thought I've had... my binge was not triggered by any emotional *event* yesterday. It was sheer *desire to stuff food into my mouth*... it was internal, body-driven, and not thought-driven. Not sure what difference that makes, but I'll note it for future reference.
Goal: no more binges or out-of-control eating this month. I do *feel* like overeating today, but I am going to do my best to control it and feel myself high volume, high nutrition, low calorie foods like roasted broccoli today. And I *think* I feel better enough (from my sickness) to bike tonight.
Keep on working at it... we'll get it right.
39 comments:
- Dances with Corgis said...
I've been following your blog for a few months (and cheering on your progresses and enjoying your revelations!)...
I have to wonder- have you read "The End of Overeating" by David Kessler? He basically breaks down the science behind why we crave sugar, fat and salt combinations. It's a *great* book and could really help with binges.
I saw him speak a while back, you can read about it here:
As for your post-binge- just get some exercise today and let it fade into the past.
Stay well,
- December 16, 2009 at 10:02 AM
- Kisha said...
Hello! I just found your blog...amazing. This post in particular really spoke to me, as I just binged last night. I am so in awe of your bravery to post everything for the world to see...I wish I had half that strength! Keep going, chick, you're doing great!
- December 16, 2009 at 10:09 AM
- Enz said...
I think it's great you've been tracking this so you've found a pattern and now can work on a plan for next month. That's half the battle.
Let us know what you come up with.
- December 16, 2009 at 10:10 AM
- Izzybee said...
That's exactly my pattern! I have eating problems slap bang in the middle of my cycle - in fact, I would say I have more "PMS" when I'm supposedly ovulating than I do when I'm supposed to have PMS...
You're not alone!
- December 16, 2009 at 10:17 AM
the pacing, how I hate that! Don't know what it is, just can't seem to settle myself some days. grrr! I think I eat when I am in a pacing mood too, I have tried to replace it with some other activity just to go straight to the kitchen eat wrong then back to pacing. I wonder if men do this, or if it is a woman hormone thing? Understanding why we overeat and when has helped me so much, if you find anything new on the hormone/eating thing let us all in on the secret. We can't be the only ones, can we? The main thing is understand it and try to quickly move on....you are fantastic, I would have never thought that I could find someone who can voice these things that I didn't even know I felt. Very thought provoking, a BIG THANK YOU ♥ Eva
- December 16, 2009 at 10:20 AM
I just had one of those days yesterday....sigh. Why do we eat stuff we don't even like?!? I find that it is always hard to put that monster back in the closet once I let him out. Dealing with him once he is out, is still a challenge for me. I wish you luck, and I admire your desire to get control of it. Facing it, and seeing the binge for what it is, is the best first step. Before you know it, you will have more control over it! I totally related to this post...thanks for putting it out there! You are not alone!! :)
- December 16, 2009 at 10:21 AM
- hmmmm said...
just a stab in the dark here, but have you had your insulin levels checked? not the blood sugars or the h-a-something-or-other. for years i had problems, but the blood sugar levels and h-thingy tests were perfectly fine. i threw a temper tantrum and made the doc give me the insulin test, and low and behold.........and the hormone issues slowly began to resolve themselves when i treated the insulin issue
- December 16, 2009 at 10:31 AM
- happyfunpants said...
I feel for you - because I have been there. Hell, we've ALL been there. The thing that sucks so badly is that it really doesn't have anything to do with your mindset or your resolve. It has to do with hormones and those things do a serious number on some/most women.
I have found that I'm particularly sensitive to hormones and I have to watch with birth control I'm on - no generics for me. Even then, I have (what sounds like) the same desire as you to eat and eat...but mine is right before my period.
I am so thankful that you were able to think through this logically.
I also know that you can go to the doctor to get your hormone levels checked - which may be a good idea during this time of the month. And then at least you're dealing with facts and hopefully you can let go of the guilt.
That's the worst part of a binge, isn't it? The damage that's done AFTER it's done.
Hugs to you - keep your chin up and know that you are not alone, this will be resolved, and you are loved!
- December 16, 2009 at 10:47 AM
- Margie M. said...
I can relate to the list you posted today. I've done all of them myself over the years. Happy Fun Pants is right...we ALL have, and that's why we blog about it, try to do better, actually DO better. It's a process and a journey. I'm 58 now, and still have those issues from time to time with wanting to just binge myself into oblivion, even though I'm not actually "hormonal" as you young folks are. The desire eventually passes, just as it did in your case. I always look for your new posts, and I enjoy them very much, and learn from them each day.
- December 16, 2009 at 11:05 AM
- karen@fitnessjourney said...
It's good that you can pinpoint the cause-your hormonal cycles. Do you get a lot of severe PMS type symptoms besides? If you haven't seen a professional about this, it would be a good idea. Maybe chart when the binges occur so that you can show the data to your physician and he or she can help you to better control the binges.
- December 16, 2009 at 11:15 AM
- Ironlady said...
I was going to recommend the same book - David Kessler's the end of overeating. David Kessler was the former head of the FDA and has a lot of inside information on the food companies. Just read the first few pages on amazon.com and you will see that it's not just about a lack of willpower - that is only small portion of the equation - but the food itself, triggers strong chemical reactions that encourage binges. It is an eye-opening book. Most of the libraries carry it. I think it helps to understand why we do what we do and not to beat ourselves up too much about it, but instead, to find a permanent solution.
- December 16, 2009 at 11:19 AM
- The Brown Recluse said...
I can really relate to everything on the list...so, so deeply relate.
As I was reading, I was going to say shake it off, pick up and go on. No need! That's what you've done. I am cheering you on, and so glad you are putting it here so that I can be inspired by your journey.
- December 16, 2009 at 11:29 AM
- theantijared said...
The point is you knew it was a binge.
It is over....
Now move on.
- December 16, 2009 at 11:41 AM
- Kyle Gershman said...
Turn your dissapointment into determination...don't get mad at yourself, just get active at moving forward...let's just say that it was part of your plan and that you will also plan to exercise more and redouble your efforts. It wasn't a failure, it was part of your process. Yes...you did this to inspire yourself...brilliant really.
- December 16, 2009 at 11:45 AM
- mommie2lea said...
Have you been spying on me?!? I could have written that post almost word for word.
I'm sorry that you struggle with the binge monster, too. I think your plan for taming it this month is a good one.
BTW, your progress is very inspiring!
- December 16, 2009 at 12:02 PM
I used to worry, when you posted that you were on a roll and feeling powerful, what would happen if you slipped. No more! What a powerful example you are of productive self-examination! Thanks for that!
- December 16, 2009 at 12:03 PM
- Leslie said...
Hey Lyn,
I think you are one of the most honest, MOST courageous blogger I've ever read.... I've read your blog religiously since you started - EVERY post, and your journey speaks to me on so many levels.
I think it's great that you've been able to pinpoint WHEN and WHY these binges happen - what a huge step! Once you figure out what's going on in your body and what these physical triggers you are, you'll be on your way to being binge free - I'm sure of it!
Besides the other books that have been suggested, have you ever read Jillian Michaels' *Master Your Metabolism*? She explains how hormones affect your metabolism and your ability to lose weight... it's quite scientific and VERY thorough and she has suggestions on how to make your body work for you.. it may help you create a game plan for that difficult 3rd week!
- December 16, 2009 at 12:20 PM
- Jack Sh*t, Gettin' Fit said...
I'd really encourage you to eat smaller amounts more often. It feels like I'm eating all the time, and I recently charted out the calories of a typical day just because I was convinced that I was consuming too much.
Also, for me, consuming a little bit of something I shouldn't have just stokes the fire. If I'm partaking of something like that, I measure it out and then think it through. In the case of your chex mix example, seeing the measly amount for the high calorie/fat cost makes the decision a no-brainer.
Good luck getting this mess under control.
- December 16, 2009 at 12:23 PM
- moonduster said...
It's in the past and can't be changed now,but tomorrow can be whatever you want it to be.
- December 16, 2009 at 12:30 PM
- Kylie said...
Firstly, I love your blog. Thank you for your openess and honesty.
Binges - mine are DIRECTLY related to my cycle. The other night I kept saying to my husband how hungry I was. His response? "Is your period due soon?"
Yep - he nailed it! It's so tightly woven in witht he binge cycle that even he can see it...
- December 16, 2009 at 1:11 PM
- Katie J said...
The blood sugar test is an Hba1c. It gives you a "snapshot" of your blood sugar levels for a period of time.
- December 16, 2009 at 1:14 PM
Hi there!
I have been avidly reading your blog for a long time now. I have to say, and I just wanted to tell you this, that I think you are one of the strongest, most honest, and most amazing women I've ever had the privilege of reading about on a blog. Your positive attitude, even on days where you don't feel the greatest, is inspiring. I hope this doesn't sound too cheesy, and I wish I had better words for it, but I strongly felt like I wanted to pass this on to you.
Keep on keepin' on. You are wonderful. :-)
- December 16, 2009 at 1:30 PM
- Fattie Fatterton said...
It sucks to be a woman sometimes. I think that this is why men have much more success at losing weight and maintaining than we do.
But, recognizing the triggers is HUGE. Good for you!!
- December 16, 2009 at 1:36 PM
I could have written this blog entry. I am 39 and I eat exactly like you do during the month. It irritates me to no end. I know it is cycle/hormonal related. Just not sure what to do about it. You are are not alone.
By the way, I love your blog.
- December 16, 2009 at 2:06 PM
- Marste said...
Delurking. :)
You have just described my recent experience to a tee (tea? T?). I'm just now realizing that the week before my period I start behaving like a rebellious child. It's like some part of me is trying to eat junk food before the other part of me notices. *sigh* I'm not sure how I'm going to handle it, but it's nice to have the info.
(Also, another recovering binger, here. I know EXACTLY what you're going through on that front, and although I lurk, you have my support.)
- December 16, 2009 at 2:11 PM
- Melissa said...
I've been doing really well, too (but started only recently), but this week (that time of month) i have also lost track of counting calories & eaten stuff w/o caring. if you did research on the binging & that time-of-month, it'd help me so much & so many others!! i'm sure you'll blog it when you do it?! :)
i have been thinking of writing my stuff on paper, too. i've been doing it on sparkpeople but it can be so tedious!
- December 16, 2009 at 2:33 PM
- Georgia said...
Binges are inevitable on your journey, but the worst thing you can do is feel guilt. This has been something that I've recently learnt and yes, it is harder said than done. If possible, move on - tomorrow is a new day and your binge (as mine always are) was just fuelled by hormones and your body was merely trying to do what's "best" for you (even if it's not the outcome your brain wants). If you can move on without the guilt you'll find it much easier to regain that momentum - trust me! Keep at it - you're doing brilliantly! :)
- December 16, 2009 at 5:14 PM
- antgirl said...
I am careful to always eat in regular intervals. Letting myself get too hungry, tired and cranky is a recipe for disaster. Always.
Too few calories over a day is as bad for us as too many.
You'll be all right though.
I don't know what your hormone situation is, I've found cohosh to be a godsend. There are lots of supplements in the natural grocers to help with hormonal issues. No more ravenous munchies. :)
- December 16, 2009 at 7:29 PM
- Ms. PJ Geek said...
Thank you. Everyone said all the right stuff and all the good stuff. ditto all that.
Thanks for putting it out there...open, frank,thoughtful, gut wrenching.
I just binged the last 2 days on home made Chex mix. Upset over a job change, sad about the holidays, lost my cross necklace. Doesn't feel better with chex mix. Feels better to read your blog and your comments. Thank you.
- December 16, 2009 at 7:56 PM
I have the same hormonal challenges. It took years to discover the problem and more years to determine the solution. Here's what helped me. No more BC pills ( I stopped at age 34---am now 43 ), And, I take Vitex/chastebeery supplements on an on/off cycle. I go on when I feel the PMS binge monster creeping into my life and off when I feel more under control. Also, during winter, I supplement with Rhodiola in the AM for energy. Research and decide if this may help, you. Good Luck!
- December 16, 2009 at 9:11 PM
- Crabby McSlacker said...
How frustrating!
But it's great that you're figuring out the hormonal pattern so can predict when you're going to be tempted into bingeing again. Just knowing that it's coming may help you prepare.
- December 16, 2009 at 9:16 PM
- Honib1 said...
Today treat yourself.. as if you are your own child.. think about it.. when your kids are not feeling well.. you do not scold them.. and when your cycle is running high or low.. you should not scold yourself.. so you binged.. you know what you did, you get why you did it.. its over.. today is fresh... I think if we treat ourselves more like the children we love.. then we might treat ourselves more healthy.. you know 3 meals a day, a couple a good snacks.. play time , exercise time.. things you would encourage your own child to do.. You are the best dear..
- December 17, 2009 at 5:44 AM
- Roni said...
oh I TOTALLY FEEL YOU! I have the same cycle.
I agree with theantijared
Moving on!
- December 17, 2009 at 8:43 AM
- NutriAngel said...
There is probably a whole host of reasons why this happened and hormonal imbalances are just one of them. Keep strong.
- December 17, 2009 at 8:46 AM
- Kim said...
Hi, Have you been checked for Poly-cistic ovary syndrome? I have it myself and go through the same thing you do...b/c of insulin resistance. It's very frustrating...I know, but I will tell you the binge problems can be very correlated to the hormone problems...especially if you are insulin resistant. Look up the symptoms for PCOS and insulin resistance...see if you line up with any of the symptoms. Wishing you the best, Kim
- December 17, 2009 at 9:16 AM
- Tiff said...
I think you are one of the most courageous people I have ever met...well I guess we haven't ever technically met :) You are totally going to be able to do this- keep on trucking! Here is a link to my blog- I've recently started my own jounrey and would love any feeback you could offer!
- December 17, 2009 at 11:55 AM
- Lyn said...
Thank you all for your suggestions, some of which I will be trying!
I have had severe (almost delibitating) PMS in the past and have tried many different approaches including prescription medications and herbal remedies. I've had lots of tests. I am so sensitive to hormones that I cannot even take "mini" birth control pills (I get violently sick). I've had a lot of testing and see my GYN every 3-6 months mainly for follow-up on the cervical cancer thing (you can search my blog if you want to read about that). The PMS has improved dramatically as I have aged and also is much better when I avoid sugar during the last 3-4 days of my cycle, so I try to do that.
Thanks again :)
- December 17, 2009 at 3:10 PM
- ThriceBlessed said...
Oh, I can so relate! :( Don't give up!
- December 19, 2009 at 10:13 PM
- Tammy said...
Awesome! I'm glad to hear you're researching the hormonal thing because I'm so curious and have just been too damn lazy to do it myself. There HAS to be a direct link to the cycle/overeating thing....I'm convinced of it.
I have an I.U.D. for birth control (TMI, I know), so I think that has something to do with why I'm bloated to the point of ridiculousness, spotting & weird ass cravings for 2 1/2 - 3 wks out of the month. I am soooo not kidding you. I have 1 good solid week a month. Haven't posted about this on my blog because who needs more excuses, right? I just wish it was the other way around...I wish I had 3 good weeks and 1 bad one like I did when I was on the pill. Can't go back to it though....I'm 37 and they say it's too high risk for heart attack and stroke. It's really sad that those 3 bad weeks make me actually consider which would be worse, lol. Thanks for posting about this. You're helping more people than just yourself with your honesty Lyn.
- December 20, 2009 at 6:17 PM


text:
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text:
Today I was guiding Lars Petter. The guiding was a birthday present from his good lady and I had a solid wish list to work with which I did pretty well in depleting. I decided to head out east and cover Nordre Øyeren, Aurskog Høland and a bit of Østfold. It was quite an intense day with an early start and I was knackered when I got home so the kids got frozen pizza for dinner -I did warm it up...;-)
We are still having overnight frosts and with a lack of rain it was noticeable how brown the fields are and there is no flood water in the valleys. This means that there are few concentrations of birds and that a number of species have not yet arrived in any large numbers. But that doesn't mean we didn't see lots of good birds.
Birds of Prey were well represented with 2 Marsh Harriers, 2 Peregrines (including a youngster which nearly flew into us while chasing a Fieldfare), 4 Ospreys, many buzzards, Merlin, Goshawk and Sparrowhawk. Surprisingly I have yet to see a Kestrel this spring and it looks like they are still to arrive in Norway in any numbers.
There were few dabbling ducks but Merkja held an impressive 600 Teal although try as hard as I could I found no American cousin or Garganey. Hellesjøvannet held three Smew including a fine male and a rare spring Scaup.
Waders were numerous with 439 Curlews in Svellet plus Lapwing, Golden Plover, Snipe, Green Sandpiper, Oystercatcher and Little Ringed Plover during the day.
There were no concentrations of passerines in the fields but Bramblings and Redwings were singing nearly everywhere. In total we had 73 species which ain't bad considering the only Africa migrant was Chiffchaff. Other decent birds were Black Grouse, Red-throated and Black-throated Diver and Crane.
As usual when guiding I took few pictures but the ones I did suggest that something may be up with the camera.
|this Merline (dvergfalk) proved difficult to focus on but it was no problem to focus on the Blue Tit (blåmeis) that was mobbing it!
|a bit better focus
|adult Peregrine (vandrefalk). This bird was a clear migrant and presumably a bird that breeds in the mountains hence its late arrival
|female Scaup (bergand) at Hellesjøvannet
|and three Smew (lappfiskand)


text:
As we prepare to say goodbye to Nymph Errant, I thought we could have one more Where in the World is the Nymph Errant. Enjoy, and remember, the location quiz is only half the fun... Find the Nymph Errant hidden in one of the pictures, have you found all the others hidden Nymphs?
We've hit up most of Evangeline's whereabouts, but not all of them. Can you figure out this one? It's a little more difficult.
Clue 1. It's not really a city.
OK, so that wasn't really much of a clue either…
Clue 2. Its name means "forbidden place" or "sanctum."
That's a bit more like it.
Clue 3. This misunderstood place has been depicted incorrectly in Western Culture for centuries, due in part to the writing of Richard Francis Burton.
Cultural relativism was not an issue.
Clue 4. The purpose was for the royal upbringing of future wives of noble and royal.
And as one royal could have many wives… oh wait… that's almost another clue.
Nymph Errant, playing through October 23. For tickets call (415) 255-8207 or click here.
Friday, October 21, 2011
Where in the World is the Nymph Errant The Final Day
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Arsenal's Mikel Arteta has hit out at the Premier League and TV companies for scheduling their game with Manchester City just 60 hours after their Champions League clash with Napoli, according to the Telegraph.
Arsene Wenger's team only returned from their draining Champions League fixture in Naples in the early hours of Thursday morning, and are set to travel to Manchester today ahead of a 12.45pm kick off with Manuel Pellegrini's side tomorrow, due to the match being screened live on BT Sport.
Manchester City hold the advantage of being able to play on Tuesday night, as Pellegrini rotated seven of his first team regulars for the trip to Bayern Munich with City already having qualified.
The likes of Vincent Kompany, Yaya Toure, Sergio Aguero, Samir Nasri and Alvaro Negredo are set to head into the top of the table clash with a full weeks rest behind them, whilst Wenger's sides preparation will revolve around being able to recover physically.
"The mood is fine, the recovery time is very tight," said Arteta. "I don't understand why we play Sunday afternoon [against Everton], Wednesday evening [against Napoli], get back at 4am and then play again on Saturday morning in Manchester.
"It will just be about recovery. It's not ideal. We will have a late warm down, try to get our legs back for Friday, travel on Friday and be as well prepared as we can. They will be ready for us because they rested seven or eight players in Munich."
Arsene Wenger has bemoaned the fixture schedule frequently in the past, and whilst Arteta acknowledges is it hardly ideal, he insists the team cannot use it as an excuse.
"We have to be ready, no excuses," he said. "We want to win there and we have to be prepared. We know it can be a big statement if we get a good result there."


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Vice Chancellor of the University of West Indies, Sir Hilary Beckles is making a bold prediction saying the West Indies Test Cricket team will lose its identity in the next five years.
If, key players continue to take up duties for franchise for the popular Twenty20 cricket across the globe. Several West Indies players are opting out of regional play to bat with premier leagues, where they have been offered more lucrative contracts.
Sir Hilary believes if this trend continues there will be no experience players on the West Indies team.


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As we move from our childhood and become adults, we build a certain personality through which world recognizes us. Our Hobbies and Interest are an integral part of our persona.
Our hobby not only helps us kill the boredom, but it also helps us in staying creative and happy. It is something that we are never ever tired of doing.


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