text:
What JFE and Jcore Won't Do: The JFE is not suitable for translation of Java source code into maintainable C or C++ code. (Someone could develop a product to do that, using our product, but it's not a capability we provide.) The generated C code is not pretty; it's being used only as a way to get object code generated by a C compiler. It contains runtime routine calls, generated variables with cryptic names, and long convoluted lines making extensive use of the "," and "?" operators.
The JFE and Jcore will not, in all cases, allow one to take an existing Java application and run it as a native application. Jcore does not provide the full set of Java libraries, and the set it does provide is not genericized (it's a pre-java 5 version). If an application uses libraries other than those provided by Jcore, one would need to have those libraries in Java source code form, and even then they would be usable only if they have no native methods, because the runtime environment for JFE/Jcore is incompatible with the JNI environment.
The code generated by JFE will also not, in general, interoperate well with C and C++ libraries, or with C or C++ code not written specifically for the JFE/Jcore environment, because of differences in the runtime environment (e.g., calling conventions and data representations). So one could not, for example, translate an algorithm in Java into a piece of C code and expect to drop that C code into an existing C or C++ application.
The JFE cannot at present generate object code that will execute alongside byte code in a JVM environment. (It can, of course, generate byte code to be used in that way.) In other words, it can't be used as a sort of ahead-of-time version of a JIT compiler.


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Bitrate: 320 Kbps
Duration: 12:03
Size: 27.55 MBDownload Song
Click on play button to listen high quality(320 Kbps) mp3 of "Awkward Sex". This audio song duration is 12:03 minutes. This song is sing by Awkward Sex. You can download Awkward Sex high quality audio by clicking on "Download Mp3" button.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This DVD takes a comprehensive look at a wide range of water features to suit a variety of gardens. It looks at where best to site a pond and how to design and build it. It also covers key considerations such as using a lineer to prevent leakage and plant selection from aquatics to marginals and of course the magnificent lily. The DVD covers the following areas: Creating a new pond Pond maintenance Plant selection Attracting wildlife 60 minutes ISBN: DBHTCW025 Title: HOW TO CREATE PONDS AND WATER FEATURES Year: 2008 Format: DVD Price: $75.00
Orders up to 4 weeks if out of stock.


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Located in the Lozoya's Lower Valley, El Altazar Reservoir Community represents one of the most differentiated sub-regions inside Madrid's North Mountain Range, where the Lozoya River and its waters turn into a resource of great importance. The numerous hydraulic infrastructures, dams, canals, etc… existent in the area are the accurate reflex of the importance of water as an economic and natural resource. This essential element and more limited by the day, is found in abundance in the great reservoirs of: Puente Viejas, El Villa y El Atazar, which hoard one of the mayor water reservoirs in the community of Madrid.
The community includes the municipalities that are spread around the reservoir of El Atazar. These are:
El Atazar:
El Atazar municipal district is located in the Madrid Community's northeast border. It is a region of contrasts, between the foothills of Somosierra and the Atazar reservoir. It has an area of 29,5 km2 of relief, with elevations that reach 1.396 metres at Cabeza Anton.
El Berrueco:
El Berrueco is located in the North of Madrid's Community between two rocky lines that separate the provinces of Segovia and Guadalajara.Its etymological origin seems to be because of the granite mountain that dominates the town's core in the North. The word Berrueco in Spanish means "rocky outcrop" and also it could come from the word barrueco that in Spanish means "big granite rocks".
El Berrueco Tourism: www.turismoberrueco.net
El Berrueco Tourism: www.turismoberrueco.net
Cervera de Buitrago:
Cervera de Buitrago is a small community located at the edge of the El Atazar's reservoir. Its territory gets divided topographically in two spaces by the line that goes by the elevation of 1.028 m of Valdecornoque on the North and the 974 m of Cerrillo de la Jara. The livestock vocation of the council has left way to the touristic activity in the last years, even though the first one has left a notable mark in the landscape, the architecture and people.
Cervera Tourism: www.turismocervera.org
Cervera Tourism: www.turismocervera.org
The municipal region of Patones is limited by the Jarama and Lozoya rivers, over a quite rugged land. The principal elevation is the Cancho de La Cabeza. Patones is divided in two cores: Patones de Arriba and Patones de Abajo. The first one was declared Asset of Cultural Interest in 1999 because of its historic group that preserves the traditional essence of the region. Patones de Abajo is of recent creation and it is lies in the Jarama's Vega. (Fertile lowland).
Puentes Viejas:
The municipal council of Puente Viejas is made out by the towns of Cincovillas, Mangiron, Paredes de Buitrago and Serrada de la Fuente. With an area of 58,30 sq Km. and altitude of 1012m.
The reservoirs of Puente Viejas, El Villar and El Atazar characterize the image of a great part of this territory's extension, giving it great landscape value.The toponimy of the council takes after the name of the reservoir located in the Lozoya River, named like that because in the past there were two pontoons for crossing the river from shore to shore. The Puentes Viejas' council was born by decree on July 24th of 1975. The municipal headquarters were established in Mangiron.
Puentes Viejas Tourism: www.turismopuentesviejas.es
Puentes Viejas Tourism: www.turismopuentesviejas.es
Robledillo de la Jara:
Robledillo de la Jara is located in the northern sector of Madrid's province, in the foothills of the Cerros de la Mujer Muerta (Mountains of the Death Woman). The town was initially named only Robledillo, in reference to the abundant oak forests around that in old times covered the area. The name "de la Jara" was taken only when it got to be necessary to add something to Robledillo to distinguish the town's name between other towns named Robledillo also and it proceeds from "Quarto de la Xara" which Robledillo was part of inside the Land de Buitrago's administrative division.
Adress: Calle del Nogal, 3C, 28193 Cervera de Buitrago, Madrid, España
Adress: Calle de la Casa Castillo, 12, 28754, Madrid, España
Adress: Calle Fraguas, 16, 28189 El Atazar, Madrid, España
Adress: Calle de la Calzada, 11, 28192 El Berrueco, Madrid, España
Adress: Calle Fresno, 9, 28754, Madrid, España
Adress: Calle la Cerradilla, 28196, Madrid, España
Adress: Avenida de Madrid, 64, 28189 Patones, Madrid, España
Adress: Calle de Jesús del Valle, 35, 28194 Robledillo de la Jara, Madrid, España
Adress: Calle Eras, 8, 28195, Madrid, España
Pueblos de la Mancomunidad
Visitando las localidades que conforman la Mancomunidad del embalse de El Atazar conoceremos sus gentes y tradiciones. La arquitectura popular de la zona se sigue viendo entre sus calles. Cosntrucciones que aún resisten al tiempo nos transportan a la vida de estos rincones de la sierra madrileña en el pasado


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Six people were murdered in Athens this year, one more person than in 2010.
The murder rate seems to have stabilized, after a peak at 10 in 2009 and dip to five in 2010, but this year marked the first time in 75 years that local officers had to investigate the murder of one of their own.
While police believe they have solved all of this year's murders, all of the cases remain pending in Clarke County Superior Court.
• The first victim this year was Larry James David, 60, who was killed Jan. 8 in Tent City, a homeless camp north of Lexington Road.
Police didn't think foul play was involved until a few days later, when an autopsy found that the hyoid bone in David's throat had been fractured.
Another homeless man, 40-year-old Joseph Richard Craft, was charged with murder after police determined he strangled Davis during a fight. He's the same person who found David's body, police said.
• A month later, on Feb. 1, police were called to the Vintage Court home of James and Briana Hood, who told officers they stabbed a man to death after he tried to burglarize their home.
The husband and wife later were charged with murdering 26-year-old Christopher Coon, when investigators determined the Hoods stabbed Coon to death after a drug deal went bad inside their home, police said.
• On March 22, officers heard a countywide lookout for Jamie Hood, wanted in connection with the armed robbery and kidnapping of a man on Rannick Road.
Senior Police Officer Tony Howard spotted an SUV that Hood was in and stopped it, but police said Hood shot Howard in the face and shoulder before the officer could get out of his patrol car.
Howard survived his injuries, but Hood shot and killed Senior Police Officer Elmer "Buddy" Christian as he arrived on the scene, according to police.
Hood later was indicted not only for Christian's murder, but for one of the last murders of 2010. Authorities say Hood shot and killed Kenneth Omari Wray, an Athens-Clarke Transportation and Public Works employee, the night of Dec. 28.
The last local officer to be murdered in the line of duty was Herman Stein, who was shot to death by an armed robbery suspect in 1936.
• The following month, 28-year-old Demetrius Antwon Ball was slashed in the neck and stabbed in the chest during a fight with another man on Vine Street the night of June 11. He later died at the hospital.
Randy Roderick "Rat" Perry, 36, was charged with Ball's murder when he was arrested two days later in Decatur. Perry claimed he stabbed the other man in self-defense, but his version of events contrasted with eyewitness accounts, police said.
• Two months later, on Aug. 4, Fernando Leondus Terrell, 25, was shot in the stomach during an argument on West Hancock Avenue. He staggered into the Broadacres Homes housing complex nearby, where he collapsed and died.
Police first arrested the wrong man for Terrell's murder, after a witness gave false statements. Investigators quickly realized they'd been duped, and charged 21-year-old Sabien Jacquand Jones with Terrell's murder, which police called drug-related.
• The last murder of 2011 also was drug-related, according to police.
It happened the night of Nov. 6 when 19-year-old Jeremy Buchanan of Commerce drove to Rolling Ridge Apartments on Kathwood Drive, where he went into a building's breezeway and was shot once in the head.
Buchanan died at the hospital hours later, when doctors removed him from life support.
Investigators identified 22-year-old Cody Lumpkin as the shooter, and Sentquila Hill, 25, as an accomplice.
Lumpkin and Hill stole money, a wallet and a cellphone from Buchanan as he lay wounded, according to a grand jury indictment.


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Dead Cells PC Game Free Download
Dead Cells is an Action, Adventure and Platformer game for PC published by Motion Twin in 2017. Take the control of a fighter to bring peace in his world.
Dead Cells PC Game 2017 Overview:
He is so strong that can fight more than an enemy at the same time. But he needs a great controller like you to show his amazing abilities in the battles.
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Network management company Visual Network Systems has launched a new single-appliance solution for application performance and end-user experience monitoring. Visual Performance Manager (VPM) Xpress is described as offering the same enterprise service intelligence capabilities as the company's full VPM product, but in a platform appropriately scaled for mid-market IT organizations and departmental or regional data centers.
The company says that network engineers and application support teams require a cost-effective means of not only offering visibility into application performance, but also a channel that will allow them to correlate data from multiple sources, to show 'cause-and-effect' and help solve problems faster. VPM Xpress is presented as a quick and simple route generating actionable visibility into problem domain isolation and root cause to drive rapid mean time to repair.
The cause-and-effect analytics provided by VPM Xpress are made possible by IntelliTrace, a patented technology that provides users with 'peak to transaction to trace' analytics based on a particular application performance event or degradation in service delivery. The ability to understand how a problem directly affects the end user's experience at a given location and the cause of the issue is agued to shorten the time to resolution.
"VPM Xpress is designed specifically for the mid-market. We have included a comprehensive set of capabilities for managing applications and end-user experience based on our unique data correlation engine and IntelliTrace, but in an affordable package and easy to install configuration. Users can go from out-of-the-box to fully deployed in 30 minutes or less and benefit from the same power of our Visual Performance Manager to effectively deliver networked applications," said Lyn Cantor, senior vice president and general manager, Visual Network Systems.
IntelliTrace, together with a data correlation engine to process information from multiple sources, makes VPM Xpress an option for software engineers who need actionable information and summarized dashboard reporting to manage their application and network environment.
VPM Xpress features more than 93 pre-configured applications and Visual Network Systems suggests that this should enable engineers to get access to application performance, end-user experience and network performance data and reporting. The company also offers an upgrade path to scale the solution as the needs of the organization grow, if the business no longer finds itself in the mid-market space.


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Home > Blogs > VUE and Prometric: What's the Difference?
Many new IT certification candidates express frustration at the fact that, for many programs, they can register to take their exams by using either Pearson VUE or Thomson Prometric. What is the difference between these two IT certification exam registrars? In this essay I will give you the relevant facts and a personal opinion as to which is better.
With reference to IT certification registration and delivery, there exist two chief providers:
By "provider" I mean that you can register to take your IT certification exam by either calling or visiting the VUE or Prometric Web site. Testing centers are affiliated with either VUE, Prometric, or both. For instance, the training center at which I teach is both a VUE and a Prometric exam provider.
Does it make a difference which exam registrar you choose? Well, yes and no. A rising number of "strategic partnerships" have cropped up in the past year or so that affect certain IT certification candidates:
Consequently, you need to keep this fact in mind if you plan on certifying on Cisco, Microsoft, Oracle, and/or Apple technologies. Be certain to read the "How to register" pages for the certification vendors with which you are interested.
By contrast, programs such as CompTIA and Novell allow you to register with either VUE or Prometric. As far as the specifics of the exam registration process proper, the question to go with Prometric or VUE is determined by your personal preferences and experience.
Now it's time for Tim's opinion. In my 11 years of working in IT, I have been affiliated with a significant number of training centers/IT certification exam providers. Therefore, I have seen how Prometric and VUE work from both the test-taker's point of view as well as from the exam administrator's point of view.
Almost without exception, I have had far better luck dealing with VUE than I have with Thomson Prometric. From the reliability of their exam engine, to the quality of their customer service, to the speed in which incidents are resolved, VUE has it all over Prometric, in my opinion.
Please note the following facts:
One inconvenience I have experienced with taking IT certification exams with both Prometric and VUE is that you must maintain two separate profiles. Therefore, keeping your exam history organized can sometimes become problematic.
Ah, capitalism!
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Complete A+ Guide to IT Hardware and Software: AA CompTIA A+ Core 1 (220-1001) & CompTIA A+ Core 2 (220-1002) Textbook, 8th Edition


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Gerald Patrick Hayes, 72, of Olathe, Kansas died February 11, 2016 at Lesuire Terrace Retirement Facility, where the entire staff, along with Heartland Hospice, graciously guided Jerry & his family through these difficult times.
Jerry is survived by his wife, Bernie, three sons: Christopher, Ronald and Scott, and two step-children: Amber and her husband John Sommers and Zachary Sutton. He is also survived by his older sister: Marlene and her husband Robert Keating and four grandchildren: Noah Hayes, Leilani, Zayne and Imani Sommers. As well as many nephews, cousins and dear friends.
Jerry is a veteran of the United States Army. He grew up in Kansas City, Missouri, the only son of Edward Patrick Hayes and Mary McGeeney Hayes, where he was a member of St. Vincent DePaul Catholic Church and School. He attended Rockhurst High School. Jerry took great pride in raising his three sons as a single father. At the age of 50 he met the love of his life. His ornery streak will be greatly missed.
Mass of Christian Burial will be 10am, Wednesday, February 17th at St. Paul Catholic Church, 900 S. Honeysuckle Dr, Olathe, with burial following in Olathe Memorial Cemetery. Visitation will be from 6-8pm, Tuesday, at McGilley & Frye Funeral Home, 105 E. Loula St, Olathe, where the Vigil Prayers and Rosary will be prayed at 5pm.
In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to St. Paul Catholic Church or the National Parkinson Foundation.


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There's no doubt that one cannot simply expect to find toe nail fungal infections as a complex or a simple condition to experience. However, one should actually take special care in preventing the condition from getting worse. There are many instances, after all, in which parasites and bacteria can start invading the nail beds, and this can lead to the development of such a problem that can be pretty difficult to get rid of. Truth be told, so many individuals are affected by it all over the world and they don't even realize it since the condition isn't visible externally at first. Yet, as soon as a white spot develops right in the center of the toe nail, it can easily spread out over time, which then leads to brittleness and discoloration.
There are so many reasons as to why this condition develops in people. It may be due to the fact that a lot of people don't wear proper footwear that provides their feet protection from the invasion of these fungi, especially in areas like gyms, locker rooms, pool sides and spas. Some people may also be wearing shoes that are too tight, which then prevents their toes from "breathing." It would also be a case of contracting it from someone who was already afflicted with the condition. Thankfully, one doesn't have to live with the embarrassment of such problems sine there are different courses of action which can be taken to get rid of fungal infections in the toe nails. Below are three methods of doing so.
a. Going the natural route – The most recognized form of treatment for toe nail fungus is by using tea tree oil. All that one needs to do is to mix the oil with some warm water, and rub it all over the affected toe nail(s) to provide proper sterilization and cleaning. There's also the option of using a bucket for the solution and dipping one's toes in it. One should be aware that such a method isn't quick in results, and can take up to 3 months for the fungus to be eliminated completely.
b. Going the herbal route – While it has been determined on just how effective and strong tea tree oil is in killing off the presence of bacteria in the toe nails, one can also mix it with herbal ingredients which possess antiseptic or antifungal properties. Herbal essences can do a pretty bang up job of eradicating toe nail fungus a lot faster when mixed with tea tree oil.
c. Using the medical route – There are a lot of pills being sold in the market which can actually destroy bacterial infections in the toenails, and these can be acquired through prescriptions. There are also some FDA-approved ointments and creams such as ZetaClear that can do so with much potency, although one has to be aware that some side effects include itchiness, allergies on the skin as well as some minor irritation.
These are three different ways in which people suffering from toenail fungus can deal with it in the most effective manner.


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Auction Schedule & Dates
Our schedule is simple. The Gardena location has weekly auctions every Monday, with a specialty sale on the last Monday of each month. The Stockton location has weekly auctions every Wednesday, with periodic specialty sales you will find on the calendar below. We often host special events, so check back regularly to find out what's going on at South Bay Auto Auction.
Gardena, CA
Stockton, CA


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- Research article
- Open Access
Characterization of the mrgRS locus of the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei: temperature regulates the expression of a two-component signal transduction system
- Magdy E Mahfouz1,
- T Hilton Grayson2Email author,
- David AB Dance3 and
- Martyn L Gilpin2
© Mahfouz et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006
- Received: 15 June 2006
- Accepted: 07 August 2006
- Published: 07 August 2006
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophyte in tropical environments and an opportunistic human pathogen. This versatility requires a sensing mechanism that allows the bacterium to respond rapidly to altered environmental conditions. We characterized a two-component signal transduction locus from B. pseudomallei 204, mrgR and mrgS, encoding products with extensive homology with response regulators and histidine protein kinases of Escherichia coli, Bordetella pertussis, and Vibrio cholerae.
The locus was present and expressed in a variety of B. pseudomallei human and environmental isolates but was absent from other Burkholderia species, B. cepacia, B. cocovenenans, B. plantarii, B. thailandensis, B. vandii, and B. vietnamiensis. A 2128 bp sequence, including the full response regulator mrgR, but not the sensor kinase mrgS, was present in the B. mallei genome. Restriction fragment length polymorphism downstream from mrgRS showed two distinct groups were present among B. pseudomallei isolates. Our analysis of the open reading frames in this region of the genome revealed that transposase and bacteriophage activity may help explain this variation. MrgR and MrgS proteins were expressed in B. pseudomallei 204 cultured at different pH, salinity and temperatures and the expression was substantially reduced at 25°C compared with 37°C or 42°C but was mostly unaffected by pH or salinity, although at 25°C and 0.15% NaCl a small increase in MrgR expression was observed at pH 5. MrgR was recognized by antibodies in convalescent sera pooled from melioidosis patients.
The results suggest that mrgRS regulates an adaptive response to temperature that may be essential for pathogenesis, particularly during the initial phases of infection. B. pseudomallei and B. mallei are very closely related species that differ in their capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Modifications in this region of the genome may assist our understanding of the reasons for this difference.
- Bordetella Pertussis
- Melioidosis
- Burkholderia Species
- Burkholderia Pseudomallei
- Convalescent Seron
The saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei is an opportunistic pathogen that is capable of intracellular survival [1, 2] and causes melioidosis, a frequently fatal disease of humans and animals, which can be difficult to diagnose [3]. Although the pathogen is mainly distributed in the soil and water of tropical regions, especially south-east Asia and northern Australia, it is highly adaptable, nutritionally versatile and able to survive and grow in a wide range of environments [4–8]. The disease encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms and outcomes, including long periods of latency up to 62 years [9], and affects the lives of many millions of people [10].
The pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei infections involves the expression of cell-associated components such as lipopolysaccharide, pili, extracellular polysaccharide, and flagella [3] as well as secreted factors including toxins [11], protease [12], siderophore [13] and phospholipase [14]. Although capsular polysaccharide has been shown to enhance the intracellular survival and virulence of the pathogen, the role of this and other factors in pathogenicity and host resistance has not been conclusively resolved [15–17]. It is possible that pathogenesis involves the expression of many genes that are regulated in response to complex environmental signals.
Many bacterial pathogens possess signal transduction systems that are able to elicit adaptive responses to environmental variations and consequently have an important role in regulating the expression of genes that are crucial for survival and infection [18]. The prevalence of two-component transduction systems in a wide variety of bacterial species has stimulated interest and some limited success in designing new classes of broad-spectrum antimicrobials that can block these signalling pathways [19, 20]. The most attractive reason for targeting these systems, such as PhoP/PhoQ from Salmonella typhimurium and BvgA/BvgS from Bordetella pertussis, is that they control the expression of genes required for infectivity and virulence in pathogenic bacteria [21]. Bacterial two-component systems are typically composed of a transmembrane histidine protein kinase that serves as an environmental sensor and a cytoplasmic response regulator that uses reversible phosphorylation to regulate gene expression in response to changing environmental conditions [22, 23].
Most, if not all, bacteria can respond and adapt to changes in environmental conditions, such as temperature, osmotic pressure and pH, by regulating gene expression [24, 25]. Understanding how these conditions affect the expression of genes which can regulate an adaptive response is important for improving our understanding of opportunistic pathogens, such as B. pseudomallei, that are able to survive a wide range of environmental variations. In this study we report the identification of a two-component signal transduction system from B. pseudomallei encoding proteins most similar in structure to RcsB and RcsC that regulate capsule synthesis in Escherichia coli. We cloned and characterized the genes and examined their expression under conditions that B. pseudomallei may encounter during its life cycle. In order to more fully characterize this region of the B. pseudomallei genome we examined genetic variation downstream from the mrgRS locus in a variety of B. pseudomallei isolates and show that 2 distinct groups of isolates can be distinguished.
Results and discussion
Identification of genes encoding a two-component signal transduction system
Of the two open reading frames (ORFs) identified, one (666 bp) designated mrgR for m elioidosis agent r egulatory g ene r egulator, possesses a promoter but lacks an obvious transcriptional termination sequence after the stop codon. The translated product (23,860 Da) shares extensive similarity with a large family of response regulators, particularly the RcsB proteins of Erwinia amylovora, E. coli, and Salmonella typhi, and BvgA of Bordetella pertussis (28–31% identity). A helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain is located in the C-terminal portion (residues 158–215) which is a common feature of response regulators of the LuxR/FixJ family of cytoplasmic transcriptional regulators. In addition, the protein possesses conserved residues that characterize this family, including Asp-61 which is believed to be phosphorylated, and Asp-15, Asp-16, Thr-191, and Lys-202, which are believed to contribute to the acidic pocket for the phosphorylation site [18, 26]. These features strongly suggest that MrgR should be assigned to the LuxR/FixJ family of transcriptional regulators that are located in the cytoplasm and are thought to bind to specific promoter sequences upstream of regulated genes.
The second ORF (3237 bp) was designated mrgS for m elioidosis agent r egulatory g ene s ensor and is transcribed in the same direction as mrgR. The initiation codon of mrgS overlaps by a single nucleotide with the termination codon of mrgR i.e. TGA TG. This feature has been described for genes encoding two-component regulator systems from different bacterial species such as ompR/envZ of E. coli [27] and irlRS operon of B. pseudomallei [28]. Eight nucleotides upstream from the ATG start codon and in the distal portion of mrgR, there is a potential S-D sequence (AAGGA) and 17 bp downstream from the stop codon lies a 36 bp GC-rich inverted repeat (ΔG = -26 kcal) which could act as a strong transcriptional terminator for mrgS. The absence of secondary structure around the stop codon of mrgR suggests that transcription does not terminate at that point and the lack of an obvious promoter region for mrgS suggests that transcription may be controlled from the mrgR promoter and that both ORFs are transcribed as a polycistronic unit.
The translated product of mrgS (118,267 Da) shares homology with a family of two-component histidine kinases that function by sensing environmental stimuli, particularly RcsC of E. coli and also sensor kinases of S. typhi and Vibrio cholerae (18–22% identity). RcsC is the sensor regulator of capsule synthesis in E. coli and many other species, including E. amylovora,P. mirabilis and S. typhi [29]. MrgS possesses many of the features common to this family of sensor proteins including two strongly hydrophobic transmembrane sequences located in the N-terminal portion of the protein between residues 29–49 and 322–342, and five blocks of conserved functional subdomains located in the C-terminal portion of the protein including His-503 that is the proposed site of phosphorylation, and the N, G1 (DTGVG), F, and G2 (GTGLG) boxes at positions 620, 647–651, 661 and 677–681, respectively [30]. These motifs are presumed to form a nucleotide-binding surface within the active site of the molecule. In addition, several conserved Asp residues are present in MrgS, at positions 860, 898, 903, 910 and 949, and may contribute to the additional response regulator domain that is a characteristic of hybrid histidine kinases [31]. Like BvgS of B. pertussis, MrgS is a member of a family of complex sensor proteins, the hybrid kinases, which contain multiple cytoplasmic domains that are believed to participate in a phosphorylation cascade in signal transduction. The presence of two hydrophobic transmembrane domains separated by a large loop of 273 amino acids which may act as a periplasmic environmental monitor is appropriate for a sensor protein that lends itself to signal transduction [18].
Because the deduced amino acid sequences of mrgR and mrgS are most similar to the sequences of genes encoding known response regulators and sensors, it has been inferred that these two genes constitute a two-component signal transduction system. Since the completion of our work the B. pseudomallei genome sequence has been published [32] and mrgR and mrgS are now known to correspond to locus tags BPSL1633 and BPSL1634, respectively, in the genome sequence of B. pseudomallei K96243.
The mrgRS locus is present in B. pseudomallei but not other Burkholderia species
Bacterial strains used in this study
Strain origin
Geographical origin
Burkholderia pseudomallei
NE Thailand
Burkina Faso
NE Thailand
NE Thailand
NE Thailand
NE Thailand
NE Thailand
Soil (wet)
NE Thailand
NE Thailand
Hainan 1 (H1)
Hainan 2D (H2D)
Hainan 55 (H55)
Hainan 706 (H706)
Burkholderia thailandensis
NE Thailand
NE Thailand
Central Thailand
Other Burkholderia species
B. cocovenenans LMG11626
B. plantarii LMG10908
B. vietnamiensis LMG6998
B. cepacia IIIa non-epidemic
B. vandii LMG10620
Other species
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Escherichia coli DH5α
MrgR and MrgS are present in B. pseudomallei cell lysates but not culture supernatant
Convalescent sera from melioidosis patients reacts with MrgR
Expression of MrgR and MrgS proteins under different growth conditions
B. pseudomallei 204, from which the mrgRS locus was cloned and characterized, was cultured under a variety of different conditions. A range of temperatures, pH and salinities were chosen to reflect a variety of natural and host environments to which B. pseudomallei might be exposed within the tropics [6]. Although B. pseudomallei can grow over a wide range of variation in these parameters, we obtained the highest yields of protein at 42°C, pH 6.8 and 0.5% NaCl. Substantial yields of protein were also obtained at either 37 or 42°C, pH 5 and 0.15% NaCl, and the lowest yields were recorded at pH 8. These observations support in vitro and in vivo studies showing that B. pseudomallei readily adapts to acidic environments [7, 35, 36] and has an optimum growth temperature in vitro of 37–42°C [6]. Birds are considered to be relatively resistant to B. pseudomallei infection [37] but the strong growth at 42°C of all of the isolates of B. pseudomallei raises the possibility that birds might act as a reservoir of B. pseudomallei and pose a risk for the transmission of active melioidosis to other species [38].
Cloning and sequence analysis of mrgRS downstream flanking region
Four ORFs, referred to here as ORFs1-4, were identified downstream from the mrgRS locus (Figure 1) and the conceptual translations of each ORF were analysed. The sequence and arrangement of the ORFs is available on GenBank (accession no. DQ418486). We cloned, sequenced and analyzed the genes well before the completion of the B. pseudomallei genome sequence, which is now known to correspond to the region of the B. pseudomallei K96243 genome sequence containing locus tags BPSL1635-1637. These locus tags do not exactly match ORF2 and ORF3 that we have identified. Indeed, there are differences in the nucleotide sequences and also in the gene and protein annotations for this region of the two completed genome sequences, B. pseudomallei K96243 and 1710b that are listed on GenBank. The strong transcriptional termination sequence following the mrgS gene suggests that the downstream sequences are transcribed separately. ORF1 (BPSL1635) is immediately downstream of mrgS and transcribed in the same direction and the predicted protein (31,527 kDa) is similar to sensor transduction proteins containing EAL (GluAlaLeu) domains, such as the oxygen sensing protein of E. coli O157:H7 (31% identity) and BvgR of B. pertussis (25% identity). EAL domains are found in a wide variety of bacterial signalling proteins where they can act to stimulate degradation of the second messenger, cyclic di-GMP, and may function as a diguanylate phosphodiesterase [39]. Enzymatically active and inactive forms have been described [39] and the variation in EAL domain sequences may reflect the convergent evolution of successful structure-function motifs rather than the usual primary sequence similarity. This structure is conserved in the conceptual translation of ORF1. Although the precise functions of many of these proteins are unknown, their open reading frames are within or are tightly linked to operons with well-defined functions. For example, bvgR is required for regulation of all known bvg-repressed genes in B. pertussis, and is located on a separate regulatory unit immediately downstream from the bvgAS locus encoding a two-component regulatory system that upregulates virulence gene expression in B. pertussis [40]. The similarities between the genomic organisation in bvgAS-bvgR and mrgRS-ORF1 together with the fact that both BvgAS and MrgRS are members of the two-component signal transduction family allows for the possibility that ORF1 may also act to repress the mrgRS locus.
Further downstream and in the reverse direction of the complementary strand three open reading frames were identified, ORF2, ORF3, and ORF4. For ORF2, the predicted protein (28,251 kDa) is similar to the arginine/serine rich regions of functionally diverse proteins that are important for binding RNA and DNA and for protein-protein interactions [41], such as LigA of Burkholderia cenocepacia (33% identity). The conceptual translation of ORF3 (16,856 kDa) is similar to a variety of transmembrane-transport proteins, such as the ABC thiamine transporter of Roseovarius nubinhibens (31% identity) and capsular polysaccharide export protein of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (28% identity), and possesses 2 transmembrane helices (TopPRED2 scores 0.71 and 0.88). For ORF4 (BPSL1637), the predicted protein (39,493 kDa) has a lipase (class 3) domain spanning residues 103–252 and including the lipase serine active site [42], GHSLG, located at positions 187–191. This protein lacks the features usually associated with a signal peptide, although this is not an essential component for secretion [43], and is strongly predicted to be secreted by non-classical mechanisms, SecP score = 0.933881 (B. pseudomallei isolate 204) and 0.930609 (B. pseudomallei isolate 112) [44]. B. pseudomallei has been shown to utilize a wide variety of lipid substrates [45, 46] and to confirm the presence of an extracellular lipase concentrated culture supernatants were prepared from all isolates of B. pseudomallei (Table 1). Lipase activity was determined to be present in all samples using the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate and so it is possible that this gene could be expressed, secreted and contribute to this lipase activity, either alone or in concert with other molecules.
The full response regulator gene mrgR is present in the genome of many B. mallei isolates but mrgS and the downstream flanking region are absent. Instead, ORFs immediately downstream of the mrgR homolog in B. mallei have strong homology to penicillin amidase, carbamoyl transferase and transposase and their presence provides circumstantial evidence that transposition may partly explain the absence of this region in B. mallei.
Restriction fragment length analysis of the mrgRS downstream flanking region
Three oligonucleotide probes, FR1, FR2 and FR3, covering almost 5 kb of the B. pseudomallei genome downstream from mrgRS (Figure 1) were used to investigate Eco RI digests of genomic DNA from different B. pseudomallei strains as well as B. thailandensis (Table 1). No signal was obtained with any of the probes in any of the B. thailandensis isolates. Furthermore, this region is not present in the recently completed B. thailandensis E264 genome sequence [33] that is available on GenBank.
Alignment of 1472 nucleotides covering the same region of the genomes of isolates 112 and 204 revealed 19 base substitutions including one substitution of "A" for "G" at position 1119 which introduces an Eco RI site within ORF4 as described below (GenBank accession no. DQ418487). An examination of the genome sequences of B. pseudomallei that are available on GenBank showed that 8 of the 10 strains possess the same modification at this position as isolate 112. Among all of the B. pseudomallei isolates, including 112 and 204, there are between 4 and 19 nucleotide substitutions within this 1472 bp region. Furthermore, isolates that possess the "A" substitution at position 1119 have substantial modifications to sequences flanking this region of the genome (Figure 1), including the presence of a 450 bp insertion (between nucleotides 9565 and 9566 of GenBank accession no. DQ418486) encoding a product with homology to a bacteriophage phiE125 gp30 protein (GenBank accession no. AF447491), and ~650 bp sequence homologous to mutator type transposases from a wide variety of bacterial species, including Ralstonia solanacearum, Pseudomonas syringae, and B. thailandensis. The transposase is probably inactive because of the organization of the sequence, which includes at least 4 stop codons and incomplete reading frames.
Studies investigating the molecular diversity of different isolates of B. pseudomallei using a wide variety of methods have demonstrated that although distinct groupings can be defined substantial diversity exists and many isolates do not fall into readily definable groupings or clinical outcomes [3]. Recently, whole genome DNA and RNA spotted arrays have been used to examine large scale genomic variation among different Burkholderia species [33, 34]. This work has demonstrated the close relationship that exists between the non-pathogenic environmental saprophyte B. thailandensis, the obligate equine parasite B. mallei and the opportunistic pathogen B. pseudomallei and particularly between B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, supporting work by Godoy et al. [52] who considered B. mallei to be a clone of B. pseudomallei rather than a separate species. Kim et al. [33] showed that the expression of a substantial number of genes is highly conserved between all 3 species and suggested that the evolution of small sets of genes rather than large scale acquisitions and losses define the different adaptations of each species. On the other hand, Ong et al. [34] proposed that the same 3 species may have diverged through the loss of large chromosomal segments and defined 3 distinct molecular subtypes of B. pseudomallei on the basis of regions of difference, constituting areas of DNA recombination that are often characterized by open reading frames (ORFs) encoding products related to phage proteins, transposase or integrase proteins. However, apart from rRNA genes [53] few studies have assessed the extent of variation at specific loci in B. pseudomallei.
The diversity of organisms in tropical countries in which melioidosis is endemic and the frequent interactions that may be possible in that environment and within the human host could create opportunities for genetic change [54]. However, a mutation that confers a selective advantage in one environment is unlikely to be a benefit in all environments [55]. Winstanley et al. [56] assessed the extent of variation in the flagellin genes of B. pseudomallei by comparing the sequences that were obtained from environmental and clinical isolates of the pathogen. The sequences showed either 100% identity or differed by a single nucleotide demonstrating a remarkably conservative nature in these genes. Here, we found a consistent variation in a small region of the B. pseudomallei genome downstream from the mrgRS locus involving up to 19 nucleotide substitutions including one which changes GAG TTC to GAA TTC, the recognition sequence for the restriction enzyme Eco RI. The consequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was shown to separate B. pseudomallei isolates from clinical and environmental sources and from spatially and temporally separate origins, into two distinct groups of almost equal proportions. There was no apparent association between the source of the isolates, the date and place of isolation, and the RFLP pattern. Nevertheless, the substitutions represent a stable genetic modification since they have been retained over time. Furthermore, a search of the genome sequences for B. pseudomallei isolates that are available on GenBank revealed the presence of the same modification in many of the isolates. While it is possible that these sequence differences may have occurred at random, the almost equal distribution of the polymorphism among the isolates, the presence of a 450 bp insertion and the close proximity of an inactive transposase suggest that it is much more likely that some process of selection has occurred. For example, differences in primary or secondary host factors may act to select isolated subpopulations according to transmission route or host immune genotypes and play a role in the selection for a mutation or recombination event arising within a bacterial population [57, 58]. How this may have occurred in the isolates we examined here is not known. Ong et al. [34] described B. pseudomallei strain subtypes isolated from different primary hosts, pigs (G1 strains) and melioidosis patients (G2 strains), and so we propose that a selective process involving primary hosts or other vectors, including amoebae, fungi or plants [59–61], may have played a role.
This work was initiated and completed well before the B. pseudomallei genome sequence was published. Although the completion of the B. pseudomallei genome sequence has provided a huge body of annotated nucleotide sequence data and an examination of this data revealed at least 33 potential two-component systems in the sequence annotations, very few of the putative genes have been specifically confirmed to be expressed at the protein level in different B. pseudomallei strains. In fact, there are substantial discrepancies in the gene and protein annotations for the completed genome sequences of B. pseudomallei isolates K96243 and 1710b that are available on the GenBank database. Our work demonstrates that mrgR and mrgS are present and expressed as protein in a variety of B. pseudomallei isolates and that the expression of the locus is temperature-regulated which is an essential step that must be completed before pursuing more complex studies aimed at understanding the biological function and pathogenic significance of the mrgRS locus. A similar approach will be necessary to prove the specific protein expression of each of the putative genes that have been identified in the B. pseudomallei genome rather than simply assuming that all open reading frames that are annotated in the nucleotide sequence of the genome are expressed as the conceptually translated protein.
Because of its' nutritional and environmental adaptability, B. pseudomallei has the potential to spread to areas of the world outside southeast Asia and northern Australia. Two-component transduction systems are a major mechanism by which bacteria regulate adaptive responses to environmental stimuli [18]. Although there have been extensive studies of the biology of B. pseudomallei, very few of these have investigated the influence of environmental factors on gene expression and the adaptive responses of the bacterium. We have identified and characterized a two-component transduction system from B. pseudomallei that is present and expressed in a variety of strains of the bacterium, encoding proteins that are most similar to the regulators of capsular synthesis in other bacteria. In B. pseudomallei, the expression of these proteins is regulated in response to temperature rather than pH or salinity and they are more strongly expressed at temperatures found in mammalian and avian hosts. The recognition of MrgR by antibodies in convalescent sera from melioidosis patients suggests that the mrgRS locus may have a role in regulating adaptive responses during the course of infection. Because the expression of the genes is increased at higher temperatures then the adaptive responses they control may be particularly important during the initial phases of infection.
It has been proposed that B. mallei, B. pseudomallei, and B. thailandensis represent 3 states of ecological niche adaptation, namely, obligate pathogen, opportunistic pathogen, and saprophyte, respectively [33]. The 3 species are very closely related and the mechanisms of evolutionary divergence are subject to debate [33, 34, 52]. The absence of the mrgRS locus and downstream flanking region from the genome of B. thailandensis shows that it is not essential for a non-pathogenic existence. Because of the similarities in gene organization and structure with other signal transduction systems involved in phase change and the regulation of virulence gene expression, it is possible that mrgS and the downstream ORFs may have a similar role in adaptive responses of B. pseudomallei, which in the case of mrgS is regulated by changes in temperature. The absence of this region in B. mallei suggests that this function is no longer required but mrgR may still have a regulatory role.
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers
[GenBank:DQ418486, GenBank:DQ418487]
Bacterial strains and growth conditions
Bacterial strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. All strains of Burkholderia species were grown at 37°C, except B. plantarii and B. vandii which were grown at 25°C, on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar or broth, statically. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens were grown on nutrient agar at 37°C. The identity of B. pseudomallei was confirmed by the API 20NE biochemical test [62]. For expression studies, 10 ml LB broths containing NaCl (0.15, 0.5 or 2.2% w/v) were adjusted to pH 5, 6.8 or 8 and a standardized inoculum of 107 cells was added and incubated for 48 h at 25, 37 or 42°C. E. coli strains were cultured on LB agar or broth [63] and when required, culture media were supplemented with IPTG (100 μM), X-gal (100 μg ml-1), ampicillin (100 μg ml-1), chloramphenicol (25 μg ml-1) or kanamycin (25 μg ml-1).
DNA manipulations
Restriction enzyme digestions, DNA blunting and kinasing, DNA ligation, bacterial transformation and DNA hybridisation were performed according to standard methods [63]. Plasmid DNA was isolated using the Miniprep plasmid DNA extraction kit (BioRad), lambda DNA was purified using the Wizard λ prep DNA purification kit (Promega) and DNA fragments, PCR products and ligation mixtures were recovered using the Prep-a-gene DNA purification kit (BioRad). Genomic DNA was extracted using the Puregene D-6000 DNA isolation kit (Gentra Systems) and quantified by comparison with lambda DNA standards (Sigma Aldrich) using digital images of 1% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide.
Preparation of oligonucleotide probes
PCR primers (Sigma Genosys), 5'-GATTTCACGATGCATCAGGCGAAC-3' and 5'-TTCTGGATCGCCGCGATGTCCGTG-3', were derived from the sequences of response regulator genes from other bacterial species to amplify a 377 bp sequence from B. pseudomallei 204 genomic DNA. The PCR reaction contained 1 unit Taq DNA polymerase in reaction buffer (Roche), 1.5 mM MgCl2, 10 pmol of each primer, 0.2 mM of each dNTP and 10 ng genomic DNA. Reactions were placed at 96°C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles consisting of 96°C for 30 s, annealing at 45°C (1st cycle), 50°C (2nd and 3rd cycles) and 60°C (remaining 33 cycles) for 30 s, 72°C for 90 s and a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. Amplicons were analysed in 1% agarose gels, purified and subcloned into pUC18 using E. coli DH5α. Cloned DNA was fully sequenced in both directions (MWG Biotech). Following confirmation, the insert was excised from pUC18 by Eco RI and Pst I digestion, purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and labelled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP (Roche).
PCR primers for preparing oligonucleotide probes FR1, FR2, and FR3
Sequence 5'-3'
FR1 forward
FR1 reverse
FR2 forward
FR2 reverse
FR3 forward
FR3 reverse
Construction and screening of genomic DNA libraries
B. pseudomallei 204 chromosomal DNA libraries were constructed using λGEM-11 and λZAP Express vectors. For λGEM-11, genomic DNA was partially digested with Sau 3A to yield fragments between 9 and 23 kb which were inserted into the Bam HI site and packaged recombinants were plated on E. coli LE392 using NZCYM-agarose containing 0.2% maltose (Promega). For λZAP Express, genomic DNA was completely digested with Bcl I and ligated into the Bam HI site, packaged, and propagated on E. coli XL1-Blue. Plasmid DNA, in the form of the kanamycin-resistant phagemid pBK-CMV, containing cloned DNA inserts was excised from λZAP Express using helper phage and E. coli XLOLR (Stratagene).
For screening B. pseudomallei genomic libraries, phage plaques were overlaid with gridded nitrocellulose filters (Schleicher and Schuell) for 30 min at 4°C. Filters were processed for hybridization with a labelled oligonucleotide probe at high stringency overnight at 68°C according to standard methods [63]. Positive phage plaques were detected with anti-digoxigenin antibody (Roche).
DNA sequencing and sequence analysis of cloned products
Both strands of cloned DNA were sequenced (MWG Biotech) using either M13 universal and reverse primers or custom synthesized primers (Sigma Genosys). Gene sequences have been deposited in the GenBank database (GenBank accession nos. DQ418486, DQ418487). Gene promoter predictions were made using software provided by Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project [64]. Homology and conserved domain searches were conducted using BLAST software provided by NCBI [65]. Software provided by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics [66] and Institut Pasteur [67] was used to analyse secondary structure (PHDtopology), hydrophobicity (Pepwindow), helix-turn-helix motifs (Helixturnhelix), and transmembrane regions (TopPRED2, DAS). Multiple amino acid sequence alignments were performed using MultAlin software [68]. SecretomeP 2.0 [44] was used to predict non-classical protein secretion [69].
Southern blotting
Genomic DNA (3 μg) was completely digested with Eco RI and the fragments separated in 1% agarose gels in TBE buffer, depurinated, denatured and neutralized using standard methods [63]. DNA was capillary blotted onto positively charged nylon membranes (Amersham Biosciences) and fixed to the membrane using UV irradiation. The blots were prehybridized, hybridized with the labelled oligonucleotide probe and developed, according to standard methods [63].
Synthetic peptides and production of affinity purified antibodies
Synthetic peptides consisting of 9 amino acid residues, DTNVDLINC and RKFYSLESN, corresponding to amino acids 206 to 214 located toward the C-terminus of MrgR and amino acids 14 to 22 located in the N-terminus of MrgS, respectively, were synthesized, conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used to immunize rabbits (Bethyl Laboratories). To facilitate coupling to maleimide-activated KLH a glycine residue was attached to the C-terminus of the MrgR oligopeptide and a cysteine residue was attached to the N-terminus of the MrgS oligopeptide. Antibodies were purified from the hyperimmune serum of immunized rabbits by affinity chromatography using a peptide-Sepharose matrix, filter sterilized and stored at 4°C. The affinity purified antibodies, anti-MrgR and anti-MrgS, were tested for antigen recognition and specificity as described in Additional file 1, Additional file 2 and Additional file 3.
Preparation of B. pseudomallei protein samples and Western blotting
Dilutions of primary and secondary antibodies for Western blotting
Primary Antibody
Secondary Antibody
Swine Anti-rabbit IgG
Bethyl Labs
Swine Anti-rabbit IgG
Bethyl Labs
Swine Anti-rabbit IgG
Convalescent sera pooled from 6 melioidosis patients
Rabbit Anti-human IgG
Ty Pitt, HPA, London
This work was funded by the Egyptian government, through the Egyptian Education and Culture Bureau, London, UK. We thank Dr Ty Pitt, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London for providing bacterial strains, Vanaporn Wuthiekanun, Wellcome Trust-Oxford University-Mahidol University Tropical Medicine Research Programme, Bangkok, Thailand, for providing convalescent sera from melioidosis patients, and Lynne Gay for technical assistance.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Duh, US national security IS NOT threatened by Afghanistan
The chair of the Joint Chiefs testified to Congress today that "success" in Afghanistan requires more US troops and "certainly much more time." Senator McCain Orwell-spoke that each day we wait to send more US troops to Afghanistan to put their lives in danger, "puts lives in danger." President Obama defended the strategy of war to produce peace and happiness by saying, "You never step into the same river twice. And so Afghanistan is not Vietnam." I think the president is absolutely correct with my observations about stepping into the same river for a second time: the experience is not quite the same, only about 99%. Polling data also show American support for this war is at its lowest: 58% disapprove and 39% approve.


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Low Energy Production Threatens Further Current Account Deficits
CEIC Indonesia Data Talk: Indonesia's position as a major oil and gas producer has continued to weaken during 2012. Daily average crude oil production fell to 742.46 thousand barrels during December 2012 from 787.43 thousand barrels during December 2011. The trend was similarly reflected in production for natural gas and condensate; daily average production of natural gas declined to 7,746 thousand million standard cubic feet (MSCF) during December 2012 from 8,907 thousand MSCF during December 2011, while daily production of natural gas condensate declined to 92.60 thousand MSCF during December 2012 from 100.79 thousand MSCF during December 2011. Given several technological limitations, the bulk of Indonesia's crude oil production is produced via the production-sharing contract arrangement, accounting for over 80% of total crude oil and natural gas production, and for almost all condensate extraction. Under the production-sharing contract arrangement, foreign participation is fostered through cooperation between Indonesia's state-owned oil enterprise (Pertamina) and foreign contractors, the largest of which are US firm Chevron Corporation and the Canadian-based Talisman Energy (especially for natural gas). Declining hydrocarbons production means that Indonesia has emerged as a net importer of oil; its trade deficit from oil and gas exports and imports widened to USD5.12 billion during 2012 from USD650.13 million during 2011 as the net export deficit from oil trade increased to USD20.31 billion in 2012 from USD17.53 billion during 2011. This coupled with Indoensia's increasing dependence on imported oil and gas as demand exceeds domestic production capacity have led to rising concerns that a recovery in its current account deficit (which widened to USD7.76 billion during the fourth quarter of 2013 from USD5.34 billion during the previous quarter) is almost impossible, especially in light of the poor global economic prospects and uncertainties in oil prices. At the same time, the reliance on oil imports threatens to expose Indonesia to high producer input prices, dampening growth in industrial production. Lowered production levels are attributed to Indonesia's aging oil and gas fields, poor infrastructures and relatively low investments in the sector, especially with regards to funding exploration in new oil and gas fields. The latter is further complicated by Indonesia's regulatory environment and the perceived distortions from rent-seeking activities. Recently, Pertamina has sought to address some of these issues by funding various oil field exploration projects. They include exploring for shale gas and increasing the incentives available to public-private sector partnerships, though the lack of investment in this sector has somewhat diminished its ability to finance these developmental activities. Discuss this post and many other topics in our LinkedIn Group (you must be a LinkedIn member to participate). Request a Free Trial Subscription. By W. Meytha - CEIC Analyst Back to Blog


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DC PRO Engineering, UAE-based engineering consultancy firm, has opened two offices in Australia aiming to meet the growing demand from businesses and entities across the country for a push towards renewable energy
The company said that its offices in Perth and Melbourne will focus on spanning the east west electricity grids, to adapt technological innovations and new approaches for energy distribution, generation and storage to meet the needs of Australian consumers
Commenting on the growing demand of renewable to meet energy demand, George Berbari, CEO of DC PRO Engineering, explained, "Renewables are on the way to becoming the dominant source of energy across the globe. Governments are now aware that global warming is a real threat and are now focusing on sustainability."
"The Australian government has pledged to cut its greenhouse gas emissions significantly by 2030, and DC PRO Engineering identified a way in which we could contribute to this vision that embodies our approach," Berbari added.
According to him, the two offices in Australia are aiming at being part of the country's green vision and journey.
Marcus Wearing-Smith, representative of DC PRO Australia, said, "District energy systems are being considered as a necessary component of Australia's energy future. The emergence of renewable energy microgrids is essential to cater for the geographically disparate energy profile of the Australian continent."
"Through its Australian offices, DC PRO Engineering will focus on the introduction of medium to large scale precinct and district energy systems in the Australian energy landscape, with a focus on integrated energy systems incorporating thermal energy storage combined with enhanced integrated renewable energy systems," said the company reporting to the press.
Direct Energy Australia will partner with DC PRO Engineering on office coordination and client liaison.
Alain Charles Publishing, University House, 11-13 Lower Grosvenor Place, London, SW1W 0EX, UK
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The election, The grand Final and now this can we ever get a clear winner? most of us saw the video last night as Sarah Murdoch announced the wrong winner of Australia's Next Top Model on live television. since then its been all over the news. current affair just aired an hour ago she stated that it was just technical error and not a publicity stunt. designer and judge Alex Perry has backed up Murdoch stating that she wouldn't be involved in a ploy like that. And Foxtel has confirmed the company will give Kelsey a $20,000 cash prize and a trip to New York as compensation.
click here to watch the video
After getting bombarded after the show veiwers demanded to print kelseys cover too. Harpers Bazaar has decided to run both covers so people can buy their favorite which one do you like?
|Amanda (WINNER)
|Kelsey (runner up)
[images via ninemsn harpersbazaar]


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The Full 90
Sporting KC is in first place, thanks to an own goal
Matt Besler hopped forward a few steps and launched the ball, two-handed, toward a mass of blue and yellow jerseys jostling for position. But what happened next, even Besler couldn't have expected.
Oh, Sporting Kansas City has scored a few goals this season off throw-ins. So the fact it resulted in a goal – the game-winner, in fact – in a gigantic 2-1 victory over Columbus on Wednesday at Livestrong Sporting Park wasn't a complete shock. But the fact it wasn't a Sporting player who scored the goal was.
That's right. Sporting won, and Columbus lost, the biggest game of the season for both teams when Columbus defender Julius James leaped high in the air to clear the ball, only to head a looping ball backward into his own net in the 74th minute.
It was an own goal, one of the luckiest breaks a team can get in soccer. But considering the luck Sporting Kansas City had to start the season, when a number of questionable cards littered a 1-6-3 start, perhaps the fact Sporting received a break in the midst of its worst-to-first Cinderella run was fitting.
And really, there couldn't have been a better time for it. With only three games left to play, the win improves Sporting's record to 11-9-11 and moves it into first place in the Eastern Conference – two points ahead of a Houston team that doesn't play until Saturday – while Columbus, 11-12-8, drops from second to third.
So yes, the stakes were high, and early on both teams played like it during a physical first half that saw Columbus commit seven fouls to Sporting's six, with Columbus defender Shaun Francis and Sporting defender Matt Besler each being issued yellow cards.
Heck, even the first goal was a result of a foul. And it came in the 15th minute, just moments after Sporting forward C.J. Sapong – who got around Columbus defender Chad Marshall in the box and was prepared to get a shot off from point-black range – was dragged down from a few yards out by Marshall.
Appropriately enough, the referee assessed a foul on Marshall and issued Sporting its fourth penalty kick of the season, which forward Kei Kamara quickly and calmly deposited into the back of the net for a goal that put Sporting ahead 1-0.
The goal was Kamara's ninth of the season, which put him in a tie for the team lead with forward Omar Bravo. And it seemed particularly crucial given Sporting's 9-3-2 record (entering the game) when scoring the first goal and Columbus' 3-11-5 when allowing the first goal.
But odds are just that – odds. You still have to play the game, and Columbus showed why in the 35th minute when midfielder Robbie Rogers found forward Emilio Rentería on the end of a low through ball.
And Rentería, Columbus' second-leading scorer, knew exactly what to do with it. He was practically alone just outside of the 18-yard box, and he scored his seventh goal of the season by firing the ball past a helpless Jimmy Nielsen to tie the score at 1-1.
It appeared, at least for a while during the second half, that he teams were headed toward a tie. But then came Besler's throw-in the 74th minute, which led to James' own goal to put Sporting ahead.
But while that was the biggest play of the game, honorable mention has to go to Sporting's Nielsen, who somehow got in front of a hard shot from point-blank range by midfielder Andres Mendoza in the 85th minute that turned out to be Columbus' last good scoring chance.
From there, Sporting's defense successfully managed to close out an increasingly desperate Columbus squad, and when the final whistle blew, the capacity crowd stood and cheered. They deserved it, after all. In its biggest game of the season, Sporting – which had been in last place just four months ago – had delivered.


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CEE Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY firstname.lastname@example.com
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Formerly, Research Associate at the CEE Department, Northwestern University.
Corresponding author.
The paper presents the spectral stiffness microplane model, which is a general constitutive model for unidirectional composite laminates, able to simulate the orthotropic stiffness, prepeak nonlinearity, failure envelopes, and, in tandem with the material characteristic length, also the post-peak softening and fracture. The framework of the microplane model is adopted. The model exploits the spectral decomposition of the transversely isotropic stiffness matrix of the material to define orthogonal strain modes at the microplane level. This decomposition is a generalization of the volumetric-deviatoric split already used by Bažant and co-workers in microplane models for concrete, steel, rocks, soils, and stiff foams. Linear strain-dependent yield limits (boundaries) are used to provide bounds for the normal and tangential microplane stresses, separately for each mode. A simple version, with an independent boundary for each mode, can capture the salient aspects of the response of a unidirectional laminate, although a version with limited mode coupling can fit the test data slightly better. The calibration of model parameters, verification by test data, and analysis of multidirectional laminates are postponed for the subsequent companion paper.
(a) Microplane orientations (normals defined by radial lines through circled points); (b) spherical coordinate system; and (c) coordinate system for laminates
Effect of a macroscopic strain applied in fiber direction on (a) mode II, and (b) mode III
Effect of a macroscopic strain applied in transverse direction on (a) mode II, (b) mode III, and (c) mode I
Mean slope Et of the post-peak softening curve
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This year's Russian Automotive Forum in Moscow organised by Adam Smith Conferences produced some lively debate and interesting comments. Here's a snapshot of what some of the speakers said.
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Autism's First Child - The Atlantic
A blog about raising kids on the spectrum, working with kids on the spectrum, friends on the spectrum. And lots more.
Sunday, March 6, 2011
What will Happen when I Die?
Autism's First Child - The Atlantic
4 comments:
- AnonymousMarch 7, 2011 at 1:51 PM
Thanks for sharing that link. I watched the video and found it very interesting.ReplyDelete
I am an adult Aspie, I also have dyslexia. Both of my children are on the spectrum and my Dad is diagnosed with Autism.
My blog is a place where I can be me, something I have hidden from the world all my life.
Love and hugs. xx :)
So glad you came by alienhippy. I'm on my way over to say hi to your blog.ReplyDelete
I had come across this once before and find it tremendously encouraging. I'm glad you've posted it here to help keep it circulating.ReplyDelete
Thanks Diane,ReplyDelete
His parents must have been very loving and dedicated to go against the advice of the day. What a shame we can't know what things they did at home with him to assist in his development.


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10 Top Tips on Internet SecurityI came across a statistic recently which was 60% of small businesses will fail within 6 months of a cyber attack, which is shocking but also completely understandable, due to loss of earnings, loss of reputation, loss of clients, the impact can be huge. So why is it... read more
Knowledge is Beautiful
I came across this book recently after visiting the Somerset House – Big Data exhibition. It was a great exhibition which focused on the change of data through the years. This book is of interest for those who want to know how to present information in a way that communicates the message you are trying to achieve. Or it could be like me you are a bit of a geek and just fascinated with the concept of big data and what that means for us. I plan to create a full article on this very subject later this month.
To view the book on Amazon, click here