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The exterior of the house cannot only be decorated with colorful paints, large lawns, gardens and spacious garages. Some of the home decors can actually change the entire concept of your entrance. It has the ability to add an extra charm among bricks and mortar walls.
Identity of your personal style
From teak chairs and tables, aluminum and metal doors, patio desks have no end when it comes to decoration. Placing apt outdoor furniture adds value to your life as well as it allows you to enjoy your personal time with extreme comfort. These are available in a variety in the market. There are ample types of designs and textures to choose from depending on your personal style and depending on the pattern and texture of your house. Location of your house also matters on which variety would you prefer to choose.
These days, the metal designs of the home furnishings are re-shaped with enough sophistication. Those are absolutely alluring. Wicker products have gained the popularity supplementing wood and metal. But if one decides to go for wicker ones, there should be a must check on its durability. Basically, such items are created to serve low-maintenance outdoor purposes. Teak desks are also trending these days. The designs vary widely. One even has a choice of personalizing the design.
It's different from the indoor stuff
Maintaining the correct parameters for modern entertainment units Melbourne is different from indoor ones. Textures and materials chosen for indoor designing can vary without any hesitation because they are free from getting wet and are looked after, which becomes impossible for the outer area. One should firstly decide upon the material one prefers. Aluminum and wooden seating arrangement too comes on top for the maintenance criterion. Wood becomes the maximum choice because of its easy cleaning, easy maintenance, and substantial look. The best suited among them are woods like:
• Redwood.
• Teak.
• Belau.
• White oak, etc…
These are rot-resistant and are free from insect attacks.
Considering the weather
Another important criterion which should never be ignored is the weather. Weather can be the biggest enemy for your exterior decor. Before purchasing, one should be concerned with the weather prevalent in the area. Delicacies have to be avoided due to the natural circumstances. Instead, the longing of the goods and resistance should be taken care of.
A minor maintenance can earn your praise
When you are up to decorate your habitat, it is very necessary to maintain it as well. A good polish can easily prolong it. A transparent fiber sheet can always be arranged as a roof to avoid getting drenched in water. The plastic seating arrangements are gaining popularity for its cost-effectiveness and to avoid regular maintenance in this busy world. However, the priority should always be one's requirements and not the beauty.


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Verizon Wireless Express Network: Awzm
I'm writing this post from my office. That's not anything special, except I could be writing it from the drive through at Burger King or at (ha!) a beach. I just got Verizon's internet-over-cellular service callled Express Network. It's basically a $200 card for your laptop and an $80/mo unlimited data service. I'm relatively impressed with it; it seems two or three times faster than dialup and it's available literally anywhere you can get a Verizon signal. Pretty impressive.
Not that I can afford $80/mo. It's going back in 13 days.
Update: As I write this I'm headed north on the Palmetto Expressway at 55mph. I'm not driving right now because I haven't ordered the steering wheel laptop mount yet.

subset: commoncrawl


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I've spent the last couple of days up to my armpits in I2C, so before it all evaporates I thought I'd better make some notes, and hopefully this helps someone else in the process.
In the last post I described having to grab some analog-ish data closer to the source, and I decided that I2C would be a good choice of bus because I can use smaller microcontrollers and two less pins. I'm not sure that's a good idea; it works, but I'm leaning towards going with AT328's all around, and sticking with SPI.
But for the time being, I'm going to give I2C a chance. I've used it before, from projects as small as an ATTiny 85 running an RGB LED, all the way up to LCD and LED displays, and it can work, so I know it's not a totally pointless exercise.
For background on I2C and the Atmel family, the best two sources – although somewhat conflicting – are these two pages:
http://www.gammon.com.au/forum/?id=10896&reply=9#reply9 (the link starts towards the end of the page, but that's where the summary is – the whole page is a good read).
and an alternate library:
The second page, although it describes a fairly different set of commands than the Arduino documentation for Wire.h, does shine a light on the fact that Wire isn't so great, and how to use I2C as it was designed. I don't think Wire follows standards 'exactly'. Not that I2C has abundant standards, but that's another post… at least this alternate library does make the effort.
The interesting thing is how those two pages diverge in how they use I2C; the first link does have some goodness in it, but as the examples build, you end up with a somewhat non-standard protocol built on top of the I2C transport. That's not all bad, but it can mess with your head a bit in terms of interfacing at a more generic I2C level, and how to approach it in your own code.
The second link is more straightforward, and really shows what a vanilla-standard implementation should look like. The interesting thing is that the method of building a protocol on top of the transport is already assumed to be inherent in I2C; after all, there a zillion little I2C widgets out there already, and interfacing with them is usually a snap.
So what gives? What's the conceptual difference?
It all boils down to commands.
You don't need 'em – at least not as the first link describes them, and in fact if you try to make the examples in the first link talk to the examples in the second link – it won't work 'out of the box', because the implementers came at their solutions quite differently.
As an example, take a small analog-to-digital sensor of some sort, with an I2C interface to it. Pretty much all you have to do is wire it up, plug in the slave address from the datasheet into your Wire function calls, and start getting data, right?
You can even do things like change the I2C address in software (sometimes it's hardware jumpers, but for this example, assume it's software), or feed it a new calibration value that it uses in it's conversion math.
Those start to sound like commands… 'Change your I2C address to xxx, please!' or 'Set the calibration value to yyy right now!'.
Typically I2C devices are 'register based', so getting data or setting values is all about registers, which are most easily imagined as an array of bytes. Sometimes just one or two entries long; sometimes a dozen or more.
There is also the notion of reading and writing to an I2C device in the standard; partly by how you change the 7 bit address on the wire (with the LSB being the read/write bit), and partly by how it's implemented.
In the example device, you might read a calibration value from a register, so you know how the device is configured; or you could write to that register address with a new value, and change the calibration value.
And here is the magic. If it makes sense, the implementation should just take that value and also write it to EEPROM internally, so that the next time it's powered up, all the defaults are what they should be. You don't need an explicit command to write stuff to EEPROM – it just happens.
With that kind of conceptual model there is really no need for 'commands' at all – writing to registers ARE commands.
And if you really really want some extra flexibility, remember that a register entry, being a byte, can hold 255 different bit values… each one could be a different command. But if you are working with an 8k code limit in an 8 bit Atmel chip, I bet you run out of flash before you run out of command numbers to implement.
This register model is at the heart of the way that I'm building up the rover. Implementation-wise it's also a not-so-accidental fact that the register address label #defines can be stuffed into a header file and then shared between master and slave device. Nice and tidy.
But keeping the model 'pure', and NOT straying down the path of the first links example code has been a pain, since that's where I started, and expunging that has taken some time, but it's worth it. In the end I'll have a set of I2C slaves that will function with any master device, instead of a custom built master that layers on it's own protocols.
Sorry for not having any pretty pictures this time… perhaps next time I'll have some hardware moved off the breadboard to show for my coding efforts.


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Hi my name is Lena and I really suck at blogging. Haha just kidding but keeping up with this is so much harder than it looks!
Alot has been happing in my life and I have alot of stories to tell, but for now, i've got to keep living life and then I can write about it later.
I can't wait to update you with all the exciting things that have been happening, so get prepared to be spammed in the next week or so.
I love writing this blog and I love that you guys enjoy reading. Thanks for being some pretty rockin' friends.
Until next time…


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I never thought I was weird until I had a baby, then it became all "there is no baby poop on this shirt, I can totally get one more day out of it!"
When I really thought about it, of course I had some weird before birthing a human. but seriously, who doesn't lick their potato chips before they eat them or like the smell of skunks?? Nobody, that's who.
Anybizarre, if you know the Blue man Group you know they are 1,532 different kinds of strange, and we love them for it.
And because BLUNTmoms loves YOU, they want you to see them LIVE!
Click below to win a FAMILY PACK (4) of tickets to see the Blue Man Group at any of their North American shows!!
The tickets are valid from September 2015 to June 2016. Tickets can be used at any show on their North American tour (please read the Rules & Regulations for exclusions)!
Enter below for your chance to win!!!


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Here's a roundup of archaeology news from Southeast Asia from 30 April to the present:
- Indonesia's planned Majapahit park is set to be ready by 2014.
- 18th century Dayak carved skulls have been returned to Indonesia by US in a repatriation ceremony.
- Repair works at the historic church of St George in Penang have been completed.
- The shipwreck of British a vessel that was sunk in the waters of Borneo was found by a pair of maritime archaeologists.
- The Malacca Museum intends to make a replica of a portuguese cannon now residing in the Jakarta History Museum, which was carried away by the Dutch after the fall of Malacca.
- Malaysia receives general support for its bid to sit in World Heritage Committee.
- The Malacca state government announces its intention to salvage dozens of shipwrecks in its waters.
- The New Straits Times has a showcase on the archaeology of the Lenggong Valley in Perak.
- The National Museum of the Philippines will undergo a major renovation starting from this year.
- The artefacts from the Belitung Shipwreck, which is currently exhibiting at the ArtScience Museum in Singapore, is facing a controversy over its next destination, the Smithsonian over ethics issues.
- Thailand asks the World Heritage Committee to delay the implementation of the management plan for the controversial Preah Vihear temple.
- Some royal antiquities from the Nguyen Dynasty were recently exhibited at the Ta Vu House.
- Two ancient trees are recognised as part of Vietnam's national heritage.


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Sage 1000 or Sage Line 500 Support Consultant, home based
- Recruiter
- Ambis Resourcing
- Location
- Leicester
- Posted
- 11 Apr 2019
- Closes
- 21 May 2019
- Sector
- Technology & New Media
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Hours
- Full Time
Sage 1000 or Sage Line 500 Support, home based anywhere in the UK
Sage Line 500 and / or Sage 1000 Consultant with strong support skills, problem solving and great 1st line customer service experience, for a home based role working for a leading Sage reseller who are now cloud based. Salary of up to £45k for the right person with the right skills, plus private health plan.
This position has come about as one of their Sage L500 and 1000 Support Consultants is moving on after nearly 20 years of service, so they are looking for a replacement person who can hit the ground running. Perhaps you are working in Sage L500 or 1000 Support at the moment, or you may be a Sage Implementation Consultant looking for an easier life in a role that doesn't involve travel.
Backed by 25 years of experience, our client provides comprehensive Sage 200, Sage ERP X3, Sage 1000 and Sage Line 500 software solutions and services that help companies compete more successfully in today's economy. At the top of their game, most of their products are now cloud based, which also enables their employees to be home based if desired. They are one of the top 5 Sage Business Partners in the UK and their many awards are a testament to their success.
You will work in their lively, busy support team and they are looking for someone with enthusiasm, commitment and a passion for providing their clients with a top notch Sage L500 and Sage 1000 support service. You will also be expected to learn the Sage ERP X3 product, which can only be good for your future career. You will be good at getting hands-on with problems, resolving client queries by telephone, email and remote connection, well organised and able to work under pressure when the team is busy.
You will be the type of person who can talk about complex Sage Line 500 or 1000 issues with clients in a straight-forward, and easy to understand non-technical manner.
This is one of our friendliest Sage clients; they are profitable, they are well run and they operate from a single head office in the Midlands and have a very approachable management team. People really like working here.
They are offering a real opportunity for career progression for the right candidate who has decent Sage Line 500 or Sage 1000 support skills, the right attitude and a high level of client service.
Please get in touch with Jake King or Carolyn MacLurg at Ambis Resourcing for more information or to apply.


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Please check back often as we will be adding new videos soon!
Birthday party (and libraries, etc.) promo video
Clip, "Stand Up To Bullying"
"This Land Is Your Land", The Uncle Brothers at Tappan Zee Elementary, From "Two Big Kids" CD
The Uncle Brothers, "I Can", at Tappan Zee Elementary, Sparkill, NY
"Just Say No To Drugs", The Uncle Brothers from "the CD, "Just Say Uncle"
Slideshow video of, "I Will Never Smoke", from our CD, "Just Say Uncle"
Slideshow video of "Thanksgiving Song", from our "Mooseltoe" Holiday CD
The Uncle Brothers, Danny Quinn & Tommy Gardner on News 12
Our version of, "Waltzing Matilda" used on this TV show!


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Nathan Banville
East Greenwich High Class of 1994
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- 1994
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But, you might not want to forget as this type of sale never comes, so you want to get the best out of it.
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Now, do share these Lulus Black Friday 2019 Deals, Sales & Ads on Twitter, Facebook & other social media sites. Cheers.


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{Guest Article by Mark Casper}
When I was a kid, I was fearless. No hill was too steep, no tree too high. Ok, so maybe my dad was a safety freak and made me wear a six-inch-thick Styrofoam helmet whenever I rode my Big Wheel. But still, when it came to life, nothing seemed too risky or too dangerous. I didn't care about the opinion of others, or about the consequences of failure. I lived fully and whole-heartedly in every moment.
But a funny thing happened as I got older: I became less and less inclined to do anything that could result in failure, rejection, or mediocrity. I even shied away from pursuing things I was supposedly gifted at, like writing. It just seemed too risky, like putting all your chips on the table.
The Fear of Failure
The uncomfortable truth is, I've spent most of my life either seeking the approval of others or fearing their disapproval. This is especially true when I'm faced with the thought of a new artistic endeavor. I'm haunted by certain questions:
What happens if I fail? What if no one likes what I've created? What if no one buys my art?
As a result, I often avoid the project altogether, preferring the safety and comfort of thinking about what could have been if I had really tried. I know I'm not alone here. Most of us try to justify ourselves by our performance, so we're terrified at the thought of failure.
The Safe Route
Ironically enough, sometimes we're even afraid of pursuing the calling we have a natural ability for. At first this seems counterintuitive—you would think pursuing your gifts would be the path of least resistance.
But I've found that it feels much safer to do things I'm not naturally good at or haven't put much time into. For those reasons, I give myself lower expectations in these "ungifted" areas. Failure isn't as soul crushing because it wasn't "my thing" in the first place (see my performance on the golf course for a real-life example of this).
This is the biggest reason why I've been afraid to write. Since I have some natural ability in it, I expect more of myself. I fear what will happen if I actually pour my heart and soul into a piece of writing. What if it gets rejected? What if people say it's garbage? What if someone is much better? If I'm not approved or affirmed in the very thing people say I'm "good" at, where does that leave me?
The Gospel and Your Art
In my counselor's office a sword hangs on the wall (intense, I know). Beneath it lies one of my favorite quotes from the film Braveheart:
"All men die. Not every man truly lives."
Whenever we listen to our fears and cease to pursue the risky art we were called to create, we cease to truly live. And the only way we can find the freedom to recklessly pursue our art is to place our identity, worth, and value in something else–namely, the gospel of Jesus.
Though our culture tells us that our identity comes from our performance, the gospel tells us that our identity stems from Jesus' performance. Because I trust that Jesus lived the life I should have lived and died the death I should have died, I have been adopted into God's family. The Father now looks at me with a smile and says, "You are my beloved son, with whom I am well pleased."
Do you see what this means? If your identity doesn't come from your work, you are free to live, love, and pursue your art whole-heartedly, knowing that your worth, future, and identity are perfectly secure in Christ. You are free to fail. You are free from having to prove yourself to others. You are free from comparison. You are even free to produce your art in obscurity, knowing that whatever becomes of your life's work is the perfect, loving will of your Heavenly Father.
Consider this quote (one of my all-time favorites) from Donald Miller's book, Searching for God Knows What:
"Imagine how a man's life would be if he trusted that he was loved by God. How he could love his wife easily and not expect her to redeem him, he would be slow to anger because redemption was no longer at stake, he could give up on formulaic religion, knowing that checking stuff off a spiritual to-do list was a worthless pursuit, he would have confidence and the ability to laugh at himself, and he could love people without expecting anything in return. It would be quite beautiful, really."
So friends now I put the question to you: how would your life and art be different if you had nothing to lose–if you trusted that you were completely loved by God?
Mark Casper is a writer and graphic designer who lives in Charlotte, NC with his wife. Find him online at markrobertcasper.com and on Twitter here.


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- Research article
- Open Access
Recognition of essential purines by the U1A protein
- Yulia Benitex1 and
- Anne M Baranger1, 2Email author
© Benitex and Baranger; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007
- Received: 16 May 2007
- Accepted: 02 November 2007
- Published: 02 November 2007
The RNA recognition motif (RRM) is one of the largest families of RNA binding domains. The RRM is modulated so that individual proteins containing RRMs can specifically recognize RNA targets with diverse sequences and structures. Understanding the principles governing this specificity will be important for the rational modification and design of RRM-RNA complexes.
In this paper we have investigated the origins of specificity of the N terminal RRM of the U1A protein for stem loop 2 (SL2) of U1 snRNA by substituting modified bases for essential purines in SL2 RNA. In one series of modified bases, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors were replaced by aliphatic groups to probe the importance of these functional groups to binding. In a second series of modified bases, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors were incorrectly placed on the purine bases to analyze the origins of discrimination between cognate and non-cognate RNA. The results of these experiments show that three different approaches are used by the U1A protein to gain specificity for purines. Specificity for the first base in the loop, A1, is based primarily on discrimination against RNA containing the incorrect base, specificity for the fourth base in the loop, G4, is based largely on recognition of the donors and acceptors of G4, while specificity for the sixth base in the loop, A6, results from a combination of direct recognition of the base and discrimination against incorrectly placed functional groups.
These investigations identify different roles that hydrogen bond donors and acceptors on bases in both cognate and non-cognate RNA play in the specific recognition of RNA by the U1A protein. Taken together with investigations of other RNA-RRM complexes, the results contribute to a general understanding of the origins of RNA-RRM specificity and highlight, in particular, the contribution of steric and electrostatic repulsion to binding specificity.
- Hydrogen Bond Donor
- Cooperative Network
- Base Analog
- Amide Side Chain
- Main Chain Carbonyl
The RRM is one of the most common RNA-binding domains [1–3] and is found in proteins that participate in all steps of gene expression and RNA processing [4, 5]. The RRM is approximately 100 amino acids and forms a general single-stranded RNA binding scaffold comprised of a four-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet flanked by two α-helices [6]. RRMs bind RNAs of different sequences and in many different structural contexts. In general, RRMs make limited contacts with the sugar-phosphate backbone compared to other RNA-binding proteins and large cooperative networks of hydrogen bonds are formed with the nucleobases. Although individual structures of RRM-RNA complexes have been solved [7, 8], it remains unclear how this domain forms a general RNA binding scaffold, while individual proteins containing RRMs achieve high specificity for particular RNA sequences.
Stability of complexes of wild type U1A protein with SL2 RNA sequences containing A1 modifications.
KD (M)a
3 ± 2 × 10-10
9 ± 2 × 10-10
7 ± 2 × 10-10
4 ± 1 × 10-8
4 ± 2 × 10-8
1.6 ± 0.1 × 10-8
1.4 ± 0.4 × 10-6
ΔG (kcal/mol)b
-13.0 ± 0.4
-12.3 ± 0.4
-12.5 ± 0.2
-10.1 ± 0.1
-10.1 ± 0.3
-10.6 ± 0.02
-8.0 ± 0.1
Stability of complexes of wild type U1A protein with SL2 RNA sequences containing G4 modifications.
KD (M)a
3 ± 2 × 10-10
1.1 ± 0.4 × 10-10
3.1 ± 0.1 × 10-8
3 ± 1 × 10-9
4 ± 1 × 10-6
2 ± 1 × 10-6
1.1 ± 0.2 × 10-5
ΔG (kcal/mol)b
-13.2 ± 0.4
-13.6 ± 0.2
-10.3 ± 0.01
-11.7 ± 0.2
-7.4 ± 0.1e
-7.8 ± 0.3
-6.8 ± 0.1e
Stability of complexes of wild type U1A protein with SL2 RNA sequences containing A6 modifications.
KD (M)a
3 ± 2 × 10-10
1 × 10-8c
1.2 × 10-8d
7 ± 1 × 10-7
1.1 ± 0.4 × 10-7
8 ± 2 × 10-6
3 × 10-5d
ΔG (kcal/mol)b
-13.0 ± 0.4
-8.4 ± 0.1
-9.5 ± 0.3
-6.9 ± 0.2
We have focused on investigating the specificity of U1A for the purines A1, G4, and A6 in the target SL2 RNA, because U1A is finely tuned to recognize the correct purine bases at these positions. The data we report here suggest that for A1, discrimination against non-cognate RNA is a significant contributor to specificity in the absence of substantial direct contacts between U1A and the base. In contrast, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors on G4 are essential contributors to binding and cannot be substituted with aliphatic groups. Recognition of A6 involves both positive contributions to binding by A6 hydrogen bond donors and acceptors and the destabilization of complexes with incorrectly placed functional groups. Thus, the relative contributions to specificity of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors on cognate and non-cognate RNA bases vary for recognition of A1, G4, and A6 in SL2 RNA by the U1A protein.
Strategy for Probing Specificity
To investigate the specificity requirements of the U1A protein, we have measured the affinity of the U1A protein for SL2 RNA target sites containing modified purine bases. In one series of modifications, individual hydrogen bond donors or acceptors were eliminated or substituted with aliphatic groups to probe the energetic contributions of these functional groups to binding. In a second series of modifications, the purines were substituted with alternative hydrogen bond donors or acceptors to investigate the ability of the U1A protein to discriminate against incorrectly placed functional groups. It should be noted that these experiments do not identify the molecular origins of changes in binding affinity observed when altering a hydrogen bond donor or acceptor in the complex. The effects of these base modifications on binding are likely to be complex because they may alter the complex interface, change the structure and dynamics of both the free RNA and the complex, alter cooperative networks of interactions involved in binding, or change solvation effects. The experiments reported here probe the importance of selected functional groups to the specificity of binding, and this importance may arise by altering any or all of these contributions to binding affinity.
Recognition of A1
To probe the role of base functional groups without introducing new functional groups A1 was substituted with purine, in which the 6-NH2 group is replaced with hydrogen, and with c1A in which N1 is replaced with C-H. Both substitutions resulted in very small destabilizations of the complex (0.5–0.7 kcal/mol) even though a hydrogen bond is formed between N1 and the side chain of Arg52 in the X-ray structure. In contrast, base substitutions that altered the pattern of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, such as A1I, or added hydrogen bond donors or acceptors, such as A1DAP or A1-2AP, resulted in a much larger destabilization of the complex of 2.4–2.9 kcal/mol. Within the wild type structure the 2AP and DAP substitutions would introduce unfavorable steric interactions between the side chain of Leu49 and the 2-NH2 group, while the substitution of inosine for A1 would introduce an electrostatic repulsion between N1-H and the side chain of Arg52. These unfavorable interactions may contribute to the destabilization of the complexes containing A1-2AP and A1-DAP, which could contribute to alternate structures being formed in these complexes. These data suggest that the poor affinity of A1G SL2 RNA for U1A is due to the altered pattern of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors on G compared to A, rather than a loss of specific hydrogen bonding interactions. Thus, at this position, specificity is a consequence primarily of the destabilization of complexes containing non-cognate bases.
Recognition of G4
G4 is packed between U3 and a number of amino acids in the U1A protein (Figure 2C) [16]. G4 forms the largest number of hydrogen bonds with the U1A protein of any base in the AUUGCAC sequence. Hydrogen bonds are formed between N7 and the amide side chain of Asn15, O6 and the main chain amide of Asn16, O6 and the main chain carbonyl of Leu17 (water-mediated), 2-NH2 and O2 of U2, 2-NH2 and the side chain of Glu19, and N1-H and the side chain of Glu19. Substitution of A for G4 resulted in a 6.4 kcal/mol loss of binding affinity. This value is comparable to that reported previously [28].
The binding affinities of U1A for SL2 RNAs containing a series of base analogs substituted for G4 are reported in Table 2. Representative gel mobility shift analyses and binding curves are shown in Figure 3. The elimination of 2-NH2 (G4I) or the substitution of N7 with C-H (G4c7G) resulted in destabilizations of the complex of 1.5 and 3.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The greater loss in binding free energy upon substitution of G4 with c7G than with I suggests that N7 is a more important contributor to binding than is the 2-NH2 group even though two hydrogen bonds are observed between the 2-NH2 group and the U1A protein in the X-ray structure, compared to one hydrogen bond between N7 and the U1A protein. \These results are consistent with previously performed protein substitutions. The substitution of Asn15, which forms a hydrogen bond between the amide side chain and N7 of G4, with Val abolished binding [11]. In contrast, the substitution of Glu19, which forms a hydrogen bond between the side chain and 2-NH2, with Ser destabilized the complex, but did not abolish binding [33].
The substitution of either 2AP or DAP for G4 results in a larger destabilization of the complex, 5.8 and 5.4 kcal/mol, respectively, than was observed for either the G4I or G4c7G substitutions, perhaps because these substitutions alter functionality at both the 1 and 6 positions of the purine ring. Because of the weak binding affinity of U1A for these RNA sequences full binding curves were not obtained leading to more uncertainty in the reported dissociation constants compared to those for other RNA sequences. However, the large destabilization of the complex with the G4-2AP substitution suggests that the 6-O or N1-H groups are essential for binding to U1A. In the structure of the wild type complex G4DAP and G4-2AP substitutions would introduce an electrostatic repulsion between the lone pair of N1 and the side chain of Glu19. However, based on the low binding affinity of U1A for SL2 RNA containing these substitutions, it is likely that the structure of these complexes are altered from the wild type structure. The significant destabilization of the complex observed upon substitution of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors on G4 with aliphatic groups and the substitution of G4 with 2AP suggest that the specificity of the U1A protein for G4 is dependent in large part on direct and indirect contributions of the G4 functional groups to complex stability.
Recognition of A6
The interactions between A6 and U1A in the X-ray cocrystal structure are shown in Figure 2D[16]. A6 stacks between Phe56 and C7. The substitution of non-aromatic amino acids for Phe56 results in a large destabilization of the complex [15, 21, 34]. N1 forms a hydrogen bond with the side chain of Ser91, the 6-NH2 forms a hydrogen bond with the main chain carbonyl of Thr89, and N7 forms a water-mediated hydrogen bond with the main chain amide of Thr89. We previously showed that the substitution of A with any other base results in a large destabilization of the complex of 6.3–6.7 kcal/mol, while the elimination of individual hydrogen bond donors or acceptors resulted in a 0.8–1.9 kcal/mol destabilization of the complex [18]. The substitution of Ser91 with Ala resulted in a similar destabilization of the complex as resulted from the substitution of N1 of A6 with a C-H group [19]. In addition, we observed energetic coupling between Phe56 and hydrogen bond donors and acceptors on A6 [18]. Thus, the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors on A6 play direct and indirect roles in stabilizing the complex.
The exchange of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors (for example, A6I) or the addition of a hydrogen bond donor (A6DAP) resulted in a much larger destabilization of the complex than the elimination of individual hydrogen bond donors and acceptors (Table 3, Figure 3). Within the context of the wild type structure, the introduction of the 2-NH2 would introduce unfavorable steric interactions with the side chain of Leu44, an amino acid previously suggested to be important for specific recognition of SL2 RNA [35], and the substitution of inosine for A6 would result in unfavorable steric interactions between N1-H and the side chain of Ser91 and an unfavorable electrostatic interaction between O6 and the main chain carbonyl of Asp90. These unfavorable interactions may destabilize the complex, which could contribute to alternative complex structures being formed upon incorporation of these modified bases. Together, the results from the experiments eliminating hydrogen bond donors and acceptors from A6 reported previously [18] and those exchanging hydrogen bond donor and acceptors reported here suggest that specific recognition of A6 involves both direct recognition of the base and discrimination against incorrectly placed functional groups.
RNA Stability
The large destabilizations of the complexes formed with U1A upon incorporation of many of the base analogs described here suggests considerable variation in free RNA or complex structure as a result of these base substitutions. The RNA loop is dynamic when free, making it difficult to characterize the effect of the base substitutions for A1, G4, and A6 on RNA structure. Because the base analogs contain modified hydrogen bond donor and acceptor patterns that are similar in polarity and stacking ability to G and A, it is likely that the primary effect of the base analogs is to alter the structure of the complex. However, we were concerned that the A1G SL2 RNA and perhaps the A1I SL2 RNA could form an additional base pair, thus stabilizing SL2 RNA and reducing the size of the loop.
Results of temperature dependent melting analyses of SL2 RNAs.
T m
Wild type
60.5 ± 0.6
59.5 ± 0.9
62 ± 1
61 ± 2
62 ± 1
61 ± 2
64.2 ± 0.5
61.6 ± 0.9
56.8 ± 0.6
60.1 ± 0.2
59 ± 1
60 ± 2
58.9 ± 0.3
60 ± 1
59.7 ± 0.5
60.6 ± 0.7
The substitution of the three essential purines in SL2 RNA with bases in which hydrogen bond donors and acceptors are replaced with aliphatic groups and with bases in which hydrogen bond donors and acceptors are placed incorrectly on the base has enabled us to compare the positive contributions of correct functional groups with the negative contributions of incorrectly placed functional groups to the binding specificity of the U1A protein. These comparisons have suggested that specific recognition of essential purines by the U1A protein varies from primarily discrimination against non-cognate bases for A1 to direct contributions of the base functional groups for G4. The base modifications introduced in these experiments are likely to not only eliminate and introduce individual interactions that either destabilize or stabilize the complex, but to affect other interactions in the complex that are energetically coupled with the modified base. Cooperative networks of interactions involving both protein and RNA residues have been identified experimentally and suggested computationally in the U1A system [13, 18, 22, 27–31]. These studies have focused more on cooperative networks in the free and bound proteins than on networks involving RNA. However, experiments have suggested energetic coupling between A6 and Phe56 and between loop 3 of U1A, Tyr13, Gln54 and the RNA [13, 18], and an analysis of collective atomic fluctuations in MD simulations of the U1A-SL2 RNA complex suggest large networks of interactions involving both protein and RNA that have not yet been explored experimentally [22, 30]. Thus, the energetic roles of individual hydrogen bond donors and acceptors that we have identified to be important for the discrimination by U1A between cognate and non-cognate RNA sequences are likely to be complex.
Previously, Shamoo and coworkers investigated the recognition of purines by two linked RRMs from hnRNPA, called UP1 [36]. UP1 is a significantly different RRM than U1A and a comparison of U1A and UP1 should be valuable for developing principles of RRM-RNA specificity. Shamoo and coworkers suggested three generalizations of RNA recognition by RRMs based on experiments with UP1. First, interactions with main chain amides might provide greater base discrimination than interactions with side chains. Although this idea has not yet been fully evaluated in the U1A-RNA complex, binding studies that have been performed with RNAs containing modified bases have suggested that interactions with main chain amides are not necessarily more important than those with side chains in the U1A-RNA complex. For example, N7 of G4 forms a hydrogen bond with the side chain of Asn15. As reported in Table 2, substitution of N7 with C-H results in a significant destabilization of the complex. In contrast, the substitution of A6 with purine, which eliminates the 6-NH2 group that forms a hydrogen bond with the main chain carbonyl of Thr89 destabilizes the complex comparably as the substitution of N1, which forms a hydrogen bond with the side chain of Ser91, with C-H [15, 19]. Second, hydrogen bonds to bases involving charged amino acids are more energetically important than those involving neutral amino acid functional groups. U1A does not have a large number of hydrogen bonds with charged residues, so these are not required for tight binding. Third, steric repulsion is a key discriminatory tool for gaining sequence specificity. In fact, for the U1A-RNA complex, steric and electrostatic repulsion due to incorrectly placed functional groups can be more important than direct base recognition in controlling specificity. Thus, specific recognition of RNA target sites by UP1 and U1A are similarly guided by discrimination against non-cognate RNA.
In conclusion, these investigations show three different approaches used by the U1A protein to specifically recognize essential purines in the SL2 RNA target site and underscore the ability of steric and electrostatic repulsion to be important for specificity even in the absence of a direct hydrogen bond network with the base. The contributions of negative recognition to specificity have been shown to be important in RNA recognition by other proteins, for example by the MS2 coat protein and tRNA synthetases, and also in DNA-protein recognition [37–45]. Thus, the data from the U1A-SL2 RNA and UP1-RNA complexes extend this generalization to the RRM-RNA complexes. Together, these results form part of a growing body of data that shows the importance of steric and electrostatic discrimination against incorrectly placed functional groups on non-cognate bases in governing the specificity of RNA-protein complexes. These general principles describing the origins of specificity of protein-RNA complexes will be invaluable in understanding and controlling complex formation.
Protein Expression and Purification
An expression vector for the N-terminal RRM of U1A (amino acids 1–102) was obtained from Nagai [11]. The wild type protein was expressed and purified as described previously [18]. The molecular weight was confirmed by ESI mass spectrometry and the concentration was determined by amino acid analysis.
RNA Synthesis and Purification
RNA containing c7G was synthesized at the KECK facility at Yale Medical School. Other oligonucleotides were purchased from Dharmacon and IDT. The RNA and chimeric oligomers were purified using denaturing gel electrophoresis. Concentrations were determined by UV at 260 nm. All oligonucleotides were characterized by MALDI mass spectrometry.
Equilibrium Binding Assays
Protein-RNA equilibrium dissociation constants were measured by gel mobility shift assays. Reaction mixtures containing 25 pM 32P-labeled RNA and protein in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 250 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% Triton X-100 and 1 mg/mL tRNA in a total volume of 14 μL were equilibrated for at least 45 min. After addition of glycerol to a final concentration of 5%, the reactions were separated on an 8% polyacrylamide gel in a buffer containing 100 mM Tris-borate (pH 8.3), 1 mM EDTA, and 0.1% Triton X-100 for 35 min at 350 V. The temperature of the gel was maintained at 25°C by a circulating water bath. Gels were analyzed on a Molecular Dynamics Storm Phosphorimager. Fraction RNA bound versus protein concentration was plotted and curves were fit to the equation: fraction bound = 1/(1+KD/[P]), where [P] is the total protein concentration. In gel mobility shift assays that did not saturate at approximately 100% bound, this equation was modified to: fraction bound = A/(1+KD/[P]), where A was allowed to vary between 0.7 and 1. This modification was necessary to estimate the KD's of some of the least stable complexes. Representative gel mobility shift assays and plots illustrating fraction RNA bound as a function of U1A concentration are shown in Figure 3. The KD's obtained from these experiments are listed in Tables 1, 2, 3. The errors listed in the tables are the standard deviations of the results of at least three independent binding experiments and thus, represent the reproducibility of the experimental data.
RNA Melting Experiments
UV melting curves were performed on a Shimadzu UV-2401PC spectrophotometer using 2–10 μM RNA samples in 100 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, and 10 mM sodium phosphate at pH 7. The samples were heated from 10 to 95 °C with a heating rate of 1 °C/min, while monitoring absorbance at 280 nm. The melting curves were fit using the program Meltwin 3.5.
We are grateful to Prof. K. Nagai for the expression vector for U1A. Acknowledgement is made to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for partial support of this work. Funding was also provided by the NIH (GM-056857).
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|By Admin1 (admin) (ppp-70-129-43-24.dsl.okcyok.swbell.net - 188.8.131.52) on Friday, December 30, 2005 - 11:57 am: Edit Post
Reba Short is a Peace Corps Volunteer in Morocco
"A fellow PCV in my region invited me to teach a theater workshop in her site. I was working with the president of my theater club, Kebdani, to develop a workshop to bring to her and we were following a lesson plan guide. What was the theme of the workshop? I had the idea, "Why not get the kids to act out what they want to be when they grow up, and simulate a job fair?" Kebdani, a BAC student at the lycee and a theater genius said, "Wow, no one ever asks Moroccan kids that, but I'm sure they'll have plenty of answers for you!""
Reba Short is a Peace Corps Volunteer in Morocco
Reba Short In Morocco
Below is an email that I received from my daughter, Reba Short, who is serving as a Peace Corps volunteer in Biougra, Morocco. She has been in Morocco since September 2004.'I was very moved by her message. It brought back to me the spirit of the holidays and also, because of the political climate'in the world today, the concept of living in the solution as opposed to living in the problem. I'd like to be more like Reba when I grow up. --Jody King
This is from second-year YD PCV Reba Short who is serving in Biougra.
"My main objective in Biougra is building self-esteem, literacy and creative thinking skills in youth through art and theater." Success Story - The Trip To Massa
The unemployment rate in Morocco is high. Just today in Rabat, I walked by a protest of about 100 doctors and engineers chanting "Give us bread and water."
As a youth development volunteer in Morocco, I find unemployment one of the most heart-wrenching things to talk about with the kids I see everyday, because I have no solution for them. I can't give them a job. I can't promise them anything.
One day I realized that I had never asked any of the little kids I knew, "What do you want to be when you grow up?" The question that I ask every child in my country, I've never once asked here in Morocco. It was subconscious; I was trying to be polite on a hyper-polite level. I was presuming these kids were so hopeless they didn't have goals.
A fellow PCV in my region invited me to teach a theater workshop in her site. I was working with the president of my theater club, Kebdani, to develop a workshop to bring to her and we were following a lesson plan guide. What was the theme of the workshop? I had the idea, "Why not get'the kids to act out what they want to be when they grow up, and simulate a'job fair?" Kebdani, a BAC student at the lycee and a theater genius said, "Wow, no one ever asks Moroccan kids that, but I'm sure they'll have plenty of answers for you!"
With Kebdani's help I didn't worry about being'impolite when I asked kids what they wanted to be when they grew up. I trust him enough to tell me if I'm being insensitive. ' We planned the workshop, complete with energy and concentration exercises, gestures. A guided meditation to get kids to think about their lives 10 years in the future, 20 years in the future. We decided to end the workshop with a small performance, where kids jumped up like popcorn and said what they wanted to be when they grew up.
The day we did the workshop, we arrived and had over 60 kids, much more'than we expected. The room was very small, and a surprising amount of parents were there to watch. The CD player didn't work, most of the kids spoke Tashelhaite, and didn't understand either me or Kebdani but despite all this, it worked. Kebdani and I kept communicating, and worked incredibly well together, filling in, demonstrating, problem solving. The children were so excited and so well behaved, despite the language barriers, and members of the association helped us translate.
As for what these kids wanted to be when they grew up, I was struck by their ambition. I had girls that wanted to be police officers, I had boys that wanted to be tailors, and I had teachers, mothers, firemen, lawyers, doctors, nurses, scientists, masons, dancers and musicians. They acted each'role out, and I could picture these kids, I could see them in twenty years, working this job.
The most amazing part of this was watching their parents' reactions. Some parents were laughing, a sort of surprised laughter because they never knew little Rachid wanted to be a tailor, but there he was, in front of the community, sewing his heart into an imaginary jelaba. I saw parents that were confused, "Fatima's so shy, I never would have guessed she wanted to be a soldier." But all parents'were proud, very proud, of their child's dynamic ambition.
The association was so pleased with Kebdani and I that they asked us to stay and teach a storytelling workshop to the older members of the association. Kebdani looked at me after we did this workshop and said, "Ask me, ask me what I want to be when I grow up." I asked him, and he said, "I want to do this, what I'm doing right now. I want to teach people theater and help them find what's in their hearts."
I said, "Humdullah, because that's what you're meant to do!"
I'm embarrassed that it took me this long to ask a child what they want to do when they grow up. I'm a youth development volunteer, and it's my job to make sure these kids have goals. It's my job to instill these kids with inspiration, perseverance and faith in themselves.
The first thing I should be doing is asking that loaded question, "What do you want to be when you grow up?" I should be asking every kid I see, from kids selling cigarettes at the souq to my university English students, because the more people say things out loud and the more conviction comes behind it, the more motivation they have to make their dreams happen.
-- Reba Short
When this story was posted in December 2005, this was on the front page of PCOL:
Read the stories and leave your comments.
Peace Corps Online The Independent News Forum serving Returned Peace Corps Volunteers
Top Stories: December 5, 2005
Joseph Opala's story of Priscilla in major NY exhibition 23 Nov
Palau President creates Peace Corps Advisory Panel 3 Dec
Cathy Skoula returns from Pakistan relief 1 Dec
Matthew Patrick writes about Wind Power 1 Dec
Bush recognizes Director Vasquez on World AIDS Day 1 Dec
"The Ugly American" helped inspire Peace Corps 29 Nov
Thirty-four Congressmen co-sponsor PC/Military bill 27 Nov
The Nordins push Permaculture 27 Nov
President Bush meets with PCVs in Mongolia 25 Nov
John Smart says Vasquez "less than qualified" 25 Nov
Peter McPherson promotes study abroad 25 Nov
Harry Baltzer honored by peace center 24 Nov
Chris Matthews' has controversial appearance in Toronto 24 Nov
Harry Reid says Bush out to ruin Peace Corps 24 Nov
David L. Dolinger was eyewitness to Gwangju Uprising 23 Nov
Russia imposes more controls on NGO's 23 Nov
Kinky Friedman is a tough Jew 23 Nov
Murphy calls his pension planning 'bittersweet' 23 Nov
Dodd says start bringing troops home soon 22 Nov
Bill Moyers: The Texas Observer at 50 22 Nov
The Best Year of My Life by Paul Theroux 14 Nov
Military Option sparks concerns
The U.S. military is allowing recruits to meet part of their reserve military obligations after active duty by serving in the Peace Corps. Read why there is opposition to the program among RPCVs. Director Vasquez says the agency has a long history of accepting qualified applicants who are in inactive military status. John Coyne says "Not only no, but hell no!" and RPCV Chris Matthews leads the debate on "Hardball." Avi Spiegel says Peace Corps is not the place for soldiers while Coleman McCarthy says to Welcome Soldiers to the Peace Corps. Read the results of our poll among RPCVs. Latest: Congressman John Kline introduces legislation to alter the program to remove the Peace Corps as an option for completing an individual�s military enlistment requirement.
Why blurring the lines puts PCVs in danger
When the National Call to Service legislation was amended to include Peace Corps in December of 2002, this country had not yet invaded Iraq and was not in prolonged military engagement in the Middle East, as it is now. Read the story of how one volunteer spent three years in captivity from 1976 to 1980 as the hostage of a insurrection group in Colombia in Joanne Marie Roll's op-ed on why this legislation may put soldier/PCVs in the same kind of danger. Latest: Read the ongoing dialog on the subject.
Top Stories: November 19, 2005
President Bush meets with PCVs in Panama 7 Nov
PC Trainee Wyatt Ammon dies in accident in Zambia 18 Nov
Congress appropriates $322 Million for Peace Corps 17 Nov
James Walsh on the crisis in Nepal 9 Nov
Pam Musk climbs Mount Kilimanjaro 6 Nov
David Morsilli awed by havoc in Mississippi 6 Nov
Tierney Davis in Tsunami Relief Work in Indonesia 1 Nov
Julie Harrold says "Don't change the Peace Corps" 31 Oct
Jacqueline Lyons shares her poems about Peace Corps 28 Oct
Peace Corps returns to its roots in Michigan 28 Oct
David Peterson serves in Katrina Response Team #1 25 Oct
Director Vasquez Travels to Tonga and Fiji 24 Oct
Laura Vanderkam says "Peace Corps needs makeover" 24 Oct
Shriver Center and Maryland RPCVs host C. Payne Lucas 21 Oct
Don Mosley to receive Pacem in Terris honor 17 Oct
Mary Cameron Kilgour writes on abuse 16 Oct
George Packer writes about Iraq for the New Yorker 16 Oct
Richard Celeste says Colorado higher education faces peril 16 Oct
Kevin Quigley says Keep Peace Corps, military separate 16 Oct
Christie and Eric Nelson say no to cars 15 Oct
Isaiah Zagar creates mosaic in Oakland 14 Oct
PC establishes awards for top Volunteers
Gaddi H. Vasquez has established the Kennedy Service Awards to honor the hard work and service of two current Peace Corps Volunteers, two returned Peace Corps Volunteers, and two Peace Corps staff members. The award to currently serving volunteers will be based on a demonstration of impact, sustainability, creativity, and catalytic effect. Submit your nominations by December 9.
Robert F. Kennedy - 80th anniversary of his birth
"Few men are willing to brave the disapproval of their fellows, the censure of their colleagues, the wrath of their society. Moral courage is a rarer commodity than bravery in battle or great intelligence. Yet it is the one essential, vital quality for those who seek to change the world which yields most painfully to change."
Peace Corps at highest Census in 30 years
Congratulations to the Peace Corps for the highest number of volunteers in 30 years with 7,810 volunteers serving in 71 posts across the globe. Of course, the President's proposal to double the Peace Corps to 15,000 volunteers made in his State of the Union Address in 2002 is now a long forgotten dream. With deficits in federal spending stretching far off into the future, any substantive increase in the number of volunteers will have to wait for new approaches to funding and for a new administration. Choose your candidate and start working for him or her now.
'Celebration of Service' a major success
The Peace Corps Fund's 'Celebration of Service' on September 29 in New York City was a major success raising approximately $100,000 for third goal activities. In the photo are Maureen Orth (Colombia); John Coyne (Ethiopia) Co-founder of the Peace Corps Fund; Caroline Kennedy; Barbara Anne Ferris (Morocco) Co-founder; Former Senator Harris Wofford, member of the Advisory Board. Read the story here.
PC apologizes for the "Kasama incident"
The District Commissioner for the Kasama District in Zambia issued a statement banning Peace Corps activities for �grave� social misconduct and unruly behavior for an incident that occurred on September 24 involving 13 PCVs. Peace Corps said that some of the information put out about the incident was "inflammatory and false." On October 12, Country Director Davy Morris met with community leaders and apologized for the incident. All PCVs involved have been reprimanded, three are returning home, and a ban in the district has since been lifted.
The Peace Corps Library
Peace Corps Online is proud to announce that the Peace Corps Library is now available online. With over 30,000 index entries in 500 categories, this is the largest collection of Peace Corps related stories in the world. From Acting to Zucchini, you can find hundreds of stories about what RPCVs with your same interests or from your Country of Service are doing today. If you have a web site, support the "Peace Corps Library" and link to it today.
Friends of the Peace Corps 170,000 strong
170,000 is a very special number for the RPCV community - it's the number of Volunteers who have served in the Peace Corps since 1961. It's also a number that is very special to us because March is the first month since our founding in January, 2001 that our readership has exceeded 170,000. And while we know that not everyone who comes to this site is an RPCV, they are all "Friends of the Peace Corps." Thanks everybody for making PCOL your source of news for the Returned Volunteer community.


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During the week end, we welded the MB Leds with Alexis. It was quite long but eventually we have our own blocks.
Benjamin created the remote functionality; It works quite well. If a block turns of 180°, it will be the remote to change the program.
I fixed some problems in the algorithm with the MB Leds and I will continue until the presentation.
After firmware transmission Cédric tried the firmware upgrade already implemented on TP PCB by Benjamin but failed to implement it on MB Led blocks in due time and eventually stopped his work : In fact, we have few time left and we prefer to focus on the presentation. Now, he will work on an animations.
Sur le même sujet :


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When you Log into your Facebook Account, If you think other people on your friend list is having a great life and if you can't figure out why it is only you who is always having such a hard time, Just compare your real life and the life you portray on your Facebook Account.
Then you might get an idea about how other people pretend their lives to be awesome when they are not, not as much as they show it to be anyway.
You are not the only one who is pretending, you are not the only liar.
So relax, It's not only you who is having a shitty life.
The truth is, they also would love to live a life which is half as perfect as they pretend it is on Facebook. Not Only You.
If you think that there are people on your friend list.. think again. Because there are '0' people. Literally zero. You cant find people, only Facebook Profiles.
The difference between the life of a modern day Human being and his/hers Facebook Account cannot be compared even. One's Facebook profile only shows the life he/she is willing to live, but not the life he/she actually lives day by day.
So don't worry. Just log in to your profile and show the others how you imagine your life is to be. How you wish your life is to be.
So just live a lie, pretend that you are living a dream.
That is what Facebook is there for


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By Paul Fleischman
Publisher: Cricket Books
Current Publisher: Simon Pulse (Simon & Schuster)
Digital Publisher: Not Available
Reading Level: Ages 12 & Up
YPL Finalists That Year:
- Paul Fleischman for Breakout
- Jim Murphy for An American Plague: The True and Terrifying Story of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793
- Richard Peck for The River Between Us
- Jacqueline Woodson for Locomotion
YPL Winner That Year: Polly Horvath for The Canning Season
Judges That Year: Susan Campbell Bartoletti, Lulu Delacre, Jean Craighead George, Barbara Harrison, Margaret Tice
The Year in Literature: Crispin: The Cross of Lead by Avi won the Newbery Medal. Postcards from No Man's Land by Aidan Chambers won the Printz Award.
More Information: Paul Fleischman grew up hearing his father, award-winning YA author Sid Fleischman, read his books aloud chapter by chapter as he wrote them. Sid and Paul both won the Newbery Medal, Sid for The Whipping Boy in 1987, and Paul for Joyful Noise: Poems for Two Voices in 1989.
Buy the Book:


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Statistics -> Canada's Interest-Bearing Debt by Party
Where Did Canada's Interest-Bearing Debt Come From?
From March 31 to November 30, 2016, Canada's interest-bearing debt has increased by $31.95 billion, almost as much as it increased in the 10 years ending March 31, 2016. The budgetary deficit for this period was $12.7 billion. See the November 30, 2016 Fiscal Monitor, Table 1 for the budgetary deficit, and Table 6 for the total interest-bearing debt. Unfortunately, it appears that Justin Trudeau's Liberal government is taking us into a spiral of debt, as was done by Pierre Trudeau in the 1970's and 1980's. We are now paying $2 billion per month in interest, at historically low interest rates!
The total interest paid on interest-bearing debt of the federal government, from April 1, 1963 to March 31, 2016 was $1.267 trillion.
Each political party usually blames another party for increasing the national debt, but it's difficult to see where the debt really came from.
We've done some analysis using the Department of Finance Fiscal Reference Tables, and information on Prime Ministers from the Parliament of Canada website, to try to determine the increase in the federal interest-bearing debt by party. Since 1962, the only years in which there have been reductions in the outstanding interest-bearing debt are 2002 to 2009.
The first date for which we have the amount of interest-bearing debt is March 31, 1962. We used the March 31, 1963 interest-bearing debt as a starting point, as this was just prior to the swearing-in of Lester Pearson, Liberal Party of Canada, as Prime Minister.
We wanted to see what would have happened if, after March 31, 1963, the interest-bearing debt was not increased or decreased, except for the interest on the debt. Believe it or not, most of the debt at March 31, 2016 can be attributed to debt incurred prior to March 31, 1963!
The Liberal party was in power from April 22, 1963 to September 17, 1984, except for the short tenure of the Progressive Conservative party from June 4, 1979 to March 3, 1980, which we ignored, as no budget was passed.
All amounts in the following table are in millions of dollars.
* The Total is not the actual debt, except for March 31, 2016.
The March 31, 2016 amount has been increased by $4.88 billion. The previous amount in the above table was from the Fiscal Monitor because the March 31, 2016 Fiscal Reference Tables were not available at that time.
The interest rate used in the calculations is the average rate paid on public debt each year. This was determined by dividing the interest paid on public debt for each fiscal year by the outstanding interest-bearing debt at the beginning of the fiscal year.
We then did the same process for each government, taking the interest-bearing debt at the end of the party's time in power, and adding interest to March 31, 2016. If the government was sworn in during the months of September to December, we used the debt from March of the next calendar year as the starting point for that government. For governments sworn in during February March or April we used the debt from March 31 of the calendar year they were sworn in as the starting point. The fiscal year of the government is April 1 to March 31.
We calculated the increase attributed to each party by taking their ending debt, increased by interest to March 31, 2016, and subtracting the previous party's ending debt increased by interest to March 31, 2016.
Tax Tip: This is a good example of what happens when debt is allowed to compound! Pay down debt!
Sources of Information:
Fiscal Monitor March 2016 - Public Debt Charges from Table 1, total interest-bearing debt from Table 6
Fiscal Reference Tables 2015, Table 7 Expenses (Public Debt Charges) - interest expense starting with 1966-67 fiscal year
Fiscal Reference Tables 2010, Table 7 Expenses (Public Debt Charges) - interest expense starting with 1961-62 fiscal year
Fiscal Reference Tables 2015, Table 14 Interest-Bearing Debt - amounts outstanding at March 31st each year starting with 1966-67 fiscal year
Fiscal Reference Tables 2010, Table 14 Interest-Bearing Debt - amounts outstanding at March 31st each year starting with 1961-62 fiscal year
Parliament of Canada - Terms of Prime Ministers, click on the P.M. name to determine political party
Revised: July 10, 2018
Copyright © 2002 Boat Harbour Investments Ltd. All Rights Reserved. See Reproduction of information from TaxTips.ca


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Honda today revealed the first images of the much anticipated all-new 2013 Honda Accord Sedan and Accord Coupe, set to go on sale this fall. The most sculpted Accord ever delivers an even more spacious and luxurious passenger cabin wrapped in an upscale, sophisticated exterior designed to stand the test of time.
The 2013 Accord's styling is expressive, sophisticated and premium. Starting in the front, a bold new grille imparts a distinctive and dynamic tension that complements the powerful look of the hood's multiple styling lines. A strong side character line flows through the door handles and flares upward toward the rear of the vehicle to further convey a sense of motion. A deep contour in the rocker panel firmly grounds its visual presence to the road and smartly turns upward to convey a sporty attitude. In the back, the inward slope where the fenders taper into the trunk and C-pillars is designed to convey a powerful, athletic stance from the rear. read more


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Download free R2d2 Wallpaper HD Wallpaper from the available resolutions. If you don't find the perfect size you are looking for, then strive for 'original' or best resolution which may fit nicely for your screen.
Click on any resolution, which fits your screen the most. Right click on wallpaper to save it. If you're on mobile device tap and hold for a sec for a save menu to appear.
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The major international Foot orienteering events in Portugal ended, but you may still feel the echoes of the Portugal O' Meeting, in which the World Champion of Middle Distance, Annika Billstam, took the victory in the Women Elite class. Today, the Portuguese Orienteering Blog disclose a pleasant talk, revisiting not only the event but also, in brief, the athlete's career and some projects for the future.
Why did you choose the Portugal O' Meeting in the early season?
Annika Billstam (A. B.) - As you may know, I decided not to go all in for this whole year and I'm not part of the Swedish National Team. So, now Orienteering is more for enjoyment. I decided quite early that I was coming to the Portugal O' Meeting because it's a competition that I really like and it's a nice break from freezing Scandinavia.
Retired from the Swedish team but not retired from Orienteering, is it right?
A. B. - My goal isn't the World Orienteering Championships anymore, but I'm still training as much as I have time to. I mean, Orienteering is part of my life, I've done it my whole life and I think I might never quit the sport.
After two gold in a row in the WOC Middle Distance, I believe it wasn't an easy decision. I believe this is never an easy choice...
A. B. - I have had it in mind for some years, like taking one year at a time. But the thoughts were quite strong already last year during the season. I work full time so it's a lot of effort to stay on top. Actually, my decision wasn't as difficult as you may think because it feels like I did the right thing and I'm happy about it.
Can you choose one moment from many in such a fantastic career?
A. B. - It's hard not to say any of the WOC gold medals and, of course, the first one is always very special, also the margin in my race to the second place... it was not just a win, it was a good race, which makes it double up. It was a special moment, for sure.
You're in Portugal mostly for fun, for enjoyment, but you've been able to win the Portugal O' Meeting. How do you feel?
A. B. – Yeah! Actually it was the first time that I got it and it's really nice. If I look back to the different stages, the second stage was really amazing. I had such flow... I'm very proud of that race. Of course I can see I haven't done many trainings with map this year and I feel my technique a little bit shaky. Also, in the World Ranking Event stage, I really struggled with my physical abilities and I was really tired in the last stage, so I'm just happy that I got the overall title, which was the first time I did and I enjoyed it.
But the last stage was easier, wasn't it?
A. B. - If you're looking at the climbing, yes, it was definitely easier. But I had a lot of more "bush fighting" - I don't know if I made wrong route choices. And I also think when your mind gets tired, you easily do some small mistakes that cost you time and make you lose your flow.
Did you feel that you were being chased during the last stage?
A. B. - Yes, of course you can never be sure about it. I felt really tired during my warm-up, so I tried to push from the beginning and everything was going quite okay until the 8th control, when I did a parallel mistake. It was difficult for me to relocate and it's hard to say how much time I lost, but it was, for sure, several minutes. Then I felt like "I have to do a good job now" and from there everything went, well... not actually perfect (laughs) but I never looked back, I just looked forward.
What is your opinion on the POM's organization?
A. B. - It's really good, it's why we come here every year. It's challenging, the Long Distance races are Long Distance races, and it's what all National Teams are looking forward. So, it's excellent, like part of a Training Camp or for doing a "check up" before the big competitions. The Spring is coming in Scandinavia, so you know what you have to work for. Besides that, everything around is great, I really enjoy the Expresso machine (laughs), you can have a nice cake, you meet some friends that you haven't seen during the whole Winter.
What are your plans for the future?
A. B. - We'll see what happens but I'm really looking forward for the big relays. We have strong teams in OK Linné, both for Women and Men, but we never won any of the big Relays. It's a main goal for us, we have Cat [Catherine Taylor] and also some other girls in the team, I'm excited about that. I also have more time now to inspire younger people, I do some speeches, I love to join some trainings.
Being a coach in the future is a possibility in your case?
A. B. - I enjoy my life and my work, so I'm not thinking of it for now. My title is Landscape Architect and I'm Object Developer in a company who built rental apartments, What I do is something like the early stage of a building project. It's a very demanding job, but I really love what I do, it's a little bit like a map. But who knows about the future? It's interesting and a real challenge how to inspire individuals to find and improve their abilities.
Are we going to see you again in the Portugal O' Meeting next year?
A. B. - I haven't put it yet in my calendar, but I'll consider that and, if it fits well with my program, I will came back.
And with a major responsibility...
A. B. - Yes, I'll be here as a defending winner (laughs).
Joaquim Margarido


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Wednesday, February 01, 2006
Violence to shoes
In the last few weeks, Norwegian women have expressed outrage *) over how images of violence against - and oppression of - shoes are put on display in a handful of shops in Oslo. The National Shoe Liberty Frontieer (NSLF) wish to prohibit the depiction of oppressed shoes. But seriously, what is more important? A pair of shoes, or freedom of speech?
As freedom of speech certainly must be more important, the King of Gardistan advocates a campaign to post depictions of oppressed and murdered shoes on as many websites on the Internet as possible. Says the King, "with such a campaign, The National Shoe Liberty Frontieer will learn that they can not trample on our right to oppress our shoes. And freedom of speech. Yes, that's what's it about. Freedom of speech."
*) In other news, a group of people are expressing outrage about a drawing of Muhammed **) and burn flags as part of their right to express their misdirected ***) outrage. Interestingly, those who claim to defend free speech are expressing an outrage against the burning of flags, and react by making more drawing of Muhammed, while at the same time refuse to burn Danish flags outside the Danish consulate.
**) Since there are no actual authentic depictions of Muhammed in existance, there is no guarantee that the person on said drawing is Muhammed. Indeed, judging from the size of the bomb on his head, there's a greater chance that it's actually a depiction of Dubbya****) Bush. The shoe depicted in this blog post, however, is very real.
***) It turns out that the drawings they are offended by are NOT the ones published in the Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, but somethings that their own Imams made in order to turn them against the Danes. The original drawing was apparently not bad enough. It is interesting to watch as the debates go on as if the lie was the truth. Then again, keeping the lie sells a lot more papers...
****) After reading this article, Dubbya called me up to license the rights for my "free speech" argument. Says Dubbya, "the people we keep in Guantanamo are not prisoners of war, they are living pieces of one of my greatest works of art, depicting my grand vision of a free world! Guilty or not, if any of them were allowed to leave, it would just be undemocratic. Why do you hate our freedom?"
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Epithelial Transport Laboratory
Lab head: David Cook
Location: Medical Foundation Building
This laboratory investigates the transport processes in the cell membrane and the manner in which cells control their membrane transport activity. Particular emphasis has been placed on the mechanisms of sodium ion channel regulation and calcium signalling in epithelial cells.
Current research:
- The mechanisms by which epithelial sodium (Na+) channels are controlled
- The control of Na+/H+ exchange in epithelial cells
- The mechanisms by which ion transport systems are controlled
- The development of replication-deficient adenoviruses as a tool in studying the role of membrane transport systems in cellular function
Lab members: D Cook (head)
Use of replication-deficient adenoviruses to investigate regulation of cytosolic calcium
Primary supervisor: David Cook
This project combine molecular biological and fura-2 methods to investigate the mechanisms by which agonists such as acetylcholine and ATP regulate the rate of Calcium transport out of cells.
Discipline: Physiology


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Furniture Hire
It's essential your exhibition stand is a welcoming place, and after hours of walking around a busy venue, that can mean offering the opportunity to rest weary feet!
Guiding someone to a small seating area to continue a discussion after an initial face-to-face standing chat, can also be a useful way of taking a conversation to the next level.
Either way, it's essential that seating complements the look and feel of your stand but also doesn't take up too much precious floor space. Unique Exhibitions stock a large selection of modern furniture for hire. Our seating and table ranges are available in a variety of styles and colours and offer a cost effective solution which will enhance any stand.


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Monthly Archives: December 2011
Province-level action on the Wukan riots
It would appear that higher levels of government are finally taking action in regards to the Wukan rebellion. This link contains a screenshot of the local government's website and highlights key points from a meeting that was held at the … Continue reading
Posted in corruption, Wukan Tagged CCP, China, Chinese government, Communist Party, economy, Guangdong, province, riot, stability, Wang Yang, Wukan, Wukan rebellion, Zhu Minggguo, 朱明国 Leave a comment
The pot is boiling over in Wukan and it won't look good for Wang Yang
The Daily Telegraph's Malcolm Moore has reported on a Southern Coastal town which is now in open revolt. However, those who think that this event represents the beginning of some kind of profound shift, ought to pause for a moment. … Continue reading
Posted in Bo Xilai, CCP, stability, Wang Yang Tagged Bo Xilai, CCP, China, Chinese politics, Communist Party, corruption, CPC, Guangdong, Leadership, leadership transition, Riots, Wang Yang, Wukan 1 Comment


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Communities developing resources and competencies for using their languages
Foundational understanding for language development work of all kinds
Publications, fonts and computer tools for language development, translation and research
SIL offers training in disciplines relevant to sustainable language development.
7,097 languages are spoken or signed. CLICK for map of world languages & regional websites.
SIL's dedication to language development past and present
SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Descriptions, published electronically by SIL International, are authored primarily by SIL staff. The series includes not only primary data but also products of fieldwork such as wordlists, interlinear text collections, and descriptive papers. The goal of the series is to make a greater corpus of data available on lesser-known—and often endangered—languages and cultures.


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Welcome to our website! As we have the ability to list over one million items on our website (our selection changes all of the time), it is not feasible for a company our size to record and playback the descriptions on every item on our website. However, if you are an American with a disability we are here to help you. Please call our disability services phone line at (513) 733-1175 during regular business hours and one of our kind and friendly personal shoppers will help you navigate through our website, help conduct advanced searches, help you choose the item you are looking for with the specifications you are seeking, read you the specifications of any item and consult with you about the products themselves. There is no charge for the help of this personal shopper for any American with a disability. Finally, your personal shopper will explain our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service, and help you place an order if you so desire.
Traditional Collection Series A8" Towel Bar - Brushed Nickel
Toto YB30008BN
Traditional Collection Series B8" Towel Bar - Brushed Nickel
Toto YB30108BN
Transitional Collection Series B8 - Brushed Nickel
Toto YB40008BN
Transitional Collection Series B18 - Brushed Nickel
Toto YB40018BN
Transitional Collection Series B24 - Brushed Nickel
Toto YB40024BN
Transitional Collection Series B30 - Brushed Nickel
Toto YB40030BN
Neorest® Bath Towel Holder - Polished Chrome Finish
Toto YB990CP
Neorest® Hand Towel Holder - Polished Chrome Finish
Toto YC990CP


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To Have, and Have Not
38% of Poles believe that Poland should seek allies in the European Union once the United States resigned its anti-missile shield plans.
28% said Poland should become neutral. 13% are for continuation of alliance with the United States while 10% said Poland should propose a new approach to relations with Russia. 11% of the pollees did not offer any opinion according to polling agency PAP.
President Obama announced on Sept. 17 that the United States abandoned plans for a large missile defense shield in eastern Europe.
Under the Polish-U.S. accord signed last year, 10 ground base interceptors were to be installed in Redzikowo, northern Poland, as part of a larger system that would include a radar system in the Czech Republic, to counter emerging missile threats from rogue state.
The U.S. plan has angered Russia, which deemed 10 defensive rockets a serious threat to its national security and arsenal of 2,000 ICBMs.
Labels: military, Missile, Missile defense, missile shield


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33 weeks! What in the world, it is flying by!
I wanted to post a few recent baby bump pics because sweet baby girl is just growing by the minute. I am so incredibly thankful for the chance to carry this last addition to our family, for the chance to have redemption again in our story, again to see God move in mighty ways.
Every moment in this pregnancy I have felt God in it. He has led me before it and now in it....and to think now we are so close to having her in our arms, its just the most amazing feeling. I am forever thankful.
Each kick and flutter and sonogram is so incredibly cherished.
There are so many moments that it all feels incredibly bittersweet- knowing it's the last one. The last time to experience the beauty of carrying LIFE. The last baby in my tummy, the last newborn smells.
Sweet baby girl, you are already SO incredibly loved...counting the weeks until we get to meet your sweet face!


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Brazil is the world's largest coffee producer. It exports everything from the mass produced coffee that are among the world's cheapest, to elegant coffees prized as the world's finest origins for espresso brewing. In Brazil, fruit is removed from the bean using four different processing methods, and it is not uncommon for all four methods to be used on the same farm during the same harvest. Read More
& Saturday 8:00am–12:00pm


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Facility FeaturesWritten by Admin
- font size decrease font size increase font size
Spring Mountain's high-end facility is the perfect venue for group events. While our 4 mile track is the focal point, the facility is comprised of much more, including an 8000 sq. ft. clubhouse with patio, BBQs, indoor bar and lounge, pool, fitness facility and more. It's a destination you need to see to believe. Visit our facilities section for a preview of the amenities available in conjunction with your private event (Additional fees may apply. Call for your custom quote).
Additional Info
- Page Title: The Perfect Group Event Venue
- Link List:
Published in Corporate Events Tabs