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The Royal Navy had a significant involvement in the Waikato Campaign in 1863. This was part of an over pattern of naval support during the New Zealand Wars. Read an overview about the Waikato Flotilla, the Gunboat Pioneer and the Battle of Rangiriri.
The Royal Navy had a significant involvement in the Waikato Campaign in 1863. This was part of an over pattern of naval support during the New Zealand Wars. It had taken an over a year of preparation before Cameron felt confident to open the campaign against the Waikato tribes.[1] Prior to the campaign opening, Grey wrote that arrangements had been made for "placing an armed steamer upon it [the Waikato River] which would enable us…to undertake operations with facility and a fair prospect of success."[2] When Cameron crossed the Mangatawhiri Stream on 12 July 1863 unopposed it was because Maori had not reached this position in order to defend the crossing.[3] Cameron proceeded deliberately slowly and was in no rush. The final victory was due in great part to the participation of the Royal Navy both on land and on the Waikato River.
The Waikato Flotilla
The collection of vessels used by the British on the Waikato River is commonly known as the 'Waikato Flotilla'. The naval personnel who served in the Waikato formed part of the 12,000 strong force assembled by General Cameron. While that number seems impressive, only about 2,000 men were committed to direct contact during the campaign. Many troops were responsible for the logistical train and guarding the rear areas as the British advanced. There were no roads or useable tracks for the British so these had to be created by had mile after mile. This took manpower. The Waikato River was the dominant feature of the campaign and it was able to be used by steam vessels. It pointed like a dagger into the heart of the Kingite territory. Control of this 'water highway' would make or break the campaign and overcome the lack of roads on dry land. The mouth of the river at Port Waikato was a major port in the 1860s.
The impetus for the formation of the flotilla came from Governor Sir George Grey. He realised, as did General Cameron that the lines of communication and supply would be long and need to be secured and both men knew it would be a long campaign. To maximise the potential of the river Grey purchased vessels. They would be supported by the Great South Road, which would bring supplies southwards to meet up with water transport. Grey placed an order in late 1862 for a steam powered gunboat for use on the river.
There was a hiccup to the naval involvement in the Waikato campaign when the Commodore of the Australian Station coming to New Zealand to discuss naval participation drowned when HMS Orpheus struck the Manukau Bar in February 1863. Commodore Sir William Wiseman was directed to take up his station in New Zealand for a short period. It was hoped that this would meet Grey's continual requests for a permanent Royal naval presence in our waters. Commodore Wiseman reached New Zealand in early October 1863, in time to take command of the Waikato River Flotilla during the invasion. (It should be noted that the Colonial Government had effectively passed the vessels over to Royal Naval command for the duration.) Although less well-known than Cameron, Wiseman's contribution was crucial to the outcome of the campaign.[4]
Vessels of the Flotilla
In all, some nine steamers served on the Waikato River over the period 1863-1870. Three of the steamers – the Avon, Pioneer, and Koheroa – actually served during the period covered by the Waikato War, July 1863 to April 1864. They were supported by four armoured barges and a number of smaller barges.
The paddle-steamer Avon was arguably the first naval vessel purchased by the New Zealand Government. Originally constructed in Glasgow as the Clyde, she was subsequently shipped to New Zealand in pieces and re-assembled at Port Lyttelton. She was purchased by the Colonial Government in November 1862, and in early 1863 was modified for service at Onehunga. The modifications involved the installation of iron plates, each six feet long by three feet wide and ¼ inch thick, along the bulwarks and down to the water line. She displaced 43 tons, was nearly 18 metres in length, and mounted a single 12-pounder Armstrong breachloading gun on her bow. Her shallow draft of just one metre made her ideal for river operations. Avon even had her own rudimentary self-defence system: "…pipes were fixed in connection with the boiler, so that a stream or jet of scalding water could be thrown upon any party of natives attempting to board."[5] Avon was towed from Onehunga to Port Waikato on 25 July 1863, and two days later steamed south to the junction of the Mangatawhiri Stream and the Waikato River, where she was tied up until her first engagement two weeks later.
Gunboat Pioneer
Pioneer was the first warship to be purpose built for the New Zealand Government. She was built over a period of just a few months by the Australian Steam Navigation Company in Sydney, and towed to New Zealand by HMS Eclipse. Originally named Waikato, the new vessel had her name changed to Pioneer after arriving here. She was modified in Onehunga, with the installation of two iron gun turrets (each nearly four metres in diameter and 2½ metres high). Each turret mounted a 12-pounder Armstrong, and was loopholed for small arms. These two turrets still exist, as war memorials in Mercer and Ngaruawahia. She was able to carry 500 men in light order. Pioneer arrived in Port Waikato on 3 October 1863.
At the same time as the modifications to these first two vessels were being carried out, the Government had also purchased four coastal sailing cutters for conversion to armoured troop and cargo barges. These small vessels (each between 9 and 11 metres in length) were armour plated and armed with a 12-pounder Armstrong and a 4.4-inch Coehorn mortar. Each had a crew of seven, under the command of a junior naval officer. They were given decidedly unmilitary names: Ant, Midge, Chub and Flirt.
The By-passing of Meremere
The British were not "held up" at all by Meremere. During this period, the Waikato tribes abandoned their usual tactics of pa building. The attempt to interdict the line-of-communication was only partially successful.[6] The actions of Waikato warriors behind the lines were more a case of random banditry due to civil breakdown than an orchestrated campaign of disruption to the British forces.[7] After the defeat at Koheroa in July, Waikato tribes tried to return and entice the British by offering battle at Paparata but the move southwards by the British forces forced the decision to defend at Meremere. It was only ever intended to delay the British so that Paterangi could be completed. [8]
From early August, Avon began to reconnoitre Meremere and the river bank to its south and in doing so came under fire for the first time. As would be expected, there was no damage sustained. She returned fire with shells and Congreve rockets, apparently inflicting some casualties. Cameron anticipated moving against the pa in late October – by which time Pioneer would be available – and on 29 October conducted his own reconnaissance on board the Pioneer. A war correspondence aboard the vessel recalled the experience of being under fire. The first shots fell short, endangering the Maoris more than their target itself. Finally:
"…a jet of water spouted up alongside the gunboat; she was hit at last. A broken rocket tube fell on board, but without any injury resulting. The natives had evidently dug up this projectile and used it as a charge of langridge. [The steamer fired] and the fragments of a shell tore up the ground about the rifle pits at the landing. Another followed, and another, while not a movement was made in the native position. Now a sharp crack was heard in another direction, followed by a sustained hissing sound – the 40-pounder Armstrong gun had sent its shell from Whangamarino, and this burst over the long line of rifle pits on the hill-top. The steamer again fired and alternately the 40-pounder fired, the missiles bursting over every part of the position…[After a pause, the Maoris returned musket fire]. The balls pinged on the steamer and pattered on the iron plating, occasionally going through an opening or glancing off one of the cupolas. No one was struck, save perhaps some man in his coat-skirt or the brim of his hat….Cameron and his staff had now made themselves acquainted with the nature of the position; and at each loophole a sketch was being made, while the natives expended their ammunition in vain."[9]
During another reconnaissance the next day (the 30th), Pioneer received her most serious damage of the campaign, when a seven pound baker's weight, fired from a Maori cannon near the water's edge, penetrated her hull and lodged itself in a barrel of beef. The Maori gunners were hampered by a shortage of ammunition, and in addition to using shop weights fired large nails and fragments of the Congreve rockets earlier fired by Avon. The attack against Meremere was launched the next day, on 31 October. Cameron's plan involved a three-stage operation. During the first stage, while guns shelled the main position from Whangamarino redoubt (nearly two kilometres away), Avon and Pioneer would shell the pa from the River, before landing 600 troops at Takapau, 12 kilometres to the rear. In the second stage, another 600 troops would be landed at Takapau. Once they were in position, these troops would deliver the main attack against the rear of the pa, which Cameron perceived to be the weakest point. This was the third stage. Although a relatively simple plan, for the period it was relatively innovative, especially with regard to the use of water to transport the troops.
The failure of the Waikato defenders strategy at Meremere came about with the ease of manoeuvre Cameron had at this stage of the campaign. A strategy had been agreed upon by the Waikato tribes to operate on the flank of Cameron's forces moving into the Waikato and cut off his line of communication with Auckland. Three pas were constructed at Paparata, Pukehana and Meremere.[10] All were designed to stop the southward progress of Cameron's troops.[11] None of these positions was ever attacked. From an operational and strategic purpose, Meremere would only ever be a significant position if the British were forced to conduct an assault. The deployment of technology, such as the armoured gunboats towing armoured barges, negated the need to launch such a fruitless and potentially costly attack. There were three reasons for this failure to stop the British at Meremere.
Firstly, the defenders had no way of preventing vessels moving upriver past the pa in spite of the presence of artillery within the defences. The combination of rudimentary training and improper ammunition combined with poorly mounted artillery was insufficient to stop the vessels from sailing past the position. For example, the 24-pdr carronade that fired upon Pioneer was using ammunition consisting of chains and seven-pound iron weights. It penetrated the armour but was stopped by a cask placed for protection and did not hinder movement.[12]
Secondly, it was the ease with which Cameron was able to gain intelligence on the strength and location of the pa. The armoured steam-powered vessels enabled him to sail past the pa and withstand any fire from the defenders and allow the gathering of vital information. For example, this freedom of movement allowed Cameron to conduct three main reconnaissance efforts using the armoured vessels Avon and Pioneer.[13] The speed at which the British moved meant that they left behind a large group of Maori who were seen moving along the river trying to fire upon the fleet.[14] The result of the intelligence gained undoubtedly influenced Cameron's decision to bypass the position as it was a very formidable position to conduct a land-based attack.
Battle of Rangiriri
While the Waikato River gave Cameron the opportunity to manoeuvre, he was still dependent upon land transport. It was at Rangiriri that a frontal attack against a hard surface was necessary.[15] In order to ensure the logistical support for further campaigning in the Waikato, a supply route road had to be forced through this narrow piece of dry terrain which had been wisely chosen as a piece of terrain to defend, with the knowledge that the government forces had no choice but to attack.
Cameron moved against Rangiriri on 20 November. His plan was similar to Meremere. 900 of his force, together with a battery of artillery, would advance against the pa from Meremere, while Avon and Pioneer would drop a force of 520 men to the rear. In the event, due to the strength of the current and the wind the ships were unable to land the men until after 4.30pm. Thereafter the waterborne force quickly overran the rear positions, and the main attack began.
Upon arrival of the British force, the pa was manned by 500 defenders and there was a further 400 warriors under Wiremu Tamihana nearby as reinforcements.[16] This position was unique. It had no palisade, uneven construction, defended on both sides, and a nasty surprise in the unobserved traverses and the redoubt.[17] Cameron believed the position could be taken in reverse by landing a force in the rear.[18] Cameron noted from his initial reconnaissance at the end of October:
"The entrenchment…appeared to be open from enfilade from the river, besides seeming otherwise informidable [sic]. It is a common embankment thrown up, with a trench cut in front of it…"[19]
The naval artillery was also ineffective. Naval guns were intended to rake the defenders rifle pits but the clever construction prevented any effective suppression by Pioneer's guns.[20] The gunboat had run aground and lost time due in part to the river being in flood.[21] The poor steerage of Pioneer and the slow speed of the steamers meant that the vessels were unmanageable given the strength of the wind and current conditions. The vessels not get close enough to the bank to deliver an enfilade fire in the trenches. The consequence of this problem was that Pioneer masked the fire of the other gunboats, which were retrictd to lobbing the occasional shell.[22] Just as with the land-based guns, the naval artillery was not designed for high-angle fire. In summary, there were many reasons for the failure of the artillery preparation. These include the gunboats had been ineffectual in clearing the rifle pits hindered by the problems Pioneer had.
After the failure of the infantry assault against the pa, it was at this stage that General Cameron called the Naval Brigade to take up the attack armed with pistols and cutlasses. The reason for their use was that he believed that the defenders were caged in and his infantry could not get at them. This command decision requires some explanation as Cameron's own account is very vague on the issue. It must be noted here that the naval party were not infantry trained Royal Marines but sailors. There were very few marines on vessels serving in New Zealand. The question here is what exactly Cameron expected from a lightly armed naval party without basic infantry skills assaulting a well-defended and difficult position. The presumption can be made that because they were lightly equipped, they would have a better chance of storming into the redoubt and overcoming the defenders via hand-to-hand combat. Midshipman Foljambe, who throughout the campaign served on the Pioneer, was one of those ordered into the fray:
The General then sent a message to the Commodore, saying that the natives were caged up, and firing from behind their fern on our men, and that the soldiers could not go in; so he sent for the blue-jackets without rifles, and armed only with cutlasses and revolvers. We went straight up to the redoubt and charged them…[the Maoris] only showed their heads for a second, and then bobbed down, and let fly at us without taking much aim…I made a rush through the fire, and jumped into the ditch. We made several attempts to get over the earthwork, but failed. We also threw hand-grenades in amongst them, which must have done a great deal of damage.
By this time it was growing dark, and all night all the blue-jackets and soldiers were lying in the ditch, with the Maoris yelling awfully and firing at us. The Sappers then set to work to dig under them, as we intended to blow them up; when, just before daylight, when the mine was nearly ready for springing, they showed the white flag, and soon after they all surrendered…[23]
While in light of later evidence it appears that the garrison did not, in fact, intend to surrender, the fact remains that by early morning on 21 November, Rangiriri pa was in British hands. The action cost more Government lives than any other in the New Zealand Wars: British casualties totalled 47 dead and over 120 wounded. Of the approximately 50 naval personnel engaged, five were killed and 25 wounded. After the action, Avon and Pioneer assumed new roles, ferrying the Maori prisoners of war and the British wounded away from the battlefield. The journey back was not without excitement:
We brought all the wounded we could carry down in the steamer, and arrived at the Bluff Stockade [at the mouth of the Mangatawhiri Stream] at 10pm, November 21; we had run aground two or three times. We brought fifty of the worst prisoners [sic] and greatest chiefs down with us, and [on the way north] they fired at us [from the riverbank]. The chief Horo Takarei spoke to them, and hoisted a white flag, [after which] they left of firing.[24]
The Naval Brigades' attack was unsuccessful because of the lack of ladders, the fact that sailors made no headway in storming the parapet.[25] A further attempt to suppress the defenders using hand grenades was also unsuccessful, due more to the poor quality of the weaponry. Failure here comes down to the tactical maze and sailors undertaking the tasks of infantrymen. At this point Cameron is held up by the tactical maze. There was no artillery on hand to drive the defenders out, nor could infantry suppress the defenders in the redoubt and secure a lodgement. This is how the battle at Rangiriri ended.
The British now had operational flexibility to advance in any direction they wished and at a time of their own choosing. The Waikato hope built upon the strategy of hold, inflict and retreat was shown for being the limited strategic/operational/tactical philosophy it was. It could not hope to counter an enemy fighting in an asymmetric manner. Cameron himself was to telegraph Grey when he landed at Ngaruawahia with 500 men on the Pioneer with no opposition. "There can be, I think," he wrote, "no doubt that the neck of this unhappy rebellion is broken."[26] After capturing Rangiriri the British drove deep into the Waikato, through the former Kingite capital at Ngaruawahia to Te Rore, near Pirongia. From there Cameron bypassed an enormous defensive position the Maori had built at Paterangi to destroy the agricultural centre at Rangiaowhia, south of Te Awamutu, in February 1864. The destruction of Rangiaowhia was followed by a heavy defeat of a strong Maori force at nearby Hairini, an action which effectively ended the Waikato War. The final act of the drama was the battle of Orakau, fought over the period 30 March – 2 April, an epic which has gone down in history as Rewi's Last Stand.
The Flotilla's impact on the campaign: an overview
Many accounts of the Waikato campaign have focussed on land operations: the ongoing controversy about the fall of Rangiriri, the tactical genius of the Maori engineers at Rangiriri and Paterangi pa, and the popular legends associated with Rewi's Last Stand at Orakau, for example. Nonetheless, it is clear that the gunboats and barges which are the subject of this study made a significant impact on the outcome of the campaign. As James Cowan notes:
Without this river flotilla General Cameron could not have carried on the Waikato campaign. The gunboats and troops they carried enabled him to outflank the Maori positions at Meremere and Rangiriri, to capture Ngaruawahia unopposed, and to keep his army fed and equipped on the Waipa Plain. It was the great water-road into the heart of the country, Waikato's noble canoe highway that gave the British troops command of the Kingite territory and prepared the way for the permanent European occupation.[27]
There is much empirical evidence to back Cowan's assessment. James Belich has suggested that, by October 1864, the overland logistic chain from Whangamarino Redoubt to Auckland was occupying no less than 80% of the total forces available to Cameron: for each soldier available to the column of attack, another four were required for convoy escort duties, counter-insurgence patrolling, and so on.[28] Pioneer's arrival at this point, however, had two significant results: the number of men committed to the lines of communication was able to be reduced, and the surplus transferred to the front; and the whole supply process was able to be speeded up and streamlined.
Without the steamers, either the advance would eventually have bogged down by supply difficulties, or Cameron would have had to abandon the supply chain in favour of moving his whole army en masse. Indeed, this single factor is was makes the Waikato War unique: in most of the other campaigns of the New Zealand Wars, armies took the field as largely self-sufficient units, and effectively pursued their enemy through the theatre to seek out a decisive engagement. Only in the Waikato were supply lines so critical to the outcome. And the steamers were the critical component of the supply lines. In light of this, it must be said that Wiseman's KCB was as merited as Cameron's – notwithstanding the delay in its presentation. Neither should we confine our assessment of the Flotilla's impact to their strategic value. Their requirement for coal (and that of the later boats on the Waikato River) gave impetus to the development of the Waikato coalmines. Further, they ensured the opening up of the fertile land around Pirongia, Te Awamutu, Cambridge and Hamilton for farming and settlement.
For their part, in losing control of the River the Maoris had also lost control of their land. In 1865, shortly before his death, the Ngati Haua chief Wiremu Tamihana (the 'Kingmaker') expressed his bitterness to a Government agent thus: "We have stood on Maungakawa [his tribal mountain], we have looked over at Horotiu, and the pain is forever gnawing at our hearts."[29]
Alexander, Major-General Sir James Edward, Bush Fighting: Illustrated By Remarkable Actions and Incidents of The Maori War In New Zealand, Christchurch: Capper Press, 1973. (1873 facsimile)
Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives, 1862-1865.
Belich, James, The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict, Auckland: Penguin Books, 1998.
Best, Eldon, The Pa Maori, Wellington: Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 1995. (1927)
Cowan, James, The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period Volume 1: 1845-64, Wellington: Government Printer, 1955.
Featon, John, The Waikato War 1863-1864, Christchurch: Capper Press, 1971. (1879 facsimile)
Foljambe, C.G.S., Three Years on the Australian Station, London: Hatchard & Co, 1868.
Fortescue, J. W., A History of the British Army, London: Macmillan & Co., 1930, pp.475-518.
Lennard, Maurice, The Road to War: The Great South Road 1862-64 Monograph 16, Whakatane: Whakatane & District Historical Society, 1986.
Miller, Harold, The Invasion of Waikato, Dunedin: John McIndoe Ltd, 1964.
Monin, Paul, This Is My Place: Hauraki Contested 1769-1875, Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2001.
Naval Records Club, 'The River War in New Zealand', Warship International, 5:2 (1968), pp.120-123.
Taylor, Major Richard, 'Matelots in Maoriland', MSI Working Paper Number 1/2000, Upper Hutt: Military Studies Institute, 2000.
Personal interview with Tom Roa, Senior Lecturer/ Pukenga Matua in the School of Maori & Pacific Island Development at the University of Waikato, 10 June 2003.
[1] Maurice Lennard, The Road to War: The Great South Road 1862-64 Monograph 16, Whakatane: Whakatane & District Historical Society, 1986, p.52.
[2] Despatch from Governor Grey to the Secretary of State for the Colonies 6 April 1863, AJHR, 1863, (S3) Native Affairs E No.3 Section I, No.12 p. 22.
[3] Despatch from Lieutenant General Cameron to Governor Grey 13 July 1863, AJHR, 1863 (S3), The Native Insurrection, E No.5, No. 3, p. 6.
[4] Richard Taylor, Matelots in Maoriland: The Waikato Flotilla and the Waikato War 1863-1864.
[5] John Featon, The Waikato War 1863-1864, Christchurch: Capper Press, 1971 (1879 facsimile), p. 34.
[6] J.W. Fortescue, A History of the British Army, London: Macmillan & Co., 1930, pp. 496.
[7] Paul Monin, This Is My Place: Hauraki Contested, Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2001, p. 195. See also James Belich The New Zealand Wars, pp. 133-141.
[8] Tom Roa interview, June 2003.
[9] Cited in James Cowan, The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period Volume 1: 1845-64, Wellington: Government Printer, 1955, pp. 319-320.
[12] Maurice Lennard, The Road to War: The Great South Road 1862-64 Monograph 16, Whakatane: Whakatane & District Historical Society, 1986, p. 124. Belich makes the claim in the Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand that the fire was "fast and accurate." This is an improbability given they were-muzzle loaders and by their very construction highly inaccurate. The artillery in the pa was insufficient to stop any vessels due to calibre and ammunition. The defenders would have needed batteries of heavier land-based guns to stop Pioneer and the Avon.
[13] Cameron undertook two personal reconnaissances, the first on 3 October 1863. The Pioneer was sailed up to the pa while under fire from the defenders. The ship replied along with land artillery from the redoubt. The next day a second patrol was conducted and sailed upriver bypassing Meremere and reaching to the pa at Rangiriri.
[14] Maurice Lennard, The Road to War: The Great South Road 1862-64 Monograph 16, Whakatane: Whakatane & District Historical Society, 1986, p. 124.
[15] Daniel P. Bolger, 'Maneuver Warfare Reconsidered', Maneuver Warfare: An Anthology, Richard D. Hooker Jr. (ed.), Novato CA: Presido Press, pp. 27-29. Bolger outlines the failings of those who would propose the application of Manoeuvre Theory to every campaign.
[16] Maurice Lennard, The Road to War: The Great South Road 1862-64 Monograph 16, Whakatane: Whakatane & District Historical Society, 1986, p. 160. See also Cowan, The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period Volume 1: 1845-64, p. 332. This party did not take part in the battle being too late to fight their way into the pa. Tamihana was eager to seek a peace with the British as he had given his greenstone mere to Cameron as a peace token however, his warriors were still eager to fight. They moved back up river to Ngaruawahia.
[17] ibid., p. 143.
[18] ibid., p. 144.
[19] ibid., p. 143. See also Eldon Best, The Pa Maori, Wellington: Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 1995 (1927), pp.400-401.
[20] ibid., p. 145. See also Major-General Sir James Edward Alexander, Bush Fighting: Illustrated by Remarkable Actions and Incidents of the Maori War in New Zealand, Christchurch: Capper Press, 1973 (1873 facsimile), p. 99.
[21] Tom Roa Interview, June 2003.
[22] Maurice Lennard, The Road to War: The Great South Road 1862-64 Monograph 16, Whakatane: Whakatane & District Historical Society, 1986, pp. 147-148. See also Alexander pp. 100-104.
[23] C.G.S., Foljambe, Three Years on the Australian Station, London: Hatchard & Co, 1868, pp. 29-31.
[24] Ibid, pp. 32-3.
[25] Maurice Lennard, The Road to War: The Great South Road 1862-64 Monograph 16, Whakatane: Whakatane & District Historical Society, 1986, p. 155. See also Eldon Best, The Pa Maori, pp.401-402. Heaphy also estimates the defenders numbering 220 holding the bastion and the traverses that came off it. The parapet was 6 metres high and the trench was 4.5 metres deep at the point of attack by the naval party.
[26] Despatch from Governor Grey to the Secretary of State for the Colonies 9 December 1863, AJHR, 1864 (S4), The Native Insurrection, E No.3, No., 13, p. 9.
[27] James Cowan, The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period Volume 1: 1845-64, Wellington: Government Printer, 1955, pp. 311-312.
[28] James Belich, The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict, Auckland: Penguin Books, 1998, p. 139.
[29] Cited in Harold Miller, The Invasion of Waikato, Dunedin: John McIndoe Ltd, 1964, p. 192.


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subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Tutorials/Tables I
Prerequisites: The Basics, Datatypes, Lists, Functions, Dictionaries.
Tables form the basis of a kdb+ database and are consequently one of the most important data structures in q. This tutorial deals with creating and manipulating tables, including inserts and upserts. Tables II is about queries and joins.
Tables: keyed and unkeyed
We saw in Tutorials/Dictionaries how to create a table by flipping a dictionary. There is another (perhaps simpler) syntax for defining tables.
q)family:([]name:`John`Mary`David; age:52 49 18; hair:`brown`black`blonde; eyes:`blue`brown`blue) q)family name age hair eyes ------------------------ John 52 brown blue Mary 49 black brown David 18 blonde blue q)type family 98h q)([]a:1 2 3;b:4 5 6 7) / columns must be the same length 'length
The table above was defined within parentheses, with columns separated by a semicolon. The square brackets at the beginning are empty because the table is unkeyed. Unkeyed tables have a type of 98h. So what is a keyed table? We can define some of the columns within the square brackets, which give the following result:
q)keyedtab:([a:`f`y`i] b:3 4 5; c:6 7 8) q)keyedtab a| b c -| --- f| 3 6 y| 4 7 i| 5 8 q)type keyedtab 99h
See the vertical line separating the first column from the others, similar to how dictionaries are displayed? Notice too that the type of the keyed table is 99h – just like dictionaries!
A keyed table is a dictionary whose keys and values are both tables.
Keyed and unkeyed tables act differently in different situations, which we will see later, so it is important to be able to key and unkey tables. There are two syntaxes for this:
q)2!family / keys on the first 2 columns name age| hair eyes -----------| ------------ John 52 | brown blue Mary 49 | black brown David 18 | blonde blue q)3!family / keys on the first 3 columns name age hair | eyes ------------------| ----- John 52 brown | blue Mary 49 black | brown David 18 blonde| blue q)`age`eyes xkey family / specifies columns to key on age eyes | name hair ---------| -------------- 52 blue | John brown 49 brown| Mary black 18 blue | David blonde
Have a look at the reference pages for
! and
xkey for more information about these functions.
Creating an unkeyed table from a keyed one uses exactly the same syntaxes, you just 'key on nothing'.
q)0!keyedtab a b c ----- f 3 6 y 4 7 i 5 8 q)() xkey keyedtab / () is an empty list a b c ----- f 3 6 y 4 7 i 5 8
Indexing tables
In the q/kdb+ world, 'indexing' usually refers to accessing elements of lists or other structures,not speeding up access, which is done using attributes.
Unkeyed tables are like lists: rows are numbered starting with 0.
q)family 0 2 name age hair eyes --------------------- John 52 brown blue David 18 blonde blue q)family 1 name| `Mary age | 49 hair| `black eyes| `brown
Notice that a single row is returned as a dictionary, but multiple rows make a table. (A table is a list of dictionaries.)
Keyed tables are dictionaries, and so their rows are indexed by keys instead of numbers.
q)keyedtab`y b| 4 c| 7
We can also access the columns of an unkeyed table as if it were a dictionary:
q)family`eyes `blue`brown`blue
Inserts and upserts
How do you add rows to a table? Using
insert or
The name of the table is passed into these functions as a symbol.
q)`family insert (`Jessica;13;`black;`blue) ,3 q)family name age hair eyes ------------------------ John 52 brown blue Mary 49 black brown David 18 blonde blue Jessica 13 black blue
The result from
insert is a list of the row indices that have been added to the table:
q)family[3] name| `Jessica age | 13 hair| `black eyes| `blue
The result from
upsert, however, is simply the name of the modified table:
q)`family upsert (`Avery;30;`black;`green) `family q)family name age hair eyes ------------------------ John 52 brown blue Mary 49 black brown David 18 blonde blue Jessica 13 black blue Avery 30 black green
For the unkeyed table
insert and
upsert, though returning different results, produced the same outcome –
they both added a row to the family table.
Type out the following code and see what happens when you
insert or
upsert into a keyed table.
`keyedtab insert (`p;10;20) `keyedtab insert (`i;11;12) `keyedtab upsert (`i;11;12) `keyedtab upsert (`j;13;20)
The first statement
`keyedtab insert (`p;10;20) inserted a new record under the key
`p, and returned its row: 3.
The second statement
`keyedtab insert (`i;11;12) attempted to insert a new record with the key
`i. But that key already existed. So
insert failed, and returned its own name as an error message.
The third statement
`keyedtab upsert (`i;11;12) found its key
`i already in use and updated the corresponding record, returning the name of the modified table.
The fourth statement
`keyedtab upsert (`j;13;20) inserted a record under the new key
In a keyed table,
insert creates new table records, while
upsert inserts or creates them.
1. Make an unkeyed table with 3 columns: one for the days of the week (as symbols), one for the temperature (integers) and the last with string describing the weather e.g. "cloudy".
2. Key the your table on the day columnn.
3. Add a row to your (keyed) table with a fictional eight day of the week.
4. Replace the entry for Monday with a temperature of 1000 and the description "appallingly wet".


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Friday Hot LinksFriday, December 4th, 2015
Happy Friday! We want to share some interesting articles and stories shared online by the SVACE faculty and community.
Invader Spaces (Gothamist): Where to find the French street artist's signature mosaics. (via Robert Stribley)
Sequoyah's Syllabary (Portland Press Herald): How type design can preserve a culture. (via Ilene Strizver)
Instagram for Two (ADWEEK): A Smart car ad for backseat drivers and the people that love them. (via Robert Stribley)
Burst Bubble (New York Times): Photography and high-speed video explore a "Pop!" (via MFA Visual Narrative)
Meet Mallory (WIRED): Tobias Frere-Jones' new typeface combines "austere geometry" with "slight irreverence." (via Kevin Brainard)


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Leaving aside the purely technological aspects of the Smart City, we can ask ourselves what this phenomenon is really all about and, most importantly, what its basic goals are.
Our last article in this series poses the important question: is the Smart City concept – with the long train of promises that is currently linked up with it – at the end of the day not simply the latest embodiment of that Ideal City which keeps resurging throughout History at major turning points in the development of human society?
Utopian cities have abounded in literature since ancient times – Plato's Atlantis, Voltaire's Eldorado, Thomas More's Utopia, and so on. In each of these luxurious, golden cities lie lost fragments of Humanity. Is not the utopian city idea basically driven by the deep psychological need to give physical form to our joint human psyche – the perfect city as a witness to human achievement? Fragments of this idea are to be found everywhere.
Man and Society
One possible interpretation of the lost city of Atlantis as described by Plato in his dialogue Timaeus is that it is intended as a basic critique of Athens and its institutions rather than a factual account. In Plato's Republic the selection of the Guardians of the City is a central theme, based on the argument that an ideal city requires an elite able to match this lofty ambition. From this need arise all considerations relating to the selection and education of the elite, and not least the way society is structured, with its laws and the rights and duties of citizens. Campanella's 'La città del Sole' (City of the Sun), focuses on similar themes. On this point, the Smart City has already shown its potential to assist the political authorities in carrying out surveillance by managing some of urban complexity (see article: Smart City and Complex(c)ity), even if that might well entail a redistribution of power in some areas (see article: Smart City, Spin City?).
Man and the Cosmos: the physical world order
From the grid plans of Roman cities, to the garrison cities designed by French military architect Vauban and Jeremy Bentham's designs, notably his 'Panopticon' penitentiary, we have through the ages seen 'ideal' city concepts based on a geometric approach in which physical alignment is intended to go hand-in-hand with the residents' moral alignment with the group. In other words, mathematical rigour is invoked as a higher ordering force to shore up human weakness. Similarly, today's Smart City also follows a very special geometry based on isochrones. While ancient city planners sought to minimise people's movements from street to street, we now have smartphone apps designed to minimise time wastage (which can of course be quantified economically) by shrinking distance, slashing waiting times and reducing the friction caused by a surfeit of choice and disintermediation. This also creates the potential to re-model the urban form (see article in French: "La Banque d'une ville qui change").
Man and Nature: the environment, health, life and death
Ebenezer Howard's garden cities, Le Corbusier's vertically integrated housing units placed in vast parks… the ideal city is designed to combat the ills exuded by large cities – poor hygiene, pollution, contamination of nature due to urban sprawl, etc. – on a day-to-day basis. Here the Smart City notion reflects to some extent the transformation of Paris engineered by Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, who set out to equip the French capital with the very latest elements of modernity at that time: efficient sewerage, running water on all floors, public gardens within reach of every resident, following practically to the letter the lofty ambitions of Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Count of Saint-Simon.
(see article in French: "Haussmann 2.0").
Man and his Destiny – and the conditions for achieving it
Until the relatively recent advent of 'dormitory towns' located far away from the town centre, cities had always been inevitably bound up with the workshops and factories that created much of their wealth. However, from Charles Fourier's 'phalansteries' to community-managed agricultural federations, and the Godin 'familisteries', the wide range of experiments with the spatial integration of workplace and living accommodation demonstrated the limits of a utilitarian approach driven by pure economic logic. Now the work-home spatial debate is more or less settled: modern digital technology is enabling the spread of human capital across the entire surface of the planet while ensuring remote linkage. Smart Cities are becoming increasingly connected with their digital hinterland through growing networks. It simply remains to extend the technology to all those who are still cut off from it (see article: Maslow and Laborit, Smart City planners?).
Cities without a past and without a soul
In quite recent times, the authors of the 1933 Athens Charter an urban planning sought to get away from the idea of a city as a single organic embodiment of human society. Their creed was functionalism – the principle that the built environment ought to be designed for specific purposes. They set out to formalise the notion that people's needs are based on the four components of their day-to-day existence – living, working, leisure and transport. From this approach dozens of cities were created with neither a past nor a soul other than the spirit of instant modernity – cities such as Brasilia and the new towns planted on the outskirts of Paris where the latest movie in the Hunger Games series was filmed, mainly against the backdrop of Ricardo Bofill's structures. All these were seen as snapshots of the ideal city of that era. Today model cities such as Nasdar and Songdo are emerging from the drawing boards of leading architects' practices and town planning offices; it remains to be seen whether they will stand the test of time. The dream can very easily turn into a nightmare: the ideal features of today may become entrenched as rigid ideology, prey to excesses that may, sooner or later, slide into totalitarianism. This is how the Stalinist Empire style and Soviet brutalism began, i.e. initially in the guise of a total egalitarianism. For example, in twenty years' time, how will people feel about having cameras everywhere, given that even today they are having second thoughts about them?
As regards the Smart City, although lots of useful data can be fed into the nice interfaces on our screens, this should not blind us to the fundamentals. After all, the ideal city is not necessarily a place where, based on analysis of everyone's consumption patterns, pizzas can be put together automatically and delivered at high speed by robots. Technology is supposed to solve problems, not to increase social fragmentation and the Smart City as a purely techno-scientific venture is guaranteed to fail. So what should we do? Should we stop putting sensors everywhere, measuring the growth of every tree and tracking everyone's movements? Is the 'Quantify Everything' approach a dead end? The 'golden' middle way is a very narrow path indeed. But perhaps this middle way can be found simply by maintaining a sense of balance in the choices we make? We need to work out what is the right thing to do at the right time and in the right place. Powerful computing in the service of human beings can certainly help. This should be what we mean when we call such tools 'smart'. But is 'smart' the only criterion for our ideal city? If we insist on viewing everything through a prism called 'smart' we risk getting above ourselves and in the end falling prey to our own stupidity.
Ideal cities?
Meanwhile, somewhere in the wings there are waiting other sorts of 'ideal city' projects that do not necessarily require a major technological drive in their search for other kinds of equilibrium – such as balancing human habitat and the built environment by giving up on giant structures. A homogeneous habitat is the radical embodiment of equal opportunity, taking the notion of self-fulfilment to another level. For example, those areas of San Francisco where 'Painted Ladies' are to be found seem free of the destructive urge some people feel to take a sort of revenge against their surroundings, but they still do not escape the drive towards 'gentrification' under the pressure exerted by tech giants like Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon and digital disruption specialists such as Netflix, Airbnb, Tesla and Uber. Anyway, could we perhaps think of the Smart City as a town that happens to be very big but is still on a human scale?
To extend Le Corbusier's metaphor – he described one of his works as a 'machine to live in' – might a city be 'a machine for creating society'? Along the lines of Auroville (City of Dawn), an experimental township in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, could the basic goal of the ideal city be to reduce human suffering? A roof over everyone's head? Jobs for all? A sustainable environment? Universal education? A city may be deemed 'smart', but does that mean it will be an unfailingly considerate place to live? Could the Smart City equate to a Caring City?
The final consideration, in honour of the human spirit, must be the Arts and Sciences. A city which radiates cultural appeal is a city that is able to attract the most creative minds by showing tolerance. This is the thesis put forward by Richard Florida (author of 'The Rise of the Creative Class') fifteen years ago, which is gaining ever more credence day by day. However, we are now only just beginning to understand the life and death of these urban shooting stars which act like particle accelerators for human ingenuity (see article: Will the Smart City make us smart?), bringing about the emancipation of some categories of people (see article in French: La (Smart) Cité des femmes).
Compassionate cities?
We should pay special tribute here to Claude Nicolas Ledoux, Louis XV's architect, who theorised on these different aspects, which he brought together in the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans in eastern France (see photo at the top of this article), a venture which was not however replicated on a large scale due to the outbreak of the French Revolution. Royal Architect by profession, he was also one of the architects of the Enlightenment in terms of his ideas. He took a radical, Rousseau-esque approach to urban planning, pondering whether cities might actually be the root of all our physical and psychological ills. He had a vision of a city where there would be no need for hospitals or prisons as these are among the excrescences of badly-developed cities that corrupt human nature and make people ill. Taken the other way around, people who live in a compassionate city will try hard every day to perfect it so that they can find inner happiness. This is certainly a tall order, but undeniably a noble aim!
In this context, while the Smart City will still inevitably be seen as a powerful technological means of urban transformation, this will certainly not be the end point but part of a continuum, an ongoing plan for continuous improvement of the human condition, on the spiritual and intellectual level as well as that of material well-being. Drivingly unswervingly towards an ideal that can never be finally attained may be seen as a truly noble political and philosophical goal. Seeking to improve existing reality on a daily basis by taking on board the reality of one's own experiences, for example taking care with the footprint we leave on the environment around us – this kind of objective will always remain fresh and relevant.
To whom can the job be entrusted?
This is a project for everyone. It cannot just be left to 'the few' as described in Plato's 'Republic' and as the Greeks set out to do long ago. The keys to the city have not yet been entrusted to the engineers because, as we have known for centuries, technology knows no ethics. This is not to say that engineers are lacking in morals but what they produce generally ends up in the hands of people who certainly do lack them. Nor does this role belong to financiers, whose economic thinking incorporates very little of the external social and environmental aspects. At the end of the day, time is still money to them. And what can we say about religious authority, military might or simply male strength? In the end this is a project which can only be entrusted to architects. Their training is still highly imperfect even after centuries of study going back to Vitruvius, and they are still experimenting. However these are clearly the only people who have shown across the centuries that they can build cities - admittedly still imperfect ones, but cities in which we are still living today. As Claude Nicolas Ledoux said: "There's no man on earth who cannot be helped by an Architect..."


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Sunday Morning Teams
Sunday morning teams are a great way to get connected at Immanuel. Each week over 35 volunteers work together to transform our meeting space at Uplift High School into a sanctuary of worship. Serving on a Sunday Morning team provides the opportunity to make friends as well as bless the congregation in a very tangible way. There are lots of different teams to be a part of, all with varying skill sets and commitment levels. A complete list of teams with a short description is below. If you would like to sign up for a team, or at least get more information about one team in particular, just fill out the serving form at the bottom of this page. From there we'll get you in contact with a team leader who can answer any questions you might have and get you connected to a Sunday Morning team.
The Altar Guild is responsible for preparing the altar every week and ensures that there is sufficient wine, bread and other necessities for the Eucharist. The team is broken up into three different roles: Eucharist Ministers, Acolytes, and the Bread Ministry. Eucharist Ministers distribute wine and juice to the church each week during communion. Acolytes assist Fr. Aaron and the deacons in the Sunday morning liturgy and Eucharist. Bread Ministry prepares the bread for each Sunday. This ministry offers each of us the opportunity to lovingly prepare the table of the Lord for our fellow churchgoers.
Workers in our Children's Chapel bring the Scriptures to life and to the level of our youngsters as we create "a sanctuary within a sanctuary"–a safe and nurturing environment of play and learning. Note: volunteers must undergo a thorough screening process and complete associated paperwork.
The Ushers are committed to serving the congregation by helping create a sacred space during the worship service through passing out bulletins, collecting the offering, and dismissing people for the Eucharist.
The Readers function as a collaborative team dedicated to communicating Scripture through readings and memorized recitation in Immanuel's worship gatherings.
The Music Team at Immanuel is a group of musicians excited to lead others in the worship of Jesus. If you sing or play an instrument and want to use your gifts to serve the church, let us know!
The Hospitality Team is comprised of three main ministries that seek to create a welcoming space Sunday mornings; Greeters, Coffee set up and the Welcome Table. If you have a passion for creating a welcoming environment, gifted in hospitality, or just like to meet people, this is a great place for you!
The Prayer Ministry has three main teams at Immanuel. Prayer Ministers pray with and for those who come for prayer on Sundays during Eucharist (Nichole Sangha). The Intercessory Team prays for the prayer requests of the congregation (Will Eastham). The Prayers of the People minister leads the congregation in a time of corporate intercession on Sundays.
The Visual Arts team designs backdrops, frontals, and other decorations for our sanctuary, produces special bulletin cover art, and creates additional visual art projects.
The Print Media Team works closely with the Arts team to provide Immanuel with printed resources from the weekly bulletins to special design projects. If you have a desire to use your creative gifts through graphic design, copy writing, or proofreading, this team is for you.
The Sound Team helps craft an environment of worship through the careful set-up and stewardship of our sound system. No technical experience required, just a willing spirit!
The Set Up Tear Down Team works on behind the scenes tasks of creating a beautiful worship space each Sunday morning through setting up visual arts, chairs, and signs.
Sign Up
Fill out the form below to connect with a team lead and take the next steps toward joining a ministry team.
Alpha Course
Immanuel hosts an Alpha course several times a year. Click below to learn more about Alpha and sign up for the next class!
Our Network
Click below to learn about the network of churches and organizations we are thankful to partner with.


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On September 2nd a brand new alternative art event will be opening in LA. FLAG STOP!
Many high profile LA based curators and art industry types are taking part in the event including Lily Siegel who is a Curatorial Assistant at 'The Museum of Contemporary Art', Los Angeles and Howard Fox who is Emeritus Curator of Contemporary Art, 'Los Angeles County Museum of Art' amongst others.
Also participating in this event is London Art Box (LAB), a London 'micro-gallery' in which UK artists have been invited to prepare a special exhibition for this landmark LA art event, FLAG STOP. Showcasing artists from London's Debut Contemporary.
As part of the Debut Contemporary collective I was selected with 11 other artists to represent the UK at this exhibition. The exhibition is being held on the grounds of a Lexus showroom. On the choice of this setting for the exhibition Flag Stop says:
"FLAG STOP's mission is to present new and emerging contemporary art to a larger audience outside the mainstream art venues. FLAG STOP is searching for alternative venues in which to present the best curated examples of what, why, and how art is becoming relevant today. Each "STOP" will feature art which has been curated with some of the best examples of contemporary art, brought to you by some of the top professional, emerging curators and artists from Southern California."
Other artists taking part in this event are Vikram Kushwah • Chantal Powell • Tinsel Edwards • Nicola Anthony • Sylvia Morgado • Kimi Wylde • Abigail Box • Darren MacPherson • Katrina James • Robert West • Carlos Martyn Burgos • Azadeh Fatehrad
My work will be there as well as a few artists from Debut heading across the pond to make the presence of the art work and our gallery space known to everyone as ambassadors during the three days it is on.
This will be my US debut, so I'm very excited. I'll be showing three pieces, 'For What It's Worth', and two of my peep hole boxes 'Ugly' and 'Loss'.
|For What It's Worth (2011)


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Search for something
Games, achievements, badges, etc...
Laid out Biff.
No guides found
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Back to the Future: The Game (Xbox 360)
Here are some cheat codes that will turn you into a ninja while you're on the Gamertag Nation site.


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Material culture is a catalyst for interaction and communication among human beings. Fashion is at its root a universal language - a basic utilitarian need as well as a vehicle for social and cultural expression. Body adornment, though primarily a form of visual communication, is an art form that we engage with at a high level of intimacy - physically, emotionally, and psychologically. Though it is a language spoken many different ways and for many different purposes, it is understood through symbols and tactility, binding us together while simultaneously setting us apart. I strive to make work that connects us both literally and metaphorically, teaching us that familiarity and normativity is subjective. My work seeks to expand this subjectivity in my audience through examining objecthood as it pertains to aesthetics versus function.
My work is clothing as performative sculpture. The objects fulfill three roles: Ritual Catalysts, Functional Garments, and Aesthetic Objects. As ritual catalysts, the work addresses the ritual of making, utilizing (sub)cultural techniques such as tailoring, dressmaking, pattern-making, chainmail, etc. The ritual is also addressed in the act of wearing and the action that is performed inside the garment. As functional garments, they act as signifiers and facilitators of protection (body covering, armour, masks). As aesthetic objects, they exist without the structure of the body form and stand alone as relics of the performance or ritual. This work highlights cultural traditions of making and wearing clothing, which has become obsolete in our modernity. I look for current manifestations of ritual costumes in pop culture, athletic competition, and current ritual and combine these references with historical and sub-cultural ritualistic dress.


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- What should I do if I did not receive a confirmation email?
- Do all of your items ship from the USA?
- Why didn't I get an email about my order being shipped?
- How long will it take my order to arrive?
- How do I cancel an order?
- How long does it take for my order to ship?
- When I track my package, it says that the attempted delivery of my package was unsuccessful or my package was returned to sender. What should I do?
- Do I need to be at my shipping address when my package is delivered?
- Why was my package returned?
- How come my package shows delivered but I have not received my package?
- Why hasn't my shipping information been updated?
- Do I have to register to place an order?
- Why can't I log into my account?
- How do I reset my password?
- How do I change details on my account?
- Can I sign in with my Facebook account?
- How do I submit a ticket?


text: OS: Debian Squeeze, Dovecot ISPConfig: v22.214.171.124 I am trying to use PHPMailer to connect to my mail server, and I keep getting the following authentication error: Code: SMTP -> ERROR: Password not accepted from server: 535 5.7.8 Error: authentication failed: UGFzc3dvcmQ6 Initially I thought this was cause because openssl was not enabled for PHP, but I checked php -i, and it is enabled. I changed the password several times, and it still will not authenticate. Here's my code, and I have enabled smtpd: Code: $mail = new PHPMailer(); $mail->SMTPDebug = 1; $mail->IsSMTP(); $mail->Host = 'mail.server.tld'; $mail->Port = 587; $mail->Username = '[email protected]'; $mail->Password = 'zzzzzz'; $mail->SMTPAuth = true; $mail->SMTPSecure = 'tls'; $mail->FromName = 'Name'; $mail->From = '[email protected]'; $mail->Subject = $subject; $mail->IsHTML(false); $mail->Body = $mail_message; $mail->AddAddress($to); $mail->AddReplyTo($email); if (!$mail->Send()) { echo "Could not deliver message to: $to.<br/>"; } My mail clients use the same information as I placed in the configuration above, and have no problems connecting. Is there something in ISPConfig 3 that might be preventing me from connecting to the mail server via PHPMailer?


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Friday, April 30, 2010
Tiger Woods Implodes at Quail Hollow
After Woods' horrible performance speculation will reach new heights. Have his personal demons finally cracked the impenetrable shell he's exhibited for his whole career? Is Hank Haney really the guru to fine tune his swing? Didn't Woods play better golf under Harmon? Is this just a blip on the radar screen, or just a couple of bad days? Certainly anyone that has ever picked up the sticks can relate to a couple of bad rounds. Bad rounds? Bad rounds for Woods are even par. Woods shooting a 79, featuring a smooth 43 on the back, is like me carding a 130. OK, a 132.
Woods is signed up for next week's PLAYERS Championship. The TPC Sawgrass isn't a course he speaks highly about. Quail Hollow is one of his favorites. That makes for a lot to accomplish in the week between. On the bright side, Woods has an extra weekend to prepare.
Til' next,
Posted by Average Golfer at 6:55 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Labels: Angel Cabrera, Billy Mayfair, Phil Mickelson, Quail Hollow Championship, Tiger Woods
Friday, April 16, 2010
"..... And All I Got Was This Masters Chocolate Chip Cookie."
I didn't get to the Masters this year. Or any year, truth be told. It was on my TV screen, but that's a huge distant second to being on those hallowed grounds. One of my co-workers however, visits the Masters every year, as regular as a physical, complete with the requisite exams. He and his father have worked as course volunteers for a number of years. Great gig if you can get it. Much to my surprise, he returned to work on Tuesday with a souvenir, a token piece of Bobby Jones' legacy. A chocolate chip cookie in a Masters wrapper. Based on it's hardness it may be from a batch actually eaten by Mr. Jones. My little slice of history.
A little investigation was in order. Keep in mind that no cookie was harmed in the process, evidenced by the accompanying photo. In fact, I doubt I could have harmed this baby with a jackhammer. It was harder than 9th grade math. I have no clue on which day it was procured or the circumstances by which it traveled from Augusta to my far northern location. Some things are better left unasked. I was immediately reminded of the excellent article recently offered by Neil at Armchair Golf Blog in which he details the stunningly low prices for food at the Masters. Strangely I found no mention of chocolate chip cookies on the menu board. That leads me to believe that a cookie must be a throw-in with a sandwich purchase. If anyone knows otherwise, please clue me in.
The list of ingredients reads like a college chemistry textbook, with thiamine mononitrate being one of the more appealing elements. A whopping 150 calories from fat, 330 mg of sodium, and 27g of sugar makes this a guilty pleasure and a defibrillator a necessity. The sugar crash alone means this cookie is better served on the back nine. No point is missing a classic Masters finish. Fairness demands that I also point out that the cookie has 10% of your RDA of iron and 8% of vitamin A.
The question remains...... What do I now do with this nugget? I could keep it for posterity and include it in my estate to be hoarded like a family fruitcake by my progeny or I could offer it up on Ebay and contemplate early retirement. Decisions, decisions...
Til' next,
Posted by Average Golfer at 12:54 PM 2 comments Links to this post
Labels: 2010 Masters, chocolate chip cookie
Sunday, April 11, 2010
2010 Masters - It's Phil!
Westwood finished alone in second with a lackluster 71, -13. Anthony Kim's 65 vaulted him to solo 3rd. He was the clubhouse leader -12 until the final group finished. KJ Choi was in the thing until bogies on 13 and 14, doubled by Mickelson's birdies on 12 and 13, turned him into also-ran status. Tiger Woods, as he did all week, mirrored Choi's efforts and putted out at -11, tied with Choi. Woods' tee woes continued. For the life of me I'll never understand why he wouldn't at least consider hitting 3 woods off the tees. He's nearly as long with a 3 wood as most players are with their drivers. Fred Couples ended at -9, leaving us to wonder what he might have accomplished with a healthy back. Still, a stellar performance from the 50 year old who proved he can still air it out with the flat bellies. Ageless Tom Watson carded a 73 today, good enough for 18th place and -1 for the event. Final Full Field Scores.
When all is said and done the 2010 Masters was a riveting tournament with twists and lead changes galore. A cross-section of the contenders was varied in age, nationality, and personas. The weather cooperated and the course was in superb shape. Kudos to tournament officials who adjusted the set up and made the event tough, but fair. I must say this year's Masters renewed my interest.
Congratulations Phil, nice victory, worthy champion.
Posted by Average Golfer at 7:53 PM 10 comments Links to this post
Labels: 2009 Masters, Anthony Kim, Augusta National, KJ Choi, Lee Westwood, Phil Mickelson, Tiger Woods
Saturday, April 10, 2010
Westwood, Mickelson in Final Group at 2010 Masters
Expect perfect weather and conditions for tomorrow's finale. Remember that no one is exempt from pressure under these conditions and so much at stake. The beauty of Augusta is it allows, especially on the back nine, tremendous risk/reward holes that can swell or disintegrate a lead in a matter of minutes. All that adds up to what should fascinating viewing. It only happens once a year, so be there or be square.
Til' next,
Posted by Average Golfer at 8:08 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Labels: 2009 Masters, Augusta National, KJ Choi, Lee Westwood, Phil Mickelson, Tiger Woods
Thursday, April 8, 2010
2010 Masters, 1st Round - Couples, Watson Turn Back Clock
new 50 and 50 is the new 40, at least today anyway during the 1st round of the 2010 Masters. Fred Couples, feeding off the momentum of three consecutive Champions Tour wins, leads the pack after a smooth 66. Ageless Tom Watson with a 67 was the clubhouse leader until Couples' gem. Also finishing with 67s were Phil Mickelson, Lee Westwood, YE Yang, and KJ Choi. Tiger Woods broke 70 for the first time in his Masters opening round with a -4, 68. Joining him in the log jam for 3rd were Ricky Barnes, Anthony Kim, Ian Poulter, and Nick Watney. Full Field 1st Round Scores.
Except for some midday wind Augusta National was relatively benign today. A line of encroaching thunderstorms miraculously passed the course by and spared a delay. The tees were moved up for the most part and moisture allowed the greens to be receptive, at least as receptive as one could expect at Augusta. Sun is forecast for the remaining three days and drying will radically change the nature of the course. Proof of that is 31 players scoring under par today.
Woods' reception was fairly warm. After carding his 68 I'm sure he realized that resuming his career here was a good idea. Playing in his group wasn't a hindrance to his playing partners. In fact KJ Choi's 67 bested Woods and Matt Kuchar shot a -2, 70 to be in the hunt. Having the first round out of the way was a huge step in Woods' personal recovery effort.
The real story here though was Couples and Watson. This Average Golfer can't wait for the second round to see if they can continue their excellent play. Watson especially, playing on a 7,400 yard behemoth is proof that golf savvy and course knowledge can overcome distance. Being north of 50 myself only reinforces my rooting for either of them to be a factor on Sunday. Let it unfold.....
Til' next,
Posted by Average Golfer at 8:06 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Labels: 2009 Masters, Augusta National, Fred Couples, Phil Mickelson, Tiger Woods, Tom Watson
Tuesday, April 6, 2010
2010 Masters - Odds and Expert Picks
Sticking with tradition, in a tradition laden event, we rely on our trusty British bookmakers, Ladbrokes. In an unusual tactic to attract more money, Ladbrokes, if Woods wins the Masters, will pay off a 2nd place finish as a win. You get to bet the Masters without Woods skewing the board. Interesting.
Ready, let's figure this baby out.....
Woods, 5:1 - No brainer. Of course he can win. I think the ring rust will prevent him from doing so. Still, bet against him at your own peril.
Mickelson, 14:1 - Lefty hasn't been exactly sharp. Expect him to find some here though. Won't win.
Els, 16:1 - Riding a current hot streak. Easy to root for. Could win.
Harrington, 20:1 - Seemingly steps it up for majors. Has the cajones. Could win.
Westwood, 20:1 - Popular pick. Should have bagged a major by now. Putter fails him on bathtub greens. Won't win.
Stricker, 25:1 - Find me a reason he can't win here. See? Could win.
Goosen, 25:1 - Has the short game and stomach for Augusta. Expect him to contend. Could win.
Casey, 33:1 - Another trendy pick. Suspect putter though. Great putters shine here. He's not one. Won't win.
McIlroy, 40:1 - Would be a huge story. Needs a little more seasoning. Doubt it, but maybe if....
Ogilvy, 40:1 - Two years ago, perhaps. Now, who knows? Has the tools and psyche. Could win.
Furyk, 40:1 - He's straight enough and just long enough. Needs hot putter which is no guarantee. Could win.
Poulter, 40:1 - Think he deserves better odds. Unflappable and underrated. Could win.
Kaymer, 40:1 - Under the radar. Would benefit from more looks at Augusta. Don't think so.
Villegas, 40:1 - Hard to argue. His game is better than it appears, if that makes sense. Could win.
Anthony Kim, 40:1 - Fresh off a win. Talent's there. Set birdie record last year here. Could win.
For the sake of brevity I've left anyone with 50:1 odds or greater out of the discussion. Keep in mind there's a plethora of great players in that group highlighted by defending champ Cabrera, Dustin Johnson, Mahan, Vijay Singh, O'Hair, Garcia, et al. Some relatively straight tee balls and a hot putter can bring one a long way at the Masters.
Enjoy and thank me later for the picks......
Average Golfer's Expert Masters Picks
1. Stricker
2. Poulter
3. Woods
Dark Horses
Tim Clark
Til' next,
Posted by Average Golfer at 7:52 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Monday, April 5, 2010
The Masters - A Great Exhibition, Not Much of a Tournament
With a field of typically less than one hundred players, watered down with past champions powered by Avodart, the Masters' selectivity eliminates about 50 world-class golfers from the get-go. This year's list of tired champs includes Mark O'Meara, Ben Crenshaw, Ian Woosnam, Sandy Lyle, Larry Mize, Craig Stadler, and Raymond Floyd. At least six of these guys are has beens on the Champions Tour. And...before you bring up Tom Watson on the heels of his Open Championship performance last year, I'll paraphrase Mr. Watson himself, who remarked that he has a chance in links golf where shot shaping and course knowledge plays a role, but he conceded having no chance at the 7,435 yard turbo-charged Augusta National, where bombing drives is paramount to approach the bikini waxed greens (salute Gary McCord) with something resembling a wedge in your hand. As proof consider this partial list of who didn't get an Augusta invite. J.B. Holmes, Stephen Ames, Ross McGowan, Bubba Watson, Jeev Milkha Singh, Rickie Fowler, Bryce Molder, DL III, Matthew Goggin, Charles Howell III, and Martin Laird. All of these guys staying home this week are ranked in the top 100 in the world. I'll take 7 of them and play the oldster past champions for your house. You in? Didn't think so.
Before you go all four letter word on me, let me say "I love the Masters". The beauty of the course, the quirky tradition, the Bobby Jones heritage, all wonderful. Just enjoy it for what it is, a timeless anachronism, and realize what it's not, a great golf tournament.
Til' next,
Posted by Average Golfer at 7:31 PM 0 comments Links to this post
Labels: Augusta National, Bobby Jones, The Masters
Sunday, April 4, 2010
Table Set For 2010 Masters
All of which leads us to the question of favorites for this year's Masters. To this Average Golfer it's really looking like a crapshoot. Woods will be battling ring rust among "who knows?" how many other demons and distractions. Mickelson's play this year has been a roller coaster, to be kind. Ernie Els appears to be the hottest stick, but he'll have to climb the mountain that says he can't get it done in the majors. Steve Stricker has all-around stats and moxy, but isn't really a constant presence in the major golf discussion. Perhaps strangely under the radar we'll find the defending champ, Angel Cabrera. He leads the tour in driving distance, which would put a wedge in his hand on many of Augusta's stupidly long holes. Hey, worked last year. Cabrera seems immune to pressure, a convenient quality to possess in majors.
A young gun? Possible. Villegas, Mahan, McIlroy, the aforementioned Kim, among others, all have the tools to accomplish the mission. Still, there's a mystique about the Masters and experience factor the means it's more likely for Nicklaus to win at 46 than anyone else to win in their twenties. The diabolical greens and course knowledge required to know exactly where to place every shot works against youth.
Tomorrow we'll show that while the Masters is a great golf exhibition, it's nowhere near the best test of golf. Don't change that channel.
Til' next,
Posted by Average Golfer at 7:45 PM 7 comments Links to this post
Labels: 2009 Masters, Angel Cabrera, Augusta National, Ernie Els, Phil Mickelson, Steve Stricker, Tiger Woods


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After my husband died six months ago, I received an anonymous letter claiming my husband cheated on me for seven years
Read Deidre's personal replies to today's problems
DEAR DEIDRE: MY husband died suddenly six months ago and I'm struggling to cope after a letter arrived saying said that he had cheated on me for seven years.
He died aged just 59. We had a very happy marriage and my son and I are devastated. I am 55 and my son is 28.
The letter said he'd been seeing a woman at work and that he would have left me but she died in a car accident three years ago.
I was shocked to the core but I found out that this woman did indeed work for the same firm as him and was killed. I've spoken to friends who work there too and they just don't believe it.
I don't believe it myself but worry who hates me so much to cause me so much pain.
DEIDRE SAYS: Probably someone jealous of the happy life you and your husband shared. Sadly, there are unhappy people out there.
Take it to the police to show that you are not intimidated and spread word around among friends and your husband's former colleagues. Then put it out of your mind. My e-leaflet Help For Bereavement is on its way.
NEXT IN TODAY'S DEAR DEIDRE I feel I'm making a mistake marrying my fiance who has zero sex-drive
READ DEIDRE'S PHOTO CASEBOOK Melissa suspects Jack is cheating on her after continuously working late
Get in touch with Deidre today
Got a problem? Send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com. Every problem gets a personal reply, usually within 24 hours weekdays.
You can also send a private message on the DearDeidreOfficial Facebook page.
Follow me on Twitter @deardeidre or write to Deidre Sanders, The Sun, London SE1 9GF (please enclose SAE).


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Savelegu: Irate youth lock up Cop in Assembly office
Angry youth backed by constituency executives have locked up the Savelugu Municipal Assembly office in the Northern region despite the presence of armed police personnel.
A police officer who refused to come out from the building has been locked up inside, according to Starr News' Northern regional correspondent Eliasu Tanko.
The action of the angry youth comes after soldiers on Wednesday escorted and inducted the Municipal Chief Executive, Hajia Aishetu Seidu into office.
It was her first time in office two months after her overwhelming endorsement. She was blocked by the youth from gaining access after they intensified protest for a replacement.
Hajia Aishatu Seidu officially took over from the municipal coordinating director on Wednesday, June 14 in a short ceremony under heightened security.
The regional Security Council on Wednesday, in a show of force sanctioned the deployment of dozen of riot gear wearing soldiers to force the MCE into her office to fully assume duty as head of the municipal assembly.
The action of the council followed a third demonstration staged by the youth against the MCE after two initial protests failed to intimidate assembly members to reject her.
However, the move enraged the protesters who resolved to besiege and lock up the office despite the presence of the combative military force.
Speaking exclusively to Starr News, leader of the youth, Zakaria Karim said after the late night meeting that it has been agreed to drive out all workers from the facility at 8am Thursday morning and close it down until the president heed to their request.
The action by the youth has raised security concerns in the region.
Political tensions have escalated since in the municipality since the appointment of Hajia Aishatu.
The youth have roundly rejected her and held series of rampaging protests despite an unprecedented approval by the assembly members.
According to Tanko, only four officers were present at the assembly office Thursday morning when the angry youth arrived there. The irate youth overpowered the police who and managed to lock up the premises.
Meanwhile, ASP Yusif Tanko, spokesperson for the Northern regional police command in an interview on Morning Starr said reinforcement have been called from Tamale to help combat the situation.
According to him, he is yet to receive any briefing from the commander that the premises has been locked up.


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Friend's Email:
Subject: I have found a CD that I think you would enjoy
|Barbra Streisand
Till I Loved You
Genres: Pop, Rock, Broadway & Vocalists
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Member CD Reviews
Pat E. (Momathome) from WAYNESVILLE, NC
Reviewed on 5/2/2015...
Barbra has always been one of my favorite singers and has become a true legend because of her recordings, her ability to write songs that touch the heart, and her directing ability. There are only a few true legends....Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald ... from the era of music sung as it was written. This album shows the true beauty of Barbra's wonderful voice.
CD Reviews
One of my favorite Streisand albums
R. Graff | South Windsor, CT United States | 06/22/2007
(5 out of 5 stars)
"In 1988, Barbra released this CD as her first pop outing since her universally panned effort, Emotion, 4 years before. This time, however, Barbra recorded around the concept of making a musical album sound like the beginning, middle, and end of a relationship.
01. "The Places You Find Love" is one of the best songs on the album, reflecting on falling in love in general and how it comes unexpectedly. With an all-star group of background vocals, sometimes they dominate the song a little much, but otherwise this track is fantastic! A-
02. "On My Way to You" is a love song about someone finally finding someone they love. Definitely album filler, but still a lovely song. B
03. "Till I Loved You" gets a bad rap. Barbra's duet with then-boyfriend Don Johnson is actually a pleasantly romantic tune, perfect for weddings. Their chemistry may not be up to par with Barbra's duets with Barry Gibb, Bryan Adams or Neil Diamond, but it's still a good song. B+
04. "Love Light" shows the album changing direction, with the singer sounding more skeptical about the relationship. Not too catchy, and Barbra's soaring vocals sometimes clash with the background music. B-
05. "All I Ask Of You" is a flawless recording. Perfect singing and perfect music, it is probably the best track on the whole album. A
06. "You and Me for Always" is a beautiful song, with Barbra's vocal a little more whispery and less showy. Makes the song much better. B+
07. "Why Let it Go" changes the tone of the album again, with the lyrics describing hard times in a relationship, but not wanting to give up. Barbra didn't just sing this song, she acted it, which is what makes her so great and attracts her fans. A
08. "Two People" was written from some of the background music of her most recent movie at the time, Nuts. This song describes hanging on to a relationship even though things have gotten hard. Not too catchy at all, and doesn't even sound like it was written to be a song. C
09. "What Were We Thinking Of" changes the album once again, with the couple now being broken up, but still wanting to be together. Another great song on the album. A-
10. "Some Good Things Never Last" reflects on it being time to let go. It's a nice song, and easy to relate to, even if some of the lyrics are cliched. B
11. "One More Time Around" talks about going on to another relationship, and the singer reflecting on what she has learned. Perfect closing for the album, and very uplifting for those of us still looking for that special somebody. B+
Though most of Streisand's recordings following the Broadway Album are considered mediocre and featuring a singer past her prime, this album showed the public she still had a lot left to offer. Often given a bad name due to the title song, Till I Loved You is actually one of the best albums Barbra gave her fans, and one that each one should have."


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Did I mention that I will be turning 30? I am. In a few days, to be exact. And I have mixed feelings. On one hand, I feel more aware of myself than ever before. But on the other, it seems like everything that I want to achieve is still not at reach and I am still climbing. I wonder if life will be a constant climb. I wonder if there is ever a point of arrival where you realize that life is as it should be. Forgive my silly rant on this pivotal point in my life. Sometimes my mind gets the best of me.
Another thought, what colors would best represent turning 30? Hmm…for this month,
I choose these:
Last month it was white + gold. What will next month's flavor be?


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Pictures of the 2011 Latin Grammys in Las Vegas
Sofia Vergara, Usher, Zoe Saldana, and More Spice Up the Latin Grammys in Las Vegas
Sofia Vergara, Usher, Zoe Saldana, and More Spice Up the Latin Grammys in Las Vegas
The annual Latin Grammys in Las Vegas last night got a dose of star power with appearances from Zoe Saldana, Sofia Vergara, Demi Lovato, Usher, and others. Zoe made a statement in a bold green Elie Saab gown after Gwyneth Paltrow stepped out in a similar dress by the designer yesterday. Sofia and Zoe shared the stage to present an award while Demi took the microphone for a performance with singer Pablo Alboran. Shakira was one of the evening's big winners, since she grabbed the awards for Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Album. She topped off her exciting night by singing "Antes de las Seis" from her Sale El Sol album. Pitbull and Marc Anthony got together for "Rain Over Me" while Usher showed off his Spanish-speaking skills during a duet with Antony Santos. It was Usher's first time at the show, and he celebrated with an "epic" afterparty at Haze nightclub.


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Dough Ball Preview Party
- Date:
- Fri 12.14.2018
- Times:
- 05:30 pm
- Place:
- The Opera House
- Web Site:
- http://boothbayoperahouse.com/ev...
- Telephone:
- 207-633-5159
- Category:
- Events at Boothbay Harbor, Maine
Additional Information
Get a sneak peak at this magical evening! The Gingerbread Spectacular winners are annouced while you enjoy wonderful hors d'oeuvres, a cash bar & listen to the holiday sounds of the Novel Jazz Quartet. Perhaps the best party of the season!
Click here to book now or check our availability & current specials


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Daybreak is nicely situated about 25 minutes from both downtown Salt Lake and the new "Silicon Slopes" technology district in northern Utah County. And thanks to TRAX light rail, the Mountain View Corridor and several other major transportation projects, getting from here to everywhere is easy and just gets easier.
The Villages of Daybreak
The beauty of living in Daybreak is that there are so many ways to live here.
From lakeside serenity to urban energy. So just click on a village and jump right in…
How do you take your information?
Introducing The Hub. Our new information studio for homes in Highland Park Village, Springhouse Village and a whole other half of Daybreak. The Hub is also home to a chef's garden, a refreshing community pool, and a delightful London-style café called Biscotts. Serving breakfast, lunch and several varieties of authentic chai tea. So pop in, have a chai and find your next home at The Hub. Where, naturally, it all just comes together.


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12Planet Instant Messaging Server is a powerful instant messaging software for building corporate secure instant messaging networks.
Messages exchanged by users will remain private because all the data stay within the company intranet (or extranet through VPN encryption).
The software is easy to install, compatible with major server operating systems.
12Planet Instant Messaging Server software is compatible with QuickIM wireless mobile messenger, available on multiple devices such as Treo phones, Blackberry, Nokia, Motorola, SonyEricsson and most J2ME compatible phones.
12Planet IM server offers controlled access (allow/block) to public IM networks to selected users if some business partners are on public IM networks only. Furthermore, an web version of the IM client can be used by roaming users or partners to instant message with local users without installing any software.
12Planet IM Server is part of 12Planet ICS platform (Instant Communications Suite), an overview of ICS architecture can be downloaded here.


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Genomics is the study of the genomes of organisms. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping efforts. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of molecular biology or genetics and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.
For the United States Environmental Protection Agency, "the term "genomics" encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels."[1]
Genomics was established by Fred Sanger when he first sequenced the complete genomes of a virus and a mitochondrion. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of functional genomics, mainly concerned with patterns of gene expression during various conditions. The most important tools here are microarrays and bioinformatics. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called proteomics. A related concept is materiomics, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.
In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.[2] In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.[3] The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage Φ-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977.[4]
The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace.
As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses [5], 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. [6] Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as Haemophilus influenzae. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm Caenorhabditis elegans is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish Brachydanio rerio is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) and the spotted green pufferfish (Tetraodon nigroviridis) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. [7] [8] The mammals dog (Canis familiaris), [9] brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), mouse (Mus musculus), and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) are all important model animals in medical research.
A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfare. By 2007 the human sequence was declared "finished" (less than one error in 10,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled. Display of the results of the project required significant bioinformatics resources. The sequence of the human reference assembly can be explored using the UCSC Genome Browser.
Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.[10]
At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six Prochlorococcus strains, seven marine Synechococcus strains, Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 and Crocosphaera watsonii WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further Prochlorococcus and marine Synechococcus isolates, Acaryochloris and Prochloron, the N2-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena, Lyngbya aestuarii and Lyngbya majuscula, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.[11]