text: CONCEPTION CONTROL AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE NATIONbyFLORENCE E. BARRETT, C.B.E., M.D., M.S., B.Sc.Consulting Obstetric and Gynaecological Surgeon to the Royal Free Hospital. President of the Federation of Medical Women.With a Foreword by His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury.1922PREFACEThis small book has been written in response to many requests for some statement regarding the individual and national effects of the widespread practice of conception control.It is not intended to give medical advice on the subject for, in my judgment, that is best given to the individual by his or her medical adviser, and will vary in different circumstances.The question as to whether control of conception shall or shall not be practised is a decision ethical and not medical in character when husband and wife are healthy, and in the last resort will be decided by the individual pair for themselves; but they will be wise to discuss the question with their medical attendant in order to realise all that is involved in their decision.Space forbids anything like a full discussion of the national issues, but that aspect of the subject demands quite as careful study as personal needs or desires.F.E.B.31, DEVONSHIRE PLACE, W.1. September, 1922.FOREWORDThe Archbishop of Canterbury allows me to use the following letter as a Foreword to this little book.DEAR LADY BARRETT,I have read with great interest the manuscript of your pamphlet. Very many of us who have daily to do with the problems and perplexities of our social life and to give counsel to the anxious or the penitent or the perturbed will thank you for these clear and cogent chapters. To arguments based on moral and religious principle you add the weight of ripe experience and of technical scientific knowledge. Your words will gain access to the commonsense of many who would perhaps regard the opinions of clergy as likely to be prejudiced or uninformed. I am of course not qualified to express an independent judgment upon the medical or physiological aspects of this delicate problem, but I desire on moral and religious as well as on social and national grounds to support your general conclusions, and to express the hope that your paper may have wide circulation among those who are giving attention to what is becoming an urgent question in thousands of English homes.I am, Yours very truly, RANDALL CANTUAR.LAMBETH PALACE, S.E. 3rd August, 1922.CONTENTSCHAPTER I THE PROBLEM OF TO-DAYCHAPTER II THE DEMAND FOR KNOWLEDGE AND FROM WHOM TO OBTAIN ITCHAPTER III METHODSCHAPTER IV THE EFFECT OF WIDESPREAD CONCEPTION CONTROL ON NATIONAL EFFICIENCYSUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONSCHAPTER ITHE PROBLEM OF TO-DAYIn the late seventies of last century a pamphlet entitled The Fruits of Philosophy was republished by Mrs. Annie Besant and Mr. Charles Bradlaugh, in their desire to mitigate the suffering of poor women who were overburdened by work and further weakened by frequent child-bearing. They resolved to face public obloquy and even legal prosecution in order to bring to these women knowledge of how to prevent conception, which, in their opinion, would give the relief they so sorely needed. As is well known, the later pamphlet on the same subject written by themselves was withdrawn from publication by Mrs. Besant in 1886 on religious grounds.During the last few years the idea of the need for conception control has again become prominent, partly as a revolt against the bondage of women in child-bearing, partly accentuated by the difficulties and uncertainties of an adequate livelihood, and the desire to have a few children well educated and cared for rather than many who shift more or less for themselves.But also the claim is made that marriage exists at least as much for the fulfilment of happiness in union with the beloved as for the procreation of children; and that it should be possible for a married pair to have the fullest gratification without fear of children unless they desire them.Others, but these are extremists, go so far as to claim that apart altogether from marriage vows, sexual intercourse should be the experience of all, and that knowledge of how to avoid the birth of illegitimate children should be given to all.The discussion of this subject has taken place under the title of Birth Control, but the control or regulation of births is not really the point under discussion. A very big factor in the diminution of births comes under the heading of abortions, whether voluntary or through conditions which might be remedied. That subject is not touched upon in this paper, but only methods which avoid conception, which is, of course, a very different subject from the larger one of avoiding births.At first sight it might seem a comparatively simple thing, in view of the knowledge which already exists of the physiological processes involved in conception, to advise a method which shall prevent conception at will without harmful effect upon man or woman and yet leave intercourse unimpaired. But even at first sight it is obvious that whatever knowledge may be available, and whatever methods may be devised, it would not be easy to convey this knowledge rightly to the individual it is hoped to benefit without doing harm to others. Further thought shows that the national problems involved are so important and far reaching in effects that they might well arrest the attention of the most careless advocate of indiscriminate conception control.This is a subject, therefore, which requires careful consideration from the point of view of the individual, of public morality, and of national welfare—and the more closely it is studied the more apparent are the far reaching issues involved. It is improbable that the practice of using contraceptives will continue for even a generation without revealing the harmful effects which must to some extent ensue.In the whole discussion of this subject it is important to keep in mind that the physical is only one aspect of the sex relation.In the evolution which sex has shared with all else, the psychic side appears even in the higher animals. In them the desire is not for mere indiscriminate physical satisfaction, but the element of choice comes in, a factor which sometimes upsets the plans of breeders. In man this aspect of the relation is all important. The higher side of sex, or what we may call the psychical secondary sex characters, seem to extend through the whole range of mental and spiritual activities. Because of this there is freshness of contact in mental and spiritual intercourse between men and women which differs somewhat from that between individuals of the same sex, and very much of the joy of life springs from the impact of these differing yet completing selves the one upon the other.Where the whole being enters into the union of the sexes the complete joy of marriage is realised, the characteristic of which is that it does not fade, but becomes ever deeper and more fully realised, a sure indication that the highest pleasure of sex union is only attained when it consummates a love which involves mutual sympathy and consideration. Physical union alone produces dissatisfaction the more quickly in proportion as it is physical only; on the other hand, when all parts of the nature find their counterpart in another, the joy of such intercourse pervades the whole life, and frequent repetition of physical intercourse is not essential to its highest development.This is well known to all true lovers who have for varied reasons exercised some voluntary self-control in regard to the physical side of sex in marriage, either in deference of the one to the desire of the other, or to avoid too frequent child-bearing, or in special seasons such as Lent.On the other hand it has been observed by most people that many marriages which seem to promise well, quickly lose even to the eye of the outsider all the romance of the days of courtship. Is not too frequent physical indulgence sometimes the cause?Even the time of courtship is spoiled by unrestrained demonstration of affection, and the beauty of the higher side of love is apt to lose its delicate bloom by over accentuation of the physical in marriage; husband and wife sadly admit to themselves that disillusionment has come—the real truth being that in seeking only physical satisfaction in each other, their eyes have become blinded to those higher qualities which each glimpsed in the other during the happier days of courtship, and the "road of the loving hearts," which they hoped to tread through life, has been missed because they have forgotten that "man is a spirit and doth not live by bread alone."To many the introduction of this aspect of the question may seem beside the mark. For them the practical question in a world of sense is how to avoid having children when for any reason they are not wanted, and yet leave unimpaired facilities for married life. It is true the problem is not always stated so bluntly. The uses of contraceptives are explained, together with a recommendation for moderation in physical intercourse; but as will be shewn below, if such moderation is really practised, it is possible to live a natural married life such as renders unnecessary the use of artificial contraceptives with all their attendant evils and yet limit the size of the family.But it is necessary to consider more carefully the claim made to-day that contraceptives are both necessary and harmless, and that public propaganda on the subject is desirable.There are several different groups for whom relief is claimed:—1. Women who are suffering from chronic or from temporary ill-health are frequently not in a condition to bear the strain of child-bearing, and indeed it may become a real danger to their future health, either mental or physical.2. There are cases of inherited disease, mental or physical, which ought to prohibit child-bearing.3. There are over-worked women whose daily work, added to child-bearing, destroys their health and vitality. These people are found not only among the so-called working classes; the same conditions with somewhat different types of strain are found in wives of professional men with very slender incomes.4. Some parents wish to "space" their children, that greater attention may be given to each, or they wish to limit the number of their family on account of financial and other difficulties.With these and other considerations in view, the widespread teaching of methods of preventing conception is advocated because it is claimed:—(a) That except for general propaganda, the greatest sufferers, viz., poor women with constantly recurring pregnancies, would otherwise never learn of any method of relief.(b) That many young people who for various reasons, such as housing or financial difficulties or inherited disease, feel themselves unable to have a family, would if such knowledge were available marry much earlier, and their natural desires would be satisfied, while apart from marriage they might resort to promiscuous intercourse.(c) That homes where the growing difficulties and strain of a continually increasing family are leading to estrangement between husband and wife, are restored to happiness when saved from the difficult choice between continence, which they have never trained themselves to practice, or many children with which they cannot cope.There are, however, serious fallacies in these contentions.The propagandists of conception control appear to take it for granted that after preventive measures in early youth, children may be conceived at will whenever they are desired; and, moreover, it is assumed that apart from such precautions every woman will conceive annually and will continue to do so until 10-12 children have been born.Neither of these suppositions is supported by facts. On the contrary, there are large numbers of married couples who would give anything to have children, but have postponed it until circumstances should seem quite desirable, and then, to their grief, no children are given to them. It is very unfair to teach people that they may safely postpone the natural tendency to bear children in youth and rely upon having them later in life. Probably gynaecologists are consulted more often by women who desire children but do not have them, than by those who wish to avoid having them—the truth being that the tendency among people in comfortable surroundings is towards relative sterility rather than towards excessive fertility.Those who are interested in this aspect of the question will find the facts admirably set forth in Mr. Pell's book on The Law of Births and Deaths, being a study of the variation in the degree of animal fertility under the influence of environment.He finds that the all-important factor which determines fertility is the amount of nervous energy of the organism, and that nervous energy is produced or modified by three specially influential factors, viz., Food, both quantity and quality; Climate, hot or cold—moist or dry; and, lastly, all those varied conditions which make for greater or lesser mental and physical activity.Fertility, broadly speaking, varies in inverse proportion to the degree of nervous energy or what we may call vitality.Conditions, therefore, which lower the general vitality below the normal produce abnormal fertility. This excessive child-bearing under present conditions still further lowers the standard of life and the health of the mother, hence a vicious circle is set up, the only escape from which will come by such consideration of the laws of health relating to work, housing, food and recreation as shall ensure the maximum of vitality to the workers. This is the true method of conception control.There comes a point in the development of nervous energy which is productive of sterility. It is true that principles based on so many varying factors will necessarily appear to fail in individual cases. Environment with its influence on the nervous energy of the individual will be modified by the inherited tendency of that individual towards fertility or the reverse. We find, therefore, isolated cases of large families among the well-to-do and small families among those whose vitality is below the normal, but if the general principle is true we should expect to find a larger number of sterile marriages among the well-to-do than among those whose lives are more full of hardship, and this undoubtedly is the case.This aspect of the problem is deserving of careful study. The desire for children in so many homes where every advantage could be given, may be gratified when more knowledge of how wisely to modify the environment of the rich is within our grasp.It may be that the more simple life among those who have much will give to them the prize of children which they covet more than things which wealth can buy.But let us return for a moment to the false expectation that children will come to all unless prevented.The results of this assumption are really serious. They involve the training of large numbers of people in unnatural practices, which in many cases are unnecessary, even if they were desirable. They rob many families of the children who would have been the delight of their parents through middle and later life.Moreover, it is obvious that advice which may be quite necessary in cases of ill-health or special conditions, may be fundamentally wrong to give broadcast to all individuals, for apart from the fact that when given to all it is largely unnecessary, there are other serious objections, as follows:—1. A public opinion at the present time is being gradually produced which takes it for granted that as a matter of good form young people should not have children for a few years after marriage, and it is becoming a common practice to start married life with sordid and unnatural preparations for a natural act; yet many of these young people, men and women alike, are most anxious to have children, and only seek to know how to prevent them because they believe it to be "the thing to do."One or two illustrations which have come to my personal knowledge will perhaps show the kind of idea which is conveyed to the mind of young people by books and speeches on this subject, though such results may not have been desired by the authors or speakers.A young bride came to her mother on returning from her honeymoon and said, "Mother, how long must we wait before having children—is it really necessary to prevent them for a year or two? We are both dying to have babies."A young couple on the eve of marriage consulted a gynaecologist regarding the question of using the cap pessary to prevent the possibility of having children for a few years.The bride, who was greatly distressed, produced the pessary which she had purchased, and said she could not possibly use it; her fiance, however, had been advised that she could, and ought to do so, hence the first serious dispute had arisen between them, clouding the future.She was told by her doctor that it was quite impossible for her, and this fully satisfied the future husband.The next point was if this method were impossible what should be used.They were a splendid young couple, with ample means to support a family, and the doctor naturally asked—"But for what purpose do you need any methods to prevent children at all?" They hesitated and looked at each other, and then said—"I don't know, but we thought it was the thing to do."They left with the whole nightmare put aside, determined not to spoil the perfect consummation of their happiness.Many similar cases might be quoted where young people, without any considered motive, are acting in accordance with the vogue of the moment.2. The use of contraceptives does not encourage self-control, yet the cultivation of self-control is a far higher gain to the individual and the nation than any apparent advantages obtained by its abandonment.By no means unimportant is the influence that wide diffusion of the knowledge of how to prevent conception would have in causing more irregular unions and greater promiscuity in sex relations. The effect of this would not only loosen, rather than strengthen, the marriage tie, but would inevitably lead to an extension of venereal disease. Many people seem to think that contraceptives prevent venereal disease at the same time that they prevent conception. But this is not so. The use of methods of prevention by women is no protection to them from infection.3. We have, moreover, to take a wider view, and consider who will receive and act upon the advice given, and hence what the result will be on the differential birth-rate of the community.It is quite obvious that the educated classes can most easily follow instructions which result in protection from conception, and since such knowledge most easily circulates among the more highly endowed classes, it has been claimed that it is important to make efforts to let the knowledge be so widespread that it may reach all. The result, however, could only be that the practice of conception control would spread throughout the upper, middle and more intelligent of the working classes, and this would involve a very serious reduction in the births of those who furnish the leaders and efficient workers in all branches of life, and in those only.For the birth-rate amongst the least intelligent, least efficient and the mentally deficient will be unaffected. It must be apparent that after a very few generations of such weeding out of the best, with the continuous multiplication of the worst type of citizen, the general standard of efficiency, enterprise and executive skill of the nation would be seriously impaired. Such, briefly stated, is the problem before the public at the present time.CHAPTER IITHE DEMAND FOR KNOWLEDGE AND FROM WHOM TO OBTAIN ITEven the brief survey given in the first chapter will have suggested to the reader that the people who ask for knowledge seek it for various reasons. Indeed, the first thing that strikes anyone who gives consideration to the subject is the difference in type and circumstance of the people for whom relief is claimed. We begin to realise at once that the subject of conception control is an intimate and individual one, and can only really be dealt with by advice which is given to the individual and not to the public at large.This is perhaps most obvious in the first group mentioned on page 17, where the woman is suffering from chronic or acute disease, and the necessity for preventing conception is clear to her medical adviser. If disease renders child-bearing a danger to the life and health of the mother, it becomes a positive duty of her doctor to prevent such a catastrophe—but the method advised will differ according to the special nature of the case.Again, where in the case of husband or wife there is a serious inheritance of mental or physical disease, and especially when the same weakness exists in both families, it is justly regarded as a duty by the married pair not to bring children into the world. It may be contended that men and women with such an inheritance should not marry, but that is a matter for the decision of the individuals concerned. It not infrequently happens that marriage has taken place before they know of the inherited tendency. In such cases clearly the advice of the family doctor should be given as to the best course to pursue in order to avoid conception.The case of the overworked and burdened mother with a large and increasing family is nearly allied to that of a woman with disease, though in her case the causes for ill-health are more complicated.While it is true that ill-health and premature ageing in working women are the result of many causes, yet where child-bearing still further injures health it is essential that she should consult her medical adviser on this point, for she not only needs treatment to restore her health, but also advice specially suitable to her own case, as to the best method to avoid conception for the time being, and such advice will vary according as the disability is temporary or permanent.It is, happily, as possible for the poor woman to obtain advice in all matters of health as it is for the rich. The mothers of the country are in touch everywhere with maternity clinics, where doctors advise them on all questions of health relating to pregnancy, and treat each woman as a separate individual.But the case of the poor working woman overburdened with work which she cannot accomplish—yet with the added burden of bearing more children than her more fortunate sisters, deserves some further consideration.What is it that prematurely ages so many of these women of the slums—is it child-bearing alone?The answer to that is immediately in the negative, for women in comfortable circumstances may have large families, with no sign of weariness and dejection. No, the causes of ill-health and debility are diverse, and to pretend to solve the question by conception control is a mockery, for it salves the conscience of the community without really dealing with the question of the disabilities of the working woman, or the true cause of her excessive fertility.Ill-health in working-class mothers often has its origin in inherited weakness and lack of care in childhood. It is further accentuated by overwork, with no labour-saving devices; lack of suitable food; too few, if any, hours of recreation, and hence very little out-door exercise. Badly ventilated homes deprive the mother of necessary supplies of oxygen, and insufficient sleep is often the last straw which breaks down the patient burden bearer. A true and haunting picture is given in a recently published book called The Woman in the Little House (which first appeared in a series of articles in the journal "Time and Tide"), describing the anxiety of a working woman at night to keep her baby quiet that the husband may sleep.Now it is quite true that a small family instead of a large one will diminish the work and anxieties of such a mother, but it will not give her the remedies which she needs, nor will it diminish the excessive sexual demands made upon her.Everyone who knows these women intimately realises what an exhausting feature is this habit of excess due to lack of knowledge or self-restraint on the part of the husband.I believe if facilities were provided whereby the woman could do her laundry with modern appliances outside her own home, if family meals were arranged in service rooms equivalent to the arrangements in service flats, and if there were creche rooms where children might be left for an hour or two in safety while necessary work was done—we should find a greatly increased standard of comfort even in existing homes, and a great improvement in dietary for the whole family. Such relief, added to teaching both to husband and wife as to the times of conception, would revolutionise the life of women more than any teaching of artificial birth control, and would lift it up to a higher level instead of degrading it to the grossly physical.We come to very different considerations in group 4, p. 18, where choice rather than necessity impels the parents to limitation of the family. The teaching now being advocated by certain books and pamphlets advises deliberate delay in child-bearing for a period after marriage, and the spacing of certain periods between the births of such children as are allowed to come into the world, with limitation of the number in each family.Teaching on these lines, if followed, would involve an artificial mode of sex life always—natural spontaneous union would find no place. Already young wives are seeking advice for some relief from methods of preparation which they say have destroyed in them all spontaneous desire. The tragedy of it all is that even to attain the end in view—moderation in the size of families—such methods are to a large extent unnecessary. Not to every young married couple does a child arrive at the end of a year. Some, using no artificial checks, wait two or three years before the first baby comes. Even if it does come, however, at the end of a year, there are many advantages to counterbalance the small means and perhaps hard living of the young pair. For when people are young they can put up with small means, because they are strong enough to work hard and help each other; indeed, the demand for little work and many luxuries in youth is not a healthy one, it is a sign of decadence in the race.Moreover, even though an early family involve real hardship for awhile, it has the great advantage that parents and children later on are still young together, and that means far more to the child in understanding friendship and helpfulness during the most critical period of life than extra comforts or pleasures would have meant to the parents, and if young parents realised this, would they not put the child first?The so-called advantages of a few years between one child and the next so that the parents may give fuller care and attention to each, are far outweighed from the child's point of view by the advantages of playmates in the nursery of nearly its own age, who are a source of education in the give and take of life such as no adult can supply. If parents wish to have only three or four children, it is to the advantage of the mother as well as of the children, to have the little family early in life—they are then all in the nursery together, and later all at school, and her life work is in this way so arranged that she may give most service to the world in addition to carrying on the race.Our conclusion is that for mothers and children it is very desirable that no contraceptives should be used in the early years of married life.In the vast majority of families where no restrictions or unnatural means are used and where mothers nurse their children for eight or nine months, children only come every two years. Even if a young couple decide that they cannot afford to bring up more than four children, they have first to prove that four children will be given them—in many cases they will not have so many, and as years go by the fertility of the mother becomes progressively less, so that if child-bearing is postponed till after thirty, in a certain number of families no children are born. There are many men and women who bitterly regret having let the years go by in which children might have been born to them, and it is only fair that young couples of to-day should fully understand this risk.CHAPTER IIIMETHODSThere are certain points in regard to methods of preventing conception which should be made clear.It is, of course, obvious that conception can be voluntarily controlled by abstention from intercourse except when children are desired. This has been called a counsel of perfection. It could only rightly be so described where such a method of life was both desired and approved by both husband and wife. It would not be a fair thing for either to enforce a practically celibate life on the other without the fullest understanding and consent before the marriage vows were taken.But conception can also be controlled by avoidance of those parts of the monthly cycle in which conception most commonly takes place. That in the great majority of women there is a time in the monthly cycle when no conception occurs has been noted for a long time. The rough-and-ready method of reckoning the date of birth in relations to the last menstrual period is an example of the assumption that conception will probably have taken place a week later, and the frequency with which such reckoning is justified shows that it is not altogether unfounded. During the war it was possible to make some more exact observations owing to the short leave granted to soldiers to visit their homes. Seigel has published a paper in the "Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift," 1916, in which he gives information regarding the conception of between two and three hundred children born during the war. He finds that the likelihood of fertilisation increases from the first day of menstruation, reaching the highest point six days later, the fertile period remains almost at the same height till the 12th or 13th day, and then declines gradually until the 22nd day, after which there is absolute sterility.This suggests that conception control can be attained without artificial methods if intercourse is confined to one week in the month.Such control of conception, though natural, does not make it any more desirable to space the births unduly so that the children are brought up in separate units instead of in a happy family group in which they can share games and interests—but it does avoid the risks which are associated with artificial methods of conception control.It is not proposed to discuss in detail artificial methods in this pamphlet, because no advice can be wisely given on this subject in a general way. Those who after careful consideration choose to use artificial means to prevent child-bearing will be wise if they consult their medical attendant as to those methods which are least harmful for their individual case, and ask for careful instruction in their use.Most of the methods so widely advertised are productive of diseased conditions, whether from the nature of the method itself or from the way in which it is used, and all of those recommended to women interfere with normal physiological processes. The object aimed at in methods recommended to women, is either to produce, by drugs or otherwise, conditions in the vagina inimical to the life of the male cell, or to prevent by mechanical means the reception of the semen into the uterus. Owing to the uncertainty in the results of either of the above methods of prevention, the later editions of books which teach conception control now advocate the use of both methods at the same time in order to approximate more closely to certainty of result.All these artificial preparations for intercourse demand from the woman an investigation of and interference with her own internal organs, which is revolting to all decent women, and such teaching is directly opposed to the advocacy of cleanliness and non-interference with the genital organs, which is the natural habit of healthy-minded women.The effects, however, go further than this. Nature has provided in the healthy vaginal secretions an antidote to infection which quickly destroys harmful germs. If the natural secretions are altered it is difficult to restore them to their natural quality.Professor Arthur Thomson, F.R.C.S., has shewn ("British Medical Journal," January 7th, 1922) from observations of the lining of the womb in animals and in women that "the weight of evidence goes to prove that its function is more likely to be absorbent than excretive, and that as such it plays an important part in the animal economy."After describing at length the evidence that the male secretion consists largely of the secretions from special glands as well as the sex cells, he refers to the fact that these are all largely received into and absorbed by the glands of the womb, and he discusses the probability that such absorption profoundly and beneficially affects the physiological reaction in the woman. He points out that the use of artificial checks "while preventing fertilisation may also be the means of depriving the female of certain secretions which may exercise a far reaching influence on her economy"; and he concludes, "As a rule we cannot interfere with the normal course of nature without some consequent evil result. May this not be an instance in which for some apparent gain in one direction, the woman pays the penalty?"CHAPTER IVTHE EFFECT OF WIDESPREAD CONCEPTION CONTROL ON NATIONAL EFFICIENCYIn every nation individual capacity varies within wide limits. We have men and women of brilliant attainments, and of all grades of intelligence ranging downwards to the mentally defective. There is no doubt that all grades of intelligence can be improved by education, but there appears to be a limit to the capacity of development of each individual. Lower intelligence, therefore, is not only due to lack of opportunity, but to an inborn constitutional defect.Further study has shewn this defect to be hereditary—the parents or grandparents of such people shew defective intelligence, and their offspring are likely to do the same; indeed, if two mentally defective people marry it is fairly certain that their children will all be mentally defective.There are, however, no sharply defined classes of intelligence; just as the mentally defective are in many grades, so ordinary men and women vary from low or average intelligence up to outstanding cases of genius or capacity.By the newer methods of mental testing it has been shewn that children of various classes of the community, as well as men and women of different races, can be grouped according to their intellectual capacity, and that no educational facilities will develop that capacity beyond a certain point.Professor W. McDougall, F.R.S., in his most useful and interesting book on National Welfare and National Decay, reaches the important conclusion "that innate capacity for intellectual growth is the predominant factor in determining the distribution of intelligence in adults, and that the amount and kind of education is a factor of subordinate importance." He claims that the evidence is overwhelming as to the validity of the results obtained by mental testing.A few examples of experimental work given in Professor McDougall's book will suffice to show the trend of these results.Tests of intelligence were carried out on recruits for the American Army, white and coloured, and they shewed marked superiority of the white race.A special test was carried out in Oxford by Mr. H.B. English, who compared the capacity of boys in a school attended by children of the intellectual classes with that of boys in a very good primary school, whose fathers were shop-keepers, skilled artisans, etc., coming from homes which were good, with no sort of privation. The result showed marked superiority of the sons of intellectual parents. Mr. English concludes that the children of the professional classes, between 12 and 14 years of age, exhibit very marked intelligence, and he is convinced that the hereditary factor plays an altogether predominant part.In another experiment, Miss Arlitt, of Bryn Mawr College, tested 342 children from primary schools in one district, who were divided into four groups:—Group 1. Professional. Group 2. Semi-professional and higher business. Group 3. Skilled labour. Group 4. Semi-and unskilled labour.Marked differences between the groups were shewn. The intellectual capacity was represented by figures as follows:—Group 1 125 Group 2 118 Group 3 107 Group 4 92A further research of 548 children, grouped according to the occupation of their father, gave its results in terms of the percentage of children in each group who scored a mark higher than the median for the whole 548. They are as follows:—Professional group 85% Executive group 68% Artisan group 41% Labour group 39%In the "Journal of Educational Psychology," Vol. IX, 1916, Mr. A.W. Kornhauser gives evidence from the examination of 1,000 children drawn from five schools in Pittsburgh.Schools A and B were attended by children of unskilled manual workers.Schools C and D by children of skilled artisans and small shopkeepers.School E by children of parents in very comfortable circumstances.The results are tabulated as—Retarded, i.e., below average. Normal, i.e., average. Advanced, i.e., above average.Retarded. Normal. Advanced. A } Manual workers { 45.2 47.1 7.7 B } { 36.7 55.9 7.4 C } Artisans, etc. { 29.4 50.2 20.7 D } { 28.8 50.2 19.5 E Most comfortable 12.7 62.7 24.6[A][Footnote A: I am indebted to Professor McDougall's book for information here given.]These experiments all shew the trend of intelligence (and with it will power or power of concentration, and what we may call general capacity) to be more concentrated in the so-called higher grades of society, and to be less and less evident as we descend in the scale from skilled to unskilled workers. It would, of course, be clear to all that the children of mentally deficient parents can only be a burden on the State or can rarely contribute anything of value to the common weal.Now the teaching and advocacy of methods of conception control is most easily assimilated and practised by the intelligent classes; indeed, we may say with certainty that such methods can only be used effectively by the intelligent members of the community, such as leisured, professional and mercantile classes, skilled artisans and better class workers, whereas the lowest type of casual labourers whose home conditions render the use of preventive methods difficult or impossible, and the mentally deficient and criminal classes, are unaffected by such teaching.The result in a few generations must be a marked decrease in the numbers of the intellectual and efficient workers, while the hopelessly unfit continue to produce their kind at the same rate as before.The figures given do not suggest that individuals with marked ability are to be found in the upper classes only, but they do indicate that there is a larger proportion of boys and girls in the more comfortable classes whose inherited ability is above the average, though this may be partly due to the more intellectual atmosphere in which their early childhood has been passed.The provision of education for all, with facilities for children of every class to pass on to higher grades of work, is essential if the latent powers in all, whatever they may be, are to be developed to the utmost.The point for our consideration at the moment, however, is that if the production of all capable workers, whether mental or manual, is to be curtailed and the numbers of the population maintained in greater proportion from the mentally deficient or criminal classes, the result must be national disaster. For in a very short time there will not be enough leaders of real capacity to occupy positions of initiative and responsibility in the various activities of the country at home and abroad, nor will there be an adequate supply of good practical work: a lowered standard of efficiency must result. From a national point of view, therefore, we regard the propaganda in favour of conception control to be a real and increasing danger.The problem of the mentally deficient is of another order. In this case another kind of control is urgently needed, but it is one which can only be undertaken by the State, and not by the individual. It is to put in force such a method of compulsory segregation as would ensure the comfort and contentment of the mentally deficient, and safeguard them and the nation from the reproduction of their kind.The problem also of the insane and criminal classes in relation to heredity is one which demands careful consideration by those competent to give it.SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS1. There are certain women who for medical reasons should be prevented from bearing children.2. There are couples with undesirable inheritance who rightly decline to bear children.3. There are many women of the poorer classes in whom child-bearing is sometimes the last straw in circumstances all of which tend to destroy health and vitality.4. Public teaching on contraceptives, like medical advice advertised in newspapers, is generally applied to cases for which it is unsuitable and applied in the wrong way.It is therefore detrimental to public health as well as being detrimental to public morality.5. A public opinion in favour of small spaced families does not serve the best interests of the children or of their mother.6. Married love should express itself at once in the usual way without the use of artificial contraceptives.7. The diminishing fertility of the more capable classes is a national peril.To counteract this tendency every encouragement should be given to the intelligent and efficient classes of the community to bear healthy children.The study of problems which give rise periodically to a propaganda in favour of the practice of conception control reveal the fact that excessive child-bearing is found in those classes who suffer the greatest privation, and in whom large families are a real hardship, while many couples among the well-to-do are childless though greatly desiring children.Such facts suggest that the true remedy for the general problem lies in raising the standard of living among working-class mothers and advising a more simple life to the more richly endowed.8. It is desirable that the Government should make provision for methods which will arrest the propagation of the mentally deficient, insane and criminal classes.THE END


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Contact Us
28 Woolridge St.
Riverview, NB
Phone: (506) 386-7431
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
FB: https://www.facebook.com/stjohnthebaptistanglicanchurchriverview/
Rectory: (506) 204-6033
Regular office hours:
September 1st to June 30th: 9:00 AM -1:00 PM, Tuesday to Friday.
During the summer messages can be left on the telephone voice mail or send us an email; the Rector or an office volunteer will return your call.
How to find us:
We're located in the west-end of Riverview, just past Trites Road.
View St. John the Baptist Anglican Church in a larger map Comments or questions are welcome. Email us or use the contact form below.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Comments or questions are welcome.
Email us or use the contact form below.

subset: commoncrawl


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We're often too quick as leaders to throw in the towel on teams that have whiffed. That's a mistake that may be more costly to performance and morale than the initial and temporary failure.
My quick answer to the question in the post title is: absent any visible, destructive behavior that may have contributed to the team's missteps, the point in time when it becomes clear that a team has failed is the right time to double-down with a fresh challenge. Preferably one of those big and ugly challenges.
We all know that success most often occurs after a series of failures, yet this same stubborn tenacity to overcome setbacks that is so widely celebrated in our culture and with our heroes, is too often ignored in corporate team settings. After all, it's not comfortable for executives or sponsors to spend much time associated with teams that have failed.
Team Longevity and Success:
There are well-documented criteria (Hackman, Thompson et. al.) for creating team success: a clear and guiding purpose, clear membership, enabling structures, the right kind of leadership AND team longevity.
Perhaps I'm biased by the technical product development and IT projects I've hung around most of my career, but typically the projects are difficult and often, the team members are being asked to do something that's not been done before…at least in their organization. The need for team learning coupled with the socialization dynamics present in every (new) team environment, demand a commitment to longevity as one of the key enabling factors for success.
Beware the Mirages:
We're quick to attribute team failures to external factors (fundamental attribution error) or, to see Lencioni's 5 dysfunctions in almost every struggling team environment. Just be aware, that you may very well be seeing a mirage…something you think you should see but that isn't really present.
Building trust, developing comfort with conflict, committing to the effort, accepting accountability and focusing on results are all important, and realizing the team culture to foster those behaviors takes time.
It takes courage for a leader or sponsor to stand up and defend a failed team. That shielding effort expends political capital and if the outcomes continue to be poor, the capital is squandered. Leaders and sponsors coping with struggling teams are well-advised to look for the following attitudes and behaviors as they assess whether to take a stand or fold the team.
5 Signs that Your Failed Team Merits More Time
1. An absence of finger-pointing and excuse-making. In my experience, there's a direct inverse correlation with finger-pointing and the potential for team success.
2. Genuine group and authentic distress at the failure. While a judgement call, it's not that hard for a leader to distinguish between embarrassment or fear or repercussions type distress versus genuine "We failed and it bugs the crap out of me/us," distress.
3. An emerging Apollo 13 mentality… "failure is not an option." A sense of emergency, an intense focus on the goals of the initiative and extraordinary efforts to innovate are healthy signs that the team merits more time.
4. External validation that the initiative is (still) highly relevant. There's a tendency for firms and teams to irrationally pursue failed objectives. Avoiding this sunk cost/escalation of commitment trap is difficult and important. The assumptions of and need for the project from an external customer or market perspective must still be valid before offering more time to the failed team.
5. A hunger for insights and knowledge from outside the team. Instead of turning inward and developing a bunker mentality, the team recognizes the need for help and pursues it. I'm particularly convinced of a team's legitimacy, when they seek outside critical feedback on technical and performance issues.
The Bottom-Line for Now:
Sometimes, good performance is just a bit further down the road. Don't discount how critical it is to give good people time to gel on big projects.
Don't miss the next Leadership Caffeine-Newsletter! Register here.
Art Petty is a Chicago-based management consultant focusing on strategy and leadership development. Art regularly speaks on innovation in management and leadership, and his work is reflected in two books, including the recent, Leadership Caffeine-Ideas to Energize Your Professional Development. Art publishes regularly at The Management Excellence blog at https://artpetty.com
Prior to his solo career, Art spent 20+ years leading marketing sales and business units in systems and software organizations around the globe. You can follow Art on twitter: @artpetty and he can be reached via e-mail at [email protected]


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Homeless Youth Outreach
Please join PCH's Homeless Youth Outreach Team! We provide free and compassionate healthcare to Phoenix's homeless youth. Read more about who we are and what we do below!
Thousands of youth live on the streets of Phoenix, many in desperate need of medical treatment. They are at an increased risk of illness, injury, and depression due to the hardships they face. Most lack health insurance and don't have access to appropriate health care.
In the fall of 2000, an innovative partnership was formed between Phoenix Children's Hospital, Children's Health Fund and HomeBase Youth Services. The result was the "Crews'n Healthmobile," a 35-foot Mobile Medical Unit (MMU) that brought free, comprehensive medical care directly to this special population.
Over the past 18 years, the program has grown from one MMU hosting four weekly clinics per week to now including three MMUs and three fixed-site clinics providing care to youth through more than 30 half-day clinics each week. The Program's clinics span approximately 30 miles across the Phoenix Metropolitan area, from Glendale to Mesa. Each mobile medical unit is equipped with exam rooms, an intake area, a pharmacy, a laboratory, and a triage area and includes state-of-the-art technology.
In addition to the MMUs, the program provides care to youth and young adults via our three fixed-site clinics. The first is within UMOM New Day Centers, the largest shelter for homeless families in Phoenix, Arizona; Children First Leadership Academy, a K-8 charter school where the vast majority of youth are living at or below the federal poverty level and are homeless; and, Phoenix Dream Center, an organization dedicated to providing shelter and services to those struggling with homelessness in our community, with our program serving their growing number of survivors of human trafficking and youth aging out of the foster care system with nowhere to go.Thousands of youth live on the streets of Phoenix, many in desperate need of medical treatment. They are at an increased risk of illness, injury, and depression due to the hardships they face. Most lack health insurance and don't have access to appropriate health care.
The program serves multiple shelters, residential/transitional living group homes, drop-in centers, and schools, all who serve the young homeless population living in our community. Each clinic is staffed with a Phoenix Children's physician, clinical team member (nurse or medical assistant) and registrar. Additionally, nearly all the clinics that need immediate in-clinic behavioral health care have a behavioral health counselor or psychiatrist practicing in conjunction with the medical team.
The program treats infants, children and youth birth through the age of 24-years-old who say they are homeless or at-risk of being homeless. They are provided treatment regardless of insurance status and ability to pay. The mobile medical units and fixed site clinics operate Monday through Friday at numerous sites across the Valley. The mobile medical units travel to areas where homeless and at-risk children, adolescents and young adults are known to gather.


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I wrote the following post (heretofore only published in my head) on May 6, 2015. I know it is WAY too long and really only fit for skimming. I was going to try and cut it down a little (I DID remove a couple of "ands"), but I feel it is a nice representation of the kind of person I am...wordy, scattered, spastic, sweaty and hugely entertaining to myself. So here you have it.
After having re-read this just now, I'm a little worried that my post may seem fluffy for the dignified Our Salon crowd. If that is the case, please show no mercy and simply give me the boot. If you don't cut me off at the knees, I guarantee I will keep running and running with it.
So here we go. I have made a goal to write for a half hour every day. I actually started with the goal of an hour every day and that was yesterday. I wrote for exactly zero minutes yesterday. Therefore, I think my goal may have been too lofty, so I'm lowering it to a half hour. And look at me go! I have already started.
I am going to begin with the story of my teacher intern program interview. As is the case with many of my appointments, I was running late. Time is elastic to me. I always underestimate the amount of time a task may take me. I was going to stop at the post office to mail my daughter's graduation invitations and thought that would be a quick stop. That turned into hand-stamping 46 envelopes at the postal counter. Not an easy task, pealing all those little stamps off a sheet and sticking them on, particularly when you are a little jittery from your medication for ADD. But that's a story for another day.
So, I leave the post office with 25 minutes to get to my interview. No way in hell. I had to make the call of shame to let them know I would be late. She was friendly and seemed okay, yet I was still very nervous and stressed and jittery. And almost out of gas. I sped to Iowa City and about halfway there, my last bar was gone. Running on fumes. There was no time to stop for gas or I would be even later. I was the final interview of the day, so I knew they would want to get home. I decided praying was my best option.
I made it. Parked my car in the parking ramp near the College of Education and tried to compose myself as I walked across the street to the building. I didn't want to be that crazy hot mess that rushes in all flustered apologizing up and down. Nope. Not me. Not me at all. Well…totally me. But, I acted calm and collected and gave a very personable and professional thank you for waiting for me. I apologize for being late.
The professor that was assigned the "greeter" position gave me a warm welcome and assured me that this would not be like a typical job interview. It was an opportunity for three professionals from the state universities to have a conversation with me to determine if they think I would be a good candidate for the alternative teacher licensure program. I would have an opportunity to ask questions. "Please just be yourself," she said, "we want to get to know you." Okay. You asked for it. I decided to be myself.
All in all, I feel I did a nice job answering questions honestly and professionally. I later looked over the star teacher interview format they were using, which the interviewees knew about ahead of time. I realized AFTER THE FACT, that I had answered almost all questions ON POINT. Yay me! About three fourths of the way into the interview, one of the interviewers gave me the following scenario, "Let's say I'm a student in your class and we have spent a lot of time on a class community service project and we are excited about it. The principal tells us we can't do it. How should I, as a student, act when I see the principal in the hallway? Should I turn my head away from him?" I looked at my interviewer and gave a shoulder-shrugging, both palms up, isn't-it-obvious look and said, "Duh…you flip him the bird!"
Bear in mind this is a nice, professional, well-mannered, middle-aged group. But, while they didn't guffaw at my terrible joke (although I thought it was completely HILARIOUS), I think they, too, thought it was hilarious. I kind of half-heartedly apologized and said, "I'll bet you haven't heard THAT today." They chuckled quietly and said, "No, we haven't." Back on task.
I left the interview feeling very pleased and amused with myself. Just having had the experience was great. I am really okay if they don't think I will be a good fit for the program. Something better happened to me in that interview. One of the interviewers asked me, "So, Lisa, how many books have you written?" I looked at him and said, "Zero." He told me that I should keep that in the back of mind. I should write a book. I'm not really sure why he said that, but I feel he saw something in me. He thought I had something to say. So, I'm saying it.
[After the interview, during the polite handshaking phase, this same distinguished gentleman professor asked me, "So what would the 20-year-old Lisa say to the Lisa of today?" My pithy response was, "She would tell me I should have written a book by now."]
I will leave you with the image of my glorious exit from my fabulous interview. Remember the parking ramp? Remember how flustered and medication-jittered I was? I was chuckling to myself at my clever sense of humor as I walked into the ramp. I walked to where I thought my car was parked. No car. I walked up the ramp. I walked down the ramp. Those damn ramps are so fucking confusing. They go up, but not really. There are ups and downs and in-betweens. After about nine minutes, I called my daughter in a panic. "I can't find my car!" She said it has to be there. Try pushing your key button to make it honk. So I did. I could hear it honk! As soon as I walked toward where I thought it was honking, I couldn't hear it anymore. Walk, walk, walk, walk. Push, push, honk, honk. Please don't let any of my interviewers be parked in this ramp. Please don't let them see me walking and walking and sweating. And honking. Horrible.
NINETEEN MINUTES!!! I timed my fiasco because that's just something I do. I enjoy quantifying and categorizing occurrences. Sometimes if I have an annoying spin instructor who talks too much, I will start to keep track of the number of seconds she can keep quiet. When she talks again, I restart the timer. Usually she can only make it about eight seconds before talking again. Anyway, if you think nineteen minutes isn't that long, try walking up and down a parking ramp for nineteen minutes in your dress clothes when it's warm out. And when you are now going to be late to your spin class because of losing your car in a parking ramp. Let's hope they decide I would be a good candidate to eventually teach your children in the public school system.
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kosher, don't be knocking Sha Na Na.
Not knocking them. A friend of mine was at Woodstock, fifteen years old at the time, tripping, and the memory he tells me about is being blown away by all these guys showing up on stage in gold lame jumpsuits.
Way cool. Aren't they Jewish? Sha Na Na?
Aereola sauce = mother's milk? Yes there is a lot of mental going around this place. But smiling mental we are short of so do please carry on.
maybe heavy metal should be called smiling mental
Warm embracing hellos (did I just type halos?) Lisa Winkie. I'm thinking of one of your dad's comments when he practiced law. Passionate pro bono, my goodness.
Again, welcome aboard! More than a few woke last night to the sound of thunder. (What with all this Watergate Redux)
Experiences such as this can lead one to suspect that one is not really well-equipped mentally to function in this world at a basic level. So many distractions. You may have inherited the problem.
@ James and tr ig - Smiling Mental is my favorite death metal band! How did y'all know? Every one of their CD covers has a smiley face on it, but the smiley face is actually Sarah McLachlan's skull dripping blood and wearing a loop of intestines for a necktie with dead orphans and eviscerated, flaming Wall Street bankers shooting out its eyeballs with a Byzantine-style mosaic depiction of smiling, crucified Jesus in the background telling me to take my new Fiskars machete down to the 7-11 because they have to pay for what they did, oh yeah they're gonna pay because Smiling Byzantine Jesus wants a free Slurpee and he wants it now...
Echoing what Stephen said, one of my daughters has a condition, "best characterized as ADD". When she started at the university a counselor told her the same thing, and referred to ADD as a "brain reorder". At some time in the past (and perhaps in the future) these reorders provided an advantage, otherwise, they wouldn't be so common.
Our society and educational system is geared toward rewarding good little boys and girls who sit quietly in class, question nothing, and regurgitate what they are taught.
At some time in the past (and perhaps in the future) these reorders provided an advantage.
I've found that ADHD me notice important shiny things and squirrels when I'm in the middle of conversations about other things.
Of course, I also have irritable vowel syndrome so, there is that too...
I'm 52 years old and didn't even realize I had ADD til several years ago when Sirenita, a couple weeks after we met in person for the first time, said, "Jeff, I've got something to tell ya dude..." She had severe ADD herself, of a type very similar to mine, but in her case had been diagnosed in her mid twenties and therefore had learned things to do, some of them quite simple techniques like writing everything down as it occurs to you, which, combined with meds, allowed her to go on to earn her bachelor's, master's and law degrees. For myself, I'm still just disappointed I don't have HDADD, which is the high resolution version where your inability to focus happens with extreme clarity.


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The main goal here at Free Pregnancy and Freebirth is to arm men and women with information to make educated choices about health, pregnancy, and birth. Pregnancy and birth is not predictable, and as such, it's important to understand the body, how to care for it, and the dynamics of birth to encourage a safe and empowering experience. Keeping the mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual states of the mother, father, and baby in mind all factor into this experience.
We support the desire of men and women who feel more comfortable with assistance that includes chiropractic, midwifery, naturopathic, or obstetric care. It is not our goal to ostracize the medical community. There are scenarios when the need for urgent care arises, and that should be the only time interventions take place. For this, we are thankful for those in the medical community who seek to serve, educate, and empower families in their pregnancy and birthing journey, and take on the life-saving tasks when it's a true need.
Freebirth is not a desire to risk or endanger the lives of babies or women. It's a calculated and educated choice with the desire to be free to birth as it was designed and to be free to seek help if and/or when it's needed. Emergency cesarean sections are a gift, only when they are necessary. The decision to move onto a cesarean section should not be taken lightly if a woman would rather give birth vaginally. In order for that to happen, interventions should only take place if there is a need. Routine practices and liability concerns are not needs.
There is a known truth in our culture and it's not that 'labor is hard' or that 'women are strong'. It's that men and women are intelligent and capable of making choices for themselves that is in the best interest of their families; it's that they are the protector, provider, and parent and will seek help when they need it for their babies. It is never okay to ignore that truth, no matter whether one deems themselves in a position of authority. Even if anyone had authority over the woman and what she feels led to do in birth, good leadership comes when you consider the benefits that everyone brings to the team. This includes the woman's knowledge of her own body, her compassion for her baby, and the wisdom she has in how to address any situation involving her family.
Here at Free Pregnancy and Freebirth, we believe women are designed to bear, nurture, and bring forth life. We believe that both men and women should be cared for while during this transition of welcoming their new baby into their arms. We believe that birth is not a medical event. We believe that birth is beautiful.


text: Search Results We have found 1 items matching your search query. Close Sort By: TitleDatePopularityFeatured List Grid Map 480-777-5500 McMurdie Law Office, PC and Whymediate? Mediation Services Legal Services Divorce and making a change to alter your family dynamic is a major life decision. The best way to make this transition as smooth as possible is to use the service of divorce mediation, rather than li More Details 1 Page 1 of 1


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Sundial BridgeRohan and Paul visit the Sundial Bridge in Redding during their California road trip, and muse on its salmon-attracting properties.
See here for RV Rental USA so you can book your own road trip!
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Samsung Galaxy S3 vs Nokia Lumia 920: Don't Jump On S3 Yet!
The Samsung Galaxy S3 and Nokia Lumia 920 have totally different operating systems and they come from two rival competitors, both of whom are struggling to get on top in the smartphone market. There is however one thing that they do share, and that's the fact that they both come with software and hardware that is mind blowing, making them almost the flagship devices of their respective platforms.
Samsung Galaxy S3 vs Nokia Lumia 920
Design & build: Both the Samsung Galaxy S3 and the Nokia Lumia 920 have predecessors and so of course with logic in mind, both of the companies chose to use the same design for their new handsets. This means that if you want something completely new, you are out of luck.
It also means that the build quality of the two handsets is great, particularly with Nokia, as design of the Galaxy S3 is a little plastic looking. On saying this it has proven to be durable just like the S2 was. Winner: Nokia Lumia 920.
Screen: The screen of the Samsung Galaxy S3 is 4.8 inches Super AMOLED at 1280 x 720. However the Lumia 920beats it with a 4.5 inch IPS TFT display of 1280 x 768 that boasts a much higher ppi and comes with PureMotion HD+ technology that needs to be seen to be believed. Winner: Nokia Lumia 920.
Power: The processor in the Samsung Galaxy S3 is the quad core Exynos 1.4GHz Cortex A9 in the international version. In the US version this is the Snapdragon S4 dual core at 1.5GHz. This is around the same clock speed as the processor in the Nokia Lumia, 920 the Qualcomm MSM8960 dual core Snapdragon 1.5GHz Krait processor. Winner: Draw
Storage: Internationally the Samsung Galaxy S3 comes with 1GB of RAM and in the version in the US this is 2GB, which is also compatible with 4G LTE. Storage wise the S3 comes in 16GB, 32GB and 64GB and is expandable by another 64GB by way of SD card. The Lumia 920 has 1GB of RAM and storage of 32GB but it lacks support for SD card. Winner: Samsung Galaxy S3.
Camera: The camera on both of the handsets is 8 megapixels. The Samsung Galaxy S3 has the edge in regards to the front camera at 1.9 megapixels, while the Lumia 920 has a 1.3 megapixel front camera. The Lumia 920 rear camera however performs better in low light shots. Winner: Draw
Other: The Samsung Galaxy S3 has support for 3G and 4G LTE in the US, NFC and packs a 2,100mAh battery. It runs out of the box on Android 4.0 but there is an update to Jelly Bean on its way. The Nokia Lumia 920 has 3G, 4G LTE, NFC and a battery of 2000mAh. It runs on the Windows Phone 8 OS. Winner: Draw
If you are not in any huge hurry to go out and get a handset then we suggest that you hang on and wait for a while. At the moment Windows Phone 8 has not had a full-fledged release and as such its software features are not known. You may therefore want to wait to see what is in store when the Nokia Lumia 920 is released, as opposed to rushing out to get the Samsung Galaxy S3 just yet.


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If you are looking to simplify your personal finances in 2013, one of the ways to get this new year off to a solid start is to pay off high interest credit card debt—and if that's not possible, another solid idea is to move high interest card balances onto a 0% intro offer using a reputable balance transfer credit card.
For those in the market for such an offer, there are a handful of fairly new cards you should check out:
1) The Discover it Card is actually brand new, and offers 18 months of 0% intro APR on approved balance transfers. Also, Discover it has a $0 annual fee, and no overlimit fees. To read real customer reviews and apply online, go to Outlaw's homepage and click on 'Balance Transfer Cards.'
2) The Citi Simplicity Card is another balance transfer offer that continues to be popular with Outlaw's readers. It offers "0% Intro APR on Balance Transfers and Purchases for 18 months," in addition to no annual fee, and no late fees.
3) Finally, there's the Citi Diamond Preferred Card. It offers "0% Intro APR on Balance Transfers and Purchases for 18 months," in addition to a wide range of other cardholder perks, including "24/7 access to personalized concierge service providing assistance in booking hotel, flights, concert tickets and much more." There is no annual fee and the card has an attractive matte black design. This deal is currently featured on Outlaw's homepage here.
Although these credit cards can potentially save you thousands of dollars in painful interest charges by allowing you to transfer your debts off of an old high interest card, please keep in mind the balance transfer fee—and also remember that you will need to keep making minimum monthly payments on the new account.
David blogs about personal finance and credit at Credit Card Outlaw. A version of this article originally appeared on Outlaw's balance transfer deals vertical.
Disclosures: Outlaw is a credit card promotions site, and as such we maintain financial relationships with numerous banks and financial institutions, including the offers and cards mentioned or featured herein. Information is believed to be accurate at time of publication, but no warranties or guarantees are provided. Visit the issuer's web site for updated terms, rates, and conditions.


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Do you have your 'Golden Ticket'?
What is your Golden Ticket? It is the brightly colored gold/yellow piece of paper that Surgical Weight Loss patients receive when they check out after their consultation with the doctor; each patient receives one on this day. We call this the Golden Ticket because our office has marked what you need to do before we […]Read More


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Yes, there are many benefits to GMO's, but we have to think about the cons too. For example, GMO's can cause lots of environmental damage. Also, we don't know the long-term health affects GMO's could be having on us right now. We haven't been using GMO's long enough to know what long-term affects they could have on us. They could be extremely dangerous to us later in life, or they could have no affect at all- we don't know. Overall, I believe the benefits outweigh the risks and GMO's are a beneficial addition to our world.
Another benefit to genetically modified food is cost. Yes, the seeds for genetically modified food are a higher cost than regular seeds, but the pros that come with these higher seeds will eventually end up giving us a profit. Cost for pesticides is reduced with these seeds, along with less manpower needed to grow the crops. Eventually all the money being saved by buying a higher priced seed will add up and we will gain money, not lose it.
Genetically modifying food decreases the use of herbicide throughout our world. There has been a 6.1% decrease in our herbicide use now than the predicted use at this time. Decreased herbicide use overall benefits our ecosystem. We now have more organic and healthy food because we aren't using as many chemicals to preserve our food.
Genetically modified food comes with many perks and benefits. Genetically modifying food can help end world hunger, allow us to grow crops in their off seasons, and make food more nutritious for starving people all around the world. CNN says "GMO's allow farmer to skip steps in the production process, like spraying herbicides and pesticides, because the crops are already resistant," which is just another benefit of genetically modifying food. All of these perks can add up to make our world such a better, more prosperous place to live.
There are many pros to genetically modifying food. For example GMO's can be resistant to heat, cold, or drought. Also, they are resistant to insects and herbicides. These advantages to GMO's make them a great addition to our world. They could resolve many of our world's problems and overall make it a better place.


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That settles it can't drink the water so will need lots of wine and beer... going up to celebrate the Wife's Birthday at a B&B in the areaDidn't realize that firefighting foam was now considered a dangerous contamination for groundwater - These foams have been used all around the US.
This week, the U.S. House of Representatives said it wants the Defense Department to help state and local officials prevent further exposure to people living near Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Oscoda, where some residents are unable to drink the water because it's testing for what Michigan officials call unsafe levels of a toxic compound.Although the Air Force says it's already doing that, Rep. Dan Kildee, D-Flint, inserted the language into the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act, the military's annual spending bill. The resolution-type amendment doesn't have the force of law, but is meant to express the opinion of a majority of chamber members."I have asked the Air Force as well as the state of Michigan to provide bottled water to those identified individuals who are living near Wurtsmith whose water may be contaminated by PFCs, at least until more research is done on the safety of their water." Kildee said on the House floor Wednesday, May 18.
How about Rockford, Michigan over by GR. All the wells are contaminated. The local school is on bottled water.


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The Scottish Fashion Awards is something that every fashion conscious Scot has been keeping an eye on since it began in 2006. In Scotland, a recognised career in fashion can be slightly more difficult to achieve... Well, the inhabitants of good old Glasgow don't quite have the elegance and sophistication as the likes of Paris and Milan. But we do have immense talent, new and old, and the Scottish Fashion Awards was set up as a way to showcase this.
Once a year every big name in the Scottish fashion industry are brought together for a night of celebration and a little bit too much whiskey. This year was no exception, with the likes of Christopher Kane, Hilary Alexander, Stella Tennant, and Pam Hogg among the many who others gathered in London at Dover House to witness the winners being announced. Being chosen to take part in this event and having the opportunity to be there alongside fashion royalty was something I have never expected but am honoured to have been able to experience. Never have I had so many 'pinch yourself' moments in one night... Obviously not including David Gandy telling me I looked fabulous. That's an every day sort of thing...
Winners included Christopher Kane - Designer of the Year, Pam Hogg - Creative Excellence, Mary Charteris - Model of the Year, Lauren Smith - Graduate of the Year, and the wonderful and lovely Jennifer Morris who won the title of Young Designer of the Year. However, it felt to me that the ceremony was more than just a celebration of the winners. It was a celebration of every person in the room; designer or communicator, creative or celebrity, nominee or winner. Everyone had worked hard to be there and had each brought something to the growing fashion industry that Scotland has today. They were there to celebrate each other. There was a great patriotism and feeling of pride. That was special.
The event was then moved to a beautiful venue in the heart of London where the party truly began. Here, the gorgeous Laura Whitmore presented awards to Harris Tweed for Scottish Ambassador of the Year and Brian Duffy picked up the award for Hall of Fame 2013. Too much champagne and photo booth fun (Obscure Couture ladies in particular..) means that the goings on here must be kept under wraps, but the food was delicious, the energy was electric and every single table was packed full of fashion darlings, all enjoying everything the night had to offer.
What else can I say? I chatted to Stella Tennant after handing her an award and congratulating her on Chanel's win for International Designer of the Year. I got a hug from David Gandy, shared champagne with Laura Whitmore and had a giggle with Hilary Alexander. I spent my night surrounded by idols and inspirations. It was amazing, and now just I want more.
What else can I say? I chatted to Stella Tennant after handing her an award and congratulating her on Chanel's win for International Designer of the Year. I got a hug from David Gandy, shared champagne with Laura Whitmore and had a giggle with Hilary Alexander. I spent my night surrounded by idols and inspirations. It was amazing, and now just I want more.
I also want to say thanks to my beautiful ladies from Obscure Couture for lending me some of their masterpieces to wear and for being the best ever company, and to Tessa Hartmann for putting on such an amazing event and letting me be a part of it. Much love, ladies. x
Pam Hogg - Creative Excellence
Jennifer Morris - Young Designer of the Year
Christopher Kane - Designer of the Year
The gorgeous Tallia Storm wearing Young Designer of the Year nominee Jacob Birge
Mary Charteris - Model of the Year
Host Laura Whitmore wearing Christopher Kane
Sitting down for a feast.
My little Storm and I.. X
Tallia in Jacob Birge and myself in Obscure Couture
Tallia in H&M and myself in another Obscure Couture.
This man doesn't need named. SWOOOOOON
(David Gandy, if you don't know, but be ashamed.)
Myself, founder Tessa Hartmann and Jenni Martin of Jenivieve Berlin Millinery, Accessory Designer of the Year nominee.
And of course, my two favourite ladies and I, Jenn Coyle and Lyndsay Pagan of Obscure Couture.
(all wearing Obscure Couture, obviously.)


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Join us at Flatstock 38…
Co-presented by the American Poster Institute (API) and SXSW, Flatstock 38 will display the works of the world's top gig poster artists. The show runs March 14-16 and will feature posters of varying styles, colors and techniques for sale by the very artists who created them.
About API
The American Poster Institute is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to serving the poster artist community and promoting the art form. The Flatstock shows provide the American Poster Institute with a way to present poster artists collectively while showcasing the breadth of styles they represent.
The best concert posters have always captured both the essence of the music they promoted and the spirit of the time in which they were produced. Flatstock provides an ongoing series of opportunities to see fine poster art in person and to meet the artists who created it.
Free and open to the public!
Thursday, March 14 2:00pm – 6:00pm
Friday, March 15 11:00am – 6:00pm
Saturday, March 16 11:00am – 6:00pmLocation:
Austin Convention Center Hall 4


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Detectives investigating a series of burglaries in the Denby area are appealing for witnesses to come forward.
Cash was stolen from a house on Breach Road after a burglar broke in overnight between Friday, March 25 and Saturday, March 26.
CCTV captured a man walking in the back garden of the house, and later jogging out of the front garden and onto the street.
A number of burglaries also took place in the Danesby Rise area of Denby Bottles on the same date.
Cash, jewellery and a silver tankard from a child's christening were stolen from one house on Danesby Rise, while cash and jewellery were taken from another.
Police want to hear from anyone who saw suspicious people or activity in the area around that date.
They also want to hear from taxi drivers who might have been operating in Denby Village on the night of March 25.
Anyone with information should call DC Kate Sturgeon on 101, quoting crime reference 13261/16 or Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.


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A person who loves You
Chris. He has been my rock for almost six years now. I wouldn't be where I am today without him. We've had our fair share of ups and downs, but that's what life is about.
He has seen me at my best, and at my worst (labour is both beautiful and ugly at the same time)! He has caused some wounds, but from those I've been able to build a stronger exterior.
I love him more than anyone else (well, except our son) and I know he feels the same way.


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By Chuck Humboldt
When you're driving down the highway and you see a police car with it's lights flashing and a vehicle pulled over, do you think "Why isn't that cop out catching the criminals"?
Police officers, like other employees, are expected to perform their job functions. Most all occupations are subject to personnel evaluations. Imagine yourself as a member of a Police Commission, where your job is to evaluate a police officer. How would you do this?
Let's assume you are a salesman. Your performance evaluation will be based on several factors, most likely including number of contacts, number of sales, dollar amount of sales, and so on....
Your company has a policy that ALL sales are final. You have received information that one of the products that you are selling, let's call it product A, has been rumored to be defective. Your supervisor tells you that there is a big push this month to sell product A. Because you are a company man, you will sell the product, knowing returns will not be allowed. Because your compensation is related to performance, you will be vigorous in your sales approach.
A police officer is doing the same. The majority of police officers out there are good, honest, working men and women. Like any profession, there are some bad apples. They are the ones that give law enforcement a bad image. For the most part, whether they believe in the law or not, they will do their job, as required. Many of the officers try to change laws and/or the ways things are done, but they have a difficult task, as they directly confront the institution that compensates them! Another point to remember, is that police officers are trained and continually reinforced with the thought that speed kills, that accidents are caused by speed, and so on...
If a police officer tries to fight the system, to change the way laws are enforced, or to question WHY, many times their peers shun them.
I would encourage all of our members to get to know police officers. Share with them your thoughts, expose them to different ideas, intelligently discuss traffic-related
views. Let's not try to place blame as to who's at fault. Instead, let's work together to change and/or protect the way we look at things. Who knows, you might even end up friends. Take it from a law enforcement veteran of 18 years, we need to work together.
Back Home | Start


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Gizeh Records
Video by Alex Tobin | tobinalex.com
Originally released on their debut album 'Kammerspiel' in February, this is a new re-recorded version available as a download only exclusive.
'Tracer' comes packaged with four exclusive remixes by Dems, Alex Tobin, FOUND and Voltage Black. The Voltage Black remix comes as a result of a recent competition by Gizeh Records in which fans were offered the chance to remix 'Tracer' with the winner being chosen by the band to appear on this very release.
Conquering Animal Sound have recently completed their second UK tour of 2011 and will be appearing at various festivals throughout the summer including Glastonbury and T in the Park before heading out to Europe for an extensive tour in October.
Debut album 'Kammerspiel' was released in February to high acclaim and April saw the release of 'Kammerspiel Remixed' as a download only album featuring remixes by various artists including Errors and Fieldhead.


text: For the record. slapd-mtread.c started as a copy of slapd-read.c from the same source directory, and then minor modifications were incorporated into slapd-mtread.c to allow the code to perform specific MT operations. This was done to preserve the integrity of the existing test suite and all the existing test cases that already use slapd-read.c. Technically the original author is also the original author of slapd-read.c Doug Leavitt Oracle Corporation


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Action Comics #41 promised to shake things up, and it did, kind of. The last time I read a Superman title was Superman #32. I wanted to see what artist John Romita Jr. and writer Geoff Johns (two comic book powerhouses) could do with the Big Blue. Sadly, after reading their debut issue, I was underwhelmed. Romita's art didn't resonate with me, and plot points like Superman punching out a robotic ape seemed too cheesy.
A good Superman comic is hard to come by especially since I grew up reading Death of Superman, Funeral for a Friend, and the Reign of the Supermen – all very well crafted Superman stories. They were light on the cheesy and beautifully rendered. Any other Superman comics seem to be pale in comparison to the aforementioned storylines.
Greg Pak and artist Aaron Kuder (who has a style similar to Frank Quitely) put together something unique in the first half of issue #41. Following Romita's story of Superman being depowered (see Superman #40), Pak has a weakened Superman trekking across Alaska faster than a…snail. Supes ends up coming upon a rest stop and buying a burrito, a 70% discounted Superman t-shirt, and a motorcycle from some unruly youths that end up challenging Superman to a fight. Although this sounds like an odd beginning to a Superman comic (and somewhat reminiscent of Superman II) it worked. Pak did a great job of letting us know what Superman was thinking and feeling which humanized him greatly and made him more relatable. Superman gets cold when he isn't wearing a shirt in the arctic (just like me), he gets hungry and likes to eat disgusting burritos (just like me), etc., etc.
The story begins to fall apart when Superman returns to Metropolis after being pinged by a scarf wearing hipster named, you guessed it, Jimmy Olsen. Olsen asks Superman to return to Metropolis in order to surprise the red undies off of the big guy with a block party. Turns out Superman's neighbors, who now know that Clark Kent is Superman after Superman was outed by Lois Lane on national TV, wanted to thank Superman for keeping them safe. At this point, I was starting to lose interest…but what put me over the edge is what followed.
Superman finds out there is a disturbance at the docks and races off to assist. When Superman arrives at the docks he discovers that the big bad is a giant shadow monster. Um, I thought this was an all new direction? And here we are, with Superman battle giant monsters, yet again. Yawn. Unfortunately, the retooling of Superman which is part of the DC YOU campaign seems like all the other Superman stories I've read.
I was more interested in the depowered Superman at the beginning of the book just trying to make it, and dealing with what life handed him. Instead, we got another cheesy issue. Consume. Review. Repeat. gives Action Comics #41 a 5 out of 10 yawns.


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The amazing Shaun Cromwell will be opening for me at McCabe's on January 6.
He's one of my all time favorite songwriters and performers. He's a one of a kind guitarist, with a soulful voice and killer lyrics. Having him on the bill will make for a special night at McCabe's. Here's his website where you can hear some of his tunes. http://www.shauncromwell.com/


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A big congrats goes out to Vlad Blan of Bloggedin Traffic. Vlad is the winner of the $99 Citrus Theme package from Unique blog Designs. Vlad will have a choice of six sweet flavors to choose from when the time comes to give his blog a new look.
Thanks to everyone who entered and thanks to Unique Blog Designs for giving me the theme to give away. Look for more contests and giveaway real soon.
For those who really like the citrus theme but didn't win it, then you should consider buying it. Ninety nine dollars isn't a huge amount to pay for a limited production theme. With a little tweaking, it can look totally custom made. Take a look at what Ed Lau managed to do with his citrus theme.


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The Vikings may be planning to draft a quarterback, but not Teddy Bridgewater, Blake Bortles or Johnny Manziel with the eighth overall pick.
Vikings General Manager Rick Spielman suggested that his team might be more interested in addressing another position in the first round of the draft, and taking a quarterback on the second day of the draft.
"I think you can find quarterbacks in the second round and the third round, as well," Spielman told the Star Tribune. "We've started that process on the evaluation part. I think we're scheduled to go out there and see a lot of these quarterbacks through the spring and get to know them a little bit better. The one thing that I want to make sure we don't do is box ourselves into having to take a quarterback if there's another player that's very significant at another position."
With Matt Cassel signed for another two years, the Vikings may see Cassel as a player who can start this year while helping to groom a young quarterback who would be available on the second day of the draft, such as Jimmy Garoppolo of Eastern Illinois or AJ McCarron of Alabama. Cassel may not be a long-term answer, but he may be a stopgap that gives the Vikings an opportunity to be patient for a quarterback to develop, rather than thinking they need a rookie to start right away.


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Apple appears to be in the early -- yet strangely public -- stages of testing Notification Center-style banner alerts on iCloud.com, the web portal they provide for remote email, calendar, and contact access.
Apple introduced both Notification Center (as part of iOS 5) and iCloud at WWDC 2011 and have since added Notification Center to the OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion developer preview. Given Apple's recent push towards providing a more consistent user experience across their platforms, it makes sense for the web to be included in the mix.
However, being only a month away from WWDC 2012, do iOS 5-style banners for iCloud.com mean there's less of a chance we'll see better banners in iOS 6 this June? While less obtrusive than the pre-iOS 5 modal alerts, iOS 5 banners still aren't as functional or elegant as webOS' were years ago.
Sometimes a web test is just a web test, so I won't read anything more into this for now. Parity between OS X and iOS and the web will be great.


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Cyber Streetwise has been consulting with business leaders at the recent Cyber Streetwise Forum event on the importance of making cyber security a core part of business strategy in 2016.
According to new research by Cyber Streetwise, small and medium sized companies are putting a third (32%) of their revenue at risk because they are falling for some of the common misconceptions around cyber security, leaving them vulnerable to losing valuable data and suffering both financial and
Guest Post By Frank Gilbert – Axis Electronics
Happy 'Boxing Day' everyone. For a lot of people today probably means turkey sandwiches, wearing in your new Christmas slippers and most importantly, hitting the sales to snap up a bargain as today marks the beginning of sales season.
Guest Post by Del Heppenstall, Director, KPMG's cyber security practice.


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Guaraná DSL is a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) to design Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) solutions at a high-level of abstraction.
The resulting models obtained with Guaraná DSL are platform-independent, so engineers do not need to have skills on a low-level integration technology when designing their solutions. Furthermore, this design can be re-used to automatically generate executable EAI solutions for different target technologies. This is something that can be achieved by means of Model Driven Architecture. Catch a glimpse at the Integration Stack with the abstraction levels for an integration solution and see where Guaraná DSL fits. Note that Guaraná DSL is the language you can use to design your EAI solutions. Currently we are working on a java implementation of this language, called Guaraná SDK. We kindly invite you to have a look at it, download it, try it and give us your feedback ;-)
Functionality and structure of an EAI solution are completely defined by using the language building blocks, ports, tasks, decorator, slots and integration links. Guaraná's tasks are based on the Enterprise Integration Patterns (EIP Patterns) by Gregor Hohpe and Bobby Woolf. It is possible to design the internal structure of all kinds of building blocks (wrappers and integration processes) and its communication ports (entry port, exit port, solicitor port and responder port) by using tasks; it is also possible, to create integration flows that allow applications to collaborate by connecting these building blocks by means of integration links. Applications that participate in the integration solution are documented using decorators as well as its layers being used as communication interface.
:: Download here the Guaraná DSL language icons - NEW
Abstract view of a typical EAI solution
A typical integration solution involves several wrapping processes used to communicate the solution with applications and several integration processes that implement the integration business logic. Processes use ports to communicate with each other or with applications over communication channels. Ports encapsulate tasks functionalities like poll and write; and help abstract away from the details of the communication mechanism, which may range from an RPC-based protocol over HTTP to a document-based protocol implemented on a database management system. Roughly speaking, a solution is only a logical way to organise a set of processes. Thus, different solutions can share the same process, and a solution can logically contain another solution if the former involves the process of the latter. Below you have an abstract view of a typical EAI solution. Please, refer to other examples of detailed solution at the end of this page.
Tasks to be used inside processes
Below you can see a list of XML, Stream and Composite tasks which take part of Guaraná DSL. Please, have a look at the API Documentation of Guaraná SDK for more information about each task and other constructors as well.
Currently we are working on a Java Framework for Guaraná DSL and on a Java Toolkit which implements this framework. As part of the effort to reduce costs of enterprise application integration solutions Guaraná also introduces a novel Runtime System to execute EAI solutions implemented with the Guaraná Toolkit. I invite you to learn more about this runtime system here.
:: XML Tasks
An XML task gets messages from its input gateways, processes its body content which is XML format and publish this message to the output gateway.
:: Stream Tasks
An stream dealer gets one message from its input gateways, adapts its body content which is stream format and publish this message to the output gateway.
:: Composite Tasks
Composite tasks represent patterns that can be achieved by the composition of other tasks. Below we present two composite tasks supported by Guaraná and in the following we look how this patterns can be achieved.
This is how they can be build:
More information about Guaraná DSL
Examples of EAI solutions designed with Guaraná DSL
Automatic code generation


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That's the thing about getting all hot and bothered on the blog; you can always post pictures of the baby when things get a little too steamy. And after a day like today, which was very difficult, it was so wonderful to come home to our little trooper. She just started sleep training – our own version of Ferberizing, I guess – and is doing really well, even though her cries are pure anguish for us. She always stops pretty quickly, however, and goes fast asleep, and I feel like I can hear the air crackling with her learning. It's hard to describe.
Anyway, here are some pics from the last week or so… first off, I'm glad we gave birth to a chick that really appreciates a good road trip, you know, so we can burn more fossil fuels as a family. As long as it doesn't go more than 4-5 hours:
In New York last week, Lucy met (what I hope to be) one of her future best friends, as Laurie and George Gilmore gave birth to the beautiful little Polly:
Tessa's mom Sandy came this last weekend, so I thought a little genetic documentation of recessive blue eye genes were in order:
And I know babies cry, and La Lux is no exception, but she really is a happy kid most of the time, and makes her parents feel so unbelievably blessed. Lucy, if you ever read this years from now, I want you to know that you bring your mom and me an insane amount of joy every waking hour.
it's just the sleeping hours that could still use work


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Once you have completed your courses and received your Certificates of Completion, submit the following to the Texas Real Estate Commission (TREC)
- Moral Character Determination before applying for the license
- Application for Inactive Real Estate Sales Agent License
- Salesperson Sponsorship Form
- Both forms can be found on TREC's website
- Copies of Certificate of Completion (DO NOT submit the originals)
- Required fees:
To file online, click here or go to TREC's website
The information requested online is the same as on the paper application; however, there is a paper filing fee. Please click here to view the fee schedule.
To mail:
Texas Real Estate Commission
P.O. Box 12188
Austin, TX 78711-2188
Please visit the commission's website to read this information for further details about fingerprinting and scheduling the state exam.


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Event Details
Conversational Spanish!
"May 21, 2019"
7:00 pm" – "8:00 pm
All levels of proficiency are welcome to attend.
Upcoming Events
Signing: John Dwyer to sign "Mustang"
5:00 pm - 7:00 pm
Lisa and Laura to perform!!
7:30 pm - 9:30 pm
Story Time with Miss Julie!
10:15 am - 11:15 am
Well Now Margery to perform!
7:30 pm - 9:30 pm
Last Sunday Poetry Reading!
2:00 pm - 4:00 pm
"What Lies Between Us " with Ayanna Najuma
6:30 pm - 8:00 pm
Conversational Spanish!
7:00 pm - 8:00 pm
Kestrel & Kite to perform!
7:30 pm - 9:30 pm
The Garden Café at Full Circle Bookstore serves a delectable breakfast menu and a delicious selection of soups, salads, sandwiches and sweets for lunch. We also offer a variety of after-hour nibbles, as well as wine and local beers. Join us for breakfast Monday-Friday, from 8:00-10:00am, and lunch Monday- Saturday from 11:30am-2:00pm.
In addition, our Java Joe Coffee Bar can make any espresso or cappuccino drink you may want.
Please refer to our Garden Cafe tab at the top of our site for detailed menus.
You may also call ahead for "To Go" orders, 842-2900.