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Leyland Bus
Leyland Bus was a British bus manufacturer. It emerged from the Rover Group (formerly British Leyland) as a management buyout of the bus business. It was subsequently acquired by Volvo Buses in 1988 and the name finally disappeared in 1993.
Leyland Buses pictures from Google images
- 1896 Formed as the Lancashire Steam Motor Company.
- 1907 Name changed to Leyland Motors.
- 1968 Merger with British Motor Holdings to form British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC).
- 1975 BLMC was nationalised and became British Leyland (BL).
- 1986 BL changed its name to Rover Group.
- 1987 The bus business of Rover Group became independent as Leyland Bus following a management buyout.
- 1988 The business was acquired by Volvo Buses.
- 1993 Volvo discontinues Leyland ending all production of the buses and the Workington factory, where they were built.
Leyland Motors Ltd
|Merged with British Motor Holdings
|British Leyland Motor Corporation
|Leyland, England, UK
|Bus, Lorry
Leyland Motors Limited was a British vehicle manufacturer of lorries, buses and trolleybuses. It gave its name to the British Leyland Motor Corporation formed when it merged with British Motor Holdings, later to become British Leyland after being nationalised. British Leyland later changed its name to simply BL, then in 1986 to Rover Group.
Leyland Motors has a long history dating from 1896, when the Sumner and Spurrier families founded the Lancashire Steam Motor Company in the town of Leyland in North West England. Their first products included steam lawn mowers.[1] The company's first vehicle was a 1.5-ton-capacity steam powered van. This was followed by a number of undertype steam wagons using a vertical fire-tube boiler.[2] By 1905 they had also begun to build petrol-engined wagons. The Lancashire Steam Motor Company was renamed Leyland Motors in 1907 when they took over Coulthards of Preston. They also built a second factory in the neighbouring town of Chorley which still remains today as the headquarters of the LEX leasing and parts company.
In 1920, Leyland Motors produced the Leyland 8 luxury touring car, a development of which was driven by J.G. Parry-Thomas at Brooklands. Parry-Thomas was later killed in an attempt on the land speed record when a chain drive broke. At the other extreme, they also produced the Trojan Utility Car in the Kingston upon Thames factory from 1922 to 1928.
Three generations of Spurriers controlled Leyland Motors from its foundation until the retirement of Sir Henry Spurrier in 1964. Sir Henry inherited control of Leyland Motors from his father in 1942, and successfully guided its growth during the postwar years. Whilst the Spurrier family were in control the company enjoyed excellent labour relations—reputedly never losing a day's production through industrial action.
World War II
During the war, Leyland Motors along with most vehicle manufacturers was involved in war production. Leyland built the Cromwell tank at its works from 1943 as well as medium/large trucks such as the Leyland Hippo and Retriever.
After the war, Leyland Motors continued military manufacture with the Centurion tank.
Post war
In 1946, AEC and Leyland Motors worked to form the British United Traction Ltd.
In 1955, through an equity agreement, manufacture of commercial vehicles under licence from Leyland Motors commenced in Madras, India at the new Ashok factory. The products were branded as Ashok Leyland.
On the other hand, Leyland Motors acquired other companies in the post war years:
- 1951: Albion Motors
- 1953: Collaboration with Danish Automobile Building (DAB), a bus manufacturer, later with a majority stake in the 1970s
- 1955: Scammell Lorries Ltd—military and specialist lorry manufacturer
- 1961: Standard Triumph (Standard-Triumph International Limited), cars, vans and some agricultural machinery interests
Holding company: Leyland Motor Corporation Limited
- 1962: Associated Commercial Vehicles (ACV), which incorporated AEC, Thornycroft, Park Royal Vehicles and Charles H. Roe.
- 1962 a new group holding company was incorporated to own Leyland Motors Limited, ACV and new acquisitions
- 1965: Minority (25%) interests in Bristol Commercial Vehicles and Eastern Coach Works
- 1966: Rover cars and their Subsidiary, car, aero-engine and armoured fighting vehicle manufacturers Alvis
- 1967: Aveling-Barford was acquired This company mainly made road rollers and dumper trucks.
Donald Stokes, previously Sales Director, was appointed managing director of Leyland Motors Limited in September 1962 originally a Leyland student apprentice he had grown up with the company. He became chairman in 1966. In 1968 Leyland Motor Corporation Limited merged with British Motor Holdings (BMH) to form the British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC). BMH brought with it into the new organisation more famous British goods vehicle and bus and coach marques, including Daimler, Guy, BMC, Austin and Morris.
The Leyland diesel engines were used in Finnish Sisu and Vanaja lorries and buses in 1960s.
British Leyland era
Further information: British Leyland
The BLMC group was difficult to manage because of the many companies under its control, often making similar products. This, and other reasons, led to financial difficulties and in December 1974 British Leyland had to receive a guarantee from the British government.
In 1975, after the publication of the Ryder Report, BLMC nationalised as British Leyland (BL) and split into 4 divisions with the bus and truck production becoming the Leyland Truck & Bus division within the Land Rover Leyland Group. This division was split into Leyland Bus and Leyland Trucks in 1981. In 1986, BL changed its name to Rover Group. The equity stake in Ashok Leyland was controlled by Land Rover Leyland International Holdings, and sold in 1987.
The bus operations were divested as a management buy-out to form Leyland Bus, and was subsequently bought by Volvo Buses in 1988, which discontinued most of its product range but adopted the Leyland Olympian, re-engineering it as the first named Volvo Bus model, the Volvo Olympian aside from minor frame changes the major alterations were the fitment of Volvo axles, braking system and controls. Both were the best selling double-deck bus chassis of their time.
- 1987 The Leyland Trucks division of Rover Group (formerly BL) merged with DAF Trucks of The Netherlands, and was floated on the Dutch stock exchange as DAF NV. The new company traded as Leyland DAF in the UK, and as DAF elsewhere.
- 1993 DAF NV went into bankruptcy. The UK truck division was bought through a management buy-out and became Leyland Trucks. The van division was also bought through a management buy-out and became LDV Limited. The Spare Parts Operation (Multipart) was also subject to a management buy-out before eventually becoming part of the LEX organisation.
- 1998 Leyland Trucks was acquired by the US truck manufacturer PACCAR. Leyland Trucks now operates as a division of PACCAR from the Leyland Assembly Plant in North West England manufacturing around 14,000 trucks per year of which about a third are sold in the EU, though not with the name Leyland.
The Leyland name and logo continues as a recognised and respected marque across India, the wider subcontinent and parts of Africa in the form of Ashok Leyland. Part of the giant Hinduja Group, Ashok Leyland manufactures buses, trucks, defence vehicles and engines. The company is a leader in the heavy transportation sector within India and has an aggressive expansionary policy. Ironically, since 1987, when the London-based Hinduja Group bought the Indian-based Ashok Leyland company, it is once again a British-owned brand. Today, Ashok-Leyland is pursuing a joint venture with Nissan, and through its acquisition of the Czech truck maker, Avia, is entering the European truck market directly. With its purchase of a 26% stake in UK-based bus manufacturer Optare in 2010, Ashok Leyland has taken a step closer to reconnecting with its British heritage, as Optare is a direct descendant of Leyland's UK bus-making division. On 21 December 2010, Ashok Leyland bought an additional 49% stake in Optare, bringing its total to 75%.
Historically, Leyland Motors was a major manufacturer of buses used in the United Kingdom and worldwide. It achieved a number of firsts or milestones that set trends for the bus industry. It was one of the first manufacturers to devise chassis designs for buses that were different from trucks, with a lower chassis level to help passengers to board. Its chief designer, John George Rackham, who had experience at the Yellow Coach Company in Chicago before returning to England, created the Titan and Tiger ranges in 1927 that revolutionised bus design. After 1945, it created another milestone with the trend-setting Atlantean rear-engined double-decker bus design produced between 1956 and 1986.
- Q-type 4 ton
- SQ2 7 ton
- SWQ2 10-ton six-wheeler
- Bull
- layland madion
- Comet
- Hippo
- Beaver
- Terrier (G-series)
- Mastiff (G-series)
- Boxer (G-series)
- Clydesdale (G-series)
- Reiver (G-series)
- Marathon (Ergomatic)
- Bison (Ergomatic)
The G-series cab was built in Bathgate and was available with several different names, such as Terrier, Clydesdale, and Reiver. After this cab was replaced the tooling was shipped to Turkey, where BMC's Turkish subsidiary built it as the "BMC Yavuz" and then as the "Fatih" (with Cummins engines) from 1986 until 1996.
The Marathon was Leyland's answer to the booming "max cap" truck fad at the start of the 1970s. Imports such as the Volvo F88 and Scania 110/140 were selling very well in the UK thanks to the previously unheard of levels of driver comfort, reliability, quality and performance.
Leyland had insufficient money for development of a complete new vehicle at the time, so designers were instructed to utilise as many existing in-house components as possible. It was perceived at the time that the resulting model would be a stopgap until the new T45 range was ready for production toward the latter half of the 1970s.
The cab was a re-worked version of the "Ergomatic" tilt cab of 1965, heavily modified with different lower panels, raised height etc., and was available in day and sleeper cab form. Engines were decided from the outset to be in the higher power category to be competitive with rival vehicles. The only existing engine within the Leyland empire suitable for such an application (following the demise of the ill-fated fixed-head 500 series and AEC's underdeveloped and unreliable V8) was the AEC AV760 straight-six, which was turbocharged and designated as the TL12. Other engine options included a 200 bhp Leyland L11, as well as Cummins 10- and 14-litre engines at 250 and 330 bhp, respectively.
Production began in 1973, and various shortcomings were noted, including below-par heating and ventilation, and pronounced cab roll. However, road testers of the time were very impressed by the truck's power and performance. In 1977, the redesigned "Marathon 2" was launched, an updated and revised vehicle that attempted to address some of the previous criticisms of the earlier vehicle. Relatively few Marathons of all types were sold before production ended in 1979 with the introduction of the T45 "roadtrain" range of vehicles.
This was Leyland's answer to the Ford cargo in the non-HGV 7.5-ton truck sector. Launched in 1984, it utilised a Leyland straight-six engine until 1986, when a 5.9L Cummins was introduced. It was notable at the time for its low-level passenger side windscreen, featured as a safety aid to enable the driver to see the kerb, although this was deleted on later models. The basic cab had a long service life, becoming later on the Leyland DAF 45.
The Leyland Roadtrain was a range of heavy goods vehicle tractor units manufactured by Leyland Trucks between 1980 and 1990. The nomenclature "T45" refers to the truck range design as a whole and encompasses models such as the lightweight 7.5-ton roadrunner, Freighter (4 wheel rigid truck) constructor (multi axle rigid tipper or mixer chassis-its chassis owing much to the outgoing Scammell 8-wheeler Handyman) and Cruiser (basic spec low weight tractor unit). The Roadtrain itself was a max weight model with distance work in mind.
The cab design was a joint effort between Leyland, BRS and Ogle Design and was seen as the height of modernity when compared with its predecessors, the idea being to have one basic design to replace the various outgoing models (for example, the Bathgate built G cab on the Terrier, the Ergomatic cabbed Lynx, Beaver etc.). This did indeed make good economic sense; however, there has been speculation that Leyland did in fact alienate a number of customers who had traditionally purchased other marques from within the Leyland empire—Albion, AEC, Scammell, etc.—who were now left with no alternative but to have a Leyland branded vehicle or purchase from elsewhere.
Throughout its production run, engine choices included the AEC-based TL12, a straight carry over from the preceding "stopgap" model Marathon range, The Rolls-Royce Eagle 265/300 and the Cummins 290 L10 and 14-litre 350 coupled to a Spicer or Eaton transmission, although all versions produced a distinctive whine from the propshaft knuckle joint when approaching 60 mph (97 km/h). The TL12 engine was dropped early on in the production run, with most large fleet buyers choosing the Rolls-Royce engine.
The Roadtrain was available in day- and sleeper-cabbed form, in high and low datum versions—this refers to the cab height—high datum versions were intended as long haul vehicles with higher mounted cabs and more internal space. 6×2 versions were built in high cab form only on a chassis that was basically that of the ageing Scammell trunker.
In 1986, the high roofed Roadtrain interstate was introduced, a top of the range long distance truck with standing room inside.
The Roadtrain was a common sight throughout most of the 1980s, with a great many of the major fleet users in the UK such as Tesco, Blue Circle (unusually with high datum day cabs) and BRS running them. The Firm of Swain's based at Rochester in Kent had a number of roadtrains in its fleet which enjoyed a comparatively long service life (until the late 1990s) before being replaced by the newer DAF 85.
Production ended in 1990 with the sale of Leyland Trucks to Dutch firm DAF, although as a postscript DAF relaunched the model in low-datum form (it was already manufacturing the large DAF 95) as the DAF 80, using the Roadtrain cab with the DAF 330 ATi engine (quite ironic, given that this engine had its roots in the Leyland O.680). This model was produced for a relatively short time until 1993 with the launch of the brand new cabbed DAF 85.
Due partly to the cab's propensity to rust and also to the admittedly short life of commercial vehicles, any Roadtrain in commercial operation is now a very rare sight indeed. However, a small number remain in use throughout the country as towing-and-recovery vehicles.
The army made use of an 8×6 version of the Roadtrain as a hook loader until recently. This is known to the British Army as Demountable Rack Offload and Pickup System (DROPS), which has seen action Iraq and Afghanistan and is still in service, but is due to be replaced by the MAN version.
The Leyland Comet was introduced in 1986, specifically designed for export markets mainly in the developing world. As such, it was a no-frills vehicle of a simple and sturdy design, with five- or six-speed transmissions rather than the multi-speed units used on European models. The cabin was a simplified all-steel version of that used by the Roadrunner, designed to enable local assembly. The three-axle version is called the Super Comet.
Leyland Trucks
Leyland Trucks Limited
|Subsidiary of Paccar since 1998
|Leyland, Lancashire, England
|Key people
|Ron Augustyn-Managing Director
Peter Jukes-Operations Director
Denis Culloty-Chief Engineer
|Approx £850 million
|Paccar UK
Leyland Trucks is the UK's leading medium & heavy duty truck manufacturer and is based in the town of Leyland, Lancashire. It emerged from the bankruptcy of DAF NV as the result of a management buy-out in 1993, and was acquired by PACCAR in 1998, of which it is now a subsidiary. Since Leyland Trucks was acquired by PACCAR it has become the group's established centre for the design, development and manufacture of light and medium duty trucks. Leyland Trucks operates out of one of Europe's most advanced truck manufacturing facilities – the Leyland Assembly Plant, and currently employs 1000 people. In 2008 Leyland produced more than 24,500 trucks of which 50% were exported.
Its history lies in origins as Leyland Motors which subsequently became part of the nationalised British Leyland conglomerate. Upon the breakup of BL's successor Rover Group, the truck making division merged with DAF's truck business as DAF NV. When the new company became insolvent a few years later, Leyland Trucks emerged as an independent company.
- 1896 The Lancashire Steam Motor Company is formed by James Sumner at the Herbert Street workshops with 20 employees. Henry Spurrier financed the development of a 30cwt steam van which proved to be successful
- 1907 T Coulthard and Co, an engineering firm in Preston, was taken over by LSMC and the combined company named Leyland Motors Limited
- 1963 Leyland Motor Corporation is formed after Leyland Motors absorbs Standard-Triumph International and Associated Commercial Vehicles Ltd during the preceding years
- 1968 Leyland Motor Corporation and British Motor Holdings merged to form the British Leyland Motor Corporation, which was now the fifth largest vehicle producer in the world
- 1975 BLMC was nationalised by the government in response to the severe financial problems being experienced by the group. The corporation becomes British Leyland with Leyland commercials becoming part of the autonomous Truck and Bus Division
- 1978 Leyland Vehicles Limited becomes the new name for the division
- 1979 Production starts during September at the all new Leyland Assembly Plant. The first build being a Leyland Leopard bus chassis
- 1981 LVL split into three companies;- Leyland Trucks, Leyland Bus and Leyland Parts
- 1987 DAF Trucks take a 60% controlling share in Leyland Trucks and Freight-Rover and becomes Leyland DAF
- 1993 The Leyland factory is subject to a management buy-out and becomes Leyland Trucks Limited
- 1998 Leyland Trucks is acquired by PACCAR of the United States and incorporated as the Leyland Trucks subsidiary of that company
- 2000 Production of all Foden product is transferred to the Leyland Assembly Plant
- 2002 The Leyland designed and built LF wins the prestigious award 'International Truck of the Year'
- 2005 Leyland Trucks starts painting truck chassis robotically on the moving conveyor, a first in the industry
- 2006 Leyland Trucks stops production of Foden trucks following the decision to retire the Foden brand
- 2007 In another industry leading move, Leyland Trucks starts production of the complete bodied truck. Bodies are built on the production line, under the same quality controls, and fitted directly to its chassis prior to delivery to the customer
- 2008 On 17 April Leyland Trucks produced its 300,000th truck. Mark Armstrong Transport Ltd took delivery of the DAF XF 105 direct from the assembly line
- 2008 Leyland Trucks built a record 24,700 trucks at the assembly facility (beating the previous 2007 record of 17,500), supporting DAFs Leading UK Market Share of 27.3%
- 2009 In April Leyland Trucks was awarded the prestigious Queen's Award for Enterprise in International Trade.
- 2010 Leyland Trucks was awarded the PACCAR Chairman's Award for 2009
British Leyland
British Leyland
|British Motor Holdings (BMH)
Leyland Motor Corporation (LMC)
|Rover Group
Leyland DAFLDV Van Group
|Longbridge (Austin Rover), BirminghamCowley, Oxford
1986 – 2005: Washwood Heath, Birmingham LDV Vans
|Key people
|Lord Stokes
Michael Edwardes
Graham Day
British Leyland was an automotive engineering, and manufacturing conglomerate formed in the United Kingdom in 1968 as British Leyland Motor Corporation Ltd (BLMC), following the merger of Leyland Motors and British Motor Holdings. It was partly nationalised in 1975, when the UK government created a holding company called British Leyland, later BL, in 1978.[1][2] It incorporated much of the British-owned motor vehicle industry, and held 40 percent of the UK car market,[3] with roots going back to 1895.
Despite containing profitable marques such as Jaguar, Rover and Land Rover, as well as the best-selling Mini, British Leyland had a troubled history.[4] In 1986 it was renamed as the Rover Group, later to become MG Rover Group, which went into administration in 2005, bringing mass car production by British-owned manufacturers to an end. MG and the Austin, Morris and Wolseley marques became part of China's SAIC, with whom MG Rover attempted to merge prior to administration.
Today, MINI, Jaguar Land Rover and Leyland Trucks (now owned by BMW Group, TATA and Paccar, respectively) are the three most prominent former parts of British Leyland which are still active in the automotive industry, with SIAC-owned MG Motor continuing a small presence at the Longbridge site. Certain other related ex-BL businesses (such as Unipart) continue to operate independently.
BLMC was created in 1968 by the merger of British Motor Holdings (BMH) and Leyland Motor Corporation (LMC), encouraged by Tony Benn as chairman of the Industrial Reorganisation Committee created by the Wilson Government (1964–1970).[3] At the time, LMC was a successful manufacturer, while BMH (which was the product of an earlier merger between the British Motor Corporation and Jaguar) was perilously close to collapse. The Government was hopeful LMC's expertise would revive the ailing BMH, and effectively create a "British General Motors". The merger combined most of the remaining independent British car manufacturing companies and included car, bus and truck manufacturers and more diverse enterprises including construction equipment, refrigerators, metal casting companies, road surface manufacturers; in all, nearly 100 different companies. The new corporation was arranged into seven divisions under its new chairman, Sir Donald Stokes (formerly the chairman of LMC).
While BMH was the UK's largest car manufacturer (producing over twice as many cars as LMC), it offered a range of dated vehicles, including the Morris Minor which was introduced in 1948 and the Austin Cambridge and Morris Oxford, which dated back to 1959. After the merger, Lord Stokes was horrified to find that BMH had no plans to replace these elderly designs. Also, BMH's design efforts immediately prior to the merger had focused on unfortunate niche market models such as the Austin Maxi (which was underdeveloped and with an appearance hampered by using the doors from the larger Austin 1800) and the Austin 3 litre, a car with no discernible place in the market.
BMH had produced several successful cars, such as the Mini and the Austin/Morris 1100/1300 range (which at the time was the UK's biggest selling car). While these cars had been advanced at the time of their introduction, the Mini was not highly profitable and the 1100/1300 was facing more modern competition.
The lack of attention to development of new mass-market models meant that BMH had nothing in the way of new models in the pipeline to compete effectively with popular rivals such as Ford's Escort and Cortina.
Immediately, Lord Stokes instigated plans to design and introduce new models quickly. The first result of this crash program was the Morris Marina in early 1971. It used parts from various BL models with new bodywork to produce BL's mass-market competitor. It was one of the strongest-selling cars in Britain during the 1970s, although by the end of production in 1980 it was widely regarded as a dismal product that had damaged the company's reputation. The Austin Allegro (replacement for the 1100/1300 ranges), launched in 1973, earned a similarly unwanted reputation over its 10-year production life.
The company became an infamous monument to the industrial turmoil that plagued Britain in the 1970s. Industrial action instigated by militant shop stewards frequently brought BL's manufacturing capability to its knees. Despite the duplication of production facilities as a result of the merger, there were multiple single points of failure in the company's production network which meant that a strike in a single plant could stop many of the others. Dealers, starved of stock found their customers defecting to contemporary products from Ford, Vauxhall, and the burgeoning Japanese imports.
At its peak, BLMC owned almost 40 manufacturing plants across the country. Even before the merger BMH had included theoretically competing marques that were in fact selling substantially similar "badge engineered" cars. To this was added the competition from yet more, previously LMC marques. Rover competed with Jaguar at the expensive end of the market, and Triumph with its family cars and sports cars against Austin, Morris and MG. Individual model lines that were similarly sized were therefore competing against each other, yet were never discontinued nor were model ranges rationalised quickly enough – for instance BMH's MGB remained in production alongside LMC's Triumph TR6, whilst in the medium family segment, the Princess was in direct competition with upscale versions of the Morris Marina and cheaper versions of the Austin Maxi, meaning that economies of scale resulting from large production runs could never be realised. In addition, in consequent attempts to establish British Leyland as a brand in consumers' minds in and outside the UK, print ads and spots were produced, causing confusion rather than attraction for buyers. This, combined with serious industrial relations problems (with trade unions), the 1973 oil crisis, the three-day week, high inflation, and ineffectual management meant that BL became an unmanageable and financially crippled behemoth which went bankrupt in 1975.
1970s restructuring
Sir Don Ryder was asked to undertake an enquiry into the position of the company, and his report, The Ryder Report, was presented to the government in April 1975. Following the report's recommendations, the organisation was drastically restructured and the Labour Government (1974–1979) took control by creating a new holding company British Leyland Limited (BL) of which the government was the major shareholder. Between 1975 and 1980 these shares were vested in the National Enterprise Board which had responsibility for managing this investment. The company was now organised into the following four divisions:
- Leyland Cars (later BL Cars) – the largest car manufacturer in the UK, employing some 128,000 people at 36 locations, and with a production capacity of one million vehicles per year.
- Leyland Truck and Bus – the largest commercial and passenger vehicle manufacturer in the UK, employing 31,000 people at 12 locations, producing 38,000 trucks, 8,000 buses (including a joint venture with the National Bus Company) and 19,000 tractors per year. The tractors were based on the Nuffield designs, but built in a plant in Bathgate, Scotland.
- Leyland Special Products – the miscellaneous collection of other acquired businesses, itself structured into five sub-divisions:
- Construction Equipment – Aveling-Barford, Aveling-Marshall, Barfords of Belton and Goodwin-Barsby
- Refrigeration – Prestcold
- Materials Handling – Coventry Climax (incorporating Climax Trucks, Climax Conveyancer and Climax Shawloader)
- Military Vehicles – Alvis and Self-Changing Gears
- Print – Nuffield Press (which printed the company's publications) and Lyne & Son
- Leyland International – responsible for the export of cars, trucks and buses, and responsible for manufacturing plants in Africa, India and Australia, employing 18,000 people
There was positive news for BL at the end of 1976 when its new Rover SD1 executive car was voted European Car of the Year, having gained plaudits for its innovative design. The SD1 was actually the first step that British Leyland took towards rationalising its passenger car ranges, as it was a single car replacing two cars competing in the same sector: the Rover P6 and Triumph 2000. More positive news for the company came at the end of 1976 with the approval by Industry Minister Eric Varley of a £140 million investment of public money in refitting the Longbridge plant for production of the company's "ADO88" (Mini replacement) model, due for launch in 1979. However, poor results from customer clinics of the ADO88, coupled with the UK success of the Ford Fiesta, launched in 1976, forced a snap redesign of ADO88 which evolved into the "LC8" project – eventually launched as the Austin Mini Metro in 1980.
In 1977 Sir Michael Edwardes was appointed chief executive by the NEB and Leyland Cars was split up into Austin Morris (the volume car business) and Jaguar Rover Triumph (JRT) (the specialist or upmarket division). Austin Morris included MG. Land Rover and Range Rover were later separated from JRT to form the Land Rover Group. JRT later split up into Rover-Triumph and Jaguar Car Holdings (which included Daimler).
In 1978 the company formed a new group for its commercial vehicle interests, BL Commercial Vehicles (BLCV) under managing director David Abell. The following companies moved under this new umbrella:
- Leyland Vehicles Limited (trucks, tractors and buses)
- Alvis Limited (military vehicles)
- Coventry Climax (fork lift trucks and specialist engines)
- Self-Changing Gears Limited (heavy-duty transmissions)
BLCV and the Land Rover Group later merged to become Land Rover Leyland.
BL Ltd
In 1979 British Leyland Ltd was renamed to simply BL Ltd (later BL plc) and its subsidiary which acted as a holding company for all the other companies within the group The British Leyland Motor Corporation Ltd to BLMC Ltd.
BL's fortunes took another much-awaited rise in October 1980 with the launch of the Austin Metro (initially named the Mini Metro), a modern three-door hatchback which gave buyers a more modern and practical alternative to the iconic but ageing Mini. This went on to be one of the most popular cars in Britain of the 1980s. Towards the final stages of the Metro's development, BL entered into an alliance with Honda to provide a new mid-range model which would replace the ageing Triumph Dolomite, but would more crucially act as a stop-gap until the Austin Maestro and Montego were ready for launch. This car would emerge as the Triumph Acclaim in 1981, and would be the first of a long line of collaborative models jointly developed between BL and Honda. By 1982 the BL Cars Ltd division renamed itself Austin Rover Group, shortly before the launch of the Maestro and Michael Edwardes was replaced by Harold Musgrove as chairman and chief executive. Jaguar and Daimler remained in a separate company called Jaguar Car Holdings, but were later sold off and privatised in 1984.
A rationalisation of the model ranges also took place around this time. In 1980, British Leyland was still producing four cars in the large family car sector—the Princess 2, Austin Maxi, Morris Marina and Triumph Dolomite. The Marina became the Ital in August 1980 following a superficial facelift, and a year later the Princess 2 received a major upgrade to become the Austin Ambassador, meaning that the 1982 range had just two competitors in this sector. In April 1984, these cars were discontinued to make way for a single all-new model, the Austin Montego. The Triumph Acclaim was replaced in that same year by another Honda-based product – the Rover 200-series.
Jaguar sale
In 1984 Jaguar Cars became independent once more, through a public sale of its shares. Ford subsequently acquired Jaguar. In 1986 BL changed its name to Rover Group and in 1987 the Trucks Division – Leyland Vehicles merged with the Dutch DAF company to form DAF NV, trading as Leyland DAF in the UK and as DAF in the Netherlands. In 1987 the bus business was spun off into a new company called Leyland Bus. This was the result of a management buyout who decided to sell the company to the Bus & Truck division of Volvo in 1988.
In 1986 Graham Day took the helm as chairman and CEO and the third joint Rover-Honda vehicle – the Rover 800-series – was launched which replaced the 10-year old Rover SD1. That same year, the British government controversially tried to reprivatise and sell-off Land Rover, however this plan was later abandoned. 1987 saw the Austin name dropped on the Metro, Maestro and Montego, signalling the end for the historic Austin marque, in a push to focus on the more prestigious (and potentially more profitable) Rover badge. In 1988 the business was sold by the British Government to British Aerospace (BAe), and shortly after shortened its name to just Rover Group. They subsequently sold the business to BMW, which, after initially seeking to retain the whole business, decided to only retain the Cowley operations for MINI production and close the Longbridge factory. Longbridge, along with the Rover and MG marques, was taken on by MG Rover which went into administration in April 2005.
Many of the brands were divested over time and continue to exist on the books of several companies to this day.
Ashok Leyland
The Leyland name and logo continues as a recognised and respected marque across India, the wider subcontinent and parts of Africa in the form of Ashok Leyland. Part of the giant Hinduja Group, Ashok Leyland manufactures buses, trucks, defence vehicles and engines. The company is a leader in the heavy transportation sector within India and has an aggressive expansionary policy. Ironically, since 1987, when the London-based Hinduja Group bought the Indian-based Ashok Leyland company, it is once again a British-owned brand. Today, Ashok-Leyland is pursuing a joint venture with Nissan and through its acquisition of the Czech truck maker, Avia, is entering the European truck market directly. With its purchase, in 2010, of a 25 per cent stake in UK-based bus manufacturer Optare, Ashok Leyland has taken a step closer to reconnecting with its British heritage, as Optare is a direct descendant of Leyland's UK bus-making division.
British Leyland also provided the technical know-how and the rights to their Leyland 28 BHP tractor for Auto Tractors Limited, a tractor plant in Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh. Established in 1981 with state support, ATL only managed to build 2,380 tractors by the time the project was ended in 1990 – less than the planned production for the first two years. The project ended up being taken over by Sipani, who kept producing tractor engines and also a small number of tractors with some modest success.
Notes for the timeline table
- Mini was not originally a marque in its own right. See Mini and MINI (BMW) for more detail.
- The BMC trademark is registered (1564704, E1118348) to MG Rover Group Ltd in the UK. BMC is also the name of a commercial vehicle manufacturer in Turkey, formerly the Turkish subsidiary of the British Motor Corporation. It is believed that Nanjing Automotive may have purchased this from MG Rover, however the brand has not been reassigned as of 17 July 2006.
- The Wolseley trademark is registered (UK 1490228) to MG Rover Group Ltd for automobiles only. It is believed that Nanjing Automotive may have purchased this from MG Rover, however the brand has not been reassigned as of July 2006 to a different company. The UK building materials supplier Wolseley plc owns the rights to the Wolseley name for all other purposes. Wolseley plc is a descendant of the original Wolseley company.
- The Vanden Plas trademark is owned by Ford (through Jaguar) for use within the USA and Canada, and as (UK 1133528, E2654481) to MG Rover Group Ltd for use in the rest of the world. It is believed that Nanjing Automotive may have purchased this from MG Rover, however the trademark has not been recorded as reassigned as of 17 July 2006. This is why Jaguar XJ Vanden Plas models are branded as Daimlers in Britain. The last Rover to use the Vanden Plas name was the Rover 75 Vanden Plas, a long wheelbase limousine model.
- The Rover trademark was owned by BMW and was only licenced to MG Rover Group Ltd. BMW sold the brand to Ford in September 2006.
- Alvis was purchased from British Leyland by United Scientific Holdings plc in 1981, in 2002 Alvis merged with part of Vickers Defence Systems to form Alvis Vickers which was purchased by BAE Systems in 2004. BAE Systems did not acquire Alvis through their ownership of the Rover Group in the early 1990s. Production of Alvis branded cars ceased in 1967. The trademark is owned by Alvis Vehicles Ltd.
- The use of the Triumph name as a trademark for vehicles is shared between BMW and Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. The former for automobiles and the latter for motorcycles. The motorcycle and car business separated in the 1930s.
Merged companies
The car firms (and car brands) which eventually merged to form the company are as follows.
The dates given are those of the first car of each name, but these are often debatable as each car may be several years in development.
- 1895 Wolseley Motors
- 1896 Lanchester Motor Company
- 1896 Leyland Motors Ltd (commercial vehicles)
- 1896 Daimler
- 1898 Riley
- 1899 Albion
- 1903 Standard Motor Company
- 1904 Rover
- 1905 Austin
- 1912 Morris
- 1913 Vanden Plas
- 1919 Alvis
- 1923 MG created by Morris
- 1923 Triumph Motor Company
- 1924 BSA used as a car brand
- 1935 Jaguar
- 1947 Land Rover created by Rover
- 1952 Austin-Healey created by Austin division of BMC (see below)
- 1959 Mini : the car initially launched as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor became popularly known just as the 'Mini' and BMC recognised this by initially re-badging the Austin as the Austin Mini, and subsequently deleting both marque names from the car and effectively making Mini a marque name in its own right.
- The infamous Derek Robbins (RED ROBBO) Leader of the unions.
- Strike Meeting
- The workers turn against Red Robbo
- Wives or Women against strikes on the picket line at Longbridge.
- Pictures courtesy of Local newspaper.
- PLEASE NOTE THAT I HAVE OTHER STUFF TO POST WITH REGARDS TO TRANSPORT, BUT FEEL THAT I NEED A BREAK FROM THIS SO FOR THE TIME BEING I AM GOING TO DO SOME POSTS ABOUT PLAYERS WHO WERE FROM WALSALL AND PLAYED FOR WALSALL. pLAYERS LIKE DEAN KEATES AND KENNY MOWER, I HOPE THAT YOU WILL ENJOY THEM!


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We spent Christmas Eve doing Christmas with boy's family. Declan got his very own Radio Flyer from them and loves taking it outside. Can I just say these wagons have come so far since I was a kid? Seats (jealous), padded seats (luxurious), cup holder (shut the front door).
Then on Christmas morning Santa came and so did my parent's. I think boy was more excited then anyone. He was up an hour before me and then we had to wake Declan up at 8:00 pm (never wake a sleeping baby unless it's Christmas morning)! He isn't so sure about his train that his bubie and big daddy gave him here, but he's warmed up to it. The pug's not so much.
And at first his truck from Santa, that matches Daddy's, looks interesting. Until Daddy puts you in it for a ride. Took some time to take it all in I guess.
It was such a fun day, Christmas through the eyes of a child so incredible.
On New Year's Eve, boy and I dropped Declan off at my parent's and we headed to Fort Worth. We grabbed a quick bite to eat and I made a quick return to Homegoods before we headed to visit boy's mom at her 3rd chemo treatment. Hooray she's half way done!! Then I left boy at the center and went and picked up Declan and we met them all back at his parent's home. Declan is the best medicine after a long chemo day. Then boy and I headed to bed early after getting Declan down to binge watch Sherlock on Netflix. We didn't even make it through one episode, much less till midnight. Sleeping is a good way to ring in the New Year if you ask me.

subset: commoncrawl


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Apostate Games
Captain of Ages - Ep1
Gardyloo - Catch the Poo
Plutus - LDJam 38
Dev Blog
About Us
Nathan Hicks
Jason Varnell
We've been greenlit!
Demo Coming Soon!
Enter a surreal fantasy world void of plumbing but rich in other magics and technology. Heavily inspired by the art and animations of Monty Python's Terry Gilliam. Unlock loads of useless (and useful) crap to help in your newfound royal career calling of crap-catcher on a quest to clean up the streets and save the people of Brown Town. Solve the cities plague problem through 14+ unique and amusing levels and meet lots of interesting characters. Try challenge mode and compete on the online leaderboards against other crap catchers. You can even mash buttons to make fart noises and prank your friends and family with the free fart soundboard. How much crap can you handle?
14+ Levels (in both story and challenge mode)
8+ Unlockable Buckets
11+ Unlockable Poo-wer Ups
20+ Unlockable Hats, Costumes, and Accessories
Challenge Mode
Online Leaderboards
Controller Support
Loads of Easter Eggs
Free Fart Soundboard
and more!
Q&A With Lead Developer: Nathan Hicks
Why poop?
- Why not?! Poops Funny! Plus many other devs have said your first game is gonna be "shit." But in all honesty, part of the reason is because I have suffered from Crohn's Disease for over 12 years now and have even had some surgical procedures to correct the issue and, unfortunately, it returned. So poop humor is basically a coping mechanism for me...BUT it is also a universal language. Everybody poops...and if you don't you should probably get that looked at...or if you're like me and go TOO much. If we get greenlit before steam direct takes effect we will also be donating %10 of all steam profits from first 6 months of sales to the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation/CCFA
What engine did you use? Why?
- Clickteam Fusion 2.5 - I have been using clickteam products since I was around 12 years old and is a program I know very well. It also allows us to be able to shave some time off of the programming aspect while still maintaining quality and stability so we can focus more on the design and amount of content we have planned
When can we expect to see this game released? And where?
- Currently we are trying to get onto steam through greenlight (as stated previously) and we are also going to release the game on itch.io and hopefully GOG as well. If all goes well the game shoud be finished and available for purchase sometime during the summer of 2017
How much will the game cost?
- So far we plan on only asking for around$2.00 (US)
Where can we keep up to date with the progress of the game as it's developed?
- Right here on our website or follow and like Apostate Games on Facebook and Twitter or the official Facebook game page. Not to mention the official steam greenlight page where we will be posting updates regularly.
Will there be story mode? -
Absolutely! We already have several unique characters that will be following an overarching story. We are still hammering out some of those details and working on implementing them in cutscenes which we hopefully will be able to show in an update soon.


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Your organization has a lot of expensive equipment—copiers, PCs, and other industry-specific machines. Sooner or later you're going to have to deal with an employee who broke something. Here are some guidelines for your initial response:
Ask the employee how the damage occurred. Meet with him in private and listen quietly as he explains what happened. Then ask questions to make sure you understand completely. Ask who was there when the damage occurred; you may decide to speak with them after this meeting. When these questions are answered, you'll know whether you have a training issue or a discipline issue to deal with.
If the employee broke a rule, explain what it is and what the consequences will be. If the employee didn't break a rule but acted carelessly, you'll need to explore together ways to keep it from happening again. You may decide that a warning is sufficient. If you don't have a clear policy with rules and consequences, you and all the employees concerned should probably meet to hammer one out.


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Filed under: Uncategorized | Tags: deaf education, switched at birth
Okay. I'll go ahead and admit it- I am an absolute sucker for anything relating to teens and coming of age.. my obsession mainly stems from having a over-controlling, bi-polar mother (too long of a story) who wouldn't let me enjoy/experience anything like the teen novels, TV shows, and stories of sleepovers I drooled over. It definitely stems from four and a half years of teaching as well. So when I have a terrible earache, have to work a few hours from home, and Clay has just introduced me to the wonders of NetFlix before leaving the house early on a Saturday morning.. I indulge.
I'd never even heard of the show before, but thought I'd watch a few episodes to get my fix of teen drama. However, as you might have already guessed.. I fell into the trap. The pups were on my lap, the couch was sooo comfy, and the show was.. well, much better than I'd expected. Switched at Birth. To make it super brief, two girls are switched at birth and the show sort of chronicles their journey getting to know each other, as well as shows perspectives from both families, etc. HOWEVER, one of the girls.. is deaf. Her friends are deaf. Her life is centered around.. well, deaf culture. First of all, I don't consider myself close-minded, but I had never even considered, nor heard of the idea of a deaf culture before. I originally majored in Special Education in college before deciding to switch over to English.. so I knew a little, but not nearly as much as I learned. Although, I do know the alphabet and few words.. but I think everyone does! So I guess what made me watch 10 EPISODES this weekend (the whole first season, I know, shut up) is how interesting that culture is to me. How people without hearing deficiencies are referred to as "hearing"… how sign language is literally a language that needs to be learned in order to communicate with a deaf person. Yes, the hearing impaired can manage to read lips.. but the show brought up to the issue of having to convert to OUR spoken language.. when we aren't making nearly as much of a effort to learn theirs. There is also sooo much more technology made to help the deaf than I ever knew about, including cell phones that will have interpreters sign (live) so that you can watch and reply.. which is pretty amazing. And then.. the world inside someone who is deaf.. how sensitive they are to everything visual: light, facial expressions.. I mean.. can you imagine?
I listed to an episode of "This American Life" a while ago that featured a boy who had the cochlear implant and then decided to stop using it because his brain couldn't adjust to all of the noise.. (prologue here). We take for granted a lot of the things we hear everyday.. dogs barking, the AC turning on, a blender, a chirp.. but I guess I'm still curious, I mean, what would it be like to hear nothing? I mean, really.. nothing? I have trouble clearing my mind at times because of my OCD of multi-tasking.. I should be reading, I need to do my laundry, I need to get to the bank before it closes.. so to lose the distraction of noise.. I mean, it just seems pretty incredible. I'm hesitant about even saying that because I am extremely fortunate to be as healthy as I am l and I wouldn't wish the loss of hearing on anyone.. but I mean, really. WOW.
So since I've decided that French isn't in the cards for now (I'm considering applying to grad schools next year in Europe and once I find out where I get in, I'll start the language for that country).. I'm pretty interested in learning about sign language. I'll stick to YouTube and books for now.. but nonetheless I can't stop thinking about how weird.. how utterly strange (and in some ways satisfying) it would be to not be able to hear.


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Our baby boutique features unique kids clothing, toys, and accessories.
Our indoor playground will have your kids jumping for joy.
Red Tricycle readers award winning program.
Our interactive music class for kids - as seen on the Today Show.
New monthly memberships are available at Kidville!
Follow us on Facebook at www.facebook.com/kidvillewellesley!
View recent events and photos on Instagram at www.instagram.com/kidvillewellesley!
Keep up-to-date on what's going on at Kidville Wellesley
Kidville Wellesley owner, Cathy Tai is a native of Alberta, Canada and holds a Doctor of Musical Arts in Violin Performance from Boston University. She saw the opportunity for Kidville as a wonderful place for families to meet, develop community, and grow up together. Cathy lives in Wellesley with her husband, Kuangshin, and two daughters Kimmy & Charlotte.
Mr. Dan, Mr. Ian, Miss Gracie, Mr. Jared, Miss Katie, Miss Jamie, Ms. Sarah, and several others make up Kidville Wellesley's weekday teaching staff. With backgrounds in everything from early childhood education to music performance to theater and more, classes are always a fun and enriching experience for the whole family at Kidville Wellesley!
Featuring 20 original sing along songs from every kids music genre under the sun!View on iTunes


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Troika began as a commercial pottery in March 1963. It was set up by potter Benny Sirota, sculptor Leslie Illsley and architect Jan Thompson.
Over time Troika's work changed from functional craft objects to conceptual stand-alone pieces of sculpture, extending the ideas and practise of sculpture into the medium of clay. The use of clay at Troika meant they, as artists, had access to a medium of creation. By mass producing their output, they were able to allow more people access to the ownership of art objects. A process that is now known as 'the democratisation of art.'
By 1970 the business had outgrown it's humble studio in St Ives and moved to Newlyn in order to continue it's expansion. Troika has had a major impact upon local history both as a creator and as an employer. Troika 63-83 will attempt to highlight the importance of these later years. It was in Newlyn that the highly unique textured range became fully developed and it was here that Troika produced work in such quantity that they were able to become the household name that they are today.
Although it is easy to see Benny and Leslie alone as the force which moulded Troika's journey through two decades, it is important to recognise the others who influenced their history. To see Troika as a group we also need to understand the contributions made by those people who joined the collective; the casters, fettlers, decorators, and those who bought the work they produced. Troika 63-83 intends to highlight this group dynamic and show work produced by many different hands.


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[Detail] Mural of Thomas Jefferson
Lesson Overview
Students examine a letter written by Thomas Jefferson and identify techniques he used to persuade Congress to purchase his personal library. Students consider a selection of Jefferson's books and then write their own persuasive letters urging the books' purchase, while considering the question: "Why would Congress need this book to shape or govern the nation?"
Students will:
- Identify examples of persuasive writing;
- Create a persuasive argument;
- Discuss the role of knowledge and learning in the activities of Congress.
Time Required
- Two classes
Recommended Grade Level
- 9-12
- 6-8
- Government, Law & Politics
- The New Nation, 1783-1815


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We ran into Source Models London and was lucky enough to do a mini interview about using their model and talent agency.
1. Do you only work with certain looks? We are a commercial agency so the answer iis no we have models of all shapes and sizes form different ethnic backgrounds. We tend to steer clear of the fashion and catwalk models and lots of tattoos as we like our models to be versatile and be able to work on different campaigns with different clients.
2. Is there a certain market that's easier to break into? No professionalism in this industry is key as much as it is image driven. As one of the leading London model agencies we expect all our models to be leaders in their field and represent us and our clients to the highest standard. So the answer would be no there is no easy route into becoming a successful model learn your trade and just keep learning hard work will pay off.
3. Any suggestions for the pictures to be submitted? When a new model submits photos to us we want to see that you are versatile and can present different looks for our clients with ease. SO when submitting photos present us with a professional photo reel of different looks showing angels and looks in different style of photos.
4. Can someone get into a movie from your agency? Yes over the last decade we have built up a great reputation in the industry as casting agency in London. We have sourced actors for Movies TV and stage work.
5. Do you help people with career help? We have built our reputation on having the most experienced and professional team of models in London. We have done this by not only booking our team work but also mentoring them through their carrers nto get the best out of them for our clients and to develop them individually.


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In-Home Assistance
Laurel View Village offers in-home Assistance Services to our residents living in the Townhomes, Vista and Cambridge Place apartments.
Our Certified Homecare Services provide help to those who need assistance with everyday tasks like meal preparation, laundry, housekeeping, bathing and personal hygiene, medication reminders, shopping and transportation.
Laurel View Village Homecare staff is specially trained to provide in-home care and friendly companionship. Homecare services are available Monday through Thursday 8 AM to 4 PM. Please contact Ken Karashowsky, RN, our Home Care Administrator to schedule services at (814) 288-2724.
Ready to find out more?
Are you looking for a particular service? Laurel View Village is a full-service Continuing Care Retirement Community. We have what your are looking for.


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Congress Eyes Data Center CoolingBy Jeffrey Burt | Posted 2006-07-17 Print
The environmental protection agency gets in on industry efforts to save energy in the data center.
Congress is turning its attention to power and cooling in the data center, asking the federal Environmental Protection Agency to gather information on the subject.
The House of Representatives on July 12 overwhelmingly passed Resolution 5646, instructing the EPA's Energy Star program to study how much power corporate and federal data centers consume, what the industry is doing to develop energy-efficient servers, and what incentives can be offered to encourage businesses to use these technologies.
The bill, which now goes to the Senate, addresses a growing concern for many businessesthe rapid rise in the costs of powering and cooling data centers. Industry observers say many businesses soon will reach the point where it will cost more to power and cool the data centers than it will to buy the products to put into them.
Several technology vendors applauded the House bill, saying it is a good first step in raising awareness and having the government take a role in addressing the issue. Others are wary of the feds stepping in, concerned that it could lead to unnecessary regulations.
Ken Brill, president of The Uptime Institute, a company with expertise in the design and operation of data centers, said the government's involvement could be helpful up to a point. It can raise awareness among technology workers, many of whom still are unaware of the growing power issues. It also could be beneficial if it resulted in an Energy Star sort of rating, similar to what's used on appliances and PCs, which helps identify energy-efficient machines but lets consumers decide whether to buy those machines.
However, Brill doesn't want to see Congress issuing regulations for how technology is created and data centers are built, particularly for an industry that is beginning to correct itself.
"Standards inevitably slow down the rate of technological change," said Brill, in Santa Fe, N.M. "Right now, you don't need rigidity; you need innovation."
However, one of the bill's sponsors said this is the type of issue that the government needs to get involved in. "There are two things that really drive our economy," said Rep. Anna Eshoo, D-Calif., who co-sponsored the bill with Rep. Mike Rogers, R-Mich. "One is technology, and the other is energy. I think this bill is a good marriage of the two."
Eshoo estimated that U.S. data center operators spend about $3.3 billion on power every year and that she expects that number to increase rapidly. Energy-
efficient servers can save up to 80 percent in electricity and cooling costs, an important factor with the U.S. server market expected to grow from 2.8 million units this year to 4.9 million in 2009, Eshoo said.
Read the full story on eWEEK.com: Congress Eyes Data Center Cooling
IT Solutions Builder TOP IT RESOURCES TO MOVE YOUR BUSINESS FORWARD
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Neymar hailed Barcelona team-mate Lionel Messi's impact against Atletico Madrid, with the Brazil forward claiming "everything is better with him on the pitch".
Messi came off the bench for Barcelona on Saturday, playing just 30 minutes but still producing the winner in the Catalans' 2-1 triumph at the Vicente Calderon.
Neymar, who struck Barca's equaliser with a direct free-kick after Fernando Torres had given Atleti the lead, was full of praise for Messi's impact, with the Argentine forward having missed Friday's training session due to the birth of his second child.
"We got a quick equaliser which was very important," Neymar told Movistar Plus.
"Messi then came on and he always makes the difference. We went on to win the game."
Luis Suarez's deft touch set up Messi's winner in the 77th minute, with the latter lifting his shot over the onrushing Jan Oblak with the outside of his left boot.
Barcelona full-back Sergi Roberto added: "There is nobody like Leo. He's a father again, he could not train with us, but today he decided the game.
"We are proud to have him on the team."
Barcelona lead La Liga with a perfect nine points from three matches having already beaten Athletic Bilbao, Malaga and Atleti this season.
But Neymar was not getting carried away with the Catalan club's title defence despite Barca having maintained their two-point lead over Real Madrid.
"It's too early to talk about but it is true that we have started the league very well," he said.
"We have worked well and we have won three big teams."


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- Home
- Steven A. Camarota
Steven A. Camarota
Director of Research
Dr. Steven Camarota serves as the Director of Research for the Center for Immigration Studies (CIS), a Washington, DC-based research institute that examines the consequences of legal and illegal immigration on the United States. The Center promotes an informed debate on comprehensive immigration reform by providing policymakers, academics, media, and citizens with fact-based information on immigration.
In recent years Dr. Camarota has testified before Congress more than any other non-government expert on the economic and fiscal impact of immigration. In addition, he was the lead researcher on a contract with the Census Bureau examining the quality of immigrant data in the American Community Survey.
Dr. Camarota's research has been featured on the front pages of The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today as well as numerous other media outlets. His academic articles have been published for journals, including the Public Interest and Social Science Quarterly. He has also written general interest pieces for such publications as the Chicago Tribune and National Review. His analysis and commentary are frequently heard on radio and television news programs including CNN, MSNBC, Fox News Channel, NBC Nightly News, and ABC World News Tonight, CBS Evening News, National Public Radio, and NewsHour on PBS.
Dr. Camarota received a master's degree in political science from the University of Pennsylvania and later earned a doctorate degree from the University of Virginia in public policy analysis.
Steven Camarota Discusses Foreign Language Use
Steven Camarota, the Center's Director of Research, discusses his new report on foreign languages spoken by U.S. residents.
65.5 Million U.S. Residents Spoke a Foreign Language at Home in 2016
Number has doubled since 1990 and nearly tripled since 1980
Steven Camarota Discusses Immigrant Population Record
Steven Camarota, the Center's Director of Research, discusses his new report on the immigrant population.
U.S. Immigrant Population Hit Record 43.7 Million in 2016
Overall growth slowed, but Middle Eastern, non-Mexico Latin American, Asian, and sub-Saharan African populations grew substantially
Government Data Shows Enormous Pool of Potential Workers in Texas and Florida for Rebuilding
Steven Camarota Discusses DACA Future
Originally Aired by Fox News on September 3, 2017
Steven A. Camarota, the Center's Director of Research, discusses the future of the DACA program.
Steven Camarota Debates RAISE Act Effects
Aired by MSNBC in July 2017
Steven Camarota, Director of Research at the Center for Immigration Studies, debates the effects of the RAISE Act.


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As someone who's been designing, selling and promoting jewelry for many years, I can safely tell you that succeeding in this business is not easy. It takes a lot of hard work and determination and you will probably need to get over a lot of frustrating moments to get there.
That being said, things are now much easier for beginners than what they used to be before the internet opened countless doors of opportunity for designers. Nowadays, if you play your cards right, your potential clientele is virtually the whole world.
While opportunities abound, it is important to understand how to use them and what you can do to increase your chances of success.
Starting Out
Concentrate on a few things that you excel in and use all available platforms in order to promote them. Even if you are using online shops in order to sell, create and maintain your own website. Although the benefits are mostly psychological, customers feel more comfortable if they know that you have your own online presence.
When you start out, it is worthwhile to sell for a very small profit in order to accumulate positive reviews and build yourself a reputation. The more you sell, the more reviews you get, the more recommendations and repeat customers. Building a successful online business takes a lot of time.
Maintaining Good Communication
When a customer asks a question about one of your products, your reaction time should be lighting fast. If you respond to every inquiry in less than an hour in a constructive and positive way, it will more than double your chances of making a sale. Be sure that you think of a definite policy regarding shipping, shipping to other countries and damages and consider offering discounts for large purchases, combining shipping fees and offering free shipping within the continental US.
Analyzing Sales
It is important to experiment and check what is selling well. If you see some items are not selling, you may want to consider changing pricing or taking then off altogether. As mentioned above, when you start out it is probably best to concentrate on several particular designs and products that you think you excel in and push them hard, using all online platforms, including virtual stores, your own website and social networks.
Don't be afraid to make changes. If you are not selling, it means that you are either not doing things in the right way, or you are not targeting the right potential customers. Don't be afraid to experiment and make changes until you get it just right. If you are creative and persistent, very persistent, there is no doubt that you will make it.
Doron Heifetz is a professional jeweler and the owner of name necklaces websites and other popular jewelry online platforms.
Photo source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/naomi_king/3066846451/


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How could the refs possibly give Odell Beckham Jr. this catch?
Jenkins has totaled three of the team's 13 interceptions (second to Landon Collins and his five picks) but he leads NY with 17 passes defended. The New York Giants offense finally showed signs of life in the team's 17-6 defeat of the NFC North-leading Detroit Lions. Read More


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Morning Dairy Comments, 05/31/2016
Tuesday, May 31, 2016
General Market News
· Chinese stock market flash crash of 12.5% in less than a minute before full recovery http://goo.gl/TnJloF
· Mexico's Grupo Lala expanding in US with purchase of Laguna Dairy http://goo.gl/FlVzfa
· Fed's Bullard says global markets seem well-prepared for summer interest rate hike http://goo.gl/j72wYF
· Millennials think they'll earn six figures by age 30, expect to work until age 90 http://goo.gl/5hkvXy
Class III, Cheese & Dry Whey
Friday's spot cheese session closed with blocks unchanged at $1.38, while barrels were up a penny to $1.44 on 12 trades. Class III and cheese futures had a volatile day with heavy early morning trading that saw some explosive moves higher, before ultimately settling lower after the market viewed the spot session more negatively with plenty of barrels available. The heavy early morning trades in Class III can likely be credited to speculative traders covering short positions. Class III futures posted 1,113 trades, with open interest only increasing by 76 contracts; June open interest declined by 31 contracts on Friday.
Although we ended last week on a lower note, there are a few aspects that may continue to underpin futures. The most recent CFTC's Commitment of Traders report (released every Friday) shows Money Managers were short over 3,500 Class III futures (orange line) as of last Tuesday May 24th.
Compared to markets such as grains or energy, the funds have much less of an impact on the milk markets. It seems that over the past few years a good deal of new speculative money has come in to the arbitrage class III and cheese futures, which means certain speculators care less about price direction and more about the spreads between class III/dry whey and cheese futures. They can't figure out who will do what during the spot call and they don't have to if they're trading the spreads. But it is worth watching the short position on class III since historically the spec spread trade was seen selling cheese futures and buying class III. In other words, as the speculative money has mounted a larger net short-position for class III, the market may still be at risk for additional short-covering if cheese and dry whey continue to edge higher.
We've all seen short-covering rallies. Those typically sharply higher "up" days that are followed rather quickly by calmer heads and a sell-off. But perhaps there is more to the recent strength for cheese. For example, late last week FrieslandCampina announced their intentions to raise their offer prices for cheese from unsustainable low prices. EU co-ops have been less aggressive selling cheese at low prices as they want to avoid milk returns below intervention levels. The firmer EU cheese prices could be supportive to US domestic cheese as the spread has narrowed between the two. Now US cheese export prospects look slightly more attractive as EU and US prices are more in line.
We look for Class III, Cheese and Dry Whey to open mostly steady to higher.
Spot Session Results
Class IV, NFDM & Butter
The spot NFDM market closed up 1 ½ cents on Friday to 79 ½ on 5 trades. Futures firmed up across the board with 70 trades in the books, while open interest increased by 64 contracts indicating new buying and selling in the market. Same with cheese, flat price offers for powder are firming up in the EU, as there is less incentive to aggressively sell with the EU's buying. As for right now the intervention program will face another tender round, with prices expected not to move much from intervention levels. A 3rd round of intervention, this time for 130,000mt is being proposed.
The chart below shows the relationship between CME September NFDM futures vs EEX Sep SMP futures. The chart shows that since March the EEX Sep futures have been slowly adding some risk premium above intervention levels of €1,698/mt. Some of this is due to a weaker dollar over this period, combined with offers becoming less aggressive. The Sep NFDM futures have been range bound from 85 cent support to 95 cent resistance since the beginning of Feb.
Spot butter traded once and settled unchanged at $2.0650, although 4 offers were overhanging the market. Butter futures were mixed across the board as there still seems to be no dominant direction in the market. This is after the entire market completely digested inventory numbers close to 300 mil pounds. It's reported some butter manufactures are actually not concerned with their inventories, and are diligently sticking up for the Q4 demand. Apparently the market is brushing off the fact we are sitting on a bunch of imported fat. In Q1 the US imported approx. 8,000 mt of AMF vs 3,000mt in Q1 2015.
We look for Butter and NFDM to open mixed.
July corn futures on Friday finished up 4 cents firmer. Bull spreading dominated the market again as shorts were pushed out of the spreads. China marketed some corn from their reserves on Friday and only successfully sold 890,000MT of their 2MMT intended offerings. The auction was offered to domestic end users at prices near $5.70/bu which translates to a $3.30 loss to the Chinese government.
A choppy session in beans, with meal in liquidation mode as speculators started taking profits. The USDA announced 110,000mt of new crop bean export sales, and 100,000mt of meal. China continues to actively import beans even with concerning negative crush margins which are in line with 5 yr seasonals, but this the opposite of last yr. China continues to see offers from South America at 25 to 70 cents/bu under US export offers.
As of May 26th, the Argentina soybean harvest is 72% complete vs last year's pace of 90%. Arg producers are still well behind as the rains earlier in the harvest did some damage. The Buenos Aires Grain Exchange estimates the bean crop at 56 million MT.
We look for Corn to open mixed, Soybeans 4-5 higher and Wheat 2-3 lower.
Unless otherwise noted, the posts on this blog should be construed as market commentary, merely observing economic, political and/or market conditions, and not intended to refer to any particular trading strategy, promotional element or quality of service provided by INTL FCStone Inc. or its subsidiaries. INTL FCStone Inc. is not responsible for any trading decisions taken by persons viewing this material. Information contained herein was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but is not guaranteed as to its accuracy. These materials represent the opinions and viewpoints of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the viewpoints and trading strategies employed by INTL FCStone Inc. or its subsidiaries. Reproduction without authorization is prohibited. All rights reserved.


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This was a poster created for the opening of the exhibition Art of Modern Rock: The Poster Explosion at Experience Music Project in 2006. This was an exhibition that I curated with Dennis King, Gabe Kean, and Jacob Covey which originally debuted at Seattle's Bumbershoot Festival in late August 2005. The exhibition was based on a book of the same name edited by Dennis King and Paul Grushkin. More on the exhibition later. The poster was designed by myself, using as the central image the exhibition logo that was created by Jacob Covey (an excellent designer, who just happens to be the art director at Fantagraphics.)
The idea for the poster (and the logo, really) was to try and create some sort of pleasing abstract collage using imagery and striking colors that seems\ to be common in rock posters. The arrows and cloud of the logo combine with the skulls, birds, women, dots and doodles of the background to hopefully form a poster that is evocative of rock posters, without being a cliche. I kind of like it.


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JCSDA Projects
The JCSDA supports scientific development work in priority areas including:
This research is done with proposal-based funds (internal research) as well as with external grants and contracts awarded via a competitive process open to the broader scientific community (external research).
There are also core projects that are not subject to the competitive process but are regulated by an on-going agreement between the funding agency and the project principal investigators (directed research).
In addition, the JCSDA partners conduct their own internal projects and some of them are directly related to the JCSDA activities. These projects are labeled in-kind research projects.
Modified November 8, 2011 3:11 PM
NOAA | NWS | NASA | Navy Weather
Air Force Weather | Website owner: JCSDA
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Accessibility | JCSDA webmaster | Customer Survey
Hosted for JCSDA at STAR


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Alimounda Hotel - Karpathos, Greece
Alimounda Mare is a newly built luxurious 5* hotel with 244 guestrooms and suites located on a quiet cove right on the beach, only a 5 minute walk to the harbor and the center of the town of Pigadia, Karpathos' capital. It´s not just a place for people who love the sun it´s also ideal for visiting some of the beautiful beaches and sites of the island, hiking in the mountains, diving in the crystal clear waters or just enjoying the magnificent sunrise from your balcony only a few meters away from the sea. Creative direction: John Hadjiandreou


text: I grew up with my extended family on a small farm in the suburbs of New York City. While malls and supermarkets developed around us, we heated our house with wood, farmed and canned our food, and bartered the plants we grew for everything from shoes to dental work. But while my family followed many of the principles of the back-to-the-land movement, by the time I was eighteen we owned three tractors, four cars, and five computers. This mixture of the modern world in our otherwise rustic life made me curious to see what a completely self-sufficient way of living might look like


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The High-k Solution
RUNNING OUT OF ATOMS: The transistor's gate oxide thinned with each new technology generation until it reached just 5 atoms (1.2 nm) thick. At that scale, the wave describing the probable location of an electron [red curve, top] is broader than the gate oxide, and the electron can simply appear on the other side of the gate oxide, having tunneled through the insulation. This so-called gate leakage increased 100-fold in the last three generations of transistors. A switch to a new gate oxide, a high- k dielectric, was needed to plug the leak.


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Special Events
Give Cancer the Boot Survivorship 5K Run/Walk The UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center will hold the 2019 Give Cancer the Boot Survivorship 5K Run/Walk on Saturday, April 6, 2018. This annual event's purpose is to celebrate cancer survivors and to raise awareness about cancer survivorship. The race illustrates that today's cancer survivors continue to increase in number with better quality of life than ever before.
The San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium is presented by the UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, the American Association for Cancer Research and Baylor College of Medicine. We work to advance progress against breast cancer. This annual symposium presents essential information for doctors and patients, combined with engrossing discussion for basic, translational and clinical cancer research professionals.
The UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center Symposium is presented by the UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, supported by an NCI Cancer Center Support Grant. The symposium is for member cancer researchers (both associate and full) and interested predoctoral and postdoctoral students. Abstract submissions can be completed through our online submission system.
The Practical Applications of New Agents in Oncology Conference educates healthcare professionals about newly available agents in oncology. The conference offers information on new immunotherapies and a discussion of new clinical studies for anticancer agents. Several world-renowned and local speakers discuss how to incorporate these agents into standard clinical practice, providing guidance to the front-line clinicians, nurses and pharmacists regarding current or projected appropriate use of these therapeutics.


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the challenge
Stella and Aging 2.0 Minneapolis are excited to co-host a startup challenge focused on the aging market within healthcare. The Aging Startup Challenge is for companies who are developing interesting solutions, products, or services for the aging population and ecosystem. The live pitch event, on February 15th, will feature a panel of industry expert judges and a chance at $25,000 in grand prize money for the winning startup.
Thanks to our sponsor Blue cross blue shield of minnesota, we will be live streaming the event on their social pages: Twitter and Facebook Live
Thanks to the finalists and everyone who submitted their application, we were blown away by the quality and number of applicants focused on the aging space!


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War is the province of danger.
I'm not a big sports fan but I love it when they 'slam dunk.' That's sexy.
Be sweet be good and honest always.
I think the way to keep a friendship is to respect that everybody is different.
My family brought me up to be very respectful of people.
We're all doing different things and some of the girls are mums so...


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Limeade Eddy Camelbak Drink Bottle 600ml Details
With its clever integrated straw and sipping spout, the leakproof Camelbak 600ml drink bottle is beautiful and bright in Limeade green. Easy for kids to use, lightweight and with a little carry handle, this drink bottle is still large enough to hold a generous 600ml of liquid. With a wide mouthed lid and easy to clean parts, you will love finally having a spill proof bottle you can pop in a bag or car without fear of it leaking everywhere… yes we've all had those moments! Completely 100% BPA free you can know that you or your child is safe from any harmful chemicals.
Height: 22.5cm
CamelBak® Got Your Bak™ Guarantee: If we built it, we'll Bak it™ with our lifetime guarantee.
Cleaning your insulated Camelbak Eddy:
The eddy Insulated bottle can be easily cleaned with a bottle brush using warm water and mild soap.
Cleaning the lid:
The bite valve, straw and lid can be cleaned in the top rack of the dishwasher or by hand with warm, soapy water. Pull off the bite valve and straw from the cap. If you like to use a bottle brush, we don't recommend forcing a brush through the Bite Valve slit. If you have the brush kit, run the small brush through the straw.
For a deeper cleaning, add a drop of mild soap or tablespoon of bleach to a clean glass jar filled with water. Drop the bite valve, straw and cap into the solution, and tightly close the jar's lid. Shake the mixture around for 30 seconds, and then let the parts soak for about 15 minutes. Rinse and shake dry.
To re-assemble the lid:
Flip the stem collar (the component the bite valve attached to originally) to the open position. Rotate the bite valve so the finger tab points towards the front of the cap. Push the bite valve firmly onto the stem collar.
Press the straw back into place on the bottom of the lid. Ensure the straw covers the notches completely.
Shipping Policy
Postage & Handling - Australia wide
We have a convenient Postage & Handling rate of $9.95* Australia-wide (regular post). We are avid online shoppers ourselves and love it when the shipping policy is clear and known right from the begining. Our postage and handling rate means that no matter what you purchase you won't pay any more the $9.95* within Australia. How cool is that?!
*Some items are quite heavy and therefore weigh more and need to be sent and packaged differently. Mr Postman requires a different service for this and on some products there is a $10 surcharge. If one of our fabulous products falls into this category, it will be noted on the product page. There are absolutely no hidden, sneeky squeeky annoying surprises at the checkout.
Most products ship within 2-3 working days unless otherwise stated on their respective product pages.
We like to know that your order has a safe place to be delivered to. Please supply a delivery address where someone is available to receive the goods, it can be home or work. If no-one is available goods will be left at the door. Kids On Abington takes no responsibility for products left unattended.
99% of our orders are delivered via a courier. Please make sure you provide an address it can be delivered to. Please email us if you have any special delivery requirements.
International Shipping
If you live overseas and would love to purchase one of our fabulous products, we are more than happy to assist you. Please contact us for postage costs and we will organise everything for you. The website is only setup for postage within Australia. We will email you an invoice with your chosen gorgeous products + postage and you will be able pay via Paypal. See, it's that easy! All taxes and customs fees and any other fees incurred by importing to your country are to be paid by you the buyer. Please check your local importing regulations before purchasing. Kids On Abington is not held liable for any fees incurred along the way.
Downloadable Products
All downloadable files are in .PDF format. By purchasing one of our downloadable products you understand that no printed items will be posted to you.
For more information click here.
Returns Policy
At Kids On Abington, every order is double checked before dispatch. If for some reason you are not entirely happy with your purchase, it can be returned for a refund or exchange. The goods must be in their original condition and packaging/tags still intact and attached. The refund will be minus the postage and handling charges & the buyer pays for the return postage. At Kids On Abington we want you to be 100% satisfied with your purchase and we will do everything we can to ensure it, however, refunds and exchanges are always at our discretion.


text: I loved the original Project Cars game as it was a graphical tour de force and was featured in [H]ardocp graphics reviews. Nvidia released this new game play clip of PC 4K 60fps Ultra on a GeForce GTX 1080. Since the GeForce GTX 1080 Ti is coming soon, I'd love to see how it handles the game as it is estimated to have 35% more power than the regular GTX 1080. The game has an release date estimate of "late 2017", but we all know how release dates change when developers polish a game. You can read more about the development of the game on the official website.


text: I've wanted to write this blog for about a year. I've been trying to come up with the right word. That's what's been slowing me down. After all that I went through from 2014-2017 (which I'm now coining "The Business") I've been lacking the right…word…for what it is I'm doing with myself now after such extreme change.


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Intentionally lost in translation: Your birthday curses (Non-real, people who don't read that this will be screwed!)
1st Individualist, selfish. Stupid enough to accept being ripoff by everyone, as a result - being admired by everyone.
2nd Real softies. Always want peace even they are dead. Overly romantic. Prone to feel doomed when bitched.
3rd Artistic and random personality, but it is everyone who'd like to ****
4th Too serious, too down to Earth. Unadjustable. Very dumb.
5th These brains are fast and versatile. Because the brain is the biggest sex organ of the entire body, they are pretty fast and versatile too. These lovers need a lot of stimulations at all times, and do not like to be NOT stimulated.
6th Warm and soft again. Their chests are airports, and very friendly. They always say cheesy stuff to everyone that they can think of.
7th Hypersensitive, hypertension. Do not want to be stimulated, as opposed to people who were born on the 5th. Vulnerable to porn as they are too sensitive and un-coordinated. Favorable to asylums and prisons.
8th Once they are determined on a thing, they will do it all they can. A lot of stupid friends and sexy enemies.
9th Loves doggy styles whenever they swim on the bed or the swimming pool. Love everyone. Promiscuous. Easily to be manipulated by anyone and any environment. One word: Promiscuous.
10th Strong will power, and desires. Individual sexual predator. Beware of them, they can pimp everyone out one by one if they want to: They will insist until they are not a loser.
11th Romantic and possesses dysfunctional personality. Idealistic and enjoy working until the end of their life.
12th Elegant and petty. Scholastically impaired. Toilet trained. Entitled to physical slavery.
13th Too calm, too silent. Honest. Trusted Satanic person for many people. Usually the first observing the devil.
14th Clear brain. Sexually curious. Wants pleasure and loves being impulsive. They pimp people good because they have good luck, and they seldom fail.
15th Strong willed person. Stubbornly insisting that they are slave of KKK. Love to patronize people.
16th Smart but stupid in a long run. Unaffected to emotions, but just pimping with their own reasonings. They cook with their special set of bizarre seasonings too! Very dumb. Yes, dumb!
17th Subjective and friendly. Not a coward. Guys/Girls next door. Resident bad ass.
18th Extremist. Either they are the minions of the Nazi Hilter, or they are loved to be owned.
19th Have good imagination, ass-flavored temper, and with ass-flavored talent. Loser.
20th Peace and Lovers in general. Cherry flavored temper - having the most girly temper that you can think of and may be beyond. Waywardly coward. Very often they make some defense mistakes so people would love to hit them in the groin. And they are crying about it, and no one cares.
21st Very happy and active. They want to build an utopia without sex in this imperfect world.
22nd Darn serious. If they can't go serious, they will just darn it. If they darn it with their spouse everyday, they will have a great business with the Bush and the like.
23rd Challenge everything, including compare career, sex (in particular sex performance), body parts, money and religion. Love new things (some peculiar toys) and short tempered.
24th Love sex. Crazy. When their fellows have blue balls, they will always give a helping hand.
25th Love freedom and have curiosity on everything. They are massively produced short-sighted morons.
26th Can deal with great stress and pressure, including sex. Very practical about how to teach a baby to have sex.
27th Be his/her own bitch. Emotional, and very emo. Very versatile with oppose gender, his/her own gender, and other kinds of genders like dead objects. A successful untreated TMS (Traumatic masturbatory syndrome) patient.
28th Very tough on everything including the bed. He/she loves to fight through everything such as and especially "the blockage". Females who are born this day are thought to be lesbians, tomboys or interested in female domination.
29th Life is like a vi, if you can reach there with your dumb luck, everything and everyone will be pleased by you. Sometimes these people are very successful emo.
30th Talented with writing erotic materials. These people can be found as reporters in adult magazines. However, they are irresponsible and unclear especially on sex issues. Beware of them.
31st Stubborn personality implies being stubborn on the bed. They usually admit that they have partners that they can torture all day long. They do believe in themselves very much even their partners are already begging.
1號 獨立精神的野心家。因為包容心強又喜歡照顧別人,身邊會圍繞許多仰慕者。
2號 性格溫柔,喜愛和平,是個感情豐富的浪漫主義者。缺點是容易為一點小事就受傷害。
3號 洋溢藝術天分,雖然性情令人捉摸不定,但是基本上還是屬於受歡迎的一型。
4號 嚴謹認真,凡事都會腳踏實地努力耕耘。不過自我意識頗強烈,不善於和他人協調。
5號 腦筋動得很快,擁有適應變化的能力。喜歡追求刺激,較難安於現狀。
6號 個性溫和而且穩重。最大的特色就是不論對任何人,都可以表現得既親切又寬大。
7號 感受力敏銳,非常懂得察言觀色。不過缺乏和周圍協調的能力,注意不要變得太自我中心。
9號 善解人意,又富有博愛精神。容易感情用事,也容易受到環境左右。
10號 意志力旺盛,不服輸,獨立心也十分旺盛。需注意不要流於莽撞行事。
11號 性格浪漫又多愁善感,是個肯努力的理想主義者,能夠盡情享受豐富的人生。
12號 具有華麗高貴的氣質,對各種事物都抱有興趣,常識豐富,教養良好。
13號 個性冷靜謹慎,即使再細微的細節也能注意到。再加上本性誠實,能得到許多人的信賴。
14號 頭腦清楚,好奇心旺盛,樂於追求快感,又行事衝動;不可思議的是運氣總是很好,很少失敗。
15號 意志力很強,立定目標後無論遇上任何挫折,都會排除萬難達成。通常都很喜歡照顧別人。
16號 聰明,做事情有條理,不輕易受別人影響,做什麼都有自己的一套。
17號 平常看起來溫和體貼,其實主觀很強,有時候會出現大膽行動,讓身邊的! 人大吃一驚。
18號 性格非常極端,不是意志堅定勇往直前;就是感情用事隨波逐流。
19號 想像力豐富,有個性又有才華。不過自尊心很強,而且有好強不服輸的傾向。
20號 是個性喜和平的浪漫主義者。脾氣雖然不錯,但如太過任性,將會遇上意想不到的挫折。
21號 開朗快活,充滿活力,到哪裡都很有人緣,是凡事都往好處想的樂天主義者。
22號 認真而且責任感很強,只要不剛愎自用,做生意成功的機率很大。
23號 挑戰心旺盛,學什麼都能很快上手。問題是喜新厭舊,而且欠缺耐性。
24號 擁有敦厚慈愛的人品,所以即使個性神經質,遇到低潮時,身邊的人都願意伸出援手。
25號 看事情不求深入,隨著好奇心行動,到處累積經驗。個性獨立。熱愛自由。
26號 耐壓力特強,即使肩頭責任重大,也能夠處理得穩穩當當,是個實行主義者。
27號 有個性,感情也豐富。擁有應付各種狀況的機智,若能掌握時機,成為成功人士的機會很大。
28號 韌性很強,擁有戰勝困難的力量。這天出生的女性,常給人一種妖豔的印象。
29號 人生的道路似乎波折不斷,容易感情用事不過運氣和生命力都很強,必定能夠成功,獲得幸福。
30號 擁有語言文筆藝術等天分。缺點是容易沈浸於逸樂,而缺乏責任感。


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Serves 2
Roasted Beet Tzatziki Salad
- 1 cup Beet Tzatziki (see below)
- 2 hard-boiled eggs, peeled and quartered
- 1 yellow heirloom tomato, finely diced
- 1 Persian (mini) cucumber, finely diced
- ½ teaspoon red chile flakes
- 2 radishes, sliced into very thin rounds
- 1 teaspoon poppy seeds
- 1 cup equal parts torn fresh flat-leaf parsley leaves, dill fronds, and mint leaves, plus extra for garnish
- 2 tablespoons buttermilk
- Sea salt
- 1 cup Pickled Beets; reserve a little liquid for garnish (page 223)
- Pinch of ground sumac, for garnish
- Extra-virgin olive oil, for garnish
Beet Tzatziki (makes 2¼ cups)
- 1 cup labneh
- 1 cup grated beets (use those roasted for Pickled Beets [page 223])
- ¼ cup peeled, seeded, and minced Persian (mini) cucumber
- 1 garlic clove, finely grated
- ¼ cup chopped fresh dill
- 6 leaves fresh mint, chopped
- 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice
- 1 teaspoon sea salt
- 1 teaspoon freshly cracked black pepper
The Prep
- Spread the tzatziki on two serving plates and top with the eggs.
- In a medium bowl, combine the tomato, cucumber, chile flakes, radishes, poppy seeds, fresh herbs, and buttermilk. Season with a little sea salt.
- Broil or sauté the pickled beets to slightly caramelize and blister the outer surface.
- Top the eggs with the cucumber-tomato salad and the hot beets. Garnish with more herbs, a pinch of sumac, a little olive oil, and the pickling liquid from the beets.


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Bomberman Mini-Game is a new map that has a bit of a twist to it. This map was created by Herobrineskull, which he says was inspired by a similar map for Minecraft computer versions by FVDisco.
In order to play this game, you must have the PocketPower mod for MCPE installed. If you do not have this mod installed, the map will not function properly, and the essential game play will be ruined.
If you like this map, please be sure to leave a comment down below telling us! Don't forget to subscribe to Herobrineskull on YouTube, and follow him on Twitter as well!


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[ Tcllib Table Of Contents | Tcllib Index ]
transfer::data::source(n) 0.2 "Data transfer facilities"
transfer::data::source - Data source
Table Of Contents
- package require Tcl 8.4
- package require snit ?1.0?
- package require transfer::copy ?0.2?
- package require transfer::data::source ?0.2?
This package provides objects mainly describing the origin of some data to transfer. They are also able to initiate transfers of the described information to a channel using the foundation package transfer::copy.
Package commands
- transfer::data::source objectName ?options...?
This command creates a new data source object with an associated Tcl command whose name is objectName. This object command is explained in full detail in the sections Object command and Object methods. The set of supported options is explained in section Options.
The object command will be created under the current namespace if the objectName is not fully qualified, and in the specified namespace otherwise. The fully qualified name of the object command is returned as the result of the command.
Object command
All objects created by the ::transfer::data::source command have the following general form:
- objectName method ?arg arg ...?
The method method and its arg'uments determine the exact behavior of the command. See section Object methods for the detailed specifications.
Object methods
- objectName destroy
This method destroys the object. Doing so while a transfer initiated by the object is active is safe as all data required for the transfer itself was copied, and the completion of the transfer will not try to access the initiating object anymore. i.e. the transfer is completely separate from the source object itself.
- objectName type
This method returns a string describing the type of the data the object is refering to. The possible values and their meanings are:
- undefined
No data was specified at all, or it was specified incompletely. The object does not know the type.
- string
The data to transfer is contained in a string.
- channel
The data to transfer is contained in a channel.
- objectName data
This method returns a value depending on the type of the data the object refers to, through which the data can be accessed. The method throws an error if the type is undefined. For type string the returned result is the data itself, whereas for type channel the returned result is the handle of the channel containing the data.
- objectName size
This method returns a value depending on the type of the data the object refers to, the size of the data. The method throws an error if the type is undefined. Return of a negative value signals that the object is unable to determine an absolute size upfront (like for data in a channel).
- objectName valid msgvar
This method checks the configuration of the object for validity. It returns a boolean flag as result, whose value is True if the object is valid, and False otherwise. In the latter case the variable whose name is stored in msgvar is set to an error message describing the problem found with the configuration. Otherwise this variable is not touched.
- objectName transmit channel blocksize done
This method initiates a transfer of the referenced data to the specified channel. When the transfer completes the command prefix done is invoked, per the rules for the option -command of command transfer::copy::do in the package transfer::copy. The blocksize specifies the size of the chunks to transfer in one go. See the option -blocksize of command transfer::copy::do in the package transfer::copy.
All data sources support the options listed below. It should be noted that the first four options are semi-exclusive, each specifying a different type of data source and associated content. If these options are specified more than once then the last option specified is used to actually configure the object.
Bugs, Ideas, Feedback
This document, and the package it describes, will undoubtedly contain bugs and other problems. Please report such in the category transfer of the Tcllib Trackers. Please also report any ideas for enhancements you may have for either package and/or documentation.
Transfer module
Copyright © 2006-2009 Andreas Kupries <email@example.com>