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Information For
ABCD Institute > Institute Fellows > April Osburn
April OsburnMount Pleasant, MI2017 Fellow
April Osburn is the Program Coordinator for the Mid Central Area
Health Education Center, housed within the Central Michigan
University College of Medicine. Her primary responsibilities are to
participate in the planning, development and implementation of
continuing education programs offered regionally and
statewide. She focuses on identifying and developing programs to
meet the educational needs of the healthcare professionals working
in the rural and medically underserved communities. April is a
graduate of Ferris State University with a Bachelor of Science
degree in Public Administration with a focus on Economics. April is
currently pursuing a Master of Science in Administration with a
focus on Health Care Administration.
Prior to working at CMU, she was Vice President of Membership &
Programs at the Mt. Pleasant Area Chamber of Commerce. While
at the chamber of commerce she focused on membership
recruitment and retention, fund development, budget oversight, non-
profit management, program development, public relations,
committee oversight, community relations and data analysis. She is
also a board member at Woodland Hospice and Morey
Bereavement Center.
Irwin W. Steans Center
2233 North Kenmore Avenue
Chicago, IL 60614
(773) 325-8344
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Full guidance aimed at clarifying what factors might mitigate against someone being prosecuted for helping another person to die is due to be released today.
The PM is known to be against assisted suicide, and in an impassioned article in The Telegraph yesterday, he warned of the risk that legalising assisted suicide would pose for 'the weak and vulnerable in society, especially me'.
However, his position has been undermined by members of the Parliamentary Labour Party, who have pointed out that if assisting those in a terminal state to end their lives were legal, they could do what was needed to do and smother the embattled PM with a pillow. One source said, "In the case of someone who has no dignity, it should be right to end this terminal decline and rase the pain he's causing us and the country. We need clarification and confirmation on what is right, and what we can get away with. We can see that he has reached the end of his useful life, and it would be best if we can just do the deed and not face any comeback. It would be a mercy for him, and for all of us."
Rumours that senior backbenchers have clubbed together to buy Brown a one-way ticket to Switzerland remain unconfirmed.
The suggested action by the backbenchers has been condemned by Keir Starmer, the Director Of Public Prosecutions, who pointed out, "while I can think of nobody more deserving, much as they might wish to, ending the terminal decline of Gordon Brown would still be prosecutable. While their case could be mitigated by acting out of compassion, an additional element is that the assister must be a close friend - and Gordon doesn't have any of those.
"That said, I doubt we'd find a jury in the land who'd convict."

subset: commoncrawl


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Adapted from Florentine: The true cuisine of Florence by Emiko Davies
Back in May, Dono and I traveled to Florence and we took a cooking class where we made a 3 course meal, one of them including a simple tomato sauce over tagliatelle pasta. Incredibly, it was one of our best meal in Europe! Unfortunately, the recipe booklet they gave us did not exactly match the sauce we made, so I have been unsuccessfully trying to recreate that sauce.
I was craving a good, simple tomato sauce to go with my pasta. While shopping around the Market Hall in Rockridge, Oakland, I noticed a book that was titled "Florentine" by Emiko Davies while waiting for my cut-prosciutto order. Flipping through it, I found a simple recipe for tomato sauce! Did it taste good? I had to buy the book to try it out. When I finally cooked it, it tasted great! Highly recommend you to check out her book!
However, there were some tweaks that I had made to the recipe to better suit Dono's taste. We both are a huge fan of flavors, especially garlic. So I added 4 times the amount. I also added half of a shallot to add a more fragrant onion flavor. As for the tomatoes, I always tried to use fresh tomatoes as we always have plenty growing the in garden during the summer. However, I noticed that Emiko uses canned tomatoes. For one, it really cuts down the cooking time because you're cutting down time for the sauce to reduce and thicken. So, I decided to follow suit with a 28 oz canned whole-peeled tomatoes. Why whole? I like to control the texture of my sauce with my immersion blender. For tomato soup, I like to have it runny smooth while for tomato sauce, I like it a bit more pulpy. Also, in the interest of washing fewer dishes, I did everything in one pot.
This sauce is one that tastes a whole lot better the morning after. And it freezes well, so make a big batch for a time-saving meal. Slap it on some pasta or do what I did and buy cheese tortellini from Costco and slap this sauce onto there for a quick meal. It's good with almost anything!
1 onion, diced
1/2 shallot, diced
2 tbsp extra virgin olive oil
4 clove of garlic, minced
10 basil leaves
28 oz canned whole-peeled tomatoes
28 oz water (yes, use the same can to measure!)
Salt and Pepper
Heat heavy pot with oil over medium heat. Add the onion and shallot into the pot and saute until softened (about 10 mins). Okay to put onion and shallot into pot before oil warms. Add a small pinch of salt.
While the onions are cooking, take an immersion blender and blend the tomatoes to the consistency of your liking, either pulpy or runny smooth. Set aside.
As the onion softens, add the garlic and cook for a couple of minutes more until the garlic becomes fragrant (do not let it brown/burn). Add the basil and stir for about 30 seconds until you can smell the basil aroma.
Pour the tomatoes and the water into a pot with a pinch of salt (be sure to taste) and heat mixture over medium-high heat until it begins to simmer.
Once the sauce begins to simmer, turn it down to a low simmer, uncovered and stirring occasionally, for about 1 hour until it has thickened to your preferred consistency. Salt and pepper to taste.


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The beta will last for five days and can be accessed by pre-ordering.
Posted By Ravi Sinha | On 10th, Jan. 2018 Under News
Rare's Sea of Thieves will start its closed beta on January 24th at 4 AM PT and it will be available until January 29th, 12 AM PT. If you took part in the Insider Program prior to December 1st 2017 or pre-ordered the game, then you'll receive access.
Not much information was provided about the beta's content but Rare did note that it offers a "a true taste of the pirate life." Those pre-ordering digitally will see the beta appear in their Xbox One library 24 hours prior to its start. Physical retail pre-orders will need to redeem a code that came with the Black Dog cosmetic pack, after which the beta will appear a day prior to its start. Installation size for the beta has not been confirmed.
Sea of Thieves launches in full on March 20th for Xbox One and Windows 10 PCs. If you pick up the themed Xbox One controller on February 6th, you'll access the Ferryman Clothing Set and receive a 14 day free trial of Xbox Live Gold and Xbox Game Pass. Check here for more details.
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It's my order from Wool Needle Work that I placed on my birthday. I was expecting my order from Knit Picks to arrive first, but the Noro arrived ahead of the game. Also included was four little samples of different yarns they offer and some simple scarf patterns (on one sheet) for differnt types of "yarn"...I only looked over that quickly and it seemed that it was for novely type yarns, but I'm sure the patterns would be fine for regular yarn.
The pictures aren't all that great, but it was dark out when I got home from Kids ROCK, our midweek kids program at church (that I help with). I had to rush to eat supper and head down, so I didn't get the chance to take any pictures before leaving.
The pic on the left was taken without a flash so it looks darker than the colours, and the picture below on the right was taken with the flash and looks a LOT brighter than the actual colours. I guess the first picture looks to be the closest to the true colours. BTW, the colourway is 165.
Now...to figure out what I will make with it. I had thought I had seen on various knitting blogs that people had used it to make socks with, but maybe I am thinking of something else, because this yarn seems thicker than sock yarn.
So...what do I make? I'd love to hear your suggestions as to patterns. I'm thinking, since I only got 2 skeins that if you guys don't recommend socks, then I will probably make a scarf with it, something to keep for myself. I don't wear hats because my hair is fine and gets extremely staticky (or however you spell it) in the winter, otherwise I would knit myself a hat with it. Let me know (in the comments) what you think I should make and what patterns would work well with the Noro. I've never used this yarn and I'm looking forward to trying it!


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by cricketjeff on November 16, 2009. © Jeff Green, All rights reserved
At the hands of a Nosy old friend;
He found Waterloo
Was a bit of a do,
He ought to have been in Ostend!
When Wellington went into battle
He treated his soldiers like cattle
But while he kept winning
The soldiers kept grinning,
If nothing can puzzle you, that'll!
When Blücher arrived on the scene
French Boney was turning quite green;
His old soldier's wiles
Fell victim to piles,
And longing to see Josephine!
So now we don't all speak in French,
The Empire collapsed in a stench
King Louis returned
To his riches, unearned.
Napoleon's back on the bench!
Saint Helena's right out at sea,
So no-one could set Boney free.
He died in his bed,
Not punctured by lead,
An outcome he didn't foresee!
Soon Nosy became the PM,
A fighter for "Us" against "Them"
And even his story
Did not end in glory
But is it my place to condemn?
Von Blücher was old when they fought,
He'd always seen warfare as sport.
Retired to Prussia,
Got dug up by Russia,
We all of us end up as nought.
And now it's the end of my writing,
A story of fussing and fighting.
Real wars aren't so funny,
Their outcome's not sunny,
But poetry's not as exciting!
Author notes
Nosy was what the British soldiers called Wellington while Boney was their name for Bonaparte.
Bonaparte was exclied by the British (to whom he surrendered to avoid the guillotine) to Saint Helena where he seems to have died of Arsenic poisoning caused by the damn air getting to the dyes in the wallpaper in his bedroom.
Wellington became a Tory Prime Minister, a rather hard line one.
There was a dance the night before the battle for the allied high rankers and wives etc. in Ostend.
von Blücher's tomb in East Prussia (now Poland) was dug up by Russian soldiers at the end of WW2 his skull being used as a football.
I know St Helena is usually pronounced "sent hell EE na" but just for this poem please excuse the alternate " sent HELL en er".


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It was another busy but fun week filled with family time and parties. Here are some of my snapshots:
TOP - Outfit Snapshot: J. Crew top, Gap pants, Cole Haan shoes {similar}, Kingsley enjoying a smoothie at the mall; MIDDLE - Kingsley at school painting, my Dad's lobster risotto, Kingsley decorating a gingerbread cookie; BOTTOM - Mia & Alexa celebrated their 2nd birthday's with Cookies with Santa. It was such a fun party!
It was the High Road holiday party on Thursday night and it was another crazy party! This is a compilation of some of my favourite snapshots from the night (yes, AJ does a mean air guitar and it looks like red lips are the popular lipstick choice this year. I'm happy I forced myself to go bold ;-).


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May 23
Search University
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Doing a Marketing Plan
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Even though many people do not use it, Marketing has become an essential part of any business operations. More than get advantages to the marketing place, it defines if your business will be successful or not. There are also many strategies and techniques that are used to understand how to apply in order to get results.
To be successful and achieve all your goals, a Marketing Plan must include your strategies and objectives, also remember think about the four P's of Marketing: Product – Price – Place – Promotion.
Targeting the market:
Distinguish, determine and describe your possible customers by profession/career, age, income/educational levels, sex, and residence. Find out, better than any, what your client's likes and dislikes are, as same as their expectations, needs, requirements, etc.
Then, limited to your more likely clients who would be interested in your product. Finally, according to growth of your business, you will have to change and expand your Marketing Plan, including some other new customers.
Determining Competition:
In the industry there are two kinds of competitors: Direct competitors - Indirect competitors. First at all, your job is to identify these two competitors, their strengths and weakness; write them down in a file joined with their advertising, promotional materials and pricing strategies. Finally, check these files regularly evaluating the frequency of their advertisements, sponsor promotions and offer sales.
Developing the budget:
Whatever you decide to do you will need to have money, so make a budget of all your future investments, such as advertising, promotion, media and data collection, etc., all that you are going to use and need. Then, find the way out to get all those money that will be allocated for your marketing plan.
Describe the benefits of your products according to the view of your customers. Focus on them and its special features. Always remember to keep on mind what your customers are looking for and what their requirements are; you will see that your anticipation is going to be helpful in order to give your customers satisfaction.
According to the perspective of your customers, determine and describe your business location. Take special focus in its assets, access, safety parking, decoration, etc. Remember to always bring satisfaction to your customers.
Even though pricing strategy is based on the pricing strategy of the competitors, you should consider the strategy devised by others. In this way, you will be able to make a better determination of your prices according to the industry averages.
The best advice to success is determining a well-planned strategy, which must be in constant monitoring to ensure your profits.
Promotion is one of the most important parts of your Marketing Plan. So here, you must develop a promotional strategy, identifying the most effectively media that promote your business. The key is to focus on developing material that distinct location and price.
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Sheromyli Villa No. 1
Beach villa with 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms and private pool in Pissouri, Cyprus
From £732 per week
Villa to rent in Pissouri, Cyprus
Sheromyli No. 1 . Large villa with private pool 4m. x 9m.
May be the most luxurious 3 bedroom Villa in Pissouri Bay. Stunning newly built detached offering comfort and relaxation with Private S
Share this holiday home
Villa overview - owner's description
Pissouri Area: Pissouri Village is one of the most attractive, friendly villages in south-west Cyprus. It is situated in the principal vine growing area with sultana grape vines covering the surrounding countryside. It's situated just off the main Paphos to Limassol road. It has a unique and attractive character loved by all visitors. Visitors can find almost anything they need in the village. In the centre of the village you will find the village square. It's perfect for a lunch time snack, a gourmet meal or a huge traditional meze . Pissouri Bay is a beautiful blue flag beach a few minutes away from the villa and there you will find plenty of water sports available, some paragliding for those a bit more daring wind and kite surfing lessons available daily. Pissouri Bay offers a varied range of good value restaurants and bars to help you enjoy the night life and once a week you can enjoy the local culture at the Cyprus night.
How to get there: All major airlines fly into the Cyprus airports of Larnaca and Paphos from every part of the UK and Europe. Pafos Airport is only 20 min drive with low cost carriers flying in from the UK on a daily basis. Larnaka International Airport is only 1hr away and there is flight access from a multitude of major European hubs as well as several low cost carriers. There are several car hire companies at the airport which are open 24hrs. Also there are always local taxis available.
Details of the 3 Bathrooms: One ensuite shower room, One main bathroom , One guest W.C.
1 other review
"Simply wonderful!" "Lovely, clean, spacious villa. Well kept and the garden and pool area is wonderful. The pool is great and our 4yr old loved it. Pissouri bay, (for the beach) is a min 5 min drive away. To the centre of Pissouri village is about a 5 to 8 min walk (up a hill) but great on the way back! The village is adorable and has a great local feel, lots of bars and great restaurants. Villa owning company also has a great restaurant in the village. We loved every second of our holiday and will be going back to Pissouri bay and to the Vineland Villas. You will need to hire a car if self catering as the supermarket, (5min drive) is not in walking distance, (take shortcut thru the village rather than drive around estates). " Gill
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Outside this villa in Pissouri, CyprusThis villa is in a village and in a quiet area near the beach. It has a pool, a balcony, a barbecue, a garage and outside lighting. Car hire is recommended as the villa is less than a 15 minute walk to at least a couple of shops, bars and restaurants; however parking is not available.
Prices and availability
Updated 24 May 2019
- Unavailable
- Your booking
- Available start/end date
Select your travel dates on the calendar
Changeover days and minimum stays
- 24 May 2019 - 28 February 2020: the minimum stay is 7 nights.
- 1 March 2020 - 31 May 2022: the minimum stay is 7 nights.
3 bedrooms, Sleeps 6:
- 1 double bed and en suite
- 2 single beds
- 2 single beds
There is also 1 cot
2 bathrooms including 1 en suite, 1 Separate WC
Swimming pool
Private pool
CD player, Internet / WiFi, Radio, TV Languages in English, Local, Satellite / cable
Living area seats 6, Dining area seats 6, Air conditioning, Hair dryer, Iron / board, Towels / linen, Washing machine, Car hire recommended
Cooker, Crockery, Cutlery, Dishwasher, Fridge, Freezer, Glassware, Kettle, Microwave, Oven, Pots / pans, Toaster
Balcony or terrace, Barbecue, Garage, Outside lighting, Private garden, Sea view
Suitable for
Children, Infants, Single gender groups
Agency From Lemessos, Cyprus Member since Jan 2009
Past bookings: 26 bookings
Response rate: 86%
Response time: within 1 hour
Last seen: 3 hours ago
Number of properties: 17


text: February 16, 2019 No Comments FREE Sweet Tooth All Natural Gummies Sample Fill out the form to get a FREE sample of Sweet Tooth All Natural Gummies. FREE Sweet Tooth All Natural Gummies Sample facebook twitter pinterest Recent Posts FREE Breylee Acne Treatment Serum Sample5 FREE Disney Movie Rewards PointsFREE Run GumFREE Book for Amazon Summer Reading ChallengeFREE Subscription to Runner's World MagazineFREE Vichy Aqualia Rich Moisturizer SampleFREE Elemis Superfood Berry Boost Mask SampleFREE HyFlex Work Gloves SampleFREE Clinere Earwax Cleaners SampleFREE Dolce&Gabbana Light Blue Fragrance Sample Love Freebies? Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Google +, Pinterest and Instagram for around the clock freebies updates, reminders and more! You could also subscribe via email to have the latest updates sent directly to you in your inbox. Add Comment Cancel reply Current ye@r * Leave this field empty


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The second that Kate Middleton stepped out onto the world stage on her wedding day in a stunning long-sleeved lace wedding dress, custom made by Sarah Burton for Alexander McQueen, we knew that sleeves would be back—and in a big way. What started with a much-publicized royal wedding continued on the most recent bridal runways. From a lace-sleeved Monique Lhuillier A-line gown to a silky-sleeved sheath at Jenny Packham, our favorite bridal designers have been showing wow-worthy long-sleeved creations for the past few seasons—and there's no sign that they'll be going away anytime soon.
Whether you're looking for romantic lace, eye-popping appliqués, or the subtle effect of an illusion, long-sleeves are no longer strictly reserved for conservative brides. Modern, romantic, bohemian...there's a covered-up gown for every style!
See more of our favorite long-sleeved wedding dresses from the bridal runways in the complete slideshow.


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I'm getting to shoot a lot of children and family portraits in and around Birmingham at the moment, which is great fun.
I love outdoor, lifestyle portraits as kids really get to be themselves and run around and have fun, rather than be formally posed in the studio. The end result is fantastic, natural, childrens portraits that really show their personalities.
For Brooklyn's shoot we did just that, we had a great time in the park a few weeks ago, there were still plenty of leaves on the trees, unlike now and despite how cold it was and got some lovely portraits of him and his Mum Annaliese. I love how cheeky he looks after he decides that he's not going to feed the ducks at all but eat the bread himself.


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Elemental Arts presents WATERSHED a movie by the Robert Redford Center and Kontent Films as a prelude to Earth Day.
WATERSHED tells the story of the threats to the once-mighty Colorado River and offers solutions for the future of the American West. Producer Renata Foucré will join us at Pomona for the screening to introduce and take questions afterwards.
Can we meet the needs of a growing population in the face of rising temperatures and lower rainfall in an already arid land? Can we find harmony amongst the competing interests of cities, agriculture, industry, recreation, wildlife, and indigenous communities with rights to the water?
Tuesday, April 16, 7:00–9:00 pm in Hahn 101, Hahn Building, Pomona College. FMI please see the Diary page.
Related link: Watershed movie trailer
you are [not] alone from Andrew Hong on Vimeo.
The first in a series of events for the social practice project "you are [not] alone" by Andrew Hong and Juliette Walker.
The piece explores the range of thoughts of the imminent future conceived by seniors in college on the brink of leaving the bubble of undergraduate life.
The project is supported by an Arts Inspiration grant from Elemental Arts.
Permaculture Performance and Film
An exploration of permaculture principles through movement. Choreographed by Matthew Nelson and peformed by participants of the Permaculture Dance Project.
Two Mythological Birds
A site-specific dance performed by Claremont Colleges Students with Matthew Nelson, to music composed by Jordan Nelson and performed live by Clara Kim.
Permaculture Dance Project
A dance film that explores principles of sustainable design through the aesthetics of contemporary dance. In an abstract, meditative, and uniquely informative visual journey the screen becomes a window to the fantastical and the concrete in motion–superimposing aspects of place, people, and purpose.
Matthew Nelson is a choreographer, dancer, and educator. He began dancing as an undergraduate student at Pomona College, and now teaches dance at Willamette University in Oregon. His research interests include spinal connectivity, somatic philosophy, and embodied ecology. On the web at www.bodysensate.com.
Made possible by generous grants from the Mellon Elemental Arts Committee, and the Willamette University Center for Sustainable Communities.
The Food Justice Film Series continues with this film about small, family farms and the misguided government enforcement that keeps them from providing safe, healthy food choices to their own communities.
Farmageddon – Movie Trailer from Kristin Canty on Vimeo.
Thursday, October 25th, 7:00–8:30 pm. Rose Hills Theatre, Pomona College.
Join us for a discussion after the film with Char Miller, Director of Environmental Analysis Program, and Samantha Meyer, Sustainability and Purchasing Coordinator for Dining Services.
The Food Justice Film Series is hosted by Elemental Arts, the Environmental Analysis Program of the Claremont Colleges, and Pomona College Dining Services.
Busy week for Elemental Arts!
On Thursday, September 27th, Pomona College Museum's Art After Hours will present five Elemental Arts Summer Research Projects.
Meanwhile, on the same night, at Rose Hills Theatre the Claremont Colleges Environmental Analysis Program will screen The Dark Side of Chocolate in collaboration with Pomona College Dining Services. Screening is sponsored by the Elemental Arts Initiative.
For more information please see the Diary page.
On KCET.org Char Miller reviews the Smithsonian Institution's traveling exhibit, "Lasting Light: 125 Years of Grand Canyon Photography" now on at the Ontario (CA) Museum of History and Art until September 23.
Related link: Ontario Museum information for Lasting Light.
July 12 to September 23, 2012. 12:00pm to 4:00pm, Thursday through Sunday. Free.
Chart of Landing is a dance series begun by the dancer/choreographer Oguri in 2011. It consists of site-specific-unspecific solos, duos, and ensemble dances in collaboration with musicians on commercial streets, in public parking lots, private sites, in front of train stations, etc…Pomona College is very excited to be hosting the next manifestation of Chart of Landing to kick off the 2012-2013 school year. As part of the Mellon Elemental Arts Initiative at Pomona College which celebrates the element "earth" this year, the goal of this project is to explore the relationship between body and environment and to break the habitual boundaries we feel between our bodies and our surroundings. Chart of Landing at Pomona College will be performed by students, staff, and faculty directly following the convocation ceremony in Little Bridges. Music faculty, including organist William Peterson, will play compositions by Paul Chavez to accompany the dance.
In order to exploit the beauty of the architecture at the college, musicians and dancers will be located in and between three locations, and the music played in each location will be mixed and streamed into the Marston Quadrangle. This mix of music will also be simultaneously broadcast on the college radio station KSPC. The compositions have also been loosely inspired by the water-color Zen Ox-Herding Pictures of John Cage that are being displayed at the Pomona College Museum of Art beginning also on September 4.
USDA Forest Service
Angeles National Forest
ARCADIA, Calif.— On Thursday, April 26 at 4:30 p.m. to 9 p.m. in the Hahn 101 building at 420 N. Harvard Ave. Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711. The Angeles National Forest will co-sponsor a free screening of a new film called Green Fire, the first full-length, high definition documentary film ever made about legendary conservationist Aldo Leopold. The film shares highlights from Leopold's life and extraordinary career, explaining how he shaped conservation in the twentieth century and still inspires people today.
The film is part of the "Thinking Like A Watershed" film series presented by the Mellon Elemental Arts Initiative, and the Pomona College Environmental Analysis Program. Green Fire is one of three films that will be shown during the screening. Forest Service Film makers Ann and Steve Dunsky along with Forest staff will be on hand to talk about the movie and how watersheds are an integral part of the Angeles.
Green Fire: Aldo Leopold and a Land Ethic for Our Time is a production of the Aldo Leopold Foundation, the US Forest Service, and the Center for Humans and Nature. Although probably best known as the author of the conservation classic A Sand County Almanac, Leopold is also renowned for his work as an educator, philosopher, forester, ecologist, and wilderness advocate.
Symposium & Film Series on Watersheds, April 26th & 27th
Presented by the Elemental Arts Initiative and Environmental Analysis Program of the Claremont Colleges.
A two-day event on water and water resources that are right beneath us. Join us for a provocative set of documentaries that probe the politics and cultural meaning of watersheds, an essential feature of life in the American West. Meet some of the filmmakers who crafted these compelling films. And on Friday join an interdisciplinary discussion about the water beneath our feet.
Thinking Like a Watershed: A Film Series
Thursday, April 26
PO Hahn 101
4:00 p.m. Green Fire: Aldo Leopold (filmmakers: Steve and Ann Dunsky)
co-sponsored with the USDA Forest Service: Angeles National Forest
6:00 p.m. Reception: food and conversation
7:00 p.m. Chasing Water, a short film on the Colorado River
7:30 p.m. Rock the Boat, on revitalizing the Los Angeles River
(filmmaker Thea Mercouffer)
9:00 p.m. Q&A
The Water Beneath Our Feet: A Symposium
Friday, April 27
PO Hahn 101
4:00 p.m.
• Char Miller, Environmental Analysis Program (EA)
• Robertjohn Knapp Seneca, Tubatulabal, Ohlone Ceremonial Leader
• Trevor Bisset, EA'10 India Water Authority
• Na'ama Schweitzer, EA'13
• Martha Davis, Inland Empire Utility Agency
• Ava Untermeyer, Dance'12
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Rotherham's most promising young businessmen and women are being urged to showcase their entrepreneurial talent by entering an award which recognises and rewards young business acumen.
Back for the fifth year, Rotherham's Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award 2010, organised by the Rotherham Enterprise Network (REN), is aimed at passionate young people who often don't get the recognition they deserve in the business world because they lack the necessary clout or experience.
The awards also deliver a £1,500 cash investment to the overall winner.
Every single year the awards have uncovered a wealth of inspiring young talent, from an ice sculptor working out of a converted garage, to teenagers setting up a successful IT business, creative web designers, and skilled dance teachers. The awards also give them a unique opportunity to promote what they do.
Awards organiser and judge Geoff Link, enterprise manager at RiDO, said: "We're looking for the brightest young business brains to enter these awards.
"Each year the calibre of the candidates gets more and more impressive. And what's even more interesting is that many of these small start-up companies are not only surviving in the recession – they are actually thriving during these difficult times too.
"These young people are building their own futures. They show us that there is a great deal of inspiring young talent out there waiting to be unlocked and rewarded.
"And that really is a reassuring message for the borough. Young entrepreneurs - Rotherham needs you!"
Last year Chris Wright, now 23, picked up the top prize for his successful business IT Desk that he set up in 2006, aged just 19.
Judges discovered that unlike many companies, IT Desk had actually capitalised on the downturn as an increasing number of small businesses opted to reduce costs by outsourcing IT rather than employing an in-house IT manager.
Chris said: "The fact that the borough runs an award like this makes it possible for young people like me to get ourselves out there, it gives you something to aim at – and something to be proud of.
"Receiving this sort of recognition makes all the hard work worthwhile, it's a real pat on the back. Winning this award was a real milestone for me, it brought in a useful amount of media coverage and helping me to drive the business forward and develop IT Desk's reputation."
The year before Gavin Winder and Joshua Abbotts, then aged 26, won the Best New Start Up category as well as the overall title for their graphic and web design business, Prototype Creative.
The Barnsley College graduates have a string of corporate clients – and won a lot of valuable new business as a direct result of their win.
Gavin Winder said: "We entered to prove to ourselves that what we had, and what we do, is a viable product. The result showed that it was – and that other people believed we were worthy of being Young Entrepreneurs of the year. It was a great feeling."
The awards are sponsored and organised by Rotherham Enterprise Network (REN), and UK Steel Enterprise. The project is part-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
This year the overall winner will receive £1,000, from award sponsors UK Steel Enterprise, with the four category winners taking home £500 each from the other sponsors, Business Link Yorkshire, Yorkshire Forward, Voluntary Action Rotherham and Rotherham Youth Enterprise.
This year's entrants can choose from the following categories: Best New Start-up (trading between six months and two years), Best Established Business (trading more than two years), Best Business IT/Technology and Business Most Determined to Succeed.
Entry forms are available by calling Geoff on 01709 254444, or Jackie Frost on 01709 515410, by visiting your local library or can be downloaded here. All applicants must submit all the application details to the judges by July 16 2010.
The overall winner is to be announced at the Chamber awards ceremony in Rotherham in October.
News > News Archive > 2010 >


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- References: Education Code Section 87031; Labor Code Section 1198.5
Personnel records are private, accurate, complete, and permanent. An employee's official personnel file is located in the Human Resources office.
Every employee has the right to inspect personnel records pursuant to the Labor Code. The Human Resources office will make the employee's personnel file available for review within 24 hours of the employee's request to inspect his/her personnel records.
Information of a derogatory nature shall not be entered into an employee's personnel records unless and until the employee is given notice and an opportunity to review and comment on that information. The employee shall have the right to enter, and have his/her own comments attached to any derogatory statement. The review shall take place during normal business hours and the employee shall be released from duty for this purpose without salary reduction.
The employee shall not have the right to inspect personnel records at a time when the employee is actually required to render services to the District.
Nothing in this procedure shall entitle an employee to review ratings, reports, or records that (a) were obtained prior to the employment of the person involved, (b) were prepared by identifiable examination committee members, or (c) were obtained in connection with a promotional examination or interview.
Adopted: May 2012


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The Minneapolis Morning: Tribune of June 30th, 1959 had this to say about one of our good friends, E. H. Tostenson, 3609 24th Avenue, Minneapolis. Minnesota. The write-up is by George Grim who has a column in that paper of 6,000 circulation
You can hear 62-year_old Einar H. Tostenson's back yard hobby all over the neighborhood of his home at 3609 S. 24th Avenue.
After all, a big boiler with a pair of shrill steam whistles, a wood fire keeping up the pressure, and a heavy whirring flywheel aren't usual outdoor equipment. The folks in the area are accustomed to hearing those whistles let loose, cutting through the summertime drowsiness.
'Einar's entertaining the youngsters,' they say, and don't fight the sounds.
It's quite a startling sight when you drive through the alley in back of Einar's place. The retired post office clerk wears a railroad engineer's cap, coveralls. His garage is jammed full of wood the neighbors have brought him to keep the engine going.
'They keep her fueled up' grinned the man with the different hobby. 'Ed Johnson tore down his one-car garage to build a two-car one. Brought all the wood from the old one here.'
A steam boiler permit and a third class engineer's license attest to Einar's lawful operation of the chugger.
'Parts of this came from Lookout Mountain, Tenn., and parts from a cannery in Wisconsin. You can't wear out a rig like this,' said Einar proudly. 'I'd say I have about $600 invested in the engine.'
A garden hose bring out more water. The whirling spheres of the governor turn silently. Not only youngsters but Tostenson's cronies stop by.
One of them is Chester L. Charter, who lives down the street. Retired after 50 years as a Milwaukee road engineer, Charter is fascinated by Einar's back yard steamer.
'Doesn't she run quiet,' said Charter. 'Real beauty.'
There's a trailer nearby on which the engine can be loaded. The wheels are from the front end of the venerable Auburn automobile.
'We take her out once in a while,' said Einar. 'People love to see it.'
For a man whose retirement from the post office was hastened by Parkinson's disease, Einar has found that steam engine mighty good therapy.
The neighborhood's children like it fine, too!


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Below are actual listings for IMS Trade Members near Island Park, New York who make their goods and services available through IMS Barter. New Companies join daily delivering more products and services continually on trade. Change your search below to keep looking. Make sure you visit the IMS Marketplace and the IMS Travel Section too!
Floor Refinishing - Wood
Island Park, NY
Wood Restoration of flooring, decks, cedar, and wood staining in Long Island area. Materials are not on trade.
Snow Removal & Salting Service
Island Park, NY
Snow removal for residential and commercial properties in Nassau & Queens. Affordable snow removal & Pre-Paid contracts available. Text or call: for quick Service.
Island Park, NY
Residential and Commercial Roof cleaning & Painting. Roof top grease containment for restaurants. Exterior Painting. Servicing Nassau & Queens. Will travel to Long Island for large jobs.
Hood Cleaning/Filter Exch/Grease Trap Cl
Island Park, NY
Hood, filter & kitchen exhaust cleaning & maintenance including all duct work, exhaust fans to bare metal by using a pressure washer and or scraping techniques. Clean AC coils, change belts, lube bearings, & check for loose bolts on all roof top mechanical equipment. Repair & replace motors, bearings & exhaust fans. Also offers hot water pressure washing for commercial & residential buildings, dumpsters, walkways, steps, etc.
Pressure Washing & Steam Cleaning Serv.
Island Park, NY
Power washing service for residential & commercial buildings in Nassau, Queens & Parts of L.I. Snow Removal, Deck Refinishing, Mobil Fleet & Equipment washing. Boat & Dock cleaning, Roof Cleaning, Drain Pipe cleaning. Exterior Painting.
Island Park, NY
Exterior painting, roof cleaning & painting for both commercial and residential properties in Nassau & Queens. Will travel to Long island for large Jobs.
Accounting Services
Oceanside, NY
Specializing in General CPA/Audit and IRS representation services.
Advertising - Mobile
Oceanside, NY
Mobile Apps are the cutting of online advertising, grow your business with this technology
Computer Software/Business Control
Oceanside, NY
Positive Retail Manager is a sophisticated yet intuitive point-of-sale system built around Microsoft's SQL, a robust and scalable database for hard good businesses.. SQL allows PRM to work with many popular third-party programs, such as Crystal Reports.
Computer - Repair & Service
Oceanside, NY
Full scale IT consulting company offering Websites E-Commerce, Hosting, Search Engine Optimization, Point Of Sale Networking, Troubleshooting Training, Systems Development and Computer Programming.


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Marthalicia Matarrita: Combat Boots And Art Battles
Harlem based artist and military badass Marthalicia Matarrita is quickly rising to the top as an artist to be reckoned with.
Harlem based artist and military badass Marthalicia Matarrita is quickly rising to the top as an artist to be reckoned with.
The 2014 calendars are here, they are gorgeous, you can purchase them, and I have the photos to prove it.
"I wore my A-Camp staff shirt to the grocery store in Berkeley and TWO people stopped me to ask me how this year's Summer Camp went." Meet Ivy, our last Calendar Girl of the year!
From sharing showers to karaoke, photographer Maika Elan captures everyday life for LGBT couples in Vietnam in her award-winning series "The Pink Choice."
"I find it comforting to know that the work I make will endure however fragile my existence may sometimes feel." Get ready to fall in love with Lynn, Miss November!
Jessica Buie's art combines cultural theory and scientific concepts and an amazing eye for design. Also, she designed special stickers for us!
"Out of the all the confusion, I've found beauty and love. In others, but more importantly in myself. I am black. I am queer. I am this. I am that. I am whole." Get ready to fall in love with Kai!
Well this is your very own Rachel Fucking Walker without a shirt. Why are you still reading the excerpt?
"I came out to bosses and people I had just met and guys who hit on me and former boyfriends and doctors and professors and relatives and Facebook and even the grocery store cashiers. I wanted to assert myself, my identity."
July is smokin' hot with Drea and her musical poetry and haikus! You won't know if you want to be her or be with her, you know? Luckily there's an questionnaire at the end.
From lost classics of teen lit to NYC filming locations to "the gang's all queer" to the whole entire world and back.
"I had to fight for this body. Since the day I was diagnosed with bone cancer at age fifteen, I began to wage wars on multiple fronts. I fought to be normal – and when that failed, I fought to appear normal."
It's the 'Straddliest art show ever!
"I had shared a moment with myself that was loving and forgiving, and I found myself believing that I was enough." We're so excited to introduce you to Parneet! Lots of love here.
Artist Paul Harfleet has spent the past seven years responding to experiences of homophobic harassment with small gestures of quiet resistance, one planted pansy at a time.
Miss April talks tattoos, sex, psychology, queer girl dance nights, more sex, more tattoos and being the black sheep. Meet your new Calendar Girl!
Ali's Team Pick: this year Tilda Swinton will be sleeping in a box in the MoMA on random days at random times.
You're about to fall entirely in love with Brianne. "My Femininity is powerful. This is my body, and I'll do with it as I please."
Taking the Catholic prayer card where it has never gone before.
Vanessa's Team Pick: An open call for LGBT artists, photographers, and sculptors in the New York City metropolitan area.


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The art of casual menswear requires effortless looks. Although it's called ''efortless'' somehow it needs some work. Here are our favourite TOP 3 looks of the week - from simple or floral ones - and some shopping tips to get them...
#1. Themodernotter
Men's Style influencer Aaron Wester's casual look √
Trousers: He by Mango
Polo T-Shirt: Club Monaco
Backpack: Fossil
Sneakers: Noah Waxman
#2. Alberto Ortiz Rey
Madrid based menswear influencer Alberto Ortiz Rey's casual look √
Shirt: Marc Jacobs
Shorts: Sandro Paris
Sneakers: Converse
Backpack: Louis Vuitton
Shorts: Sandro Paris
Sneakers: Converse
Backpack: Louis Vuitton
3. Xserrano9
Spanish model Xavier Serrano's casual look √


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- Research article
- Open Access
Sleep triggered by an immune response in Drosophila is regulated by the circadian clock and requires the NFκB Relish
- Tzu-Hsing Kuo1,
- Douglas H Pike1,
- Zahra Beizaeipour1 and
- Julie A Williams1Email author
© Kuo et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
- Received: 14 August 2009
- Accepted: 9 February 2010
- Published: 9 February 2010
Immune challenge impacts behavior in many species. In mammals, this adaptive behavior is often manifested as an increase in sleep. Sleep has therefore been proposed to benefit the host by enhancing immune function and thereby overcome the challenge. To facilitate genetic studies on the relationship between sleep and immune function, we characterized the effect of the immune response on sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. Behavioral features of sleep as well as the innate immune response signaling pathways are well characterized in flies and are highly conserved in mammals.
An immune response induced by infection with Gram-negative bacteria or by aseptic injury increased sleep in flies. The increase in sleep occurred during the morning hours after treatment and the magnitude of the effect was dependent on the time-of-day of inoculation or injury such that night-time treatment had a stronger effect than that during the daytime. This pattern persisted in constant darkness, indicating a role of the circadian clock. Mutants of the circadian clock gene, period, eliminated the increase in sleep observed in the morning, but instead showed enhanced sleep immediately after injury or infection.
Null mutants of the Nuclear Factor κB (NFκB) Relish, which is central to the innate immune response, do not increase sleep in response to injury or infection at any time of day. Instead, they maintain a normal sleep pattern until they die. Expression of a full-length Relish transgene in the fat bodies of Relish mutants restored the morning increase in sleep during an immune response. Fat bodies are a major site of immune signalling in flies and have a key role in host defense.
These data demonstrate that an immune response increases sleep in flies in a manner that is gated by the circadian clock and that requires the NFκB Relish. These findings support a role of sleep in a recovery process and demonstrate a conserved feature of the Drosophila model of sleep.
- Circadian Clock
- Injured Group
- Immune Challenge
- Locomotor Activity Rhythm
- Baseline Sleep
Sleepiness and excess sleep are commonly experienced with infectious illness and other diseases, such as cancer [1]. Sleep has been proposed to be an adaptive response to immune challenge, and to thereby have a role in sustaining a robust immune system [2, 3]. The immune system and sleep are indeed tightly linked in mammals, as components of the innate immune response, particularly proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), promote sleep likely through their actions in hypothalamic nuclei. Exogenous application of these compounds increases sleep in mammals, depending on the dose, time of day and the site of injection [4]. In addition, loss of either the IL-1 Type I [5] or the 55 kDa TNF [6] receptor in mice reduces baseline (spontaneous, undisturbed) sleep during the light hours or during the dark hours, respectively. Although some of the molecular components of the mammalian immune system have a well defined role in sleep, we lack a full understanding of how these two physiological processes interact. Determining how sleep is involved in the immune response will have important implications for understanding its putative role in a recovery process as well as for human health.
Drosophila melanogaster has proven to be a powerful model for studying sleep. Flies exhibit all of the behavioural features of a sleep-like state [7, 8]. One example of these features is that keeping flies awake for an extended period results in a compensatory sleep response, which indicates that flies have a need for this behaviour and that it is controlled by a homeostatic mechanism. Key to understanding a function of sleep is to determine its relationship with other physiological processes. Recent studies have indeed demonstrated that sleep in Drosophila is involved in aging [9], learning [10–13], and immune responses [14].
The first indication that sleep and the immune response are linked in Drosophila was the observation that many immune related genes increase mRNA expression after sleep deprivation [14–16]. The innate immune response in Drosophila is highly conserved with that in mammals, as they express central immune signalling components with corresponding functions. For example, the NFκB protein Relish, which is most similar to NFκB2 or p100 in humans [17], is central to the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway in flies, and is sensitive to injury and infection with Gram-negative bacteria [18]. In our previous report, we confirmed that Relish gene expression increases with short term sleep deprivation [14], which is consistent with observations that NFκB activity increases in the brain of mouse or rat [19–22] and human blood mononuclear cells [23] after sleep deprivation. We also demonstrated that flies deficient in, but not lacking, Relish expression exhibit decreased baseline, or spontaneous undisturbed sleep [14].
To further explore the association between sleep and the immune response, we determined the effect of infection with Gram-negative bacteria and aseptic injury on sleep in Drosophila. We show that the immune response triggered by both infection and injury promotes sleep in flies and that this effect is controlled by the circadian clock. We also show that the NFκB Relish has a strong role in promoting sleep during the immune response and that its expression in fat body is required for its effect on sleep. Together, these data suggest a role of sleep in a recovery process during immune challenge and demonstrate a behavioral feature of Drosophila sleep that is shared with that in mammals.
Results and Discussion
Infection and injury promote sleep
We monitored sleep in Canton Special (CS) flies during an immune response that was triggered either by infection (inf) with E. Coli or by aseptic injury (inj; see methods). A handled control group (HC) was subjected to the same handling such that they were removed from the activity monitors and CO2 anesthetized for the same duration, but they were not infected or injured. Flies were generally monitored for three baseline days and received treatment on the fourth day at one of four different time points in a 12: 12 light: dark (LD) cycle: ZT 0, ZT 6, ZT 12 or ZT 18 (ZT = zeitgeber time, where ZT 0-12 = lights on, and ZT 12-24 = lights off). Sleep was monitored for three days after treatment.
We further analyzed the effect of time-of-day of infection and injury on sleep by comparing the net changes in sleep that occurred in the morning from ZT 0-4, after treatment at one of four time points across the day (Figure 1B). To correct for effects of handling, net change in sleep was determined in each fly by calculating the difference in time sleeping in minutes from ZT 0-4 before and after treatment and normalizing to the change in sleep observed between the corresponding time points in the handled control group (see Methods for details). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect of time-of-day of treatment in both injured and infected groups (p < 0.0001). Post-hoc comparisons indicated that mean change in sleep from ZT 0-4 that was induced by infection or injury at night, ZT 12 and ZT 18, was significantly larger than sleep induced by that in the daytime, ZT 0 and ZT 6 (Figure 1B).
To ensure that the daily oscillation of the sleep increase associated with the immune response was not an effect of a 12:12 LD cycle, CS flies were infected or injured on the third day in constant darkness (DD). Similar to the effect during LD, both infected and injured flies showed an increase in sleep in the subjective morning hours from CT 0-4 (CT = circadian time) after treatment. The increase in sleep was significantly higher when flies were treated during subjective nighttime (CT 18) than during subjective daytime (CT 6) in both infected and injured groups (Figure 1C).
To exclude the possibility that the increase in sleep was due to an effect on the flies' ability to move by debilitating injury due to the injection, we calculated the average number of activity counts per waking minute (activity rate) for flies treated at ZT 18. We focused on treatment at ZT 18, because this time point produced highly robust effects on sleep as well as on survival rate in response to infection with pathogenic bacteria [24]. If the increase in sleep was due to an effect on the flies' ability to move by injury, we would expect a decrease in activity rate. Instead, waking activity rates were unchanged in the infected group, and higher in injured groups as compared to HC (p < 0.05 for ANOVA; p < 0.05 for post-hoc comparison in injured and HC group; Additional File 2: Figure S1), indicating that the increase in sleep is not simply a reflection of lack of movement associated with injury.
In summary, an immune response triggered by infection or injury promotes sleep. The increase in sleep is restricted to the morning hours after treatment, and is dependent on the time of day of treatment such that night time treatment produced stronger effects than those in the daytime. This pattern persists in constant darkness, which strongly suggests a role of the circadian clock in regulating this response.
The observation that night-time infection produces a stronger effect on sleep than that in the daytime correlates with a previous observation that infection with pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria at night-time produced a better survival outcome than that in the daytime [24]. Whether the increased sleep experienced by the host contributes to survival during pathogenic infection will be an interesting topic for future study. Interestingly, an earlier study reported a disruption of circadian locomotor rhythm and sleep in flies after infection with Gram-positive pathogenic strains of bacteria [25], which contrasts with our current findings. One possible explanation for this is the different species of bacteria used in each of the studies. The pattern of sleep alteration associated with bacterial infection in mammals is also dependent on the bacterial species and route of infection [26]. Nonetheless, Shirasu-Hiza and colleagues [25] also proposed that in this case, the disruption of circadian rhythms and sleep was a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of the infection, thus further supporting a beneficial role of sleep in host defense.
Both infection and injury increase NFκB reporter activity
Sleep is a complex process that is sensitive to many different manipulations. It is therefore not surprising that injury and infection produce effects on sleep that are indistinguishable. To ensure the effect was not restricted to E. coli, flies were also infected with a mutated Gram-negative bacterial line P. aeruginosa (plcS) which has pathogenic ability [27]. A similar increase in sleep was observed in the morning from ZT 0-4 after nighttime treatment at ZT 18 in both infected and injured groups (p < 5 × 10-5; Additional File 3: Figure S2A).
These results demonstrate that while infection and injury produce similar effects on sleep, they are clearly distinguishable at a molecular level. The increase in κB-luc activity by injury is comparable to that induced by a short term sleep deprivation [14], and both are sufficient to promote sleep (Figure 1, and [14, 31]). The observation that infection produces a sustained increase in κB-luc activity (Additional File 3: Figure S2B) suggests that a component other than NFκB limits the duration and timing of sleep during immune challenge.
Sleep during the immune response is disrupted in a clock mutant
To understand why the increase in sleep during an immune response was restricted to the morning hours, we further examined a role of the circadian clock in this process. We measured sleep during the immune response in flies which contain a mutation in the clock gene, period (per01 [32]). period is an integral component of the biological clock in insects and vertebrate species [33]. Sleep-wake activity in per01 loss of function mutants fluctuates in LD cycles, but is completely arrhythmic in constant darkness [34].
To confirm the role of period in the sleep promoting effect, we examined sleep behaviour during the immune response in per01 flies expressing a full-length genomic construct of the period gene (per01;;per), as previously described [35]. Locomotor activity rhythms are restored in per01 flies carrying this transgene [35, 36]. As compared to HC groups, per01;;per flies showed significant increases in sleep in the morning from ZT 0-4 after injury at ZT 6, ZT 12, and ZT 18 (Additional File 1: Table S1). Infection with E. coli also produced a significant increase in morning sleep relative to HC, but only when flies were infected at ZT 18 (p < .05). In both infected and injured groups, the time-of-day effect on the morning increase in sleep was restored in the per01;;per flies (ANOVA p < 0.0005 for injured, and p < 0.01 for infected groups). Night-time treatment produced stronger effects on morning sleep than that in the daytime (Figure 3C and 3D). In contrast to per01 mutants, the immediate effect on sleep occurred only when per01;;per flies were treated at ZT 0 (p < 0.05 for Inf; p < 0.01 for Inj, Additional File 4: Figure S3B). Interestingly, CS flies also exhibited a strong immediate effect on sleep after infection (101 ± 7 minutes, p < 1 × 10-7) and injury (111 ± 5 minutes, p < 5 × 10-7) at ZT 0, but not at ZT 6 or at ZT 18. Treatment at ZT 12 produced weaker effects on sleep from ZT 12-16 with an increase of 53 ± 8 minutes (p < 0.05) in injured flies. Infected flies also increased sleep at this time, but the increase fell short of significance (p < .07).
Together, these data demonstrate a role of the circadian clock in an adaptive behavioural response to bacterial infection and injury. The effect on sleep is gated by the clock, such that the response is restricted to early morning hours. Thus the clock permits a response when flies are subjected to immune challenge at the onset of this period (ZT 0) or at earlier times during the night before (ZT 12 and ZT 18). However, this permissive gate is 'closed' shortly after the morning period, and flies do not increase sleep when challenged at ZT 6. As discussed above, this gating pattern persists in constant dark conditions (Figure 1C) and is abolished in per01 mutants, which lack a functional clock. These findings correlate with those of an earlier study which reported that night-time infection of flies with pathogenic bacteria produced better survival rates than that in the daytime [24]. Furthermore, per01 flies were more susceptible to infection. Whether this is due to a disrupted sleep response or to other aspects of host defense is an interesting topic for future study.
Relish is required for the sleep promoting effect of the immune response
We next performed studies to confirm that this phenotype was attributable to a lesion in the Relish gene. First, another Relish null allele, RelishE 38(E38) [37], was examined. Similar to the E20 flies, E38 mutants did not increase sleep in response to infection with E. coli or to injury (p > 0.4; Additional File 1: Table S1). The net change in sleep during the immune response was also significantly smaller as compared to CS flies (Figure 4B).
These data demonstrate that Relish is necessary for the sleep promoting effect of the immune response and that its expression in fat body is sufficient for this effect. In our previous study, we reported that Relish also functioned from fat body to modulate baseline or spontaneous undisturbed sleep such that sleep was reduced in heterozygous Relish null mutants, but not affected in Relish homozygous mutants [14]. We now report that Relish homozygous mutants virtually abolish a sleep promoting effect of the immune response. Together these observations indicate that sleep induced by infection or injury is different from baseline sleep and that each is controlled by different mechanisms. Others have proposed that baseline and rebound sleep, which is sleep after prolonged wakefulness or sleep deprivation, are also controlled by different mechanisms [10, 40]. For example, Hyperkinetic and shaker mutations strongly reduce daily sleep levels, but do not alter responses to sleep deprivation [10, 41]. In contrast, a recent study described a hypomorph of the sleepless gene that minimally affected baseline sleep but had severe effects on sleep rebound [40]. Mutants of the clock gene, cycle, also reduced baseline sleep [42], but produced sex dimorphic effects on sleep rebound [42, 43]. Thus the results described here indicate that the predominant role of Relish in sleep is during a recovery period after immune challenge.
As discussed earlier, injury and infection produce distinct effects on κB-luc activity such that the effect of infection increases reporter activity to a much greater extent (Figure 2B and Additional File 3: Figure S2B). Given the role of Relish in sleep induced by immune challenge, one may expect that the impact of infection on sleep would be greater than that during aseptic injury. This is clearly not the case, which suggests that a component other than NFκB limits the duration of the morning sleep response. One possibility is that the pressure to be awake at this time of day outweighs the pressure to sleep. However, the duration of this response was unchanged in per01 mutants. In particular, daytime infection or injury in these flies produced an immediate increase in sleep that lasted approximately four hours, which is similar to the duration of the morning increase in sleep seen in wild type flies. This observation suggests that the circadian clock determines when the response occurs, but does not determine the duration of the effect on sleep. We propose that while Relish is necessary for inducing sleep during an immune response, a separate mechanism is involved in limiting the duration of sleep during a recovery period. This mechanism may involve neural circuits in the brain, which are known to regulate sleep (reviewed in [44]). Alternatively, negative regulatory factors that act directly on Relish target genes are also potential candidates that may be involved in this process [45].
Studies in mammals have shown that blocking IL-1 or TNFα cytokines also prevent increased sleep during immune challenge (reviewed in [46]), which is consistent with our current findings. NFκB p50 knockout mice also show reduced sleep responses to infection with influenza virus, but had enhanced responses to immune challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide [47]. Although Relish has similarity with p50, it is possible that different NFκB family members in both mammals and flies will have distinct roles in baseline sleep and in sleep induced by infection or injury.
The observation that the immune response promotes sleep in Drosophila demonstrates an additional feature of insect sleep that is shared with that in mammals. The effect of infection and injury on sleep is gated by the circadian clock, such that the effect is restricted to the morning after treatment and is affected by the time-of-day of the treatment. Night-time injury or infection with Gram-negative bacteria produced stronger effects than equivalent manipulations in the daytime. This pattern is disrupted in the per01 clock mutant, which responds by increasing sleep immediately after infection or injury. These findings correlate with the observation that survival rates were lower when flies were infected with Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria in the daytime than at nighttime [24]. We have also demonstrated that Relish is required for the sleep promoting effect of the immune response, and that its expression in fat body is sufficient for this process. Together, these findings suggest that adaptive sleep during an immune response involves an integration of signals from the peripheral immune system and the circadian clock. Further genetic dissection of this process will better our understanding of a function of sleep in recovery from immune challenge or injury.
Fly stocks
Flies were grown on standard agar, corn meal, malt extract, and soy flour medium with 1.84 mg/L tegosept. RelishE 20(E20) mutants were isogenized to a CS background as described previously [14]. Briefly, the ebony marker was removed by recombination, and offspring were backcrossed into the CS background for at least four generations. The presence of the E20 mutation was confirmed using PCR. κB-luc transgenic flies were generated as described below. w;S1106;RelE 20, w;elav-GS;RelE 20, w1118, per01 and w1118, per01;; per flies [35] were provided by Dr. Isaac Edery, Rutgers University. Other strains used were CS, RelishE 38(E38) and UAS-Rel;RelE 20/TM3, sb.
Behavioral assays
Sleep was measured as described previously [14]. All experiments were performed in females. Flies 1-3 days in age were loaded into glass activity tubes containing 5% sucrose and 2% agar medium, maintained in 12:12 light: dark cycles at 25°C, and activity was measured using the Trikinetics DAM2 system (Waltham, MA). For experiments in which flies were treated with drug, food contained 2% sucrose and 2% agar. Activity counts were collected every minute, and sleep defined as activity counts of zero for a minimum of 5 consecutive minutes [31]. Sleep parameters were analyzed using custom Matlab based software, Insomniac2, generously provided by Dr. Lesley Ashmore, University of Pennsylvania.
For induction of mifepristone (RU486; Sigma) dependent Gal4 drivers [38, 39], 25 μM RU486 was added to standard fly food medium for chronic exposure throughout development. RU486 was diluted from a 10 mM stock in 80% ethanol. Equivalent dilutions were made with 80% ethanol for the vehicle control groups. Adult flies were exposed to 500 μM RU486, or equivalent control vehicle dilution, in sucrose/agar medium used in the activity tubes for behavioural experiments.
Infection and Injury
Infections were conducted by injecting flies with E. coli or P. aeruginosa using small glass pipettes (tip diameter ~50 μm). Bacteria were grown to saturating concentrations (OD600 = 0.5 - 1.0) in LB medium containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin (for E. coli) or 50 μg/ml gentamycin (for P. aeruginosa) and then diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and food coloring solution. The final concentrations for bacteria were OD600 of 0.1 for E. coli and OD600 of 1 × 10-4 for P. aeruginosa. A second group of flies (injured groups, or Inj) was subjected to injections of dilutions of LB broth (with indicated antibiotics) in PBS/food coloring solution. A third group (handled control, or HC) was subjected to the same handling, but not injected.
For treatment in both LD and DD cycles, activity monitors containing flies were removed from incubators. Individual flies were then removed from each glass activity tube, placed onto a CO2 pad for anesthetization, and were infected or injured. Handled control flies were CO2 anesthetized for the same duration as the infected and injured groups. Flies that were treated during night-time hours or in DD were typically exposed to a 1 hour light pulse. The time of treatment in constant dark conditions corresponded to times when light pulses produce minimal phase shifts in locomotor activity rhythms [48].
Luciferase reporter assay
Transgenic flies (κB-luc) that express a luciferase reporter (cecκB-luc) were generated as follows: The cecκB-luc reporter plasmid was constructed by inserting into a pGL3 basic luciferase vector (Promega), 8 direct repeats of NFκB binding sequences (5'-ATCGGGGATTTTTGCAGAGAAAA-3') derived from the cecropin A1 promoter region [49] followed by a Drosophila heat shock protein (Hsp70Bb) basal promoter. The cecκB-luc construct was then subcloned into a pCaSpeR4 backbone. Transgenic flies were then generated in a w1118 background (BestGene Inc., CA).
κB-luc flies 1-3 days in age maintained in 12:12 light: dark cycles were loaded into vials containing 5% sucrose, 2% agar medium and entrained for another 2 days. 2 days later flies were transferred individually to a 96-well plate containing 2 mM luciferin (the substrate of luciferase; Gold Biotechnology Inc.), 2% sucrose and 1% agar medium. Flies were then subjected to infection with E. coli or injury, as described above, at ZT 18 the next day. Luciferase activity in living flies was measured immediately before treatment at ZT 18 and after treatment (ZT 0 and ZT 4) with a Fusion Universal Microplate Analyzer (Packard). A control group was subjected to CO2 anesthesia for same duration as the other groups, but was not injured or infected.
A previous study demonstrated that a similar construct was sensitive to the NFκBs Dif and Dorsal in an insect cell culture system [49]. We determined whether the κB-luc reporter was also sensitive to Relish activity in living flies. κB-luc was expressed in RelishE 20homozygous mutants and in E20/TM3, Sb heterozygous siblings. Flies were infected with E. coli at night- time, ZT 18, and luciferase reporter activity was measured at ZT 18 prior to infection, ZT 0, and ZT 4, as described above. A significant induction of κB-luc was detected in both groups of flies (p < .0001 ANOVA) such that κB-luc activity was significantly higher at ZT 4 as compared to baseline at ZT 18 and ZT 0 (p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc comparisons; see Additional File 6: Figure S5). However, the signal from E20/E20 homozygous flies was significantly lower than the heterozygous siblings at baseline, ZT 18 (p < .0001; student's t-test), and values from the E20/E20 flies at ZT 4 did not differ significantly from the baseline values of the E20/TM3sb flies (p < .066). Although we detected an induction of κB-luc during infection in the E20/E20 flies, the level of induction did not surpass the baseline values in the control siblings. These data indicate that the κB-luc signal is highly sensitive to Relish activity during infection with E. coli.
Statistical analysis
where I = infected or injured group, T0 = sleep time from ZT 0-4 before treatment, T1 = sleep time from ZT 0-4 post-treatment, C = handled control and n C = number of flies in the corresponding control group. This is a conservative approach that corrects for arbitrary differences in baseline sleep that may occur between conditions and is the basis for calculating a t-statistic for comparing sleep before and after treatment. The net changes in sleep after treatment were determined by formula [i]. t-tests were performed using custom software (available upon request) written in R version 2.3.1, downloaded from http://www.r-project.org/. Using this approach, sleep during the immune response was initially analyzed using a range of increments (ZT 0-1, 0-2, 0-4, 0-6 and 0-8). We found that bacterial infection or aseptic injury consistently produced the most robust effect on sleep from ZT 0-4. Values reported in Additional File 1: Table S1 and in Figures 1 and 3 for treatments in the daytime, ZT 0 and ZT 6, correspond to the ZT 0-4 time point 24 h and 18 h, respectively, after treatment. The immediate response at ZT 0-4 elicited by treatment at ZT 0 is discussed in the main text and is reported in Additional File 4: Figure S3.
Multi-group comparisons between mean net changes in sleep were performed by one-way ANOVA http://statpages.org/ followed by Tukey's post-hoc comparison through online software from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong http://department.obg.cuhk.edu.hk/researchsupport/statstesthome.asp. For the luciferase reporter assays, within group comparisons using ANOVA were performed to determine whether the signal was affected after treatment in each group (Inf, Inj, or HC). Comparisons were also made at each time point using student's t-test to determine differences from the handled control group.
This work was supported by start-up funds, the UMDNJ Foundation, and a Young Investigator award from NARSAD to JAW. We thank Dr Minge Xie and Chingray Yu in the Department of Statistics, Rutgers University for development of statistical software, Dr Lesley Ashmore for sleep analysis software, and Dr Isaac Edery and members of his laboratory for fly stocks.
Authors' Affiliations
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Major Insights: this is the ultimate abridged guide to choosing a major at Syracuse University. Please take the imparted wisdom with a grain of salt, a lemon and a shot of tequila. Philosophy: Do you want to be a philosopher when you grow up? Then this is definitely, definitely the major for you. Because the... MORE »
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You may not believe in magic, but don't you think it strange
the amount of matter in our universe has never slightly changed?
That all which makes your body was once part of something more,
and every breath you ever breathe has seen it all before.
There are countless scores of beauty in all the things that you despise.
It could once have been a shooting star that now makes up your thighs!
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You may not believe in magic (but I thought that you should know)
the makings of your heart were born fourteen billion years ago!
So next time you feel lonely, when this world makes you feel small,
Just remember that it's part of you – and you're part of it all.


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DC Clothesline reports that the Black Lives Matter movement is going to be used to disrupt the Democratic and Republican National Conventions and to trigger Martial Law. Check out this video for all of the details.
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text: I'm not the greatest person in the world when it comes to pickup wiring, and I'm just curious if what I want to do it possible. I want to wire up a set of DiMarzio Model J's where each pickup has its own series/parallel switch, there is one master volume for the bass, and a 3-way pickup selector that could toggle between neck-only, 50/50 mix and bridge-only. The pickup selector could be a 3-position mini-toggle, or a "blade" type like on the Roscoe Beck Fenders, it doesn't really matter to me. Would this be a possible configuration? Do you see any problems with the layout?


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Blue is my favorite color - and I rarely try to properly verbalize such undying visual devotion to its many shades; I can only let myself be eternally drawn to it like a Swan to a blue flame. There's just something about blue that exudes a sense of transmutation unlike other tones (excepting gray & black, the other two sisters that make up the family of my wardrobe palette) among things like elements, eyes, and music to name a few forms. It works on so many sensory levels and can reach me near the deepest of depths.
Today, our film crew for Gehenna traveled to the island of Tinian, a smaller neighbor of Saipan, in order to shoot a transitory scene filled with Chamorran lore, latte stones from the days of King Taga and snare-vine terrain. Tinian is also rich in war history, playing a pivotal role in the terror and defeat of Japan. Once taken by the Americans, Tinian was transformed into the world's largest air base and indeed, was the loading / launching ground for Little Boy onto the Enola Gay, leading us to red, white, and blue victory.
My cast-mates and I were given an option to travel by small commuter plane (a ten minute excursion) or by boat (about 1250% longer). I chose the boat. I knew the water would be healing in some way and damn, was I absolutely correct. It wasn't until 2014 that I remained no longer a virgin to sailing – and to surfing, for that matter. My relationship to the ocean has been virtually non-existent despite living in Los Angeles for nearly five years. What can I say? We foolishly stay away from such beauty at times only because we are not conscious of the ways it can change us. And how can we become conscious unless we go and do and see and learn? As my director and friend, Hiroshi Katagiri, was saying to me yesterday - we cannot do what we do not know; the simplicity of this message being as full as its truth. By not acquiring more knowledge, we will remain where we are instead of progressing forward and expanding ourselves.
But there I am on the Nombei, a smallish vessel with Captain Don at the helm, various crew / cast / equipment in tow, and an invisible rope from my soul to the vast layers of blue. The twine was already loosely in place, quite thickly so, and the tension was only to strengthen as we pulled away from our port at 7am from Saipan.
I do not think you, dear Reader, are quite aware of the natural phenomenons that occur around this island life, both breathtakingly astounding and absolutely common among the natives and their smack-dab Pacific position. For example, one can see rain coming from mere minutes away – these (mostly) harmless, wandering showers traverse oft like cloud bandits alongside maritime tracks. Did you ever imagine such things happening at all times of the day when you live a mainland life? Maybe you had a clue if you've been to the Rain Room at LACMA.
Regardless, it was a slow, spiritual burn for me on this trip to Tinian – beginning with an internal warning that Dramamine seemed not strong enough to dispel as my insides turned a tad here, there. Then, a light rain hit us as the sweet sun simultaneously met with the water, brightening the world and breaking the moody gray skyscape. Humidity be damned because my curly noggin loves a greeting rain. It was as sweet as sugar pie made by my Granny Iona back in the days of Kentucky. Plus - I was armored with a headscarf and hat and sunglasses AND sunblock soooooo…needless to say I was rather prepared. In the not-too-far distance, there laid a handful of barges – massive, vaulted hunks of metal transporting god-knows-what and helmed by an assembly of (probably) men that harken back to the days of Anna Christie. I prefer to think of them all as Liam Neeson types, their stances more grounded than an ancient Mole god, deeply equipped with a physical earthiness and seamlessly dancing with the tempestuous ocean. I, myself, tried to adopt this sensibility as I moved forward to the bow, where I would remain for the next 90 minutes of the trip. Thank you, Yoga, and other balancing exercises for my liquidity of joints and flexibility of energetic motion. Once I found myself so near to the water – one could neither pry me away with a crowbar nor tempt me with a jar of peanut butter-filled pretzels. I was hooked as if the sea were fishing me.
Thus I see why blue moves me so. Always, the sky and the sea are connected, almost blurred and mistaken for one another, a pair of conjoined twins – one air, one marine; both blue, both vast, both immersive, both rife with mystery; both garnished with white froth that ever evolves and disappears; both caught in a mystically-designed elemental thought cycle, that twin mentality where one knows the other through and through; telepathically tied.
Eventually I sat, cradled in the life-raft ring on the bow, feet dangling, hat shading, and body rocking like a child to the impassioned sway and churning shush-break of the waves. The intensity of silent words hanged about us all as we sat or stood, contemplative and still, now floating fixtures and attendants to the universe; our thoughts holding tightly to the corners of our minds. When my lids were not shut, I glanced above to see diaphanous wisps of cloud, threads in freehand stripes that mirrored the mellifluous smile resting upon my lips. Suddenly to my right, a rainbow appeared, complete in the water from end to end. I do not know if I have ever seen one in its entirety and indeed, I wondered if it continued underwater in a full spectrum circle, perhaps as a portal to a parallel world. Maybe a version of me is on the other side - one that is closer to my dreams. Ha! I do not know if I could be closer to my dreams than this – so I am instantly reminded.
Peace. This is truly what peace is. White Fairy Terns diving and weaving above the surface – they are like doves with sprigs and I am like Noah, ready to start again; a rebirth. The New Year approaches and I am ready to shed skins of all sorts; slyly, obviously, passionately – in all ways that fit all circumstances, but mainly that just fit me and serve me. The ocean, the sky, my dreams, and my loved ones – all tell me that I am on the verge of something new, and I feel it through to the marrow.
Those that I love and are not with me – please know that you ARE with me, carved deeply into my heart and held steady by the glowing life-energy of these magical places.
Once we finished filming at Tinian, we rode back upon the Nombei once again, some newcomers aboard. The resonance of such an experience marked me indelibly and exhaustingly, for I think my soul has not undergone such a laundering in quite awhile. Spirits were higher than Bill and Ted on an excellent adventure. With a can of cheap, celebratory beer in each hand, our cast and crew all distantly witnessed an incredible block of cloudy gray dominating the sky – and in Mad Max-like fashion, storms churned, blazed and poured just miles away while we safely gazed on. The elements, the elements. Being so free in the elements is an unmatched thing and I am wildly in love with the world at this time.
Back to Saipan - my fugacious, tropical reality. I have the day off this Friday. I will need it to recover from this painful hug of the universe. We all will.