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Jacob Farmer, et al v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, et al, No. 13-13206 (11th Cir. 2014)Annotate this Case
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Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 1 of 13 [DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT _____________________________ No. 13-13206 _____________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:10-cv-02148-ODE JACOB FARMER, ANDREW CANNON, RICO ARELLANO, FORREST HILL, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF GEORGIA, DR. ERROLL B. DAVIS, in his official capacity, DR. EARL B. YARBROUGH, in his official capacity as President of Savannah State University, MARILYNN STACEY SUGGS, in her individual and official capacities as Interim Athletic Director of Savannah State University, JULIUS DIXON, Interim Head Football Coach, Defendants - Appellees. _____________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia _____________________________ (September 23, 2014) Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 2 of 13 Before JORDAN, Circuit Judge, and BARTLE * and BERMAN, ** District Judges. PER CURIAM: This case involves the discrimination claims of four white football players Jacob Farmer, Andrew Cannon, Rico Arellano, and Forrest Hill who were verbally offered, but then not given, football athletic scholarships to Savannah State University in 2010. Mr. Hill was a Georgia resident, but the other plaintiffs were not from Georgia. SSU is a Historically Black College and University, a distinction which recognizes that the institution was established prior to 1964, [and] whose principal mission was, and is, the education of Black Americans. 20 U.S.C. § 1061(2). Sometime in 2010, Robert Wells, SSU s white head football coach at the time, verbally offered football scholarships to the plaintiffs. Several weeks before national signing day the first day when scholarships can formally be offered and accepted Mr. Wells was replaced as head football coach at SSU by Julius Dixon, who is black. There is evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, that SSU let Mr. Wells go because he was white, his fiancée was black, and he could not get the support of SSU s alumni, who were overwhelmingly black. * Honorable Harvey Bartle III, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation. ** Honorable Richard M. Berman, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. 2 Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 3 of 13 Mr. Dixon did not offer any of the plaintiffs scholarships. Eventually all of the scholarships offered by SSU were to black recruits, and the scholarships actually awarded went to black recruits from Georgia, whose scholarships cost the football program less because those recruits were eligible for lower in-state tuition. The plaintiffs claimed that they were denied the scholarships because of their race and sued SSU, the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, and a number of individual defendants under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 (impairment of the right to make and enforce contracts) and 1983 (denial of equal protection) and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d et seq. They also alleged a violation of their right to travel under the Privileges and Immunities Clauses of Article IV and the Fourteenth Amendment. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of SSU, the Board of Regents, and the individual defendants on the claims of Mr. Farmer, Mr. Cannon, and Mr. Arellano, and on most of the claims of Mr. Hill. The only claims to go to trial were Mr. Hill s race discrimination claims against Mr. Dixon, SSU s interim head coach. The jury rendered a verdict in favor of Mr. Dixon, finding that race was not a substantial or motivating factor in his decision to not give Mr. Hill a football scholarship. 3 Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 4 of 13 All four plaintiffs now appeal. Following a review of the record, and with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm. 1 I We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving parties. See, e.g., Shuford v. Fid. Nat l Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 508 F.3d 1337, 1341 (11th Cir. 2007). We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion, and even where error has been shown, we will reverse only if that error was prejudicial. See, e.g., Goldsmith v. Bagby Elevator Co., Inc., 513 F.3d 1261, 1276 (11th Cir. 2008). Racial discrimination claims under Title VI, the Equal Protection Clause, and § 1981 are analyzed under the same framework. For each of these claims, a plaintiff must show intentional discrimination. See Smith v. Lockheed-Martin Corp., 644 F.3d 1321, 1325 n. 14 (11th Cir. 2011); Elston v. Talladega Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 997 F.2d 1394, 1406 n. 11 (11th Cir. 1993).2 II Because we write for the parties, we assume their familiarity with the record, and set out only what is necessary to explain our decision. 1 We address only the issues that merit discussion. As to all other issues, we affirm without further discussion. 2 Other applicable standards of review are set forth in our discussion of the issues on appeal. 4 Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 5 of 13 A The plaintiffs first argue that the magistrate judge and the district court erred in considering, for purposes of summary judgment, a number of affidavits which were based, in part, on a review of SSU documents. Affidavits under Rule 56 can be based on knowledge the affiant has gained through a review of records as long as those records are themselves admissible, see, e.g., Warner Bros. Ent., Inc. v. X One X Productions, 644 F.3d 584, 592 (8th Cir. 2011), and the plaintiffs complaint is that there was no showing that the unidentified SSU records reviewed by the affiants were admissible. We generally agree with the plaintiffs, but cannot see how any evidentiary error was prejudicial. The district court granted summary judgment because it concluded that Mr. Farmer, Mr. Cannon, and Mr. Arellano who were not residents of Georgia were not similarly situated to the black Georgia recruits who received athletic scholarships. That difference in state residency, the district court reasoned, prevented the plaintiffs from putting on a prima facie case of racial discrimination because it cost SSU s athletic department twice as much to give scholarships to non-Georgia residents (due to the difference between in-state and out-of-state tuition). The only facts crucial to this ruling were the out-of-state residencies of Mr. Farmer, Mr. Cannon, and Mr. Arellano, and those facts were undisputed. It is 5 Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 6 of 13 therefore difficult to see how the plaintiffs were harmed by the district court s admission of the affidavits. In any event, the plaintiffs have failed to present any argument (much less make any showing) that any evidentiary error by the district court was prejudicial insofar as the summary judgment ruling was concerned. We will not reverse unless an evidentiary error was harmful, and by failing to address the issue of prejudice the plaintiffs have failed to show reversible error. See Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta v. Florida Priory of Knights Hospitallers of the Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem, 702 F.3d 1279, 1295 (11th Cir. 2012); Goldsmith, 513 F.3d at 1276. B The district court ruled that Marilynn Stacey-Suggs, SSU s interim athletic director, was entitled to summary judgment. According to the district court, the only evidence presented by the plaintiffs with respect to her was that Mr. Arellano s mother was told that her son should not come on an official visit to SSU because Ms. Stacey-Suggs was not interested in him, but race was not mentioned in that conversation. The plaintiffs argue that the district court erred because there was evidence that Ms. Stacey-Suggs was involved in recruiting and scholarship decisions, and she and Mr. Dixon denied scholarships to every white recruit who had been 6 Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 7 of 13 promised a scholarship by the former white coach, Mr. Wells. In addition, the plaintiffs point to evidence that Ms. Stacey-Suggs was present at several meetings where Mr. Wells was told he would never have the support of the SSU alumni because he was white and his fiancée was black. This evidence, say the plaintiffs, was enough for a jury to find that Ms. Stacey-Suggs discriminated on the basis of race. We disagree. First, the fact that Ms. Stacey-Suggs signed the national letters of intent in her capacity as interim athletic director for those who were ultimately offered scholarships does not show (or permit the inference) that she discriminated against the plaintiffs on the basis of their race. Although the recruits who accepted scholarships were all black, they were also all from Georgia, and it cost SSU less to offer them scholarships because they were eligible for lower in-state tuition. Second, Ms. Stacey-Suggs presence at the meetings is not enough to impose individual liability for racial discrimination against the plaintiffs, particularly given that Ms. Stacey-Suggs did not make or ratify the statements in question. C Mr. Farmer, Mr. Cannon, and Mr. Arellano contend that the district court misapplied the prima facie case requirement to their racial discrimination claims by ruling that their out-of-state residencies prevented them from being similarly situated to black Georgia residents who received football scholarships. Citing to 7 Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 8 of 13 our decision in Vessels v. Atlanta Ind. Sch. Sys., 408 F.3d 763, 768-69 (11th Cir. 2005), these three plaintiffs argue that residency is a subjective qualification that should not be considered at the prima facie case stage. In Vessels, a Title VII/§ 1981/§ 1983 case involving the alleged denial of a promotion on the basis of race, we ruled that, with respect to the qualification element of a plaintiff s prima facie case, an employer s subjective criteria, such as a preferred leadership style, has no place in th[at] . . . prima facie case. Id. We explained that to demonstrate that he was qualified for the position, a Title VII plaintiff need only show that he or she satisfied an employer s objective qualifications. . . . [W]e have made clear that the prima facie case is designed to include only evidence that is objectively verifiable and either easily obtainable or within the plaintiff s possession. . . . If we were to hold an employer s subjective evaluations sufficient to defeat the prima facie case, the court s inquiry would end, and [the] plaintiff would be given no opportunity to demonstrate that the subjective evaluation was pretextual. Id. at 769 (emphasis in original and citations omitted). We do not see any error based on Vessels. In a disparate treatment case based on circumstantial evidence, we usually apply the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). That means that a disparate treatment plaintiff must show that (a) he is a member of a protected class; (b) he is qualified for the position, promotion, or benefit in question; (c) that there 8 Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 9 of 13 was adverse action against him; and (d) that he was treated less favorably than a similarly situated person outside of the protected class. See, e.g., Smith, 644 F.3d at 1325; Burke-Fowler v. Orange Cnty., 447 F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th Cir. 2006). Here the district court cited to Vessels in its summary judgment order, and recognized and applied its holding, agreeing with the plaintiffs that the subjective nature of recruiting should not be considered in looking at the prima facie case. The district court focused on the out-of-state residencies of Mr. Farmer, Mr. Cannon, and Mr. Arellano only in analyzing whether they were similarly situated to the black in-state recruits who had been given the scholarships. See Holifield v. Reno, 115 F.3d 1555, 1562 (11th Cir. 1997) ( To make a comparison of the plaintiff s treatment to that of [other] employees, the plaintiff must show that he and the employees are similarly situated in all relevant respects. ). Given the undisputed evidence that it cost the football program twice as much money to offer full scholarships to out-of-state residents, the district court did not err in considering residency to analyze the similarly situated element of the prima facie case.3 3 We recognize that plaintiffs alleging discrimination can present circumstantial evidence to defeat summary judgment without satisfying the McDonnell Douglas framework or relying on its presumptions. See Smith, 644 F.3d at 1328. Having reviewed the record, however, we do not believe that the plaintiffs here presented a sufficient mosaic of circumstantial evidence to get their claims to a jury. 9 Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 10 of 13 One more matter warrants discussion. Mr. Dixon, after he became SSU s interim head coach, offered a football scholarship to one out-of-state black recruit D.J. Woods, who attended a high school in Florida. Given that Mr. Woods was not a Georgia resident, we must determine whether he was similarly situated to Mr. Farmer, Mr. Cannon, and Mr. Arellano. If he was, then a prima facie case might exist. The magistrate judge concluded that Mr. Woods was not similarly situated because his scholarship offer was (according to Eddie Johnson s affidavit) contingent upon his ability to prove and obtain Georgia residency (and thereby only need a less costly scholarship). The district court read the record differently, and did not think that Mr. Woods offer could be described as contingent on proving and obtaining Georgia residency. But it ruled that Mr. Dixon believed Mr. Woods could qualify for in-state tuition because he had a Georgia driver s license, and concluded that the plaintiffs had failed to show that Mr. Dixon s purported belief was, in their words, facially ridiculous. Mr. Woods offer letter from SSU is not in the record, but it appears that each of the offer letters sent by SSU was a form letter without any space to include special conditions attached to the offer. As a result, we think the district court was correct in refusing, at the summary judgment stage, to characterize the scholarship offer to Mr. Woods as contingent on his obtaining Georgia residency. 10 The Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 11 of 13 question then becomes whether the district court correctly ruled that Mr. Woods still was not a proper comparator because he held a Georgia drivers license, and because Mr. Dixon thought that he might therefore qualify for in-state tuition. We believe the district court incorrectly considered Mr. Dixon s motivation in looking at the prima facie case. In a discrimination case involving the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, a defendant s proffered reason or explanation for the challenged conduct comes into play only when the plaintiff has made out a prima facie case. See, e.g., Kidd v. Mando American Corp., 731 F.3d 1196, 1202 (11th Cir. 2013). Nevertheless, the district court s ultimate conclusion that the offer to Mr. Woods was not enough for the three plaintiffs (Mr. Farmer, Mr. Cannon, and Mr. Arellano) to survive summary judgment on their claims against Mr. Dixon was correct. Assuming that the offer to Mr. Woods established a prima facie case, we agree with the magistrate judge that the three plaintiffs did not present sufficient evidence of pretext to get to a jury. First, action taken pursuant to a mistaken but honest impression does not result in liability for discrimination. See Dannon v. Fleming Supermarkets of Florida, Inc., 196 F.3d 1354, 1363 n.3 (11th Cir. 1999). Although these three plaintiffs may be correct that Mr. Dixon was mistaken about the possibility of Mr. Woods being able to establish Georgia residency through his Georgia driver s 11 Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 12 of 13 license, see O.C.G.A. §§ 20-3-66(b)(1) & 20-3-66(c)(1)(A), that does not mean (or lead to a reasonable inference) that Mr. Dixon offered Mr. Woods a scholarship, and denied scholarships to the three plaintiffs, on the basis of race. Not only did Mr. Woods have a Georgia driver s license, Mr. Dixon believed he was originally from Atlanta, Georgia. Second, it is undisputed that offering scholarships to in-state recruits would make the football scholarship money at SSU go much further, and offering one scholarship to a single out-of-state recruit would not significantly decrease the overall potential savings of a strategy of offering scholarships to in-state recruits. [A] reason cannot be proved to be a pretext for discrimination unless it is shown both that the reason was false and that discrimination was the real reason. St. Mary s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993) (emphasis in original and internal quotation marks omitted). See also Chapman v. AI Transport, 229 F.3d 1012, 1030 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (plaintiff cannot simply quarrel[ ] with the wisdom of the decision, but rather must meet that reason head on and rebut it ). Third, Mr. Woods was a so-called impact player with superior talent and skills. Indeed, he turned down the SSU offer and accepted a scholarship to the University of Illinois. Mr. Woods talent level provided a race-neutral reason for Mr. Dixon to offer him a scholarship that would have required payment of higher out-of-state tuition. 12 Case: 13-13206 Date Filed: 09/23/2014 Page: 13 of 13 D Mr. Hill argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the district court excluded evidence relating to Mr. Dixon s failure to give scholarships to Mr. Farmer, Mr. Cannon, and Mr. Arellano. We need not address this issue, for Mr. Hill conceded at oral argument that if the summary judgment against those three plaintiffs was correct, there was no error in the exclusion of evidence pertaining to them. Given that we have affirmed the grant of summary judgment on the claims of those plaintiffs, Mr. Hill, pursuant to his own concession, cannot prevail. III For the reasons set forth above, we affirm. AFFIRMED. 13


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Article 5: Guarantee Support & Complaints 5.1 On the client a duty, within fourteen (14) days after delivery of the product to be examined whether the delivered product complies with the agreement. 5.2 Complaints are accepted only if it within fourteen (14) days after the deadline referred to in the previous paragraph, quoting invoice number and stating the reasons are submitted to Click Animated relevant products supplied. 5.3 A complaint gives customer is not entitled to suspend or refuse payment. 5.4 The burden of proof that the products of Click Animated do not comply with what has been agreed in writing or to what a reasonable and competent Click Animated may be expected, lies entirely with customer, without prejudice to the right to deliver the Click Animated by all means rebuttal. 5.5 by Click Animated to provide customer service support (hereinafter referred to as "Support") is carried out in respect of the products based on a best efforts obligation. 5.6 With Support means providing telephone, written or electronic support regarding questions from customers about the use of the products supplied. 5.7 Recovery may affect the availability of the products. 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Article 6: Force majeure 6.1 Click Animated is not obliged to fulfill any obligation to the customer if he is being hampered due to a circumstance that is not due to debt, and neither under the law, a legal act or generally accepted practice in traffic accounted for comes. 6.2 Force majeure is defined in these terms, in addition to what is understood in law and jurisprudence, all external causes, foreseen or unforeseen, which Click Animated can not influence but which prevents Click Animated unable to the agreement to fulfill these obligations. Strikes in the Click Animated company or third parties. Click Animated also has the right to invoke force majeure if the circumstance which prevents (further) fulfillment of the contract occurs after click Animated should have fulfilled his obligation. 6.3 Click Animated, during the period that the force majeure continues to suspend obligations under the agreement. If this period lasts longer than two months, then each party is entitled to terminate the agreement without any obligation to pay damages to the other party. Article 7: Products and services from third parties 7.1 The supply and use of third party products, the terms and conditions of the applicable third party. 7.2 Click Animated is in no way liable for damage (in) directly resulting from the products of third parties, except as may not be limited or excluded by mandatory provisions. 7.3 Click Animated is entitled to use third parties for the execution of the agreement. Article 8: Confidentiality 8.1 Neither of the two parties, without the prior written consent of the other party's confidential information to a third party known. Confidential information means all information and data, in whatever form, including business information (such as offers, conditions, processes, methods, marketing strategies, etc.) of the other party, as well as financial information and data of a Party in any way confidential has characterized or the other party can understand the confidential nature. 8.2 This confidentiality obligation does not apply to confidential information: 8.2.1 which is publicly known without such disclosure is a result of an unlawful act of the party whose confidential information is not coming; 8.2.2 which disclosure is required in regard to the basis of any statutory provision or a court order to be able to defend themselves in court, and one other subject to prior written notice of the revelatory party whose confidential information to the party, that such confidential information is released; 8.2.3 which is obtained by the party lawfully without a duty of confidentiality from third parties. 8.3 The parties are free to make it known that they have concluded an agreement. Article 9: Retention of title and lien 9.1 The products remain supplied to customer owned Click Animated until the matter has not been full payment. 9.2 Click Animated reserves the right, without judicial intervention, the property of the (partially) take back unpaid goods, without prejudice to the right of compensation in case its customer commitment would not (fully) meet. 9.3 If Click Animated of law – referred to in the preceding paragraphs of this article – use, the portion of the purchase price will be settled has been paid to Click Animated without prejudice to any right of Animated Click damages. 9.4 Click Animated may receive under the agreement or objects, products and documents, maintaining, despite an existing obligation to issue or transfer until customer at all Animated Click on the matter has paid amounts. Article 10: Liability 10.1 The total cumulative liability of Click Animated towards customer due to a shortcoming in the fulfillment of the Agreement or any other reason, explicitly including any failure in the performance of a customer agreed warranty obligation is limited to reimbursement of direct damage to an amount equal to the by customer prior to the damage-causing event to Click Animated, under the agreement, amount paid, except that in the case of a periodic payment from customer the aforementioned liability Click Animated limited to direct damages up to an amount equal to the customer by the three (3) months prior to the injurious fact to Click Animated under the Agreement, amount paid. 10.2 Click Animated shall not be liable for consequential or indirect damages including lost profits, lost savings, loss due to business interruption and / or loss of data files. 10.3 out in Article 10.1 and 10.2 included limitations of liability lapse if the liability of Click Animated under mandatory legal provisions should not be excluded or limited, including the law governing product liability (Art. 6: 185 ff Civil Code). 10.4 The effect of Article 7: 404 Dutch Civil Code is expressly excluded. Click Animated 10.5 is not liable for damages if Animated Click for whatever reason do not perform timely delivery. 10.6 The Customer indemnifies Click Animated all claims of third parties are not consumers that, due to product due to a defect in a product or system that is provided by the customer to a third party and that consisted in part by Click Animated delivered products, unless and provided that the customer proves that the damage was caused by the products. 10.7 Any right to compensation from client expire in any case as far as the customer immediately after the occurrence of the damage has taken steps to mitigate the damage or prevent further or other damages, including Click Animated relevant not as soon as reasonably possible has been informed of all relevant information. 10.8 Unless fulfillment by Click Animated is permanently impossible, the liability of Click Animated creates grounds of breach in the performance of a contract only if the customer Click Animated immediately notice of default in which a reasonable time period for remedying the failure, and Animated click after that period continues to fail attributable to fulfill its obligations. The notice must contain the most complete and detailed description of the failure, so Click Animated states to respond adequately to the occasion. 10.9 The provisions of this article and all other limitations and exclusions of liability stated in these Terms and Conditions shall also apply to the benefit of all (legal) persons whose Click Animated engages for the execution of the agreement. 10:10 Each issued by Click Animated implicit guarantee is subject to the limitation of liability of Click Animated as provided in this article. 10:11 Click Animated accepts no responsibility or liability for the accuracy and / or completeness of its and / or its employees cast proposals and / or recommendations. Article 11: Termination of Agreement 11.1 Either party is entitled to terminate the contract due to a shortcoming in the performance of the contract only if the other party in all cases after a detailed written notice of default in which a reasonable time is to remedy the shortcoming attributable fails to meet essential obligations under the agreement. Payment obligations of the customer and all other obligations to cooperate with customers or enable a customer by third shall always be essential obligations under the agreement. 11.2 If the customer at the time of termination as provided in Article 11.1 has already received pursuant to the Agreement, this performance and the related payment obligation will not be subject to cancellation, unless the customer proves that Click Animated regarding the essential part of that performance is in default. Amounts Click Animated invoiced before the dissolution in connection with what it has already properly performed or delivered pursuant to the Agreement shall remain in compliance with the previous sentence remain payable and be immediately due and payable at the time of the dissolution. 11.3 If an agreement which does not end, by its nature and content, for an indefinite period has been entered, this can be done by either party by registered letter be terminated with a notice period of three (3) months. The parties will account cancellation will not be liable for any compensation. 11.4 Customer shall not, in any derogation from Article 7: 408 paragraph 1 DCC, a Contract of service or contract that is entered into for a fixed term to terminate. 11.5 Each party to the agreement without notice with immediate effect in whole or in part in writing if the other party – whether or not provisional – suspension of payment is granted, if in respect of the other party's bankruptcy is filed, if the business of the other party is liquidated or terminated other than for the purpose of reconstruction or merger, or if changing the decisive control of the enterprise customer. Click Animated is not to refund funds already received because of such termination or pay damages. 11.6 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, all rights, obligations and activities of parties in the event of termination of the contract (for whatever reason) to end at the time of termination of the agreement. Article 12: Applicable law and disputes 12.1 The agreements are governed between Click and customer Animated by Dutch law. 12.2 Any disputes that may arise between client and Click Animated following an agreement between Click and Animated customer or as a result of further agreements resulting therefrom shall be exclusively submitted to the competent court in Amsterdam. 12.3 Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the parties may agree to initiate an arbitration and / or mediation proceedings. Article 13: Final Provisions 13.1 Animated Click reserves the right to change the Terms and to be completed by written notice to the customer, a period of one (1) month Considering the above. 13.2 Any communication regarding the Terms and Conditions or an agreement must be made at least in writing. 13.3 If any provision of the Terms and Conditions or an agreement wholly or in part should prove not binding, this will have no effect on the binding nature of the remaining provisions. 13.4 Any delay or failure by a party to any right under the contract to the other applicable, shall not be deemed a waiver of such right with respect to that person, unless specified elsewhere in the Terms and Conditions. 13.5 Obligations which are by their nature to also continue after the agreement, shall survive termination of the agreement. These obligations include those arising from the provisions on: confidentiality, intellectual property, liability and applicable law. For questions you can contact us. firstname.lastname@example.com +31 (0) 85 0020108


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By Kadriye Rouw at April 17 2019 10:39:11
Reinforce Your Ideas _ As you slowly get ideas about the catering company that you want to start you will find that these thoughts start floating around in your head. What you imagine yourself doing is often very different from what you are able to do realistically. Nothing is impossible but you just need to work out how to get there. By putting your ideas down on paper you will be clarifying them in your mind. As you write you will find that you do additional brainstorming. You may get new ideas about what you want to do with your business and you may decide that some of the ideas that you had initially are not really feasible.
Then there are the moments when something seems to be going wrong, when one or more areas of the business just don't seem to be working. Cash flow is anemic or the marketing message is flat. Perhaps customers have shown a marked interest in only one particular product or service, ignoring all your other offerings. This means it's time to revisit your business plan, more precisely it's time to revisit the questioning process that helped you craft your plan.
Organization _ How is the business structured? Who are the principals and the principal shareholders? What authority does each principal have in the venture? What are management's qualifications? What is the job description for each position? What does the organizational chart look like? Possible Data Sources: on_line templates for job descriptions & organizational chart.
When you, and your partners if any, have all the core skills and industry knowledge you need to start right away without seeking experts, napkin notes may be enough to get going. Let's say you are already an expert in technology and social media. Then you, and your team, probably don't need a detailed plan to start developing a new app. You will draw on your knowledge and experience, and you understand that you might need to go back and do some more detailed and formal planning later.


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Posted by Kobo Abe on Apr 28, 2019
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I purchased a new boat 9 months ago with 11 kw today along with plumbing fixtures engines and furniture it manufactures multiple models of industrial home portable mobile and marine.
It's possible to get or download caterpillar-wiring diagram from several websites. If you take a close look at the diagram you will observe the circuit includes the battery, relay, temperature sensor, wire, and a control, normally the engine control module. With an extensive collection of electronic symbols and components, it's been used among the most completed, easy and useful wiring diagram drawing program. 5 9 Cummins Engine Diagram. The wiring diagram on the opposite hand is particularly beneficial to an outside electrician. Sometimes wiring diagram may also refer to the architectural wiring program. The simplest approach to read a home wiring diagram is to begin at the source, or the major power supply. Basically, the home wiring diagram is simply utilized to reveal the DIYer where the wires are.
If you can't locate the information, get in touch with the manufacturer. The info in the diagram doesn't indicate a power or ground supply. The intention of the fuse is to safeguard the wiring and electrical components on its circuit. A typical watch's basic objective is to tell you the good time of day. When selecting the best type of computer cable to fulfill your requirements, it is very important to consider your upcoming technology plans.
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When you have just a single cable going into the box, you're at the close of the run, and you've got the simplest scenario possible. All trailer plugs and sockets are extremely easy to wire. The adapter has the essential crosslinks between the signals. Wiring a 7-pin plug on your truck can be a bit intimidating when you're looking at it from beyond the box.
The control box may have over three terminals. After you have the correct size box and have fed the cable to it, you're almost prepared to permit the wiring begin. Then there's also a fuse box that's for the body controls that is situated under the dash. 5 9 Cummins Engine Diagram. You will find that every circuit has to have a load and every load has to have a power side and a ground side. Make certain that the transformer nameplate power is enough to supply the load that you're connecting.
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If you want to use a "cheat sheet" while you're in the Fishbowl, prepare it in advance -
one piece of paper with any definitions, facts, statistics, quotes, or questions that you think might be useful for you while you are part of the discussion.
REMINDER: your research organizers will be collected tomorrow (3/30)! They represent 20% of your Mastery Work grade (so make sure they are thoroughly and thoughtfully complete).
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Sci Fi & Fantasy
Science Fiction as a genre uses extreme settings and conflicts to explore the ethics and consequences of the decisions we make in the here and now. These stories capture our imagination, challenge our perceptions of who we are, and demand that we look critically at the world we live in today so that we can be participants in determining what the world of TOMORROW may look like.
June 2018


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5335 Bent Tree Forest Drive #106
Dallas, TX 75248
Estimated payment ∕month**
Customize your monthly payment
Sq Ft
No investors, HOA not allowing at this time. Only owner occupied..... Cute cozy 2 bedroom condo. Bright 1st floor unit. Great location in the interior of the complex. Living room and bedroom window overlook the greenbelt where the pool and tennis court are located. Washer and dryer in unit and will stay with the property. In the last 2 years, fridge replaced, much of the flooring as well. Needs updating as well. PLEASE NOTE: the home owner association will only allow owner occupied at this time! No investors!
Additional Property Details
Homeowners Association (HOA)
Lot & Land
*Note: All room dimensions, including square footage data, are approximate and must be verified by the buyer.
The information contained herein is furnished by the owner to the best of his/her knowledge, but is subject to verification by the purchaser, and agent assumes no responsibility for the correctness thereof. The sale offering is made subject to errors, omissions, change of price, prior sale, or withdrawal without notice. In accordance with the Law, this property is offered without respect to race, color, creed, national origin, sex, familial status or disability. This is not intended to solicit property currently listed.
**Assumes 4.25% APR, 20% down payment, and conventional 30-year fixed rate first mortgage. Rates cited are for instructional purposes only; current rates are subject to change at any time without notice. You should not make any decisions based simply on the information provided. Additional required amounts such as taxes, insurance, home owner association dues, assessments, mortgage insurance premiums, flood insurance or other such required payments should also be considered. Contact your mortgage company for current rates and additional information.Listing Agent:Michael Lukowski
Broker:Mission Real Estate Group
Safety Rating
Commute to Work
School Districts
Results received from this calculator are designed for comparative purposes only, and accuracy is not guaranteed.
(972) email@example.com Visit Our Website
When you decide to buy a home or refinance your mortgage, your search should start and end here. Home Team Mortgage has been the Ebby Family Companies preferred lender for more than 20 years! We have every Conventional, FHA, VA, USDA and Jumbo loan product you could ever want, but we also offer a unique set of specialty programs exclusively for our preferred partners. We are a locally owned and operated company with over 30 offices in the DFW area to conveniently serve you. Choose a lender you can trust to find the mortgage loan that best suits your needs.
1 Bed 1 Bath 678 Sq Ft
1 Bed 1 Bath 844 Sq Ft
1 Bed 1 Bath 552 Sq Ft
2 Beds 2 Baths 1,121 Sq Ft
1 Bed 1 Bath 552 Sq Ft
1 Bed 1 Bath 678 Sq Ft


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It will also be better if you'll substitute your light bulbs if you still incandescent bulbs. It's always better to opt for CFL or LED bulbs because the incandescent bulbs discharge 98 percent of the energy that they up to heat.
This will be a difficulty to the folks who're not making use of solar and wind energy as their alternative supply. As these alternative sources may be pricey, some folks say that they don't actually need this at this time.
You should also know how you can properly your appliances as they are the major element in the electric bills. Basically, if you're still utilizing the old models, they will definitely up more energy in comparison with new ones.
If you these renewable energy sources long with your current energy supply, your bills will go down considerably. This will definitely be a great way to lessen your regular bills.
You need to always unplug your home appliances when you're not making use of them because they still consume energy when they are switched off. This may be definitely among the largest mistakes of property owners. It is best to not do this and always unplug your appliances after making use of them.
Many people have been trying to protest because of their huge power bills monthly. Well, this is the truth that you should keep in mind if you're residing in Texas because based on reports, the cost of energy will increase, although any increase will be less when compared with prior times. Some individuals are expecting this already. You should not sit around and wait for these businesses to drain your cash.
It will also be better if you'll substitute your lights if you still incandescent bulbs. It's usually preferable to go for CFL or LED bulbs since the incandescent bulbs release 98 percent of the energy that they consume to heat.
You should also know how to correctly your appliances if you'd like to conserve money on electricity. Your monthly bills are typically focused on your appliances. The best way to do this is to replace your old appliances and buy new models because these new home appliances are designed to up less energy and provide the same efficiency as your old designs. This form of thing should be done if you're planning for long term because you need plenty of money for this.
The proper of your appliances to conserve energy is very important as well because your monthly bill is escalating because of your electrical appliances. The best thing that you could make an effort to do is to substitute your old appliances and buy new designs. The new designs actually consume less energy and they offer the same efficiency as your old ones. This form of thing should be done in case you are planning for long term because you need lots of money for this.
In case you are not using your home appliances, you must also unplug them as they are still consuming energy when they're turned off. This may be a mistake that lots of home owners make so if you really wanted to save quite a few energy, you have to unplug your appliances.
You need to try making use of your existing energy source together with alternative energy sources. Your family cannot fully depend on renewable power sources at this time because of the existing technologies that we have.
Electricity prices for Texas often are quoted between 4.68 to 15.78 cents per kilowatt hour contingent upon current market condition and where the property is located: these rates cannot be guaranteed and are only used as an example.
Power prices in Texas ordinarily run from 4.18 to 15.06 cents a kWh contingent upon current market condition and your location: these rates will not be guaranteed and are only used as an example.
Lighting is generally ignored because a number of individuals believe that you can turn on the lights for 24 hours without worrying about your electricity. Bulbs are actually little, but they up lots of energy.
Energy rates for Texas frequently range in price from 5.48 to 14.33 cents a kilowatt hour subject to the state of the market and the locale - these prices cannot be guaranteed and are only used as an illustration.
The easiest approach to preserve energy is to make of natural lighting throughout the day instead of utilizing your artificial lighting. You can simply the artificial lighting at night and let all-natural light enter your residence during the day.
There are instances when low-cost electricity is absolutely hard to come by because almost every little thing around us is already run by electricity. But, it does not imply that you need to give up and let the firms drain your money. Plenty of reports explained that Texas will have an increase in energy price, even though it will probably be sluggish than previous months. It is still a large dilemma for lots of people since the fact that there will be an increase in prices is already a large deal. It's great that there are plenty of ways on how you can reduce your regular bills. You can make an effort to check quite a few straightforward guidelines to make sure that your monthly bills will likely be a bit lower.
Quite a few people are not really looking at their lighting as they believe that the bills are not really affected by the small light bulbs. When your light bulbs are used 24 hours a day, it will up a lot of energy and your monthly payments will increase. LED Bulbs and CFL are better choices so if you're still utilizing incandescent bulbs, substitute them immediately since the new ones up less energy. It is also important to make of all-natural light instead of making use of your artificial lighting 24 hours a day. Try to open your curtains during day time and permit the all-natural light to enter your residence. Your lights should only be opened at night.
You must also recognize how you can correctly utilize your home appliances because they are the primary factor that affects your electricity expenses. The most important thing that you have to do is to substitute your old appliances. You must try buying the latest designs because old appliances typically consume more energy. New designs consume less energy and they are more efficient when compared with old models. It is also important to unplug your home appliances if you are not using them as they will still consume energy when they are turned off and you leave them plugged on the outlet.
You are undoubtedly trying to conserve money, but you can save more in the end if you replace them. Your regular bills will significantly go down because new models are made to help preserve more electricity.
Electric Energy Company Texas - Texas Change Gas Supplier - Texas Low Cost Energy Suppliers
If you conserve energy, your monthly bills will probably be decreased and your financial situation will improve. These tips are easy so that you can accomplish them. Make sure to follow them and you can enjoy low energy bills every month.
It will always be great to save energy because you can handle your finances better if you do this. If you can decrease your monthly bills, you can also save more money over time so these guidelines will absolutely help you.
Electricity rates for Texas often range in price between 5.67 to 14.66 cents a kilowatt hour subject to current market condition and the locale, these rates will not be guaranteed and are only used as an example.


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Shrieking Shroom — Neutral Card
Table of Contents
Shrieking Shroom is a neutral minion. This card was introduced with Kobolds & Catacombs and can now only be obtained through crafting. Below the card images, you will find explanations to help you use the card optimally in every game mode of Hearthstone.
1. General Comments
Shrieking Shroom is very expensive for what it does, and it would need to survive two or even three turns to provide any kind of value. For 3 Mana, you effectively get two 1-drops, and you have no control over what one of them will be. Even if you can find a good way to defend the Shroom, you may have had to invest in another card to do so.
2. Constructed Play
In Constructed play, Shrieking Shroom is not powerful enough to see play. If you really want to try to make this card work, you can play it in Shaman with lots of buff cards such as Flametongue Totem, or in Aggro Druid where the wide board can interact with Mark of the Lotus and Power of the Wild.
3. Arena
In Arena, Shrieking Shroom is a very weak card. It does not have good stats, and a random 1-drop will tend to have poor stats too.
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- Dalaran Heist Mage Guide
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- Dalaran Heist Shaman
- How do I Purchase Dalaran Heist Chapter 2?
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- The Dalaran Heist
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- Dalaran Heist Hunter Guide
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- Dalaran Heist Mage Guide
- Threat-Control/HEAL - Holy Wrath OTK with Explanation!
- Dalaran Heist Shaman
- is there any way of telling from the front of the card...


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Institutional investor groups concerned about corporate funding of political campaigns are expected to announce shareholder resolutions Wednesday that will challenge three energy firms making big-dollar contributions to halt California's landmark law limiting greenhouse gas emissions.
The resolutions target Occidental Petroleum Corp., Valero Energy Corp. and Tesoro Corp., which have contributed to an $8-million campaign on behalf of Proposition 23, which would effectively repeal the state's stringent global warming rules.
The resolutions will come initially from a tiny group of shareholders. Green Century Capital Management in Boston, which is co-filing the resolution challenging Los Angeles-based Occidental, holds fewer than 100 shares in the company. Valero and Tesoro are based in San Antonio.
Wednesday's announcement is sponsored in part by the Investor Network on Climate Risk, which represents institutional investors with $9 trillion in assets, showing the prospect of broad future support for the resolutions.
The announcement marks the beginning of a concerted campaign by a group of large investors to defeat Proposition 23 and preserve the California law cutting industrial and vehicle emissions. Next week, several large investment firms — including one of the world's largest, Deutsche Asset Management — are expected to formally announce opposition to Proposition 23.
At the same time, the resolutions underscore the growing use of shareholder pressure on corporations to disclose details of their political spending.
This year, shareholders of Target Corp. and others objected to the company's support for a Republican gubernatorial candidate in Minnesota with a record of opposing gay rights. Target apologized and promised to review its donation policies.
"Leading institutional investors both large and small are concerned that Prop. 23 … would be a step backward," said Mindy Lubber of the Investor Network.
California's public pension funds are not taking an official position on the shareholder resolutions. But a member of the board of New York City's pension system, one of the nation's largest, said he was interested in the resolution and had supported resolutions like it in the past. Similar interest has been expressed privately by other pension fund executives.
But the challenge was dismissed by officials at Valero, which has contributed $4 million to the Proposition 23 campaign. Like the other resolutions, the one offered to Valero's board comes from a relatively minor shareholder: the Unitarian church. It would require independent board members to review Valero's political contributions and their effects on the company's reputation and on climate change.
The filers are a "stockholder activist group," said Valero spokesman Bill Day in describing the Unitarian Universalist Assn. of Congregations.
"Valero's support of Proposition 23 reflects its position as a significant employer in California with 1,600 employees and an annual payroll of $122 million," Day said, arguing Proposition 23 would delay a go-it-alone policy that could threaten 1 million jobs.
At issue in the Proposition 23 debate is the 2006 Global Warming Solutions Act, known as AB32, which requires the state to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. That effort is supposed to begin in 2011, but Proposition 23 would halt implementation until the state's unemployment rate falls below 5.5% for an entire year.
With unemployment now at more than 12%, the law — considered the most ambitious clean-air legislation in the country when it passed in 2006 — could be stalled for years under the ballot measure.
The shareholder group contended that AB32 is vital to job creation. Since enactment of the law, the state has benefitted from more than $9 billion in investments aimed at developing clean energy technology, they said.
Market research by VantagePoint Venture Partners, a San Bruno, Calif., investment firm that has extensive holdings in clean-energy technology, suggests that more than $2 billion was invested in green start-ups in California last year, creating more than half a million jobs.
The group attributes these gains — and the presence in California of seven of the country's 10 largest clean-energy technology companies — to AB32 and the state's other energy policies.
Day pointed out that the resolutions to be announced Wednesday would not be considered until the Valero board's April meeting.
The resolutions' backers acknowledge that they are unlikely to have an immediate effect on campaign spending by oil companies. But proponents see the effort as a way to highlight what's at stake in the Proposition 23 debate and to warn companies away from additional contributions to the cause in California and elsewhere.
"If Prop. 23 passes, it would be a considerable setback for renewable energy investment in the U.S.," said Mayura Hooper, a spokesman for Deutsche Asset Management. "Investors require consistent and long-term policies, and if a leader like California suspends its regulatory framework for climate change, there is a high risk that other states will follow."
The international investment house, which has not taken a position on the resolutions, has emphasized investment in green technology for some of the $700 billion it manages.


text:
Fly ash
ASTM C618 Class-F, BS EN 450, BS 3892
Jumbo bags, 50/40kg bags as per client requirement
Monthly capacity
40,000 tons
Shipping mode
Containerized or bulk
Fly ash is produced from the burning of pulverized coal in a coal-fired boiler. It is a fine-grained, powdery particulate material that is carried off in the flue gas and normally collected from the flue gas by means of electrostatic precipitators , baghouses, or mechanical collection devices such as cyclones.
Fly ash is commonly used in production of concrete. It is applied as a supplementary cementing material. Initially the idea was to use fly ash for economical reasons – on one hand to utilize fly ash which is an industrial by product, on the other to reduce the amount of costly cement. However, it appears that application of fly ash in concrete has a lot of benefits, mainly by reduction of unwanted hydration heat.
Cement can be replaced with fly ash in concrete. It reacts (Si) with Ca(OH)2 and produces more CSH gel which contributes to strength. With reduced cement, hydration heat will be reduced and hence there is strength gain.
Uses and benefits of fly ash
· The most common use of fly ash is as a partial replacement for Portland cement used in producing concrete. Replacement rates normally run between 20% to 30%, but can be higher.
· Fly ash produced by coal-fired power plants provides an excellent prime material used in blended cement, mosaic tiles, and hollow blocks among others.
· Fly ash can be an expensive replacement for Portland cement in concrete although using it improves strength, segregation and ease of pumping concrete. The rate of substitution typically specified is 1 to 1 and a half pounds of fly ash to 1 pound of cement.
· Fly ash can be used as prime material in blocks, paving or bricks; however, one of the most important applications is PCC pavement. PCC pavements use a large amount of concrete and substituting fly ash provides significant economic benefits. Fly ash has also been used for paving roads and as embankment and mine fills, and its gaining acceptance by the government , specifically the Highway Administration.
· Fly ash reacts as a pozzolan with the lime in cement as it hydrates, creating more of the durable binder that holds concrete together. As a result concrete made with fly ash is stronger and more durable than traditional concrete made exclusively with Portland cement.
Fly ash can be a cost-effective substitute for Portland cement. In addition, fly ash could be recognized as an environmentally friendly product because it is a byproduct and has low embodied energy. It is also available in 2 colors, and coloring agents can be added at the job site. In addition, fly ash also requires less water than Portland cement and it is easier to use in cold weather.
Other benefits include,
· Can withstand harsher service environments
· Less susceptible to chemical attacks and mitigates the negative impact of deleterious aggregates.
· Improved flowability, reduced hydration temperatures and delayed setting time of fly ash concrete
· Longer service life
· Used to mitigate a problem called alkali silica reaction which occurs when concrete deteriorates early due to issues with aggregate quality.
· Costs less
· Has positive environmental impacts, as it conserves landfill space, reduces energy and water consumption, and helps reduce greenhouse gases
· Produces various set times
· Cold weather resistance
· Higher strength gains, depending on its use.
· Can substitute Portland cement
· Considered a non-shrink material
· Produces denser concrete and a smoother surface with sharper detail
· Great workability
· Reduces crack problems, permeability and bleeding
· Reduces heat of hydration
· Produces lower water/cement ratio for similar slumps when compared to no fly ash mixes.
· Reduces CO2 emissions
Types of fly ash
There are different types of fly ash , depending on its chemical properties, including Class F and Class C , generated by burning black coal and brown coal respectively. Class F and Class C are being utilized in making building materials such as concrete, lightweight aggregate, bricks etc. Also fly ash is used as a material for road construction and earth filled dam construction.
Class F fly ash is available in larger quantities , which is generally low in lime , less than 15%, and contains greater combination of silica , alumina and iron(more than 70%) compared to Class C fly ash. Class F is a solution to a wide range of summer concreting problems and it is often recommended for using where concrete may be exposed to sulphate ions in soil and ground water.
Class C fly ash normally comes from coal which produces an ash with higher lime content, generally more than 15%, often as high as 30%. Also, high Calcium Oxide(CaO) gives Class C unique self hardening characteristics. Class C is mostly used in situations where higher early strengths are important.
Packaging : 1.4 Tons Jumbo bags , 50/40kg bags as per client requirement
We have our own efficient logistics division to ensure prompt/timely delivery and safe movement of the cargo. List of the equipment possessed by Phenix Enterprise.
When one thinks about Quality, alacrity & timely delivery, PHENIX ENTERPRISE comes to the mind first.
Started way back in 2010 as a miner and local trader, we have managed to rise and proclaim the pride position in mining, processing, trading and exporting of various minerals like Fly Ash, GGBS/GGBFS, Cement (OPC/PPC ), Slag Cement, Bentonite, Silica Sand, Soybean meal and Aggregate to more than 12 countries across Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa. Phenix Enterprise is emerged as a customer based solution oriented company with strong infrastructure, logistics, technical specialization and robust management efficiency. We are ISO 9001 certified, proud member of FIEO, CAPAXIL & UDYOG AADHAR MSME.
We export the following products :
· Fly ash
· Aggregates
· Silica sand
· Laterite
· Bentonite
· Soybean meal
We are exporting/shipping and have networks to ship our products top the following destinations:
· Africa (East Africa-Mombasa, Nairobi, Kenya; Dar Es Salaam Tanzania, Djibouti; Ethiopia; Beira, Maputo,Mozambique; Kampala Uganda, West Africa -Apapa, Tin Can , Nigeria; Luanda, Guinea Conakary, Tema Port Ghana,Morocco, Angola).
· Asia-Pacific ( Muara, Darusalam-Brunei; Singapore; Hong Kong; Manila,Subic Free Port Philippines; Karachi, Pakistan; Colombo, Sri Lanka; Chittagong,Pangao,Payra Bangladesh; Yangon, Myanmar; Jakarta, Indonesia;Daebul, Mokpo, Seoul, Korea; Sydney, Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, Freemantle, Australia; Auckland, Wellington, Lyttelton, Dunedin, New Zealand; Le Port, Reunion; Port Louis, Mauritius; Male, Maldives),
· Middle East (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Doha, Hamad Port Mesaieed, Qatar; Riyadh, Jeddah, King Abdullah, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Bahrain; Sohar, Salalah, Muscat, Oman; Shuwaikh, Shuaiba, Kuwait; Aqaba, Jordan; El Sokhna, Port Said, Alexandria, Egypt; Benghazi, Libya; Aden, Yemen; Umm Qasr, Basra, Iraq; Bandar Abbas, Iran).
· USA (Port Of Coeymans ,New York ,Albany,Houstan)
· Europe(Rotterdam,Amsterdam, Antwerp,Hamburg)


text: SCDAH Publications on Microfilm in the Beaufort District Collection Updated June 2012 MICROCOPY 1: Records in the British Public Record Office Relating to South Carolina, 1663-1782 (Printed Guide) At the end of the nineteenth century, W. Noel Sainsbury, a retired English civil servant, arranged the records that make up this micropublication from colonial documents held in the British Public Record Office. The records include correspondence with colonial governors, journals of the Board of Trade, petitions, and miscellaneous papers. Indexed by topics and names of persons and places. 12 rolls with a printed introduction. MICROCOPY 2: United States Census. Original Agriculture, Industry, Social Statistics, and Mortality Schedules for South Carolina, 1850-1880 (Printed Guide) This micropublication reproduces the original schedules of agriculture, industry, social statistics, and mortality made under the direction of the Department of the Interior for the seventh (1850), eighth (1860), ninth (1870), and tenth (1880) federal censuses. The records give information on specific localities, individual landholdings, slaveholdings, and production. They also provide information they were not specifically designed to elicit - they give detailed and comprehensive information on the landholdings of single classes and groups, the health and occupation of slaves, and the security of black land ownership from 1870 to 1880. 22 rolls with a printed introduction. MICROCOPY 3: Records of the Public Treasurers of South Carolina, 1725-1776 (Printed Guide) The ledgers, journals, and general tax receipts that this series reproduces provide important information on the colony's economy during the years covered. The records include receipts from import and export duties; licenses; and taxes and disbursements for various appropriations, including military expenditures and diplomatic costs. 2 rolls with a printed introduction and tables. MICROCOPY 4: Records of the South Carolina Treasury, 1775-1780 (Printed Guide) The records reproduced here reflect the increased responsibilities of the revolutionary treasury as the expenses of the Revolution and the problems of supplying the new government grew. They hold a wealth of information on the financial management of the colony during the Revolutionary period and details of military expenditures. 6 rolls with a printed introduction. MICROCOPY 5: South Carolina Treasury Ledgers and Journals, 1783-1791 (Printed Guide) This micropublication contains a comprehensive summary of treasury accounts from March of 1783, when state government was reorganized after three years of British occupation, until February of 1791, when the treasury was taken out of commission. The accounts record a volume and complexity of business that was unusual, and they provide insight into the 1 difficulties faced by the treasurers, who had to struggle with the claims of close to ten thousand people who had supported the Revolution, with the thousands of indented notes of credit the government had issued, and with the sale of forfeited Loyalist estates. 4 rolls with a printed introduction and index. MICROCOPY 6: Duties on Trade at Charleston, 1784-1789 (Printed Guide) The only records of their kind in South Carolina, the seven surviving books that make up this series record every entry of goods into Charleston during the period covered. The records detail the type and quantity of goods imported, show South Carolina's reliance on Great Britain for most of its basic supplies, give information on the number of slaves imported, and are a fine guide to the careers of individual merchants. 1 roll with a printed introduction and tables. MICROCOPY 7: South Carolina Treasury Ledgers and Journals, 1791-1865 (Printed Guide) This micropublication reproduces treasury ledgers and journals that reflect several reorganizations of the treasury. Some are detailed, others less so. The journal of the lower division from 1791 to 1802 is extraordinarily useful. It lists the indents issued after 1792 for claims growing out of the Revolution, records the settlement of bonds and notes for duties incurred between 1783 and 1789, and accounts for receipts from tardy tax collectors. The remaining books serve as a general guide to the finances of the period. 12 rolls with a printed introduction. MICROCOPY 8: Accounts Audited Growing Out of the Revolution in South Carolina (Printed Guide) Indexed also on "Online Records Index" found at http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov After the collapse of state government following the occupation of Charleston by the British in 1780, South Carolina financed its war effort by issuing vouchers - receipts that were often no more than a few hastily scribbled lines - for supplies furnished or military service rendered. The more than ten thousand files that make up this series hold the receipts that individuals presented to the treasury to support their claims, and they often include auditor's papers, interest-bearing certificates called principal indents, and treasury and legislative papers that were related to the claims. Some files provide only brief descriptions of military service; others give considerable detail. The series offers insights into South Carolina's Revolutionary War debt and into the way in which the American Revolution affected the lives of the state's inhabitants. Indexed. 165 rolls with a printed introduction. MICROCOPY 9: South Carolina Will Transcripts, 1782-1868 (Printed Guide) Indexed also on "Online Records Index" found at http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov This micropublication reproduces Civil Works Administration transcripts of surviving pre-Civil War wills of twenty-one counties: Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Chester, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Laurens, Marion, Marlboro, Newberry, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williamsburg, and York. Although twice or three times removed from the original wills, the transcripts in this series are important. Used as a consolidated set in conjunction with the Charleston will transcripts, they have long provided the most expeditious route to the contents of antebellum South Carolina wills. And in some cases, they reproduce information no longer extant in damaged originals. Indexed. 31 rolls with a printed introduction. MICROCOPY 10: South Carolina State Plats, Charleston Series, 1784-1860; Columbia Series, 1796-1868 (Printed Guide) Indexed also on "Online Records Index" found at http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov 2 South Carolina created the state plats as part of its process for granting vacant public lands. This series reproduces scale drawings of tracts, names of surrounding land holders, and natural and man-made geographic features of the S.C. landscape. The series is an essential source for genealogy and local history and has rich potential for social, cultural, and economic history. 30 rolls with a printed introduction; 13-roll COM index. MICROCOPY 11: State Free Negro Capitation Tax Books, Charleston, South Carolina, ca. 1811-1860 (Printed Guide) The twenty-nine books in this publication list names of many free blacks who lived in Charleston between 1811 and 1860. The tax collector of the parishes of St. Philip's and St. Michael's probably created the books to collect the capitation tax between 1756 and 1865. Names, addresses, tax status, and notations like 'dead' and 'overage' appear. The 1822 and 1823 books list occupations. 2 rolls with a printed introduction. MICROCOPY 12: Memorials of 17th and 18th Century South Carolina Land Titles (Printed Guide) Indexed also on "Online Records Index" found at http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov The fourteen volumes in this series are nineteenth century copies of memorials (abstracts) of land titles that were recorded between 1731 and 1775 by the office of His Majesty's Auditor General for South Carolina. The memorials were created to help with the collection of the quitrent, an annual payment made by the landholder. Although the series never evolved into a complete record of all holdings subject to quitrent, it is still an extremely important research resource. It provides the only surviving record of some transactions, and it contains proprietary land grants, certificates of admeasurements, wills, leases, releases, and other documents. Computer output microfilm index. 7 rolls with a printed introduction; 5-roll COM index. MICROCOPY 13: South Carolina Reports and Resolutions, 1868-1900: With a Finding Aid to Reports and Resolutions, 1784-1900 (Printed Guide) Roll 1 of this micropublication reproduces a descriptive finding aid to the series and gives a brief history of the state's agencies and officials. The series itself includes reports and resolutions generated by the legislature during regular and special sessions, annual reports of various state agencies and officials, and special reports submitted to legislative committees. Indexed. 30 rolls with a printed introduction. MICROCOPY 14: Journal of the South Carolina Court of General Sessions, 1769-1776 (Printed Guide) The Court of General Sessions of this period dispensed justice and administered the law in criminal cases to the white population in South Carolina. The journal reproduced here includes proceedings of twenty-three court sessions, and it also documents South Carolina's transition from a statewide court system to a circuit court system. Its pages contain brief descriptions of crimes brought to trial, give the names of the accused and sometimes of an accuser or victim, and illustrate conviction and sentencing patterns. They also give names of presiding judges, defense attorneys, and jurors, and they hold presentments submitted by grand juries. Computer output indexed. 1 roll with a printed introduction; 1-roll COM index. MICROCOPY 15: South Carolina Tax Returns, 1783-1800 (Printed Guide) Most of the records filmed for this publication are the general returns compiled by the tax collectors. They are important because of all the tax records produced before 1808, only the few filmed for this publication and two others are known to have survived. They are also important because they supply information on land owners and the size of holdings that contemporary census records and deed books do not. The returns name tax collectors and 3 taxpayers and show commodities being taxed, rates of taxation, and amounts paid. Other records filmed are closely related to the returns - collectors' certificates, registers of property, and so forth. 2 rolls with a printed introduction, which includes a finding aid to collection districts and three maps of the tax districts. MICROCOPY 16: Records of the Confederate Historian (Printed Guide) This micropublication holds five volumes of records. Roll 1: the Roll of Honor, memorializing South Carolina's dead soldiers; Roll 2: the Roll of Dead South Carolina troops and the Roll of South Carolina Volunteers in the Confederate States Provisional Army; Roll 3: Vol. 1 - Field and Staff Officers; Roll 4: Vols. 2 & 3 - Infantry; Roll 5: Vol. 4 - Cavalry and Artillery; and Roll 6: Vol. 5 - Miscellaneous and State Troops. 6 rolls with printed introduction. MICROCOPY 17: Petitions to the General Assembly Indexed on "Online Records Index" found at http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov Legislative petitions generally take the form of written requests from state citizens submitted to the General Assembly, requesting that the Assembly use its authority to redress a particular wrong from 1776-1883. This series is indispensable in showing how the General Assembly thought and worked in this period. Responding to petitions allowed the legislature to exercise power that affected the whole state and sometimes reached directly into individual lives. In this category, some of the matters they regularly considered were: divorce (which only they could grant), freedom for an owner's slaves, the amount of education a slave could receive, proper observance of the Sabbath, and citizens' upkeep of the roads near their residences. More comprehensive and wider subjects of petitions include the legal system; penal system; legislative system; slavery; internal improvements; inland navigation; religion; incorporation of churches, societies, and companies; military matters; elections; education; foreign affairs; Indian affairs; relations with other states; state finance; and banking. 109 rolls MICROCOPY 18: Judgment Rolls, Court of Common Pleas, 1703-1790 Indexed on "Online Records Index" found at http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov This series comprises the original papers of record in each civil suit in which judgment is signed. All papers pertaining to a particular case are filed together in one bundle or "roll." The early rolls contain the plaintiff's complaint and the court's judgment. Later authentication of the complaint (the bond signed by the defendant or an account) was added to the roll. Judgment rolls of the last half of the eighteenth century usually contain the complaint and supporting documents, such as the writ of attachment, verification of execution, defendant's reply, and the court's judgment. Arbitrated cases contain the auditor's name and the commission to settle the amount due. Information consists of the names of the plaintiffs, defendants, and attorneys; the nature of the suit; and the final judgment. Documentation of indebtedness entered into cases sometimes contains considerable data on purchases and other information valuable for social history. 148 rolls 4